Background.

Championship standings prior to the event.

Ott Tänak and Martin Järveoja led the both drivers' and co-drivers' championships with a three-point ahead of defending world champions Sébastien Ogier and Julien Ingrassia. Thierry Neuville and Nicolas Gilsoul were third, a further three points behind. In the World Rally Championship for Manufacturers, Hyundai Shell Mobis WRT held a forty-four-point lead over Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT.  In the World Rally Championship-2 Pro standings, Kalle Rovanperä and Jonne Halttunen held a thirteen-point lead ahead of Mads Østberg and Torstein Eriksen in the drivers' and co-drivers' standings respectively. Gus Greensmith and Elliott Edmondson were third, another thirteen points further back. In the manufacturers' championship, Škoda Motorsport and M-Sport Ford WRT tied with same points, with Citroën Total sixty-one points behind in third.  In the World Rally Championship-2 standings, Benito Guerra and Jaime Zapata led the drivers' and co-drivers' standings by eighteen points respectively. Pierre-Louis Loubet and Vincent Landais were second, following by Ole Christian Veiby and Jonas Andersson in third.  In the Junior-World Rally Championship standings, Jan Solans and Mauro Barreriro led Tom Kristensson and Henrik Appelskog by nine points in the drivers' and co-drivers' standings respectively, with Dennis Rådström and Johan Johansson six points further behind in third in their own standings. In the Nations' standings, Sweden were first, six points cleared of Spain, with Germany eighteen points further behind in third.

Entry list.

The following crews entered into the rally. The event opened to crews competing in the World Rally Championship, World Rally Championship-2, WRC-2 Pro, Junior World Rally Championship and privateer entries not registered to score points in any championship. A total of sixty-five entries were received, with eleven crews entered with World Rally Cars and thirteen entered the World Rally Championship-2. Three crews were nominated to score points in the Pro class. A further fourteen entries were received for the Junior World Rally Championship.

Route.

There were no significant changes to the route for the 2019 event outside some slight length reductions to selected stages.

Itinerary.

All dates and times are EEST ().

Report.

World Rally Cars.

Elfyn Evans and Scott Martin were entered by M-Sport Ford WRT, but were later withdrawn when Evans was injured contesting Rally Estonia as part of their pre-event preparations. Gus Greensmith and Elliott Edmondson were withdrawn from the WRC 2-Pro category and re-entered in Evans' and Martin's place. Hayden Paddon and John Kennard were entered into the rally by M-Sport Ford WRT, but they were withdrawn after a heavy crash during testing that caused irreparable damage their car.  It was a drama-free Friday for front runners, with Jari-Matti Latvala took a narrow lead into the second leg. However, the local Finn punctured his rear-left tyre in a right-hand corner, which dropped him down to third. Teammate Kris Meeke also ran into trouble at the same corner, but damage to the rear-left suspension forced the Northern Irishman retired from the day. Despite re-entering the rally on the final day, he still had to retire as he stopped again when he hit a rock. Gus Greensmith's rally ended his rally on SS20 after crashing into a tree.  The rally was easily won by Ott Tänak, who won his tenth rally in his WRC career as well as winning his 200th stage victory during the event.

World Rally Championship-2 Pro.

Defending WRC-2 winner Eerik Pietarinen crashed out at the very first of the day and was unable to continue. Kalle Rovanperä was comfortable in the lead and collected his fourth straight WRC-2 Pro victory.

Special stages.

Results in bold denote first in the RC2 class, the class which both the WRC-2 Pro and WRC-2 championships run to.

World Rally Championship-2.

Local driver Emil Lindholm led the category before he crashed out in the second stage. Pierre-Louis Loubet led the class until the last stage of leg two, when he misheard a pace note and smashed into a tree. Eventually, Nikolay Gryazin snatched his first victory of the class after a consistent weekend.

Special stages.

Junior World Rally Championship.

Raul Badiu heavily crashed his Ford Fiesta R2, suffering two fractured ribs and a concussion. The Romanian was forced to retire from the rally and received medical treatment. Roland Poom and Jürgen Heigl was the two major retirements in the second leg. Dennis Rådström could have taken some good points from the event, but the crash in the penultimate stage means he was thirty-four points off the lead. Compatriot Tom Kristensson took the victory with eight stage victories to retake the championship lead.

The 2019 Rally Finland (also known as Neste Rally Finland 2019) was a motor racing event for rally cars held over four days between 1 and 4 August 2019. It marked the sixty-ninth running of Rally Finland and was the ninth round of the 2019 World Rally Championship, World Rally Championship-2 and the newly-created WRC-2 Pro class. It was also the fourth round of the Junior World Rally Championship. The 2019 event was based in Jyväskylä in Keski-Suomi, and was contested over twenty-three special stages with a total a competitive distance of.

Finská rallye 2019 (oficiálně 69. Neste Oil Rally Finland) byl 9. podnik Mistrovství světa v rallye 2019 (WRC), který konal v Finsku 1. srpna až 4. srpna 2019. Absolutním vítězem se stala posádka Ott Tänak a Martin Järveoja (Toyota GAZOO Racing WRT). Závod o délce 307,58 km se jel na šotolině.


History.

From its origin in Lienz/ Austria (since 1981) and Salzburg (since 1983), the gallery now holds four distinctive venues: (1) Salzburg, (2)(3) in the Paris/ France region, and (4) in London/ UK.

Lienz and Salzburg.

The gallery was founded 1981 as ""Galerie Thaddäus J. Ropač/ Edition Rotha"" in Lienz/ Austria, and the current Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac established itself in Salzburg since 1983, first located at the "Kaigasse 40", and then (since 1989) in the Villa Kast, a 19th-century townhouse in the picturesque setting of the Mirabell Garden and the historical centre.  In March 2010, the gallery opened its ""Salzburg Halle"", an additional exhibition space spreading over 4,000 m2 within an industrial building close to the city centre of Salzburg.  In Lienz and Salzburg (between 1981 und 1989) the gallery exhibited important Austrian painters and media artists, like Maria Lassnig, Günter Brus, Brigitte Kowanz and many others (not mentioned here because of lacking English Wikipedia entries), and also sculpture and ceramics artists, like Karl Prantl, Tony Cragg, or Maria Baumgartner.  But the most important base of the international success of the Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac since 1989 were exhibitions from the estates of Joseph Beuys, Andy Warhol, Keith Haring, Per Kirkeby, A. R. Penck, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Anne and Patrick Poirier and others.

Paris.

In 1990, Thaddaeus Ropac opened his primary Paris space in the Le Marais quarter. Today, the gallery space there spans four floors with a 1000m2 exhibition surface that also includes an extensive Drawings Department.  His newest and largest exhibition venue was inaugurated in October 2012 in Pantin located in the northeast of Paris showing monumental artworks as part of comprehensive exhibitions.

London.

The Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac opened a gallery branch in the Ely House in Mayfair, London, in Spring 2017.

Work and current exhibitions.

Today the Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac represents renowned international artists like Georg Baselitz, Alex Katz, Anselm Kiefer, Yan Pei-Ming, Robert Longo, Antony Gormley, Gilbert & George, as well as several renowned estates, like the estate of Robert Rauschenberg, Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Sturtevant and Andy Warhol.  The gallery organizes extensive solo and group exhibitions, often accompanied by comprehensive publications, not only in its own premises, but also in collaboration with major international museums and other non-commercial art institutions.  Since 2005, in partnership with the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Ropac asked Hedi Slimane, Robert Wilson, Sofia Coppola and Isabelle Huppert to act as guest curators and to select a series of the foundation's images for several gallery shows.  The Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac is present at all major contemporary art fairs including, the Armory Show in New York, the Art Basel fairs in both Basel and Miami, Frieze Art Fair in London and the FIAC in Paris.  The gallery also acts as a consultant to major museums and public institutions and as advisor for private and corporate collections.

The Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac was founded in 1981 by the Austrian gallerist Thaddaeus Ropac and has since specialized in International Contemporary Art.

Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac je galerie současného umění, kterou založil galerista Thaddaeus Ropac. Její původní sídlo bylo v Linci, kde byla Ropacova galerie otevřena roku 1981. Druhá lokace byla otevřena v roce 1983 v Salzburgu (nejprve na adrese Kaigasse 40, od roku 1989 ve vile Kast). V roce 2010 byla v Salzburgu otevřena další výstavní plocha o rozloze 4000 m2, ležící blíže ke středu města. V roce 1990 byla další galerie otevřena v pařížské čtvrti Le Marais na adrese 7, Rue Debelleyme. V roce 2012 Ropac otevřel další galerii ve městě Pantin, které je součástí metropolitní oblasti Paříže. V roce 2017 byla otevřena pobočka v londýnském Mayfairu.


Early life and education.

Talley was born on October 16, 1948, in Washington, D.C., as the son of Alma Ruth Davis and William C. Talley, a taxi driver. His parents left him with his grandmother, Binnie Francis Davis, who was a cleaning lady at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina. Davis raised him and Talley claims he was given an "understanding of luxury." His grandfather was a sharecropper.  Talley grew up in the Jim Crow era South, where the segregation was clear. He recalls: "for a long time my grandmother would not allow white people to come into our house. That was her rule. The only white man who ever came into the house was the coroner." His love for fashion was cultivated at an early age by his grandmother and his discovery of "Vogue" magazine, which he first found in the local library at the age of nine or 10.  Talley was educated at Hillside High School, graduating in 1966, and North Carolina Central University, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French Literature in 1970. He later won a scholarship to Brown University, where he earned a Master of Arts degree in French Literature in 1972. At Brown, he wrote a thesis on Charles Baudelaire and initially planned to teach French.

Career.

Beginning in 1974, Talley worked at Andy Warhol's Factory in New York City and at Warhol’s "Interview" magazine for $50 a week. That same year Talley volunteered for Diana Vreeland at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He went on to work at "Women’s Wear Daily" and "W", from 1975 through 1980. He also worked for "The New York Times" and other publications before finally landing at "Vogue", where he worked as the Fashion News Director from 1983 to 1987 and then as Creative Director from 1988 to 1995. He pushed top designers to have more African-American models in their shows. He left "Vogue" and moved to Paris in 1995 to work for "W", and served as contributing editor at "Vogue". In 1998, he returned to "Vogue" as the editor-at-large until his departure in 2013 to pursue another editorial venture.  From 2013 to 2014, he served as international editor of "Numéro Russia", joining the team shortly after the magazine launched in March 2013 but resigned after 12 issues. He has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the Savannah College of Art and Design since 1995.  In April 2017, Talley began hosting his own radio show principally concerned with fashion and pop culture on Radio Andy, a Sirius XM satellite station.  Talley is the subject of a documentary film, "The Gospel According to André", directed by Kate Novack, which was screened in September 2016 at the Toronto Film Festival and was released in the US in May 25, 2018. Reviewing the film, "Variety" magazine said: "The documentary is a deeply loving, frequently beautiful testament to the former "Vogue" editor, who rose from humble beginnings in North Carolina to become arguably the high fashion world’s first major African-American tastemaker, as well as the type of multi-lingual, Russian-lit-citing public intellectual who is perfectly at ease gossiping on TV with Wendy Williams."

