Early life and career.

Noël Browne was born in Waterford, but grew up in the Bogside area of Derry. The Browne family also lived in Athlone and Ballinrobe for a period of time. His mother Mary Therese Cooney was born in 1885 in Hollymount, County Mayo; a plaque has been erected there in her memory. His father worked as an inspector for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and, partly as a result of this work, all of the Browne family became infected with tuberculosis. Both parents died of the disease during the 1920s, and several of Browne's siblings also succumbed. In 1929, he was admitted free of charge to St Anthony's, a preparatory school in Eastbourne, England. He then won a scholarship to Beaumont College, the Jesuit public school near Old Windsor, Berkshire, where he befriended Neville Chance, a wealthy boy from Dublin. Neville's father, the eminent surgeon Arthur Chance (son of surgeon Sir Arthur Chance), subsequently paid Browne's way through medical school at Trinity College, Dublin.  In 1940, while still a student, Browne suffered a serious relapse of tuberculosis. His treatment at a sanatorium in Midhurst, Sussex was paid for by the Chance family. He recovered, passed his medical exams in 1942, and started his career as a medical intern at Dr Steevens' Hospital in Dublin. He subsequently worked in numerous sanatoria throughout Ireland and England, witnessing the ravages of the disease. He soon concluded that politics was the only way in which he could make an attack on the scourge of tuberculosis. Browne joined the new Irish republican party Clann na Poblachta and was elected to Dáil Éireann for the Dublin South-East constituency at the 1948 general election. To the surprise of many, party leader Seán MacBride chose Browne to be one of the party's two ministers in the new government. Browne became one of the few TDs appointed a Minister on their first day in Dáil Éireann, when he was appointed Minister for Health.

Minister for Health.

A 'White Paper' on proposed healthcare reforms had been prepared by the previous government, and resulted in the 1947 Health Act. In February 1948, Browne became Minister for Health and started the reforms advocated by the Paper and introduced by the Act.  The health reforms coincided with the development of a new vaccine and of new drugs (e.g. BCG and penicillin) that helped to treat a previously untreatable group of medical conditions. Browne introduced mass free screening for tuberculosis sufferers and launched a huge construction program to build new hospitals and sanitoria, financed by the income and accumulated investments from the Health Department-controlled Hospital Sweeps funds. This, along with the introduction of Streptomycin, helped dramatically reduce the incidence of tuberculosis in Ireland.  However, during his term as Minister for Health, Browne would come in conflict with the Catholic Church and the medical profession over the Mother and Child Scheme. This plan, also introduced by the 1947 Health Act, provided for free state-funded healthcare for all mothers and children aged under 16, with no means test, a move which was regarded as radical at the time in Ireland, but not in the rest of Europe. Virtually all doctors in private practice opposed the scheme, because it would undermine the "fee for service" model on which their income depended. The Church hierarchy, which controlled most hospitals, vigorously opposed the expansion of "socialised medicine" in the Irish republic (though they never objected to its provision via the British National Health Service in Northern Ireland). They claimed that the Mother and Child Scheme interfered with parental rights, and feared that the provision of non-religious medical advice to mothers would lead to birth control contrary to Catholic teaching. They greatly disliked Browne, seeing him as a "Trinity Catholic" (one who had defied the Church's ruling that the faithful should not attend Trinity College Dublin, which had been founded by Protestants and for many years did not allow Catholics to study there). He was the only government Minister to attend the 1949 Church of Ireland funeral of Douglas Hyde, first President of Ireland.  Under pressure from the Church, the coalition government backed away from the Mother and Child Scheme and forced Browne's resignation as Minister for Health. He gave his version of events in his resignation speech to the Dáil on 12 April 1951. In particular, he deplored that the government had referred his Scheme to the Church for approval, taking care to describe it to the Church as his plan and not as government policy, giving him no option but to resign as Minister. The Taoiseach, John A. Costello, immediately retorted that "I have seldom listened to a statement in which there were so many—let me say it as charitably as possible—inaccuracies, misstatements and misrepresentations", and delivered his full reply several hours later. Following his departure from government, Browne embarrassed his opponents by arranging for "The Irish Times" to publish Costello's and MacBride's correspondence with the Catholic hierarchy, which detailed their capitulation to the bishops.  The controversy over the Mother and Child Scheme led to the fall of the coalition government in which Browne had served as a Minister. But Church opposition to socialised medicine continued under the subsequent Fianna Fáil-led government. The hierarchy would not accept a no-means-test mother-and-infant scheme even when Fianna Fáil reduced the age limit from sixteen years to six weeks, and the government again backed down.

Later political career.

After his resignation as Minister for Health, Browne left Clann na Poblachta, but was re-elected to the Dáil as an Independent TD from Dublin South-East in the subsequent election.  Browne joined Fianna Fáil in 1953, but lost his Dáil seat at the 1954 general election and was later expelled from the party. At the 1957 general election he was re-elected for Dublin South-East as an Independent TD. In 1958, he founded the National Progressive Democrats with Jack McQuillan. Browne held on to his seat at the 1961 general election, but in 1963, he and McQuillan joined the Labour Party, disbanding the National Progressive Democrats. However, Browne lost his seat at the 1965 general election. He was re-elected as a Labour Party TD at the 1969 general election, again for Dublin South-East. He failed to be nominated by the Labour Party for the 1973 general election, but instead won a seat in Seanad Éireann before being expelled from the Labour Party. He remained in the Seanad until the 1977 general election, when he gained a Dáil seat as an Independent TD once again, at Dublin Artane; he then became involved in the Socialist Labour Party and was briefly its only TD, securing election for Dublin North-Central at the 1981 general election. Browne retired from politics at the February 1982 general election.

Offer of presidential candidacy.

In 1990, a number of left-wing representatives within the Labour Party, led by Michael D. Higgins, approached Browne and suggested that he should be the party's candidate in the presidential election due later that year. Though in failing health, Browne agreed. However, the offer horrified party leader Dick Spring and his close associates for two reasons. Firstly, the leadership had secretly decided to run Mary Robinson, a barrister and former senator. Secondly, many around Spring were "appalled" at the idea of running Browne, believing he had "little or no respect for the party" and "was likely in any event to self-destruct as a candidate." When Spring informed Browne by telephone that the party's Administrative Council had chosen Robinson over him, Browne hung up the telephone. Browne spent the remaining seven years of his life constantly criticising Robinson—who had gone on to win the election, thus becoming the seventh President of Ireland, and who was considered highly popular during her term. During the campaign he also indicated support for the rival Fine Gael candidate, Austin Currie.

Personality.

Few figures in 20th-century Ireland were as controversial as Noël Browne. To his supporters he was a dynamic liberal who stood up to conservative and reactionary Catholicism. To his opponents he was an unstable, temperamental and difficult individual who was the author of most of his own misfortune. Browne further alienated the middle ground in 1986, with the publishing of his autobiography "Against the Tide". Historians like Dr. Ruth Barrington, who had written extensively about Irish health policy and had access to the files from the 1940s and 1950s, questioned the book's reliability.  Writing a decade later, one of the chief officials of the Labour Party, Fergus Finlay, said Browne had developed into a "bad tempered and curmudgeonly old man". Historian and political scientist Maurice Manning wrote that Browne "had the capacity to inspire fierce loyalty, but many of those who worked with and against him over the years found him difficult, self-centred, unwilling to accept the good faith of his opponents and often profoundly unfair in his intolerance of those who disagreed with him".  However, some of this "difficulty" arose from the fact that Noël Browne was deaf in one ear from an infection. He also suffered numerous attacks of tuberculosis throughout his career, a fact which he kept private. Like most public figures, he rarely showed unpleasant traits to the public.  After retiring from politics, Browne moved with his wife Phyllis to Baile na hAbhann, County Galway, where he died on 21 May 1997, aged 81.

Legacy.

In a 2010 RTÉ public poll, he came in the top 10 of Ireland's Greatest.

Noël Christopher Browne (20 December 1915 – 21 May 1997) was an Irish politician who served as Minister for Health from 1948 to 1951 and Leader of the National Progressive Democrats from 1958 to 1963. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1948 to 1954, 1957 to 1973 and 1977 to 1982. He was a Senator for the University of Dublin from 1973 to 1977.

Noël Browne (20. prosince 1915 – 21. května 1997) byl irský politik. V letech 1948–1951 byl ministrem zdravotnictví Irska. V letech 1948–1954, 1957–1973 a 1977–1981 byl poslancem irského parlamentu. Jeho zdravotnický program (tzv. "Mother and Child Scheme") v roce 1951 způsobil roztržku vlády Johna A. Costella s vlivnou katolickou církví. Spor nakonec vedl k pádu vlády. Program se církvi zdál příliš socialistický a otevírající cestu k potratům. Browne byl členem několika politických stran: "Clann na Poblachta", "Fianna Fáil", "National Progressive Democrats", "Labour Party" a "Socialist Labour Party". V Irsku patřil k nejpopulárnějším politickým osobnostem, v roce 2010 se anketě Největší Ir umístil na 6-10. místě.


Honeycomb geometry.

