Plot.

Baby is a getaway driver in Atlanta. As a child, he survived a car crash that killed his parents and left him with tinnitus, and finds catharsis in music. Baby ferries crews of robbers assembled by Doc, a criminal mastermind, to pay off a debt Baby incurred when unknowingly stealing a car containing Doc's stolen goods. Between jobs, he remixes snippets of recorded conversations and cares for his deaf foster father Joseph. At Bo's Diner, he meets a waitress named Debora, and they start dating.  Baby's next robbery goes awry after an armed bystander chases them down, but Baby evades him and the police. Having paid his debt, Baby quits his life of crime and starts delivering pizzas. Doc interrupts Baby's date with Debora and insists he join a post-office heist, threatening to hurt Debora and Joseph should he refuse.  The crew consists of easygoing Buddy, his sharpshooter wife Darling, and trigger-happy Bats, who takes an immediate dislike to Baby. When the crew attempts to purchase illegal firearms, Bats recognizes one of the dealers as an undercover cop and opens fire. They kill most of the dealers. Afterward, Bats makes Baby stop at Debora's diner, unaware of Baby and Debora's romance. Baby, aware of Bats' homicidal habit, stops him from killing her to avoid paying.  Doc is furious, revealing that the dealers were dirty cops on his payroll. He decides to cancel the heist, but Bats, Buddy and Darling disagree. Doc lets Baby decide; he chooses to go through with it. Baby attempts to slip away late that night, hoping to take Debora and leave Atlanta. He is stopped by Buddy and Bats, who have discovered his recordings and believe he is an informant; when they and Doc hear his mixtapes, they are convinced of his innocence.  During the heist, Bats kills a security guard. Disgusted, Baby refuses to drive away, causing Bats to hit him. Baby rams the car into a rebar which impales Bats, killing him. The remaining three flee on foot. When Darling is killed in a shootout with police, Buddy blames Baby for her death and vows to kill him. Baby steals a car and flees to his apartment. He leaves Joseph at an assisted living home with his heist earnings, then rushes to Bo's for Debora, where Buddy is waiting. Baby shoots Buddy and flees with Debora as police reinforcements swarm the restaurant.  At the safe house, Doc refuses Baby's pleas for help, but relents when he sees Debora consoling him, stating that he was in love once, too. Doc supplies them with cash and an escape route out of the country. The police confront the three in the parking garage, but Doc kills them all. Buddy ambushes them and kills Doc. A cat-and-mouse game ensues until Buddy has Baby at his mercy. He fires next to both of Baby's ears, bursting his ear-drums and temporarily deafening him, but the distraction allows Debora to hit Buddy with a crowbar. Baby shoots him in the leg and Buddy falls to his death.  The couple are stopped by a police roadblock, forcing Baby to surrender. At Baby's trial, Joseph, Debora, and other people affected by Baby's crimes testify in his defense. He is sentenced to 25 years in prison, subject to a parole hearing after five years. Debora stays in contact with Baby (whose real name is revealed to be Miles) during his incarceration, and she waits for him with a newly-purchased vintage car when they are reunited.

Cast.

Other cast members include Flea as Eddie, Lanny Joon as JD, Sky Ferreira as Baby's biological mother, Lance Palmer as Baby's biological father, Big Boi and Killer Mike as restaurant patrons, Paul Williams as The Butcher, and Jon Spencer as a prison guard.

Production.

Development.

"Baby Driver" is a longtime passion project Wright had been developing since 1995, when the writer-director was a struggling 21-year-old filmmaker living in suburban London. He had relocated to London to finish his first professional film, the low-budget western comedy "A Fistful of Fingers", and to contemplate his future in entertainment. Wright's repeated listening to "Orange" (1994), the fourth studio album by the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, provided the impetus for "Baby Driver". At first he envisioned a high-speed car chase, which then evolved into a full sequence where the getaway driver dances to "Bellbottoms" in his car before the ensuing chase. Though this was ultimately written into the script as the film's opening sequence, Wright's nascent vision was far from a fully realized project. By the time "Baby Driver" took definite form, the advent of the iPod, Wright's childhood tinnitus, and his reading of Oliver Sacks' "Musicophilia" (2007), which explores the neuroscience of music, were forces shaping the project's artistic direction.  On a £25,000 budget, Wright developed the music video for Mint Royale's "Blue Song" in 2003, featuring a backstory gleaned from his early concept of "Baby Driver". The video became an unexpected success, and although happy with his work, Wright was frustrated he had cannibalized an idea he felt had enormous potential. In retrospect, he admits his music video was a significant undertaking because it provided proof of concept for "Baby Driver". The release of Wright's first major feature, "Shaun of the Dead" (2004), was another important catalyst not only for its artistic direction, but for signaling the start of a long-term working relationship between Wright and Working Title producers, who would assist with "Baby Driver"s development. By 2007, after signing a multi-picture deal with Working Title, and with a clearer vision of the project, the writer-director met with Steven Price to discuss early musical ideas for "Baby Driver". The drafting of a story started around the release of "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" (2010), but pre-production of the film stalled as Wright's other projects—"The World's End" (2013) and the then-forthcoming "Ant-Man" (2015), for which he had already prepared a script with Joe Cornish—took precedence. Work resumed immediately after Wright's departure from "Ant-Man", when the studio began assembling their roster of actors and technical staff before shooting. In preparation, Wright spent time with ex-career criminals in Los Angeles and London to develop an accurate depiction of a real-life bank robber's work.  Wright, lead film editor Paul Machliss, and Los Angeles-based editor Evan Shiff devised a pre-edit of "Baby Driver" with animatics in the initial stages of production. With Avid Media Composer, Machliss was tasked with syncopating each animatic to the corresponding soundtrack. He and Wright had an existing professional relationship from "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" and "The World's End". In addition, Machliss worked on set providing input for the shoot, which was unusual given that film editors are rarely present at the production set of most films.

Filming.

Los Angeles was to have been "Baby Driver" original setting, but prohibitively expensive production costs made shooting there impractical. Instead, the studio toured cities that offered generous transferable tax credits for film production. This included Atlanta, which emerged as the frontrunner during preliminary scouting. Preserving the city's ethos was imperative for an authentic story, as Atlanta typically doubles for other global cities in blockbuster cinema. Wright spent about a week in the city observing the local scenery and culture to facilitate the necessary revisions to the script. He found "Baby Driver"s story was better realized in Atlanta because of the city's renown as a logistics hub. Principal photography, which lasted four months from February to May 2016, took place mostly in the central business district. Location shots emphasize many of Atlanta's landmarks (such as Peachtree Center), cultural institutions, even local media. Elsewhere, filming occurred in Gainesville and rural Monroe County, Georgia. Although other suburban areas of Atlanta were scouted for main unit filming, Wright preferred the urbanity of the city proper over the suburbs' dense foliage, which he considered an unsuitable backdrop for the film. "Baby Driver" contributed $30.1 million to the local economy.  Wright cited "Vanishing Point" (1971), "American Graffiti" (1973), "The Driver" (1978), "Point Break" (1991), "Reservoir Dogs" (1992), and "Heat" (1995), among others, as significant influences on the film's visual hallmarks and creative direction. To evoke their aesthetic, one of the production's main goals was to produce "Baby Driver" using practical filmmaking techniques. This meant planning meticulously coordinated stunts, choreography, and shooting as much of the film in-camera as possible, using visual effects only when necessary. "Baby Driver" was director of photography Bill Pope's third film with Wright. They collaborated previously on "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" and "The World's End". Pope shot the project mostly in anamorphic format on 35mm film using Kodak film stock. "Baby Driver" was shot on Panavision Panaflex Millennium XL2 cameras with G-Series, T-Series, and C-Series anamorphic lenses. Occasionally, to capture more intense stunts, and to achieve unusual camera angles Wright demanded for certain scenes, the filmmakers shot in Super 35 format with specialized cameras. Panavision's Atlanta offices assisted the needs of the production when logistics management became challenging. The climactic scene in particular, staged in a parking garage on the Atlanta Falcons' training facility, which was only available at night, was difficult to shoot because of the dull lighting. They ended up filming the scene in digital format with the company's refurbished Arri Alexa cameras, which had greater exposure latitude.

Visual effects.

Few visual effects were used in "Baby Driver" as a result of Wright's emphasis on practical filmmaking. The London-based studio DNEG created most of the visual effects, under the supervision of Stuart Lashley and Shailendra Swarnkar. Their work for the film comprised 430 shots, created with a workforce of 120 specialized artists. The team's work began while viewing early animatics of "Baby Driver", which they used as a reference to help conceive the film's audiovisual repertoire. DNEG used Nuke to animate car chase scenes that could not be rendered with in-camera effects. As these scenes were routinely updated with reshoots, the team was tasked with maintenance of the software's control tools so that artists would be readily equipped to work with the latest audio. Molinare also produced effects shots for "Baby Driver".  According to Lashley, key scenes that highlight the film's audiovisual repertoire were "Harlem Shuffle", the single tracking shot of Baby's coffee run through town, and "Tequila", the sequence of a deadly shootout between Doc's syndicate and undercover police. "Harlem Shuffle" was one of "Baby Driver" most elaborate sequences; filmmakers cached excess footage so the shot could be manageable. The set design of "Tequila" involved precise coordination of the in-camera effects. Once filmed, DNEG supplemented the live-action shots with projectile bullets, sparks, and gunfire flashes, while bearing in mind the imposing drum riffs of the soundtrack. The team found that compositing shots to audio, although suitable for live-action projects, presented unique challenges such as how to convey emotional cues to the viewer.  For "Brighton Rock", the climactic sequence of "Baby Driver", DNEG enhanced footage with computer-generated shots for safety and damage control. First, to portray characters being pummeled by cars, the team filmed the accidents in stages. The footage was then composited into complete shots, lending a sense of realism and control. The shot of Buddy's stolen police car falling in the parking garage atrium from the top level required setting up a shorter, safer drop at another side of the garage with a crane, to comply with the owner's demands. DNEG created a set extension from a lidar scan of the atrium, with superimposed special effects to extend the fall.

Stunts and choreography.

