Early life.

Kagan was born on April 28, 1960, in Manhattan, the second of three children of Robert Kagan, an attorney who represented tenants trying to remain in their homes, and Gloria (Gittelman) Kagan, who taught at Hunter College Elementary School. Both her parents were the children of Russian immigrants. Kagan has two brothers, Marc and Irving.  Kagan and her family lived in a third-floor apartment at West End Avenue and 75th Street and attended Lincoln Square Synagogue. She was independent and strong-willed in her youth and, according to a former law partner of her father's, clashed with her Orthodox rabbi, Shlomo Riskin, over aspects of her bat mitzvah. "She had strong opinions about what a bat mitzvah should be like, which didn't parallel the wishes of the rabbi," her father's colleague said. Kagan and Riskin negotiated a solution. Riskin had never performed a ritual bat mitzvah before. She "felt very strongly that there should be ritual bat mitzvah in the synagogue, no less important than the ritual bar mitzvah. This was really the first formal bat mitzvah we had," he said. Kagan asked to read from the Torah on a Saturday morning as the boys did, but ultimately read from the Book of Ruth on a Friday night. She now practices Conservative Judaism.  Kagan's childhood friend Margaret Raymond recalled that she was a teenage smoker but not a partier. On Saturday nights, Raymond and Kagan were "more apt to sit on the steps of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and talk." Kagan also loved literature and reread Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" every year. In her 1977 Hunter College High School yearbook, she is pictured in a judge's robe and holding a gavel. Next to the photo is a quotation from former Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter: "Government is itself an art, one of the subtlest of arts."

Education.

Kagan attended Hunter College High School, where her mother taught. The school had a reputation as one of the most elite learning institutions for high school girls and attracted students from all over New York City. Kagan emerged as one of the school's more outstanding students. She was elected president of the student government and served on a student-faculty consultative committee. After graduating, Kagan attended Princeton University, where she earned a Bachelors of Arts "summa cum laude" in history in 1981. She was particularly drawn to American history and archival research. She wrote a senior thesis under historian Sean Wilentz titled "To the Final Conflict: Socialism in New York City, 1900–1933". In it she wrote, "Through its own internal feuding, then, the SP [Socialist Party] exhausted itself forever. The story is a sad but also a chastening one for those who, more than half a century after socialism's decline, still wish to change America." Wilentz says Kagan did not mean to defend socialism, noting that she "was interested in it. To study something is not to endorse it."  As an undergraduate, Kagan also served as editorial chair of "The Daily Princetonian". Along with eight other students, she penned a "Declaration of the Campaign for a Democratic University". It called for "a fundamental restructuring of university governance" and condemned Princeton's administration for making decisions "behind closed doors". Despite the liberal tone of "The Daily Princetonian"'s editorials, Kagan was politically restrained in her dealings with fellow reporters. Her "Daily Princetonian" colleague Steven Bernstein has said he "cannot recall a time in which Kagan expressed her political views". He described Kagan's political stances as "sort of liberal, democratic, progressive tradition, and everything with lower case". In 1980, Kagan received Princeton's Daniel M. Sachs Class of 1960 Graduating Scholarship, one of the highest general awards the university confers. This enabled her to study at Worcester College, Oxford. As part of her graduation requirement, Kagan wrote a thesis called "The Development and Erosion of the American Exclusionary Rule: A Study in Judicial Method". It presented a critical look at the exclusionary rule and its evolution on the Supreme Court—in particular the Warren Court. She earned a Master of Philosophy in Politics at Oxford in 1983.  In 1983, at age 23, Kagan entered Harvard Law School. Her adjustment to Harvard's atmosphere was rocky; she received the worst grades of her entire law school career in her first semester. Kagan went on to earn an A in 17 of the 21 courses she took at Harvard. She was also immersed in the law as a summer associate in the law offices of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, a Wall Street firm in New York, where she worked in the litigation department. In 1986 she received a Juris Doctor, "magna cum laude", from Harvard Law School, where she was supervisory editor of the "Harvard Law Review". Her friend Jeffrey Toobin recalls that Kagan "stood out from the start as one with a formidable mind. She's good with people. At the time, the law school was a politically charged and divided place. She navigated the factions with ease, and won the respect of everyone."

Early career.

In 1987 Kagan was a law clerk for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. She became one of Mikva's favorite clerks; he called her "the pick of the litter". In 1988 Kagan clerked for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court. Marshall said he hired Kagan to help him put the "spark" back into his opinions as the court had been undergoing a conservative shift since William Rehnquist became Chief Justice in 1986. Marshall nicknamed the Kagan "Shorty".  Kagan next entered private practice as a junior associate at the Washington, D.C., law firm of Williams & Connolly. As a junior associate, she drafted briefs and conducted discovery. During her short time at the firm she handled five lawsuits that involved First Amendment or media law issues and libel issues.  In 1991 Kagan became an assistant professor at the University of Chicago Law School. While there she first met Barack Obama, a guest lecturer at the school. While on the UC faculty, Kagan published a law review article on the regulation of First Amendment hate speech in the wake of the Supreme Court's ruling in "R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul"; an article discussing the significance of governmental motive in regulating speech; and a review of a book by Stephen L. Carter discussing the judicial confirmation process. In the first article, which became highly influential, Kagan argued that the Supreme Court should examine governmental motives when deciding First Amendment cases and analyzed historic draft-card burning and flag burning cases in light of free speech arguments.  In 1993, Senator Joe Biden appointed Kagan as a special counsel for the Senate Judiciary Committee. During this time, she worked on Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Supreme Court confirmation hearings.  Kagan became a tenured professor of law in 1995. According to her colleagues, Kagan's students complimented and admired her from the beginning, and she was granted tenure "despite the reservations of some colleagues who thought she had not published enough".

White House and judicial nomination.

Kagan served as Associate White House Counsel for Bill Clinton from 1995 to 1996, when Mikva served as White House Counsel. She worked on such controversial issues plaguing the Clinton administration as the Whitewater controversy, the White House travel office controversy, and "Clinton v. Jones". From 1997 to 1999 she worked as Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy and Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council. Kagan worked on topics like budget appropriations, campaign finance reform, and social welfare issues. Her work is catalogued in the Clinton Library. Kagan coauthored a 1997 memo urging Clinton to support a ban on late-term abortions: "We recommend that you endorse the Daschle amendment in order to sustain your credibility on HR 1122 and prevent Congress from overriding your veto."  On June 17, 1999, Clinton nominated Kagan to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to replace James L. Buckley, who took senior status in 1996. The Senate Judiciary Committee's Republican Chairman, Orrin Hatch, scheduled no hearing, effectively ending her nomination. When the Senate term ended, her nomination lapsed, as did that of fellow Clinton nominee Allen Snyder.

Return to academia.

