Names.

In its official documents, the Church identifies the forms of the Roman Rite Mass by the editions of the Roman Missal used in celebrating them. Thus Pope Benedict XVI referred to this form of the Roman Rite Mass by linking it, in his motu proprio "Summorum Pontificum" of 7 July 2007, with "the Roman Missal promulgated by Pope Paul VI in 1970" or, in his accompanying letter of the same date to the bishops of the Church, "the Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II".  The now less frequently used names "Mass of Paul VI", "Pauline Mass", and "Mass of Saint Paul VI" refer to

Text.

The current official text in Latin is that in the third post-Vatican II typical edition of the Roman Missal, published in 2002 (after being promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 2000) and reprinted with corrections and updating in 2008. Translations into the vernacular languages have appeared; the current English translation was promulgated in 2010 and was introduced progressively from September 2011. Two earlier typical editions of the post-Vatican II Missal were issued in 1970 (promulgated in 1969) and 1975. The liturgy contained in the 1570–1962 editions of the Roman Missal is frequently referred to as the Tridentine Mass: all these editions placed at the start the text of the bull "Quo primum" in which Pope

History.

The Liturgical Movement of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which arose from the work of Dom Prosper Guéranger, founder of Solesmes Abbey, encouraged the laity to "live" the liturgy by attending services (not only Mass) often, understanding what they meant, and following the priest in heart and mind. It envisaged only minor reforms of the liturgy itself; the most important changes it sought affected the calendar. It also focused on promoting Gregorian Chant.  By the 1920s, the Liturgical Movement still did not advocate a full-scale revision of the rite of Mass. However it argued for changes to practices such as:  Another objective of the Movement was the introduction of the vernacular language (in particular, into the Mass of the Catechumens, i.e. the part of

Beginnings of the revision.

The Roman Missal was revised on a number of occasions after 1570: after only 34 years, Pope Clement VIII made a general revision, as did Pope Urban VIII 30 years later. Other Popes added new feasts or made other minor adjustments. It was not until the twentieth century, however, that work began on a more radical rewriting.  In response to a decree of the First Vatican Council (1870), Pope Pius X introduced in 1911 a new arrangement of the Psalter for use in the Breviary. In the bull "Divino afflatu", he described this change as "a first step towards a correction of the Roman Breviary and Missal". A Society of St. Pius X site states that this revision of the Breviary "significantly unsettled" clerics and encountered criticism. The laity would only have noticed the accompanying change whereby on Sundays the Mass liturgy ceased to be generally taken from the proper or common of the saint whose feast fell on that day, and began instead to be that of the Sunday.  In 1955, Pope Pius XII made substantial changes to the liturgies for Palm Sunday, the Easter Triduum, and the Vigil of Pentecost. The Palm Sunday blessing of palms was freed from elements such as the recitation of the Sanctus that were relics of an earlier celebration of a separate Mass for the blessing, and the procession was simplified. Among the changes for Holy Thursday were the moving of

Second Vatican Council and its immediate consequences.

The liturgy was the first matter considered by the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965. On 4 December 1963, the Council issued a Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy known as "Sacrosanctum Concilium", section 50 of which read as follows:  "Sacrosanctum Concilium" further provided that (amongst other things) a greater use of the Scriptures should be made at Mass, and that vernacular languages should be more widely employed.  In 1964, Pope Paul VI, who had succeeded John XXIII the previous year, established the "Consilium ad exsequendam Constitutionem de Sacra Liturgia", the Council for Implementing the Constitution on the Liturgy. The instruction "Inter oecumenici" of 26 September 1964, issued by the Sacred Congregation of Rites while the Council was still in session, and coming into effect on 7 March 1965 made significant changes to the existing liturgy, though the form of the rite was substantially preserved. Some sources speak of a "1965 Missal", but this generally refers to orders of the Mass that were published with the approval of bishops' conferences, for example, in the United States and Canada, rather than an "editio typica" of the Roman Missal itself. The changes included: use of the vernacular was permitted; free-standing altars were encouraged; there were some textual changes, such as omission of the Psalm "Judica" at the beginning and of the Last Gospel and Leonine Prayers at the end. The 1967 document "Tres abhinc annos", the second instruction on the implementation of the Council's Constitution

1970 Missal.

Pope Paul VI promulgated the revised rite of Mass with his Apostolic Constitution "Missale Romanum" of 3 April 1969, setting the first Sunday of Advent at the end of that year as the date on which it would enter into force. However, because he was dissatisfied with the edition that was produced, the revised Missal itself was not published until the following year, and full vernacular translations appeared much later.  The revisions called for by Vatican II were guided

Other changes.

Vernacular language.

In his 1962 apostolic constitution "Veterum sapientia" on the teaching of Latin, Pope John XXIII spoke of that language as the one the Church uses: "The Catholic Church has a dignity far surpassing that of every merely human society, for it was founded by Christ the Lord. It is altogether fitting, therefore, that the language it uses should be noble, majestic, and non-vernacular." But the only mention of the liturgy in that document was in relation to the study of Greek.  The Second Vatican Council stated in "Sacrosanctum Concilium", 36:  While this text would seem to suggest only limited use of the vernacular language, its reference to "particular law" (as opposed to universal law) and to "the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority" (the episcopal conference) entrusted to the latter the judgment on the actual extent of its use.  Bishops' Conferences from all over the

Changes in the Order of Mass.

The Order of Mass was previously regarded as consisting of two parts: the Mass of the Catechumens and the Mass of the Faithful. In the revised liturgy, it is divided into four sections: the Initial Rites, the Liturgy of the Word, the Liturgy of the Eucharist, and the Concluding Rites.  There were some noteworthy textual changes in the first two sections, and the dismissal formula in the Concluding Rites ("Ite missa est") was moved to the very end of the Mass; previously it was followed by an inaudible personal

Three new Eucharistic Prayers.

As noted above, three new Eucharistic Prayers were introduced as alternatives to the Roman Canon, which had for centuries been the only Eucharistic Prayer of the Roman Rite. After several writers had expressed dissatisfaction with the Roman Canon, the Benedictine scholar Cipriano Vagaggini, while noting what he called its "undeniable defects", concluded that its suppression was unthinkable; he proposed that it be retained but that two further Eucharistic Prayers be added.  In response to requests from various quarters, Pope Paul VI

Communion under both species.

In the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas said that since not all Christians, in particular the old and the children, can be trusted to observe due caution, it was by then "a prudent custom in some churches for the blood not to be offered to the people, but to be consumed by the priest alone". A council at Lambeth in 1281 directed that the people were to be given unconsecrated wine. The Council of Trent taught that only the priest who celebrated Mass was bound by divine law to receive Communion under both species, and that Christ, whole and entire, and a true sacrament are received under either form alone, and therefore, as regards its fruits, those who receive one species only are not deprived of any grace necessary to salvation; and it decreed: "If anyone says that

Liturgical orientation.

From the middle of the 17th century, almost all new Latin-rite altars were built against a wall or backed by a reredos, with a tabernacle placed on the altar or inserted into the reredos. This meant that the priest turned to the people, putting his back to the altar, only for a few short moments at Mass. However, the Tridentine Missal itself speaks of celebrating "versus populum", and gives corresponding instructions for the priest when performing actions that in the other orientation involved turning around in order to face the people.

Repositioning of the tabernacle.

In the second half of the 17th century it became customary to place the tabernacle on the main altar of the church. When a priest celebrates Mass on the same side as the people at such an altar, he sometimes necessarily turns his back directly to the tabernacle, as when he turns to the people at the "Orate, fratres". While there is no stipulation

Other matters.

A procession is now allowed at the Offertory or Presentation of the Gifts, when bread, wine, and water are brought to the altar. The homily has been made an integral part of the Mass instead of being treated as an adjunct, and the ancient Prayer of the Faithful has been restored. The exchange of a sign of peace before Communion, previously limited to the clergy at High Mass, is permitted (not made obligatory) at every Mass, even for the laity. "As for the actual sign of peace to be given, the

Criticism of the revision.

There are two distinct forms of criticisms of the liturgical reform: criticisms of the text of the revised Missal and criticisms of ways in which the rite has been celebrated in practice.

Criticisms of the text of the Missal.

Critics of the revised liturgy (many of whom are traditionalist Catholics) claim that its specifically Catholic content is markedly deficient compared with that of the liturgy as it existed prior to the revision. The more moderate critics believe that the defects can be rectified by a "reform of the reform" rather than by a wholesale return to the Tridentine Mass. Others regard the revised rite as so seriously defective that it is displeasing to God, or even objectively sacrilegious.  Critics make the following claims:  Of abuses in "celebrating" the liturgy Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI, said: "In the place of liturgy as

Criticisms of practices.

Criticisms have also been directed against practices followed in the celebration of the revised rite. Some of these are authorised by official Church documents (such as the "General Instruction of the Roman Missal" (GIRM) and the "Code of Canon Law"), whereas other are not. Officially approved practices which have been criticized include the following:  Other practices which arose because of changes of taste are criticized. These include the use of plainer vestments with simple designs and no lace, and innovative architectural designs for churches and sanctuaries. Criticism is also directed at the removal of kneelers and altar rails from some churches, and the use of non-traditional music.  Many critics regret the general abandonment of

Revision of the English translation.