Second-unit director Darrin Prescott coordinated the vehicular stunts on "Baby Driver" with Jeremy Fry, the project's stunt driver, and a team of other professionals. They rehearsed at the Atlanta Motor Speedway before receiving clearance to shoot in the city. At the rehearsals, filmmakers captured the stunts with specialized pursuit cranes, small cars with an installed camera crane. Machliss would then edit the footage into updated animatics, fleshing out the precision of the stunts in time for shooting. Fry performed many of the vehicular stunts; the actors were allowed to perform less demanding stunts with the proper training.  Prescott saw "Baby Driver" as his biggest undertaking because of the complicated stunt work involved. One such scene features a "180 in and 180 out" maneuver, in which Fry makes 180-degree turns forward and backward in a narrow alley with several other vehicles in the way. This was shot in five or six takes. "There's a lot going through your head. You don't want Jeremy to get hurt. Also, there's a lot of money being spent to get this on camera. The cameras needed to be out of the way so nobody would get hurt", Prescott recalled. Another example is the freeway car chase scene midway in "Baby Driver" opening sequence. The production only had an eight-hour window to shoot because they did not have clearance to shut down I-85. With the limited time frame, the filmmakers rehearsed for only an hour before they began filming in early morning. This scene involved a number of high-speed jumps, and barrier jumps, among other stunts, that Prescott and his team carefully coordinated bearing traffic flow in mind. There were also 50 production vehicles encircled by a sprawling police motorcade, occupying all lanes of I-85. The choice of the getaway cars corresponded to specifications in the screenplay that they be nondescript and blend in with the surrounding traffic. Though Wright sought a Toyota Corolla based on data about frequently stolen cars, the production used a red Subaru WRX instead after the studio requested a vehicle that "could be a little sexier".  Ryan Heffington oversaw the choreography. He was responsible for synchronizing the movement of the actors and stunt performers in the film's choreographic sequences. "Baby Driver" is Heffington's first foray into film, best known in the music industry for his work with Sia, Arcade Fire, and other artists. Compelled by the script, the choreographer was unfamiliar with Wright's prior work. He researched it after his initial interview for the job. The two detailed their artistic vision in early conversations, using songs with dramatic tempo changes or structure as templates. By the first day of shooting, Heffington was already supervising the "Harlem Shuffle" sequence, employing 50–60 extras for the set. Choreographing other sets was sometimes less taxing because Elgort and Foxx had prior dance experience. The production played the music as the cast rehearsed each sequence, shot by shot.

Sound design.

When sound editing supervisor Julian Slater was first approached for "Baby Driver", he was sent a copy of the script and a PDF file containing the curated selection of music, along with a rough audio mix. Working closely with music editor Bradley Farmer, the pair dissected each musical cue into a unique tempo map, thereby allowing for synchronization at any given time. This process required frequent pitch scaling of the sounds so they would not be off-pitch. One of their initial responsibilities was to create a sound for Baby's tinnitus. Slater and Farmer experimented with an array of sounds, some subtle, others more intense. Accordingly, they would adjust the frequency of an audio mix to correspond with their music cue. The intensity of Baby's tinnitus in the audio mix depended on his mood; for example, the more anxious he is, the louder the ringing. Managing tempo changes with the sound effects proved troublesome. Slater said, "For every layer that happens musically, have another layer that happens non-musically so that you perceive it only some of the time." The "Harlem Shuffle" sequence contains the audio team's most complex sound effects work. Completed in 25 takes, it features an assortment of subtle sound effects from engines, dialogue with changing nuance, and so forth. "Brighton Rock" posed another challenge for the filmmakers because the sequence required a new set of frequencies, altered voices, and other sounds to emphasize Baby's distorted point of view.  The audio department spent eight days recording the car sound effects at the Atlanta Motor Speedway. For onboard recordings (the sounds heard from the perspective of the driver and passengers), sound effects recordist Watson Wu installed about six microphones per vehicle; one in the airbox, another on the radio dashboard, two near the exhausts, and two in the engine compartment. Boom operator James Peterson followed each car with a shotgun mic for the external recordings, while using XY stereo equipment to capture the noise of passing vehicles. The crew premixed their audio at the Twickenham Studios in London, while the final mixing took place at Goldcrest Films' Soho post-production facility.

Music.

Wright and Price exchanged ideas throughout pre-production, selecting ten tracks to shape the project's musical direction. In total, the filmmakers licensed 36 tracks with Right Music, most written in the script well before shooting. Wright was unable to acquire the usage rights for certain hip hop and electronic songs written in the script because they contained uncleared samples. At that point, he pursued licensing of the sampled songs in question and used them in the soundtrack instead. Danger Mouse and Kid Koala composed the album's only original tracks, "Chase Me" and "Was He Slow?". "Chase Me" features contributions from Run the Jewels and Big Boi. For "Was He Slow?", which samples some of Spacey and Bernthal's dialogue, Kid Koala produced the song using analog equipment. Columbia imprint 30th Century Records released the "Baby Driver" soundtrack on June 23, 2017, on vinyl and CD. A containing previously unreleased content was issued on April 13, 2018.

Themes.

Wright views Baby's moral shift as the thematic crux of the film. According to David Sims at "The Atlantic", Baby's initial moral detachment manifests through his reliance on music, which he uses to escape the chaos in his environment, and his own tinnitus. It is only because of his obligation to protect Debora, Joseph, and the impending threat of crime on his livelihood, that Baby is forced to confront reality, no longer able to ignore the mayhem around him. "Baby Driver" employs some of the conventions of gangster film, chiefly heroic fatalism and uncompromising villainy.  Characteristic of Wright's films, "Baby Driver" is driven by strong color cues. Colors are used symbolically to represent the personas of the core characters. Whereas Baby is dressed in drab colors that reflect his black-and-white perspective of the universe, his peers are associated with bright, vibrant colors that clash with this sensibility: red symbolizes Bats, purple and pink symbolize Darling, and blue represents Buddy. As the story progresses, the pressures of organized crime become overwhelming, and Baby's wardrobe evolves by proxy. He is seen in faint greys and bloodstained white shirts at that point. Costume designer Courtney Hoffman incorporated light grey colors into Baby's wardrobe to illustrate his struggle for freedom from the criminal world. The significance of red also transforms in tandem with the story, from a motif symbolizing the bloodthirsty Bats to one denoting Buddy's rage after the death of his lover. Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" argues "Baby Driver" is an exploration of identity and personal style, and how said expression dictates one's status in society.  In their piece for the "Los Angeles Review of Books", David Hollingshead and Jane Hu examine race as an important thematic element in "Baby Driver". They contend that certain aspects of the film, such as the casting choices and the reliance on a "white innocence" narrative, provide a subtext of "racial awareness" as well as commentary about the ethics of cultural appropriation.

Release.

Theatrical.

The global premiere of "Baby Driver" took place on March 11, 2017, at the South by Southwest festival in Austin, Texas. TriStar spearheaded the marketing campaign. Their strategy entailed aggressive social media engagement, a worldwide publicity tour, and the creation of a number of colorful, vintage-style character posters. TriStar and Sony initially scheduled a mid-August release for the film in North America and the United Kingdom, but in an unusual move, the studios expedited "Baby Driver" release six weeks early to June 28, as a result of the enthusiastic response from the film festival circuit. This was unusual because late summers are seldom competitive, and hence a much more favorable market for lower-budget films.

Home media.

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released "Baby Driver" through video on demand on September 12, 2017, and on Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and 4K Ultra HD/Blu-ray combo formats the following October. Physical copies contain two hours of bonus content including behind-the-scenes footage, production rehearsals, a storyboard gallery, audio commentary, and the music video for "Blue Song". During its first week on sale in the United States, "Baby Driver" was the number two selling film on DVD and Blu-ray, with 226,657 units sold for $5.6 million. "Baby Driver" has sold 595,111 copies as of January 2018.

Broadcast syndication.

The premium cable networks Showtime and FX have US broadcast syndication rights for "Baby Driver". It is also available to authenticated Showtime subscribers via the network's streaming services.

Reception.

Box office.

"Baby Driver" was a financial success. Although the film's performance faltered in China, it performed strongly in key North American and European markets until the end of its theatrical run. "Baby Driver" earned $107.8 million in the United States and Canada and $119.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $226.9 million, making it the 42nd highest-grossing film of 2017, and Wright's highest-grossing film to date. The TriStar–Media Rights Capital partnership recouped their budget with a $51.5 million net profit, factoring in marketing costs and other expenses. Good word-of-mouth support, as well as fatiguing interest in blockbuster franchises, were considered critical to "Baby Driver" box office success.  In the United States, exit polling showed strong commercial potential across a variety of audiences. CinemaScore polls conducted during opening night revealed the average grade moviegoers gave "Baby Driver" was A− on an A+ to F scale. Audiences were mostly younger; 52% were under 25 and 57% were men. The main reasons given for seeing the film were its action (44%), the actors (26%), and Wright (16%). Hourly advanced ticket sales eclipsed that of "". Predictions, while acknowledging the positive media response and word-of-mouth support for "Baby Driver", were conflicted about the long-term commercial viability of an economical film in a fiercely competitive market. The film made $5.7M on its first day of wide release—including $2.1M from Tuesday-night previews—and earned another $3.3M the following Thursday. It went on to take second place at the weekend box office with $30M from 3,226 theaters, trailing "Despicable Me 3". This return surpassed Sony's expectations for the weekend, and marked the best opening of any Wright-directed film in the United States to date. The second week in the United States saw the box office drop by 36.7% to $13M, and "Baby Driver" grossed another $8.8M the following weekend. By August 14, the film topped $100M domestically. TriStar re-expanded the film's theater presence for the week of August 25, earning $1.2M from 1,074 theaters, a 34% increase from the prior week. "Baby Driver" completed its theatrical run in North America on October 19, 2017.  "Baby Driver" was released in 16 international markets between June 28 and July 2, 2017—its overall rank for the weekend was second to "Despicable Me 3". The United Kingdom represented the film's largest taking with £3.6M ($4.6M) from 680 theaters. It took $1.8M in the second week, and the third week in the United Kingdom saw the box office drop by just 26%. As of the latest figures, "Baby Driver" earned $16.6M in the United Kingdom. On its opening weekend elsewhere, it earned $3.7M in Australia, $1.7M in Mexico, $1.7M in France, $1.2M in Germany, $1.2M in Brazil, $843,000 in Spain, and $620,000 in Malaysia. During its mid-September opening in South Korea, "Baby Driver" grossed $3.12M. By September 3, the film's international gross exceeded $102.2M.

Critical response.