The axes of honeycomb cells are always quasihorizontal, and the nonangled rows of honeycomb cells are always horizontally (not vertically) aligned. Thus, each cell has two vertically oriented walls, with the upper and lower parts of the cells composed of two angled walls. The open end of a cell is typically referred to as the top of the cell, while the opposite end is called the bottom. The cells slope slightly upwards, between 9 and 14°, towards the open ends.  Two possible explanations exist as to why honeycomb is composed of hexagons, rather than any other shape. First, the hexagonal tiling creates a partition with equal-sized cells, while minimizing the total perimeter of the cells. Known in geometry as the honeycomb conjecture, this was given by Jan Brożek and proved much later by Thomas Hales. Thus, a hexagonal structure uses the least material to create a lattice of cells within a given volume. A second reason, given by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, is that the shape simply results from the process of individual bees putting cells together: somewhat analogous to the boundary shapes created in a field of soap bubbles. In support of this, he notes that queen cells, which are constructed singly, are irregular and lumpy with no apparent attempt at efficiency.  The closed ends of the honeycomb cells are also an example of geometric efficiency, though three-dimensional. The ends are trihedral (i.e., composed of three planes) sections of rhombic dodecahedra, with the dihedral angles of all adjacent surfaces measuring 120°, the angle that minimizes surface area for a given volume. (The angle formed by the edges at the pyramidal apex, known as the tetrahedral angle, is approximately 109° 28' 16" ().)  The shape of the cells is such that two opposing honeycomb layers nest into each other, with each facet of the closed ends being shared by opposing cells. Individual cells do not show this geometric perfection: in a regular comb, deviations of a few percent from the "perfect" hexagonal shape occur. In transition zones between the larger cells of drone comb and the smaller cells of worker comb, or when the bees encounter obstacles, the shapes are often distorted. Cells are also angled up about 13° from horizontal to prevent honey from dripping out.  In 1965, László Fejes Tóth discovered the trihedral pyramidal shape (which is composed of three rhombi) used by the honeybee is not the theoretically optimal three-dimensional geometry. A cell end composed of two hexagons and two smaller rhombuses would actually be.035% (or about one part per 2850) more efficient. This difference is too minute to measure on an actual honeycomb, and irrelevant to the hive economy in terms of efficient use of wax, considering wild comb varies considerably from any mathematical notion of "ideal" geometry.

Role of wax temperature.

Bees used their antennae, mandibles and legs to manipulate the wax during comb construction, while actively warming the wax. During the construction of hexagonal cells, wax temperature is between 33.6 and 37.6°C, well below the 40°C temperature at which wax is assumed to be liquid for initiating new comb construction. The body temperature of bees is a factor for regulating an ideal wax temperature for building the comb.

A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal prismatic wax cells built by honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen.

Včelí plást nebo plástev (latinsky "favus", anglicky "honeycomb") je deska tvořená dvojitou vrstvou šestiúhelníkových voskových buněk, které si staví včely medonosné ve svých hnízdech. Tvorba pravidelné struktury je dána převážně mechanickými vlastnostmi. Obsahuje včelí larvy a zásoby medu a pylu. Prázdný plást či jeho úlomek se nazývá voština.


Early life.

Compton was born in Los Angeles, California. He was an athlete at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), being named an all-conference catcher and All-American selection in 1942. Among his baseball teammates was Jackie Robinson. Compton was later inducted into the UCLA Baseball Hall of Fame. He majored in physical education, with a minor in education. He joined the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity in 1940. He also played with the UCLA football team in the 1943 Rose Bowl game on January 1, 1943; the Georgia Bulldogs beat the UCLA Bruins by a score of 9-0.

Military service.

At UCLA, Compton participated in ROTC under Cadet Commander John Singlaub. In December 1943, he joined the Army and was assigned to E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment in the 101st Airborne Division before Operation Overlord. During the company's action at Brécourt Manor, Compton and others, under the leadership of Lieutenant Richard Winters, assaulted a German battery of four 105 mm howitzers firing on Utah Beach, disabling the guns and routing the enemy. Compton was awarded the Silver Star for his action in disabling the guns. Episode two ("Day of Days") of the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" depicts this assault. During the battle, he threw a grenade that was said to have no arc and hit the German soldier on the back of the helmet.  Later in 1944, Compton was shot through the buttocks while participating in Operation Market Garden, the Allies' ill-fated attempt to seize a number of bridges in the Netherlands and cross the Rhine River into Germany. The bullet traveled sideways, through one side of the buttocks and out the other side. After a partial recovery, he returned to E Company in time for the siege in the frozen Ardennes that became known as the Battle of the Bulge.  Compton was evacuated for severe trench foot; Stephen E. Ambrose concluded that Compton had been "unnerved" by witnessing the carnage involving two of his closest friends, Joe Toye and William Guarnere. Compton wrote in his autobiography, "...although I was affected by the horrors of Bastogne, I do not believe I was clinically shell shocked, as the series portrays me. In real life, while I was hollering for the medic, trying to figure out what to do, I remember two distinct thoughts: How are we going to help the wounded guys?...Maybe this is the time the Germans are really going to get us all."  In January 1945, Compton left E Company with an honorable discharge. He returned on VE Day for the company's annual baseball game.  In 1947, he joined the Air Force Reserve, serving in the Office of Special Investigations and eventually Judge Advocate General Corps before retiring as a lieutenant colonel in 1970.

Later years.

In 1946 he turned down an offer to play minor league baseball, choosing instead to concentrate on a career in law. Compton married Donna Newman in October 1947 and the couple adopted two children. He attended Loyola Law School in Los Angeles, joined the Los Angeles Police Department in 1946 and became a detective in the Central Burglary Division. He left the LAPD for the District Attorney's office in 1951 as a deputy district attorney, and was promoted in 1964 to chief deputy district attorney.  During his time with the District Attorney's office, he successfully prosecuted Sirhan Sirhan for the murder of Robert F. Kennedy. In 1970, Governor Ronald Reagan appointed him an Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal. He retired from the bench in 1990 and resided in the state of Washington until his death.  Compton's memoirs, entitled "Call of Duty: My Life before, during and after the Band of Brothers" and written with Marcus Brotherton, were published by Berkeley Publishing on May 6, 2008. A celebration of Compton's 90th birthday was held in January 2012 with nearly 200 in attendance including "Band of Brothers" actors Michael Cudlitz, James Madio, Neal McDonough, and Richard Speight, Jr. McDonough developed a friendship with Compton while making the miniseries and kept in touch afterwards. McDonough's son Morgan is nicknamed "Little Buck" in honor of Compton.

Failing health and death.

In January 2012 Compton suffered a heart attack. On February 25, 2012, he died at a daughter's home in Burlington, Washington. His wife Donna having died previously in 1994, Compton was survived by two daughters and four grandchildren.

Lynn Davis "Buck" Compton (December 31, 1921 – February 25, 2012) was an American jurist, police officer, and soldier. In his legal career, he served as a prosecutor and California Court of Appeal judge, and is most notable as having been the lead prosecutor in Sirhan Sirhan's trial for the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Previously, he served with the Los Angeles Police Department. During World War II, he was a commissioned officer with E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army. Compton was portrayed in the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" by Neal McDonough.

Lynn Davis „Buck“ Compton byl soudce kalifornského odvolacího soudu a vedoucí žalobce v případu Sirhana Sirhana, vraha Roberta F. Kennedyho. Předtím, mezi lety 1946 a 1951 sloužil jako policista v Los Angeles, během 2. světové války byl důstojníkem Easy Company z 2. praporu 506. parašutistického pěchotního pluku 101. výsadkové divize armády Spojených států amerických. Osudy této roty, a tudíž také samotného nadporučíka Comptona, byly vyobrazeny v miniseriálu HBO zvaném "Bratrstvo neohrožených", kde jej hrál Neal McDonough.


Related beverages.

A "caffè lungo" should not be mistaken for a "caffè americano" (an espresso with hot water added to it) or a long black (hot water with a short black added to it, which is the inverse order to an Americano and done to preserve the crema).  In the lungo, all the water is brewed, and the lungo is generally shorter than an Americano or a long black.  In comparison, the caffè crema is a significantly longer drink, comparable in size to an Americano or long black. (This drink is rare in the English-speaking world.) Like the lungo, it is all brewed water, but is about twice as long as a lungo.

Flavour.

A "lungo" is less strong, but more bitter, than an espresso, because the additional hot water passing through the ground coffee extracts components that would normally remain undissolved. The more water is passed through the coffee grounds, the more bitter and watery the shot tastes. Conversely, using less water than normal produces a stronger, richer shot known as a "ristretto".  As the amount of water is increased or decreased relative to a normal shot, the composition of the shot changes due to the fact that the flavour components of coffee dissolve at varying rates. For this reason, a long or short shot will not contain the same ratio of components that a normal shot contains. Therefore, a ristretto is not simply twice as "strong" as a regular shot, nor is a lungo simply half the strength. Moreover, since espresso is brewed under pressure, a lungo does not have the same taste or composition as coffee produced by other methods, even when made with the same ratio of water and ground coffee.

Brewing.

Ristretto, normale, and lungo are relative terms without exact measurements. Nevertheless, a rough guide is a brewing ratio of 1:1 for ristretto, 1:2 for normale, and 1:3–1:4 for lungo – a ristretto is thus 30 ml/1 oz (the foamy crema slightly increases this volume), normale is 60 ml/2 oz, and lungo is 90–120 ml/3–4 oz. By contrast, a caffè crema will be approximately 180 ml/6 oz.