The International Commission on English in the Liturgy was at work for 17 years, responding to critiques of the earlier translation, and presented its new translation in 1998. But their proposed translation ran afoul of new leadership in Rome. On 28 March 2001, the Holy See issued the Instruction "Liturgiam authenticam". This included the requirement that, in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." The following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin was released.  These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because the previous one was at some points an adaptation rather than strictly a translation. An example is the rendering of the response ""Et cum spiritu tuo"" (literally, "And with your spirit") as "And also with you".  In 2002 the leadership of the ICEL was changed, under insistence from the Roman Congregation for Divine Worship and to obtain a translation that was as close as possible to the wording of the Latin original. In spite of push-back by some in the Church, Rome prevailed and nine years later a new English translation, closer to that of the Latin and consequently approved by the Holy See, was adopted by English-speaking episcopal conferences. The text of this revised English translation of the Order of Mass is available, and a comparison between it and that then in use in the United States is given under the heading "Changes in the People's Parts".  Most episcopal conferences set the first Sunday in Advent (27 November) 2011 as the date when the new translation would come into use. However, the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland) put into effect the changes in the people's parts of the revised English translation of the Order of Mass from 28 November 2008, when the Missal as a whole was not yet available. Protests were voiced on grounds of content and because it meant that Southern Africa was thus out of line with other English-speaking areas. One bishop claimed that the English-speaking conferences should have withstood the Holy See's insistence on a more literal translation. However, when in February 2009 the Holy See declared that the change should have waited until the whole of the Missal had been translated, the bishops' conference appealed, with the result that those parishes that had adopted the new translation of the Order of Mass were directed to continue using it, while those that had not were told to await further instructions before doing so.  In December 2016, Pope Francis authorized a commission to study "Liturgiam authenticam", the document promulgated by Pope John Paul II which governs authorized vernacular translations of the liturgy.

The Mass of Paul VI, more commonly called the post-Vatican II Mass, is the most widely used form of the Mass in use today within the Catholic Church. It is known as the ordinary form, in accordance with Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 declaration that "the Missal published by Paul VI and then republished in two subsequent editions by John Paul II, obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the "Forma ordinaria" – of the Eucharistic Liturgy". It is also referred to, especially in Traditionalist circles, as the Novus Ordo.

Mše Pavla VI. nebo též řádná forma římského ritu, či Novus Ordo Missae (zkráceně NOM) je označení pro způsob liturgického slavení v římskokatolické církvi podle misálu papeže Pavla VI., který byl zveřejněn v roce 1969 a vydán roku 1970, tedy po II. vatikánském koncilu. Vydáním nového misálu reagoval Pavel VI. na návrhy koncilu k změnám liturgického slavení. Současná oficiální latinská verze je třetím upraveným vydáním tohoto misálu a byla vydána roku 2002 během pontifikátu Jana Pavla II. Mše podle misálu Pavla VI. je v současné době řádnou formou římského ritu a je nejslavenější mší v římskokatolické církvi. ("forma ordinaria"). Mimořádnou formou ("forma extraordinaria") je (dle rozhodnutí Benedikta XVI. v dokumentu "Summorum pontificum") starší (tzv. gregoriánská, či nesprávně tridentská) mešní liturgická forma, posledně takzvaně typicky vydána v misálu za pontifikátu Jana XXIII. Pro označení misálu vydaného Pavlem VI. se taktéž lze setkat s označením "Novus Ordo Missae" (NOM), které vychází z označení, použitého Pavlem VI. v projevu r. 1976, v oficiálních dokumentech se ale nyní nepoužívá. V tradicionalistických kruzích je někdy užíváno i s pejorativním nádechem.


Description.

The wire may be wrapped directly under the head of a screw, may be held by a metal plate forced against the wire by a screw, or may be held by what is, in effect, a set screw in the side of a metal tube. The wire may be directly stripped of insulation and inserted under the head of a screw or into the terminal. Otherwise, it may be either inserted first into a ferrule, which is then inserted into the terminal, or else attached to a connecting lug. which is then fixed under the screw head.  Depending on the design, a flat-blade screwdriver, a cross-blade screwdriver, hex key, Torx key, or other tool may be required to properly tighten the connection for reliable operation.

Applications.

Screw terminals are used extensively in building wiring for the distribution of electricity - connecting electrical outlets, luminaires and switches to the mains, and for directly connecting major appliances such as clothes dryers and ovens drawing in excess of 15 amperes.  Screw terminals are commonly used to connect a chassis ground, such as on a record player or surge protector. Most public address systems in buildings also use them for speakers, and sometimes for other outputs and inputs. Alarm systems and building sensor and control systems have traditionally used large numbers of screw terminations.  Grounding screws are often color-coded green and, when used on consumer electronics, often have a washer with gripping "teeth".  Printed circuit board (PCB) terminal blocks are specially designed with a copper alloy pin of suitable size and length and can be inserted in printed circuit boards to be soldered to allow electrical signals and current to flow to and from PCBs and electrical equipment. Some designs provide features that allow the flow of molten solder to ensure a better connection between the circuit traces of the board and the electrical equipment which is meant to be controlled or fed appropriate power.

Multiway versions.

Multiple screw terminals can be arranged in the form of a barrier strip (as illustrated at the top right), with a number of short metal strips separated by a raised insulated "barrier" on an insulating "block" - each strip having a pair of screws with each screw connecting to a separate conductor, one at each end of the strip. These are known as connector strips or chocolate blocks ("choc blocks") in the UK. This nick-name arises from the first such connectors made in the UK by GEC, Witton in the 1950s. Moulded in brown plastic they were said to resemble a small bar of chocolate.  A similar arrangement is common with paired screw terminals, where metal tubes are loosely encased in an insulating block with a set screw at each end of each tube to hold and thus connect a conductor. These are often used to connect light fixtures and are shown at the right.  Alternatively, terminals can also be arranged as a terminal strip or terminal block, with several screws along (typically) two long strips. This creates a bus bar for power distribution, and so may also include a master input connector, usually binding posts or banana connectors.

Installation.

Assembly of a screw connection requires some care in workmanship to ensure proper removal of insulation, containment of all wire strands, and the adequate tightening of the screw. If the wire diameter is small in relation to the size of the screw, the wire may be cut through by the over-tightening of the screw. This is less likely to occur when a wire is clamped between two plates by the action of a screw. Since wire strands may not be contained by the screw head in a basic screw terminal, stranded wires may be crimped into a ferrule to prevent the bridging of terminals; this partly offsets the economy of a "bare" wire termination.  While wires may be crimped, they should not be heavily tinned with solder prior to installation in a screw terminal, since the soft metal will cold flow, resulting in a loose connection and possible fire hazard. Screw connectors sometimes come loose if not done up tightly enough at fitting time. Verifying adequate tightening torque requires calibrated installation tools and proper training. In the UK, all screw connectors on fixed mains installations are required to be accessible for servicing, for this reason.

Advantages and disadvantages.

Screw terminals are low in cost when compared to other types of connectors, and can be readily designed into products for circuits carrying currents of from a fraction of an ampere up to several hundred amperes at low to moderate frequencies. The terminals easily can be re-used in the field, allowing for the replacement of wires or equipment, generally with standard hand tools. Screw terminals usually avoid the requirement for a specialized mating connector to be applied to the ends of wires.  When properly tightened, the connections are physically and electrically secure because they firmly contact a large section of wire. The terminals are relatively low cost compared with other types of connector, and a screw terminal can easily be integrated into the design of a building wiring device (such as a socket, switch, or lamp holder).  Disadvantages include the time taken to strip a wire and, in basic terminals, properly wrap it around a screw head, since it is essential that any wire installed under a screw head be "wound" in the correct direction (usually clockwise,) so that the conductors are not forced outwards when the screw is tightened. This procedure is more time-consuming than using a plug-in connector, thus making screw connections uncommon for portable equipment, where wires are repeatedly connected and disconnected.  However, with the clamping plate type of screw terminal this time is reduced, since it is necessary only to insert the stripped wire between the terminal and the rear clamping plate then tighten the connection, using the screw to clamp the wire between the terminal and the clamping plate, without any need properly to wrap it around the screw head.  The screw mechanism limits the minimum physical size of a terminal, making screw terminals less useful where very many connections are required. It is difficult to automate multiple terminations with screw connections.  Vibration or corrosion can cause a screw connection to deteriorate over time. The use of screw terminal "chocolate blocks" in building wiring installations has sharply declined in favour of crimp, push and twist type connectors which are not prone to working loose and easier to fit. In the UK chocolate blocks are no longer approved for connections that are not accessible for inspection (such as under floors).

A screw terminal is a type of electrical connector where a wire is held by the tightening of a screw.

Svorkovnice slouží k rozebíratelnému propojení více vodičů. Může být také součástí elektrického zařízení a sloužit pro připojení přívodních vodičů. Vždy jde o dlouhodobé připojení, které provádí kvalifikovaný odborník. O způsobech připojení, které může spojovat a rozpojovat kdokoli pojednávají články: Konektor (elektrotechnika), Zásuvka (elektrotechnika), Patice. Svorkovnici můžeme popsat také jako více mechanicky spojených, ale elektricky izolovaných svorek.


Alkyloxonium.