The American press considered "Baby Driver" among the strongest films of 2017. The film was selected by the National Board of Review as one of their top choices for the organization's annual. Several journalists praised the film for its craftsmanship, which they saw as an exercise of Wright's expertise. "Empire" Terri White called "Baby Driver" "one of the most utterly original films in years" that comes "as close to a car-chase opera as you'll ever see on screen". Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" felt the film was stylish and engaging, "packed with sheer brio and good nature", despite sticking with romantic notions of car chasing being a victimless crime, and "Variety" Peter Debruge said "Baby Driver" becomes a genre standout through "a mostly clever collection of jokes, sudden narrative U-turns, [...] aptly picked songs", and a strong emphasis on car chases.  Reviews for the actors' performances were very positive in the media, often singling out Elgort and James for further praise, with their work described as "star-making" and "radiant". The characterization divided journalists: some criticized the depiction of the characters the actors played, often the women, in their reviews. Debora was viewed as a somewhat underdeveloped character by Eric Kohn of IndieWire, whereas White felt that, because of the sparse details of her backstory, she lacked depth and too often has little agency of her own. Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" considered "Baby Driver" dialogue "almost entirely functional", devoid of nuance, resulting in characters who are largely interchangeable despite the best efforts of a diverse cast. Others, such as David Edelstein of "New York" magazine and the "Observer" Thelma Adams, cited character development as one of the film's strengths.  The scriptwriting and plot development in the film's climactic scenes were sources of criticism. Some reviewers cited the scriptwriting as "Baby Driver" biggest flaw, where rapid tonal shifts undermined the viewing experience. "Cineaste" Adam Nayman, for example, attributed the mistakes in the script to Wright's inexperience as a solo writer, and "TheWrap" saw the lost momentum as "jarring and uncommon" saying, "rarely do we see a filmmaker start so strong only to end with a whimper". Anthony Lane, writing for "The New Yorker", was also critical because he felt the film takes itself too seriously and lacks the self-awareness of Wright's other action comedies such as "Hot Fuzz" (2007).  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% "Fresh" based on 376 reviews, with an average rating of 8.03/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Stylish, exciting, and fueled by a killer soundtrack, "Baby Driver" hits the road and it's gone—proving fast-paced action movies can be smartly written without sacrificing thrills". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim".

Possible sequel.

The success of "Baby Driver" has increased studio interest in producing a sequel. Discussions of a sequel began in December 2017, as Wright announced his intent to develop the script to the media. The writer-director began drafting the screenplay in January 2019, introducing an ensemble of new characters to advance the story. By the following July, Wright had shown Elgort a copy of the completed script, currently under a tentative working title.

Baby Driver is a 2017 action film written and directed by Edgar Wright. It stars Ansel Elgort as a getaway driver seeking freedom from a life of crime with his lover Debora (Lily James). Kevin Spacey, Jon Hamm, Eiza González, Jamie Foxx and Jon Bernthal (among others) appear in supporting roles. Eric Fellner and his Working Title Films partner Tim Bevan produced "Baby Driver" in association with Big Talk Productions' Nira Park. Sony and TriStar Pictures handled commercial distribution of the film. "Baby Driver" was financed through a partnership between TriStar and Media Rights Capital.

Baby Driver je americko-britský akční hudební thriller z roku 2017. O režii a scénář se postaral Edgar Wright. Ve snímku hrají hlavní role Ansel Elgort, Kevin Spacey, Lily James, Jon Bernthal, Eiza González, Jon Hamm a Jamie Foxx.Film měl premiéru na Filmovém festival South by Southwest 11. března 2017 a do kin byl oficiálně uveden 28. června 2017. Film je znám díky akci, která je synchronizovaná s hudbou.


Economy.

Fishing and seal hunting are the main sources of income for the residents. Kangaatsiaq has a fish factory producing dried fish and shrimp.

Facilities.

The town of Kangaatsiaq has a supermarket, kindergarten with 26 children, and a primary school (1st to 10th grade) with 150 pupils. A hostel called 'The Lodge' with space for six people is the only accommodation for tourists.

Transport.

Air Greenland serves the village as part of government contract, with winter-only helicopter flights from Kangaatsiaq Heliport to Aasiaat Airport and several villages in the Aasiaat Archipelago. Settlement flights in the archipelago are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring.  During summer and autumn, when the waters of Disko Bay are navigable, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline. The ferry links Kangaatsiaq with Ikerasaarsuk, Attu, Iginniarfik, Niaqornaarsuk, and Aasiaat.

Wildlife.

The area has a rich Arctic wildlife including reindeer, Arctic fox, and Arctic hare. Marine mammals include ringed seal, harbor seal, hooded seal, bearded seal, harp seal, humpback whale (typically in summer), minke whale, fin whale, narwhal, and beluga. When the sea ice comes, sometimes walrus and polar bear can be seen.  Birdlife includes raven, ptarmigan, various species of seagull, eider, king eider, guillemot, falcon, eagle, snowy owl, snow bunting, Arctic tern, and more.

Population.

The population of Kangaatsiaq has fluctuated over the last two decades, decreasing over the last several years.

Kangaatsiaq (, old spelling: "Kangâtsiaq") is a town located at the northern end of the Qeqertalik municipality in western Greenland. The town received town status as recently as 1986, though as a settlement it has existed much longer. It has 558 inhabitants as of 2013. Nearby settlements are Attu, Niaqornaarsuk, Ikerasaarsuk and Iginniarfik.

Kangaatsiaq (zastarale "Kangâtsiaq") je město nacházející se na severu kraje Qeqertalik v západním Grónsku. Město obdrželo status města v roce 1986, ale jako osada existovala již mnohem déle. V roce 2016 tu žilo 550 obyvatel. V okolí osady se nacházejí osady Attu, Niaqornaarsuk, Ikerasaarsuk a Iginniarfik.


Chronology.

1917–1934: The Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (BASF) purchased the property and mined anhydrite for gypsum.  1935 summer: At the suggestion of IG Farben, the "Wirtschaftliche Forschungsgesellschaft (WIFO)" () investigated the mine to centralize a fuel and chemical depot.  1936: Wifo took over the mines to create a highly secret central petroleum reserve. The Government's "Industrial Research Association" invested some effort in adapting the tunnels and galleries for the storage of critical chemicals like tetra-ethyl-lead (petroleum anti-knock).  1937–1940: Wifo phases I and II to extend the tunnels were completed, and the site stored oil, gasoline, and chemicals; as well as stockpiles of chemical poisons.  1943 July (mid): A production planner for Gerhard Degenkolb (i.e., the A-4 Special Committee), Paul Figge, determined that the site seemed ideal for A-4 production, but Hermann Göring initially forbade the use for missile production (Hitler overruled).  1943 August (end): The Armaments Ministry seized the facility from Hermann Göring's Four-Year Plan organization.  1943 November (late): Mittelwerk GmbH leased the Kohnstein mine from Wifo, the owner.  1943 September early: Albin Sawatzki, Arthur Rudolph, and about ten engineers moved to the Nordhausen plant from Peenemünde.  1943 September: Conversion of tunnels for V-2 rocket production was started.  1944 Spring: Ventilation and heating construction was completed.  1944 May or June: Mittelwerk had to compress all its facilities into tunnels 21-46, disrupting production.  1945 April 11: After previously entering the Nordhausen plant from the North through the Junkers Nordwerke, 3rd US Armored and 104th Infantry Divisions reached the town of Nordhausen on 11 April 1945 and discovered the dead and sick of the Boelcke Kaserne barracks at Mittelbau-Dora.  1945 June: The US Army left the Nordhausen plant as required by JCS Directive 1067/14, with parts, machine tools, and documents (including blueprints for the projected A-9/A-10 intercontinental missile) left for the Soviets.  1948 Summer: The Soviet army demolished both of the entrances of the tunnel system  1995: A new entrance tunnel was dug to former rail Tunnel A. Subsequently, a section of 710 m of the tunnel system was opened for visitors.  After the 1990 reunification of Germany, the tunnels were frequently looted by treasure seekers who gained access via the private mine in the north of the Kohnstein. Large parts of the system are flooded by ground water, while other parts have collapsed. Willi Kramer, a German archaeologist and scientist who dived in the tunnel system in 1992 and 1998, estimated that 70 tons of material was stolen. Access through these entrances was secured not until 2004, when the mine went into insolvency.

Tourism and walking.

In 1366 the Hohnstein counts had the Schnabelsburg (a castle, later a daytrippers restaurant) built on the Kohnstein. At Maienkopf there was an open-air stage from 1934 which had 500 seats. In more recent times the Kaiser Way (an old military road or "Heerstraße") runs along the Kohnstein. Nearby is the Karst Trail. Around 550 metres east of the summit and about 600 metres northwest of the former Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp is an open area in the woods where several trails meet and known as the "Komödienplatz". The "Komödienplatz" hosts the May festivals of Nordhausen Grammar School ("Nordhäuser Gymnasium"), founded in 1835; schoolchildren put on Latin comedies.

The Kohnstein is a hill in Thuringia, Germany, 2 kilometres southwest of the village of Niedersachswerfen and 3 kilometres northwest of the centre of the town of Nordhausen. Gypsum mining created tunnels in the hill that were later used as a fuel/chemical depot and for Nazi Germany factories, including the Mittelwerk V-2 rocket factory that used Mittelbau-Dora slave labour.

Kohnstein je 334 metrů vysoký kopec v jižní části pohoří Harz v Durynsku ve Spolkové republice Německo blízko města Nordhausen. V kopci byl vytvořen těžbou vápence a sádrovce systém tunelů, který byl během druhé světové války využit jako podzemní tovární komplex Mittelwerk, kde pracovali vězni koncentračního tábora Mittelbau-Dora převážně na výrobě raket V-2 a letounových střel V-1.


Recognition of same-sex unions in Cyprus

Civil cohabitation.

In 2010, the Permanent Secretary at the Interior Ministry, Lazaros Savvides, indicated that the Cypriot Government would begin examining the issue of whether same-sex marriage should be made legal in the country.  This was followed in 2013 by an announcement by the Interior Minister, Eleni Mavrou, that her officials were working on a parliamentary bill proposing the creation of civil partnerships, rather than extending the right to marry to same-sex couples. The Cypriot Government subsequently accepted the draft bill. In March of that year, newly elected President Nicos Anastasiades reaffirmed his support for the bill. In November 2013, the Interior Minister, Socratis Hasikos, confirmed that the bill remained on the government agenda, with a draft prepared and sent to other ministries for review. The intention was to hold a parliamentary vote in April 2014, but, by June 2014, the bill had still not been submitted. According to the Ministry's Permanent Secretary, Constantinos Nicolaides, the bill should have been completed in April, but was still being drafted. In July 2014, Hasikos clarified that a proposed bill would need consensus from all parties before moving forward. He gave all parties a copy of the bill and asked that they study it in time for a second meeting that same September. Hasikos stressed that he would not hold a vote until he was sure all parties were in favour.  In March 2014, the head of the Orthodox Church in Cyprus, Archbishop Chrysostomos II, signalled his opposition to plans to introduce either civil partnership or marriage rights, urging churches to take a stand against homosexuality and accusing secular governments of "weakening moral integrity" through acknowledging equal rights to homosexuals: "When, for example, governments legalise not only plain civil partnership but ‘homosexual marriage’, the Church must be unequivocal in condemning homosexuality."  On 6 May 2015, the Cypriot Cabinet approved a gender-neutral "cohabitation agreement" bill with many of the rights of marriage. On 6 June 2015, the ruling party DISY announced their support for the partnership law. The bill had its first reading on 18 June 2015. On 1 July 2015, Parliament decided to rename the proposed partnership recognition scheme to "civil cohabitation" (; ). The second reading was initially planned to be held on 9 July, but was postponed until autumn. The bill had its second and third reading on 26 November 2015 and passed in a 39-12 vote with 3 abstentions. It was published in the official gazette on 9 December 2015 and took effect upon publication.