After her service in the White House and her lapsed judicial nomination, Kagan returned to academia in 1999. She initially sought to return to the University of Chicago, but she had given up her tenured position during her extended stint in the Clinton Administration, and the school chose not to rehire her, reportedly due to doubts about her commitment to academia. Kagan quickly found a position as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School. While there, she authored a law review article on United States administrative law, focusing on the president's role in formulating and influencing federal administrative law. The article was honored as the year's top scholarly article by the American Bar Association's Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice. In 2001, Kagan was named a full professor at Harvard Law School and in 2003 she was named dean of the Law School by Harvard University President Lawrence Summers. She succeeded Robert C. Clark, who had served as dean for over a decade. The focus of her tenure was on improving student satisfaction. Efforts included constructing new facilities and reforming the first-year curriculum as well as aesthetic changes and creature comforts, such as free morning coffee. She has been credited for a consensus-building leadership style that defused the school's previous ideological discord.  As dean, Kagan inherited a capital campaign, "Setting the Standard," in 2003. It ended in 2008 with a record-breaking raised, 19% more than the original goal. Kagan made a number of prominent new hires, increasing the size of the faculty considerably. Her coups included hiring legal scholar Cass Sunstein away from the University of Chicago and Lawrence Lessig away from Stanford. She also made an effort to hire conservative scholars, such as former Bush administration official Jack Goldsmith, for the traditionally liberal-leaning faculty.  According to Kevin Washburn, then dean of the University of New Mexico School of Law, Kagan transformed Harvard Law School from a harsh environment for students to one that was much more student-focused.  During her deanship, Kagan upheld a decades-old policy barring military recruiters from the Office of Career Services because she felt the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy discriminated against gays and lesbians. According to Campus Progress,  In October 2003, Kagan sent an email to students and faculty deploring that military recruiters had shown up on campus in violation of this policy. The email read in part, "This action causes me deep distress. I abhor the military's discriminatory recruitment policy". She also wrote that it was "a profound wrong—a moral injustice of the first order".  From 2005 to 2008, Kagan was a member of the Research Advisory Council of the Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute. She received a $10,000 stipend for her service.  By early 2007, Kagan was a finalist for the presidency of Harvard University after Lawrence Summers's resignation the previous year. The position ultimately went to Drew Gilpin Faust instead. Kagan was reportedly disappointed, and law school students threw her a party to express their appreciation for her leadership.

Solicitor General.

On January 5, 2009, President-elect Barack Obama announced he would nominate Kagan to be Solicitor General. At the time of her nomination, Kagan had never argued a case before any court. At least two previous solicitors general, Robert Bork and Kenneth Starr, had no previous Supreme Court appearances.  The two main questions senators had for Kagan during her confirmation hearings were whether she would defend statutes that she personally opposed and whether she was qualified to be solicitor general given her lack of courtroom experience. Kagan testified that she would defend laws, such as the Defense of Marriage Act, pursuant to which states were not required to recognize same-sex marriages originating in other states, "if there is any reasonable basis to do so". The Senate confirmed her on March 19, 2009, by a vote of 61 to 31. She was the first woman to hold the position. Upon taking office, Kagan pledged to defend any statute as long as there was a colorable argument to be made, regardless of her personal opinions. As Solicitor General, Kagan's job was to act as the lawyer for the United States and defend legislation and executive actions in appeals before the Supreme Court. Thus the arguments she made as Solicitor General were not necessarily indicative of her personal beliefs.  Kagan's first appearance before the Supreme Court was on September 9, 2009, one month before the typical start of a new term in October, in the re-argument of "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission",. During argument, she asked the court to uphold a 1990 precedent that allowed the government to restrict corporations' use of their treasuries to campaign for or against political candidates. As an alternative argument, Kagan further contended that if the court would not uphold precedent, it should keep its ruling narrowly focused on corporations that resembled the petitioning organization, Citizens United, rather than reconsidering the constitutionality of broader restrictions on corporate campaign finance. In a 5-4 decision, the court overturned precedent and allowed corporations to spend freely in elections, a major defeat for the Obama administration.  During her 15 months as Solicitor General, Kagan argued six cases before the Supreme Court. "The Washington Post" described her style during argument as "confident" and "conversational". She helped win four cases: "Salazar v. Buono", "United States v. Comstock",, "Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project",, and "Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board",.

Supreme Court.

Nomination.

Before Obama's election, Kagan was the subject of media speculation as a potential Supreme Court nominee if a Democratic president were elected in 2008. Obama had his first Supreme Court vacancy to fill in 2009 when Associate Justice David H. Souter announced his upcoming retirement. Senior Obama adviser David Axelrod later recounted that during the search for a new justice, Antonin Scalia told him he hoped Obama would nominate Kagan, because of her intelligence. On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that Obama was considering Kagan, among others. On May 26, 2009, Obama announced that he had chosen Sonia Sotomayor.  On April 9, 2010, Justice John Paul Stevens announced he would retire at the start of the Court's summer 2010 recess, triggering new speculation about potential replacements, and Kagan was once again considered a contender. In a "Fresh Dialogues" interview, Jeffrey Toobin, a Supreme Court analyst and Kagan's friend and law school classmate, speculated that she would be Obama's nominee, describing her as "very much an Obama-type person, a moderate Democrat, a consensus builder". This alarmed some liberals and progressives, who worried that "replacing Stevens with Kagan risks moving the Court to the right, perhaps substantially to the right".  On May 10, 2010, Obama nominated Kagan to the Supreme Court. The deans of over one-third of the country's law schools, 69 people in total, endorsed the nomination in an open letter in early June. It lauded what it called her coalition-building skills and "understanding of both doctrine and policy" as well as her written record of legal analysis.

Confirmation hearings.

Kagan's confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee began on June 28. As they began, Kagan was expected to be confirmed, with Republican Senator John Cornyn calling Kagan "justice-to-be". During the hearings, she demonstrated a deep knowledge of Supreme Court cases, expounding upon cases Senators mentioned in their questions to her and doing so without taking notes on the questions. A number of Democratic senators criticized recent decisions of the court as "activist", but Kagan avoided joining in their criticisms. Like many prior nominees, including Chief Justice John Roberts, she declined to answer whether she thought particular cases were correctly decided or how she would vote on particular issues. Republican Senator John Kyl and Democratic Senator Arlen Specter criticized her evasiveness. Specter said it obscured the way justices actually ruled once on the court. He noted that Kagan published an article in the "Chicago Law Review" in 1995 in which she criticized the evasiveness she came to practice. Republican Senators criticized Kagan's background as more political than judicial; Kagan responded by promising she would be impartial and fair. On July 20, 2010, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13–6 to recommend Kagan's confirmation to the full Senate. On August 5 the full Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 63–37. The voting was largely along party lines, with five Republicans (Richard Lugar, Judd Gregg, Lindsey Graham, Susan Collins, and Olympia Snowe) supporting her and one Democrat (Ben Nelson) opposing.  Kagan's swearing-in ceremony took place on August 7, 2010, at the White House. Chief Justice John Roberts administered the prescribed constitutional and judicial oaths of office, at which time she became the 112th justice (100th associate justice) of the Supreme Court. She is the first person appointed to the Court without any prior experience as a judge since William Rehnquist and Lewis F. Powell Jr., who both became members in 1972. She is also the fourth female justice in the court's history, and the eighth Jewish justice.

Tenure.

Ideologically, Kagan is part of the Supreme Court's liberal wing: she voted with the liberal bloc in "King v. Burwell,", finding that Obamacare's subsidies and individual mandate are constitutional, and in "Obergefell v. Hodges,", which prohibits states from outlawing same-sex marriage. In 2018, "Slate" observed that Kagan had crossed ideological lines on multiple cases during the proceeding term, and considered her to be part of a centrist bloc along with Justices Roberts, Stephen Breyer, and Anthony Kennedy. Still, "FiveThirtyEight" observed that Kagan voted with her more liberal peers, Ginsburg and Sotomayor, over 90% of the time. Also during the 2017–2018 term, Kagan most commonly agreed with Breyer; they voted together in 93% of cases. She agreed least often with Justice Samuel Alito, in 58.82% of cases.  Because of her service as solicitor general, Kagan recused herself from 28 out of the 78 cases heard during her first year on the court to avoid conflicts of interest. In 2017, Kagan recused herself from the immigrant-detention case "Jennings v. Rodriguez" because she authorized a filing in the case when she was solicitor general.

Circuit assignment.

Kagan is assigned to the Ninth Circuit, the largest US circuit court by geographic area. It includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, Montana, Nevada, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Washington state. Circuit justices are principally responsible for responding to emergency requests (for example, applications for emergency stays of executions). Kagan had previously been responsible for the Sixth Circuit and the Seventh Circuit, but upon Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation, these circuits were reallotted to Justices Sotomayor and Kavanaugh and the Ninth Circuit was moved from Justice Roberts to Kagan as of October 2018.

Jurisprudence.

