History.

RCA, 1956-58.

The Four Lovers big break came in early 1956 when backing up a female singer's audition for two New York record men. One of the two record men, Peter Paul, was suitably impressed enough to become their manager. A week later, they were themselves auditioning for RCA. RCA signed them up that day and the group selected a new name, The Four Lovers. The group that ended up recording as The Four Lovers was Frankie Valli (lead vocal, drums), Thomas DeVito (vocal, guitar), Philip Mongiovi (Drums), Henry Majewski (vocal, guitar) and Nicolas DeVito (vocal, bass).  The quartet released seven singles and one album under the Four Lovers name, with only their debut single, Otis Blackwell's "You're the Apple of My Eye" achieving significant national sales to appear on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart. The single got them their first national television appearance, on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1956.  RCA gave up on the Four Lovers when the group's fifth straight single failed to chart in 1957 and finally dropped the group from its label. The group promptly signed to Epic Records but was quickly dropped when its first single for the label also failed to chart. As a consequence, the discouraged group temporarily disbanded.

Bob Crewe, 1958-60.

In 1958, Valli met record producer Bob Crewe at a recording session, who signed the Four Lovers to a three-year artist contract. During this period, the reconstituted quartet had some significant personnel changes, as bassist/vocalist Nick DeVito left the group in 1958, to be replaced by Nick Massi for just a few months, then by bassist/arranger Charles Calello until 1960, and then by Massi again. Meanwhile, guitarist/vocalist Henry Majewski was replaced by Hugh Garrity for a few months in 1958, and then by keyboardist/guitarist/vocalist/songwriter Bob Gaudio in 1959. The Four Lovers worked steadily as session artists, primarily as background singers and background musicians, in addition to resuming their live performances in various clubs and lounges between New York City and Philadelphia)  In addition, their contract with Crewe allowed them to record individually or collectively for Crewe's Peri Records — which they did under more than a handful of "stage names".  By the end of this contract, the Four Lovers had become a complete outfit with an "in-house" composer and an associated producer and arranger. They were no longer dependent on outside songwriters to provide them with hits. In mid-1960, as the contract was expiring, a failed audition at a New Jersey bowling establishment led to a handshake agreement between Valli and Gaudio that signified a change: the Four Lovers were no more, and The Four Seasons Partnership was founded. By the end of 1962, the quartet of Valli, Gaudio, Massi, and Tommy DeVito would have two singles reach the top spot on the Hot 100.

Discography.

Singles credited to The Four Lovers (1956-57).

1956 "You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl in My Dreams" - RCA Victor  "Honey Love"/"Please Don't Leave Me" - RCA Victor  "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)"/"Be Lovey Dovey" - RCA Victor 1957 "Never Never"/"Happy Am I" - RCA Victor  "Shake a Hand"/"The Stranger" - RCA Victor  "The Stranger"/"Night Train" - RCA Victor  "My Life for your Love"/"Pucker Up" - Epic

Singles released under other names (1958-60).

1958 "I Go Ape"/"If You Care" (as Frankie Tyler) - Okeh  1959 "Please Take a Chance"/"It May Be Wrong" (as Frankie Vally) - Decca "Come Si Bella" (as Franke Valle and the Romans)/"Real (This Is Real)" (as Frankie Valley) - Cindy "Too Young to Start"/"Red Lips" (as The Village Voices) - Topix/Peri  1960 "Spanish Lace"/"1,000,000 Tears" (Bob Gaudio as Turner Disentri) - Topix/Peri "I Am All Alone"/"Trance" (as Billy Dixon and The Topics) - Topix/Peri "An Angel Cried"/"Hope, Faith and Dreams" (as Harold Miller and The Rays) - Topix/Peri "Lost Lullaby"/"Trance" (as Billy Dixon and The Topics) - Topix/Peri "Betty Jean"/"More Lovin' Less Talkin'" (as Johnny Halo) - Topix/Peri

Albums.

"Joyride".

RCA Victor LPM 1317, released September 1956 (reissued 1978 as RCA LP 7131). It is a collection of cover versions with a few originals tossed in. A variety of musical styles are represented here, rhythm and blues ("This Is My Story" and "Lawdy Miss Clawdy", the latter a Lloyd Price chestnut), western ("San Antonio Rose", later a hit for Floyd Cramer), pop ("For Sentimental Reasons" and "Memories of You"), and early rock'n'roll (their version of "White Christmas" and "Such a Night", both popularized by The Drifters).

"The Four Lovers".

Rhino R2 90142 (CD), released July 1993. This is essentially a reissue of a 1989 German compilation album ("The Four Lovers 1956") with a few alternate takes thrown in. In addition to the complete contents of the "Joyride" album and a few songs that were recorded in the "Joyride" sessions, the CD contains all songs that The Four Lovers released as singles on RCA Victor. Thus it contains the entire Four Lovers output except the two sides on their 1957 Epic single ("My Life for Your Love" and "Pucker Up").

The Four Lovers was a band formed in 1956 that was the result of vocalist Frankie Valli joining The Variatones (Tommy DeVito, lead guitar; James Gregorio Valeo, then Henry Majewski, rhythm guitar; Frank Cattone, accordion; and Billy Thompson, drums) in 1954. The Four Lovers' achieved minor success before a name change to The Four Seasons in 1960. During those five years, group members also included Nicolas DeVito (vocals, electric bass), Hugh Garrity (vocals, guitar), Charles Calello (bass), Nick Massi (bass, vocals), Bob Gaudio (keyboards, vocals), and Philip Mongiovi (drums)

The Four Lovers byla americká rhythm and bluesová hudební skupina, založená v roce 1956. Skupina se rozpadla v roce 1960.


Musical career.

Their debut album, "Strike!", was produced by JMC Music and released in May 2009 in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, in October 2009 in Finland, in December 2009 in Sweden, in February in Norway and in March 2010 in The Netherlands. It reached No. 15 in Austria, No. 6 in Germany, No. 2 in Switzerland and the Netherlands, No. 1 in Finland, No. 1 in Sweden and No. 1 in the Norwegian album charts. In the UK it was released on Rhino Records UK on 17 May 2010.  The band re-released the album in 2010 as "Strike! Back!" The lead single is a rockabilly version of Snow Patrol's "Chasing Cars." The video features the band rocking a 1950s prom.  In the UK, The Baseballs have appeared on ITV1's "The David Dickinson Show", "Magic Numbers" and "This Morning". In Ireland, The Baseballs have appeared on RTÉ's "The Late Late Show". In Australia the group appeared on Channel 9's "Hey Hey It's Saturday" In New Zealand they appeared on TVNZ's "Good Morning"  In 2010 the band supported guitarist Jeff Beck on his "Emotion and Commotion" tour as his opening act.  On 6 June 2011, the Baseballs released their second album titled Strings 'n' Stripes. It included new singles tracks such as Candy Shop, Hello and Paparazzi.  On 1 August 2011, the Baseballs released together with General Mills – the producer of the ice cream Häagen-Dazs – within an advertising campaign with Cosma Shiva Hagen a free download of the song ""Wha Wha"" – which was written especially for the campaign. The track is freely available and can be downloaded from the German site of the brand "Häagen-Dazs".  On 25 May 2012, the Baseballs released their first live CD/DVD, "Strings 'n' Stripes Live".

The Baseballs are a German rock and roll band founded in Berlin in 2007. They became popular with 1950s and 1960s style rock cover versions of modern hits such as "Umbrella" by Rihanna, "Crazy in Love" by Beyoncé, "Hot n Cold" by Katy Perry and "Call Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen. The band members are only credited by their nicknames (Sam, Digger and Basti). Their version of "Umbrella" was a hit in Germany, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, Iceland, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden and Norway.

The Baseballs je německá hudební skupina, která vznikla v roce 2007 v Berlíně. Proslavila se rock and rollovými cover verzemi moderních hitů od umělců jako Rihanna, Katy Perry či Lady Gaga. Jejich retro styl využívá hudebních postupů typických pro rockabilly a oblečení a účesy imitují módu americké mládeže 50. let (greasers). První album nazvané Strike! dosáhlo hitparádových úspěchů (#1 nebo #2) ve Švýcarsku, Finsku, Švédsku, Norsku, Nizozemsku a Belgii.


General characteristics.

"Syracusia" was designed by Archimedes and built around 240 BC by Archias of Corinth on the orders of Hieron II of Syracuse. The historian Moschion of Phaselis said that "Syracusia" could carry a cargo of some 1,600 to 1,800 tons and a capacity of 1942 passengers. She reputedly bore more than 200 soldiers, as well as a catapult. She sailed only once to berth in Alexandria, where she was later given to Ptolemy (Ptolemaios) III Euergetes of Egypt and renamed "Alexandreia" (, literally "of Alexandria").  A discussion of this ship, as well as the complete text of Athenaeus (a late 2nd-century Greek writer who quotes a detailed description of "Syracusia" from Moschion, an earlier, now lost, writer) is in Casson's "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World".  Of particular interest in the discussion of the construction of the ship is the detailed description of the efforts taken to protect the hull from biofouling, including coating it with horsehair and pitch. This may be the first example of proactive antifouling technology (designed to prevent the attachment of fouling organisms, rather than to remove them).