Hydronium is one of a series of oxonium ions with the formula RHO. Oxygen is usually pyramidal with an sp hybridization. Those with "n" = 2 are called primary oxonium ions, an example being protonated methanol. Other hydrocarbon oxonium ions are formed by protonation or alkylation of alcohols or ethers (R−C−−RR). In acidic media, the oxonium functional group produced by protonating an alcohol can be a leaving group in the E2 elimination reaction. The product is an alkene. Extreme acidity, heat, and dehydrating conditions are usually required.  Secondary oxonium ions have the formula ROH, an example being protonated ethers.  Tertiary oxonium ions have the formula RO, an example being trimethyloxonium. Tertiary alkyloxonium salts are useful alkylating agents. For example, triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate ()(), a white crystalline solid, can be used, for example, to produce ethyl esters when the conditions of traditional Fischer esterification are unsuitable. It is also used for preparation of enol ethers and related functional groups.  Oxatriquinane and oxatriquinacene are unusually stable oxonium ions, first described in 2008. Oxatriquinane does not react with boiling water or with alcohols, thiols, halide ions, or amines, although it does react with stronger nucleophiles such as hydroxide, cyanide, and azide.

Oxocarbenium ions.

Another class of oxonium ions encountered in organic chemistry is the oxocarbenium ions, obtained by protonation or alkylation of a carbonyl group e.g. R−C=−R′ which forms a resonance structure with the fully-fledged carbocation R−−O−R′ and is therefore especially stable:

Gold-stabilized species.

An unusually stable oxonium species is the gold complex tris[triphenylphosphinegold(I)]oxonium tetrafluoroborate, [(PhPAu)O][BF], where the intramolecular aurophilic interactions between the gold atoms are believed responsible for the stabilisation of the cation. This complex is prepared by treatment of PhPAuCl with AgO in the presence of NaBF:  It has been used as a catalyst for the propargyl Claisen rearrangement.

Relevance to natural product chemistry.

Complex bicyclic and tricyclic oxonium ions have been proposed as key intermediates in the biosynthesis of a series of natural products by the red algae of the genus "Laurencia".  Several members of these elusive species have been prepared explicitly by total synthesis, demonstrating the possibility of their existence. The key to their successful generation was the use of a weakly coordinating anion (Krossing's anion, [Al(pftb)], pftb = perfluoro-"tert"-butoxy) as the counteranion. As shown in the example below, this was executed by a transannular halide abstraction strategy through the reaction of the oxonium ion precursor (an organic halide) with the silver salt of the Krossing's anion Ag[Al(pftb)]•CHCl, generating the desired oxonium ion with simultaneous precipitation of inorganic silver halides. The resulting oxonium ions were characterized comprehensively by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at low temperature (–78 °C) with support from density functional theory computation.  These oxonium ions were also demonstrated to directly give rise to multiple related natural products by reacting with various nucleophiles, such as water, bromide, chloride and acetate.

In chemistry, an oxonium ion is any oxygen cation with three bonds. The simplest oxonium ion is the hydronium ion HO.

Oxoniový ion je pojem z chemie používaný ve dvou významech. Jednak se takto označuje ion HO, viz hydronium. Druhý význam tohoto slova se používá pro označení kationtu s trojvazným kyslíkem. Ten vzniká tak, že kyslík, který má dvě běžné kovalentní vazby vytvoří třetí vazbu s určitým kationtem mechanizmem koordinačně-kovalentní vazby. Je vidět, že pojem „oxoniový ion“ používaný v prvním zde uvedeném smyslu je speciálním případem významu druhého. Pro odlišení je možné tento první význam označovat jako "hydroxonium" případně "hydroxoniový ion" nebo již zmíněným "hydronium".


Discovery and naming.

The first remains of "Hatzegopteryx" were found from the upper part of the Middle Densuș Ciula Formation of Vălioara, northwestern Hațeg Basin, Transylvania, western Romania, which has been dated to the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, around 66 million years ago. The holotype of "Hatzegopteryx", FGGUB R 1083A, consists of two fragments from the back of the skull and the damaged proximal part of a left humerus. One of these fragments, namely the occipital region, was initially referred to a theropod dinosaur when it was first announced in 1991. A long middle section of a femur found nearby, FGGUB R1625, may also belong to "Hatzegopteryx". FGGUB R1625 would have belonged to a smaller individual of "Hatzegopteryx" (assuming it pertains to the genus), with a wingspan. Additional reported specimens from the locality include an unpublished mandible, also from a large individual.  "Hatzegopteryx" was named in 2002 by French paleontologist Eric Buffetaut, and Romanian paleontologists Dan Grigorescu and Zoltan Csiki. The generic name is derived from the "Hatzeg" (or Hațeg) basin of Transylvania, where the bones were found, and from Greek "pteryx" (ἡ πτέρυξ, -υγος (also ἡ πτερύξ, -ῦγος), or 'wing'. The specific name "thambema" is derived from the Greek for 'terror, monster' (τό θάμβημα, -ήματος), in reference to its huge size.  New specimens of "Hatzegopteryx" have since been recovered from other localities. In the Sânpetru Formation from the locality of Vadu, Sântămăria-Orlea, a medium-sized scapulocoracoid was found, which probably pertained to an individual with a wingspan of. From the Râpa Roşie locality of the Sebeş Formation, which is contemporary and adjacent to the Densuș Ciula Formation, a single large neck vertebra, the "RR specimen" or EME 215, was found. Although the lack of overlapping elements prevents this specimen from being definitely referred to "Hatzegopteryx thambena", its distinctive internal bone structure, as well as the lack of evidence for a second giant azhdarchid in the area, warrant its referral to at least "H. sp."

Description.

Skull.

The skull of "Hatzegopteryx" was giant, with an initially estimated length of based on comparisons with "Nyctosaurus" and "Anhanguera", making it one of the largest skulls among non-marine animals. The skull was broadened in the rear, being wide across the quadrate bones. While most pterosaur skulls are composed of gracile plates and struts, in "Hatzegopteryx" the skull bones are stout and robust, with large ridges indicating strong muscular attachments. In 2018, Mátyás Vremir concluded that "Hatzegopteryx" likely had a shorter and broader skull, the length of which he estimated at 1.6 metres.  The massive jaw bore a distinctive groove at its point of articulation (also seen in some other pterosaurs, including "Pteranodon") that would have allowed the animal to achieve a very wide gape. Unpublished remains attributed to "Hatzegopteryx" suggest that it had a proportionally short, deep beak, grouping with the "blunt-beaked" azhdarchids rather than the "slender-beaked" azhdarchids (including "Quetzalcoatlus sp.").

Cervical vertebrae.

A large neck vertebra attributed to "Hatzegopteryx" is short and unusually robust. The preserved portion measures long, with the entire vertebra likely measuring long in life. Pterosaurs had nine neck vertebrae; regression indicates that the third to seventh cervical vertebrae would have collectively measured in length, with the longest vertebra - the fifth - only measuring approximately long. Meanwhile, the same vertebrae in the similarly-giant "Arambourgiania" measured ; this indicates that the neck of "Hatzegopteryx" is about 50–60% the length of what would be expected for a giant azhdarchid of its size.  The bottom surface of the neck vertebra was also unusually thick, at. For most other giant azhdarchids, including "Arambourgiania", this surface is less than thick. Although the neural spine of the vertebra is not completely preserved, the width of the preserved portion suggests that it was relatively tall and robust relative to those of other pterosaurs. Other aspects of the vertebra converge upon the seventh neck vertebra of the smaller "Azhdarcho" most closely: the articulating sockets (cotyles) are much shallower than the neural arches, and are four times as wide as they are tall; a process on the bottom of the vertebrae, known as a hypapophysis, is present; the processes at the front of the vertebrae, the prezygapophyses, are splayed; and the vertebra has a tapered "waist" in the middle of the centrum. Although initially identified as a third neck vertebra, these traits supports the identification of the vertebra as coming from the rear of the neck, more specifically as being the seventh vertebra.

Size.

The size of "Hatzegopteryx" was initially estimated by comparing the humerus fragment with that of "Quetzalcoatlus northropi", which has a -long humerus. Observing that the "Hatzegopteryx" fragment presented less than half of the original bone, Buffetaut "et al." established that it could possibly have been "slightly longer" than that of "Quetzalcoatlus". The wingspan of the latter had been estimated at in 1981; earlier estimates had strongly exceeded this at. They concluded that an estimate of a wing span for "Hatzegopteryx" was conservative, "provided that its humerus was longer than that of "Q. northropi"". In 2010, Mark Witton and Michael Habib concluded that "Hatzegopteryx" was probably no larger than "Q. northropi" in wingspan; the initial conclusions did not account for distortion of the bone. The latter is generally estimated at in length.  It has been suggested, on the basis of the wide and robust neck vertebra referred to "Hatzegopteryx", that the entire vertebral column of the animal was similarly expanded, increasing its overall size. However, this is likely not true, since the neck vertebrae of large pterodactyloids generally tend to be wider and larger than the rest of the vertebrae. Although estimates of pterosaur size based on vertebrae alone are not particularly reliable, the size of this vertebra is consistent with an animal that measured in wingspan.

Classification.

Similarities between the humerus of "Hatzegopteryx" and "Quetzalcoatlus northropi" have been noted; both have a long, smooth deltopectoral crest, and a thickened humeral head. These were initially the basis of the taxon's referral to the clade Azhdarchidae, but they are also similar enough to be a basis for the synonymy of "Hatzegopteryx" and "Quetzalcoatlus". However, this is likely due to the relatively non-diagnostic nature of the humerus in giant azhdarchid taxonomy, and the lack of a detailed description for the elements of "Q. northropi". However, the neck and jaw anatomy of "Hatzegopteryx" is quite clearly distinct from the smaller "Q. sp.", which warrants the retention of "Hatzegopteryx" as a taxon separate from "Quetzalcoatlus".  The neck vertebra referred to "Hatzegopteryx sp." contains a number of traits that allow for it to be definitely identified as that of an azhdarchid. The centrum is relatively low, the zygapophyses are large and flattened, and the preserved portions of the neural spine indicate that it is bifid, or split into two.