Kagan's first opinion as a justice, "Ransom v. FIA Card Services", was a statutory interpretation case where the court was tasked with determining what income a debtor was allowed to shield from creditors in bankruptcy. In an 8–1 decision, Kagan held that the Chapter 13 Bankruptcy statute precludes a debtor from taking an allowance for car-related expenses if the debtor owns the car outright and does not make loan or lease payments. She reasoned the word "applicable" was key to the statute, and debtors could only take allowances for car-related costs that applied. Kagan wrote the majority opinion in "Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC". In the 6–3 decision in favor of Marvel, she held that a patentee cannot receive royalties after the patent has expired. Kagan's opinion included several references to Spider-Man.

First Amendment.

Kagan's first dissent came in the First Amendment case "Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn",. Writing for the liberal wing, she took issue with the majority's creation of an exception to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The majority held that Arizona taxpayers cannot challenge tax credits for those who donate to groups that provide scholarships to religious schools, drawing a distinction between the way the court treats tax credits and grants. Kagan deemed this distinction "arbitrary" because tax credits and grants can be used to achieve the same objectives. She viewed the majority's decision as creating a loophole for governments to fund religion.  In another Establishment Clause case, "Town of Greece v. Galloway",, Kagan wrote a dissent arguing that a prayer at a town council meeting failed to treat all Americans the same regardless of religion. "Greece" involved a town in New York inviting chaplains, for several years all Christian, to give a prayer before town council meetings. Unlike "Marsh v. Chambers",, where the Supreme Court had permitted a state legislature to open with a prayer, Kagan noted the board in "Greece" was a forum for ordinary citizens. Kagan argued the use of prayer showed a preference for a particular religion and thus violated Americans' First Amendment rights.

Sixth Amendment.

Kagan dissented in "Luis v. United States",, where the five-justice majority held that the pre-trial freezing of untainted assets not traced back to criminal activity was a violation of a defendant's sixth amendment right to counsel when those assets were needed to retain counsel of the defendant's choosing. The defendant, Sila Luis, had been charged with Medicare fraud, in which prosecutors alleged he illegally charged $45 million for unneeded services. The prosecutors asked a judge to freeze $2 million of Luis's assets, which Luis said she needed to pay legal bills, after she had already spent most of the $45 million she made from the alleged scheme. A prior Supreme Court case, "United States v. Monsanto",, held that a court could freeze a defendant's assets pre-trial, including funds obtained through the alleged sale of drugs, even when those assets were being used to hire an attorney. The majority sought to distinguish their holding in "Luis" from "Monsanto" based upon the nature of the funds being frozen; Luis's funds were not directly linked to her crime, whereas Monsanto's funds were. Kennedy dissented in "Luis" because he did not think criminal defendants should be treated differently based on how quickly they spent their illegal proceeds. Kagan agreed with Kennedy that the court's decision created inequity and drew an arbitrary distinction, but further opined that "Monsanto" might have been wrongly decided. Kagan suggested she would be willing to overturn such precedent in the future, but declined to do so in the case at bar because Luis had not sought that relief. Her vote thus rested on procedural grounds while she expressed skepticism that the government should be able to freeze the assets of a criminal defendant not yet convicted, and thus still benefiting from the presumption of innocence, with a mere showing of probable cause that the property will ultimately be subject to forfeiture.

Gerrymandering.

Kagan wrote for the majority in "Cooper v. Harris",, striking down the configuration of two of North Carolina's congressional districts. The court held the districts' boundaries were unconstitutional because they relied excessively on race and did not pass the strict scrutiny standard of review. In a footnote, Kagan set forth a new principle, that congressional districts drawn with race as the dominant factor may be found to be an unlawful racial gerrymander even if they have another goal, such as sorting voters by political affiliation. Applying this principle to the facts of the case, the Court unanimously struck down North Carolina's District 1, where state lawmakers had increased the state's black voting-age population by 4.1% even though the black population had already been able to elect preferred candidates before the district lines were redrawn. The increase of black voters in District 1 resulted in a decrease of black voters in other districts. The Court also struck down District 12 by a vote of 5–3 for similar shifts in its racial composition. The dissent argued that those challenging the validity of the district had not proved that race caused the change in District 12. Kagan quoted court precedent that race must only be a predominate consideration, and that challengers did not need to prove politics was not a motivating factor.

Writing style.

In her first term on the Court, Kagan did not write any separate opinions, and wrote the fewest opinions of any Justice on the Court. She wrote only majority opinions or dissents that more senior justices assigned to her, and in which she and a group of justices agreed upon a rationale for deciding the case. This tendency to write for a group rather than herself made it difficult to discern her own views or where she might lean in future cases. She wrote the fewest opinions for the terms from 2011 through 2014, tying with Kennedy in 2011 and 2013.  Kagan's writing has been characterized as conversational, employing a range of rhetorical styles. She has said that she approaches writing on the court like she used to approach the classroom, with numerous strategies to engage the reader. Her opinions use examples and analogies to make them more understandable to a broad audience.

Other activities.

Like other justices, Kagan makes public appearances when she is not hearing cases. In her first four years on the court, she made at least 20 public appearances. Kagan tends to choose speaking engagements that allow her to speak to students.  "Time" magazine named Kagan one of its Time 100 most influential people for 2013. Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the article on Kagan, calling her "an incisive legal thinker" and "excellent communicator". That same year, a painting of the four women to have served as Supreme Court justices, Kagan, Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and O'Connor, was unveiled at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. In 2018, Kagan received the Marshall-Wythe Medallionan from William & Mary Law School, and an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Hunter College.

Personal life.

Kagan's Harvard colleagues and friends have characterized her as a good conversationalist, warm, and having a good sense of humor. Before joining the Supreme Court, she was known to play poker and smoke cigars. Early on in her tenure as a justice, Kagan began socializing with several of her new colleagues. She attended the opera with Ginsburg, had dinner with Sotomayor, attended legal events with Kennedy and Clarence Thomas, and went hunting with Scalia. The hunting trips stemmed from a promise Kagan made to Senator James Risch of Idaho during a meeting before her confirmation. Risch expressed concern that as a New York City native Kagan did not understand the importance of hunting to his constituents. Kagan initially offered to go hunting with Risch before promising instead to go hunting with Scalia if confirmed. According to Kagan, Scalia later laughed when she told him of the promise and he took her to his hunting club for the first of several hunting trips. Kagan is known to spend time with longtime friends from law school and her stint in the Clinton administration rather than attending DC social events she is invited to as a justice. She has never married.

Elena Kagan (; born April 28, 1960) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama in May 2010, and confirmed by the Senate in August of the same year. She is the fourth woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court.

Elena Kaganová (* 28. dubna 1960, New York, Spojené státy americké) je americká právnička, od 7. srpna 2010 soudkyně Nejvyššího soudu Spojených států amerických. Jedná se v pořadí o 112. člena tohoto soudu a teprve čtvrtou ženu.


Composition and critical reception.

"There Goes My Baby" is a, "slinky" down-tempo R&B ballad, with infused hints of neo soul. It is composed in a "moderate groove" of eighty beats per minute, and is set in common time. It is written the key of A major and Usher's vocals span from the low note of E to high note of C. It follows the chord progression A–F–G. The song makes use of Usher's falsetto range, which was warmly received by critics. Edna Gunderson of "USA Today" called Usher's falsetto "charming." Jaime Gill of Yahoo! Music UK said that the song was a delight and that its falsetto tenderness was absent in the rest of the work. Tyler Lewis of "PopMatters" said the song featured "nice falsetto work" from the singer, while Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" coined the song a "falsetto-laced plea."  Andy Kellman of Allmusic noted the track as a standout from "Raymond v. Raymond". Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" said that the sweetness of Usher's falsetto balanced out the album's "boilerplate swagger." Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music thought that the song recalled Usher's past slow jams, coining it, "a sumptuous deep-pile carpet of seductive song." Ashante Infantry of the "Toronto Star" said the song was one of the best on the album, and said that it was a "steamy slow jam." Calling the song "decent," James Reed of the "Boston Globe" thought the lyrical content was hollow. Calling it a low-point of the album, Matthew Cole of "Slant Magazine" said that the song was "sappy."