Personal life.

In the mid-2000s, Anna Wintour initiated an intervention to get Talley to lose weight. As seen on "The Oprah Winfrey Show", he eventually lost a great deal of weight, and was eating more healthfully.  In 2007, he was ranked 45th in "Out" magazine's "50 Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America". In 2008, Talley advised the future First Family on fashion, and introduced Michelle Obama to the Taiwanese Canadian designer Jason Wu, from whom she bought several dresses, including her inaugural gown. Talley's most famous pairings of late have been with designers Tracy Reese, Rachel Roy, and singer/actress Jennifer Hudson. He is known as a very close friend of pop diva Mariah Carey, fashion designer Kimora Lee Simmons, and tennis star Venus Williams. From March 2010 to December 2011, Talley served on the judging panel for "America's Next Top Model" (from Cycle 14 to Cycle 17).  In October 2011, the André Leon Talley Gallery opened in the SCAD Museum of Art.

Awards and memberships.

Talley has been recognized for his significant work in fashion journalism.

Books.

Talley wrote an autobiography entitled "A.L.T.: A Memoir", published by Villard in 2003. According to "Publishers Weekly", the message delivered by the book is that "Style transcends race, class, and time."  He also authored "A.L.T. 365+", an art monograph designed by art director Sam Shahid, published in 2005. "365" features photos and captions from one year of Talley's life.  Talley co-wrote with Richard Bernstein the book "MegaStar", with an introduction by Paloma Picasso, which includes portraits of famous stars.  Talley's latest book is "The Chiffon Trenches: A Memoir," released on May 19, 2020. In the book, he discusses getting his start in New York City in the 1970's, his tumultuous relationship with Vogue editor Anna Wintour, and his experiences with racism in the fashion world.

André Leon Talley (born October 16, 1948) is an American fashion journalist, who is the former American editor-at-large of "Vogue" magazine. Talley has also served as international editor of the Russian fashion magazine "Numéro".

André Leon Talley (* 16. října 1949 Washington, D.C.) je americký módní novinář. Vyrůstal u prarodičů na jihu USA v éře Jima Crowa. Studoval na Severokarolínské centrální univerzitě, kde v roce 1970 získal titul BA z francouzské literatury. Později získal stipendium na Brownovu univerzitu, kde roku 1972 získal titul MA z téhož oboru. Počínaje rokem 1974 pracoval v ateliéru Andyho Warhola zvaném The Factory a zároveň ve Warholově časopisu "Interview". Později pracoval pro módní periodika "Women's Wear Daily", "W" a nakonec i "Vogue". V roce 2008 měl malou cameo roli ve filmu "Sex ve městě".


Features.

Smultron has many syntax highlighting and text encoding options. It can be helpful in the quick creation of websites, and allows the user to utilize and customize shortcuts for quick coding implementations, snippets and file organization. Other features include split file view, line wrapping, incremental search, a command line utility, line numbers, and an HTML preview. There is localization support for Swedish, Chinese (simplified and traditional), English, Czech, French, Hungarian, Finnish, German, Japanese, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish.

History.

Created and developed by Swedish programmer Peter Borg, it was first seen registered on Sourceforge in May 2004, and had received much support and feedback from the Mac open-source community. The name of the application is derived from the common Swedish woodland strawberry, hence the application icon. Lingon, another program developed by Borg, is named after another common Scandinavian berry. As of July 31, 2009, Borg has announced that he would no longer be developing Smultron, however active development was later resumed after a hiatus.  On September 12, 2009, Borg announced a new version 3.6beta1 to fix bugs introduced with Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. He also said he would not be releasing "any more versions for the foreseeable future."  In 2010 a fork named “Fraise” was introduced, authored by programmer Jean-Francois Moy and named after the French word for “Strawberry”. Also open source, this fork offered 64-bit support in Snow Leopard (but no support for OS X 10.5), an auto-update mechanism, duplicate line detection, and other features. There will not be any further updates to this branch of development, and as of macOS Sierra the app will no longer open.  On January 6, 2011, version 3.8 of Smultron was published by Peter Borg in the Mac App Store as a paid app for OS X 10.6-10.8. Eventually separate versions 6, 7 and 8 (for OS X 10.9, 10.10, and 10.11 respectively) were released on the App Store. Added features include iCloud support in Smultron 6, better contextual menus in Smultron 7 and support for native OS X tabs in Smultron 8. Syntax highlighting has been updated in each version to include more languages: By Smultron 8, over 120 languages are supported.

Smultron is a text editor for macOS that is designed for both beginners and advanced users. It was originally published as open-source but is now sold through the Mac App Store. It is written in Objective-C using the Cocoa API, and is able to edit and save many different file types. Smultron also includes syntax highlighting with support for many popular programming languages including C, C++, LISP, Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, HTML, XML, CSS, Prolog, IDL and D.

Smultron je textový editor pro operační systém MacOS. Textový editor je určený pro pokročilé uživatele i začátečníky. Jeho ideou je, aby byl účinný a jednoduchý pro všechny a vhodný pro úpravu jakýchkoliv textových dokumentů. Stvořený pro práci s prostým textem, tvorbou webových stránek a psaním skriptů.


Location.

Prora lies on an extensive bay between the Sassnitz and Binz regions, known as the Prorer Wiek, on the narrow heath (the "Prora") which separates the lagoon of the Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden from the Baltic Sea. The buildings extended over a length of and are roughly from the beach. The coast offers a long flat sand beach, which stretches from Binz to the ferry port. This beach was thus an ideal location for the establishment of a seaside resort.

Plans.

The Strength Through Joy program was designed to attract the working class – who had during the Weimar Republic been the power base of the Social Democrats and, to a lesser extent, the Communists – to the Nazi Party by offering numerous cultural events and mass tourism at affordable prices. They also presented an opportunity for the inculcation of Nazi ideology through constant indoctrination by propaganda. Founded in November 1933, in the year 1934, 400,000 people took Strength Through Joy package tours, a number which rose to 1.7 million by 1937, not to mention 7 million who availed themselves of weekend excursions and 1.6 million who participated in organized hikes.  Robert Ley, head of the German Labour Front – of which Strength Through Joy was a subsidiary – envisioned Prora as a parallel to Butlins, which were British "holiday camps" designed to provide affordable holidays for the average worker. Prora was designed to house 20,000 holidaymakers, under the ideal that every worker deserved a holiday at the beach. Designed by Clemens Klotz, who won a design competition overseen by Adolf Hitler's chief architect Albert Speer, all rooms were planned to overlook the sea, while corridors and sanitation are located on the landward side. Each room of by was to have two beds, a wardrobe and a sink. There were communal toilets, showers and bathrooms on each floor.  Hitler's plans for Prora were much more ambitious. He wanted a gigantic sea resort, the "most mighty and large one to ever have existed", holding 20,000 beds. In the middle, a huge building was to be erected. At the same time, Hitler wanted it to be convertible into a military hospital in case of war. Hitler insisted that the plans of a giant indoor arena by architect Erich Putlitz be included. Putlitz's Festival Hall was intended to be able to accommodate all 20,000 guests at the same time. His plans included two wave-swimming pools, a cinema and a theatre. A large dock for passenger ships was also planned.  The designs won a Grand Prix award at the 1937 Paris World Exposition.

Construction.

Construction began in 1936 and during the few years that Prora was under construction, all major construction companies of the Reich and nearly 9,000 workers were involved in this project. By 1938, construction costs had reached 237.5 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to € in 2009). With the onset of World War II in 1939, building on Prora stopped and the construction workers transferred to the V-Weapons plant at Peenemünde. The eight housing blocks and the theatre and cinema remained empty shells. The swimming pools and festival hall never materialised. If the complex had been completed, it would have been the largest holiday resort in the world.

Usage.

WWII.

During the Allied bombing campaign, many people from Hamburg took refuge in one of the housing blocks, and later refugees from the east of Germany were housed there. By the end of the war, these buildings housed female auxiliary personnel for the Luftwaffe.

Cold War.

In 1945 the Soviet Army took control of the region and established a military base at Prora. The Soviet Army's 2nd Artillery Brigade occupied block 5 of Prora from 1945 to 1955. The Soviet military then stripped all usable materials from the building. In the late 1940s two of the housing blocks – one at the North and one at the South – were demolished and the remains mostly removed.  In the late 1950s the East German military rebuilt several of the buildings. Since the buildings had been stripped to the bare brick in the late 1940s, most of the exterior and interior finish that can now be seen was done under East German control. After the formation of the German Democratic Republic's (GDR's) National People's Army in 1956, the buildings became a restricted military area housing several East German Army units. The most prominent were the elite 40. Fallschirmjägerbataillon Willi Sänger (40th Parachute Battalion "Willi Sänger") which was housed in block 5 from 1960 to 1982. Block 4 on the north side was used for urban combat training by the Parachute Battalion and others. Large sections remain as ruins to this day. Also housed in the building from 1982 to 1990 was the East German Army Construction Battalion "Mukran", where conscientious objectors served as noncombatant Construction Soldiers (Bausoldaten) to meet their military service obligation. A part of the building also served as the East German Army's "Walter Ulbricht" convalescent home.

Unified Germany.

After German reunification in 1990, the National People's Army of the GDR was absorbed into the West Germany Bundeswehr, that took over the building. Initially consideration was given to demolishing the buildings, but it was later given landmark protection and a tax break offered to developers to renovate it. Parts of the building were used from 1990 to 1992 by the Military Technical School of the Bundeswehr. From 1992 to 1994 a part of the building was used to house asylum seekers from the Balkans.  Beginning in early 1993, the facility was empty and the buildings were subject to decay and vandalism. An exception to this was Block 3, Prora Center, which from 1995 to 2005 housed a variety of museums, special exhibitions, and a gallery. Between 1993 and 1999 the site served as one of the largest youth hostels in Europe.  Since 2000, the Documentation Centre Prora has been located at the southern edge of the fairground buildings. This center documents the construction and use history of the building. Discussed here are both the background of the project and its appropriation for Nazi propaganda.

Sale and redevelopment.