Appearance.

Not much is known about the outside appearance of the ship, but Athenaeus describes that the top deck, which was wider than the rest of the ship, was supported by beautifully crafted wooden Atlases instead of simply wooden columns. Additionally, the top deck featured eight towers, equipped with two archers and four fully armed men. On the bow of the ship was a raised platform for fighting, on top of which was a giant catapult. 20 rows of oars would also have been visible from the outside, and possibly a promenade lined with flowers and tents for use by the passengers.

Amenities.

In terms of passenger comfort, "Syracusia" would be the equivalent of "Titanic" compared to other ships of the era. Her innovative design and sheer size allowed for the creation of various recreational spaces aboard, including a garden and an indoor bath room with hot water. The lower levels of the ship were reserved for the crew and the soldiers on board, while the upper levels were for the use of passengers. According to Athenaeus, the ship was beautifully decorated using materials such as ivory and marble, while all public spaces were floored with mosaics depicting the entire story of the Iliad. The ship was also equipped with a library, a drawing room and a gymnasium for use by the passengers, as well as a small temple dedicated to Aphrodite.

Legacy.

Ptolemy's son sought to outdo "Syracusia". He ordered the construction of a huge warship, the "Tessarakonteres": 420 feet long, and bearing more than 4,000 oarsmen and 2,850 soldiers. However, according to Plutarch, it was almost immobile.

Syracusia (, "syrakousía", literally "of Syracuse") was a ancient Greek ship sometimes claimed to be the largest transport ship of antiquity. She was reportedly too big for any port in Sicily, and thus only sailed once from Syracuse in Sicily to Alexandria in the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, whereupon she was given as a present to Ptolemy III Euergetes.

Syrakúsia () byla 55 metrů dlouhá loď starověkého Řecka, která byla údajně největší lodí období antiky. Navrhl ji Archimédés a vybudovali ji Archias z Korint a Hieron II. ze Syrakus. Historik Moschion z Phaselisu udává, že mohla převážet 1 600 - 1 800 tun nákladu a 200 vojáků včetně katapultu. Plula pouze jednou, do Alexandrie, kde byla předána Ptolemaiovi III. a přejmenována na "Alexandris".


Biological function.

In 1962, J.C. Watkins reported synthesizing NMDA, an isomer of the previously known N-Methyl-DL-aspartic-acid (PubChem ID 4376). NMDA is a water-soluble D-alpha-amino acid — an aspartic acid derivative with an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration — found across Animalia from lancelets to mammals. At homeostatic levels NMDA plays an essential role as a neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine regulator. At increased but sub–toxic levels NMDA becomes neuro-protective. In excessive amounts NMDA is an excitotoxin. Behavioral neuroscience research utilizes NMDA excitotoxicity to induce lesions in specific regions of an animal subject's brain or spinal cord to study behavioral changes.  The mechanism of action for the NMDA receptor is a specific agonist binding to its NR2 subunits, and then a non-specific cation channel is opened, which can allow the passage of Ca and Na into the cell and K out of the cell. The excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) produced by activation of an NMDA receptor also increases the concentration of Ca in the cell. The Ca can in turn function as a second messenger in various signaling pathways. This process is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds and plays a key role in a wide range of physiological (e.g. memory) and pathological processes (e.g. Excitotoxicity).

Antagonists.

Examples of antagonists, or more appropriately named receptor channel blockers, of the NMDA receptor are APV, amantadine, dextromethorphan (DXM), ketamine, magnesium, tiletamine, phencyclidine (PCP), riluzole, memantine, methoxetamine (MXE), methoxphenidine (MXP) and kynurenic acid. While dizocilpine is generally considered to be the prototypical NMDA receptor blocker and is the most common agent used in research, animal studies have demonstrated some amount of neurotoxicity, which may or may not also occur in humans. These compounds are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists.

N"-Methyl--aspartic acid or N"-Methyl--aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate). NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during, for example, withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures.

NMDA (tzn. "N"-methyl-D-asparagová kyselina) je látka odvozená od aminokyseliny aspartátu, schopná se vázat na NMDA receptor. Na tomto receptoru je NMDA agonistou neurotransmiteru glutamátu, tedy receptor je primárně určen pro vazbu glutamátu (je to vlastně glutamátový receptor), ale NMDA svou strukturou napodobuje glutamát a dokáže stimulovat tento receptor a otevírat jeho kanál. Za normálních okolností se NMDA v tkáních nenachází (ve větším množství je to excitotoxin) a používá se převážně ve výzkumu.


Conception.

Dance Extravaganza was broadcast every Saturday and was hosted by Marek Řeřicha who provided spoken word, created track lists, played his own sets and also interviewed many guests both directly in the studio or over the phone. Live sets created directly in the studio became and indispensable part of the show. The live guests included many respected djs such as Michael Burian, Dj Lucca, Dj Ladida, Tomáš Haverlík, etc. It was also the only radio show in the Czech Republic at that time that contained sets by internationally-known djs and music groups. These included Carl Cox, Tom Middleton, Groove Armada, Armin van Buuren, Eric Morillo, The Chemical Brothers, Eric Prydz, etc.

History.

The show was launched on 5 July 1997. The initial episodes offered dance music which could be described as commercial but it has later developed into more sophisticated programme that offered also some less-known styles such as progressive house and helped to popularise them. On its peak, Dance Extravaganza brought live broadcasts from large events Summer of Love 2005 and Paul van Dyk's gig in Prague. The show won the Czech Dance Award for the best radio show multiple times. Despite the huge popularity of the show, Evropa 2 has decided to cancel it after 9 years due to unspecified problems with Řeřicha. The last episode was broadcast on 24 June 2006. During the years, Dance Extravaganza has gained a cult following. After withdrawing the original show and a short gap, Evropa 2 has introduced similar programme called Dance Exxtravaganza. The original broadcasting schedule has changed and the host was replaced by a group of resident djs who prepare the programme beforehands.

Supporters` initiative.

As Dance Exxtravaganza`s departure from the original scheme disappointed some fans, they created a non-commercial website which allows them to share their personal recordings of the show from the years 1997 - 2006. Its goal is to gather as many recordings of Dance Extravaganza that cover the entire life-span of the show because it had not been made accessible by the radio station.

Dance Extravaganza was a highly influential radio programme broadcast by Czech radio station Evropa 2 from 1997 to 2006. The show was focused on electronic and dance music. It significantly contributed to the popularity of electronic music in the Czech Republic.

Dance Extravaganza byl rozhlasový pořad zaměřený na elektronickou a taneční hudbu, který vysílala rozhlasová stanice Evropa 2 v letech 1997. Ve své době šlo rozsahem (6 hodin živého vysílání) a zaměřením o jedinečný koncept. Pořad získal kultovní status a pomohl v České republice zpopularizovat tehdy okrajové hudební styly spadající do žánrů tzv. elektronické taneční hudby.


UP-3D.

ELINT training aircraft for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.

RP-3D.

One P-3C modified on production line to optimize MAD capabilities. Aircraft did extensive MAD surveys and was painted "Project Magnet". In 1973, the RP-3D was instrumental in pinpointing the wreckage of Civil War ironclad USS Monitor.

WP-3D.

The Lockheed WP-3D Orion is a production line variant of the P-3 Orion used by the Aircraft Operations Center division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) at MacDill AFB, Florida. Only two of these craft exist, each incorporating numerous features for the role of collecting weather information. During hurricane season, the WP-3Ds are deployed for duty as hurricane hunters.

EP-3E Aries & Aries II.

10 P-3A and 2 EP-3B aircraft converted into ELINT aircraft.  The EP-3E Aries II are 12 P-3C aircraft converted into ELINT aircraft.

EP-3E SIGINT.

Eight US Navy EP-3E aircraft are to be converted by L-3 Communications Integrated Systems into "surge configuration" Signals Intelligence aircraft. This will expand their multi-source intelligence capacity to meet the increased intelligence demands of the "surge" in counter-terrorism operations.

NP-3E.

Various aircraft used for tests.

P-3F.

Six P-3F Orions delivered to the former Imperial Iranian Air Force in the late 1970s.  The airframe of the P-3F was based on the P-3C, which was the then-current production variant of the P-3 for the USN. Unlike production model P-3Cs and CP-140/140As, the P-3F lacked the small fin-top UHF antenna. The P-3F did not have the ASW suite or mission computer of the P-3C and most of the displays and processors were adapted from the older P-3A and P-3B (although the P-3F had the APS-115 radar of the P-3C). The P-3Fs came from the factory with the then-standard gray and white U.S Navy paint scheme, but while crews were undergoing training in the US, the aircraft were repainted in a unique three-tone blue paint scheme.  Three aircraft are still operational with the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF).

P-3G.

Original designation of the proposed Lockheed P-7A.

P-3H.

Proposed P-3C upgrade.

EP-3J.