Statistics.

The country's first civil cohabitation was registered on 29 January 2016 by two women. The first public ceremony was held on 4 March 2016 by two men in the capital city of Nicosia.  By 18 April 2016, eight same-sex civil cohabitations were registered.  From January to October 2016, approximately 70 same-sex couples had registered their unions in the country.  Civil cohabitations are also very popular among different-sex couples. By August 2017, for instance, heterosexual couples represented about 70% of all couples, while same-sex couples made up the remaining 30%.

Public opinion.

The 2006 Eurobarometer found that only 14% of Cypriots were in favour of same-sex marriage. This was the third lowest in the European Union at the time (only in Latvia and Romania was support lower). The 2015 Eurobarometer found that support had increased to 37%, while 56% were against legalising same-sex marriage.  With regards to civil unions, a 2014 survey found that 53.3% of Cypriots supported civil unions or partnerships for same-sex couples.  The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 36% of Cypriots thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 60% were against.

Cyprus has recognised same-sex unions since 9 December 2015 by allowing same-sex couples to enter into civil cohabitations. A bill to establish civil cohabitations was approved by the Cypriot Parliament on 26 November 2015. The law took effect on 9 December 2015 upon publication in the country's official gazette.

Kypr umožnil homosexuálním párům uzavírat registrované partnerství od 9. prosince 2015, čímž právně uznal jejich svazky. Návrh zákona o registrovaném partnerští přijal kyperský parlament 26. listopadu 2015. Zákon se stal účinným 9. prosince 2015 po zveřejnění v promulgačním listu.


Early life.

Robbins was born Jerome Wilson Rabinowitz in the Jewish Maternity Hospital at 270 East Broadway on Manhattan's Lower East Side – a neighborhood populated by many immigrants. He was the son of Lena (Rips) and Harry Rabinowitz.  The Rabinowitz family lived in a large apartment house at 51 East 97th Street at the northeast corner of Madison Avenue. Known as "Jerry" to those close to him, Robbins was given the middle name Wilson reflecting his parents' patriotic enthusiasm for the then-president, Woodrow Wilson.  In the early 1920s, the Rabinowitz family moved to Weehawken, New Jersey. His father and uncle opened the Comfort Corset Company in Union City, New Jersey. The family had many show business connections, including vaudeville performers and theater owners. In the 1940s, their name was legally changed to Robbins.  Robbins began studying modern dance in high school with Alys [CK] Bentley, who encouraged her pupils to improvise steps to music. Said Robbins later: "What [she] gave me immediately was the absolute freedom to make up my own dances without inhibition or doubts." After graduation he went to study chemistry at New York University (NYU) but dropped out after a year for financial reasons, and to pursue dance full-time. He joined the company of Senya Gluck Sandor, a leading exponent of expressionistic modern dance; it was Sandor who recommended that he change his name to Robbins. Sandor also encouraged him to take ballet, which he did with Ella Daganova; in addition he studied Spanish dancing with Helen Veola; Asian dance with Yeichi Nimura; and dance composition with Bessie Schonberg. While a member of Sandor's company Robbins made his stage debut with the Yiddish Art Theater, in a small role in "[The Brothers Ashkenazi]".

Career.

1930s and 40s.

In 1937 Robbins made the first of many appearances as a dancer at Camp Tamiment, a resort in the Poconos known for its weekly Broadway-style revues; he also began dancing in the choruses of such Broadway shows as "Great Lady" and "Keep Off the Grass", both choreographed by George Balanchine. Robbins had also begun creating dances for Tamiment's Revues, some comic (featuring the talents of Imogene Coca and Carol Channing) and some dramatic, topical, and controversial. One such dance, later also performed in New York City at the 92nd Street Y, was "Strange Fruit", set to the song performed indelibly by Billie Holiday.  In 1940, Robbins joined Ballet Theatre (later known as American Ballet Theatre). From 1941 through 1944, Robbins was a soloist with the company, gaining notice for his Hermes in "Helen of Troy", the title role in "Petrouchka", the Youth in Agnes de Mille's Three Virgins and a Devil, and Benvolio in "Romeo and Juliet"; and coming under the influence of the choreographers Michel Fokine, Antony Tudor, and George Balanchine.  Robbins created and performed in "Fancy Free", a ballet about sailors on liberty, at the Metropolitan Opera as part of the Ballet Theatre season in 1944. One of "Fancy Free"'s inspirations was Paul Cadmus' 1934 painting "The Fleet's In!" However, Robbins' scenario was more lighthearted than the painting. Robbins said in an interview with "The Christian Science Monitor": "After seeing..."Fleet's In", which I inwardly rejected though it gave me the idea of doing the ballet, I watched sailors, and girls, too, all over town." Robbins commissioned a score for the ballet from the then-unknown Leonard Bernstein and enlisted Oliver Smith as set designer. With "Fancy Free", Robbins created a dance that integrated classic ballet, 1940s social dancing, and a screwball plotline.  Later that year, Robbins conceived and choreographed "On the Town" (1944), a musical partly inspired by "Fancy Free", which effectively launched his Broadway career. Bernstein wrote the music and Smith designed the sets. The book and lyrics were by a team that Robbins would work with again, Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and the director was the Broadway legend George Abbott. Because Robbins, as choreographer, insisted that his chorus reflect the racial diversity of a New York City crowd, "On the Town" broke the color bar on Broadway for the first time. Robbins' next musical was the jazz age fable "Billion Dollar Baby" (1945), and during rehearsals for the show an incident happened that became a part of Robbins – and Broadway – lore: the choreographer, preoccupied giving directions to the dancers, backed up onstage until he fell into the orchestra pit. Two years later, he received plaudits for his humorous Mack Sennett ballet in "High Button Shoes" (1947), and won his first Tony Award for choreography. That same year, Robbins would become one of the first members of New York's newly formed Actors Studio, attending classes held by founding member Robert Lewis three times a week, alongside classmates such as Marlon Brando, Maureen Stapleton, Montgomery Clift, Herbert Berghof, Sidney Lumet, and about 20 others. In 1948 he added another credit to his resume, becoming co-director as well as choreographer for "Look Ma, I'm Dancin'!"; and the year after that teamed with Irving Berlin to choreograph "Miss Liberty".  While he was forging a career on Broadway, Robbins continued to work in ballet, creating a string of inventive and stylistically diverse works including "Interplay", to a score by Morton Gould, and "Facsimile", to music by Leonard Bernstein, a ballet that was banned in Boston [CK]. In 1949 Robbins left Ballet Theatre to join George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein's newly formed New York City Ballet as Associate Artistic Director. Soon after that he choreographed "The Guests," a ballet about intolerance.

1950s.

At New York City Ballet Robbins distinguished himself immediately as both dancer and choreographer. He was noted for his performances in Balanchine's 1929 "The Prodigal Son" (revived expressly for him), Til Eulenspiegel, and (with Tanaquil LeClercq) Bouree Fantasque, as well as for his own ballets, such as Age of Anxiety, The Cage, Afternoon of a Faun, and The Concert, in all of which LeClercq played leading roles. He continued working on Broadway, as well as, staging dances for Irving Berlin's "Call Me Madam", starring Ethel Merman, Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I," in which he created the celebrated "Small House of Uncle Thomas" ballet in addition to other dances, and the revue Two's Company, starring Bette Davis.  He also performed uncredited show doctoring on the musicals "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" (1951), "Wish You Were Here" (1952), "Wonderful Town" (1953), and choreographed and directed several sketches for the Ford 50th Anniversary Show, starring Mary Martin and Ethel Merman on CBS.  In 1954, Robbins collaborated with George Abbott on "The Pajama Game" (1954), which launched the career of Shirley MacLaine, and created, choreographed, and directed the Mary Martin vehicle, "Peter Pan" (which he re-staged for an Emmy Award-winning television special in 1955, earning himself a nomination for best choreography). He also directed and co-choreographed (with Bob Fosse) "Bells Are Ringing" (1956), starring Judy Holliday. Robbins recreated his stage dances for The King and I for the 1956 film version. In 1957, he conceived, choreographed, and directed "West Side Story". "West Side Story" is a contemporary version of "Romeo and Juliet", set in Hell's Kitchen. The show, with music by Leonard Bernstein, marked the first collaboration between Robbins and Stephen Sondheim, who wrote the lyrics, as well as Arthur Laurents, who wrote the book. Because book, music, and dance were envisioned as an organic whole, the cast, in a Broadway first, had to be equally skilled as actors, singers, and dancers. To help the young cast grow into their roles, Robbins did not allow those playing members of opposite gangs (Jets and Sharks) to mix during the rehearsal process. He also, according to dancer Linda Talcott Lee, "played psychological games" with the cast: "And he would plant rumors among one gang about the other, so they really hated each other." Although it opened to good reviews, it was overshadowed by Meredith Willson's "The Music Man" at that year's Tony Awards. "West Side Story" did, however, earn Robbins his second Tony Award for choreography.  The streak of hits continued with "" (1959), starring Ethel Merman. Robbins re-teamed with Sondheim and Laurents, and the music was by Jule Styne. The musical is based (loosely) on the life of stripper Gypsy Rose Lee.  In 1956 Robbins' muse, Tanaquil LeClercq, contracted polio and was paralyzed; for the next decade Robbins largely withdrew from his activities at New York City Ballet, but he established his own small dance company, Ballets USA, which premiered at the inaugural season of Gian Carlo Menotti's Festival of the Two Worlds in Spoleto, Italy in June 1958, toured Europe and the US under the auspices of the State Department, and appeared on television on The Ed Sullivan Show. Among the dances he created for Ballets USA were N.Y. Export: Opus Jazz and Moves.

House Un-American Activities Committee.

In 1950, Robbins was called to testify before the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), suspected of Communist sympathies. Robbins, though willing to confess to past party membership, resisted naming names of others with similar political connections; he held out for three years until, according to two family members in whom he confided, he was threatened with public exposure of his homosexuality. Robbins named the names of persons he said were Communists, including actors Lloyd Gough and Elliot Sullivan, dance critic Edna Ocko, filmmaker Lionel Berman, playwright Jerome Chodorov, his brother Edward Chodorov, Madeline Lee Gilford and her husband Jack Gilford, who were blacklisted for their perceived political beliefs and had their careers suffer noticeably, to the point Gilford and his wife often had to borrow money from friends to make ends meet. Because he cooperated with HUAC, Robbins's career did not visibly suffer and he was not blacklisted.