Chart performance.

As a promo single, the song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart at number seventy-one solely from digital downloads. It fell off the next week, but upon its release as a single it re-entered at number 100, and eventually reached number twenty-five. It topped the US R&B/Hip-Hop chart for four consecutive weeks, giving Usher his eleventh number-one hit on that chart, and to date spent there the huge amount of 71 weeks. With eleven top singles on the chart, Usher tied with R. Kelly and Ray Charles on the Stevie Wonder-led list of most number ones since the inception of the chart. As the fourth single from "Raymond v. Raymond", the single was also Usher's fourth consecutive top ten song on the R&B chart, a feat not matched by him since his "Confessions" era. "There Goes My Baby" was also Usher's fourth consecutive top forty song on the Hot 100, another feat not matched since "Confessions".

Music video.

Background and synopsis.

The accompanying music video for the song was filmed on June 16, 2010 in Malibu, California, and directed by Anthony Mandler. It took fifteen hours for the shoot. Preparing his physique for the filming, the singer told "People", "At 31, when you take your shirt off, you must have it together!" A preview of the video was released on July 12, 2010, and the full video premiered on "106 & Park" and Vevo on July 13, 2010.  Containing a vague plot, the opening scene of the clip features Usher donning a black tank top and dark jeans, while he stands in a field with the sun rising in the background. While performing t'ai chi-inspired dance moves, he begins to pursue his love interest, and appears shirtless in front of a black backdrop. Appearing alongside his interest in the backdrop scenes, Usher then sings propped on a concrete wall in a dark alley, while he and the woman tease each other, before moving outside on the balcony of a house on top of mountains. The singer performs acrobatic moves, including one in particular in which he does a pull-up onto the roof to kiss his partner. All previous scenes are intercut before culminating with Usher seducing his partner in bed, in racy moments with Usher in nothing but briefs as he pulls off her stockings. The final scene sees the singer driving off in a convertible.

Reception.

Jayson Rodriguez of MTV News positively reviewed the clip, stating, "with a new video for his single "There Goes My Baby," the singer continues to push back at detractors who dare to suggest he's slipped." Megan Vick of "Billboard" said the clip was classic Usher, "from the stunning women to the architectural scenery and most importantly, the rippling abs." Lining up points on why the video should be watched, AOL Boombox said that the singer "sexes it up" in the video as he "proudly proclaims" the song's title. Brad Wete of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the video a mixed review, complimenting Usher's trademark sexual videos, but at the same time said it was not "new territory" for the singer, preferring he would take a video route as he did in 2008's "Trading Places."

Live performances.

While promoting "Raymond v. Raymond", Usher performed the song along with others from the then-upcoming set on "Good Morning America". In promotion of the single, he sang the song on Lopez Tonight on June 2, 2010, and on "The View" on June 9, 2010. Furthermore, Usher performed the song on the 2010 BET Awards in June 2010. In August 2010 he sang the song at his 2010 World Leadership Awards for his New Look Foundation, alongside other performers, friend Ciara and protege Justin Bieber. The same month, the singer later appeared on "The Early Show" as a part of their summer concert series. On September 17, 2010, he performed the song alongside "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!".

Credits and personnel.

Source

"There Goes My Baby" is a song by American singer Usher. It was written by James Scheffer, Frank Romano, Danny Morris and Rico Love, with the latter producing the song with Jim Jonsin. The song was first released as the second promo single for his sixth studio album, "Raymond v. Raymond" (2010) on February 9, 2010, and later released to rhythmic and urban airplay as the album's fourth U.S. single from the album on June 15, 2010. It was later included the EP's follow-up set, "Versus EP". "There Goes My Baby" is a down-tempo R&B piece, which makes use of Usher's falsetto range. While reaching a peak of twenty-five on the "Billboard" Hot 100, it topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The charting gave Usher his eleventh number-one on the chart, tying Ray Charles and R. Kelly for the fifth-most number-one's since the chart's inception. The song's accompanying music video features Usher pursuing his love interest in risque scenes. Usher performed the song a number of times, including at the 2010 BET Awards. The song earned Usher a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards on February 13, 2011.

There Goes My Baby je píseň amerického R&B zpěváka Ushera. Píseň pochází z jeho šestého studiového alba "Raymond v. Raymond". Produkce se ujali producenti Jim Jonsin a Rico Love.


Signs and symptoms.

Symptoms of orthorexia nervosa include "obsessive focus on food choice, planning, purchase, preparation, and consumption; food regarded primarily as source of health rather than pleasure; distress or disgust when in proximity to prohibited foods; exaggerated faith that inclusion or elimination of particular kinds of food can prevent or cure disease or affect daily well-being; periodic shifts in dietary beliefs while other processes persist unchanged; moral judgment of others based on dietary choices; body image distortion around sense of physical "impurity" rather than weight; persistent belief that dietary practices are health-promoting despite evidence of malnutrition."

Cause.

There has been no investigation into whether there may be a biological cause specific to orthorexia nervosa. It may be a food-centered manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder, which has a lot to do with control.

Diagnosis.

In 2016, formal criteria for orthorexia were proposed in the peer-reviewed journal "Eating Behaviors" by Thom Dunn and Steven Bratman. These criteria are as follows:  Criterion A. Obsessive focus on "healthy" eating, as defined by a dietary theory or set of beliefs whose specific details may vary; marked by exaggerated emotional distress in relationship to food choices perceived as unhealthy; weight loss may ensue, but this is conceptualized as an aspect of ideal health rather than as the primary goal. As evidenced by the following:  Criterion B. The compulsive behavior and mental preoccupation becomes clinically impairing by any of the following:  A diagnostic questionnaire has been developed for orthorexia sufferers, similar to questionnaires for other eating disorders, named the ORTO-15. However, Dunn and Bratman critique this survey tool as lacking appropriate internal and external validation.

Epidemiology.

Results across scientific findings have yet to find a definitive conclusion to support whether nutrition students and professionals are at higher risk than other population subgroups, due to differing results in the research literature. There are only a few notable scientific works that, in an attempt to explore the breadth and depth of the still vaguely-understood illness, have tried to identify which groups in society are most vulnerable to its onset. This includes a 2008 German study, which based its research on the widespread suspicion that the most nutritionally-informed, such as university nutrition students, are a potential high-risk group for eating disorders, due to a substantial accumulation of knowledge on food and its relationship to health; the idea being that the more one knows about health, the more likely an unhealthy fixation about being healthy can develop. This study also inferred that orthorexic tendencies may even fuel a desire to study the science, indicating that many within this field might suffer from the disorder before commencing the course. However the results found that the students in the study, upon initial embarkation of their degree, did not have higher orthorexic values than other non-nutrition university students, and thus the report concluded that further research is needed to clarify the relationship between food-education and the onset of ON.  Similarly, in a Portuguese study on nutrition tertiary students, the participants' orthorexic scores (according to the ORTO-15 diagnostic questionnaire) actually decreased as they progressed through their course, as well as the overall risk of developing an eating disorder being an insignificant 4.2 percent. The participants also answered questionnaires to provide insight into their eating behaviours and attitudes, and despite this study finding that nutrition and health-science students tend to have more restrictive eating behaviours, these studies however found no evidence to support that these students have "more disturbed or disordered eating patterns than other students" These two aforementioned studies conclude that the more understanding of food one has is not necessarily a risk factor for ON, explaining that the data gathered suggests dietetics professionals are not at significant risk of it.  However, these epidemiologic studies have been critiqued as using a fundamentally flawed survey tool that inflates prevalence rates. Scholars have questioned both the reliability and validity of the ORTO-15.  Most scientific findings tend to agree, however, young adults and adolescents are extremely susceptible to developing eating disorders. One study found that there was no relationship between BOT score and college major, which may indicate the prevalence of mental health issues and eating disorders on college campuses and that health and science majors are no longer the only ones affected More studies have also been conducted on the link between increased Instagram use and Orthorexia nervosa. The social media based healthy community has recently grown in popularity especially on platforms such as Instagram. The hashtag #food is one of the top 25 most popular hashtags on Instagram. A study that investigated this relationship found that increased use of Instagram correlated between symptoms of ON with no other social media platform having the same effect. With young adults and adolescents making up the majority of social media users, exposure to this type of content can lead to developing unhealthy behavior.