Two P-3A aircraft modified for FEWSG use as a simulated adversary EW platform in exercises; later transferred from FEWSG to the former Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron Thirty-Three (VAQ-33) at NAS Key West, Florida, providing adversary electronic warfare services for Fleet training. Upon disbandment of VAQ-33, the aircraft were transferred to Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron Eleven (VQ-11) of the Navy Reserve at NAS Brunswick, Maine, continuing the previous role of VAQ-33. The aircraft were retired at the disbandment of VQ-11 as part of a post-Cold War force reduction of the Naval Air Reserve.

P-3K & P-3K2.

Five aircraft originally of P-3B standard but subsequently updated, delivered to New Zealand in 1965–67, replacing Short Sunderlands. The original P-3B aircraft were operated by No. 5 Squadron RNZAF from Whenuapai, Auckland. These received part of the P-3C Update II package and some local innovations, then being designated P-3K (for Kiwi), together with a P-3B purchased second hand from the Royal Australian Air Force and brought up to P-3K standard.  P-3K2: Upgraded P-3K, all 6 aircraft were re-winged and underwent a further round of avionics and sensor updates in 2005.

P-3M.

Five former Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) P-3B modernized by EADS-CASA for the Spanish AF. They have a new sensor suite integrated by a six console EADS-CASA Fully Integrated Tactical System (FITS)data system. New sensors include an Elta-2022 radar, SPAS-16 acoustic processor, new 99-channel sonobuoy receiver and AMES-C ESM system. Only the original MAD system was kept.

P-3N.

Two P-3B modified for coast guard missions for the RNoAF.

P-3P.

Six ex-Royal Australian Air Force aircraft originally of P-3B standard but subsequently updated for the Portuguese Air Force. Being replaced by newer P-3C Update II.5s (P-3C CUP) formerly operated by the Royal Netherlands Navy.

P-3T & VP-3T.

The P-3T consists of two former USN P-3As modified for the Royal Thai Navy.  The VP-3T is a single former USN P-3A modified for Royal Thai Navy VIP use and some surveillance operations.

P-3W.

Designation used internally by the RAAF to distinguish the first 10 P-3C aircraft procured in the P-3C Update 2 configuration (1978–79) from the second 10 aircraft which were procured in the Update 2.5 configuration (1982–83). The older aircraft were designated as P-3C and the newer aircraft P-3W. All were equipped with the British AQS-901 Acoustics Processor. Eventually with various system upgrades to the mission systems the two types merged into one and they are now all known as AP-3C.

AP-3C & TAP-3C.

The Lockheed AP-3C Orion is a variant of the P-3 Orion used by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) for tasks such as naval fleet support, maritime surveillance, search and survivor supply and anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare. They are fitted with a variety of sensors. They include digital multi-mode radar, electronic support measures, electro-optics detectors (infra-red and visual), magnetic anomaly detectors, identification friend or foe systems, and acoustic detectors. The 18 AP-3C Orions were upgraded from P-3Cs between 1997 and 2005, with the program taking three years longer than expected due to systems integration problems. All 18 AP-3C Orions are operated by No. 92 Wing which is based at RAAF Base Edinburgh in South Australia. Aircraft from the wing have seen service as part of Australian Defence Force operations in Australia, South East Asia and the Middle East.  All Royal Australian Air Force P-3C/W aircraft which have been fully upgraded with totally new mission systems by L-3 Communications to include an Elta SAR/ISAR RADAR and a GD-Canada Acoustic Processor system.  The TAP-3 is 3 modified B-models for training duties with the Royal Australian Air Force, with all the ASW gear removed and passenger seating installed. Removed from service with the full introduction into service of the AP-3C Simulator. Designator reflected them as being 'Training Australian P-3'  Five AP-3Cs were purchased by MHD-ROCKLAND in 2018. The aircraft are on the US FAA registry as type 285D, and are based in Keystone Heights, FL.

P-3CK.

Designation of the eight former USN P-3B TACNAVMOD aircraft that the Republic of Korea Navy procured from the USN and which are in the process of being rebuilt with P-3C configuration wings and fitted with updated Mission System Equipment by Korea Aerospace Industries and L-3 Communications. These use the Vpx ENhanced Open architecture Multi-static(VENOM) acoustic processor system instead of the AN/USQ-78B installed in the aircraft of the United States and trusted allies.

P-3AEW&C.

Originally nicknamed "Sentinel". Eight P-3B aircraft were converted into Airborne Early Warning and Control aircraft. In the early 90s, "Control" was dropped from the official designation along with the corresponding "C", renaming the model "P-3-AEW". This made it more easily differentiated from the E-3-AWACS operated by the U.S.Air Force. The P-3-AEWs are used by U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Air and Marine Operations for drug interdiction and homeland security missions. "P-3-LRT" (Long Range Tracker), previously known as "Slicks", also operated by CBP, are modified P-3 aircraft with an optical sensor turret in the nose and tracking radar which often work with the AEW ships. The mission using both types of aircraft in a single mission is called "Double Eagle".

CP-140 Aurora & CP-140A Arcturus.

The Lockheed CP-140 Aurora is a Royal Canadian Air Force maritime patrol aircraft (MPA). The aircraft is based on the P-3 Orion airframe, but mounts the electronics suite of the Lockheed S-3 Viking. In Greek mythology, Aurora is the Greek goddess who restored Orion's eyesight, and the Aurora Borealis are the "northern lights" that are prominent over northern Canada and the Arctic Ocean. Eighteen were built.  The CP-140A Arcturus is a related variant used primarily for pilot training and coastal surface patrol missions. It is not equipped with ASW equipment. Three were built.

P-7.

The Lockheed P-7 was a four turboprop-engined patrol aircraft ordered by the USN as a replacement for the P-3 Orion. The external configuration of the aircraft was to be very similar to that of the P-3. Development had not progressed very much before the program was cancelled in the early 1990s, as a cost-cutting measure following the end of the Cold War.

Orion 21.

Proposed new-build and improved variant as a P-3 Orion replacement; lost to the Boeing P-8 Poseidon.

The Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime surveillance aircraft underwent a number of variants and specific unique design elements. The following is an extensive catalogue of each variant and/or design stage of the aircraft. For a broader article on the history of the P-3, see Lockheed P-3 Orion.

Tento článek se zabývá popisem mnohých variant a podvariant námořního hlídkového a protiponorkového letounu Lockheed P-3 Orion. Podrobný popis, historie vzniku, operační historie a technické specifikace letounu obsahuje hlavní článek Lockheed P-3 Orion.


Franchise history.

Chicago.

The franchise's inception dates back to 1898, when a neighborhood group gathered to play in the Chicago South Side, calling themselves Morgan Athletic Club. Chicago painting and building contractor Chris O'Brien acquired the team, which he relocated to Normal Field on Racine Avenue. The team was known as Racine Normals until 1901, when O'Brien bought used jerseys from the University of Chicago. He described the faded maroon clothing as "Cardinal red" and the team became the Racine Street Cardinals. The team eventually became in 1920 a charter member of the American Professional Football Association (APFA), which two years later was rechristened to National Football League (NFL). The team entered the league as the Racine Cardinals, however the name was changed in 1922 to Chicago Cardinals to avoid confusion with the Horlick-Racine Legion, who entered the league the same year. Except for 1925, when they were awarded the championship after the Pottsville Maroons were suspended, the Cardinals experienced only minimal success on the playing field during their first 26 seasons in the league. During the post-World War II years, the team reached two straight NFL finals against the Philadelphia Eagles, winning in 1947 – eight months after Charles Bidwill's death – and losing the following year. After years of bad seasons and losing fans to the cross-town rivals Chicago Bears, by the late 1950s the Cardinals were almost bankrupt, and owner Violet Bidwill Wolfner became interested in a relocation.

St. Louis.

Due to the formation of the rival American Football League, the NFL allowed Bidwill to relocate the team to St. Louis, Missouri, where they became the St. Louis Cardinals (locally, they were called the "Big Red", the "Gridbirds" or the "Football Cardinals" in order to avoid confusion with the baseball team of the same name). During the Cardinals' 28-year stay in St. Louis, they advanced to the playoffs just three times (1974, 1975 & 1982), never hosting or winning in any appearance. The overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with a then-21-year-old stadium, caused game attendance to dwindle, and owner Bill Bidwill decided to move the team to Arizona.

Phoenix.

Not long after the 1987 NFL season, Bidwill agreed to move to Arizona on a handshake deal with state and local officials, and the team became the Phoenix Cardinals. The franchise changed its geographic name from Phoenix to Arizona on March 17, 1994. (The franchise has never played in the city of Phoenix proper.) The 1998 NFL season saw the Cardinals break two long droughts, qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in 16 years. The team got their first postseason win since 1947 by defeating the Dallas Cowboys 20–7 in the Wild Card Playoffs. In 2008, the Cardinals, led by quarterback Kurt Warner, won the NFC Championship Game to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history. They lost Super Bowl XLIII 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the final seconds.  After their historic 2008 season, the Cardinals posted a 10–6 record in 2009, their first season with 10 wins in Arizona. The Cardinals clinched their second consecutive NFC West title, and were defeated by eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints 45–14 in the divisional playoffs. The next time they would make the playoffs would be in 2014, when they ended up as a wild card. They set the best regular-season record in the team's history in Arizona at 11–5, but were defeated by the 7–8–1 NFC South champions Carolina Panthers.  The next year, the Cardinals set a franchise-best 13–3 record, and clinched their first-ever first-round playoff bye as the NFC's second seed. They defeated the Green Bay Packers 26–20 in overtime, giving quarterback Carson Palmer his first playoff victory. The Cardinals then advanced to their second NFC Championship Game in their history, but were blown out by the top-seeded 15–1 Panthers 49–15, committing seven turnovers.