Paleobiology.

Bone structure.

While the skull of "Hatzegopteryx" was unusually large and robust, its wing bones are comparable to those of other flying pterosaurs, indicating that it was not flightless. Buffetaut "et al." suggested that, in order to fly, the skull weight of "Hatzegopteryx" must have been reduced in some way. The necessary weight reduction may have accomplished by the internal structure of the skull bones, which were full of small pits and hollows (alveoli) up to long, separated by a matrix of thin bony struts (trabeculae). The wing bones also bear a similar internal structure. This unusual construction differs from that of other pterosaurs, and resembles more closely the structure of expanded polystyrene (used to manufacture Styrofoam). This would have made the skull sturdy and stress-resistant, but also lightweight, enabling the animal to fly. A similar internal structure is also seen in the cervical vertebra referred to "Hatzegopteryx".

Neck biomechanics.

As a consequence of its robust, thick-walled vertebrae, the neck of "Hatzegopteryx" was much stronger than that of "Arambourgiania". This can be quantified using relative failure force, which is the bone failure force of a vertebra divided by the body weight of the pterosaur that it belongs, estimated at for "Arambourgiania" and "Hatzegopteryx". While "Arambourgiania"'s neck vertebrae fail at about half of its body weight, the posterior neck vertebrae of "Hatzegopteryx" can withstand anywhere between five to ten body weights, depending on the loading of the bone. Even the hypothetically longer anterior neck vertebrae of "Hatzegopteryx" would be able to withstand four to seven body weights.  Although the centrum of "Hatzegopteryx" is much more robust than "Arambourgiania", their ratios of bone radius to bone thickness (R/t) are roughly the same (9.45 for "Hatzegopteryx" and 9.9 for "Arambourgiania"). This may represent a compromise between increasing bending strength and buckling strength; higher R/t ratios lead to improved bending strength, but weaker buckling strength. To compensate for this, "Hatzegopteryx" shows a number of other adaptations to improve buckling strength, namely the distinctive internal structures of the bones and the large articular joints of the vertebrae, the latter of which helps to distribute stress.  In order to support the robust head, the neck of "Hatzegopteryx" was likely strongly muscled. On the occipital bones, the nuchal lines, which serve as muscular attachments, are very well-developed and bear prominent scars. These conceivably supported the transversospinalis muscles, which aid in extension and flexion of the head and neck. Likewise, the opisthotic process, neural spines, and zygapophyses all appeared to have been large and robust (with the latter bearing many pits and edges that likely represent muscle scars), and the basioccipital tuberosities were long; these all serve as points of attachment for various muscles of the head and neck. Although not entirely unmuscled, the neck of "Arambourgiania" probably would not have been as extensively muscled as that of "Hatzegopteryx".

Paleoecology.

Like all azhdarchid pterosaurs, "Hatzegopteryx" was probably a terrestrially foraging generalist predator. It is significantly larger than any other terrestrial predator from Maastrichtian Europe; due to its large size in an environment otherwise dominated by island dwarf dinosaurs, with no large hypercarnivorous theropods in the region, it has been suggested that "Hatzegopteryx" played the role of an apex predator in the Haţeg Island ecosystem. The robust anatomy of "Hatzegopteryx" suggests that it may have tackled larger prey than other azhdarchids, including animals too large to swallow whole; similarly, some modern storks (particularly the marabou stork and the jabiru) are known to attack and kill large prey such as flamingoes, and occasionally children, with their beaks. Meanwhile, other giant azhdarchids like "Arambourgiania" would probably have instead fed on small prey (up to the size of a human), including hatchling or small dinosaurs and eggs. Another pterosaur, "Thalassodromeus", has similarly been suggested to be raptorial.  Apart from "Hatzegopteryx", there are various other unusual denizens of the Haţeg Island ecosystem. Co-occurring pterosaurs included the small azhdarchid "Eurazhdarcho", with a wingspan of ; an unnamed, small-sized short-necked azhdarchid with a wingspan of ; a somewhat larger and likewise unnamed azhdarchid, with a wingspan of ; and apparently small pteranodontids have been found as well. The robust, flightless, and possibly herbivorous avialan or dromaeosaurid "Balaur", which had two enlarged claws on each foot, represents another highly specialized component of the fauna. The ecosystem contained a number of insular dwarfs, namely the titanosaurs "Magyarosaurus" and "Paludititan", the hadrosaurid "Telmatosaurus", and the iguanodontian "Zalmoxes". Along with the nodosaurid "Struthiosaurus", various small, fragmentary maniraptorans were present: "Bradycneme", "Elopteryx", and "Heptasteornis". Crocodilian remains, belonging to the genera "Allodaposuchus", "Doratodon", and "Acynodon" have also been found. Non-archosaurian components include the kogaionid multituberculate mammals "Kogaionon", "Barbatodon", "Litovoi tholocephalos", and "Hainina"; lizards such as the teiid "Bicuspidon" and the paramacellodid "Becklesius"; an unnamed madtsoiid snake; and the lissamphibians "Albanerpeton", "Eodiscoglossus", and "Paradiscoglossus".  During the Maastrichtian, southern Europe was an archipelago. The members of the Haţeg Island ecosystem lived on a landmass known as the Tisia–Dacia Block, of which the Haţeg Basin was a small part. This landmass was about in area, and was separated from other terrestrial terrains by stretches of deep ocean in all directions by. Being located at 27°N, the island was located farther south than the present-day latitude of 45°N; the climate was likely subtropical, with distinct dry and wet seasons, and an average temperature of about. The environment consisted of various alluvial plains, wetlands, and rivers, surrounded by woodlands dominated by ferns and angiosperms. Paleosols indicate a relatively dry Cretaceous climate, with an annual precipitation of less than.

Hatzegopteryx ("Hațeg basin wing") is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur found in the late Maastrichtian deposits of the Densuș Ciula Formation, an outcropping in Transylvania, Romania. It is known only from the type species, Hatzegopteryx thambema, named by Buffetaut "et al." in 2002 based on parts of the skull and humerus. Additional specimens, including a neck vertebra, were later placed in the genus, representing a range of sizes. The largest of these remains indicate it was among the biggest pterosaurs, with an estimated wingspan of.

Hatzegopteryx ("křídlo z Haţeg") byl rod obřího ptakoještěra z čeledi Azhdarchidae, který žil na úplném konci křídového období (asi před 66 miliony let) na území dnešního Rumunska (ostrov Haţeg). Jedná se patrně o jednoho z největších létajících živočichů všech dob.


Career.

Olson has appeared as a singer and actress on television shows and in live theatre, including Comedy Central Stage, the HBO Theater, The Fake Gallery, and the Disney Channel series "Phineas and Ferb". Olson has also appeared on "The Tracy Morgan Show" and on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" singing with DeGeneres, actor Jack Black and Broadway star Kristin Chenoweth. She was a cast member and singer on two very popular animated series: Cartoon Network's series "Adventure Time", playing Marceline the Vampire Queen/Singer in some episodes and on Disney's animated series "Phineas and Ferb" playing Vanessa Doofenshmirtz, the sarcastic daughter of the evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz. In "Adventure Time", her father, Martin Olson, plays Marceline's dad Hunson Abadeer and Marceline sang a short song about him eating her French fries. She also sings a number of songs in "Phineas and Ferb", including the duet "Busted!" with Ashley Tisdale as well as popular solo songs, including "I'm Me", "Not So Bad a Dad", "I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun", "Happy New Year" and many others, including her song in the "Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation" special "Got That Christmas Feeling". She has written songs for "Phineas and Ferb" and has written and recorded her own songs with renowned music producers Rick Nowels, Camara Kambon and Hollywood jazz great Rob Mullins.

2003: "Love Actually".

Olson rose to fame for her role as Joanna Anderson in the 2003 holiday film "Love Actually", singing the song "All I Want for Christmas Is You". Her singing was praised, with director Richard Curtis stating in the commentary in the music section of the "Love Actually" DVD that Olson's singing was so perfect, they were afraid the audience would not believe that a ten-year-old could really sing the way she did and would assume she was lip-synching to Mariah Carey's voice. They had to train her so her singing would sound more believable, and add the sounds of inhalations to the track. This led to guest spots on "The Ellen Show", "The Tracy Morgan Show" and singing with Jack Black and Kristin Chenoweth. Olson also posted original songs on her YouTube account.

2008–2017: "Phineas and Ferb", and "Beauty Is Chaos".

From 2008 to 2015, Olson voiced the recurring character Vanessa Doofenshmirtz in the Disney animated series "Phineas and Ferb" along with actor Thomas Sangster (Ferb Fletcher), who played Joanna's love interest Sam in "Love Actually". Her character is described as a punk goth, the sarcastic daughter of the not-so-evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz. She occasionally attempts to thwart her father's evil schemes regarding her mother, always ending in failure. Although she is a sarcastic and spoiled teenager, she also has a kind heart and loves her parents. Olson's father, Martin, was a head writer for the first season of the show, and one of the main songwriters at Disney throughout the series.