History.

In a 1997 article in the magazine "Yoga Journal", the American physician Steven Bratman coined the term "orthorexia nervosa" from the Greek ορθο- ("ortho", "right" or "correct"), and όρεξις ("orexis", "appetite"), literally meaning 'correct appetite', but in practice meaning 'correct diet'. The term is modeled on "anorexia", literally meaning "without appetite", as used in the definition of the condition anorexia nervosa. (In both terms, "nervosa" indicates an unhealthy psychological state.) Bratman described orthorexia as an unhealthy fixation with what the individual considers to be healthy eating. Beliefs about what constitutes healthy eating commonly originate in one or another dietary theory such as raw foods veganism or macrobiotics, but are then taken to extremes, leading to disordered eating patterns and psychological and/or physical impairment. Bratman based this proposed condition on his personal experiences in the 1970s, as well as behaviors he observed among his patients in the 1990s. In 2000, Bratman, with David Knight, authored the book "Health Food Junkies", which further expanded on the subject.  Following the publication of the book, in 2004 a team of Italian researchers from La Sapienza University of Rome, published the first empirical study attempting to develop a tool to measure the prevalence of orthorexia, known as the ORTO-15.  In 2015, responding to news articles in which the term orthorexia is applied to people who merely follow a non-mainstream theory of healthy eating, Bratman specified the following: "A theory may be conventional or unconventional, extreme or lax, sensible or totally wacky, but, regardless of the details, followers of the theory do not necessarily have orthorexia. They are simply adherents of a dietary theory. The term 'orthorexia' only applies when an eating disorder develops around that theory." Bratman elsewhere clarifies that with a few exceptions, most common theories of healthy eating are followed safely by the majority of their adherents; however, "for some people, going down the path of a restrictive diet in search of health may escalate into dietary perfectionism." Karin Kratina, PhD, writing for the National Eating Disorders Association, summarizes this process as follows: "Eventually food choices become so restrictive, in both variety and calories, that health suffers – an ironic twist for a person so completely dedicated to healthy eating."  Although orthorexia is not recognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association, and it is not listed in the DSM-5, as of January 2016, four case reports and more than 40 other articles on the subject have been published in a variety of peer-reviewed journals internationally. According to a study published in 2011, two-thirds of a sample of 111 Dutch-speaking eating disorder specialists felt they had observed the syndrome in their clinical practice.  According to the "Macmillan English Dictionary," the word is entering the English lexicon. The concept of orthorexia as a newly developing eating disorder has attracted significant media attention in the 21st century.

Orthorexia nervosa (also known as orthorexia) is a proposed eating disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with eating healthy food. The term was introduced in 1997 by American physician Steven Bratman, M.D. He suggested that some people's dietary restrictions intended to promote health may paradoxically lead to unhealthy consequences, such as social isolation, anxiety, loss of ability to eat in a natural, intuitive manner, reduced interest in the full range of other healthy human activities, and, in rare cases, severe malnutrition or even death.

Orthorexie (latinsky "orthorexia nervosa") je psychická porucha, při které se člověk (ve větší míře, než která je považována za „normální“) upíná na zdravou stravu. Orthorektikem je ten, komu myšlenky na zdravé stravování zabírají většinu času a při porušení svých stravovacích zásad se cítí provinile.


Background.

Colloquially known as "Triple Five", 555 California Street was meant to display the wealth, power, and importance of Bank of America. Design was by Wurster, Bernardi and Emmons and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, with architect Pietro Belluschi consulting; structural engineering was by the San Francisco firm H. J. Brunnier Associates. It is the 75th tallest building in the United States (upon completion), one foot taller than One Worldwide Plaza in New York City and just 1 foot shorter than the 68th tallest building in the US, which is also owned by Bank of America, the Bank of America Center in Houston, Texas at 780 ft (238 m), and just 2 feet shorter than the 67th tallest building in the US, 30 Hudson Street in Jersey City, New Jersey at 781 ft (238 m). Some sites round the heights of all four buildings to 780 ft (238 m) making those four buildings tied as the 67th tallest buildings in the country.  The skyscraper has thousands of bay windows, meant to improve the rental value and to symbolize the bay windows common in San Francisco residential real estate. The irregular cutout areas near the top of the building were designed to suggest the Sierra mountains. At the north side of the skyscraper is a broad plaza named in honor of Bank of America founder A.P. Giannini.  In the plaza the 200-ton black Swedish granite sculpture "Transcendence" by Masayuki Nagare resembles a liver but is derisively known as the "Banker's Heart". Nearly the entire block—the skyscraper, the banking hall, the plaza, the stairways, and the sidewalks—is clad in costly polished or rough carnelian granite. A restaurant, the "Carnelian Room", was on the 52nd floor. The elevator to this restaurant is one of the few publicly accessible high-speed elevators in San Francisco. The restaurant closed at midnight New Year's Eve 2009.  In 1971, 555 California Street appeared at the beginning of the film "Dirty Harry", where it is the roof from which Scorpio snipes a woman in the now-closed pool atop what is now the Hilton Financial District hotel on Kearny Street. The film shows panoramic views of San Francisco from the roof of the building. In 1974, 555 California Street was again used for a box-office hit, this time in Irwin Allen's blockbuster "The Towering Inferno", in which the outside plaza substituted for that of the film's fictional skyscraper, the infamous Glass Tower which on the night of its dedication catches fire. Many scenes were also filmed in the interior ground-floor lobby. The granite stairs coming up from California Street to the A.P. Giannini plaza were used for several key specific scenes including the opening dedication ceremony, the arrival of fire trucks and the final scene on the steps with the characters played by Paul Newman, Steve McQueen and Faye Dunaway. The rooftop setting of the building used in "Dirty Harry" was also used a decade later in the Chuck Norris film "An Eye for an Eye" (1981). the building can also be seen under construction in the 1968 film "Bullitt". The building is featured as a landmark in the 2003 video game SimCity 4, under its previous name.  The southeast corner of California and Kearny is about above sea level, so the top of the building is over. With the Transamerica Pyramid, 555 California Street shows the direction San Francisco's downtown was moving during the 1960s before campaigns against high-rise buildings in the 1970s and 1980s forced development to move south of Market Street. With its top spire, the Transamerica Pyramid is taller; but 555 California has the higher habitable space.  In April 2018, the United States Geological Survey included 555 California Street in a list of 39 high-rise buildings in San Francisco constructed during a period when welding techniques were employed that may jeopardize structural integrity during a strong earthquake.

555 California Street, formerly Bank of America Center, is a 52-story skyscraper in San Francisco, California. It is the fourth tallest building in the city, the largest by floor area.

555 California Street je mrakodrap v centru kalifornského města San Francisco. Má 52 pater a výšku 237,4 metrů, je tak 4. nejvyšší mrakodrap ve městě. Po svém dokončení v roce 1969 se stal nejvyšší budovou ve městě až do roku 1972, kdy jej překonal Transamerica Pyramid. Do roku 2005 se jmenoval "Bank of America Center", protože po svém dokončení sloužil jako sídlo firmy Bank of America. Za designem budovy stojí firma Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. V budově se nachází převážně kancelářské prostory, které obsluhuje 38 výtahů.