Logos and uniforms.

Starting in, the team had a logo of a cardinal bird perched on the laces of a football.  The Cardinals moved to Arizona in, and the flag of Arizona was added to the sleeves the following year. In, the team began wearing red pants with their white jerseys, as new coach Joe Bugel wanted to emulate his former employer, the Washington Redskins, who at the time wore burgundy pants with their white jerseys (the Redskins later returned to their 1970s gold pants with all their jerseys).  In, the Cardinals participated in the NFL's 75th anniversary throwback uniform program. The jerseys were similar to those of the 1920s Chicago Cardinals, with an interlocking "CC" logo and three stripes on each sleeve. The uniform numbers were relocated to the right chest. The pants were khaki to simulate the color and material used in that era. The Cardinals also stripped the logos from their helmets for two games: at Cleveland and home vs. Pittsburgh.  The Cardinal head on the helmet also appeared on the sleeve of the white jersey from 1982 to 1995. In 1996, the state flag of Arizona was moved higher on the sleeve after the Cardinal head was eliminated as sleeves on football jerseys became shorter, and black was removed as an accent color, instead replaced with a blue to match the predominant color of the state flag. In 2002, the Cardinals began to wear all-red and all-white combinations, and continued to do so through 2004, prior to the team's makeover.  In, the team unveiled its first major changes in a century. The cardinal-head logo was updated to look sleeker and meaner than its predecessor. Numerous fans had derisively called the previous version a "parakeet". Black again became an accent color after an eight-year absence, while trim lines were added to the outside shoulders, sleeves, and sides of the jerseys and pants. Both the red and white jerseys have the option of red or white pants.  Hoping to break a six-game losing streak, the Cardinals wore the red pants for the first time on October 29, 2006, in a game at Lambeau Field against the Green Bay Packers. The Packers won 31–14, and the Cards headed into their bye week with a 1–7 mark. Following the bye week, the Cardinals came out in an all-red combination at home against the Dallas Cowboys and lost, 27–10. Arizona did not wear the red pants for the remainder of the season and won four of their last seven games. However, the following season, in, the Cardinals again wore their red pants for their final 3 home games. They wore red pants with white jerseys in games on the road at the Cincinnati Bengals and Seattle Seahawks. They paired red pants with red jerseys, the all-red combination, for home games against the Detroit Lions, San Francisco 49ers, Cleveland Browns, and St. Louis Rams. The red pants were not worn at all in, but they were used in home games vs. Seattle, Minnesota, and St. Louis in. The red pants were paired with the white road jersey for the first time in three years during a 2010 game at Carolina, but the white jersey/red pants combination were not used again until 2018, when they broke out the combination against the Kansas City Chiefs.  The Cardinals' first home game in Arizona, in 1988, saw them play in red jerseys. Thereafter, for the next 18 years in Arizona, the Cardinals, like a few other NFL teams in warm climates, wore their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season—forcing opponents to suffer in their darker jerseys during Arizona autumns that frequently see temperatures over 100 °F (38 °C). However, this tradition did not continue when the Cardinals moved from Sun Devil Stadium to State Farm Stadium in 2006, as early-season games (and some home games late in the season) were played with the roof closed. With the temperature inside at a comfortable 70 °F (21 °C), the team opted to wear red jerseys at home full-time. The Cardinals wore white jerseys at home for the first time at State Farm Stadium on August 29, 2008, in a preseason game against the Denver Broncos.  The Cardinals wore white at home for the first time in a regular season game at State Farm Stadium against the Houston Texans on October 11,. In October 2009, the NFL recognized Breast Cancer Awareness Month, and players wore pink-accented items, including gloves, wristbands, and shoes. The team thought the pink accents looked better with white uniforms than with red.  From 1970 through 1983, and again in many seasons between 1989 and 2002, the Cardinals would wear white when hosting the Dallas Cowboys in order to force the Cowboys to don their "jinxed" blue jerseys. They have not done this since moving into State Farm Stadium, however.  The season saw the Cardinals debut a new, alternate black jersey. In, the Cardinals debuted an all-black set for the NFL Color Rush program. While the regular black alternates featured white lettering and are paired with white pants, the Cardinals' Color Rush alternates used red lettering and black pants for the occasion.

Seasons and overall records.

Single-season records.

Points Scored: 489 ()  Passing  Rushing  Receiving  Returns  Kicking

Players of note.

Retired numbers.

Notes:

Pro Football Hall of Famers.

"italics" = played a portion of career with the Cardinals and enshrined representing another team Dierdorf, Smith, Wehrli and Wilson were members of the St. Louis Football Ring of Fame in The Dome at America's Center when the Rams played there from 1995 to 2015.

Ring of Honor.

The Cardinals' Ring of Honor was started in to mark the opening of State Farm Stadium. It honors former Cardinal greats from all eras of the franchise's history. Following is a list of inductees and the dates that they were inducted.

Radio and television.

The Cardinals' flagship radio station is KMVP-FM; Dave Pasch, Ron Wolfley, and Paul Calvisi handle the radio broadcast. Spanish-language radio broadcasts are heard on the combo of KQMR/KHOV-FM "Latino Mix" under a contract with Univisión, signed in 2015. Prior to 2015, they were heard on KDVA/KVVA-FM "José FM", as well as co-owned KBMB AM 710. The Cardinals were the first NFL team to offer all 20 preseason and regular season games on Spanish-language radio, doing so in 2000. Gabriel Trujillo and Rolando Cantú are the Spanish broadcast team. The Cardinals have the most extensive Mexican affiliate network in the NFL, with contracts with Grupo Larsa (in the state of Sonora) and Grupo Radiorama (outside Sonora) and stations in 20 cities, including Hermosillo, Guadalajara and Mexico City.  As of the 2017 season, NBC affiliate KPNX broadcasts the team's preseason games on television (which, that year, included the Hall of Fame Game broadcast by NBC), called by Pasch and Wolfley, with station anchor Paul Gerke as sideline reporter. The broadcasts are syndicated regionally to KTTU and KMSB-TV in Tucson, and KVVU-TV in Las Vegas.

The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Cardinals compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The team was founded as the Morgan Athletic Club in 1898, and is the oldest continuously run professional football team in the United States. The Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium, which opened in 2006 and is located in the northwestern suburb of Glendale.

Arizona Cardinals je profesionální klub amerického fotbalu, který sídlí v arizonském Glendale. V současné době je členem West Division (Západní divize) National Football Conference (NFC, Národní fotbalové konference) National Football League (NFL, Národní fotbalové ligy). Klub byl založen již v roce 1898 jako Morgan Athletic Club a je tak nejstarším, nepřetržitě provozovaným profesionální klubem amerického fotbalu ve Spojených státech amerických.


History.

Jennet.

Shariat Jamaat was established by Emir Rasul (Rasul Makasharipov) following the near-destruction of the much smaller Dagestani terrorist group called Jennet (Arabic: "Paradise"). In 1999, Makasharipov fought against the government during the abortive rebel invasion of Dagestan from Chechnya. After moving to fight in Chechnya, he went back to his homeland in 2002 and set up Jennet (Dzhennet), whose principal objective was to eliminate senior officers of the security forces in Dagestan.  The group was loyal to the Chechen commander Shamil Basayev and its center of operations was the republic's capital of Makhachkala along with the nearby Tarki-Tau Mountain. The insurgents managed to assassinate several important figures such as Kamil Etinbekov, the Federal Security Service's territorial head of counterintelligence and counterterrorism; Akhberdilav Akilov, head of the police department for the struggle against extremism and criminal terrorism, and 28 officers of his department; and Magomed Gusayev, the minister of national policy, information, and external relations. The 2002 Kaspiysk bombing, in which 43 soldiers and civilians were killed at a military parade, was also blamed on Makasharipov, although he rejected any responsibility and instead blamed the FSB director Nikolay Patrushev. The official Russian state media and its branches in Dagestan officially claimed that the bombing was organized by Rabbani-Khalil. It was long after Rabbani-Khalil rejected responsibility and blamed instead head of Republic of Dagestan in one of his popular videos clarifying situation around him and militants in North Caucasus with historical pretext. Apparently the motives of the head of Republic of Dagestan was to discredit and blacken the image of Muslim militants that gained quite a popularity among the local population. However, there was no response to this claim of Rabbani-Khalil from the then-head of Dagestan, Magomedali Magomedov.

Shariat Jamaat.