1960s.

In 1961, Robbins directed, with Robert Wise, the film adaptation of "West Side Story". He was fired from the production as soon as principal photography was complete. However, when the film received 10 Academy Awards, Robbins won two, one for his Direction and one for "Brilliant Achievements in the Art of Choreography on Film."  In 1962, Robbins directed Arthur Kopit's non-musical play "Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad". The production ran over a year off-Broadway and was transferred to Broadway for a short run in 1963, after which Robbins directed Anne Bancroft in a revival of Bertolt Brecht's "Mother Courage and Her Children".  Robbins was still highly sought after as a show doctor. He took over the direction of two troubled productions during this period and helped turn them into successes. In 1962, he saved "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1962), a musical farce starring Zero Mostel, Jack Gilford, David Burns, and John Carradine. The production, with book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, and score by Stephen Sondheim, was not working. Sondheim wrote and Robbins staged an entirely new opening number, "Comedy Tonight," which explained to the audience what was to follow, and the show played successfully from then on. In 1964, he took on a floundering "Funny Girl" and devised a show that ran 1348 performances. The musical helped turn lead Barbra Streisand into a superstar.  That same year, Robbins won Tony Awards for his direction and choreography in "Fiddler on the Roof" (1964). The show starred Zero Mostel as Tevye and ran for 3242 performances, setting the record (since surpassed) for longest-running Broadway show. The plot, about Jews living in Russia near the beginning of the 20th century, allowed Robbins to return to his religious roots.

1970s and 1980s.

He continued to choreograph and stage productions for both the Joffrey Ballet and the New York City Ballet into the 1970s. Robbins became ballet master of the New York City Ballet in 1972 and worked almost exclusively in classical dance throughout the next decade, pausing only to stage revivals of "West Side Story" (1980) and "Fiddler on the Roof" (1981). In 1981, his Chamber Dance Company toured the People's Republic of China.  The 1980s saw an increased presence on TV as NBC aired "" with members of the New York City Ballet, and a retrospective of Robbins's choreography aired on PBS in a 1986 installment of "Dance in America". The latter led to his creating the anthology show "Jerome Robbins' Broadway" in 1989 which recreated the most successful production numbers from his 50-plus year career. Starring Jason Alexander as the narrator (a performance that would win Alexander a Tony), the show included stagings of cut numbers like Irving Berlin's "Mr. Monotony" and well-known ones like the "Tradition" number from "Fiddler on the Roof". He was awarded a fifth Tony Award for it.

1990s.

Following a bicycle accident in 1990 and heart-valve surgery in 1994, in 1996 he began showing signs of a form of Parkinson's disease, and his hearing was quickly deteriorating. He nevertheless staged "Les Noces" for City Ballet in 1998, his last project.

Death.

Robbins suffered a stroke in July 1998, two months after the premiere of his re-staging of "Les Noces". He died at his home in New York on July 29, 1998. On the evening of his death, the lights of Broadway were dimmed for a moment in tribute. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered on the Atlantic Ocean.

Personal life.

Robbins had relationships with a number of people, from Montgomery Clift and Nora Kaye to Buzz Miller and Jess Gerstein. As a former Communist Party member, he named 10 communists in his testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee. This action led to resentment among some of his peers and collaborators, including blacklisted actors Jack Gilford and Zero Mostel, who, while working on Fiddler on the Roof "openly destained Robbins." Despite this, Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents worked with him on "West Side Story" only a few years after they had been blacklisted.

Awards.

Robbins shared the Best Director Oscar with Robert Wise for the film version of "West Side Story" (1961). Robbins was only the second director to win the Academy Award for Best Director for a film debut (after Delbert Mann for "Marty"). That same year, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honored him with a special award for his choreographic achievements on film.  In all, he was awarded with five Tony Awards, two Academy Awards, the Kennedy Center Honors (1981), the National Medal of Arts (1988), the French Legion of Honor, and an Honorary Membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He was awarded three honorary doctorates including an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in 1980 from the City University of New York and an Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from New York University in 1985.  Jerome Robbins was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979. Robbins was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame 10 years later, in 1989.

Jerome Robbins Award.

In 1995, Jerome Robbins instructed the directors of his foundation to establish a prize for "some really greatly outstanding person or art institution. The prizes should "lean toward the arts of dance..." The first two Jerome Robbins Awards were bestowed in 2003 to New York City Ballet and to lighting designer Jennifer Tipton.

Jerome Robbins (October 11, 1918 – July 29, 1998) was an American choreographer, director, dancer, and theater producer who worked in classical ballet, on stage, film, and television. Among his numerous stage productions were "On the Town", "Peter Pan", "High Button Shoes", "The King and I", "The Pajama Game", "Bells Are Ringing", "West Side Story", "Gypsy", and "Fiddler on the Roof". Robbins was a five-time Tony Award-winner and a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. He received two Academy Awards, including the 1961 Academy Award for Best Director with Robert Wise for "West Side Story".

Jerome Robbins, rodným jménem Jerome Wilson Rabinowitz (11. října 1918, New York – 9. července 1998, New York) byl americký tanečník, choreograf, režisér a divadelní producent židovského původu. Původně vystudoval chemii na Newyorské univerzitě, tanci se začal věnovat až roku 1936. Pětkrát získal divadelní cenu Tony, dvakrát za muzikál (1965, 1989), třikrát za choreografii (1948, 1958, 1965). Za spolurežii filmového muzikálu "West Side Story" získal roku 1961 Oscara, ačkoli šlo o jeho filmový debut – v té době byl teprve druhým režijním debutantem, který tuto cenu získal. Ve stejném roce obdržel i tzv. čestného (či zvláštního) Oscara ("Academy Honorary Award").


Life cycle.

The cycle begins as arthropods ingest the eggs. Arthropods are then able to act as the intermediate host. When ingested, the eggs develop into cysticercoids. As shown in the CDC life cycle, oncospheres hatch and then penetrate the intestinal wall. Rodents can become infected when they eat arthropods. Humans, especially children, can ingest the arthropods as well and therefore become infected via the same mechanism. Rodents, especially rats, are definitive hosts and natural reservoirs of "H. diminuta". The intermediate hosts are the coprophilic arthropods (fleas, lepidoptera, and coleoptera). As the definitive host (rats) eats an infected arthropod, cysticercoids present in the body cavity transform into the adult worm. The resulting eggs are then passed through the stool. In recent findings, beetle-to-beetle transmission of "H. diminuta" can be seen via the feces. Additionally, more infections occur due to this mechanism of egg dispersal.

Prevalence.

"H. diminuta" infection in humans is rare, typically occurring in isolated cases. As such, several studies of "H. diminuta" exist as case reports describing a single affected individual.  In rural Devghar, India, a place heavily infested with rodents and cockroaches, "H. diminuta" eggs were found in a 12-year-old girl living in a small village. In rural Talasri, Maharashtra, India, "H. diminuta" eggs were found in a 26-year-old male, living in small village, Talasri.  In an urban area of Rome, a 2-year-old boy was also infected by "H. diminuta". However, in this instance, investigators found no evidence of rodent or other possible sources of infection in the places habitually occupied by the affected boy.  In 1989, a child from St. James Parish, Jamaica was the subject of the first documented case of "H. diminuta" occurring in Jamaica, West Indies.

Influence on host behavior.

In a behavioral study of the beetle "Tenebrio molitor" with cysticercoids of the rat tapeworm "H. diminuta", findings suggested that the parasite impairs a beetle's ability to conceal itself. The study followed a rat and a beetle infected with the parasite. Infected beetles were slower than the control group; however, they still maintained the same learning level. In the initial phase of infection, the beetle was in high stress. As time progressed, this did not worsen their ability to learn. Overall, the training experiment portrayed that infected beetles were unable to hide from the rat, illustrating the high impact the parasite had on its host, the beetle.

Role in human diseases.

"H. diminuta" is often asymptomatic. However, abdominal pain, irritability, itching, and eosinophilia are among the existing symptoms in a few of the reported cases.  "H. diminuta" has been cited as a possible candidate species for helminthic therapy, i.e. the controlled use of live organism parasites for the prevention and control of diseases of modern living. These diseases include allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders.

Treatment.

Since data regarding praziquantel treatment of "H. diminuta" is sparse, scientists have recommended that every case and treatment of "H. diminuta" be reported for development of protocols and parasitological purposes.  A 2-year-old Italian boy affected by tuberous sclerosis was infected by "H. diminuta". Due to concerns over his neurological condition, the boy was treated with niclosamide rather than praziquantel. In this case, niclosamide treatment proved to be successful.

Hymenolepis diminuta, also known as rat tapeworm, is a species of "Hymenolepis" tapeworm that causes hymenolepiasis. It has slightly bigger eggs and proglottids than "H. nana" and infects mammals using insects as intermediate hosts. The adult structure is 20 to 60 cm long and the mature proglottid is similar to that of "H. nana", except it is larger.

Tasemnice krysí ("Hymenolepis diminuta," Rudolphi 1819) je tasemnice čeledi Hymenolepididae parazitující u hlodavců, nejčastěji myší a krys. Vzácně ji lze nalézt také u lidí. Tato tasemnice má dvouhostitelský cyklus, přičemž jako mezihostitel slouží někteří zástupci hmyzu. V laboratorních podmínkách je to nejčastěji brouk potemník moučný ("Tenebrio molitor"). Člověk se nakazí náhodným pozřením (nejčastěji skrze cereálie) infikovaných brouků. Tasemnice se u definitivního hostitele vyskytuje ve střevě. Infekce člověka je zpravidla bez příznaků nebo se může projevit bolestmi břicha a snížením apetitu.


Description.

ETA designs and manufactures mechanical and automatic watches, watch movements and watch ébauches. Although the company produces finished watches and movements, ETA specializes in the production of ébauche movements used both in watches of sister Swatch Group subsidiary brands and in the watches of competitors, including brands owned by Compagnie Financière Richemont S.A. and others. With the exception of hairsprings manufactured by sister company Nivarox, ETA maintains vertical control over the manufacturing of all of the components required to create a watch movement and therefore is considered a true manufacture d'horlogerie.

History.