In 2004, following more than a decade of unsuccessful attempts to sell the site as a whole, the blocks of the building began being sold off individually for various uses. On 23 September 2004, Block 6 sold for 625,000 euros to an unknown bidder. On 23 February 2005, Block 3, the former Museum Mile, was sold to Inselbogen GmbH, which announced that the building would be used as a hotel. In October 2006, Block 1 and 2 were sold to Prora Projektentwicklungs GmbH which has announced plans of converting the buildings into shops and apartments. However Block 1 was re-offered for sale at an auction on 31 March 2012 and was purchased by a Berlin investor for 2.75 million euros.  In November 2006, the Federal agency for real estate purchased Block 5. With financial support from the federal government and the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern it planned to establish a youth hostel in the building. Located in the northernmost part of the complex, it was divided into five contiguous parts. In July 2011,  In late 2008, plans were approved to have Prora fill its original purpose and to turn it into a modern tourist resort. The council set out plans to build enough living space to house 3,000 people, as well as a youth hostel, and amenities for tourists. Kerstin Kassner, a local councillor, compared Prora's shore with a "Caribbean beach." However, the decision met with some scepticism from Binz locals, who felt that there were already too many tourists in the region, and Heike Tagsold, a Prora historian, who said that the town's past made it an inappropriate location for tourists. Nevertheless, in 2011 the long-planned large youth hostel with 402 beds in 96 rooms opened; it is the largest youth hostel in Germany and has been popular. A possible expansion of the facility aimed toward budget-minded tourists has been proposed.  In September 2010, plans were announced by a German-Austrian investor group to renovate blocks 1 and 2 as housing for the elderly and a hotel with 300 beds that includes tennis courts and swimming pool and a small shopping centre. The investment costs are estimated at 100 million euros.  In 2013, a German company, Metropole Marketing, bought the rights to refurbish Prora and market the units as summer homes. By that year, refurbished apartments in the so-called Colossus were on sale for as much as 700,000 euros ($900,000) apiece. The completion date was estimated as 2016. In 2016, the first of the new apartments opened in Block 1. The Prora Solitaire hotel in Block 2 opened in time for summer 2016, and some reconstructed flats were for sale in that Block by mid 2017. At that time, four of the buildings were in the process of redevelopment, a fifth was used as a youth hostel while the remaining three remained in ruins. A November 2017 update indicated that most of the units (flats) in Block 1 had been sold, having been marketed as summer homes for those who live in Hamburg and Berlin. Many were listed by owners as short term rentals on sites such as Airbnb and HomeAway.

References.

Notes Further reading

Prora, also known as the Colossus of Prora, is a building complex on the island of Rügen, Germany, that was built by Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1939 as a beach resort of the Strength Through Joy ("Kraft durch Freude" or KdF) project. It consisted of eight identical buildings and was in length parallel to the beach, with the surviving structures stretching.

Prora je rekreační areál u města Binz na německém ostrově Rujána. V letech 1936 až 1939 zde organizace Kraft durch Freude budovala největší prázdninové letovisko na světě nazvané "Koloss von Prora": osm obytných bloků se podle projektu mělo táhnout v délce 4,5 km podél pobřeží zálivu Prorer Wiek ve vzdálenosti 150 m od pláže. Podle plánů nacistických funkcionářů zde mělo trávit dovolenou u moře až dvacet tisíc německých dělníků naráz. Albert Speer vybral plán architekta Clemense Klotze, který počítal s dvoulůžkovými pokoji s výhledem na moře, ubytovací zařízení mělo být vybaveno také biografem, koncertním sálem a sportovišti. Projekt byl oceněn na Světové výstavě 1937 v Paříži.


History.

Youth.

Norman was born on 14 April 1987 in Arras, France. His mother was a history and geography teacher and his father, Jackie Thavaud, was a culture promoter and head of a local cinema school. As a child, Norman played the saxophone for seven years in a conservatory. He also made numerous videos using his father's camera. Having gained his high school baccalaureate in 2005, Norman moved to Paris in order to study cinema. He had a succession of jobs before becoming a video montage specialist.

Le Velcrou.

Norman met Hugo Dessioux (alias Hugo tout seul) at college and they formed the "Le Velcrou" comedic group in March 2008. "Le Velcrou" regularly posted comical videos on the Dailymotion website. Four months later, Marc Jarousseau (alias Kemar), a friend from university, joined the team.  Thanks to Le Velcrou, Norman met Cyprien Iov (alias Monsieur Dream), another video blogger, who appeared in a few of Le Velcrou's videos. In December of the same year, Cyprien created "Super Mega Noël", a short humorous film about Christmas. Cyprien featured other bloggers in his work, including Hugo and Norman. In July 2009, Norman was awarded a degree in cinematography from University Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Le Velcrou broke up in October 2010. Since then, the group's former members have been producing solo videos.

Increasing popularity.

At the end of 2010, Norman launched a new format: short video sequences of about 4 minutes long, in which he embodied "mister average" and dealt with daily life subjects, as seen in his first one-man video titled "Table tennis club". His account was created on January 3, 2011. Two months later, he posted what became at the time his most popular video, "The bilinguals", marking the beginning of his notoriety. It was subsequently surpassed in views by the "Now, I have Google" video, among others. "Luigi Clash Mario" is today his most viewed video, with over 73 million views as of November 20, 2018. Norman records his videos in his Parisian flat where he lives with his flatmate and his two cats (Sergi, who often appears in his videos, and Becassine).  His videos have been viewed billions of times, enabling him to be paid by the YouTube internet website and to attract national media attention. Several media outlets have called him a "web phenomenon", including reporter Eric Loret who described Norman and his partners, Cyprien and Hugo Dessioux (who have launched the same format as Norman), as having the advantage of being "young artists who are really good at business and communication, able to manage all strategic decisions with the biggest candour".  As an internet star and the second largest French YouTuber, Norman has been invited by many video makers and internet friends to be a part of their videos. Unsurprisingly, he participates in the one-man videos of the former members of his group, Hugo Dessioux and Marc Jarousseau, on their YouTube channels. Cyprien, the best known French YouTuber in terms of number of subscribers has invited Norman to participate in only one of his videos, even though they performed together as part of Le Velcrou.  Norman has also appeared on TV, taking part in several episodes of Very Bad Plagues by the Palmashow. The Palmashow are a comic duo, composed of Grégoire Ludig and David Marsais, who also originated on the internet but now broadcast their sketches on the D8 TV channel. In December 2011, Norman was invited to the Les Arcs European Film Festival with other YouTube stars such as La Ferme Jerome, Cyprien, Maxime Musqua, Mistertel, as well as the Palmashow. On 12 January 2012, Norman organized Zapping Amazing, a show at the Grand Rex (a major venue in Paris) in which he gathered some web-comedy friends with whom he has performed (Palmashow, Kemar, Cyprien, PV Nova, Julfou, Mister V, Volt, Backstage Rodeo, LeGrandJD, Spicy Marguerites and La Ferme Jerome). The comedians re-aired some of their most famous sketches for the audience. The show (which attracted almost 3000 people) was so successful that a tour was scheduled in France from 5 February 2013 to 15 February 2013.  He often works with Yvick Letexier, Cyprien Iov, and Hugo Dessioux.

Norman Jacky Cyril Thavaud (; born 14 April 1987) also known as the channel name ("Norman makes videos"), is a French comedian and blogger known for his short comic YouTube videos. Several of his videos have been viewed tens of millions of times.

Norman, celým jménem Norman Thavaud (* 14. dubna 1987 Arras), je francouzský komik, herec a youtuber. Proslavil se videi na webu Dailymotion, kam od roku 2008 nahrával videa v rámci komediálního tria Le Velcrou, které kromě něj tvořili ještě Hugo Tout Seul a Kemar. V roce 2010 si založil vlastní YouTube kanál, který pojmenoval "Norman fait des vidéos" (česky "Norman natáčí videa"). Rychle se z něj stal jeden z nejsledovanějších a nejpopulárnějších francouzských youtuberů. Kromě toho si také zahrál v několika filmech a seriálech a často vystupuje na veřejnosti v rámci svých one man show.


Background.

Entrants.

Alexander Albon and Pierre Gasly swapped their seats for the race, with Albon taking Gasly's place at Red Bull Racing and Gasly returning to Scuderia Toro Rosso to fill the seat vacated by Albon. The rest of the entrants remained unchanged from the Hungarian Grand Prix although Nicholas Latifi drove in the first practice session for Williams, replacing George Russell. Marcus Ericsson did not attend the IndyCar Grand Prix of Portland and travelled to Belgium in case he was needed to stand in for Kimi Räikkönen who had suffered a leg injury over the summer break, but ultimately Räikkönen was able to race.

Championship standings before the race.

Heading into the weekend Lewis Hamilton and his team Mercedes held a 62-point and 150-point leads in their respective championships.

Race.

Race report.