Lungo (Italian for "long") is a coffee beverage made by using an espresso machine to make an Italian-style coffee – short black (a single espresso shot) with much more water (generally twice as much), resulting in a larger coffee, a "lungo".

Lungo (italský výraz pro "„dlouhé“") je varianta espressa, v níž daným množstvím kávy proteče větší objem vody, což výsledný nápoj činí slabším (řidším) ale více hořkým. Na jeden šálek připadá 7 gramů kávy. U tohoto druhu nápoje by se káva měla extrahovat 25 sekund. Toho, aby se do nápoje nevylouhovaly i nežádoucí trpké látky, jako by tomu bylo u standardního espressa, je docíleno hrubším namletím kávy a silnějším upěchováním v páce.


Statistics.

At long and wide and with an unladen weight of, the P50 holds the record as the smallest car ever to go into production. The Peel P50's diminutive size and width means that it can quite easily fit through doorways and enter buildings, as demonstrated by Jeremy Clarkson during a sequence on a 2008 episode of "Top Gear", where a blue P50 was driven through the BBC's Television Centre.

1962–1966.

The P50 used a DKW engine, which gave it a top speed of approximately, and was equipped with a three-speed manual transmission that had no reverse gear. Consequently, turning in a confined area could be achieved only by pushing, or lifting the car using the handle on the rear and physically pulling it round. The makers and users claim fuel consumption of.  In 1963, as a publicity stunt, a Peel P50 was taken to the top of Blackpool Tower in the lift and driven around the observation balcony.  At least one prototype, the "Peel P55 Saloon Scooter", has also survived. Unlike the production Peel P50 (along with all developments and replicas thereof), this prototype used the less stable layout of a single wheel at the front and two at the back.  Approximately 47 Peel P50s were sold at £199 each.  On 15 February 2013 at the Bruce Weiner RM Auction a genuine 1964 Peel P50 (Registration number ARX 37B) achieved in excess of ().

2011 to present.

In 2011 businessmen, Gary Hillman and Faizal Khan, went to the "Dragons' Den" asking for £80,000. They got the investment and started a new company to put their revised models into production. Three replica models were available initially: Gas, Eco and Fun. The line was later reduced to two: the Petrol and Electric models. These are hand-built to order in Sutton-in-Ashfield by Micro Car Specialists for the domestic and export markets.  In 2018 it was reported that Peel Engineering sells around fifteen P50s annually, plus ten or so continuations of its bigger sister, the two-seat bubblecar Peel Trident. The conventional piston engined P50 is more requested in the UK, priced at £14,879 – whereas greater demand for the Peel comes from the US, where the electric model (at £13,679) helps owners to comply with emissions regulations.

Legal status.

The Peel P50 was and is still road-legal in the UK and, being in the "three-wheeler" category and less than, it is now also street-legal in the US. Cars were exported to other countries, sometimes being classified as a moped (e.g. the P50 that went to Finland). Equally, in the Netherlands, the Peel is not a car — the vehicle's 50cc engine and its 45 km/h top speed place it in the EU's quadricycle legal bracket.

The Peel P50 is a three-wheeled microcar originally made from 1962 to 1965 by the Peel Engineering Company on the Isle of Man. It was listed in the 2010 Guinness World Records as the smallest production car ever made. It had no reverse gear, but a handle at the rear allows the very lightweight car to be manoeuvred physically when required.

Peel P50 je tříkolové vozidlo z ostrova Man, který se nachází v Irském moři. Od roku 1962 drží titul nejmenšího sériově vyráběného auta. Vylepšenou verzí je automobil z roku 1965 Peel Trident. Peel P50 má délku pouhých 1,37 metru, metr na šířku a na výšku 1,2 metru. Váží pouze asi 50 kg. Pohání ho dvoudobý motor o objemu 50 centimetrů krychlových. Peel má náhon na zadní kolo a Zajímavostí jsou také dveře otevírající se na druhou stranu (panty mají vzadu). Automobil má výkon 5 koní a jede až 65 kilometrů v hodině. Nyní se vyrábí také elektrická verze o dojezdu do 30 kilometrů. Elektrické verze jsou o několik desítek tisíc levnější než benzínové.


Background.

"Final Destination" was written by Jeffrey Reddick after having "read a story about a woman who was on vacation and her mom called her and said, 'Don't take the flight tomorrow, I have a really bad feeling about it.'". The woman switched flights and the plane she was originally supposed to take crashed. Originally having written the script as an episode of "The X Files", Reddick decided to turn the script into a feature-length film at the behest of one of his New Line Cinema colleagues. After reading his spec script, New Line Cinema hired Reddick to write the screenplay; James Wong and Glen Morgan were later brought on board to help with the script, making alterations to comply with their standards.

Films.

"Final Destination".

In the original "Final Destination", high school student Alex Browning (Devon Sawa) boards Volee Airlines Flight 180 with his classmates for a field trip to Paris, France. Before take-off, Alex has a premonition that the plane will explode in mid-air, killing everyone on board. When the events from his vision begin to repeat themselves in reality, he panics, and a fight breaks out, which leads to several passengers being left behind, including Clear Rivers (Ali Larter), Carter Horton (Kerr Smith), Billy Hitchcock (Seann William Scott), Valerie Lewton (Kristen Cloke), Terry Chaney (Amanda Detmer), and Tod Waggner (Chad Donella), who witness the plane explode moments later. Afterwards, the survivors begin to die one by one through a series of bizarre accidents, and Alex attempts to find a way to "cheat" Death's plan before it is too late. Six months later, Alex, Clear, and Carter travel to Paris to celebrate their survival, believing they have finally cheated Death; however, after Carter is crushed by a giant neon sign, they realize that Death's plan is still in action.

"Final Destination 2".

"Final Destination 2", picking up one year after the first film, features college student Kimberly Corman (A. J. Cook) heading to Daytona Beach for spring break with her friends Shaina, Dano, and Frankie (Sarah Carter, Alex Rae, and Shaun Sipos). En route, Kimberly has a premonition of a huge car pileup on Route 23, killing everyone involved. She stalls her SUV on the entrance ramp, preventing several people from entering the highway, including state trooper Thomas Burke (Michael Landes), Eugene Dix (T.C. Carson), Rory Peters (Jonathan Cherry), Kat Jennings (Keegan Connor Tracy), Nora and Tim Carpenter (Lynda Boyd and James Kirk), Evan Lewis (David Paetkau), and pregnant Isabella Hudson (Justina Machado). While Officer Burke questions Kimberly, the pileup occurs as she predicted. In the days following the accident, the survivors begin to die one by one in a series of bizarre accidents. After learning about the explosion of Flight 180, Kimberly teams up with Clear Rivers, the only survivor of Flight 180, to try to save a new group of people from Death. This time the survivors are told that only "new life" can defeat Death, and they must stay alive long enough for Isabella to have her baby. It is later revealed that Isabella was never meant to die in the pileup, and Kimberly drowns herself in a lake so that she can be resuscitated by emergency staff, thus granting her "new life"; saving her and Officer Burke.

"Final Destination 3".

"Final Destination 3", set six years after the explosion of Flight 180 and four years after the pileup on Route 23, has high school student Wendy Christensen (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) visiting an amusement park for grad night with her friends Kevin Fischer (Ryan Merriman), Jason Wise (Jesse Moss), and Carrie Dreyer (Gina Holden). As Wendy and her friends board the Devil's Flight roller coaster, Wendy has a premonition that the ride will crash, killing everyone on board. When Wendy panics a fight breaks out and several people leave or are forced off the ride before the accident occurs, including Kevin, Wendy's younger sister Julie (Amanda Crew), Ian McKinley (Kris Lemche), Perry Malinowski (Maggie Ma), Erin Ulmer (Alexz Johnson), Lewis Romero (Texas Battle), Frankie Cheeks (Sam Easton), Ashley Freund (Chelan Simmons), and Ashlyn Halperin (Crystal Lowe). When the survivors start to die one by one in a series of strange accidents, Wendy and Kevin set out to save those who remain after they learn of the events of the first two films. They also figure out that the photographs they took at the park have hints of their deaths. Most of their attempts are futile, with the exception of Julie and themselves, leading them to believe they have cheated Death. However, the three "coincidentally" cross paths five months later and are caught in a horrifying subway accident.

"The Final Destination".

In "The Final Destination", set nine years after the explosion of Flight 180, eight years after the pileup on Route 23, and four years after the Devil's Flight disaster, college student Nick O'Bannon (Bobby Campo) visits the McKinley Speedway for a study break with his friends Lori Milligan (Shantel VanSanten), Janet Cunningham (Haley Webb), and Hunt Wynorski (Nick Zano). While watching the race, Nick has a premonition that a race car crash will send debris into the stands, causing the stadium to collapse on the guests. When Nick panics a fight breaks out and several people leave before the accident occurs, including, his friends Lori, Janet, and Hunt, security guard George Lanter (Mykelti Williamson), and spectators Jonathan Groves (Jackson Walker), Andy Kewzer (Andrew Fiscella), Samantha Lane (Krista Allen), Carter Daniels (Justin Welborn), and Nadia Monroy (Stephanie Honoré). Once again, the survivors are killed in a series of strange accidents except for Janet, who is rescued just moments before her death. This leads the remaining survivors to believe that they have cheated Death, until Nick has another premonition of a disastrous explosion at a shopping mall, which he manages to prevent, saving himself, Lori, and Janet. Two weeks later, Nick realizes the mall disaster vision was only meant to lead them to where Death needed them to be and all three are killed by a runaway semi.