ETA is the result of successive consolidation of the Swiss watch industry, a combination of several former Swiss watch movement manufacturers including Valjoux, Peseux and Lemania.  In 1856 at Grenchen, Urs Schild, a schoolmaster, and Dr. Girard set up a watch movement (ébauche) factory which eventually became Eterna. In 1926, ETA AS (the movement branch of Eterna, founded in 1896) and FHF (founded in 1793) took part in the creation of Ébauches Ltd. In 1978 AS and ETA merged and in 1985 ETA took in all the activities done before by Ébauches Ltd and FHF (both part of SMH/Swatch Group).  SSIH was founded in 1930 through the amalgamation of Omega and Tissot. By consolidating companies that produced high-quality movements and a number of watch brands, SSIH gradually established a strong position in the Swiss watch industry.  At the time, both SSIH and ASUAG held a number of well-established Swiss watch brands. ASUAG had been founded in 1931. ASUAG expanded through the purchase of companies that made movement-blanks and a number of finished watch manufacturers that were subsequently brought together under the subsidiary General Watch Co (GWC). In the 1930s, both ASUAG and SSIH entered into complementary research and development programs to combat a severe economic crisis. Following repeated crises in the Swiss watch industry, by the 1970s both ASUAG and SSIH were again in trouble. Foreign competition and the mass production of cheap new electronic products were taking over the market. Eventually, both ASUAG and SSIH faced bankruptcy.  During all those years of crisis, and restructuring, since 1978, Dr. Ernst Thomke had been at the helm of ETA SA, and also had become CEO of Ebauches SA and appointed on the Board of Directors of ASUAG. He became SMH's first CEO, position he held until 1991. At that time, Nicolas G. Hayek, as newly elected Chairman of the Board and main shareholder had already become the only person of reference.  In 1998, Swiss Corporation for Microelectronics and Watchmaking Industries Ltd ("Société de Microélectronique et d'Horlogerie" or SMH), founded in 1983 through the merger Swiss watchmakers ASUAG and SSIH, was renamed the Swatch Group.

Products.

ETA 2824-2.

One workhorse of the ETA mechanical line is the ETA 2824-2, The 2824 is an automatic winding, twenty-five jewel movement, available in four executions or grades: Standard, Elaborated (improved), Top and Chronometer. The key components which differ at the line of demarcation between Elaborated and Top are the shock protection system (Elaborate=Etachoc/Top=Incabloc), balance wheel (Elaborate=Brass/Top=Glucydur) and the hairspring (Elaborate=Nivarox 2/Top=Anachron). In contrast, since the addition of the "-2" at the end of the movement number, there has been no difference between the standard and the chronometer grades in terms of the regulator mechanism, both being Etachron. To illustrate the differences in accuracy garnered by the successive grades, consider the following specifications:  The Chronometer grade must meet strict standards prescribed by the COSC. Chronometer grade movements are serial numbered, as that is a requirement of the certification authority. Moreover, the degree of decoration on the movement's parts, generally only an aesthetic improvement, increases as well with the grade.

ETA 2892.

The ETA 2892.A2 is a newer design dating to the 1970s and fitted with top quality components.  An automatic winding, twenty-one (21) jewel movement, the 2892 is available in three executions or grades: "Elaborated", "Top" and "Chronometer". The key components which differ at the line of demarcation between Elaborated and Top are the balance wheel (Elaborate=Brass/Top=Glucydur) and the hairspring (Elaborate=Nivarox 2/Top=Anachron). In contrast, since the addition of the "-2" at the end of the movement number, there has been no difference between the standard and the chronometer grades in terms of the regulator mechanism, both being Etachron. The degree of decoration on the movement's parts also increases with the grade. To illustrate the differences in accuracy garnered by the successive grades, consider the following specifications:  The ETA 2892.A2 is usually found in the more expensive and prestigious watches and brands, and owing to its relatively slim height of 3.60 mm, the 2892.A2 is a favorite of watch brands that market complicated movements such as Breitling with its trademark chronograph (stop watches). The 2892 is also used in certain International Watch Company watches, including newer Ingenieur models introduced in 2013.

The Omega coaxial based upon an ETA movement.

Omega's Seamaster line of watches (including the Seamaster Professional 300) previously used an embellished version of the ETA 2892.A2 known as the Omega 1120. Later versions of the Seamaster used a proprietary coaxial escapement invented by George Daniels, an English horologist, and exclusively marketed by Omega, a sister company of ETA. The movement with the coaxial escapement is known as the Omega 2500 series and is derived from the ETA 2892. Later versions of the Seamaster "Planet Ocean" migrated from the Omega 2500 to a different coaxial escapement known as the Omega 8500 series with extremely high magnetic resistance. Current Seamaster Professional 300 models continue to use the Omega 2500 "D" series movements.

Valjoux 7750.

The Valjoux 7750 a/k/a ETA 7750 an extremely popular movement used in the majority of mechanical chronograph watches on the market in 2004.  The Valjoux 7750 uses a three-plane cam system, the coulisse-lever escapement, rather than the traditional chronograph mechanism, the column wheel. It is constructed of a mainplate, calendar plate, and chronograph top plate. Levers push a cam back and forth, driving the stopwatch mechanism of the Valjoux 7750. In the 1980s, many companies began using the Valjoux 7750 because it was easier to mass-produce and distribute in high-volume. The system and movement were developed by Edmond Capt in 1970, as a fully integrated self-winding mechanism with quick-set day/date based on the Valjoux 7733.  The movement is an automatic winding, twenty-five (25) jewel movement, which can be fitted with a variety of features including the triple date (day, date, month and moon phase) or a variety of two and three register models with totalizers or counters for minutes, seconds and hours. It is available in three executions or grades: Elaborated, Top and Chronometer. The key components which differ at the line of demarcation between Elaborated and Top are the pallet stones, balance wheel & hairspring and the regulator mechanism. To illustrate the differences in accuracy garnered by the successive grades, consider the following specifications:

Cartel investigation.

In 2003 the Swiss Competition Commission launched an investigation into the business practices of ETA SA after Nicholas Hayek, then chairman of ETA parent The Swatch Group Ltd., announced in 2002 that ETA would shortly stop supplying ébauches (partial watch movements) to companies outside The Swatch Group. Competitors complained that this would effectively put them out of business. Hayek countered that Swiss watch making companies must begin to invest in their own movement-making capabilities because it was detrimental to the long term health of the Swiss watchmaking industry to rely on one supplier, ETA, for the bulk of ébauche and parts production. The Swiss Competition Commission ordered ETA to continue supplying ébauches to companies outside The Swatch Group during the investigation.  In 2005 the Swiss Competition Commission concluded its investigation and ordered ETA to continue delivering ébauches and parts at the then current levels until 2008, after which ETA was allowed to gradually reduce deliveries until 2010. The Commission had found that for ébauches in the price range up to US$250, there were no real alternatives and ETA's decision to stop deliveries was a breach of Swiss law pertaining to cartels.  Although the 2005 decision has spurred some watchmakers to invest in the personnel and equipment necessary to produce movements in-house, heavy reliance on ETA continues to the present day. The original finding has been extended, with the Swiss Competition Commission ordering in July 2012 that based on 2010 supply levels, ETA may reduce the level of supplied movements by 30 percent in 2014-2015, 50 percent in 2016-2017 and by 70 percent by 2018-2019. The number of Nivarox products that must be offered will be reduced gradually, dropping by 70 percent by the year 2023. ETA hopes to eventually reach a market position where they are allowed to freely choose to supply or not to supply parts and ébauches to competitors based solely on ETA's discretion.

See also.

List of ETA Movements

ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse (ETA SA Swiss Watch Manufacturer) designs and manufactures quartz watches and both hand-wound and automatic-winding mechanical ébauches and movements. Commonly referred to as ETA, the company is headquartered in Grenchen, Switzerland and is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Swatch Group.

ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse je švýcarský výrobce hodinek se sídlem v Grenchen. Za vznik se označuje rok 1856, kdy byla založena společnost Eterna, Eterna v průběhu 20. století vytvořila dceřinou firmu ETA, která se měla zaměřovat na montáž hodinových strojků a hodinových základů (ébauche), čemuž se firma věnuje doposud, v 70. letech vedle mechanických strojků začala vyrábět i quartzové strojky, v 80. letech byla firma zakoupena Swatch Group. Jedná se jednoho z největších dodavatelů hodinových strojků (jak pro výrobce ve skupině, tak dalším výrobcům mimo), což vedlo i k několika vyšetřováním ve Švýcarsku ve věci monopolního postavení ETA.


Geography.

Misawa is located in the flatlands on the southern shore of Lake Ogawara on the east coast of Aomori Prefecture, facing the Pacific Ocean. The nearest large city is Hachinohe which is 30 to 40 minutes away by car. The surrounding area is mostly rural and scenic. There is some limited nightlife, mostly concentrated around the American air base. Tokyo is an hour away by air, about 3 and a half hours by train, and about 10–12 hours by car. Misawa has well-defined seasons. Though short, autumn is beautiful with pleasant temperatures, late-blooming flowers, and the changing colors of the trees. Winter gets serious in early December, peaks in January and February, and starts fading near the end of March. Strong winds often intensify the cold temperatures. Snowfall is frequent, and in January and February, snow does not melt completely. Icy roads are also a concern as the sunshine will often melt the snow and then as afternoon temperatures cool down, the water from the melted snow and ice refreezes. As the ice and snow clear and the ground dries, dust storms become a hazard near farm fields. In early spring, the winds switch and come from the east off the ocean. Thick sea fog is common in the morning or early evening. May is usually quite pleasant with warm temperatures. The onset of summer usually brings the rainy season. This normally begins in mid-June and continues for an unpredictable period of time. However, it normally clears out around mid to late July. The end of July through August can get quite hot and humid.

Climate.

The city has a humid continental climate characterized by hot summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification "Dfa"). The average annual temperature in Misawa is 9.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1172 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.6 °C, and lowest in January, at around -1.9 °C.

Neighboring municipalities.

Aomori Prefecture

Demographics.

Per Japanese census data: The population of Misawa has remained relatively stable over then past 30 years.

History.