2013-2018: "Steven Universe", "Adventure Time" and "Phineas and Ferb".

In 2010, Olson got the role of Marceline the Vampire Queen on the animated Cartoon Network series "Adventure Time". The series has been a commercial and popular success and her character is one of the most popular ones. Her character is similar to that of Vanessa on "Phineas and Ferb", in which she has problems with her evil father, along with their dark personalities. Marceline is a fun-loving, mischief-seeking 1,005-year-old vampire who looks like a teenager. She has an involved back story that is explored throughout the show. She first appeared as an antagonist, but later appears to be the main characters' (Finn and Jake's) friend. Like "Phineas and Ferb", she sings often on the show, including the popular song "The Fry Song", in which she sings about her father eating her fries and how sad she is, even though it is something much deeper. In the "Adventure Time" mini-series "Stakes", Olson performs the popular song "Everything Stays", which was revealed by Olson and Rebecca Sugar at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con. Her character has become popular with fans and there is a wide range of Marceline products available, such as shirts, action figures, key chains, plushes, wallets, belts, necklaces and bracelets, etc.  In 2015 Olivia and her father Martin Olson co-authored a novel for the series, "Adventure Time's: The Enchiridion & Marcy's Super Secret Scrapbook". Olivia wrote her section in first person as her character Marceline. The book was illustrated by artists including Tony Millionaire, Renee French, Celeste Moreno and Sean Tejaratchi.  Olivia lends her voice to the fourth Powerpuff Girl Bliss on Cartoon Network's reboot of "The Powerpuff Girls". The newest member of the series has sparked a lot of talk surrounding the character's ethnicity. Bliss is the older sister of the original three girls yet is drawn significantly darker than the other Powerpuff Girls.  She frequently posts original music on her YouTube account Olivia Olson. On July 18, 2013, Olson released her debut EP "Beauty Is Chaos". Olson has also performed the song "Haven't You Noticed (I'm a Star)", which was featured on the September 17, 2015 episode of "Steven Universe" entitled "Sadie's Song". It was later featured in the "Steven Universe" mini-episode "Gem Karaoke", released on October 3, 2016. She appears at Comic-Cons and pop conventions around the world with other cast members from her shows.

2018–present: "Nowhere Land" and "The X Factor".

Olson's latest album "Nowhere Land" was released on June 22, 2018. She worked with K-pop producers Kairos Music Group and producer/singer/songwriter John Defeo on the project. In October 2019, she began competing in "", being the second act to be evicted from the live shows on October 26, 2019.

Olivia Rose Olson (born May 21, 1992) is an American actress and singer-songwriter, mostly known for her voice roles as Vanessa Doofenshmirtz in "Phineas and Ferb" and Marceline the Vampire Queen in "Adventure Time". She also played the character of Joanna in the 2003 film "Love Actually" and its 2017 short sequel "Red Nose Day Actually".

Olivia Olson (* 21. května 1992, Los Angeles, Kalifornie, USA) je americká zpěvačka a herečka. Českým divákům bude patrně nejvíce známá svým singlem "All i want for christmas is you", který zpívá v britském filmu "Láska nebeská" z roku 2003, kde hrála nejkrásnější holku ve škole, do které je v tomto filmu zamilovaný Sam (Thomas Sangster).


Size.

Alluvial fans can exist on a wide spectrum of size scale. For example, alluvial fans can be on the order of only a few meters at the base and can be as huge as 150 kilometers with a slope of 1.5-25 degrees. When numerous rivers/streams converge into a single plain, the fans can combine to form a continuous apron. In arid to semi-arid environments, this is referred to as a "bajada" and in humid climates the continuous fan apron is called a piedmont alluvial fan.

Formation.

As a stream's gradient decreases, it drops coarse-grained material. It makes swagger of the channel and forces it to change direction and gradually build up a slightly mounded or shallow conical fan shape. The deposits are usually poorly sorted. This fan shape can also be explained with a thermodynamic justification: the system of sediment introduced at the apex of the fan will tend to a state which minimizes the sum of the transport energy involved in moving the sediment and the gravitational potential of material in the fan. There will be iso-transport energy lines forming concentric arcs about the discharge point at the apex of the fan. Thus the material will tend to be deposited equally about these lines, forming the characteristic fan shape.

Geomorphology.

The sediment that results from erosion in elevated or mountainous regions ultimately flows into the primary streams in the region where the streams act as a drainage system and carries the sediment to the alluvial plain. Due to the high degree of slope, the river/streams are typically classified as straight channels. Directly at the mouth of the feeder stream in the alluvial plain, the fan is narrow and is still subjected to high energy from the high degree of slope. Once the sediment exits the feeder stream, the sediment is no longer confined to the channel walls. With this unconfinement, the sediments begin to fan out. The alluvial fan becomes wider with increasing distance from the mouth of the canyon. When there is enough space in the alluvial plain for all of the sediment deposits to fan out without contacting other valleys walls or rivers, an unconfined alluvial fan develops. Unconfined alluvial fans allow sediments to naturally fan out and the shape of the fan is not influenced by other topological features. When the alluvial plain is narrow or short parallel to depositional flow, the fan shape is ultimately affected. The biggest natural hazard on alluvial fans are floods and debris flows. Floods on alluvial fans are commonly flash floods: they occur with little to no warning, usually have high velocities and sediment-transporting capability, and are of relatively short (several hours) duration. Debris flows are a type of landslide that has been defined as a spatially continuous, rapidly moving mass of water and material that is composed mainly of coarse debris; typically, 20 to 80 percent of the particles are greater than 2 mm in diameter.

Modern analog.

A modern occurrence of an alluvial fan is photographed in Figure 1 in the semi-arid region between the Kunlun and Altun mountain ranges that form the southern border of the Taklamakan Desert in northwest China. This particular fan is 60 kilometers in total length and is of significance because one part of the alluvial fan is still considered active. An alluvial fan is considered active when there is still a sediment source continually feeding the fan sediment. One portion of the fan has flowing streams that are continually depositing sediment and the fan is still prograding into the alluvial plain. The feeder channels consist of straight channels as well as instances of braided channels because of the large volume of sediment sourced from the local uplands.

Controls on depositional system evolution.

Various environmental and geologic factors exhibit control on the deposition of alluvial fan deposits. The primary factor in alluvial fan environments is sediment supply. The sediment that eventually comprise the bedload and suspended load of the regional streams is sourced from the erosion of the associated highlands in the area. Therefore, a high erosion rate corresponds to an increase in sediment in the streams which ultimately affects stream morphology. For example, a high sediment load is often associated with braided streams entering and within the alluvial plain. Medium to low sediment loads in the feeder stream results in straight channels. Alluvial fans are built in response to erosion induced by tectonic uplift to create nearby mountain ranges/highlands. This uplift is necessary for a source of erosion where the sediments ultimately are deposited in an alluvial fan regime in the alluvial plain. Tectonics can also affect the degree of stream gradients and cause changes in base level which may lead to incision into fan surfaces in the distal zone of the deposit. An increase in precipitation would allow a higher water level in the streams which would allow for a greater amount of sediment to be carried along with it to be deposited in the alluvial plain.

Depositional/facies model.

There are three primary zones, or facies, that exist within an alluvial fan deposit which include the proximal fan, medial fan, and distal fan with an overall proximal to distal fining. In the proximal fan sub-environment, located just at the exit of the mountain range, coarse-grained massive gravel and blocks which contain relatively large portions of fine-grained matrix are highly prevalent. The fan sediments gradually change to a higher proportion of sand and even powder or silty detritus further downstream in the lower parts of the fan. The inclinations of conglomerate bodies in the proximal parts are typically 10-15 degrees and on the outskirts, they are up to 30 degrees. In the medial fan, the morphology depicts characteristics of frequent changes of inclined planar layered gravels, clast-supported and trough inclined stratified gravels, massive matrix-supported muddy gravels, and planar inclined sands. The dimensions of the alluvial fan deposit are often extremely wide in the distal areas. In the distal region, there is a prevalence of sands with planar and trough slanted stratification over clast-supported pebbles with trough slope stratification along with horizontally laminated silty sediments. After initial deposition of the fan, the deposits are commonly overlain by clay/marl sediments. In rare cases, this can be a potential trap for hydrocarbons and a possible exploration target in the sands underneath. A fining upwards sequence exists in aggrading alluvial fans with distal fining laterally from the mouth. A coarsening upwards sequence comprises a prograding fan with down-fan fining. Controls on aggradation and progradation include sediment supply and accommodation space for the region.

In arid climates.

Alluvial fans are often found in desert areas often subjected to periodic flash floods from nearby thunderstorms in local hills. The typical watercourse in an arid climate has a large, funnel-shaped basin at the top, leading to a narrow defile, which opens out into an alluvial fan at the bottom. Multiple braided streams are usually present and active during water flows.  Phreatophytes are plants that are often concentrated at the base of alluvial fans. They have long tap roots to reach water that has seeped through the fan and hit an impermeable layer, sometimes collecting in springs and seeps. These stands of shrubs cling to the soil at their bases and often form islands of habitat for many animals as the wind blows the sand around the bushes away.

In humid climates.