Following the loss of several of its key leaders in late 2004, remnants of Jennet were re-organized and transformed into Sharia Jamaat (Arabic for "Islamic Law Community"). The new group, much larger and more decentralized (including the semi-autonomous local jamaats in Buinaksk, Gubden, Khasavyurt and Kaspiysk), is loosely organized mostly into many small clandestine urban cells, some with only three to five people, with a particularly strong presence in Makachkala. The Jamaat also maintains several larger guerrilla subunits of up to 15 fighters each, which are based in the forested and mountainous areas of Dagestan and occasionally engage in relatively large battles against Russian special forces backed by artillery and air support (such as a battle in March 2009 in which 16 rebels and at least five Russian troops were killed).  The new group gradually became less discriminating in their attacks, targeting even rank-and-file traffic police officers, and killing more than 40 policemen in the first half-year of 2005. In May 2005 it became part of the umbrella organization Caucasian Front established by the new president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, Sheikh Abdul Halim, following the death of his predecessor Aslan Maskhadov. The group is believed to be responsible for many high-profile attacks such as the bombing which killed more than 10 Russian special forces soldiers in Makhachkala and the assassination of the republic's deputy Interior Minister, General Magomed Omarov in 2005.  Makasharipov was killed during a shootout with Russian troops on 6 July 2005, and his deputy Rabbani (Rappani Khalilov) then took over command. Rabbani was said to be an extremely popular with the youth and was able to recruit hundreds of fighters into Jamaat's ranks. He was closely allied with the Chechen rebels and the commander of foreign fighters in the Caucasus, Abu Hafs al-Urduni, and was killed in a house siege by the Russian special forces on 17 September 2007.

Vilayat Dagestan.

With the statements of the new Chechen separatist leader Dokka Umarov, published by Kavkaz Center on 1 October 2007, Khalilov was replaced by his deputy, Abdul Majid (Ilgas Malachiyev). Majid had begun his career during the Second Chechen War, fighting under Mashkadov and Ibn al-Khattab, before joining the Jamaat in 2005; this helped legitimize him as a rebel leader in Dagestan with the leaderships of both Chechen rebels and foreign fighters. Abdul Majid took the Jamaat oath to not attack civilians and was credited with bringing order to the group after the death of Khalilov. On 8 September 2008, he was killed in a battle in southern Dagestan on the border with Azerbaijan in a joint operation of Russian and Azeri special forces. Following the death of Abu Majid, Umarov (now as the leader of the self-styled Caucasus Emirate) appointed Emir Muaz (Omar Sheikhulayev) to lead the renamed Vilayat of Dagestan. Emir Muaz was killed on 5 February 2009 in a gunfight with Russian special forces in a suburb of Makachkala. He was replaced two months later by Emir Bara (Umalat Magomedov), who was in turn killed in a shootout at a police checkpoint in Makachkala on 31 December 2009. His place was then taken by Magomed Vagabov, whose leadership apparently resulted in the end to the ban on indiscrimate attacks against civilian targets. Vagabov was killed in a firefight when the federal forces surrounded him a house in the village of Gunib on 21 August 2010.  The continued upsurge of violence in Dagestan since 2008 included the killing of Gen. Valery Lipinsky, the first deputy head of the Internal Troops in the North Caucasus; the sniper assassination of Dagestan's Interior Minister, Gen. Adilgerei Magomedtagirov; and the massacre of four policemen and seven alleged prostitutes at a bathhouse in Makhachkala. In 2009, at least 58 police officers were killed in Dagestan. The Vilayat Dagestan was responsible for a suicide attack on 6 January 2010 that killed six policemen; twin bombings in which two female bombers killed more than 40 people in the Moscow Metro in March 2010; and several suicide attacks against Russian security and military installations (such as the double bombing which killed 12 in Kizlyar). In February 2012, the Vilayat's then leader, Ibragimkhalil Daudov (aka Emir Salikh), was killed by Russian security forces.  In December 2014, the Vilayat's then commander, Rustam Asildarov, and a number of other members of the group publicly retracted their oath of allegiance to Caucasus Emirate leader Aliaskhab Kebekov, and pledged loyalty to Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Kebekov condemned the defectors and appointed Said Kharakansky as the new leader of the group in Dagestan. Kharakansky and Kebekov's successor, Magomed Suleymanov, were killed by Russian security forces in clashes in August 2015.

Vilayat Dagestan (Province of Dagestan,, "Vilayyat Dagestan"), formerly known as Shariat Jamaat, was an Islamist Jihadist group based in the Russian republic of Dagestan and is part of the Caucasus Emirate. The group is closely associated with the separatist conflicts in the nearby Russian republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia, and was created during the Second Chechen War in favor of Dagestan's independence as an Islamic state.

Džamát Šaríat je největší islamistická vojenská organizace v předkavkazském Dagestánu v Ruské federaci s hlavním sídlem v Machačkale. Vznikla během Druhé čečenské války, aby podporovala nezávislost Dagestánu coby islámského státu.


Recording.

The recording features the customary introduction to a Rainbow show – the classic quote from "The Wizard of Oz", "Toto: I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore. We must be over the rainbow!" with the last word repeated as an echo, then the actual band plays a musical phrase from the song "Over the Rainbow" before breaking into "Kill the King".  Many of the tracks were spliced together from different dates by producer Martin Birch, and the running order was changed to more easily fit four sides of vinyl.  Recording Sources:  Introduction/Kill The King Nuremberg 28 September 1976 (first 1:03) Munich 29 September 1976 (remainder of the song)  Man On The Silver Mountain Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Afternoon Show)  Blues Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Evening Show)  Starstruck Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Evening Show)  Man On The Silver Mountain (Reprise) Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Afternoon Show)  Catch The Rainbow Osaka 9 December 1976  Mistreated Cologne 25 September 1976  Sixteenth Century Greensleeves Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Evening Show)  Still I'm Sad Nuremberg 28 September 1976

Release and reception.

Geoff Ginsberg of AllMusic writes: ""On Stage" is full of great songs and playing, but somehow it lacks some of the excitement that existed at those early Ritchie Blackmore concerts. The production is just kind of flat. That doesn't change the fact that there is some great stuff to be found here and nowhere else, such as the side-long version of "Mistreated," from Deep Purple's "Burn"."  The song "Kill the King" appeared on this album before it was recorded for a studio album. A studio version appears on the follow-up release, 1978's "Long Live Rock 'n' Roll".  The single "Kill the King/Man on the Silver Mountain/Mistreated" was released in the UK in September 1977. This was Rainbow's debut in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 44. After the commercial success of "Since You Been Gone", "All Night Long" and "I Surrender", "Kill the King" was re-released in 1981 this time climbing to No. 41. Songwriter and lead singer Ronnie James Dio claimed that the violent imagery in the song is actually about a chess game.  A more representative example of a Rainbow concert of the time was the 1991 release "Live in Germany 1976", which featured unedited concert performances and includes both tour staple "Stargazer" and the usual encore "Do You Close Your Eyes".  The deluxe edition was released on November 13, 2012 in Europe. The second disc was originally planned to contain tracks from the concert hall at the ""Orix Theater"" (formerly Osaka Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan) in Osaka, Japan (December 9, 1976). Instead the second disc contains tracks from the final Rainbow gig in Tokyo, Japan at the ""Nippon Budokan Hall"" on December 16, 1976.

On Stage is a double live album originally released by the British hard rock band Rainbow in 1977. It was recorded live over several German and Japanese dates in late 1976 during the "Rising" world tour.

On Stage je první koncertní album anglické hard rockové skupiny Rainbow, vydané v roce 1977. Album obsahuje i jednu skladbu z repertoáru Blackmoreovo dřívější skupiny Deep Purple, jedná se os skladbu "Mistreated".


Regional tectonic setting.

The major structural components of the Junggar Basin divided into six parts:

Geology.

Basement rock of Junggar Basin.

In Precambrian section was made up of felsic-intermediate granite with the inclusion of greenstones and ophiolites, where the Paleozoic section consists of mainly potassium- and sodium-deficient extrusive rocks. The basalts in the basement which indicated trapped late Paleozoic oceanic crust that came from the mantle.

Sedimentary stratigraphy.

The sedimentary facies started to be dominant in Permian. The layers continuously deposited fluvial and lacustrine facies until the present day, mostly containing conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone.  Major stratigraphic units in the Junggar basin from Carboniferous are shown in ascending order in the following table:

Paleoclimate and environment.

Throughout Mesozoic, Junggar Basin was mainly in the fluvial and lake depositional environment.  The climate in the late Permian showed the fluctuation between dry- or wet-dominated climate. The pieces of evidence included the presence of both organic beds and red beds. In the early Triassic, reddish sedimentary rocks formed that indicated the dominance of semi-arid climate.  During Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, the Junggar basin was in a warm and wet climate due to the effect of continental monsoonal climate. From middle to late Jurassic, the climate shifted as a seasonal arid climate that initiated from the northeast and then widespread to the whole basin. This is because the Pangea started to break apart that halted the effect from the mega-monsoon system. Therefore, the basin became to be affected by westerlies. The westerlies contained the lesser moisture that has come from the northwest since the marine areas gradually minimized to the recent Caspian Sea. With the continuous uplift along the Tian Shan, the orographic effect around the basin intensifies the rain-shadow effect. The prominent rain-shadow effect results in a warmer seasonal arid climate in the basin. At the same time, the lakes in the basin had higher salinity and lower sedimentation influx.

Tectonic evolution.

Pre-Permian (before 290 Ma): basement rock evolution.