The area around Misawa has been occupied since the Japanese Paleolithic period, and was a major population center for the Emishi people. Numerous Jōmon period remains have been discovered within the borders of Misawa, including within the borders of Misawa Air Base. The area was nominally under control of the Northern Fujiwara in the Heian period, and became part of the holdings granted to the Nanbu clan after the defeat of the North Fujiwara by Minamoto no Yoritomo in the early Kamakura period. The Nanbu established numerous horse ranches, accompanied by a series of numbered fortified settlements in the region. During the Edo period, the area was part of Morioka Domain and was later transferred to the holdings of the subsidiary Shichinohe Domain during the mid-Edo period.. After the Meiji Restoration, the area was settled by many dispossessed ex-samurai from former Aizu Domain.  Per the post-Meiji restoration establishment of the modern municipalities system on 1 April 1889, the village of Misawa was created within Kamikita District through the merger of Misawa and Tengamori hamlets. The area was devastated by a tsunami in March 1896. In 1931, in the first successful nonstop transpacific flight, Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, in the airplane "Miss Veedol", took off from Misawa's Sabishiro Beach and landed in present-day East Wenatchee, Washington in the United States. Coastal areas of Misawa were again devastated by a tsunami in March 1933. An Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service base was established in 1941, and nearby Lake Ogawara was reportedly one of the lakes used by the Imperial Japanese Navy to practice for the attack on Pearl Harbor, due to its shallow depth. The base was heavily bombed by the United States Navy in 1945, and subsequently occupied by the United States after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II.  On 11 February 1948, the town of Omisawa was founded through the merger of Misawa village with portions of Rokunohe, Shimoda and Uranodate villages. Misawa Airport was opened on 11 January 1952, with Japan Airlines providing scheduled services to Haneda Airport in Tokyo and Chitose Airport in Hokkaidō. The town was renamed Misawa, and elevated to city status on 1 September 1958. Misawa Airport was closed on 31 March 1965. On 11 January 1966, a large fire destroyed most of the center of the city. On 19 August 1969, the 51st annual Japanese High School Baseball Championship was held in Misawa. Misawa Airport reopened on 10 May 1975. In the year 2000, Misawa hosted the winter events for the 55th annual National Sports Festival of Japan.

Government.

Misawa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 18 members. Misawa contributes one member to the Aomori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Aomori 2nd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy.

Misawa serves as a regional industrial and commercial center, with agriculture and commercial fishing playing secondary roles in the local economy. The large foreign presence at Misawa Air Base also makes a large impact on the local economy.

Education.

Misawa has seven public elementary schools and five public middle schools operated by the city government and two public high schools operated by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education.

Transportation.

Railway.

Aoimori Railway Company -Aoimori Railway Line

Local attractions.

Festivals.

The city of Misawa boasts many festivals throughout the year, such as the cherry blossom festival, located at "Train Park", the "Tanabata" festival, and the most local, the "Kosuimatsuri", or Lake Ogawara Festival. At the Kosuimatsuri, the new Lake Ogawara Queen is crowned; synonymous to "Miss Misawa", which consists of two women from Misawa between the age of 15–25, and one American citizen from Misawa Air Base, of the same age range. Misawa also hosts "Japan Day" within Misawa Air Base, at the base's Collocated Club. There is also "American Day", occurring generally a week or so after Memorial Day, at which time Japanese and American friendship is strengthened through the festive environment of food vendors and a large parade.

Misawa is the location of a large military base, Misawa Air Base, which is under joint operation of the United States Air Force's 35th Fighter Wing, Naval Air Facility, and Japan Air Self-Defense Force's 3rd Fighter Wing. It is also an important US base for signals intelligence and related activities. The city population figures do not include the estimated 10,000 American military personnel and their dependents stationed at Misawa Air Base.

Misawa () je město na východě prefektury Aomori na severu ostrova Honšú v Japonsku. V dubnu 2017 mělo město 38 993 obyvatel, což při rozloze 119,97 km2 představovalo hustotu zalidnění 325 obyvatel na km2.


Biography.

Sergei Belov was born in the village of Nashchyokovo, Shegarsky District, Tomsk Oblast, Soviet Union. In 1968, he became an Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR. He became an Honoured Coach of Russia in 1995, and served as President of the Russian Basketball Federation (1993–98).

Club playing career.

At the age of twenty, Belov made his debut in the USSR League, with the team of Uralmash Sverdlovsk, where he played from 1964 to 1967. He then played with CSKA Moscow for twelve years. With CSKA, he won the USSR League championship eleven times (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980), the USSR Cup twice (1972, 1973), and the EuroLeague twice, in 1969 and 1971.

National team playing career.

As a member of the senior Soviet Union national basketball team, for nearly fourteen years (1967–1980), Belov helped them win a Summer Olympic Games gold medal in 1972, and three bronze medals in 1968, 1976, and 1980. He also helped them to become the FIBA World Cup champions in 1967 and 1974, and the EuroBasket champions in 1967, 1969, 1971, and 1979. He also won the Summer Universiade, in 1970, as well.  In the gold medal game of the 1972 Summer Olympics, Belov scored 20 points against the United States national basketball team, as the Soviet Union controversially defeated the USA, by a score of 51–50, to win the gold.

Coaching career.

Belov was the head coach of CSKA Moscow, with whom he won the USSR League championship in 1982 and 1990. He was also the head coach of Ural Great Perm. With Ural Great Perm, he won the Russian Championship title in both 2001 and 2002, the Russian Cup in 2004, and the North European League championship in 2001.  As the head coach of the senior men's Russian national basketball team, he won silver medals at both the 1994 FIBA World Championship and the 1998 FIBA World Championship, and the bronze medal at the EuroBasket 1997. He was also Russia's head coach at the EuroBasket 1995 and the EuroBasket 1999.

Death.

Sergei Alexandrovich Belov died on 3 October 2013, in Perm, Russia. Asteroid 296638 Sergeibelov, discovered by Timur Kryachko in 2009, was named in his memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 16 March 2014 ().

Sergei Alexandrovich Belov (; 23 January 1944 – 3 October 2013) was a Russian professional basketball player, most noted for playing for CSKA Moscow and the senior Soviet Union national basketball team. He is considered to be one of the best European basketball players of all time, and was given the honour of lighting the Olympic Cauldron with the Olympic flame during the 1980 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, in Moscow.

Sergej Alexandrovič Bělov, (23. ledna 1944, Naščekovo – 3. října 2013, Perm) byl ruský basketbalista. Se sovětskou basketbalovou reprezentací získal zlato na olympijských hrách v Mnichově roku 1972, dvakrát vyhrál mistrovství světa (1967, 1974) a čtyřikrát mistrovství Evropy (1967, 1969, 1971, 1979). Na klubové úrovni hrál za Uralmaš Sverdlovsk (1964–1967) a CSKA Moskva (1968–1980). S CSKA dvakrát vyhrál Pohár evropských mistrů (dnes Euroliga), a to v letech 1969 a 1971. Jedenáctkrát s ním získal titul mistra SSSR (1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980). Roku 1991 byl zvolen nejlepším basketbalistou federace FIBA všech dob. V roce 1980 zapaloval olympijský oheň na olympijských hrách v Moskvě roku 1980.


Features.

The Core microarchitecture returned to lower clock rates and improved the usage of both available clock cycles and power when compared with the preceding NetBurst microarchitecture of the Pentium 4/D-branded CPUs. The Core microarchitecture provides more efficient decoding stages, execution units, caches, and buses, reducing the power consumption of Core 2-branded CPUs while increasing their processing capacity. Intel's CPUs have varied widely in power consumption according to clock rate, architecture, and semiconductor process, shown in the CPU power dissipation tables.  Like the last NetBurst CPUs, Core based processors feature multiple cores and hardware virtualization support (marketed as Intel VT-x), as well as Intel 64 and SSSE3. However, Core-based processors do not have the Hyper-Threading Technology found in Pentium 4 processors. This is because the Core microarchitecture is a descendant of the P6 microarchitecture used by Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium M.  The L1 cache size was enlarged in the Core microarchitecture, from 32 KB on Pentium II / III (16 KB L1 Data + 16 KB L1 Instruction) to 64 KB L1 cache/core (32 KB L1 Data + 32 KB L1 Instruction) on Pentium M and Core/Core 2. The consumer version also lacks an L3 Cache found in the Gallatin core of the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, though it is exclusively present in high-end versions of Core-based Xeons. Both an L3 cache and Hyper-threading were reintroduced again to consumer line in the Nehalem microarchitecture.

Technology.

While the Core microarchitecture is a major architectural revision it is based in part on the Pentium M processor family designed by Intel Israel. The Penryn pipeline is 12–14 stages long — less than half of Prescott's, a signature feature of wide order execution cores. Penryn's successor, Nehalem borrowed more heavily from the Pentium 4 and has 20-24 pipeline stages. Core's execution unit is 4 issues wide, compared to the 3-issue cores of P6, Pentium M, and 2-issue cores of NetBurst microarchitectures. The new architecture is a dual core design with linked L1 cache and shared L2 cache engineered for maximum performance per watt and improved scalability.  One new technology included in the design is Macro-Ops Fusion, which combines two x86 instructions into a single micro-operation. For example, a common code sequence like a compare followed by a conditional jump would become a single micro-op. Unfortunately, this technology does not work in 64-bit mode.  Other new technologies include 1 cycle throughput (2 cycles previously) of all 128-bit SSE instructions and a new power saving design. All components will run at minimum speed, ramping up speed dynamically as needed (similar to AMD's Cool'n'Quiet power-saving technology, as well as Intel's own SpeedStep technology from earlier mobile processors). This allows the chip to produce less heat, and consume as little power as possible.  For most Woodcrest CPUs, the front side bus (FSB) runs at 1333 MT/s; however, this is scaled down to 1066 MT/s for lower end 1.60 and 1.86 GHz variants. The Merom mobile variant was initially targeted to run at a FSB of 667 MT/s while the second wave of Meroms, supporting 800 MT/s FSB, were released as part of the Santa Rosa platform with a different socket in May 2007. The desktop-oriented Conroe began with models having an FSB of 800 MT/s or 1066 MT/s with a 1333 MT/s line officially launched on July 22, 2007.  The power consumption of these new processors is extremely low—average use energy consumption is to be in the 1–2 watt range in ultra low voltage variants, with thermal design powers (TDPs) of 65 watts for Conroe and most Woodcrests, 80 watts for the 3.0 GHz Woodcrest, and 40 watts for the low-voltage Woodcrest. In comparison, an AMD Opteron 875HE processor consumes 55 watts, while the energy efficient Socket AM2 line fits in the 35 watt thermal envelope (specified a different way so not directly comparable). Merom, the mobile variant, is listed at 35 watts TDP for standard versions and 5 watts TDP for Ultra Low Voltage (ULV) versions.  Previously, Intel announced that it would now focus on power efficiency, rather than raw performance. However, at IDF in the spring of 2006, Intel advertised both. Some of the promised numbers were:

Processor cores.

The processors of the Core microarchitecture can be categorized by number of cores, cache size, and socket; each combination of these has a unique code name and product code that is used across a number of brands. For instance, code name "Allendale" with product code 80557 has two cores, 2 MB L2 cache and uses the desktop socket 775, but has been marketed as Celeron, Pentium, Core 2 and Xeon, each with different sets of features enabled. Most of the mobile and desktop processors come in two variants that differ in the size of the L2 cache, but the specific amount of L2 cache in a product can also be reduced by disabling parts at production time. Wolfdale-DP and all quad-core processors except Dunnington QC are multi-chip modules combining two dies. For the 65 nm processors, the same product code can be shared by processors with different dies, but the specific information about which one is used can be derived from the stepping.