Alluvial fans also develop in wetter climates. In Nepal the Koshi River has built a megafan covering some below its exit from Himalayan foothills onto the nearly level plains where the river traverses into India before joining the Ganges. Along the upper Koshi tributaries, tectonic forces elevate the Himalayas several millimeters annually. Uplift is approximately in equilibrium with erosion, so the river annually carries some 100 million cubic meters (3.5 billion cu ft) of sediment as it exits the mountains. Deposition of this magnitude over millions of years is more than sufficient to account for the megafan.  All along the interface between the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalaya in India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan the outermost, lowest Siwalik foothills are built of poorly consolidated sedimentary rocks that have eroded into a wide, continuous alluvial apron called Bhabar in Hindi and Nepali. Despite human overpopulation on the plains, this bhabar zone is highly malarial and has remained largely uninhabited.  In North America, streams flowing into California's Central Valley have deposited smaller but still extensive alluvial fans, such as that of the Kings River flowing out of the Sierra Nevada which creates a low divide, turning the south end of the San Joaquin Valley into an endorheic basin without a connection to the ocean.

Flood hazards.

Alluvial fans are subject to flooding and can be even more dangerous than the upstream canyons that feed them. Their slightly convex perpendicular surfaces cause water to spread widely until there is no zone of refuge. If the gradient is steep, active transport of materials down the fan creates a moving substrate that is inhospitable to travel on foot or wheels. But as the gradient diminishes downslope, water comes down from above faster than it can flow away downstream, and may pond to hazardous depths.  In the case of the Koshi River, the huge sediment load and megafan's slightly convex transverse surface conspire against engineering efforts to contain peak flows inside manmade embankments. In August 2008 high monsoon flows breached the embankment, diverting most of the river into an unprotected ancient channel and across surrounding lands with high population density. Over a million people were rendered homeless, about a thousand lost their lives and thousands of hectares of crops were destroyed. The Koshi is known as the "Sorrow of Bihar" for contributing disproportionately to India's death tolls in flooding, which exceed those of all countries except Bangladesh.

In the Solar System.

Mars.

Alluvial fans are also found on Mars descending from some crater rims over their flatter floors. Three alluvial fans have been found in Saheki Crater. These fans confirmed past fluvial flow on the planet and further supported the theory that liquid water was once present in some form on the Martian surface. In addition, observations of fans in Gale crater made by satellites from orbit have now been confirmed by the discovery of fluvial sediments by the Curiosity rover.

Titan.

Alluvial fans have been observed by the Cassini-Huygens mission on Titan using the Cassini orbiter's synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instrument. These fans are more common in the drier mid-latitudes at the end of methane/ethane rivers where it is thought that frequent wetting and drying occur due to precipitation, much like arid fans on Earth. Radar imaging suggests that fan material is most likely composed of round grains of water ice or solid organic compounds about two centimetres in diameter.

A mouth ulcer is an ulcer that occurs on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Mouth ulcers are very common, occurring in association with many diseases and by many different mechanisms, but usually there is no serious underlying cause.

Afta (z řec. άφθη afté, latinizovaně "aphtha, aphthae") je oválná bělavá nebo žlutobílá léze (eroze) na sliznicích vzniklá prasknutím puchýře (vezikulu). Povrch afty je tvořen fibrinovou masou s neutrofilními granulocyty. Jedná se vlastně o mělký vřídek. Afty jsou vždy bolestivé, mohou krvácet nebo mohou být kontaminovány bakteriemi. Afty se tvoří nejčastěji na sliznici dutiny ústní, dále pak na sliznicích genitálií. U lidí vznikají afty při infekcích herpesviry či Coxsackie viry. U zvířat jsou afty příznakem vysoce nakažlivých chorob, jako je slintavka a kulhavka či vezikulární choroba prasat.


Description.

"Peloroplites" is based on CEUM 26331, a partial skull, with numerous postcranial bones recovered from the same quarry. These specimens were designated paratypes. The type species is "P. cedrimontanus", in reference to the Cedar Mountain Formation.  The skull was about long, and wide between the eyes. It lacked beak teeth, and had only modest horn-like projections. The top of the skull was only slightly domed, and the only preserved upper cheek tooth was large and similar to teeth assigned to "Priconodon", another large nodosaurid from about the same time. The lower jaws are represented by their rear halves, and were heavily built.  Of the postcranial skeleton, bones from all areas of the body are represented, except the hind foot. Six fused vertebrae supported the hip, as in "Silvisaurus". The ilia, the largest bones of the hip, appear to have been flared out unusually, at 55° compared to the ~30° or ~40° degrees of other nodosaurids, but this could be a preservational accident. Unlike most other nodosaurids, the ulna was long and straight, and the major ankle bone (the astragalus) was not fused to the shin.

Paleobiology and paleoecology.

"Peloroplites" was found in mudstone, in a quarry that also produced fossils of a turtle, a pterosaur, four individuals of a new brachiosaurid sauropod, the basal ankylosaurid "Cedarpelta", and an iguanodont ornithopod. Ankylosaurians attained large sizes at the Aptian-Albian boundary; both "Peloroplites" and "Cedarpelta" are comparable in size to "Sauropelta", a nodosaurid from about the same time but known from the Cloverly Formation of Wyoming and Montana. In fact, isolated bones from older levels of the Cedar Mountain Formation, assigned to "Sauropelta", may actually pertain to "Peloroplites".  Ankylosaurians are usually interpreted as low-browsing quadrupedal herbivores. The large teeth and robust jaws of "Peloroplites" suggest that it was consuming tougher forage than other ankylosaurians.

Peloroplites (from Greek "pelor" "monster", and "hoplites", "armoured soldier") is a genus of nodosaurid armored dinosaur from Lower Cretaceous rocks of Utah, United States. It is known from a partial skull and partial postcranial remains from the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, deposited during the Albian-Cenomanian boundary, about 104.46 to 98.37 million years ago, and was found in Emery County, Utah. It was named in 2008 by Kenneth Carpenter and colleagues.

Peloroplites ("obludný těžkooděnec") byl rod nodosauridního ankylosaura (obrněného dinosaura ze skupiny Thyreophora), který žil v období spodní křídy (geologické věky apt až alb, asi před 118 až 110 miliony let) na území dnešního státu Utah v USA. Část lebky i postkraniální kostry byla objevena v oblasti Emery County v souvrství Cedar Mountain (odtud druhové jméno dinosaura).


Background.

After years of lackluster sales and feuds with record labels in the late 1980s, Motörhead had enjoyed an incredible turnaround by 1992. After the critical success of "1916", which was nominated for a Grammy, Motörhead secured a second album deal with Sony. In addition, vocalist and bassist Lemmy Kilmister had co-written four songs for Ozzy Osbourne's 1991 blockbuster album "No More Tears" at the invitation of Ozzy's wife and manager Sharon Osbourne, including "I Don't Want to Change the World'," "Desire," "Hellraiser," and the hit single "Mama, I'm Coming Home," generating much needed income. In his autobiography "White Line Fever", Lemmy recalls:

Recording.

The band reunited with producer Pete Solley, who produced their 1991 Grammy-nominated album "1916", to record "March or Die". Early in the recording, drummer Phil Taylor parted ways with Motörhead for a second time as his abilities and commitment came into question. Taylor had quit the band in 1984 to work on a new project with guitarist Brian Robertson but rejoined in 1987. In Joel McIver's Motörhead biography "Overkill: The Untold Story of Motörhead", guitarist Phil Campbell discusses Taylor's second departure:  In the same book, Lemmy – while maintaining that Taylor's skills had deteriorated – admitted:  Following Taylor's sudden departure in the midst of recording an album, the band scrambled to find a replacement. Subsequently, "March or Die" features three drummers: Taylor, Tommy Aldridge, and Mikkey Dee, who would later join the band as a permanent member. Another drummer, Garry Bowler (a.k.a. Magpie), worked on the drum track for the demo of "Stand" during a 1991 session in London with Würzel and Campbell. In the documentary "The Guts and the Glory", Dee – who had earlier been asked to join Motörhead before he elected to join Dokken instead – spoke about replacing the longtime Motörhead member Taylor: Ozzy Osbourne duets with Lemmy on the track "I Ain't No Nice Guy," which also features Slash from Guns N' Roses on lead guitar. Slash also performs on the track "You Better Run". Considering that both Osbourne and Guns N' Roses were enjoying immense popularity at the time, "I Ain't No Nice Guy" seemed poised to become a major radio hit, but according to Lemmy's memoir Sony tried to suppress the single because it was utilizing WTG Records as a tax write-off: The album includes a cover of the 1977 Ted Nugent classic "Cat Scratch Fever." The track "Hellraiser", earlier recorded and released by Ozzy Osbourne for his 1991 album "No More Tears", appeared in the 1992 movie "Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth". The band re-recorded "You Better Run" in 2004 as "You Better Swim" for the "SpongeBob SquarePants Movie".  The "March or Die" recording sessions took place in Los Angeles and coincided with the eruption of the Rodney King riots in the city. The studio where the band was recording lay in the path of the violence. Lemmy later recalled to "Classic Rock Revisited":

Reception.

Reviews for "March ör Die" were mixed. The AllMusic review states:

Personnel.

Per the "March ör Die" liner notes.

March ör Die is the tenth studio album by the band Motörhead, released 14 August 1992, on the WTG/Epic label, their second and last with them. The album features guest appearances by Ozzy Osbourne, Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, and veteran drummer Tommy Aldridge. Aldridge stepped in after longtime member Phil Taylor was fired early in the recording process.