The death of Anthoine Hubert in the Formula 2 feature race on Saturday loomed over the race. A minute of silence was held for Hubert before the start of the race and a standing ovation was organised for lap 19, the same number as his car.  At the start of the race Carlos Sainz suffered a power failure and did not get off the line. Whilst Charles Leclerc got away cleanly, third placed Lewis Hamilton was able to attack second placed Sebastian Vettel on the inside of turn one, pushing the Ferrari off the track, allowing Hamilton to take second place. However, a poor run through turn 5 and the higher top speed of the Ferrari meant that Vettel was able to recover the position on the straight that followed. Although he briefly threatened Vettel when the Ferrari was forced wide after turn 1, Valtteri Bottas settled into fourth behind Hamilton. Behind the first four, Kimi Räikkönen was on the outside of Sergio Pérez on the start-finish straight and did not see Max Verstappen, who had a poor start, on inside and turned into the Red Bull driver at the first corner. Both drivers suffered damage with Verstappen suffering suspension damage, causing him to crash into the barriers on the outside of turn 4. The collision caused the safety car to be released.  Due to the incident, the cars further back had to pick their way around the debris. Lando Norris, who had started eleventh, managed to move into fifth. Daniel Ricciardo was not so lucky as he was tagged on the rear right-hand side by Lance Stroll. The Verstappen-Räikkönen incident led to the safety car being deployed and Sainz, Räikkönen and Ricciardo all made pit stops. Sainz, suffering with a power issue, had a very slow stop, as did Räikkönen when his pit crew could not secure his new front wing. Räikkönen then stopped again at the end of lap 2. Sainz continued to be slow and did not catch up the pack after his pit stop, eventually pulling off in the run off area at the final chicane at end of his second lap. This caused the safety car, which was about to be brought back into the pits, to stay out.  The safety car came in for the start of lap 5 and the Ferraris managed to open a gap to Mercedes cars on the restart. Leclerc quickly managed to pull out of DRS range but Vettel stayed ahead of Hamilton who attacked several times before the first pit stops. Radio messages between Hamiton and his engineer revealed that Hamilton did not think Vettel was that quick. However, whilst the Mercedes cars were much stronger than the Ferraris in the second sector, they were not as fast in the first or third sectors, both of which contained the key overtaking spots of the turn 7 and turn 19 respectively.  With Norris running in fifth and Romain Grosjean in sixth, Kevin Magnussen became embroiled in a fight with Pérez over seventh place. The two drivers battled over several laps but eventually Pérez overtook Magnussen on the Kemmel straight on lap 10 and the Haas of Magnussen then quickly fell backwards. Pierre Gasly overtook Magnussen towards end of Kemmel straight on the next lap with Stroll doing the same one lap later.  Gasly pitted on lap 13 and was around a second faster than his new Toro Rosso teammate Daniil Kvyat, showing that undercut could be quite powerful. This led Ferrari to pit Vettel at end of lap 15 for medium tyres. There was a brief window for Mercedes to respond but they chose not to instead pushing on, as did Leclerc. Vettel then set a fastest lap on 17, which included an overtake on Norris, and started taking significant time out of Leclerc, Hamilton and Bottas who had still not pitted. The top three were all on one stop strategies so instead were stretching their tyres. Leclerc pitted at end of 21, Hamilton at end of 22, and Bottas at end of 23. Hamilton lost a second during his stop due to a slow left rear tyre and emerged several seconds behind Leclerc. All three had been jumped by Vettel on pit stop strategy however Leclerc then set a fastest lap on lap 23 and, along with the Mercedes cars, started catching Vettel as tyre degradation took its toll. It quickly became clear that Vettel would likely end up stopping a second time.  At the start of lap 27, Vettel allowed Leclerc to overtake. Hamilton quickly closed on Vettel but struggled to overtake due to the sector speed differences. Eventually, on lap 32, having closed up in sector three on the previous lap, Hamilton was able to make a move into turn seven and pass Vettel but Leclerc had opened a gap of more than six seconds. When Bottas caught up to Vettel as well, Vettel pitted at end of lap 33 for soft tyres, going for the extra point for fastest lap, which he gained on lap 36.  Behind the leaders Alexander Albon, on his debut for Red Bull, carried out a fine recovery race. Having taken a penalty for exceeding his quota for power unit components, he started seventeenth on the grid. When the fifteenth placed Sainz failed to get away, Albon had to take evasive action leading to a loss of position. This was rectified almost immediately in the aftermath of Verstappen-Räikkönen incident as he was able to overtake several slow and damaged cars. Pitting at end of lap 23 for soft tyres, Albon quietly gained places whilst the battle between the Mercedes and Ferraris unfolded. After passing Gasly for ninth place Albon tried to take Ricciardo on the outside of turn 10, on lap 34, but failed to overtake him. He then carried out a switch back move to pass the Renault driver the outside of turn 11. On lap 38, Albon then passed Kvyat at start of Kemmel straight to make it up to seventh leaving him more than ten seconds behind sixth placed Pérez.  Back with the leaders, Hamilton started making gains on Leclerc. The two drivers had to pick their way through traffic in the final laps, slowing both down. However, Hamilton managed to close to less than one second on final lap but was not close enough to make a move. As the leaders entered the second sector, Antonio Giovinazzi crashed and was buried in the wall at turn 12 bringing out yellow flags. Leclerc managed to survive the last few corners to become the first driver to claim a maiden win at Spa since Michael Schumacher at the 1992 Belgian Grand Prix. It was also Ferrari's first victory since Räikkönen at the 2018 United States Grand Prix, with Leclerc the Scuderia's 39th winner and Monaco the 23rd nation to win an F1 race. Bottas finished third with Vettel in fourth.  Lando Norris, who had run a quiet race after his first lap jump to fifth, stopped on start line on his final lap and ended up classified eleventh. At the end of their penultimate lap, Albon had closed onto the back of Pérez at the final chicane which led to an unusual turn 1 as the two drivers slowed down excessively to try and get DRS for the Kemmel straight. Pérez stayed ahead so Albon was able to attack with DRS after Raidillon but had to go onto the grass partway down the Kemmel straight to pass the Racing Point car. The incident was investigated by the stewards after the race but no further action was taken. With Albon finishing fifth, Pérez was sixth, Kvyat seventh, Nico Hülkenberg eight, Gasly ninth and Stroll tenth.  Leclerc dedicated his win to Anthoine Hubert. The podium finishers carried out a notably muted celebration and did not spray champagne on the podium in respect to Hubert.

The 2019 Belgian Grand Prix (formally known as the Formula 1 Johnnie Walker Belgian Grand Prix 2019) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 1 September 2019 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Stavelot, Belgium. The race was the 13th round of the 2019 Formula One World Championship and marked the 75th running of the Belgian Grand Prix, the 52nd time as a round of the World Championship and the 62nd time the race had been held at Spa-Francorchamps.

Grand Prix Belgie 2019 (oficiálně Formula 1 Johnnie Walker Belgian Grand Prix 2019) se jela na okruhu Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps v Stavelotu v Belgii dne 1. září 2019. Závod byl třináctým v pořadí v sezóně 2019 šampionátu Formule 1.


Civil unions.

In 2004, the first case of recognition of same-sex unions in Brazil occurred with a binational Englishman and a Brazilian. Their relationship was recognized in the form of a common-law marriage, which until then, was only granted to opposite-sex couples. The couple had lived together for fourteen years in the Brazilian city of Curitiba.  In 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs authorized Brazilian diplomats to request a diplomatic or service passport and stay visa for same-sex partners. The decision, which includes same-sex and opposite-sex partners, was announced internally to embassies and consulates in over 200 countries. According to the Foreign Ministry, the measure must ensure that employees register their same-sex partners to secure their right to stay outside the country. Now, with the grant of diplomatic passports, it is easier for the partner to obtain a residence permit.  Also in 2010, the state-owned Infraero (Brazilian Company of Airport Infrastructure) began to recognize stable unions between same-sex couples for the purposes of granting benefits. The change came with the signing of the new Collective Work Agreement. To receive the benefit, the union must be registered through the public notary.  On 5 May 2011, Brazil's Supreme Federal Court ruled that civil unions must be allowed throughout the country. The decision was approved by 10-0; one judge abstained because he had previously spoken publicly in favor of same-sex unions when he was attorney general. The ruling resulted in stable partnerships for same-sex couples having the same financial and social rights enjoyed by those in heterosexual relationships. Civil unions of same-sex couples are guaranteed the same 112 rights as marriages of opposite-sex couples. Brazil's High Court ruling came in response to two lawsuits, one filed by the Rio de Janeiro State Government in 2008 and another in 2009 by the Public Ministry. Same-sex couples can officially register their relationships as a civil union by proving that they have a shared bank account or live at the same address, etc.  On 17 June 2011, a judge from Goiânia, Jeronymo Pedro Villas Boas, annulled the first civil union that occurred in the country, between Liorcino Mendes and Odilio Torres, and also ordered all notaries in Goiânia to not issue civil union licenses anymore. Villas Boas, who is also a church pastor of the Assembleia de Deus, claimed that same-sex unions are unconstitutional. On 21 June, another judge, Beatriz Figueiredo Franco, cancelled Villas Boas' decision, making the union valid again. Concerned, Liorcino Mendes and Odilio Torres signed again another civil union in Rio de Janeiro.  On 7 June 2013, the Brazilian Air Force recognized the stable union of a sergeant and his partner after he presented a notarized deed documenting their relationship; the Air Force did not comment on the recognition, and could not confirm if the relationship was the first same-sex union certified by the branch. On 8 August 2013, Judge Elio Siqueira of the 5th region TRF ruled on appeal that the Brazilian Army must recognize the civil union (performed in January 2012 in Pernambuco) of a service member and his same-sex partner, and must also accord a military spousal pension to the partner. It marked the first time that a state-recognized same-sex union was recognized by the Army.

Same-sex marriage.

Marriage law is governed by federal rather than state law and involves the issuing of a marriage certificate by a notary. In May 2011, the Supreme Federal Court decided that the present marriage law already did allow for both opposite and same-sex marriages. Based on this decision, many states amended their guidances for issuing marriage certificates to implement the Supreme Court decision and allow same-sex marriage through a notary. In other states, notaries who preside over marriage licenses and perform marriages are required by judicial order to provide such services to same-sex couples.

National Justice Council ruling.

On 14 May 2013, the Justice's National Council of Brazil legalized same-sex marriage in the entire country in a 14–1 vote, via a ruling that orders all civil registers of the country to perform same-sex marriages and to convert any existing civil unions into marriages if the couple so desires. Joaquim Barbosa, president of the Council of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court, said in the decision that notaries cannot continue to refuse to "perform a civil wedding or the conversion of a stable civil union into a marriage between persons of the same sex."  On 21 May 2013, the Social Christian Party (PSC) lodged an appeal of the National Council's decision with the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil. The party alleged that the Council had committed an abuse of power and that legalising same-sex marriage was a matter exclusively for the National Congress to decide. The appeal did not affect the Council's original decision in favour of same-sex marriage. On 30 May 2013, the Supreme Federal Court rejected the appeal on technical grounds, stating that the PSC had used the wrong form of appeal. The Court held that the National Council's decision could only be challenged through a "direct action for unconstitutionality" ("ação direta de inconstitucionalidade") rather than an action for injunction ("mandado de segurança"). On 6 June 2013, the PSC re-lodged the appeal. On 28 August 2013, the "Procuradoria Geral da República" (Attorney General) forwarded to the Supreme Court an opinion in favor of same-sex marriage in Brazil. Given the National Council ruling was issued by the Council's president, who was also the Chief Justice of the Supreme Federal Court, it is unlikely the latter court would ever overturn the Council's ruling.

Proposals in the National Congress.

A Brazilian legislative commission for human rights recommended in October 2013 a measure that would ensure that religious bodies would not be required to solemnize same-sex marriages. The proposal would allow a religious body to decline to officiate at marriages of those "who violate its values, doctrines, and beliefs". The proposal was to have been brought forward in Brazil's National Congress if it was approved by a constitutional committee, though no such change was made prior to the 2014 elections.  In March 2017, the Constitution and Justice Commission of the Brazilian Senate preliminary approved a bill modifying the national Civil Code to recognize stable unions between two persons of the same sex and enabling the conversion of that union into marriage. The proposal replaces the definition of the family entity, which goes from "stable union between man and woman" to "stable union between two people", and inserts the provision saying that marriage can be performed between two people, thus replacing the article restricting it to opposite-sex couples. On 3 May, the commission gave its final approval to the bill. The bill would need to be approved by the full Senate and Chamber of Deputies before becoming law. The bill was not advanced by either legislative chamber prior to the 2018 elections.