Xinjiang paleocraton was pulled apart for a continental rifting episode to form extensional basins in Late Cambrian. The continuous divergence of the continental crust during late Cambrian to Ordovician shaped the West Junggar Ocean. The West Junggar Ocean presented as the present Tangbale and Honguleleng ophiolites from intra-plate volcanism, and then this volcanism shut in mid-upper Ordovician. The Ordovician first ocean basin indicated that eastern Junggar was over passive margin. Another rifting event established the Mayilashan ocean basin and back-arc basin in east Junggar during Silurian. However, the compressional environment restricted the two landforms so that they ended up shut and folded in the late Silurian. This eventually led to the convergence of Tarim, Kazakhstan and Siberian paleo-plates. They were from the original Xinjiang paleocraton that puzzled each other again.  Junggar Ocean and Kulumudi Ocean were produced from the third rifting event during lower-mid Devonian. Eventually, the Junggar ocean and Kulumudi Ocean moved towards the north and undergone the subduction from upper Devonian to Late-Carboniferous. At the same time, several volcanic arcs were developed during subduction. Three plates (Tarim, Kazakhstan, and Siberian) converged together to form a trapped ocean that surrounded volcanic arc and orogens in Mid-Carboniferous. Alkali-rich granites with gold deposits intruded the converged plates. This revealed the partial melting of the oceanic crust. This also marked as the last subduction event following the post-collisional stage in Late-Carboniferous. Besides, Such intrusive rocks demonstrated that this was the last melting episode of oceanic crust. As part of the Eurasian plate started to combine continental crusts for the three plates, to consolidate them as another modern stable continental block.

Underplating events.

The mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks formed due to underplating with crustal stretching during Carboniferous to Permian. The magma underplating during Carboniferous to Permian (330-250 Ma) period heated up the lower crust and thus the crust got hotter. The following cooling crustal episode led to part of the mountain belt sink by thermal subsidence, which ended up forming the Junggar Basin. Another magma underplating event occurred in the Mesozoic era. This was forming heterogenic silica-rich igneous rocks due to the partial melting of numerous oceanic crusts contaminated with mantle wedge.

Permian to Present (From 290 Ma): Junggar Basin evolution.

With the influence of Variscan orogeny, Early Permian marine facies changed into the terrestrial environment during Late Permian. This is because orogenic compression and crustal thickening resulted in higher sedimentation and withdrawn of the sea. At that time, widespread uplift occurred with subsidence formed a graben at first. Then, the area gradually became a mountain-trapped peripheral foreland basin due to high-temperature and relaxing subsidence from the regional extension. Some also suggested this landform caused by the combined effect of shearing and extension or thrusting from crustal shortening. Starting from Permian, Junggar Basin was formed to initiate the foreland basin cycle. There presented extensional shearing and continuous deposition of non-marine foreland basin-fill till Triassic. Since the level of the trapped lake in the basin was rising, finer deposits covered widespread the basin with denudation. This also marked as the end of the foreland basin cycle. From Jurassic to Palaeogene, the Junggar Basin undergone intra-continental depression. There was covered in braided delta with few lakes and increasing subsidence rate towards the south from 20 to 120 m/Ma during Jurassic. The collision of the Lhasa block from the south resulted that the delta formed along the margin of the basin. Also, the deeper lake was at the basin centre during Lower Cretaceous. Afterward, the southward lake depression leading the basin centre shift to the south in the Upper Cretaceous period. In Paleogene, braid-delta developed over the basin where sediments entered from the mountains of the surrounding basin. Starting from Neogene, the thrust fault in the Junggar Basin was reactivated. At the same time, there was rapid uplift of Tian Shan since Himalayan orogeny formed by the collision between Indo-plate and Eurasian Plate. This developed an alluvial-rich delta system around shallow lakes with the clastic sediments influx from uplifted Tian Shan and the northern part of the basin.

Geological resources.

Petroleum system.

Junggar Basin contains the third-largest petroleum reservoirs in China. About two-third of oil can be found in the Karaamy-Urho monocline area. There was formed in Carboniferous deep-sea sedimentary rocks and lake sedimentary layers from Permian to Tertiary. For Carboniferous oil and gas deposits in this area, they were moved upward and accumulated in the Permian period and Mesozoic era sandstones. Then, the layers altered as the structural trap locations by tectonic activities in the later stage. Petroleum is dominant in Karamay, Baikouquan, Urho, Dushanzi, and Qigu. The oil and gas fields can be found on Tertiary Dushanzi sandstone. Besides, gas fields are found in the Karamay as well as the inland region of the basin.  Besides, Tian Shan Foredeep in the southern Junggar Basin (including Urumqi) is also available for the petroleum resources. The petroleum there were formed due to rapid subsidence, regional ductile with mobile intrusion, and cross-cutting on anticlines by orogenic activity (probably in Neogene) from the Tian Shan. Part of the oil-bearing sedimentary rocks was deposited in the salty oxygen-deficient lake environment during Permian. The crude oil in this sedimentary rocks formed by remains of algae and humus.

Coal.

Bituminous coal was found in Tian Shan Foredeep. It was deposited in the lake or swamp environment in the Early to Middle Jurassic periods. For example, Badaowan, Sangonghe, and Xishanyao Formation. About 18 gigatonnes of coal can be recovered in Tian Shan Foredeep. Apart from Tian Shan Foredeep, the coal can be found in the base of alluvial fan and nearby the margin of lakes in the eastern and western margin of Junggar Basin.

Ore deposits.

Ore deposits in the Junggar Basin were mainly formed in the Paleozoic era which was related to tectonic development. The followings are the available ore deposits in Junggar Basin:

Junggar Basin is one of the largest sedimentary basins in Northwest China. It is located in Xinjiang, and enclosed by the Tarbagata mountains of Kazakhstan on the northwest side, the Altai mountains of Mongolia in the northeast, and the Heavenly mountains (Tian Shan) in the South. The geology of Junggar Basin mainly consists of sedimentary rocks underlain by igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. The basement of the basin was largely formed during the development of the Pangea supercontinent during complex tectonic events from Precambrian to late Paleozoic time. The basin developed as a series of foreland basins – in other words, basins developing immediately in front of growing mountain ranges – from Permian time to the Quaternary period. The basin's preserved sedimentary records show that the climate during the Mesozoic era was marked by a transition from humid to arid conditions as monsoonal climatic effects waned. The Junggar basin is rich in geological resources (e.g. petroleum, coal and ore deposits) due to effects of volcanism and sedimentary deposition.

Džungarská pánev (ujgursky جۇڭغار ئويمانلىقى, "Jungghar oymanliqi," čínsky 准噶尔盆地, "Junggar Pendi," pinyin "Zhǔngáěr Péndì," český přepis "Čun-ka-er pchen-ti)" je oblast na severozápadě Ujgurska a Čínské lidové republiky, mezi pohořími Altaj na severu, Ťan-šan na jihu a Tarbagataj (který se někdy považuje za součást Ťan-šanu) na západě. Nadmořská výška kolísá, místy překračuje i 1000 m, ale hladina jezera Ebinur v jihozápadním cípu pánve leží pouze 190 m n. m. Podstatnou část pánve vyplňuje druhá největší čínská poušť Gurbantünggüt. Většina pánve je bez odtoku, pouze její severní částí protéká řeka Irtyš ("Ertis Che").


Development.

In 1958, NATO produced a specification for a long-range maritime patrol aircraft to replace the Lockheed P2V Neptune, with Breguet's design, the Br 1150, chosen as the winner of the competition at the end of the year. A multinational consortium, "Société d'Étude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic" (SECBAT) was set up to develop and build the Atlantic. The first prototype made its maiden flight at Toulouse on 21 October 1961, with the second prototype flying on 25 February 1962, followed by two preproduction aircraft with a longer fuselage in February 1963 and September 1964. An initial order for 60 Atlantics 40 for France and 20 for Germany was placed in 1963, with deliveries starting in 1965 and continuing to 1968. The production line had shut down by the time the Netherlands placed an order for nine Atlantics and Italy ordered eighteen. Aircraft from this second production batch were delivered from 1972 to 1974.  In 1978, the French Government authorised development of a new, updated version of the Atlantic, the "Atlantic Nouvelle Génération" (later known as the Atlantique 2 when orders from other nations did not occur). While the airframe and engines of the new aircraft changed little, equipment and avionics were considerably revised; these included new radar, a new sonar processor, a replacement tactical computer, and a forward-looking infrared camera turret installed under the nose. The ability to carry Exocet missiles was also added. Two prototype Atlantique 2s were produced by converting existing Atlantics; the first of these made its maiden flight on 8 May 1981. Production of the Atlantique 2 was authorised on 24 May 1984. Deliveries started in 1989 with 28 eventually built, from an original requirement for 42.  By 2012, the Atlantique 2 had been rebranded as the ATL2, at which point France had a total of 22 in service. In 2012, 18 French Atlantiques were undergoing a series of upgrades to increase the type's effectiveness in two stages, Phase I addressing obsolescence issues and Phase II adding new capabilities. Also in 2012, a separate project was conducted to integrate the MU90 Impact torpedo. Aircraft that received these upgrades shall have an extended service life as well, enabling Atlantique operations to be extended to around 2032.  A further upgraded "Atlantique 3" was proposed for the Royal Air Force's Replacement Maritime Patrol Aircraft (RMPA) competition, however it was withdrawn in 1996 following alleged hints from Ministry of Defence officials that the submission was unlikely to be successful; the competition later selected the BAE Systems Nimrod MRA4 instead. The Atlantique 3 would have featured various off-the-shelf avionics upgrades, including the adoption of a two-man glass cockpit. The use of uprated Allison AE2100H turboprop engines to drive new Dowty-built six-bladed composite propellers reportedly would have increased power by nearly 10% and reduced fuel consumption by 15%. In late 1996, Dassault (which had merged with Breguet in the 1970s, thus acquiring the Atlantic design) intended to offer the Atlantique 3 to Germany, Italy, and France. By 2005, Dassault had abandoned marketing efforts on the Atlantique 3, choosing to promote a variant of the Dassault Falcon 900 corporate jet as a maritime patrol aircraft instead.