March ör Die je 10. studiové album britské heavymetalové skupiny Motörhead, nahrané v Londýně v březnu 1992. Projevuje se na něm síla tří kytar - Würzel, Lemmy, Zööm. Skupina pak vydala singl "March ör Die", který skončil na 20. místě britské hitparády těsně za singlem "Angel of the Gambler" od Iron Maiden z roku 1993. Jako singl vyšla píseň "Cat Scratch Fever" a "Hellraiser" z repeortoáru Ozzyho Osbourna - Lemmyho kamaráda a přítele skupiny Motorhead.


Early life.

Hagman was born on September 21, 1931, in Fort Worth, Texas. His mother, Mary Martin, became a Broadway actress and musical comedy star after his birth. His father, Benjamin Jackson Hagman, who was of Swedish descent, was an accountant and lawyer who worked as a district attorney. Hagman's parents divorced in 1936 when he was five years old. He lived with his maternal grandmother, Juanita Presley Martin, in Texas and California while his mother became a contract player with Paramount in 1938. In 1940, Hagman's mother met and married Richard Halliday before giving birth to a daughter, Heller, the following year. Hagman attended a strict academy, Black-Foxe Military Institute and briefly Woodstock Country School, a boarding school in Vermont.  When his mother moved to New York City to resume her Broadway career, Hagman again lived with his grandmother in California. A few years later, his grandmother died and Hagman joined his mother in New York City. In 1946, Hagman moved back to his hometown of Weatherford and attended Weatherford High School, from which he graduated. One summer, he worked for oilfield-equipment maker Antelope Tool Company. Although his father wanted Hagman to become a lawyer and join his practice, he was drawn to drama classes and reportedly fell in love with the stage. He graduated from high school in 1949 and decided to pursue acting. He attended Bard College, New York, majoring in dance and drama but dropped out after one year.

Career beginnings.

Hagman began his career in 1950 acting in productions at Margaret Webster's school at The Woodstock Playhouse in Woodstock, New York. That summer, during a break from his one year at Bard College, he worked in Dallas as a production assistant and acting in small roles in Margo Jones's theater company. He appeared in "The Taming of the Shrew" in New York City, followed by numerous tent show musicals with St. John Terrell's Music Circus in St. Petersburg, Florida, and Lambertville, New Jersey. In 1951, Hagman appeared in the London production of "South Pacific" with his mother, and stayed in the show for nearly a year. In 1952, Hagman received his draft notice and enlisted in the United States Air Force.  Stationed in London, he spent the majority of his military service entertaining U.S. troops in the United Kingdom and at bases in Europe. After leaving the Air Force in 1956, Hagman returned to New York City, where he appeared in the off-Broadway play "Once Around the Block", by William Saroyan. That was followed by nearly a year in another off-Broadway play, James Lee's "Career". His Broadway debut occurred in 1958 in "Comes a Day". Hagman appeared in four other Broadway plays, "God and Kate Murphy", "The Nervous Set", "The Warm Peninsula", and "The Beauty Part". During this period, he also appeared in numerous, mostly live, television programs.  Hagman's first television role was as Kenneth Davidson in the 1957 episode "Saturday Lost" of the syndicated crime drama, "Decoy", starring Beverly Garland as the first female police officer in a television lead. In 1958, he joined Barbara Bain as a guest star in the short-lived adventure-drama series "Harbormaster", and appeared three times on Lloyd Bridges' syndicated adventure series, "Sea Hunt". In 1960, he was cast in the CBS summer medical series "" in the role of Don Harding in the episode, "The Case of the Radiant Wine". In 1961, Hagman joined the cast of daytime soap opera "The Edge of Night" as Ed Gibson, and stayed in that role for two years. In 1963 and 1964, he appeared twice in segments of the CBS legal drama, "The Defenders"  In 1964, he made his film debut in "Ensign Pulver", which featured a young Jack Nicholson. That same year, he also appeared in "Fail-Safe", with Henry Fonda.

"I Dream of Jeannie".

In 1965, Hagman was cast as "genie" Barbara Eden's master and eventual love interest, Air Force Captain (later Major) Anthony Nelson, in the NBC situation comedy "I Dream of Jeannie", which ran for five seasons from 1965 to 1970. The show entered the top 30 in its first year and was NBC's answer to the successful 1960s magical comedies, "Bewitched" on ABC and "My Favorite Martian" on CBS. Two reunion movies were later made, both televised on NBC: "" (1985) and "I Still Dream of Jeannie" (1991), but Hagman did not appear in either of them. At Dragon Con, in 2010, Hagman said he was never approached about it.  In 1999, after 29 years, Hagman agreed to reunite with "Jeannie" co-stars Barbara Eden and Bill Daily and creator/producer Sidney Sheldon on "The Donny and Marie Show". In 2002, when "I Dream of Jeannie" was set to join the cable channel TV Land, Hagman once again took part in an "I Dream of Jeannie" reunion with Eden and Daily, this time on "Larry King Live". On the "TV Land Awards" in March 2004, Hagman and Eden were the first presenters to reunite on stage. The following October, Hagman and Daily appeared at The Ray Courts Hollywood Autograph Show. And the following year, 2005, brought all three surviving stars from "I Dream of Jeannie" to the first cast reunion at the Chiller Expo Show.  Hagman and Eden reunited in March 2006 for a publicity tour in New York City to promote the first-season DVD of "I Dream of Jeannie". He reunited once again with Eden on stage in the play "Love Letters" at the College of Staten Island in New York and the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. The appearance marked the first time the two performers had acted together since Eden appeared with Hagman in a five-episode arc on "Dallas" in 1990.

"Dallas".

In 1978, Hagman was offered two roles on two television series that were debuting. One was for "The Waverly Wonders" and the other for "Dallas", in the role of conniving elder son and businessman J.R. Ewing. When Hagman read the "Dallas" script at his wife's suggestion, they both concluded it was perfect for him. Hagman based his portrayal in part on memories of the eldest son who had won the Antelope Tool Company succession battle.  "Dallas" became a worldwide success, airing in 90 countries - most notably the United Kingdom, where it saw its highest viewership outside the United States and was regularly enjoyed by members of the country's Royal Family - and inspiring several primetime soaps. Hagman became one of the best-known television stars of the era. Producers were keen to capitalize on that love/hate family relationship of J.R., building anticipation to a fever-pitch in "A House Divided", the 1980 cliffhanger season finale in which J.R. is shot by an unknown assailant, leading to the world-wide "Who shot J.R.?" phenomenon. The person who pulled the trigger was later revealed to be Kristin Shepard (played by Mary Crosby) in the "Who Done It?" episode which aired on November 21, 1980; Kristin was J.R.'s scheming sister-in-law and mistress, who shot him in a fit of anger.  At the beginning of the fourth season later that year, audience and actors were trying to guess "Who shot J.R.?", now one of fictional TV's most famous questions. During the media buildup, Hagman was involved in contract negotiations, delaying his return in the fourth season. Holding out for a higher salary, Hagman did not appear in the first episode of the show until the final few minutes. Producers were faced with a dilemma of whether to pay the greatly increased salary or to write J.R. out of the program. Lorimar Productions, the makers of the series, began shooting different scenes of "Dallas" which did not include Hagman. In the midst of negotiations, Hagman took his family to London for their July vacation. He continued to fight for his demands and network executives conceded that they wanted J.R. to remain on "Dallas". From then on, Hagman became one of the highest-paid stars in television. At the beginning of the 1980–81 season, writers were told to keep the storylines away from the actors until they really found out who actually shot J.R., and it took three weeks until the culprit was revealed on November 21, 1980, in a ratings record-breaking episode.  For his performance as J.R. Ewing, Hagman was nominated for two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1980 and 1981, but did not win. He was also nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, between 1981 and 1985. He was nominated for a "Soap Opera Digest" award seven times for Outstanding Villain on a Prime Time Serial, Outstanding Actor in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial, Favorite Super Couple: Prime Time and Outstanding Actor in a Comic Relief Role on a Prime Time Serial, and won five times. In 1984, co-star Barbara Bel Geddes left "Dallas", following a contract dispute that had resulted from her March 1983 quadruple heart bypass surgery. At one point, Hagman suggested to his real-life mother Mary Martin that she play Miss Ellie, but she rejected the suggestion and Bel Geddes was briefly replaced by Donna Reed for the 1984–1985 season, before Bel Geddes returned in better health for the 1985–1986 season. By the end of its 14th season in 1991, ratings had slipped to the extent that CBS decided to end "Dallas". Hagman was the only actor to appear in all 357 episodes. He had also made five guest appearances on the "Dallas" spin-off series "Knots Landing" in the early 1980s. Some years after "Dallas" ended, Hagman appeared in two subsequent "Dallas" television movies: "" in 1996, and "" in 1998.  Hagman reprised his role as J.R. Ewing in TNT's continuation of "Dallas", which began in 2012. In 2011, while filming the new series, Hagman said, "Of course it's fun to play the villain." As a result of Hagman's death in 2012, his character J.R. was killed off in season two of "Dallas". Unused footage of Hagman was used in season three as part of the season's story arc which aired in 2014.

Other work.

Television.