History.

Having been an amateur club for a long time, playing in the regional leagues, the club got promoted three times under the presidency of Noël Le Graët, who took over in 1972. In 1976, Guingamp reached the Third Division (now called Championnat National), and the next season they were promoted to the Second Division (now called Ligue 2), where they stayed until 1993. The club became fully professional in 1984, and in 1990 the Stade de Roudourou was opened, with Guingamp hosting Paris Saint-Germain in the inaugural match.  The club's first major honour was winning the Coupe de France in 2009, the second team in history not from Ligue 1 to win the competition. The team defeated Breton rivals Rennes 2–1 in the final. Also, in 2014, En Avant de Guingamp beat Stade Rennais F.C. 2–0 at the Stade de France. Aside from two years of Coupe de France triumph, the club's only other major feat was winning the 1996 UEFA Intertoto Cup.  The club has played in the French top flight before, having gained promotion only three times: 1995, 2000 and 2013. Their longest stay in the top flight was between 2013 and 2019. Following the 2012–13 season, the club was relegated back to Ligue 2 at the conclusion of the 2018-19 season finishing in 20th place.  Aside from winning the Coupe de France, Guingamp is known for having served as a springboard for prominent players such as Didier Drogba, Florent Malouda, Fabrice Abriel, and Vincent Candela. Managers such as Guy Lacombe, Francis Smerecki, and Erick Mombaerts also used the club as springboards during the infancy of their coaching careers. Guingamp is presided over by Bertrand Desplat. The former president, Noël Le Graët, is president of the French Football Federation. The club has a women's team who play in the Division 1 Féminine, and a reserve team in the CFA2.  In the 2018–19 season, Guingamp reached the Coupe de la ligue final against RC Strasbourg. Guingamp lost the final losing 4–1 on penalties after the match ended goalless during 120 minutes of play.  On 12 May 2019, Guingamp were relegated to Ligue 2 ending a six-year stay in the top division after drawing 1–1 with rivals Stade Rennais F.C..

Stadium.

Guingamp plays its home matches at the Stade de Roudourou in the city. It is unusual for a commune of 7,280 inhabitants to have a professional football club, let alone one that plays in the first tier. Also the stadium has a capacity of 18,000 spectators, roughly 2.5 times the commune's population.

Players.

Notable players.

Below are the notable former players who have represented Guingamp in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1912. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 80 official matches for the club.  "For a complete list of Guingamp players, see " Guingamp won the Final on away goals.

En Avant de Guingamp Côtes-d'Armor (, ), commonly referred to as EA Guingamp, EAG, or simply Guingamp (), is a Breton association football club in the commune of Guingamp. The club was founded in 1912 and play in Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. The club has appeared in the Ligue 1, the top flight of French football, for several seasons, and is known for its relative success given Guingamp's small population of only 7,000 people.

EA Guingamp (celým názvem "En Avant de Guingamp", bretonsky "War-raok Gwengamp") je francouzský fotbalový klub sídlící ve městě Guingamp, který byl založen roku 1912. Domácím hřištěm je Stade du Roudourou s kapacitou 19 033 diváků.


First generation (E12; 1972–1981).

The E12 is the first generation of 5 Series, which was produced from 1972 to 1981. It replaced the New Class sedans and was produced in the sedan body style. The initial models were powered by four-cylinder engines, with a six-cylinder engine being introduced a year later.  There was no M5 model for the E12, however the E12 M535i is considered to be the predecessor to the M5.  The E12 was replaced by the E28 in 1981, although E12 production continued until 1984 in South Africa.

Second generation (E28; 1981–1988).

The E28 is the second generation of 5 Series, which was produced from 1981 to 1988 in the sedan body style. It was initially produced with petrol four-cylinder and six-cylinder engines.  In 1983, a diesel engine was available for the first time in a 5 Series. The E28 was the first 5 Series with the centre console angled towards the driver and the option of anti-lock brakes (ABS).  The E28 M5 began the line of M5 high performance models that has continued through every generation since. It was powered by the S38B35 and the M88/3 six-cylinder engines.

Third generation (E34; 1988–1996).

The E34 is the third generation of the 5 Series, which was produced from 1988 to 1996. It was launched in the sedan body style, with the range expanded in 1990 to include the "Touring" wagon/estate body style.  The E34 was the first 5 Series to be available with the wagon body style, all-wheel drive and V8 engines. It also saw the introduction of stability control (ASC), traction control (ASC+T) a 6-speed manual transmission and adjustable damping (EDC) to the 5 Series range.  There was an unusually large range of engines fitted over its lifetime, as nine different engine families were used. These consisted of four-cylinder, six-cylinder and V8 petrol engines, and six-cylinder diesel engines.  The E34 M5 is powered by the S38 six-cylinder engine and was produced in sedan and wagon body styles.

Fourth generation (E39; 1995–2003).

The E39 is the fourth generation of 5 Series, which was sold from 1995 to 2004. It was launched in the sedan body style, with the wagon/estate body style (marketed as "Touring") introduced in 1996.  The E39 was the first 5 Series to use aluminium components in the front suspension. The proportion of chassis components using aluminium significantly increased for the E39, in order to reduce weight. It was also the first 5 Series where a four-cylinder diesel engine was available.  V8 models use recirculating ball steering (as per previous 5 Series generations), however rack and pinion steering was used for the first time, in the four-cylinder and six-cylinder models. Unlike its E34 predecessor and E60 successor, the E39 was not available with all-wheel drive.  The E39 M5 sedan was introduced in 1998, powered by the 4.9-litre S62 V8 engine.

Fifth generation (E60/E61; 2003–2010).

The E60/E61 is the fifth generation of the 5 Series, which was sold from 2003 to 2010. The body styles of the range are:  The E60 generation introduced various new electronic features to the 5 Series, including iDrive, head-up display, active cruise control, active steering and voice control. The E60 also was the first 5 Series to be available with a turbocharged petrol engine, a 6-speed automatic transmission and regenerative braking. New safety features for the E60 included adaptive headlights, night vision, active headrests, Lane Departure Warning and high intensity emergency brake lights.  The E60/E61 M5 was released in 2005 and is powered by the S85 V10 engine. It was sold in the sedan and wagon body styles, with most cars using a 7-speed automated manual transmission ("SMG III").

Sixth generation (F10/F11/F07/F18; 2010–2016).

The BMW F10/F11/F07/F18 is the sixth generation of the BMW 5 Series, which was produced from 2010 to 2017. The body styles of the range are:  The F07 Gran Turismo is the only 5 Series to date that has been produced in a fastback body style. The F10 is also the first 5 Series to offer a hybrid drivetrain, a turbocharged V8 engine, an 8-speed automatic transmission, a dual-clutch transmission (in the M5), active rear-wheel steering (called "Integral Active Steering"), electric power steering, double-wishbone front suspension, an LCD instrument cluster (called "Black Panel Display") and automatic parking (called "Parking Assistant").  The F10 M5 is powered by the S63 twin-turbo V8 engine with a 7-speed dual clutch transmission. It is the first M5 to use a turbocharged engine.

Seventh generation (G30/G31/G38; 2016–present).

The BMW G30/G31/G38 is the seventh generation of the 5 Series. It was officially announced in October 2016, and sales began in February 2017.  The body styles of the range are: The fastback 5 Series GT model from the previous generation is no longer part of the model range, because it has been moved to the 6 Series model range.  The G30 is based on the same modular platform as the 7 Series (G11). BMW plans to release a saloon- and estate-style plug-in hybrid, the "530e iPerformance", which would have the advanced driver-assistance systems found in the 7 Series. The F90 M5 is the M5 model for the G30 generation, and is the first M5 to use all-wheel drive. It is powered by an upgraded version of the S63 twin-turbo V8 engine used in the previous generation F10 M5.