"Final Destination 5".

In "Final Destination 5", Sam Lawton (Nicholas D'Agosto) is on his way to a corporate retreat with his colleagues. While they cross the North Bay Bridge, Sam has a premonition that the bridge will collapse, killing everyone on it. Sam manages to persuade several of his co-workers to get off the bridge before the accident occurs, including Molly Harper (Emma Bell), Nathan Sears (Arlen Escarpeta), Peter Friedkin (Miles Fisher), Dennis Lapman (David Koechner), Olivia Castle (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood), Isaac Palmer (P. J. Byrne), and Candice Hooper (Ellen Wroe). After Candice and Isaac die in bizarre accidents, Sam is warned that Death is still after the survivors and told that if he wants to live he must kill someone who was never meant to die on the bridge, and claim their remaining lifespan. Olivia and Dennis are killed before they have a chance to save themselves, but Nathan claims the lifespan of a co-worker when he accidentally causes his death in a warehouse accident. Peter attempts to kill Molly, jealous that she survived instead of Candice. He eventually gains the lifespan of an investigating agent, but is killed by Sam before he can kill Molly. Sam and Molly later board a plane to Paris, which is revealed to be Flight 180 from the first film. When the fuselage is torn apart by the exploding engine fragments, Molly is sucked out of the plane while Sam is killed in the subsequent explosion. The landing gear is sent flying towards New York City and crashes into a cocktail bar, killing Nathan, since the co-worker whose life he claimed had a terminal illness and was due to die "any day now".

Sixth film.

In early 2011, Tony Todd said in an interview with Dread Central that if "Final Destination 5" was a success at the box office, then two sequels would be filmed back-to-back. On August 23, 2011, when asked whether he would be directing a sequel, Steven Quale elaborated, "Who knows. Never say never. I mean, it'll be up to the fans. We'll see how this one performs internationally, and if it makes as much money as the fourth one, I'm sure Warner Brothers will want to make another one."  In January 2019, it was announced that a reboot is in development, from Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan will write the script, with the plot described as a "re-imagining" of the franchise. In August 2019, Devon Sawa expressed interest in returning to the franchise in the reboot.  In March 2020, it was announced that the film, set in the same canon as the first five films, would focus on first responders, with series producer Craig Perry stating, "We're toying with having it take place in the world of first responders: EMTs, firemen, and police. These people deal with death on the front lines every day and make choices that can cause people to live or die. We rely on their good judgment, expertise, and calm demeanor. So why not put those people in the nightmare situation where every choice can bring about life and death – but now for themselves? We're thinking that world might be an interesting way into a "Final Destination" movie, and one which can also generate unique set pieces in a very credible way."

Reception.

Box office performance.

"Final Destination", when compared to other top-grossing American horror franchises and adjusting for the 2011 inflation is the tenth highest grossing horror franchise in the United States at approximately $347.8 million.

Critical and public response.

The franchise has been praised for its innovative premise of the invisible abstract concept of Death killing people instead of a usual slasher killer, and the creativity of the films' death sequences.

Other media.

Novels.

Throughout 2005, publishing company Black Flame released a series of "Final Destination" books which faithfully follow the premise of the films, with each involving a group of people who find themselves targeted by Death after surviving a catastrophe of some sort due to a character experiencing a precognitive vision. Their first five novels all featured original stories, with the first novel, entitled "Dead Reckoning", has punk rocker Jessica Golden saving herself and several others from the collapse of Club Kitty in Los Angeles, earning Death's ire. "Destination Zero", also set in LA, has magazine employee Patricia Fuller and few others survive a train bombing and afterward, while being stalked by Death, Patti learns this is not the first time her family has been hunted by the entity. "End of the Line" has a group of New York City subway crash survivors, led by twins Danny and Louise King, trying to escape Death, who uses an unknowing agent to hasten its acquisition of the survivors. In "Dead Man's Hand" a group meant to die in the crash of a Las Vegas glass elevator are stalked by both Death and the FBI, the latter believing the group's savior Allie Goodwin-Gaines was responsible for the elevator crash. "Looks Could Kill" has beautiful New York model Stephanie "Sherry" Pulaski stopping her friends from boarding a yacht when she has a vision of it exploding, but is left horribly disfigured and comatose by flying debris moments afterward when her vision comes true; eventually awakening the embittered Stephanie makes a deal with Death, aiding it in claiming her friends in exchange for having her good looks restored.  After the run of the original series of books Black Flame released novelizations of the first three films in January 2006. Black Flame's last "Final Destination" novel was "Death of the Senses" released in mid-2006. Taking place in New York the book has a homeless man named Jack Curtis saving policewoman Amy Tom from a maniac after having a vision of Amy's death; Amy's attacker is later revealed to be a serial killer who was meant to murder six other people (representing the first five senses and a sixth) who Death begins targeting as Jack and Amy rush to find and warn the intended victims. It was, due to a printing error, only available for a short period of time before being recalled, leaving only a few copies in circulation. A tenth novel, titled "Wipeout" and written by Alex Johnson, was planned, but cancelled; the book would have featured a pair of surfers and several others, after surviving a plane crash in Hawaii, being hunted by Death and the survivor of another disaster, an unstable soldier who had nearly died in an ambush in Afghanistan.

Comic books.

The first "Final Destination" comic book, titled "Sacrifice", was published by Zenescope Entertainment and came packaged with a limited edition DVD of "Final Destination 3", sold exclusively at Circuit City stores. The premise of the story involves the survivor of a terrible accident and his friend Jim, who continually experiences images of other people's deaths, isolating himself from the rest of the world to escape the visions that torment him. Zenescope later released a five issue miniseries, titled "Final Destination: Spring Break", which involves a group led by Carly Hagan being stalked by Death after surviving a hotel fire and becoming stranded in Cancún, Mexico. The miniseries was later released in a trade paperback collection, which included the "Sacrifice" comic as bonus content.

Final Destination is an American horror franchise composed of five films, two comic books, and nine novels. It is based on an unproduced spec script by Jeffrey Reddick, originally written for "The X-Files" television series, and was distributed by New Line Cinema. All five films center around a small group of people who escape impending death when one individual (the protagonist of each film) has a sudden premonition and warns them that they will all die in a terrible mass-casualty accident. After avoiding their foretold deaths, the survivors are killed one by one in bizarre accidents caused by an unseen force creating complicated chains of cause and effect, resembling Rube Goldberg machines in their complexity, and then read omens sent by another unseen entity in order to again avert their deaths.

Nezvratný osud (v anglickém originále "Final Destination") je americká série filmových hororů uvedených do kin mezi lety 2000 a 2011.


Career.

Jibril graduated in Economics and Political Science from Cairo University in 1975, then earned a master's degree in political science in 1980 and a doctorate in political science in 1985, both from the University of Pittsburgh.  Jibril led the team which drafted and formed the Unified Arab Training manual. He was also responsible for organizing and administering the first two training conferences in the Arab world in the years 1987 and 1988. He later took over the management and administration of many of the leadership training programs for senior management in Arab countries including Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates.  From 2007 to early 2011, he served in the Gaddafi regime as head of the National Planning Council of Libya and of the National Economic Development Board of Libya (NEDB). While there, he was a protégé and close friend of Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and promoted privatization and liberalization policies.

National Transitional Council.

On 23 March 2011, amidst the Libyan Civil War, the National Transitional Council officially formed a transitional government and Jibril was appointed to head it. Jibril led meetings and negotiations with French President Nicolas Sarkozy, a meeting that resulted in France officially recognizing the National Transitional Council as the sole representative of the Libyan people. He also met with UK Foreign Secretary William Hague and then-U.S. Ambassador to Libya Gene Cretz, successfully persuading them to publicly back the NTC.  Following his appointment as the NTC's head of government, Jibril was referred to by foreign officials as both as the interim prime minister and the chairman of the Executive Board, the title attributed to him by the NTC official website. References to Jibril as the prime minister, including by news organisations, foreign government ministries and world leaders, have increased significantly after rebels entered Tripoli in late August 2011.  In his capacity as the NTC's top diplomat, Jibril was also referred to as the council's foreign minister, though this may have been a colloquial title. Qatar-based news organization Al Jazeera also called him "the NTC's chief of staff" on at least one occasion.  The Executive Board was sacked "en masse" by decision of the NTC on 8 August over its sluggish response to the assassination of General Abdul Fatah Younis, Benghazi's top commander. Jibril was asked to form a new board subject to the council's approval. Though Jibril stayed on as the board's chairman, a spokesman for the NTC said he would be required to spend less time out of the country.  On 21 August, amidst the Battle of Tripoli, Jibril gave a televised speech urging revolutionary fighters against looting, revenge killing, abusing foreign nationals, and mistreating prisoners of war. He also called for unity and asked that police and army units in Tripoli disavow Gaddafi but remain at their posts. Jibril declared, "Today, all Libya's people are allowed to participate in the building of the future to build institutions with the aid of a constitution that does not differentiate between a man and a woman, sects or ethnicities. Libya is for everyone and will now be for everyone. Libya has the right to create an example that will be followed in the Arab region."  In September, Jibril "proposed 36 names for a new cabinet, including friends and relatives, and retained the prime minister and foreign minister slots for himself." He later retracted the proposal when NTC members objected, but an anonymous council official said it had "left a bitter taste".