Conroe/Merom (65 nm).

The original Core 2 processors are based around the same dies that can be identified as CPUID Family 6 Model 15. Depending on their configuration and packaging, their code names are Conroe (LGA 775, 4 MB L2 cache), Allendale (LGA 775, 2 MB L2 cache), Merom (Socket M, 4 MB L2 cache) and Kentsfield (Multi-chip module, LGA 775, 2x4MB L2 cache). Merom and Allendale processors with limited features can be found in Pentium Dual Core and Celeron processors, while Conroe, Allendale and Kentsfield also are sold as Xeon processors.  Additional code names for processors based on this model are Woodcrest (LGA 771, 4 MB L2 cache), Clovertown (MCM, LGA 771, 2×4MB L2 cache) and Tigerton (MCM, Socket 604, 2×4MB L2 cache), all of which are marketed only under the Xeon brand.

Conroe-L/Merom-L.

The Conroe-L and Merom-L processors are based around the same core as Conroe and Merom, but only contain a single core and 1 MB of L2 cache, significantly reducing production cost and power consumption of the processor at the expense of performance compared to the dual-core version. It is used only in ultra-low voltage Core 2 Solo U2xxx and in Celeron processors and is identified as CPUID family 6 model 22.

Penryn/Wolfdale (45 nm).

In Intel's Tick-Tock cycle, the 2007/2008 "Tick" was the shrink of the Core microarchitecture to 45 nanometers as CPUID model 23. In Core 2 processors, it is used with the code names Penryn (Socket P), Wolfdale (LGA 775) and Yorkfield (MCM, LGA 775), some of which are also sold as Celeron, Pentium and Xeon processors. In the Xeon brand, the Wolfdale-DP and Harpertown code names are used for LGA 771 based MCMs with two or four active Wolfdale cores.  Architecturally, 45nm Core 2 processors feature SSE4.1 and new divide/shuffle engine.  The chips come in two sizes, with 6 MB and 3 MB L2 cache. The smaller version is commonly called Penryn-3M and Wolfdale-3M as well as Yorkfield-6M, respectively. The single-core version of Penryn, listed as Penryn-L here, is not a separate model like Merom-L but a version of the Penryn-3M model with only one active core.

Dunnington.

The Xeon "Dunnington" processor (CPUID Family 6, model 29) is closely related to Wolfdale but comes with six cores and an on-chip L3 cache and is designed for servers with Socket 604, so it is marketed only as Xeon, not as Core 2.

Steppings.

The Core microarchitecture uses a number of steppings, which unlike previous microarchitectures not only represent incremental improvements but also different sets of features like cache size and low power modes. Most of these steppings are used across brands, typically by disabling some of the features and limiting clock frequencies on low-end chips.  Steppings with a reduced cache size use a separate naming scheme, which means that the releases are no longer in alphabetic order. Additional steppings have been used in internal and engineering samples, but are not listed in the tables.  Many of the high-end Core 2 and Xeon processors use Multi-chip modules of two or three chips in order to get larger cache sizes or more than two cores.

Steppings using 65 nm process.

Early ES/QS steppings are: B0 (CPUID 6F4h), B1 (6F5h) and E0 (6F9h).  Steppings B2/B3, E1 and G0 of model 15 (cpuid 06fx) processors are evolutionary steps of the standard Merom/Conroe die with 4 MiB L2 cache, with the short-lived E1 stepping only being used in mobile processors. Stepping L2 and M0 are the "Allendale" chips with just 2 MiB L2 cache, reducing production cost and power consumption for low-end processors.  The G0 and M0 steppings improve idle power consumption in C1E state and add the C2E state in desktop processors. In mobile processors, all of which support C1 through C4 idle states, steppings E1, G0, and M0 add support for the Mobile Intel 965 Express (Santa Rosa) platform with Socket P, while the earlier B2 and L2 steppings only appear for the Socket M based Mobile Intel 945 Express (Napa refresh) platform.  The model 22 stepping A1 (cpuid 10661h) marks a significant design change, with just a single core and 1 MiB L2 cache further reducing the power consumption and manufacturing cost for the low-end. Like the earlier steppings, A1 is not used with the Mobile Intel 965 Express platform.  Steppings G0, M0 and A1 mostly replaced all older steppings in 2008. In 2009, a new stepping G2 was introduced to replace the original stepping B2.

Steppings using 45 nm process.

In the model 23 (cpuid 01067xh), Intel started marketing stepping with full (6 MiB) and reduced (3 MiB) L2 cache at the same time, and giving them identical cpuid values. All steppings have the new SSE4.1 instructions. Stepping C1/M1 was a bug fix version of C0/M0 specifically for quad core processors and only used in those. Stepping E0/R0 adds two new instructions (XSAVE/XRSTOR) and replaces all earlier steppings.  In mobile processors, stepping C0/M0 is only used in the Intel Mobile 965 Express (Santa Rosa refresh) platform, whereas stepping E0/R0 supports the later Intel Mobile 4 Express (Montevina) platform.  Model 30 stepping A1 (cpuid 106d1h) adds an L3 cache as well as six instead of the usual two cores, which leads to an unusually large die size of 503 mm2. As of February 2008, it has only found its way into the very high-end Xeon 7400 series (Dunnington).

System requirements.

Motherboard compatibility.

Conroe, Conroe XE and Allendale all use Socket LGA 775; however, not every motherboard is compatible with these processors.  Supporting chipsets are:  The Yorkfield XE model QX9770 (45 nm with 1600 MT/s FSB) has limited chipset compatibility - with only X38, P35 (With Overclocking) and some high-performance X48 and P45 motherboards being compatible. BIOS updates were gradually being released to provide support for the Penryn technology, and the QX9775 is only compatible with the Intel D5400XS motherboard. The Wolfdale-3M model E7200 also has limited compatibility (at least the Xpress 200 chipset is incompatible).  Although a motherboard may have the required chipset to support Conroe, some motherboards based on the above-mentioned chipsets do not support Conroe. This is because all Conroe-based processors require a new power delivery feature set specified in Voltage Regulator-Down (VRD) 11.0. This requirement is a result of Conroe's significantly lower power consumption, compared to the Pentium 4/D CPUs it replaced. A motherboard that has both a supporting chipset and VRD 11 supports Conroe processors, but even then some boards will need an updated BIOS to recognize Conroe's FID (Frequency ID) and VID (Voltage ID).

Synchronous memory modules.

Unlike the previous Pentium 4 and Pentium D design, the Core 2 technology sees a greater benefit from memory running synchronously with the Front Side Bus (FSB). This means that for the Conroe CPUs with FSB of 1066 MT/s, the ideal memory performance for DDR2 is PC2-8500. In a few configurations, using PC2-5300 instead of PC2-4200 can actually decrease performance. Only when going to PC2-6400 is there a significant performance increase. While DDR2 memory models with tighter timing specifications do improve performance, the difference in real world games and applications is often negligible.  Optimally, the memory bandwidth afforded should match the bandwidth of the FSB, that is to say that a CPU with a 533 MT/s rated bus speed should be paired with RAM matching the same rated speed, for example DDR2 533, or PC2-4200. A common myth is that installing interleaved RAM will offer double the bandwidth. However, at most the increase in bandwidth by installing interleaved RAM is roughly 5–10%. The AGTL+ PSB used by all NetBurst processors as well as current and medium-term (pre-QuickPath) Core 2 processors provide a 64-bit data path. Current chipsets provide for a couple of either DDR2 or DDR3 channels.  On jobs requiring large amounts of memory access, the quad-core Core 2 processors can benefit significantly from using PC2-8500 memory, which runs at exactly the same speed as the CPU's FSB; this is not an officially supported configuration, but a number of motherboards support it.  The Core 2 processor does not require the use of DDR2. While the Intel 975X and P965 chipsets require this memory, some motherboards and chipsets support both Core 2 processors and DDR memory. When using DDR memory, performance may be reduced because of the lower available memory bandwidth.

Chip errata.

The Core 2 memory management unit (MMU) in X6800, E6000 and E4000 processors does not operate to previous specifications implemented in previous generations of x86 hardware. This may cause problems, many of them serious security and stability issues, with existing operating system software. Intel's documentation states that their programming manuals will be updated "in the coming months" with information on recommended methods of managing the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) for Core 2 to avoid issues, and admits that, "in rare instances, improper TLB invalidation may result in unpredictable system behavior, such as hangs or incorrect data."  Among the issues stated:  Intel errata Ax39, Ax43, Ax65, Ax79, Ax90, Ax99 are said to be particularly serious. 39, 43, 79, which can cause unpredictable behavior or system hang, have been fixed in recent steppings.  Among those who have stated the errata to be particularly serious are OpenBSD's Theo de Raadt and DragonFly BSD's Matthew Dillon. Taking a contrasting view was Linus Torvalds, calling the TLB issue "totally insignificant", adding, "The biggest problem is that Intel should just have documented the TLB behavior better."  Microsoft has issued update KB936357 to address the errata by microcode update, with no performance penalty. BIOS updates are also available to fix the issue.

The Intel Core microarchitecture (previously known as the Next-Generation Micro-Architecture) is a multi-core processor microarchitecture unveiled by Intel in Q1 2006. It is based on the Yonah processor design and can be considered an iteration of the P6 microarchitecture introduced in 1995 with Pentium Pro. High power consumption and heat intensity, the resulting inability to effectively increase clock speed, and other shortcomings such as an inefficient pipeline were the primary reasons why Intel abandoned the NetBurst microarchitecture and switched to a completely different architectural design, delivering high efficiency through a small pipeline rather than high clock speeds. The Core microarchitecture initially did not reach the clock speeds of the NetBurst microarchitecture, even after moving to 45 nm lithography. However after many generations of successor microarchitectures which used Core as their basis (such as Nehalem, Sandy Bridge and more), Intel managed to eventually surpass the clock speeds of Netburst with the Devil's Canyon (Improved version of Haswell) microarchitecture reaching a base frequency of 4 GHz and a maximum tested frequency of 4.4 GHz using 22 nm lithography.

Intel Core je mikroarchitektura vyvinutá společností Intel a vydaná v červenci roku 2006. Přestože jí nahrazuje, není tato architektura založena na architektuře NetBurst. Ta kvůli své vysoké spotřebě energie a vysokým provozním teplotám nebyla vhodná pro použití v noteboocích, pro které bylo vytvořeno Pentium M, vysoce optimalizovaná verze Pentia III architektury P6. To byla dále rozvíjeno, což vedlo ke vzniku jádra "Yonah" a později architektury Intel Core. Procesory Intel Core byly vyráběny 65-nanometrovým výrobním procesem, později došlo ke zmenšení jádra na 45 nm. Toto zmenšení nese označení Penryn.