Production and sales.

Current production is located in Dingolfing, Germany, Shenyang, China and Magna Steyr, Austria.

The BMW 5 Series is an executive car manufactured by BMW since 1972. It is the successor to the New Class Sedans and is currently in its seventh generation.

BMW řady 5 (BMW 5 nebo anglicky BMW 5 Series) je úspěšný automobil vyšší střední třídy německé automobilky BMW sídlící v Mnichově. Vyrábí se od roku 1972, nyní v 6. generaci. Legendárním vozem je sportovní model M5, který je považován za nejrychlejší čtyřdveřový vůz současnosti. Modely s karosérií kombi označuje BMW jako "Touring". Je to druhý nejprodávanější model BMW po vozech 3. řady, nicméně se z 50% se podílí na celkovém zisku společnosti. Dne 29. ledna 2008 byl vyroben pěti miliontý vůz této řady, přičemž se jednalo o limuzínu verze 530d v černé metalíze.


History.

The Singer Building, which was the tallest building in the world from 1908 to 1909, was demolished from 1967 to 1968, as was the City Investing Building adjacent to it. This cleared land for One Liberty Plaza's construction. One Liberty Plaza had more than twice the interior area than the two former buildings combined.  The building had a substantial renovation in 1989, which involved the creation of a new lobby and elevator system. The lobby and elevators have an extensive security system, and the building has a connection to the New York City Subway's Fulton Street/Fulton Center station () in the basement.  In 2001, Brookfield Office Properties bought the property for $432 million. Following the September 11 attacks, and the subsequent collapse of the World Trade Center nearby, One Liberty Plaza sustained significant facade damage. The building needed hundreds of windows that had been blown out on its western facade to be replaced, and the removal of heavy dust and debris from the floors and equipment on the roof. An outside area on the street beside Brooks Brothers on the ground floor of the building was used as a temporary morgue in the days following the attack. At one point there was a rumor going around that the building was in danger of collapse. These claims were quickly refuted by the "New York Times":  The building was planned to be reopened to office workers with a ribbon cutting ceremony on October 22, 2001. But the day before it was to happen, it was decided that it was not yet sufficiently safe for employees to return to the office tower. The tower reopened on October 24, two days after originally scheduled. , it was the 656th tallest building in the world.  In December 2017, Brookfield sold a 49% stake in the tower to Blackstone, valuing the tower at $1.55 billion. The sale of the minority stake followed the refinancing of the building in August 2017 with a $784 million loan from Morgan Stanley.

Tenants.

One Liberty Plaza is a hub of Wall Street activity, housing the NASDAQ OMX Group Corporate Headquarters (3 floors), and RBC Capital Markets' trading floors. Major tenants are Goldman Sachs (8 floors), New Avon (2 floors), the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, and the international law firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton (531 attorneys on 11 floors). It also houses the corporate headquarters of Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield (part of Anthem, Investment Technology Group, and insurance companies Arch Insurance Group, Sirius America, Mutual of America, Swiss Re, Generali, and Allianz and its subsidiaries Fireman's Fund and Interstate/Chicago.  The following is a list of the tenants by floor:

One Liberty Plaza, formerly the U.S. Steel Building, is a skyscraper in Lower Manhattan, in New York City, at the location of the former Singer Building and the former City Investing Building. One Liberty Plaza is currently owned and operated by Brookfield Office Properties. The building is tall and has 54 floors. It was completed in 1973. At, each floor offers almost of office space, making it one of the largest office buildings in New York.

One Liberty Plaza je mrakodrap v newyorské čtvrti Manhattan. Má 54 podlaží a výšku 226,5 metrů. Výstavba probíhala v letech 1968–1974 podle návrhu firmy Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Budova byla původně stavěna pro firmu U.S. Steel, proto je fasáda z černé lakované oceli. Budova sousedila s bývalým komplexem Světového obchodního centra a při teroristických útocích z 11. září 2001 byla její fasáda poškozena od padajících trosek.


Historical note.

Thorndike's law of effect.

Operant conditioning, sometimes called "instrumental learning", was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949), who observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. A cat could escape from the box by a simple response such as pulling a cord or pushing a pole, but when first constrained, the cats took a long time to get out. With repeated trials ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, so the cats escaped more and more quickly. Thorndike generalized this

B. F. Skinner.

B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) is referred to as the father of operant conditioning, and his work is frequently cited in connection with this topic. His 1938 book "The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis", initiated his lifelong study of operant conditioning and its application to human and animal behavior. Following the ideas of Ernst Mach, Skinner rejected Thorndike's reference to unobservable mental states such as satisfaction, building his analysis on observable behavior and its equally observable consequences.  Skinner believed that classical conditioning was too simplistic to be used to describe something as complex as human behavior. Operant conditioning, in his opinion, better described human behavior as it examined causes and effects of intentional behavior.  To implement his empirical approach, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber, or ""Skinner Box"", in which subjects such as pigeons and rats were isolated and could be exposed to carefully controlled stimuli. Unlike Thorndike's puzzle

Concepts and procedures.

Origins of operant behavior: operant variability.

Operant behavior is said to be "emitted"; that is, initially it is not elicited by any particular stimulus. Thus one may ask why it happens in the first place. The answer to this question is like Darwin's answer to the question of the origin of a

Modifying operant behavior: reinforcement and punishment.

Reinforcement and punishment are the core tools through which operant behavior is modified. These terms are defined by their effect on behavior. Either may be positive or negative. Another procedure is called "extinction". There are a total of five consequences.  It is important to note that actors (e.g. a rat) are not spoken of as being reinforced, punished, or extinguished; it is the "actions" that are reinforced, punished, or extinguished. Reinforcement, punishment, and extinction are not terms whose use is restricted to the laboratory. Naturally-occurring consequences can also reinforce, punish, or extinguish behavior and are not always planned or delivered on purpose.

Schedules of reinforcement.

Schedules of reinforcement are rules that control the delivery of reinforcement. The rules specify either the time that reinforcement

Factors that alter the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment.

The effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment can be changed.  Most of these factors serve biological functions. For example, the process of satiation helps the organism maintain a

Shaping.

Shaping is a conditioning method much used in animal training and in teaching nonverbal humans. It depends on operant variability and reinforcement, as described above. The trainer starts by identifying the desired final (or "target") behavior. Next, the trainer

Noncontingent reinforcement.

Noncontingent reinforcement is the delivery of reinforcing stimuli regardless of the organism's behavior. Noncontingent reinforcement may be used in an attempt to reduce an undesired target behavior by reinforcing multiple alternative responses while extinguishing the target response. As no measured behavior is identified as being strengthened, there is controversy surrounding the use of the term noncontingent "reinforcement".

Stimulus control of operant behavior.

Though initially operant behavior is emitted without an identified reference to a particular stimulus, during operant conditioning operants come under the control of stimuli that are present when behavior is reinforced. Such stimuli are called "discriminative stimuli." A so-called "three-term contingency" is the result. That is, discriminative stimuli set the occasion for responses that produce reward or punishment. Example: a rat may be trained to press a lever only when a light comes on; a dog rushes to the kitchen when it hears the rattle of his/her food bag; a child reaches for candy when s/he sees it on a table.

Discrimination, generalization & context.

Most behavior is under stimulus control. Several aspects of this may be distinguished:

Behavioral sequences: conditioned reinforcement and chaining.

Most behavior cannot easily be described in terms of individual responses reinforced one by one. The scope of operant analysis is expanded through the idea of behavioral chains, which are sequences of responses bound together by the three-term contingencies defined above. Chaining is based on the fact, experimentally demonstrated, that a discriminative stimulus

Escape and avoidance.