Design.

The Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic is a twin-engined, mid-winged monoplane with a "double-bubble" fuselage; the upper lobe comprising a pressurised crew compartment, and the lower lobe housing a 9 m (27 ft 6 in) long weapons bay, with sonobuoy tubes aft of the weapons bay. A radar scanner is housed in a retractable underfuselage radome, while a magnetic anomaly detector is housed in a tail boom. It is powered by a pair of Rolls-Royce Tyne turboprop engines. An all-aluminium structure is used throughout the Atlantic's airframe; corrosion is alleged to be a considerable problem due to environmental factors imposed by the maritime environment.  The Atlantic was designed for its purpose, instead of refitting or modifying existing designs. Though the primary mission of the Atlantic is anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare, its secondary roles include search and rescue, mine laying and detection and long-range maritime surveillance. The Atlantic can carry either eight guided ASW torpedoes such as Mk 46 Torpedo, or 12 depth charges, or two AM.39 Exocet anti-ship missiles in its internal bomb bay. German Atlantics usually carried Mk 46s only and flew unarmed during the last years of their service. Italian Atlantics have been periodically armed with NATO-provided nuclear bombs.  In French service, 18 modernised Atlantique ATL2 are being equipped with various new avionics and onboard sensors. Such systems include the Searchmaster derived from RBE2-AA active electronically scanned array radar developed for Dassault Rafale, new digital acoustic processing systems, a Thales-manufactured identification friend or foe system, and DCNS-developed LOTI ("Logiciel Opérationnel de Traitement de l'Information") combat mission software.

Operational history.

In 1987, a single Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Atlanique was operated by France as an airborne headquarters during Opération Épervier, the French intervention against Libyan military units which had been deployed into neighbouring Chad. Communications intercepted by the Atlantique were immediately decoded and translated before being used to conduct strikes upon Libyan forces with greater accuracy.  The German "Marineflieger" operated a fleet of Atlantics between 1963 and 2005. A number of these aircraft were modified for SIGINT work and were based at Nordholz Naval Airbase. During the Cold War, they commonly flew across the Baltic Sea and along the border with East Germany; these flights often had American and British intelligence personnel on board in addition to their German crews. During the 1990s, Germany deployed SIGINT Atlantics to observe the United Nations embargo of Yugoslavia and for reconnaissance flights during the Kosovo War in 1999.  In 1992, Germany was considering replacing its Atlantics in the maritime patrol role, the modernised Atlantic-2 was considered to be a frontrunner to be the replacement. In 1996, the planned procurement of a replacement was delayed in favour of a life extension program to enable the Atlantic fleet to continue in service for a further decade. Germany ultimately elected to replace its Atlantics with a number of secondhand Lockheed P-3 Orions procured from the Netherlands. Several German Atlantics have been donated to museums, including the "Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow" and the Dutch Air Force Museum, Soesterberg, Netherlands.  During the 1960s and 1970s, the Atlantic competed with the Lockheed P-3 Orion to be selected as the Royal Netherlands Navy's next anti-submarine aircraft. The selection process, during which Lockheed Corporation was alleged to have engaged in multiple incidents of bribery, ultimately chose the Atlantic. Fewer Atlantics were procured than originally planned however; and a total of three Atlantics out of the Netherlands' nine-strong fleet were lost through a series of failures during missions over the Atlantic Ocean. These losses resulted in the grounding of the type in 1981 and contributed to its eventual replacement by the P-3 Orion.  During NATO's intervention in the 1999 Kosovo War, French Atlantics performed overflying surveillance flights of the combat area; flights within Serbian airspace were conducted by unarmed aircraft.  In 1973, in the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Pakistan Navy opted to procure three Atlantics from France. In 1999, a Pakistan Navy Atlantic inadvertently flew into Indian airspace while probing Indian air defenses, it being intercepted and shot down by Indian Air Force MiG-21FL after the Atlantic ignored instructions and attempts to force it to land at an Indian base; the event become known as the Atlantique incident. After 36 years of service, Pakistan's remaining Atlantics were formally retired in September 2012, following the arrival of P-3 Orions to replace them.  In 2009, a number of French Atlantics were dispatched to Dakar, Senegal, to participate in a multinational search effort to locate the crashed Air France Flight 447.  In January 2013, French Navy Atlantique-2s were deployed to act as ground-strike aircraft during Operation Serval over Northern Mali; a number of laser-guided GBU-12 bombs were dropped by the Atlantiques against Malian jihadist militants seeking to overthrow the Malian government. During the deployment, the Atlantiques also served as Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms, being able to provide a sustained presence unlike alternatives such as the EADS Harfang unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).  In 2015, Atlantique-2s was deployed to Iraq at the beginning of Opération Chammal against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) forces, initially performing ISTAR and forward air control missions. On 19 August 2015, an Atlantique-2 flew a mission with two Mirage 2000s and dropped a GBU-12 on a command and control building, its first strike mission of the operation. As French military operations expanded into Syria in September 2015, the long range of the Atlantiques from their base in the UAE was utilised when undertaking reconnaissance operations instead of shorter range aircraft such as the Dassault Rafale.  The series' first operators became the French and German navies who contracted for 40 and 20 Atlantics respectively through an initial batch order from Breguet in 1963. These airframes were delivered to customers beginning in 1965 and ended in 1968. A follow up order involved supply of the aircraft to the Netherlands and Italy shortly thereafter, these being delivered into 1974. Production was undertaken by a European consortium under the "Societe d'Etude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic" (otherwise recognized as "SECBAT") name led by Breguet itself. Beyond these European powers, Pakistan received three ex-French Navy Atlantics in the 1970s. As an anti-ship, anti-submarine maritime warfare mount, the Atlantic series could be properly outfitted through torpedoes (up to 8 x Mk 46 / 7 x Murene series), depth charges, naval mines and conventional drop bombs as required - these held in the unpressurized internal bomb bay. Additionally the aircraft was cleared to drop specialized mission equipment for shipwreck. It is the direct descendant of the Bréguet Atlantic. The ATL2 has been in service for twenty or so years, and has undergone several retrofits. A renovation operation is in progress (2019-2025), 18 out of the 22 ATL2 Standard 5 operated by the French Navy are upgraded to the new version called 'Standard 6'. The upgrade is comprehensive and should allow the aircraft to operate until 2030.

Variants.

The upgrade programme includes the development of a new combat system called 'Logiciel de traitement de l'information operationelle nouvelle génération' (LOTI-NG). The system is used to establish a tactical picture based on data gathered by the aircraft's various sensors. New digital operator stations have replaced the original analogic equipment. Another major improvement is the upgrade of the acoustic treatment subsystem called 'Sous-système de traitement acoustique numérique' (STAN). This system is able to operate more sonobuoys than its predecessor and scan a broader range of frequencies. The system can also operate the most recent US sonobuoys including in the multistatic mode. The Wescam MX-20 electro-optical (EO) turret has also been integrated (the same one used on board the Boeing P-8A Poseidon). This system had already been mounted on some ATL2s. The ATL2 is frequently used in Africa where it serves as backup to ground forces.  The last major element of the Standard 6 upgrade is  The French procurement agency Direction générale de l'armement (DGA) has authorised the transfer of the first two upgraded Dassault Atlantique 2 (ATL2) maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) to the French Navy, the French ministry for armed forces announced on 24 October.

The Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic is a long-range maritime patrol aircraft designed and manufactured by French aircraft manufacturer Breguet Aviation. Designed in response to a 1958 NATO specification as a replacement for the Lockheed P2V Neptune, Breguet's submission was declared the winner over several competing bids. To produce the Atlantic, a multinational consortium, "Société d'Étude et de Construction de Breguet Atlantic" (SECBAT), was established. During 1963, an initial order for 60 Atlantics 40 for France and 20 for Germany was received. Follow-on orders from export customers followed shortly thereafter. It was first introduced to operational service during 1965.

Breguet Br.1150 Atlantic je průzkumný letoun dlouhého doletu, navržený pro působení nad hladinou moře. Je používán několika státy v rámci NATO k průzkumu, námořnímu hlídkování a k boji proti ponorkám. Letoun je rovněž schopen nést střely vzduch-země. Atlantique 2 je vylepšená verze, která byla vyráběna pro francouzské námořnictvo v 80. letech 20. století.