Timeline prior to 2013 ruling.

Individual cases.

In several individual cases, marriage licenses were granted, often through the decision of a judge. Notable cases include:

Statewide.

The 2011 Supreme Court decision gave rise to several states explicitly altering their procedures enabling same-sex couples to marry in a manner that is bureaucratically identical to opposite-sex couples. Those states are listed below:

Marriage statistics.

In 2018, 9,520 same-sex couples married in Brazil. 59.7% of these marriages were performed in the Southeast Region, 15.1% in the Northeast Region, 14.4% in the South Region, 7.4% in the Central-West Region and 3.4% in the North Region. 4,100 same-sex marriages were performed in São Paulo, 737 in Minas Gerais, 723 in Rio de Janeiro, 480 in Rio Grande do Sul, 458 in Paraná, 429 in Santa Catarina, 391 in Pernambuco, 330 in Ceará, 288 in Bahia, 274 in the Federal District, 218 in Goiás, 201 in Pará, 166 in Mato Grosso do Sul, 129 in Espírito Santo, 114 in Rio Grande do Norte, 105 in Paraíba, 95 in Alagoas, 49 in Amazonas, 46 in Mato Grosso, 45 in Piauí, 43 in Sergipe, 26 in Maranhão, 24 in Rondônia, 18 in Acre, 18 in Tocantins, 8 in Amapá and 5 in Roraima.  2018 saw a significant rise in marriages, particularly in the later months of the year, with November seeing a 68% rise compared to 2017.

Religious performance.

In June 2018, the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil officially changed its canons to permit same-sex marriages. The move was supported by 57 Synod members, while 3 voted against. The Church joined other Anglican provinces, including the American, Scottish and Canadian branches of the Anglican Communion, in performing same-sex marriages in its churches.

Public opinion.

According to a Pew Research Center survey, conducted between 4 November 2013 and 14 February 2014, 45% of Brazilians supported same-sex marriage, 48% were opposed.  According to Ibope, support for same-sex couples having the same rights as different-sex couples in Brazil in 2017 was 49%, with 38% opposing. Support was higher among women, young people, people with higher educational levels and Brazilians living in the South region of the country.  The 2017 AmericasBarometer showed that 52% of Brazilians supported same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage in Brazil has been legal since 16 May 2013, following a National Justice Council decision, which orders notaries of every state to perform same-sex marriages.

Stejnopohlavní manželství je Brazílii legální od 16. května 2013 po rozhodnutí Národní rady pro justici ("National Justice Council"), že homosexuální páry musejí mít ve všech brazilských státech právo uzavřít sňatek.


Plot.

The film is about two couples: Jack (Sydney Pollack) and Sally (Judy Davis), and Gabe (Woody Allen) and Judy (Mia Farrow). The film starts when Jack and Sally arrive at Gabe and Judy's apartment and announce their separation. Gabe is shocked, but Judy takes the news personally and is very hurt. Still confused, they go out for dinner at a Chinese restaurant.  A few weeks later Sally goes to the apartment of a colleague. They plan to go out together to the opera and then to dinner. Sally asks if she can use his phone, and calls Jack. Learning from him that he has met someone, she accuses him of having had an affair during their marriage.  Judy and Gabe are introduced to Jack's new girlfriend, Sam (Lysette Anthony), an aerobics trainer. While Judy and Sam shop, Gabe calls Jack's new girlfriend a "cocktail waitress" and tells him that he is crazy for leaving Sally for her. About a week later, Judy introduces Sally to Michael (Liam Neeson), Judy's magazine colleague who she clearly is interested in herself. Michael asks Sally out, and they begin dating; Michael is smitten, but Sally is dissatisfied with the relationship.  Meanwhile, Gabe has developed a friendship with a young student of his, Rain (Juliette Lewis), and has her read the manuscript of his novel. She comments on its brilliance, but has several criticisms, to which Gabe reacts defensively.  At a party, Jack learns from a friend that Sally is seeing someone, and flies into a jealous rage. He and Sam break up after an intense argument, and Jack drives back to his house to find Sally in bed with Michael. He asks Sally to give their marriage another chance, but she tells him to leave.  Less than two weeks later, however, Jack and Sally are back together and the couple meet Judy and Gabe for dinner like old times. After dinner, Judy and Gabe get into an argument about her not sharing her poetry. After Gabe makes a failed pass at her, Judy tells him she thinks the relationship is over; a week later Gabe moves out. Judy begins seeing Michael.  Gabe goes to Rain's 21st birthday party, and gives her a music box as a present. She asks him to kiss her, and though the two share a romantic moment, Gabe tells her they should not pursue it any further. As he walks home in the rain, he realizes that he has ruined his relationship with Judy.  Michael tells Judy he needs time alone, then says he can't help still having feelings for Sally. Angry and hurt, Judy walks out into the rain. Highlighting her "passive aggressiveness," Michael follows and begs her to stay with him. A year and a half later they marry.  At the end, the audience sees a pensive Jack and Sally back together. Jack and Sally admit their marital problems still exist (her frigidity is not solved), but they find they accept their problems as simply the price they have to pay to remain together.  Gabe is living alone because he says he is not dating for the time being, as he does not want to hurt anyone. The film ends with an immediate cut to black after Gabe asks the unseen documentary crew, "Can I go? Is this over?"

Cast.

The cast includes (in credits order):

Reception.

Box office.

"Husbands and Wives" opened on September 18, 1992 in 865 theatres, where it earned $3,520,550 ($4,070 per screen) in its opening weekend. It went on to gross $10.5 million in North America during its theatrical run. The film was also screened at the 1992 Toronto Festival of Festivals.

Critical response.

"Husbands and Wives" opened to acclaim from film critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 40 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10.  Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" called it "a defining film for these emotionally embattled times; it's classic Woody Allen." Todd McCarthy of "Variety" similarly praised the film as "a full meal, as it deals with the things of life with intelligence, truthful drama and rueful humor."  Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called it a "a very fine, sometimes brutal comedy about a small group of contemporary New Yorkers, each an edgy, self-analyzing achiever who goes through life without much joy, but who finds a certain number of cracked satisfactions along the way." He added, "'Husbands and Wives' -- the entire Allen canon, for that matter -- represents a kind of personal cinema for which there is no precedent in modern American movies. Even our best directors are herd animals. Mr. Allen is a rogue: he travels alone." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" opined, "... what 'Husbands and Wives' argues is that many 'rational' relationships are actually not as durable as they seem, because somewhere inside every person is a child crying me! me! me! We say we want the other person to be happy. What we mean is, we want them to be happy with us, just as we are, on our terms."  In 2016, "Time Out" contributors ranked "Husbands and Wives" fifth among Allen's efforts, with Keith Uhlich praising the work's "trenchant examination of long-term relationships on the downswing". The same year, Robbie Collin and Tim Robey of "The Daily Telegraph" listed "Husbands and Wives" as his seventh greatest film, calling it "a rapid marvel of four-way characterization" and praising the opening scene as "one of Allen’s most vividly written, shot and acted scenes ever".

Husbands and Wives is a 1992 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen. The film stars Allen, Mia Farrow, Sydney Pollack, Judy Davis, Lysette Anthony, Juliette Lewis, Liam Neeson and Blythe Danner. The film debuted shortly after the end of Allen and Farrow's romantic and professional partnership, and was the last of their 13 films together. The movie is filmed by Carlo Di Palma with a handheld camera style and features documentary-like interviews with the characters interspersed with the story.

Manželé a manželky (v anglickém originále "Husbands and Wives") je americký film z roku 1992, který natočil režisér Woody Allen podle vlastního scénáře. Pojednává o dvou párech, přičemž snímek začíná ve chvíli, kdy jeden z nich oznámí tomu druhému svůj rozchod. Následně zobrazuje jejich oddělené životy, stejně jako životy druhého páru. Kromě Allena ve filmu hlavní role hráli Mia Farrowová, Judy Davis a Sydney Pollack. Dále se v něm představili například Juliette Lewis, Liam Neeson a Ron Rifkin. Jde o poslední ze třinácti filmů, které Allen natočil ve spolupráci se svou přítelkyní, herečkou Miou Farrowovou. Snímek byl nominován ve dvou kategoriích na Oscara – jednu nominaci získala Judy Davis za svůj herecký výkon, druhou Allen za scénář.


Early life.

Hobart was the son of Sir Henry Hobart, 4th Baronet of Blickling and his wife Elizabeth Maynard, and he inherited his father's title when the latter was killed in a duel in 1698. He was admitted at Clare College, Cambridge in 1710. He married firstly Judith Britiffe (half-sister of Elizabeth, wife of William Morden) in 1717 and secondly Elizabeth Bristow in 1728.

Career.

Hobart was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for St Ives at the 1715 general election. He became Vice Admiral of Norfolk in 1719, holding the post until his death. In 1721 he became Lord of Trade. He was elected MP for St Ives in a contest in 1722. At the 1727 general election he was returned as MP for Bere Alston and for Norfolk. He chose to sit for Norfolk but vacated his seat in 1728 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hobart of Blickling at the coronation of King George II. His sister, the Countess of Suffolk, was a longtime mistress of the King. In 1727, he became Treasurer of the Chamber (until 1744) and assay master of the stannaries (until 1738). He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk in 1739, captain of the Gentleman Pensioners in 1744 and Privy Councillor in 1745. In 1746 he was created Earl of Buckinghamshire.

Death and legacy.

Hobart died aged 62 on 22 September 1756. He was succeeded by his sons John by his first marriage and then George by his second marriage.

John Hobart, 1st Earl of Buckinghamshire, (11 October 169322 September 1756) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1728, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Hobart.

John Hobart, 1. hrabě z Buckinghamshire ("John Hobart, 1st Earl of Buckinghamshire, 1st Baron Hobart, 5th Baronet Hobart of Intwood") (11. října 1693, Blickling Hall, Anglie – 22. září 1756, Londýn, Anglie), byl britský dvořan a diplomat ze šlechtického rodu Hobartů. Třicet let zastával vysoké posty u královského dvora, během života byl povýšen postupně na barona (1728) a hraběte (1746), uplatnil se také jako diplomat. Jeho kariéra byla podmíněna blízkým vztahem jeho sestry Henrietty ke králi Jiřímu II. Vysoké postavení si rodina udržela až do 20. století.


Plot.

A film crew in Portugal shoots a black-and-white science fiction film about the survivors on a post-apocalyptic Earth, titled "The Survivors". The shooting stops when the production runs out of film stock and money. In an abandoned hotel, the crew waits for money to arrive or a sign from vanished producer Gordon. As they grow restless and bored, the film depicts some of their philosophical thoughts and emotional reactions. Director Friedrich Munro finally sets off to find Gordon in Los Angeles who hides in a mobile home because of money he owes to the Mafia.