Resignation.

On 3 October 2011, Jibril announced that he would resign from government once the country had been "liberated". He later specified this meant the capture of Sirte from loyalist holdouts. On 20 October 2011, Sirte was captured and Muammar Gaddafi was killed. Keeping his promise to leave at the war's end, Jibril resigned three days later. He was succeeded by Abdurrahim El-Keib on 31 October.

In the National Forces Alliance.

In 2012, Jibril became a member of the newly founded political union, the National Forces Alliance. On 14 March 2012, he was elected leader of the alliance. Jibril represented his party in the General National Congress election.  In the national elections of 7 September 2012, Jibril described his party as a supporter of democracy and also as an advocate of Sharia. The NFA won the largest number of seats in these elections. At the time, Jibril ran for a second term as prime minister. Jibril won the first round of voting, with 86 votes, significantly more than the 55 votes obtained by his primary opponent, Mustafa Abushagur. However, in the second round of voting, Abushagur ultimately defeated Jibril.

Death.

Jibril suffered from cardiac arrest and was admitted to the Ganzouri Specialized Hospital in Cairo, Egypt, on 21 March 2020. Three days later, he tested positive for COVID-19. Jibril died on 5 April 2020 at the age of 67.

Mahmoud Jibril el-Warfally (), also transcribed Jabril or Jebril or Gebril (28 May 1952 – 5 April 2020), was a Libyan politician who served as the interim Prime Minister of Libya for seven and a half months during the Libyan Civil War, chairing the executive board of the National Transitional Council (NTC) from 5 March to 23 October 2011. He also served as the Head of International Affairs., Jibril was the head of one of the largest political parties in Libya, the National Forces Alliance.

Mahmúd Džibríl (; 28. května 1952, Libye – 5. dubna 2020) byl libyjský politik. Vykonával de facto funkci předsedy vlády Libye od 5. března do 23. října 2011 během Libyjské občanské války z titulu předsedy exekutivní komise Dočasné národní přechodné rady. Poté se stal v březnu 2012 předsedou Aliance národních sil, jedné z nejsilnějších politických stran v zemi.


Early life.

Saraya-Jade Bevis was born in Norwich on 17 August 1992. She is part of a professional wrestling family; her parents, Julia Hamer-Bevis and Ian Bevis, and her older brothers, Roy Bevis and Zak Frary, are wrestlers. The family runs the World Association of Wrestling (WAW) promotion in Norwich and her mother owns and operates Bellatrix Female Warriors, a women's wrestling promotion also based in Norwich. Bevis' mother once unknowingly wrestled while she was seven months pregnant with Bevis. For a time, Jake "The Snake" Roberts lived with the family. As a child, Bevis was scared of wrestling because of the injuries her family received and the concept that her parents fought other people for a living. She also intended to become a zoologist. At age 13, she made her debut as a wrestler. At the age of 15, she worked as a bouncer and bartender at her parents' pub while they were away. She attended The Hewett School in Norwich and graduated in 2008.

Professional wrestling career.

European independent circuit (2005–2011).

Bevis made her debut in 2005, at the age of 13, when her father, who was running a wrestling show, asked her to replace a wrestler who failed to turn up. Her earliest recorded match was in April 2006 when she, using the ring name Britani Knight, teamed with her mother for a loss in a triple threat tag team match in World Association of Wrestling (WAW). Knight then allied with Melodi to form a tag team called the Norfolk Dolls (based on the movie The California Dolls) and they wrestled in multiple English promotions. The Norfolk Dolls won the new World Association of Women's Wrestling (WAWW) Tag Team Championship in June 2007 by defeating the Legion of Womb, but it became inactive due to no title defences by the Norfolk Dolls. At the age of 14, Knight sent résumés to numerous wrestling promotions around Europe and earned a chance to wrestle in countries like Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Belgium, France, Turkey, Denmark, Norway, and Germany, as well as the United States, managing to travel by herself at 14. She began to compete for singles championships without much initial success. In Scotland, Knight competed for the World Wide Wrestling League (W3L) Women's Title, but lost to Sara in the tournament finals in September 2007. In December 2007, Knight took part in a tournament where the winner would become the first WAWW British Champion, but lost in the finals to Jetta. In 2008, Knight challenged both Sara and Jetta for their respective titles, but failed in her title bids.  Knight went on to achieve more singles success from 2009. In August 2009, Knight defeated her mother Sweet Saraya in a two-out-of-three falls match to capture the vacant Herts and Essex (HEW) Women's Championship. Later that month, Knight once again defeated Saraya to capture the WAWW British Championship. In November 2009, Knight captured the Real Deal Wrestling (RDW) Women's Championship from her mother in an elimination match also featuring Chelsey Love and Stacey Baybie. In December 2009, while in HEW, Knight won the RQW Women's Championship by defeating Jetta in a champion vs. champion match with her HEW Women's Championship on the line. In May 2010, Knight and her mother challenged Amazon and Ananya for the PWF Ladies Tag Team Championship, which they won. On 17 July 2010, Knight lost the HEW Women's Championship to her mother.  On 22 January 2011, Knight captured the German Stampede Wrestling Ladies' Championship from Blue Nikita. Knight also competed at debut show of Turkish Power Wrestling in Ankara in January 2011, with a losing effort against Shanna for the inaugural TPW Ladies Crown. On 11 March, she recaptured the HEW Women's Championship from her mother. Knight returned to on 8 April to participate in a two-night tournament to crown the first ever. In the first night, Knight lost a four-way match to Jenny Sjödin, won a Last Chance battle royal, then defeated Sjödin in the quarter-final match. The next day, she defeated Jetta in the semi-final match, and later in the finals defeated Nikki Storm to win the Pro Wrestling: EVE Championship. On 30 April, Knight won the SCW Ladies Championship by defeating champion Amy Cooper. Also in 2011, Knight won an elimination match to become WAWW Hardcore Champion.  On 4 June, Knight lost her Pro-Wrestling: EVE Championship to Jenny Sjödin, and on 26 June, Knight lost her SCW Ladies Championship to her mother during a four-way match also involving Amy Cooper and Laura Wellings. On 2 August, Knight and her mother lost their PWF Ladies Tag Team Championship to Amazon and Destiny in a two-out-of-three falls match. On 12 November, Knight vacated the HEW Women's Championship. Knight also lost the WAWW British Championship to Liberty on 19 November 2011, while also vacating the RQW Women's Championship on that day.

Shimmer Women Athletes (2011).

Bevis, again billed as Britani Knight, debuted for the American all-female promotion Shimmer Women Athletes on 26 March 2011 at the tapings of Volume 37 in Berwyn, Illinois. Teaming with her mother Saraya Knight, as the Knight Dynasty, they were managed by Rebecca Knox and defeated Nikki Roxx and Ariel via disqualification after the other team used the Dynasty's brass knuckles. This led to the Knight Dynasty receiving Shimmer Tag Team Championship match against the Seven Star Sisters (Hiroyo Matsumoto and Misaki Ohata) at Volume 38, which the Knight Dynasty lost.  In October 2011 at Volume 42, the Knight Dynasty lost another Shimmer Tag Team Championship match against champions Ayako Hamada and Ayumi Kurihara when Saraya refused to help Britani. Saraya then scolded Britani after the match. At Volume 43, Britani lost to Jessie McKay, which was her third consecutive loss. This led to Saraya disowning (in storyline) and slapping Britani, before a brawl between the two ensued and had to be pulled apart. Britani subsequently challenged Saraya to a match at Volume 44, where Britani defeated Saraya under no disqualification rules, in what was her final Shimmer match.

WWE.

Florida Championship Wrestling (2011–2012).

Bevis was first informed that there would be try-outs for WWE when a talent scout came to a show in England. She was unsuccessful in her first try in November 2010, but succeeded in April 2011. In September 2011, Bevis signed a contract with WWE and was assigned to its then-developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). She made her debut for FCW at a house show on 5 January 2012, using the ring name Saraya. Her ring name was then changed to Paige, as she made her televised debut in an appearance on the 26 February episode of "FCW TV". From March 2012, Paige formed an alliance with Sofia Cortez, dubbing themselves the "Anti-Diva Army". Paige made her televised in-ring debut in a tag team match alongside Cortez on 19 March, where the duo lost to Audrey Marie and Kaitlyn. Paige and Cortez then formed a brief association with Rick Victor, winning a mixed tag team match against Audrey Marie and Aiden English. On 6 May, Paige pinned the FCW Divas Champion, Raquel Diaz in a non-title triple threat match, which also involved Audrey Marie. This earned Paige a championship match against Diaz on the 27 May episode of "FCW TV", where Diaz's chicanery led to Paige being disqualified and Diaz retained her title. Dissension was teased within the Anti-Diva Army as Paige moved on to feud with Audrey Marie. Paige lost to Marie on 11 June on "FCW TV" after Cortez interfered against her, signalling the end of the alliance. On the final episode of "FCW TV" on 15 July, Paige and Cortez ended their feud with Marie emerging victorious in a no disqualification match.