Hagman starred in two short-lived series in the 1970s, "The Good Life" (1971-1972) and "Here We Go Again" (1973). In 1993, Hagman starred in "Staying Afloat" as a down-on-his-luck former millionaire who agrees to work undercover with the FBI to maintain his playboy lifestyle. Originally ordered for two TV movies and a weekly series by NBC, the pilot movie aired in November 1993 to critical drubbing and low ratings, ending production.  In January 1997, Hagman starred in a short-lived television series titled "Orleans" as Judge Luther Charbonnet, which lasted only eight episodes. In 2002, he made an appearance in the fourth series of Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer's British comedy panel game, "Shooting Stars", often appearing bewildered at the nonsensical questions and the antics of the hosts - during the show Hagman even stated that he would fire his agent as a result. In January 2011, Hagman made a guest appearance in the seventh season of "Desperate Housewives" as a new husband for Lynette Scavo's mother, Stella (played by Polly Bergen).  He also directed episodes of "I Dream of Jeannie" and "The Good Life", as well as several episodes of "Dallas" and "In the Heat of the Night", which was the only series he directed but in which he did not act.

Film.

He appeared in such feature films as "The Group", "Fail Safe", "Harry and Tonto", "Mother, Jugs & Speed", "In Harm's Way", "The Eagle Has Landed", "Superman", "S.O.B.", "Nixon", and "Primary Colors". His television work included "Getting Away from It All", "Sidekicks", "The Return of the World's Greatest Detective", "Intimate Strangers", "Checkered Flag or Crash", and "A Howling in the Woods"  He also directed (and appeared briefly in) a low-budget comedy and horror film in 1972 called "Beware! The Blob", also called "Son of Blob", a sequel to the classic 1958 horror film "The Blob". This was the only feature film he directed.

Music.

The release of a Columbia single performed with his mother Mary Martin, "Get Out Those Old Records", in 1950, was credited to Mary Martin And Her Son Larry, with orchestra by Mitch Miller. It was released in Australia as a 78 rpm single, catalogue number DO-3409.  In 1980, Hagman recorded a single called "Ballad of the Good Luck Charm".

Product spokesman.

During the 1980s, Hagman was featured in a national televised Schlitz beer campaign, playing on – but not explicitly featuring – the J.R. character. He wore the same kind of Western business outfit – complete with cowboy hat – that he wore in his role. The end of each 30-second spot featured a male voice-over saying, "Refreshing Schlitz beer...the gusto's back..." Hagman, grinning into the camera, added: "...and I'm gonna get it!" He also made commercials for BVD brand underwear.  In 2010, Hagman was hired as a spokesman for SolarWorld, a German solar energy commercial enterprise. While the SolarWorld commercials do not specifically mention either "Dallas" or J. R. Ewing, Hagman essentially revisits the character (complete with a picture of Hagman as J. R. Ewing from the original series on the mantle), stating that his oil company days are long over, "though still in the energy business", meaning solar energy instead, which alternative energy now plays a major part of the next-generation Ewing family war between Christopher and John Ross III.

Personal life.

In 1973, his stepfather Richard Halliday died, and Hagman reconciled with his mother, Mary Martin, soon after. The two were close until her death from colon cancer in 1990.  In 1954, Hagman married Swedish-born Maj Axelsson (born May 13, 1928, in Eskilstuna, Södermanlands län, Sweden – died May 31, 2016, in Los Angeles, California); they had two children, Heidi Kristina (born 1958) and Preston (born 1962). Longtime residents of Malibu, California, they then moved to Ojai. Hagman was a member of the Peace and Freedom Party from the 1960s. Hagman derided U.S. President George W. Bush prior to the Iraq War.  In 1969, Hagman's friend, musician David Crosby, supplied him with LSD after a concert: "LSD was such a profound experience in my life that it changed my pattern of life and my way of thinking and I could not exclude it [from my autobiography]." Hagman was introduced to marijuana by Jack Nicholson as a safer alternative to Hagman's heavy drinking. "I liked it because it was fun, it made me feel good, and I never had a hangover." Although Hagman was a member of a 12-step program, he publicly advocated marijuana as a better alternative to alcohol.  In 1995, Hagman underwent a life-saving liver transplant after he was diagnosed with liver cancer which was most likely brought on by approximately 40 years of heavy drinking. His clinical picture was further complicated by cirrhosis of the liver which had been diagnosed three years earlier in 1992. Hagman did not receive preferential treatment as a celebrity, with a 1995 UPI article stating that the donor liver "matched Hagman's anonymous physical profile listed with the United Network for Organ Sharing."  He was also a heavy smoker as a young man before quitting at age 34. He was the chairman of the American Cancer Society's annual Great American Smokeout for many years and also worked on behalf of the National Kidney Foundation.  After attending a soccer game in Bucharest between FC Steaua București and West Ham United, he became a well-known fan of the Romanian team.  In 2001, Hagman wrote his autobiography titled "Hello Darlin': Tall (and Absolutely True) Tales About My Life". In a 2007 interview, Hagman discussed his support for alternative energy. On a 2008 episode of "Living With Ed", Hagman and his wife showed actor Ed Begley Jr. their solar powered, super energy efficient home named "Heaven" and talked about their green lifestyle. Maj Hagman was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008, and Hagman at first took the lead in caring for her, but her condition deteriorated. By 2010, she required 24-hour nursing care. As a result, Hagman put their 43-acre estate in Ojai up for sale listing it at $11 million.

Friendship with Carroll O'Connor.

Hagman had a long friendship with actor Carroll O'Connor, beginning in 1959 when Hagman was starring in the Broadway play "God and Kate Murphy" and O'Connor was working as an assistant stage manager. Later, as the two struggled as young actors, they rented apartments near each other in New York. Over the years, they had a lot in common; just as O'Connor had renegotiated his contract for his salary on "All in the Family" in 1974, a consequence of missing two episodes, Hagman eventually found himself renegotiating his salary on "Dallas", with similar results. Hagman's daughter, Heidi, whom O'Connor had known since her childhood, joined the cast for one season of "Archie Bunker's Place". Hagman directed several episodes of O'Connor's later series, "In the Heat of the Night". They both endured serious health issues, with O'Connor's heart bypass surgery, and Hagman's liver transplant. Hagman remained close after O'Connor's loss of his son Hugh, and through the rest of O'Connor's life, delivering a eulogy at the funeral.

Illness and death.

In June 2011, Hagman said he had stage 2 throat cancer. He commented, "As J. R. I could get away with anything — bribery, blackmail and adultery. But I got caught by cancer. I do want everyone to know that it is a very common and treatable form of cancer. I will be receiving treatment while working on the new "Dallas" series. I could not think of a better place to be than working on a show I love, with people I love." Hagman had an acorn-sized tumor removed from his tongue in 2011. In June 2012, the cancer was said to be in remission. Then, in July 2012, doctors diagnosed Hagman with myelodysplastic syndromes (formerly known as preleukemia).  Hagman died on November 23, 2012, at Medical City Dallas Hospital in Dallas following complications from acute myeloid leukemia, after being interviewed for the National Geographic documentary, "The '80s: The Decade that Made Us", which aired in April 2013. In a statement to the "Dallas Morning News", Hagman's family said: "Larry's family and close friends had joined him in Dallas for the Thanksgiving holiday. He died surrounded by loved ones. It was a peaceful passing, just as he had wished for." "The New York Times" described him as "one of television's most beloved villains".  Hagman's body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at the Southfork Ranch in Parker, Texas.

Tributes.

Actress Barbara Eden, a longtime friend of Hagman, who played Jeannie on "I Dream of Jeannie" and Lee Ann De La Vega on "Dallas", said: "Larry was one of the most intelligent actors I ever worked with. He more than hit his marks. And when you're working with another actor, you know immediately if the ball isn't tossed back. Plus, Larry was savvy about the business, which I wasn't." In an interview with Australia's News 10, she commented that their on-screen chemistry on the set of "Jeannie" "was not work" and "our timing was right. I can’t even explain it. It was wonderful."  Actress Linda Gray, who played Sue Ellen Ewing on "Dallas", called Hagman her "best friend for 35 years", and was at his bedside when he died, her agent told the BBC. In a statement, she said: "He was the Pied Piper of life and brought joy to everyone he knew. He was creative, generous, funny, loving and talented and I will miss him enormously. He was an original and lived life to the fullest."  Actor Patrick Duffy, who played Bobby Ewing on "Dallas", was also at his bedside when he died. In a statement, he said: "Friday I lost one of the greatest friends ever to grace my life. The loneliness is only what is difficult, as Larry’s peace and comfort is always what is important to me, now as when he was here. He was a fighter in the gentlest way, against his obstacles, and for his friends. I wear his friendship with honor."

Larry Martin Hagman (September 21, 1931 – November 23, 2012) was an American film and television actor, director and producer, best known for playing a ruthless oil baron, J.R. Ewing in the 1978–1991 primetime television soap opera "Dallas" and the befuddled astronaut, Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson in the 1965–1970 sitcom "I Dream of Jeannie". Hagman had supporting roles in numerous films, including "Fail-Safe", "Harry and Tonto", "S.O.B.", "Nixon" and "Primary Colors". His television appearances also included guest roles on dozens of shows spanning from the late 1950s until his death and a reprise of his signature role on the 2012 revival of "Dallas". Hagman also worked as a television producer and director. He was the son of actress Mary Martin. Hagman underwent a life-saving liver transplant in 1995. He died on November 23, 2012, from complications of acute myeloid leukemia.

Larry Martin Hagman (21. září 1931 Fort Worth, Texas, USA – 23. listopadu 2012 Dallas, Texas) byl americký herec známý zejména svou rolí J. R. Ewinga v seriálu "Dallas" a kapitána (později majora) Anthonyho Nelsona v seriálu "I dream of Jeannie".