Filming.

The film emerged during the production of Wenders' 1981 "Hammett" for Francis Ford Coppola. Coppola interrupted the shooting to have the screenplay re-written. Wenders returned to Europe for an intermediate film project, which was not realized in the end. He then went to Portugal to help out director Raúl Ruiz with film stock during the making of his film "The Territory" (1981). Wenders hired much of the cast and crew to make "The State of Things", including lead cinematographer Henri Alekan, the noted photographer of Jean Cocteau's 1946 motion picture "Beauty and the Beast". After completing the filming in Portugal, Wenders flew to Los Angeles to shoot the final scenes before continuing work on "Hammett".

Background info.

"The State of Things" bears many references to other movies and movie makers. Fictitious director Friedrich Munro's name is an homage to silent film director Friedrich Murnau. The name of his cameraman Joe Corby is an anagram of Joe Biroc. Other film makers and films referred to are Fritz Lang, "The Searchers", "Body and Soul", "Thieves' Highway", "He Ran All the Way" and "They Drive by Night".  The soundtrack includes original music from Jürgen Knieper, as well as tracks from Joe Ely, X and The Del-Byzanteens. Jim Jarmusch was a then member of The Del-Byzanteens which often leads to the misinformation that Jarmusch co-wrote the music score. Leftover film stock from "The State of Things" was later used on the first third of Jarmusch's 1984 black-and-white film "Stranger Than Paradise".  Although the film "The Survivors", which the crew is shooting during the opening of "The State of Things", was repeatedly called a remake of either "Day the World Ended" or "Most Dangerous Man Alive" by reviewers and encyclopaedia, it bears no close resemblance to either except for the post-apocalyptic scenery.  In 1994, Wenders made "Lisbon Story", in which the fictitious film director in "The State of Things", Friedrich Munro (played again by Bauchau), reappears under the name Friedrich Monroe, having expatriated to Portugal.

Awards.

The film won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival of 1982. In 1983, it won the German Film Award in Gold for Cinematography and in Silver for Best Feature Film.

The State of Things () is a 1982 film directed by Wim Wenders. It tells the story of a film crew stuck in Portugal after the production runs out of film stock and money. The director travels to Los Angeles in search of his missing producer.

Stav věcí je film německého režiséra Wima Wenderse z roku 1982. Vypráví příběh filmového štábu, který uvízl v Portugalsku poté, co došel filmový materiál a peníze. Jeho režisér se nakonec vydá do Los Angeles, aby našel nezvěstného producenta filmu. Režiséra ztvárnil Patrick Bauchau. Dále ve filmu hráli Allen Garfield, Roger Corman, Viva, John Paul Getty III. a další. Originální hudbu k filmu složil Jürgen Knieper a dále v něm byly použity písně například od kapel The Del-Byzanteens a X.


Geography.

The Maug Islands lie about south of Farallon de Pajaros and north of Asuncion. The archipelago consists of three islands, the eroded exposed outer rim of a submerged volcano with a caldera with a diameter of approximately. The floor of the caldera is around below sea level, and in the middle is a mountain whose summit is only below sea level. The total area of the islands combined is, and the highest point is above sea level.  The islands are overgrown with savannah grass. On East Island are " Pandanus " trees and Coconut Palms "(Cocos nucifera)," near the former settlement.  About northwest of the Maug Islands is Supply Reef, a submarine volcano whose summit is below sea level. The Maug Islands and the Supply Reef are part of the same volcanic massif, and are connected by a saddle about below sea level.

History.

From a European perspective, the Maug Islands were discovered on 22 August 1522 by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa, who named it "Las Monjas" (The Nuns in Spanish). Gómez de Espinosa was a member of Ferdinand Magellan‘s attempted circumnavigation of the globe, and after Magellan’s death unsuccessfully attempted to navigate the ship "Trinidad" across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. Gomez de Espinosa found the largest island of the Maug Islands settled by Chamorros, who called the island "Mao" or "Pamo". Gómez de Espinosa freed the Chamorro whom he had kidnapped on Agrihan and three of his crewmen deserted the "Trinidad" on the island. Two of the deserters were killed by the Chamorro, but the third, Gonzalo Alvarez de Vigo, later came to Guam. In 1669, the Spanish missionary Diego Luis de San Vitores visited the Maug Islands and named it "San Lorenzo" (St. Lawrence). In 1695, all of the inhabitants were forcibly deported to Saipan, and three years later, to Guam. Since that time, the islands have been uninhabited.  Following the sale of the Northern Marianas by Spain to the German Empire in 1899, the Maug islands were administered as part of German New Guinea. In 1903, the island was leased to a Japanese company, who hunted birds for feathers for export to Japan, and from there to Paris.  During World War I, the Maug Islands came under the control of the Empire of Japan and were administered as part of the South Seas Mandate. The Japanese established a weather station on the islands, and a fish processing plant. During World War II, the German auxiliary cruiser "Orion" rendezvoused with supply ships in January–February 1941 at the caldera of the Maug Islands.  Following World War II, the island came under the control of the United States and was administered as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Since 1978, the island has been part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.  In 1985, per the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the islands were designated as a wilderness area for the protection and conservation of natural resources. Since 2009, the submerged lands and waters around the island have been part of Marianas Trench Marine National Monument of the United States.

Maug (from the Chamorro name for the islands, Ma'ok, meaning "steadfast" or "everlasting") consists of a group of three small uninhabited islands. This island group is part of the Northern Islands Municipality of the Northern Mariana Islands chain in the Pacific Ocean.

Maug je skupina tří menších neobydlených ostrůvků, nacházejících se v souostroví Severní Mariany v Tichém oceánu. Ostrovy představují okraje 2,3 km široké kaldery, jejíž dno leží v průměrné hloubce 200 m pod hladinou moře. V kaldeře se nachází sopečný dóm, jehož vrchol je jen 20 m pod hladinou. Expedice NOAA z roku 2004 zjistila geotermální aktivitu v kaldeře.


Industrial production.

Monoethanolamine is produced by treating ethylene oxide with aqueous ammonia; the reaction also produces diethanolamine and triethanolamine. The ratio of the products can be controlled by the stoichiometry of the reactants.

Biochemistry.

Ethanolamine is biosynthesized by decarboxylation of serine: Ethanolamine is the second-most-abundant head group for phospholipids, substances found in biological membranes (particularly those of prokaryotes); e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine. It is also used in messenger molecules such as palmitoylethanolamide, which has an effect on CB1 receptors.

Applications.

Ethanolamine is commonly called monoethanolamine or MEA in order to be distinguished from diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). It is used as feedstock in the production of detergents, emulsifiers, polishes, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and chemical intermediates.  For example, reacting ethanolamine with ammonia gives ethylenediamine, a precursor of the commonly used chelating agent, EDTA.

Gas stream scrubbing.

Like other amines, monoethanolamine is a weak base and this property is exploited in its use in gas scrubbing. Monoethanolamines can scrub combusted-coal, combusted-methane and combusted-biogas flue emissions of carbon dioxide (CO) very efficiently. Monoethanolamine scrubbing reduces climate change and can make historical coal and biogas industry more modern, healthier and more marketable. Legally, it is especially relevant to the Paris Agreement. MEA carbon dioxide scrubbing is also used to regenerate the air on submarines.  Solutions of MEA in water are used as a gas stream scrubbing liquid in amine treaters. For example, aqueous MEA is used to remove carbon dioxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) from various gas streams; e.g., flue gas and sour natural gas.. The MEA ionizes dissolved acidic compounds, making them polar and considerably more soluble.  MEA scrubbing solutions can be recycled through a regeneration unit. When heated, MEA, being a rather weak base, will release dissolved HS or CO gas resulting in a pure MEA solution.

Other uses.

In pharmaceutical formulations, MEA is used primarily for buffering or preparation of emulsions. MEA can be used as pH regulator in cosmetics.  It is also an injectable sclerosant as a treatment option of symptomatic hemorrhoids. 2-5 ml of ethanolamine oleate can be injected into the mucosa just above the hemorrhoids to cause ulceration and mucosal fixation thus preventing hemorrhoids from descending out of the anal canal.

pH-control amine.

Ethanolamine is often used for alkalinization of water in steam cycles of power plants, including nuclear power plants with pressurized water reactors. This alkalinization is performed to control corrosion of metal components. ETA (or sometimes a similar organic amine; e.g., morpholine) is selected because it does not accumulate in steam generators (boilers) and crevices due to its volatility, but rather distributes relatively uniformly throughout the entire steam cycle. In such application, ETA is a key ingredient of so-called "all-volatile treatment" of water (AVT).

Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine, ETA, or MEA) is an organic chemical compound with the formula HOCHCHNH (CHNO). The molecule is bifunctional, containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent of ammonia. Its derivatives are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids, as precursor of a variety of "N"-acylethanolamines (NAEs), that modulate several animal and plant physiological processes such as seed germination, plant–pathogen interactions, chloroplast development and flowering, as well as precursor, combined with arachidonic acid (CHO; 20:4, ω-6), to form the endocannabinoid Anandamide (AEA: CHNO; 20:4, ω-6).

Ethanolamin (zkráceně ETA nebo MEA) je organická sloučenina se vzorcem HOCHCHNH (CHNO). Patří zároveň mezi primární alkoholy i primární aminy. Jedná se o bezbarvou kapalinu s amoniakovým zápachem.


Early life.