NXT Women's Champion (2012–2014).

WWE went on to rebrand its developmental territory FCW into NXT. Paige's NXT television debut took place on the third episode of the rebooted "NXT", taped at Full Sail University, in which she lost to Sofia Cortez. From September 2012, after gaining a large surge in crowd support Paige went on a winning streak defeating the likes of Audrey Marie, Sasha Banks, Emma, Aksana, and multiple victories over Alicia Fox.  On 30 January 2013, Paige was assaulted by ring announcer Summer Rae, due to Rae's jealousy of Paige's popularity and success. On the 13 February episode of "NXT", Paige suffered a shoulder injury after brawling with Rae, which Rae exploited later that episode to end Paige's undefeated streak. After Paige continued to confront Rae, Paige defeated Rae in a singles match, despite Rae's pre-match attack, on the 1 May episode of "NXT". In June, Paige entered a tournament to determine the first NXT Women's Champion. She defeated Tamina Snuka and Alicia Fox en route to the final, in which she defeated Emma to become the inaugural champion (the episode aired on tape delay on 24 July 2013, the day WWE officially begins her reign).  Paige made her first successful title defence on the 14 August episode of "NXT", defeating Summer Rae. In the following months, Paige teamed up with Emma to feud with Summer Rae and Sasha Banks. Paige successfully defended her title against Natalya on the 4 December episode of "NXT", and against Emma on 27 February 2014 at NXT Arrival. On 24 April, Paige was forced to vacate her NXT Women's Championship, ending her reign at 274 days, due to being elevated to the main roster and winning the Divas Championship.

Divas Champion (2014–2015).

Paige surprisingly made her main roster debut on the 7 April 2014 episode of "Raw", the night after WrestleMania XXX, congratulating Divas Champion AJ Lee on her successful title defence at the pay-per-view event, after which AJ slapped Paige, challenging her to an impromptu match for the championship, which Paige quickly won, making her the youngest Divas Champion in history at the age of 21, the first Diva to win the title in her debut match and the only woman to hold both Divas and NXT Women's Championships at the same time. Paige had her first successful title defence on the 28 April episode of "Raw" in an impromptu match against Brie Bella, which went to a no contest due to Kane attacking Brie, as Paige escaped. In her first successful title defence on pay-per-view, Paige defeated Tamina Snuka on 4 May at Extreme Rules.  Paige suffered her first defeat on the main roster on the 19 May episode of "Raw" against Alicia Fox in a non-title match, which led to a title match between the two at Payback, where Paige prevailed. In June, Paige started a feud with Cameron and defeated her in two non-title matches. However, Cameron's tag team partner Naomi went on to defeat Paige in a non-title match and was granted a title match at Money in the Bank, which Paige won. During this time, WWE was criticised for failing to develop Paige's character despite being able to do so for Paige's opponents and for portraying Paige as a vulnerable champion while she was proving herself in the storyline.  On the post-Money in the Bank episode of "Raw" on 30 June, a role reversal occurred when a returning AJ Lee quickly defeated Paige in a title match to regain the Divas Championship, in which Paige was initially reluctant to face Lee, but she then agreed to the match per request of the live audience. Despite the championship loss, Paige acted as if she were best friends with Lee during tag matches in which they teamed together. At Battleground, Paige lost a rematch for the Divas Championship to Lee. On the post-Battleground episode of "Raw" on 21 July, after Paige and Lee won a tag match against Emma and Natalya, Paige turned villainous after viciously assaulting Lee. This eventually set up another title match between the two on 17 August, Paige's 22nd birthday, at SummerSlam, which Paige won to capture her second Divas Championship. A month later at Night of Champions, Paige lost the title back to Lee in a triple threat match which also involved Nikki Bella. Paige then formed an alliance with Alicia Fox while still feuding with Lee but after Fox failed to secure Paige a victory in another title match against Lee at Hell in a Cell, Paige dissolved their alliance by attacking Fox the following night on "Raw". At Survivor Series, Paige participated in a 4-on-4 elimination tag team match where she was the last person from her team to be eliminated, courtesy of Naomi.  On the 5 January 2015 episode of "Raw", Paige became a fan favourite again as she rescued Natalya from a post-match assault by Divas Champion Nikki Bella which led to a non-title match between the two the following night on "Main Event", which Paige won. This led to a tag team match between Paige and Natalya against The Bella Twins at the Royal Rumble, which The Bella Twins won. Following weeks of being tormented by The Bella Twins, Paige unsuccessfully challenged Nikki for the Divas Championship at Fastlane and on the 2 March episode of "Raw", after which, the returning AJ Lee saved Paige from a post-match attack by The Bellas. This led to a tag team match at WrestleMania 31 between Paige and Lee against The Bella Twins, which Paige and Lee won in Paige's WrestleMania début. On the 13 April episode of "Raw", Paige won a battle royal to become the number one contender to Nikki Bella's Divas Championship and was attacked after the match by Naomi, who injured her in the storyline and made her unable to compete. Paige returned on the 18 May episode of "Raw", after a one-month absence, saving Nikki Bella from an attack by Naomi and Tamina Snuka, before attacking Bella as well. This prompted a triple threat match between Paige, Naomi and Nikki at Elimination Chamber, which Paige lost. In June, Paige went on to unsuccessfully challenge Nikki for the championship in two singles matches on "Raw" and Money in the Bank, after Nikki and Brie switched places and in a triple threat match on 4 July at The Beast in the East, which also involved Tamina.

Women's Revolution (2015–2016).

On the 13 July episode of "Raw", after weeks of being outnumbered by The Bella Twins and their ally Alicia Fox, Stephanie McMahon called for a "revolution" in the Divas division, introducing the débuting Charlotte and Becky Lynch as Paige's allies and NXT Women's Champion Sasha Banks as an ally of Naomi and Tamina, which led to a brawl between the three teams. The trio of Paige, Charlotte and Becky, originally dubbed "Submission Sorority", was renamed "Team PCB", after the first-name initials of each wrestler. The three teams would ultimately face off at SummerSlam in a three-team elimination match, which PCB won after Becky Lynch pinned Brie Bella. On the 31 August episode of "Raw", all members of PCB competed in the first ever "Divas beat the clock challenge", but Charlotte was named number one contender for the Divas Championship, as Paige fought Sasha Banks to a time limit draw. This led to two matches between Paige and Banks on the 7 and 14 September episodes of "Raw", which Banks won, and on the 10 September episode of "SmackDown", where the two fought to a no contest. Charlotte won the Divas Championship from Nikki Bella on 20 September at Night of Champions, and during her celebration the following night on "Raw", Paige turned on her partners and cut a worked shoot promo, where she claimed Charlotte was only there because of her father and berated other members of the Divas division, including Becky and Natalya. This also led to Paige having multiple confrontations with Natalya. Throughout October, Paige acted as if she wanted to reconcile with Becky and Charlotte, only to attack them. In November, Paige became the new number one contender for Charlotte's Divas Championship after winning a fatal four-way match, but was unsuccessful in regaining the title on three different occasions: at Survivor Series, when she lost by submission, the following night on "Raw" in a rematch, which ended in a double countout, and at, when she once again lost.  Paige took some time off television after her rivalry with Charlotte due to injury, and returned on the 18 January 2016 episode of "Raw", accompanying her former rival Natalya to her match against Brie Bella. Upon her return, Paige started competing in various singles and tag team matches, ending on both winning and losing sides. Paige then aligned herself with fellow "Total Divas" cast members Brie Bella, Natalya, Alicia Fox and Eva Marie, facing Lana, Naomi, Tamina, Summer Rae and Emma in a 10-Diva tag team match on the WrestleMania 32 kick-off show, in which Paige's team emerged victorious. After defeating WWE Women's Champion Charlotte on two occasions, Paige was granted a title match on the 20 June episode of "Raw", where she failed to capture the title, and would be attacked by Charlotte and her accomplice Dana Brooke post-match, before being saved by Sasha Banks. This led to a tag team match the following week on the 27 June episode of "Raw", where Paige and Banks scored the victory.<ref name="Raw 27/06/16"></ref>

Suspension and hiatus (2016–2017).

As part of the 2016 WWE draft which took place on 19 July, Paige was drafted to Raw. On 3 August, her mother revealed on Twitter that she was on a hiatus due to injury. On 17 August, Paige was suspended for 30 days after violating the company's wellness policy. She later explained that she had not failed a drug test, but that the suspension was due to a procedural issue. In September 2016, Paige revealed that she would be undergoing neck surgery and would not be wrestling for an undisclosed amount of time. On 10 October, Paige was suspended again for her second violation of the wellness policy; this time for 60 days. Bevis subsequently tweeted, "Same shit different day. Kids..Please don't get prescriptions or doctors notes. Not acceptable". Her father released a statement saying she had been prescribed medication for her neck injury. However, WWE issued a statement, saying that she had "tested positive for an illegal substance, not a prescription drug". On 19 October, she underwent successful neck surgery and was cleared to return to in-ring competition in September 2017.