Overview.

Microsoft introduced Microsoft Expression on September 16, 2005, at Microsoft's Professional Developers Conference in Los Angeles. Microsoft Expression Encoder was introduced at NAB 2007. Microsoft Expression Studio was released to manufacturing (RTM) on April 30, 2007. The RTM news was announced at Microsoft's MIX 07 conference for web developers and designers.  Microsoft Expression Studio 2 was released on May 1, 2008, which also included a graphical makeover for the suite to an inverse of the previous black-on-white theme. This release brings all products in the suite to version 2, and now also includes Visual Studio Standard 2008. Microsoft Expression Studio is also available to students as downloads via Microsoft's DreamSpark program.  Microsoft Expression Studio 3 was released on July 22, 2009. This release brings all products in the suite to version 3, with significant improvements especially targeting Silverlight 3. Expression Media is no longer a part of package, while all other products have been significantly improved and enriched.  On June 7, 2010, Expression Studio 4 was released. Expression Studio 4 is a free upgrade version for licensed Expression Studio 3 users, but only for retail copies.

End of life.

On December 20, 2012, Microsoft announced that the Expression products would be discontinued, with Blend becoming a standalone tool with Visual Studio 2012 Update 2, Expression Studio 4 Ultimate and Expression Studio 4 Web Professional no longer available for sale but supported through their support lifecycle, Expression Design 4 and Expression Web 4 available as unsupported free editions, Expression Encoder 4 Pro available for purchase through 2013, and Expression Encoder 4 remains available for download at no charge.

Editions.

As of version 4, there are two editions of Expression Studio available to general public: "Web Professional" and "Ultimate"  Expression Studio Web Professional consists of:  Expression Studio Ultimate consist of all previous components, as well as:  Expression Encoder and SuperPreview are the only components that can be obtained individually. Expression Encoder consists of two editions: A freeware edition and a commercial Pro edition.  Prior to version 3, the suite also consisted of Microsoft Expression Media, a digital asset management application sold to Phase One.

Features.

Until version 2, Expression Web was the only application in the Expression Studio suite based on Microsoft Office code and dependencies. With version 3, Expression Web was rewritten in Windows Presentation Foundation, in line with the rest of the Expression Suite, without Microsoft Office dependencies, essentially making it a new managed code program. A result of the complete rewrite was features like customizable toolbars and menus, standard Windows color scheme, spell check, DLL addins, file menu export feature, drag-and-drop between remote sites, comparing sites by timestamp were removed in this version. Other features do not work reliably or are incomplete, like Undo for instance. Version 3 introduced Expression Web 3 SuperPreview tool for comparing and rendering webpage in various browsers. Also noted was the lack of support for root relative links, links that start with a "/" to refer to the root of a web server. This feature was added with Expression 3 Service Pack 1.  The version of Expression Encoder Pro 4 available as part of Expression Studio in programs like DreamSpark, BizSpark, WebsiteSpark and through MSDN Ultimate does not include royalty incurring codec and standards support for exporting in MP4 format (H.264 video and AAC audio). It also does not include import filters for TS, M2TS, AVCHD, MPEG-2, and AC-3 although if third party DirectShow filters are installed, it is able to import these formats as is the free version. Expression Encoder Pro version available in retail does not have these limitations. The free version available to everyone and included in MSDN Premium lacks IIS Live Smooth Streaming and unlimited screen capture.  With the release of Expression Studio 4, three editions of Expression Studio were introduced: Expression Studio 4 Web Professional (includes Expression Encoder, Design and Web), Expression Studio 4 Premium (adds Blend to the suite) and Expression Studio 4 Ultimate (adds SketchFlow). MSDN subscribers receive only the SKU of Expression Studio 4 that corresponds to their Visual Studio 2010 license. As such, MSDN Premium users do not get SketchFlow.  Some editions of Expression Studio also include product activation.

Microsoft Expression Studio is a discontinued suite of tools for designing and building Web and Windows client applications and rich digital media content.

Microsoft Expression Studio je sada nástrojů od společnosti Microsoft, která je určena vývojářům a designerům pro navrhování, tvorbu webových a klientských aplikací.


Music and lyrics.

The song is built around a descending riff, with the dominant instrument being composer Syd Barrett's electric guitar, fed through an echo machine; the resultant sound has been likened to a "sinister" Duane Eddy. This is augmented by bowed bass and increasingly agitated organ and percussion effects.  Though the lyric frequently refers to Lucifer Sam as a cat, some speculation has arisen as to whether this was in fact slang ("a hip cat") for a man, real or imagined, in some type of relationship with Barrett's then-girlfriend, Jenny Spires (referred to in the song as "Jennifer Gentle"). However, Sam was simply Barrett's Siamese cat (and is referred to as such in the first line: "Lucifer Sam, Siam cat"); the track was originally called "Percy the Rat Catcher" during the recording sessions, which took place between April and June 1967.

Live and cover versions.

"Lucifer Sam" was only performed live by Pink Floyd in 1967 and featured as an encore during many performances, mostly notably at the Games for May concert.  Barrett later performed the song with his 1972 band Stars.  Lightning Seeds covered the song as a B-side, and it appeared on their 2006 best of collection.  The track has also been covered by the Black Crowes, Electric Hellfire Club, the Minders, the Flaming Lips, True West, Jay Farrar, Love and Rockets, Shockabilly, La Muerte, the Sadies, the Three O'Clock, MGMT, Spirits in the Sky, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, Cat's Eyes, Bauhaus, Southern Culture on the Skids, Chris & Cosey and The Well.  Nick Mason played this during his 2018 Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets tour of Europe.

"Lucifer Sam" is a song by British band Pink Floyd, featured on their 1967 debut album "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn".

„Lucifer Sam“ je skladba britské rockové skupiny Pink Floyd, poprvé byla zařazena na jejich debutovém albu "The Piper at the Gates of Dawn" z roku 1967 jako druhá v pořadí. Jejím autorem je tehdejší kytarista a zpěvák kapely Syd Barrett, který ji také zpívá. Stejně jako celá deska je i tato píseň řazena do psychedelického rocku, zmiňován bývá i space rock a hard rock.


Line of succession to the Luxembourger throne

Succession law.

History.

The constitution of Luxemburg states that the crown is hereditary in the house of Nassau according to the pact of 1783 (the Nassau Family Pact), the Treaty of Vienna made in 1815, and the Treaty of London of 1867.  In April 1907 Grand Duke William IV decreed (approved in July 1907 by legislature of Luxembourg and thereafter enacted) amendments to the House law of Nassau: the Grand Duke's eldest daughter would succeed (that provision is identical with the effect of the 1783 pact), and after her, her issue in male line born of marriages that abide by the house laws; in default thereof, the Grand Duke's next daughters in similar fashion. Thus, issue of the Grand Duke's daughters received succession rights only in strict agnatic line - a male-line male descendant of a younger daughter would have had preference over female descendants of elder daughters. This law of succession in Luxembourg followed a special order among male lines issued from Grand Duke William IV's daughters.  The 1907 amendments to the house law bypassed the Counts of Merenberg, male-line descendants of the House of Nassau. While the Merenberg line had a male heir in the person of Georg Nikolaus, Count von Merenberg (1871–1948), the count was born of a morganatic marriage between Grand Duke William IV's uncle, Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, and Natalia Pushkina (daughter of Russian author Alexander Pushkin, a member of the untitled Russian nobility). The count's claim to be recognized as the heir to the Grand Duchy was dismissed on the grounds that he and his branch were non-dynastic despite his marriage to Princess Olga Alexandrovna Yurievskaya, a morganatic daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The Merenberg line eventually also ran out of male heirs; the last surviving male-line descendant is Countess Clotilde von Merenberg, third cousin once removed of Grand Duke Henri.  Prince Jean of Luxembourg, second son of Grand Duke Jean, renounced his right of succession for himself and his heirs on 26 September 1986. Prince Louis of Luxembourg, third son of Grand Duke Henri, renounced his right of succession for himself and his heirs upon his marriage in 2006.

Absolute primogeniture.

The preference for men over women in succession to Luxembourg's throne was abandoned in favour of absolute primogeniture on 20 June 2011 by decree of Grand Duke Henri. Henceforth, any legitimate female descendant of the House of Luxembourg-Nassau born of authorized marriage shall inherit the throne by order of seniority of line of descent and of birth as stipulated in Article 3 of the Constitution and the Nassau Family Pact without regard to gender, applicable first to succession by the descendants of Grand Duke Henri. The Grand Duke's Marshal issued an addendum to the decree explaining the context of the change: pursuant to the United Nations' 1979 call for nations to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, in 2008 the Grand Duchy dropped the exception to gender non-discrimination it had declared in the matter of the grand ducal succession.

Since 2011, the crown of Luxembourg descends according to absolute primogeniture among Grand Duke Henri's descendants and according to agnatic primogeniture among other dynasts.

Následnictví lucemburského trůnu užívá od roku 2011 jako systém pro stanovení následníka trůnu absolutní primogenituru, platící pro potomky současného velkovévody Henriho I.