Kate Sheppard was born Catherine Wilson Malcolm on 10 March 1848 in Liverpool, England, to Scottish parents Jemima Crawford Souter and Andrew Wilson Malcolm. Her father, born in Scotland in 1819, was described in various documents as either a lawyer, banker, brewer's clerk or legal clerk; he married Souter in the Inner Hebrides on 14 July 1842. Catherine was named after her paternal grandmother, also Catherine Wilson Malcolm, but preferred to spell her name "Katherine" or to abbreviate it to "Kate". She had an elder sister Marie, born in Scotland, and three younger siblings – Frank, born in Birmingham, and Isabella and Robert, both born in London; evidently the family moved often during that period. Details of the children's education are unknown, though Kate's later writings demonstrate an extensive knowledge of science and law, indicating a strong education. She was known for her broad knowledge and intellectual ability. Her father loved music and ensured that the family had good musical training.  Kate's father died in 1862, while in his early forties, but left his widow with sufficient means to provide for the family. After her father's death, Kate lived with her uncle, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland at Nairn; he, more than anyone else, instilled in her the values of Christian socialism. During this time, the rest of the family stayed with relatives in Dublin, where Kate later joined them.  George Beath, the future husband of Kate's sister Marie, emigrated to Melbourne in 1863, and later moved to Christchurch. After Marie joined him there, they were married in 1867, and their first child was born the following year. Marie's accounts of Christchurch motivated Jemima to move her family to New Zealand, as she was seeking better prospects for her sons' employment and wanted to see her granddaughter. They sailed on the "Matoaka" from Gravesend on 12 November 1868, arriving in Lyttelton Harbour on 8 February 1869. In Christchurch, most of the family, including Kate, joined the Trinity Congregational Church. The minister was William Habens, a graduate of the University of London who was also Classics Master at Christchurch High School. Kate became part of Christchurch's intellectual and social scenes, and spent time with Marie and George's growing family.  Kate married Walter Allen Sheppard, a shop owner, at her mother's house on 21 July 1871. Walter had been elected to the Christchurch City Council in 1868, and may have impressed Kate with his knowledge of local matters. They lived on Madras Street, not far from her mother's home, and within walking distance of the city centre. The Trinity Congregational Church raised funds for a new building from 1872 to 1874, and Kate was most likely involved in this. She formed a friendship with Alfred Saunders, a politician and prominent temperance activist who may have influenced her ideas on women's suffrage. Sheppard and her husband arrived in England in 1877 and spent a year there, then returned to Christchurch. Their only child, Douglas, was born on 8 December 1880.  Sheppard was an active member of various religious organisations. She taught Sunday school, and in 1884 was elected secretary of the newly formed Trinity Ladies' Association, a body established to visit parishioners who did not regularly attend church services. The association also helped with fundraising and did jobs for the church such as providing morning tea. Sheppard wrote reports on the work of the Association, tried to recruit new members, and worked to retain existing ones. The following year she joined the Riccarton Choral Society. Her solo in a May 1886 concert was praised in the "Lyttelton Times". She also served on the management committee of the YWCA.

Women's suffrage movement.

Early engagement.

Kate Sheppard's activism and engagement with politics began after listening to or reading about a talk by Mary Leavitt from the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of the United States. In 1885 Leavitt toured New Zealand speaking not only about the problems caused by alcohol consumption, but also the need for women to have a "voice in public affairs". She spent two weeks in Christchurch, starting with a public speech at the Theatre Royal on 10 May. Journalists were impressed by the strength of public speaking displayed by a woman, something not witnessed often at that time in New Zealand.  Sheppard became involved in establishing a Christchurch branch of the WCTU prior to the formation of a national organisation. Her initial involvement was in promoting petitions to Parliament to prevent women being employed as barmaids, and to outlaw the sale of alcohol to children. This marked the beginning of her collaborations with Alfred Saunders, who advised her on her negotiations with politicians and who wrote to the Premier, Sir Robert Stout, seeking to further her campaign. The barmaid petitions (including some from other parts of the country) were rejected by the Petitions Committee of Parliament later in 1885. Sheppard decided that politicians would continue to ignore petitions from women as long as women could not vote.  In 1879 universal male suffrage had been granted to all men over the age of 21 whether they owned property or not, but women were still excluded as electors. A limited number of voting rights were extended to female voters in the 1870s. Female ratepayers were able to vote in local body elections in 1873, and in 1877 women "householders" were given the right to vote in and stand for education boards. The New Zealand Women's Christian Temperance Union was formed at a conference in Wellington in February 1886. Sheppard did not attend that conference, but at the second national convention in Christchurch a year later, she arrived ready to present a paper on women's suffrage, although there was no opportunity for her to do so. She was first appointed Superintendent for Relative Statistics, owing to her interest in economics. In 1887when local Franchise departments were established within the WCTUshe was appointed National Superintendent for the Franchise and Legislation.  Much of the support for moderation came from women, and the Temperance Union believed that women's suffrage could advance their aim to prohibit alcohol while promoting child and family welfare. Sheppard soon became prominent in the area of women's suffrage, but her interest in the cause went beyond practical considerations regarding temperance. Her views were made well known with her statement that "all that separates, whether of race, class, creed, or sex, is inhuman, and must be overcome". Sheppard proved to be a powerful speaker and a skilled organiser, quickly building support for her cause. The WCTU sent a deputation to Sir Julius Vogel, a Member of Parliament and former Premier, asking him to introduce a suffrage bill to parliament. He did so in 1887, with the Female Suffrage Bill, and Sheppard campaigned for its support. In its third reading, the part dealing with women's suffrage was defeated by one vote, and the bill was withdrawn. During the general election campaign later that year Sheppard encouraged WCTU members to ask parliamentary candidates questions about suffrage, but few women did so.  In 1888 Sheppard was President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU, and presented a report to the national convention in Dunedin, where the convention decided that prohibition and women's suffrage would be the organisation's central aims. Sheppard made public speeches on suffrage in Dunedin, Oamaru, and Christchurch, developing a confident speaking style. To reinforce her message, she gave audiences leaflets produced in Britain and the United States. Sheppard then published her own single-sheet pamphlet titled "Ten Reasons Why the Women of New Zealand Should Vote", which displayed her "dry wit and logical approach". A copy was sent to every member of the House of Representatives.

Petitions.

The government introduced an Electoral Bill in 1888 that would continue to exclude women from suffrage, and Sheppard organised a petition requesting that the exclusion be removed. She wrote to, and later met with, Sir John Hall, a well-respected Canterbury member of the House of Representatives, inviting him to present the petition and support her cause. He did so, but no action resulted. Sheppard then produced a second pamphlet, "Should Women Vote?", which presented statements on suffrage from notable people in New Zealand and overseas. The Electoral Bill was delayed until 1890, when on 5 August, Hall proposed a motion "That in the opinion of the House, the right of voting for members of the House of Representatives should be extended to women." After vigorous debate, this was passed 37 votes to 11. On 21 August, Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage, but it was defeated by seven votes.  Following the defeat, Hall suggested to Sheppard that a petition to parliament should be the next step. She drew up the wording for the petition, arranged for the forms to be printed, and campaigned hard for its support. During the 1890 election campaign, WCTU members attempted to ask all candidates about their position on women's suffrage. The petition contained 10,085 signatures (according to WCTU minutes), and Hall presented it to Parliament in 1891 as a new Electoral Bill went into committee. The petition was supported in Parliament by Hall, Alfred Saunders, and the Premier at the time, John Ballance. Hall moved an amendment to the Electoral Bill to give women suffrage; it passed with a majority of 25 votes. An opponent of suffrage, Walter Carncross, then moved an amendment which would also allow women to stand for parliament; this seemed a logical extension of Hall's amendment but was actually calculated to cause the Bill's failure in New Zealand's upper house, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Bill indeed failed in the Upper House by two votes. In 1890, Sheppard was one of the founders of the Christian Ethical Society, a discussion group for both men and women, not limited to the members of a single church. In their first few meetings the topics included selfishness, conjugal relations, and dress reform. The Society gave Sheppard more confidence debating her ideas with people from diverse backgrounds. During 1891, Sheppard began editing a page in the "Prohibitionist" on behalf of the WCTU. The "Prohibitionist" was a fortnightly temperance paper with a circulation around New Zealand of over 20,000. Sheppard used the pseudonym "Penelope" in this paper.  Sheppard promised that a second petition would be twice as large and worked through the summer to organise it; it received 20,274 women's signatures. Using paid canvassers, the Liberal MP Henry Fish organised two counter petitions, one signed by men and the other by women; they received 5,000 signatures between them. An Electoral Bill in 1892 included provision for women's suffrage and again it easily passed in the House of Representatives, but the Upper House requested that women's votes be postal rather than by ballot. As the two houses could not agree on this, the bill failed. A third petition for suffrage, still larger, was organised by Sheppard and presented in 1893. This time 31,872 women signedthe largest petition of any kind presented to Parliament at this point.

1893 Electoral Bill.

The Electoral Bill of 1893, which granted women full voting rights, successfully passed in the House of Representatives in August. Few MPs were willing to vote against it, fearing that women would vote against them in the general election later that year. Many therefore chose to be absent from the house during votes. Henry Fish attempted to delay the proposed statute by calling for a national referendum, but the Bill progressed to the Legislative Council. After several attempts to stymie passage failed, the legislation passed 20 votes to 18 on 8 September. The Bill now needed the Governor's signature, and although Governor David Boyle did not support women's suffrage and was slow to sign, he eventually did so on 19 September. Sheppard was widely acknowledged as the leader of the women's suffrage movement.

1893 general election and further women's advocacy.

Sheppard had no time to rest, as the was only ten weeks away, and the newspapers were spreading rumours that an early election might be called to reduce the number of women enrolled. Along with the Temperance Union, she was highly active in encouraging women to register as voters. The main meeting venue in Christchurch was the Tuam Street Hall. One of her largest detractors was the liquor industry, which feared for its continued business. Despite the short notice, 88 percent of women had enrolled to vote by election date (28 November), and nearly 70 percent ended up casting a vote. Although women had gained the vote they were not eligible to stand in parliamentary elections until 1919, and it was not until 1933 that the first woman was elected to parliament.  In around 1892 Sheppard had started bicycling around Christchurchone of the first women in the city to do so. She joined the Atalanta Ladies' Cycling Club, which existed from 1892 to 1897, and was a founding committee member. The club was the first women's cycling club in New Zealand or Australia and attracted controversy as some of its members advocated "rational dress"such as knickerbockers rather than skirts for female cyclists.  In December 1893, Sheppard was elected President of the Christchurch branch of the WCTU. She chaired the first two meetings in 1894, before travelling to England with her husband and son. She was in great demand in England as a speaker to women's groups about the struggle for women's suffrage in New Zealand. In mid-1895, the WCTU launched a monthly journal, "The White Ribbon", with Sheppard as the editor, contributing to it from overseas. While in England Sheppard experienced health problems, requiring an operation, possibly a hysterectomy. The family returned to New Zealand at the beginning of 1896. Later that year, Sheppard was reappointed editor of "The White Ribbon".

Canterbury Women's Institute and the National Council of Women.

The Canterbury Women's Institute was formed in September 1892, with Sheppard playing a leading role and taking charge of the economics department. The institute was open to both men and women and worked to reduce inequalities between them. Sheppard believed that enfranchisement was the first step towards achieving other reforms, such as reforming unfair laws on marriage, parenthood, and property, and towards eliminating the uneven treatment of the sexes in morality.  The National Council of Women of New Zealand was established in April 1896 by the Canterbury Women's Institute and ten other women's groups from throughout New Zealand, and Sheppard was elected president at its founding convention. The Council promoted the right of women to stand for Parliament, equal pay and equal opportunities for women, the removal of legal disabilities affecting women, and economic independence for married women.  Sheppard's election as president, instead of fellow feminist Lady Anna Stout, had caused a rift. This, along with other disagreements such as whether the Council should support New Zealand's involvement in the Second Boer War, contributed to the organisation going into recess in 1906.