Absolution and retirement (2017–2018).

On 20 November 2017, Paige returned on "Raw" as a heel to attack Sasha Banks, Bayley, Mickie James and Raw Women's Champion Alexa Bliss. Paige was joined in her attack by the debuting Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville, with whom she formed the stable Absolution. Paige returned to in-ring action in her first match since June 2016 on the 4 December episode of Raw, defeating Sasha Banks. Later in the night, the group attacked Alicia Fox. At a house show on 27 December, Paige suffered another injury after taking a kick from Sasha Banks in a six-woman tag team match, thus forcing the referee to stop the match. She suffered an impact injury to the neck, keeping her from competing at the Royal Rumble. Paige continued to accompany her fellow Absolution members in their matches; but did not return to in-ring competition. During the WrestleMania 34 kick-off show, Paige made a cameo appearance as part of the commentary team for the first ever WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal. On the post-Wrestlemania episode of "Raw" on 9 April, Paige officially retired from in-ring competition due to injury.

Non-wrestling roles (2018–present).

Just a day after revealing her in-ring retirement, on the 10 April 2018 episode of "SmackDown Live", Paige was announced by Shane McMahon (acting as the commissioner of the show) as the new general manager of SmackDown, turning her face once again and disbanding Absolution in the process. WWE Chairman Vince McMahon reportedly gave Paige this role to keep her on television to promote the film "Fighting with My Family", which is based on her life. Paige retained the position throughout the rest of the year until the McMahon family announced that starting that night they are taking charge and the general manager position was quietly removed on the 17 December episode of "Raw". The following night on "SmackDown", Shane McMahon confirmed that Paige is to remain around the show but not in the same position.  After spending some weeks away to promote the film "Fighting with My Family", Paige made a backstage appearance on the 10 April 2019 episode of "SmackDown", where she announced that she would be bringing a new tag team to the division to feud with The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce) for their WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. A week later, Paige began managing the newly formed team of Asuka and new SmackDown draftee Kairi Sane called the Kabuki Warriors. The duo would initially be unsuccessful; however, while Paige was on an off-screen hiatus due to undergoing neck surgery, the duo would capture the titles on 6 October at Hell in a Cell, turning heel in the process. When Paige came back to congratulate them on the 28 October episode of "Raw", the duo turned on her, with Asuka spraying Paige's face with green mist, effectively severing ties with her. She then became a contributor for WWE's studio show "WWE Backstage", which premiered on 5 November on FS1.  Paige returned to SmackDown via Skype on 20 March 2020 to confront SmackDown Women's Champion Bayley and Sasha Banks, where she announced that Bayley would defend her title in a six-way elimination match at WrestleMania 36.

Other media.

In July 2012, Channel 4 produced a documentary about Bevis and her family titled "The Wrestlers: Fighting with My Family". The documentary was adapted into the 2019 feature film "Fighting with My Family", with Florence Pugh playing Bevis.  Paige has appeared in six WWE video games. She made her in-game debut as a downloadable character in "WWE 2K15", and is featured as a playable character in "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18","WWE 2K19" and "WWE 2K20".  In October 2014, Paige joined the cast of "Total Divas", a reality television show produced by WWE and E!, for the second part of the show's third season, which began airing in 2015. Paige guest starred on the 14 January 2016 episode of the MTV series "Ridiculousness". She appeared alongside Natalya, Brie Bella, and the Chrisley family on the 88th Academy Awards edition of "E! Countdown to the Red Carpet" on 28 February.  In March 2015, Paige was featured in Smosh's 131st instalment of "Game Bang", along with Xavier Woods, Seth Rollins, and Daniel Bryan. Paige frequently appears at Wizard World comic con events across the United States, hosting fan signings, photo ops, and Q&A sessions. In June 2015, Paige became one of the judges on the sixth season of "Tough Enough". Before the show started, Paige predicted that she would fulfill a role similar to Simon Cowell as a judge. On 3 August 2015, Paige was a guest on Stone Cold Steve Austin's "Stone Cold Podcast", which aired on the WWE Network. She was a guest on "Conan" on 22 October.  Paige has appeared in two WWE Studios films; "Santa's Little Helper", released in November 2015, and "", in which she provided a voice role and was released in July 2016. She provided a voice role in the WWE Studios and Sony Pictures Animation film "", which was released in 2017.  Paige was featured in the WWE Network special WWE Chronicle that premiered on 26 January 2019.

Business ventures.

In September 2015, Bevis co-launched a coffee company called The Dark Gypsy with Blackcraft Cult clothing company owners Bobby Schubenski and Jim Somers. However, in October 2016, Bevis tweeted that she was no longer affiliated with the company.  In December 2017, Paige launched an online clothing store under her real name, Saraya, at TheSarayaStore.com. She also announced that she would extend her brand to a brick and mortar store. On 26 February 2018, she held the grand opening of The Saraya Store in Anaheim, California. Soon after, Saraya Jade Cosmetics, a makeup line, was introduced. Saraya Jade Cosmetics launched on 16 November 2018. In 2019, she partnered with Hot Topic to launch an exclusive makeup collection.

Personal life.

Bevis resides in Los Angeles. She cites Bull Nakano, Alundra Blayze, Edge, Lita, Rikishi, Bret Hart, and Stone Cold Steve Austin as some of her favourite wrestlers. She suffers from scoliosis but was unaware that she had the condition until after signing with WWE, when a trainer noticed that her back looked "wrong".  On the WWE reality television show "Total Divas", Bevis acknowledged having previously "been with another woman". She was engaged to A Day to Remember guitarist Kevin Skaff in early 2016 before they split up, and later became engaged to fellow wrestler Alberto Del Rio in October 2016, but they ended their relationship in late 2017. Since late 2018, Bevis has been in a relationship with Falling in Reverse lead singer Ronnie Radke.  In March 2017, private nude photos and sex tapes featuring Bevis were leaked online. She responded that she was "looking into the future and being happy" and that she was hoping her "mistake could help people's future[s]". She later revealed that she suffered from "stress-induced anorexia" and considered suicide due to the incident.

Saraya-Jade Bevis (born 17 August 1992), better known by the ring name Paige, is an English professional wrestling personality and retired professional wrestler. She is signed to WWE, where she is a two-time (and the youngest) Divas Champion and was the inaugural NXT Women's Champion in the developmental branch NXT, at one time holding both championships simultaneously.

Saraya-Jade Bevis (* 17. srpna 1992) je anglická profesionální wrestlerka, lépe známa pod ringovými jmény Paige nebo Britani Knight. Pracuje pro World Wrestling Entertainment.


Synthesis.

In the radiopharmaceutical industry, fluorine-18 is made using either a cyclotron or linear particle accelerator to bombard a target, usually of pure or enriched [O]water with high energy protons (typically ~18 MeV protons). The fluorine produced is in the form of a water solution of [F]fluoride, which is then used in a rapid chemical synthesis of the radiopharmaceutical. The organic oxygen-18 pharmaceutical molecule is not made before the production of the radiopharmaceutical, as high energy protons destroy such molecules. Radiopharmaceuticals using fluorine must therefore be synthesized after the fluorine-18 has been produced.

Chemistry.

Fluorine-18 is often substituted for a hydroxyl group in a radiotracer parent molecule, due to similar steric and electrostatic properties. This may however be problematic in certain applications due to possible changes in the molecule polarity.

Applications.

Fluorine-18 is one of the early tracers used in positron emission tomography (PET), having been in use since the 1960s. Its significance is due to both its short half-life and the emission of positrons when decaying.  Tracers include sodium fluoride which can be useful for skeletal imaging as it displays high and rapid bone uptake accompanied by very rapid blood clearance, which results in a high bone-to-background ratio in a short time and fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), where the F substitutes a hydroxyl. New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive fluoride (F) labeling of antibodies, which allows for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of cancer. A Human-Derived, Genetic, Positron-emitting and Fluorescent (HD-GPF) reporter system uses a human protein, PSMA and non-immunogenic, and a small molecule that is positron-emitting (F) and fluorescent for dual modality PET and fluorescence imaging of genome modified cells, e.g. cancer, CRISPR/Cas9, or CAR T-cells, in an entire mouse.

Fluorine-18 (F) is a fluorine radioisotope which is an important source of positrons. It has a mass of 18.0009380(6) u and its half-life is 109.771(20) minutes. It decays by positron emission 97% of the time and electron capture 3% of the time. Both modes of decay yield stable oxygen-18.

Fluor-18 (F) je radioizotop fluoru, jenž je významným zdrojem pozitronů. Jeho poločas rozpadu je 109,771(20) minut a hmotnost 18,000 938 0(6) u.


Early life.

Andrew was born and raised in Northridge, Los Angeles, California. She graduated from Granada Hills Charter High School, where she was active in track and cross country, and was a member of the school's drama club. She later graduated from California State University, Northridge with a Bachelor of Arts in business marketing and a Bachelor of Science in psychology. After graduating, she moved to North Hollywood, where she worked as a behavior therapist for autistic children. She is of African American and Korean descent.