Later life.

As editor of "The White Ribbon" and president of the National Council of Women, Sheppard promoted many ideas related to improving the situation and status of women. In particular, she was concerned about establishing legal and economic independence of women from men. She was not only occupied with advancing women's rights, but also promoted political reforms such as proportional representation, binding referendums, and a Cabinet elected directly by Parliament.  By 1902, Sheppard's marriage appears to have been under strain, and possibly had been for several years. Her husband sold their house and moved to England with their son, who wished to study in London. Sheppard bought new furnishings and appeared to be planning for a new permanent residence in Christchurch, but sold them in 1903, stepped down from her positions at the National Council of Women, and moved to England without any fixed date to return. On the way she briefly stopped in Canada and the United States where she met the American suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt. In London, she was active in promoting women's suffrage, but her health deteriorated further, forcing her to stop this work.  In November 1904, Sheppard returned to New Zealand with her husband, but he went back to England in March the following year. She moved into the house of her long-time friends William Sidney Lovell-Smith and his wife Jennie Lovell-Smith; their third daughter, Hilda Kate Lovell-Smith, had been given her middle name after Sheppard. She remained relatively inactive in political circles, and stopped giving speeches, but continued to write. She prepared a display on the history of women's suffrage for the 1906 Exhibition in Christchurch, and wrote the pamphlet "Woman Suffrage in New Zealand" for the International Women's Suffrage Alliance in 1907. The following year she travelled to England for her son's wedding, visiting the headquarters of the WCTU in Chicago on the way, and meeting with suffrage groups after arriving in Britain. In 1912 and 1913, she travelled with the Lovell-Smiths through India and Europe. While she did not recover her former energy, her health had stopped declining, and she continued to be effective in influencing the New Zealand women's movement. She was the first to sign a petition to the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, in 1916, asking him to urge the British government to enfranchise women, and she revitalised the National Council of Women along with a group of other prominent suffragettes in 1918. Sheppard was elected president of the National Council that year before stepping down in 1919.  Sheppard's husband Walter died in England in 1915. Jennie Lovell-Smith died in 1924, and Sheppard and William Lovell-Smith married in 1925. Lovell-Smith died only four years later, and Sheppard herself died in Christchurch on 13 July 1934 at the age of 86. As her son Douglas had died of pernicious anaemia at the age of 29 in 1910, and her only grandchild, Margaret Isabel Sheppard, had died of tuberculosis at the age of 19 in 1930, Sheppard left no living direct descendants. She was buried at Addington Cemetery, Christchurch, in a grave with her mother and her brother Robert.

Commemoration.

Sheppard is considered to be an important figure in New Zealand's history. Since 1992 her profile has featured on the New Zealand ten-dollar note. A 2005 television show "New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers" ranked Sheppard as the second most influential New Zealander of all time. Similarly, "The New Zealand Herald" selected Sheppard as one of their ten greatest New Zealanders in 2013.  In 1972, Patricia Grimshaw's book "Women's Suffrage in New Zealand" identified Sheppard as the leading figure of the suffrage movement. This was the first acclaimed book to do so and its publication marked a growth in recognition of Kate Sheppard's life and activism.  In 1993, the centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand, a group of Christchurch women established two memorials to Sheppard: the Kate Sheppard National Memorial, on the banks of the Avon River, and the Kate Sheppard Memorial Trust Award, an annual award to women in research. That year a special paeony-style white camellia was created at Camellia Glen Nurseries in Kaupokonui, Taranaki; white camellias were a symbol of the suffragists. It was named after Kate Sheppard and planted extensively throughout New Zealand.  The Fendalton house at 83 Clyde Road, where the Sheppards lived from 1888 to 1902 and now known as the Kate Sheppard House, is registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category I heritage building, in view of the many events relevant to women's suffrage which happened there. It was here that Sheppard pasted together the three main petitions onto sheets of wallpaper. Kate Sheppard House came into government ownership in 2019.  New Zealand playwright Mervyn Thompson wrote the play "O! Temperance!" about Sheppard and the temperance movement. It was first performed in 1972 at Christchurch's Court Theatre. In 2016 and 2017, the production "That Bloody Woman", which re-imagined Kate Sheppard's life as a punk rock musical, toured New Zealand. Kate Sheppard Place, located within Wellington's parliament precinct, is named in her honour; it is a short one-way street running from Molesworth Street opposite Parliament House to the intersection of Mulgrave Street and Thorndon Quay. There is a Kate Sheppard Avenue in the Auckland suburb of Northcross. In 2014, eight intersections near Parliament in Wellington were fitted with green pedestrian lights depicting Kate Sheppard.  Several New Zealand schools have houses named after Sheppard. In 2014, Whangarei Girls' High School renamed a house that was named after Richard Seddon, an opponent of women's suffrage, to Sheppard House at the request of a student.  On 8 March 2018, coinciding with International Women's Day and in celebration of the 125th anniversary of the women's suffrage movement, New Zealand Football renamed its premier women's knockout association football tournament the Kate Sheppard Cup.

Sources.

Books and journals  News Theses  Web

Katherine Wilson Sheppard ( Catherine Wilson Malcolm; 10 March 1848 – 13 July 1934) was the most prominent member of the women's suffrage movement in New Zealand and the country's most famous suffragist. Born in Liverpool, England, she emigrated to New Zealand with her family in 1868. There she became an active member of various religious and social organisations, including the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). In 1887 she was appointed the WCTU's National Superintendent for Franchise and Legislation, a position she used to advance the cause of women's suffrage in New Zealand.

Katherine Wilson Sheppard (* Catherine Wilson Malcolm, 10. března 1848 – 13. července 1934) byla přední členka hnutí za práva žen na Novém Zélandu a sufražetka. Narodila se v Liverpoolu a v roce 1868 se s rodinou odstěhovala na Nový Zéland. Tam byla aktivní členkou různých náboženských a sociálních organizací včetně Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). V roce 1887 byla touto organizací jmenována do funkce národní superintendantky pro volební právo a legislativu.


Career.

Sweet Baboo's earliest musical influences were fellow Welsh musicians such as Super Furry Animals and Gorky's Zygotic Mynci. Later influences have included the Beach Boys, Dire Straits, Squeeze and Jonathan Richman. His musical style has been described as a mix of country and psychedelic – idiosyncratic, with a skill for writing darkly funny to piercingly tender lyrics.  Sweet Baboo has performed extensively at festivals such as Glastonbury, Festival N°6 and Latitude; he's been a regular performer at the Green Man Festival. He has worked with Cate Le Bon, Slow Club and H. Hawkline, and has also performed with and produced Euros Childs, The Pictish Trail, The Voluntary Butler Scheme and Islet, and collaborated with Gruff Rhys.  Sweet Baboo's album "I'm a Dancer / Songs about Sleepin"' was nominated for the first ever Welsh Music Prize in 2011.  Sweet Baboo launched single "Let's Go Swimming Wild" in 2012 as a free download. After winning BBC Radio 6 Music's "Rebel Playlist" weekly singles competition on the Steve Lamacq show, it was constantly played on the station, hourly on the hour. "If I Died...", the second single from his upcoming album, was released in March 2013 to much critical acclaim. To celebrate that month's St. David's Day, a Welsh-language version of the song (co-written with H. Hawkline) was released online. The third single from the album, "C'Mon Let's Mosh", was released in July 2013, having also won the 6 Music "Rebel Playlist" competition in June.  The album "Ships" was released in April 2013 on Moshi Moshi Records. Sweet Baboo followed the release with his first headlining tour in the UK and also performed solo shows and band shows in several festivals during summer 2013. Another headlining tour followed later in the year. The album was nominated for the Welsh Music Prize in 2013.  On 11 November 2013, Sweet Baboo released an EP titled "Motorhome Songs".  In July 2014, Moshi Moshi released a limited edition 12" vinyl collection of tracks recorded during sessions on Marc Riley's show on BBC 6 Music over the previous decade. The release was followed by a short series of performances named "The Test Pressings Tour" and a duo tour with The Pictish Trail. The duo returned to that set for a one-off performance at the 2015 Green Man Festival, where Black also performed a full-band set (featuring The Mavron Quartet) and as part of the bands accompanying H. Hawkline and Meilyr Jones.  In December 2014, Black contributed vocals to Mowbird's "Lady Lion" EP on Shape Records. He also played saxophone on the track "Lady Low" from Teleman's 2014 debut album.  His following album, "The Boombox Ballads", was released in August 2015, again on Moshi Moshi. The track "You Got Me Time Keeping" features Tender Prey (Laura Bryon) on vocals. In March 2016, he released an EP, "Dennis", which featured unreleased tracks from the recordings of "The Boombox Ballads" and two covers, one of them of a Dennis Wilson track.  Sweet Baboo's next album, "Wild Imagination", was released in June 2017 on Moshi Moshi. In October 2017 the album was nominated for the 2016–2017 Welsh Music Prize.

Personal life.

Black was born in Bethesda in north Wales, grew up in Colwyn Bay and Trefriw, and has been living in Cardiff since he was 18. He studied music at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama. His brother David has played on some of his recordings. He is close friends with fellow musicians Cate Le Bon and H. Hawkline and often performs in their accompanying bands. The three, along with musician R. Seiliog (Robin Edwards), also briefly played together as post-rock band Means Heinz.  Black married his longtime girlfriend Bronwen in October 2013; they live with their son (born 2014) in Cardiff.

Sweet Baboo is the stage name of Stephen Black, a musician from rural North Wales now based in Cardiff. Before becoming a solo artist, he played with the band JT MOuse. Alongside his solo work, he has also played with many other artists, including with Gruff Rhys, Cate Le Bon, Euros Childs and Slow Club. He is bilingual in Welsh and English but usually sings in English.

Sweet Baboo, vlastním jménem Stephen Black, je velšský hudebník – multiinstrumentalista, hrající mimo jiné na kytaru, baskytaru, saxofon a klarinet. Jeho prvním nástrojem byl klarinet, na kterém po vzoru otce začal hrát v jedenácti letech. Narodil se na severu Walesu, odkud se později přestěhoval do Cardiffu. Své první album nazvané "The Mighty Baboo" vydal v roce 2008. Jeho třetí deska " I'm a Dancer / Songs About Sleepin'" (2011) byla nominována na cenu Welsh Music Prize. Na stejné ocenění byla později nominována i jeho alba "Ships" (2013) a "Wild Imagination" (2017). Během své kariéry spolupracoval s mnoha dalšími hudebníky, mezi něž patří například Euros Childs, Cate Le Bon a Aldous Harding.