Professional wrestling career.

World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE.

"Tough Enough" and Florida Championship Wrestling (2011–2012).

In 2011, Andrew competed in a non-televised "Diva Search" with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Later that year, Andrew was one of fourteen contestants on the revival of "Tough Enough", where she was the first eliminated.  Immediately after being eliminated from "Tough Enough", Andrew confirmed on her Twitter account that WWE had signed her to a contract. She was then assigned to WWE's then-developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and made her debut on July 7, 2011, as a ring announcer at an FCW house show. On July 9, she made her in-ring debut, under the ring name Cameron Lynn, in a Divas battle royal, which consisted of Audrey Marie, Caylee Turner, Kaitlyn, Maxine, Raquel Diaz, Sonia, and Aksana, in which Lynn was eliminated first. On the October 9, 2011, episode of "FCW TV", she made her televised debut with Byron Saxton, accompanying Naomi Knight to ringside during her match against Leah West, which Knight won. On the October 23 episode of FCW TV, Lynn teamed with Knight in a winning effort against Caylee Turner and Kaitlyn.

The Funkadactyls (2012–2014).

On the January 9, 2012 episode of "Raw", she (billed simply as Cameron) made her WWE main roster debut as one of the dancers and valets, along with Naomi, for the returning Brodus Clay. She made her WrestleMania debut at WrestleMania XXVIII alongside Naomi in a segment with Clay. On the pre-show on December 16, 2012, Cameron participated in her first televised match on the main roster, which was a "Santa's Little Helpers" battle royal which was won by her fellow Funkadactyl Naomi, who would go on to face Eve Torres later that night for the Divas Championship.  On the February 6, 2013 episode of "Main Event", The Funkadactyls got into a backstage altercation with Tamina Snuka and Aksana, after Snuka and Aksana began to persuade Brodus Clay to fire The Funkadactyls and hire them as his backup dancers instead. This led to Cameron and Naomi's first match as a team, in which they defeated Snuka and Aksana.  On the March 15 episode of "SmackDown", The Funkadactyls were attacked by the returning Bella Twins in a backstage segment. On the March 22 episode of "SmackDown" and March 25 episode of "Raw", The Funkadactyls attacked the twins after they interfered both times in Tons of Funk (Brodus Clay and Tensai)'s match against Team Rhodes Scholars (Cody Rhodes and Damien Sandow).<ref name="Raw3/25/13"></ref> The four women eventually faced off in a tag team match on the March 27 episode of "Main Event", where the Bella Twins emerged victorious when Nikki Bella pinned Naomi after an interference by Rhodes.<ref name="MainEvent3/27/13"></ref> Cameron and Naomi were set to team up with Brodus Clay and Tensai against Team Rhodes Scholars and the Bella Twins at WrestleMania 29 in an eight-person mixed tag team match, however the match was cancelled due to time restraints. The match instead took place the following night on "Raw", where Tons of Funk and The Funkadactyls emerged victorious. On the August 26 episode of "Raw", Cameron and Naomi accompanied Natalya to an unsuccessful singles match against Brie Bella, until AJ Lee interrupted and ignited a feud on the cast of "Total Divas", criticizing them as undeserving. On the September 27 episode of "Smackdown!", Cameron was defeated by Lee in singles match. Cameron joined Team "Total Divas" in a 7-on-7 elimination tag-team match against Team "True Divas" (Alicia Fox, Aksana, AJ Lee, Kaitlyn, Rosa Mendes, Tamina Snuka, and Summer Rae) at the Survivor Series pay-per-view and the following night on "Raw" in a rematch; although Cameron was eliminated by Mendes in the former event and by Snuka in the latter, her team was ultimately victorious in both competitions. On December 15 at the pay-per-view, Cameron, along with fellow Funkadactyl Naomi and Tensai, abandoned Brodus Clay because of his attitude, effectively disbanding Tons of Funk. The following night on an episode of "Raw", Cameron and Naomi aligned themselves with R-Truth and Xavier Woods, and began accompanying them to their matches.  In January 2014, The Funkadactyls began feuding with AJ Lee and her bodyguard Tamina Snuka, when Naomi received a push and defeated Lee in various tag team matches on both "Raw" and "SmackDown". However, their rivalry was cut shortly after Naomi suffered a legitimate eye injury during her match with Aksana on the February 3 episode of "Raw". On the February 10 episode of "Raw", Cameron pinned Aksana during a six-Diva tag team match, and on the February 19 episode of "Main Event", Cameron defeated her in a singles match. On February 23 at Elimination Chamber, Cameron received her first shot at the Divas Championship, a match which she won by disqualification after Tamina Snuka accidentally hit a superkick on AJ Lee. Cameron received a rematch on the February 28 episode of "SmackDown", which she would lose. At WrestleMania XXX, Cameron failed to capture the title in the "Vickie Guerrero Divas Championship Invitational" match, which was ultimately won by Lee.

Singles competition and departure (2014–2016).

In June 2014, after the Payback pay-per-view, Cameron started a brief feud with new Divas Champion Paige, in which Cameron would begin displaying signs of a villainous persona and would unsuccessfully challenge Paige in three non-title matches on "Superstars" and "Raw", all of which Paige would win. Paige then lost to a non-title match to Cameron's tag team partner Naomi, who would get a shot at the Divas Championship at Money in the Bank, after which The Funkadactyls began to fall out and had several disagreements during and after their matches. On the July 7 episode of "Raw", Cameron and Naomi were defeated by AJ Lee and Paige after Cameron tagged herself in and was pinned by Paige. After the match, Cameron and Naomi began brawling in and out of the ring, and as a result, Cameron cemented her villainous turn and the team was disbanded. The following night on an episode of "Main Event", Cameron was scheduled to team with Naomi, Natalya, Eva Marie, Rosa Mendes, and Summer Rae against Nikki Bella in a six-on-one handicap match, but only showed up to attack Naomi and Nikki. Cameron competed in her first match as a villain on the July 15 episode of "Main Event" losing to Emma and attacked her after the match, only to be scared off by Naomi. This led to a match between the two on the Battleground pre–show, where Cameron defeated Naomi after grabbing her tights. Throughout the summer, Cameron continued her rivalry with Naomi and competed in various handicap, singles and tag team matches. In November, at Survivor Series, Cameron participated in a four-on-four elimination tag team match, where she was eliminated by Naomi before her team ultimately lost the match. In early 2015, Cameron competed in various singles matches losing to the likes of Summer Rae, Naomi and Paige. On the April 13 episode of "Raw", Cameron competed in a number one contender's battle royal for Nikki Bella's WWE Divas Championship, which would be won by Paige. After being the special guest referee for a match between Alicia Fox and Natalya, Cameron would attack both Divas on the April 9 episode of "Smackdown", which would lead to a triple threat match the following week, with Cameron coming out victorious. A few weeks later, on the April 30 episode of "SmackDown", Cameron confronted Nikki Bella during a backstage segment that led to a non–title match between the two, which Cameron lost.  After taking a hiatus from WWE television, Cameron was moved to WWE NXT and made her return on the November 4 episode of "NXT", losing to Asuka. On the January 13, 2016, episode of "NXT", Cameron competed in a battle royal to determine the number one contender for Bayley's NXT Women's Championship, which was won by Carmella. On the February 10 episode of "NXT", Cameron faced Alexa Bliss in a losing effort.<ref name="NXT10/02/16"></ref> After two months of inactivity, WWE announced on May 6 that Andrew had been released from her contract.

Other media.

Andrew played a main role for the reality television show "Total Divas" produced by WWE and E!, which began airing in July 2013. In May 2015, it was announced that Andrew would not be featured as a full-time cast member on the show for season 4, although she still appears as a guest star.  Cameron has appeared in four WWE video games. She made her in-game debut at "WWE 13" as an NPC along her then-tag team partner Naomi as "The Funkadactyls" appearing during Brodus Clay's entrance and winning celebration as well as in "WWE 2K14", she later made her playable character debut in "WWE 2K15" and was playable once again in "WWE 2K16".  In September 2015, Andrew launched an anti-bullying campaign called "Wrong #".  Andrew competed on the MTV reality series "The Challenge" titled "".

Personal life.

Cameron has previously lived in Tampa, Florida. Cameron was in a relationship with Vincent Isayan, and their relationship was featured on "Total Divas". On the May 24, 2016 episode of Stone Cold Steve Austin's podcast, Cameron revealed that she and Isayan had broken up. She has a younger brother, Quentinn, and a younger sister, Aniyah. She has two degrees. She cites Maryse, Melina, and Alicia Fox as her inspirations.  In August 2012, Cameron was arrested for driving under the influence, and trying to bribe the arresting officer. Cameron was punished with a two-week suspension by WWE for the incident.

Ariane Nicole Andrew (born November 3, 1987) is an American actress, singer, model, dancer and professional wrestler best known for her time in WWE under the ring name Cameron (shortened from Cameron Lynn).

Ariane Nicole Andrewová (* 3. listopadu 1987 Los Angeles) je americká profesionální wrestlerka a manažerka působící pro WWE a vystupující v obou televizních programech "Raw" a "SmackDown" pod ringovým jménem Cameron. V roce 2011 byla soutěžící v "Tough Enough".