In escape learning, a behavior terminates an (aversive) stimulus. For example, shielding one's eyes from sunlight terminates the (aversive) stimulation of bright light in one's eyes. (This is an example of negative reinforcement, defined above.) Behavior that is maintained by preventing a stimulus is called "avoidance," as, for example, putting on sun glasses before going outdoors. Avoidance behavior raises the so-called "avoidance paradox", for, it may be asked, how can the non-occurrence of a stimulus serve as a reinforcer? This question is addressed by several theories of avoidance (see below).  Two kinds of experimental settings are commonly used: discriminated and free-operant avoidance learning.

Discriminated avoidance learning.

A discriminated avoidance experiment involves a series of trials in which a neutral stimulus such as a light is followed by an aversive stimulus such as a shock. After the neutral stimulus appears an operant response such as a lever press prevents or terminate the aversive stimulus. In early trials, the subject

Free-operant avoidance learning.

In free-operant avoidance a subject periodically receives an aversive stimulus (often an electric shock) unless an operant response is made; the response delays the onset of the shock. In this situation, unlike discriminated avoidance, no prior stimulus signals the shock. Two crucial time intervals

Two-process theory of avoidance.

This theory was originally proposed in order to explain discriminated avoidance learning, in which an organism learns to avoid an aversive stimulus by escaping from a signal for that stimulus. Two processes are involved: classical conditioning of the signal followed by operant conditioning of the escape response:  a) "Classical conditioning of fear." Initially the organism experiences the pairing of a CS with an aversive US. The theory assumes that this pairing creates an association between the CS and the US through classical conditioning and, because of the aversive nature of the US, the CS comes to elicit

Operant or "one-factor" theory.

Some theorists suggest that avoidance behavior may simply be a special case of operant behavior maintained by its consequences. In this view the idea of "consequences" is expanded to include sensitivity to a pattern of events. Thus, in avoidance, the consequence of a response is a reduction in the rate of aversive stimulation. Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that a "missed shock" is detected as a stimulus, and can act as a reinforcer. Cognitive theories of avoidance take this idea a step farther. For example, a rat comes to "expect" shock if it fails to press a lever and to "expect no shock" if it presses it, and avoidance behavior is strengthened if these expectancies are confirmed.

Operant hoarding.

Operant hoarding refers to the observation that rats reinforced in a certain way may allow food pellets to accumulate in a food tray instead of retrieving those pellets. In this procedure, retrieval of the pellets always instituted a one-minute period

Neurobiological correlates.

The first scientific studies identifying neurons that responded in ways that suggested they encode for conditioned stimuli came from work by Mahlon deLong and by R.T. Richardson. They showed that nucleus basalis neurons, which release acetylcholine broadly throughout the cerebral cortex, are activated shortly after a conditioned stimulus, or after a primary reward if no conditioned stimulus exists. These neurons are equally active for positive and negative reinforcers, and have been shown to be related to neuroplasticity in many cortical regions. Evidence also exists that dopamine is activated at similar times. There is considerable evidence that dopamine participates in both reinforcement and aversive learning. Dopamine pathways project much more densely onto frontal cortex regions. Cholinergic projections, in contrast, are dense even in the posterior cortical regions like the primary

Questions about the law of effect.

A number of observations seem to show that operant behavior can be established without reinforcement in the sense defined above. Most cited is the phenomenon of autoshaping (sometimes called "sign tracking"), in which a stimulus is repeatedly followed by reinforcement, and in consequence the animal begins to respond to the stimulus. For example, a response key is lighted and then food is presented. When this is repeated a few times a pigeon subject begins to peck the key even though food comes whether the bird pecks or not.

Applications.

Reinforcement and punishment are ubiquitous in human social interactions, and a great many applications of operant principles have been suggested and implemented. The following are some examples.

Addiction and dependence.

Positive and negative reinforcement play central roles in the development and maintenance of addiction and drug dependence. An addictive drug is intrinsically rewarding; that is, it functions as a primary positive reinforcer of drug use. The brain's reward system assigns it incentive salience (i.e., it is "wanted" or "desired"), so as an addiction develops, deprivation of the drug leads to craving. In addition, stimuli associated with drug use – e.g., the sight of a syringe, and the location of use – become associated with the intense reinforcement induced by the

Animal training.

Animal trainers and pet owners were applying the principles and practices of operant conditioning long before these ideas were named and studied, and animal training still provides one of the clearest and most convincing examples of operant control. Of the concepts and procedures described in this article, a few of the most salient are the following: (a) availability of primary reinforcement (e.g. a bag of dog yummies); (b) the use of

Applied behavior analysis.

Applied behavior analysis is the discipline initiated by B. F. Skinner that applies the principles of conditioning to the modification of socially significant human behavior. It uses the basic concepts of conditioning theory, including conditioned stimulus (S), discriminative stimulus (S), response (R), and reinforcing stimulus (S or S for reinforcers, sometimes S for aversive stimuli). A conditioned stimulus controls behaviors developed through respondent (classical) conditioning, such as emotional reactions. The other three terms combine to form Skinner's "three-term contingency": a discriminative stimulus sets the occasion for responses that lead to reinforcement. Researchers have found the

Child behaviour – parent management training.

Providing positive reinforcement for appropriate child behaviors is a major focus of parent management training. Typically, parents learn to reward appropriate behavior through social rewards (such as praise, smiles, and hugs) as well as concrete rewards

Economics.

Both psychologists and economists have become interested in applying operant concepts and findings to the behavior of humans in the marketplace. An example is the analysis of consumer demand, as indexed by the amount of a commodity that is purchased. In economics, the degree to which price influences

Gambling – variable ratio scheduling.

As stated earlier in this article, a variable ratio schedule yields reinforcement after the emission of an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule typically generates rapid, persistent responding.

Military psychology.

Human beings have an innate resistance to killing and are reluctant to act in a direct, aggressive way towards members of their own species, even to save life. This resistance to killing has caused infantry to be remarkably inefficient throughout the history of military warfare.  This phenomenon was not understood until S.L.A. Marshall (Brigadier General and military historian) undertook interview studies of WWII infantry immediately following combat engagement. Marshall's well-known and controversial book, Men Against Fire, revealed that only 15% of soldiers fired their rifles with the purpose of killing in combat. Following acceptance of Marshall's research by the US Army in 1946, the Human Resources Research Office of the US Army began implementing new training protocols which resemble operant conditioning methods. Subsequent applications of such methods increased the percentage of soldiers able to kill to around 50% in Korea and over 90% in Vietnam. Revolutions

Nudge theory.

Nudge theory (or nudge) is a concept in behavioural science, political theory and economics which argues that indirect suggestions to try

Praise.

The concept of praise as a means of behavioral reinforcement is rooted in B.F. Skinner's model of operant conditioning. Through this lens, praise has been viewed as a means of positive reinforcement, wherein an observed behavior is made more likely to occur by contingently praising said behavior. Hundreds of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of praise in promoting positive behaviors, notably in the study of teacher and parent use of praise on child in promoting improved behavior and academic performance, but also in the study of work performance. Praise has also been demonstrated to reinforce positive behaviors in non-praised adjacent individuals (such as a classmate of the praise recipient) through vicarious reinforcement. Praise may be more or less effective in changing behavior depending on

Psychological manipulation.

Braiker identified the following

Traumatic bonding.

Traumatic bonding occurs as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change.  The other source indicated that  'The necessary conditions for traumatic bonding are that one person must dominate the other and that the level of abuse chronically spikes and then subsides. The relationship is characterized by periods of permissive, compassionate, and even affectionate behavior from the dominant person, punctuated by intermittent episodes of intense abuse. To maintain the upper hand, the victimizer manipulates the behavior of

Video games.

The majority of video games are designed around a compulsion loop, adding a type of positive reinforcement through a variable rate schedule to keep the player playing. This can lead to the pathology of video game addiction. As part of a trend in the monetization of video games during the 2010s, some games offered loot boxes as rewards or as items

Workplace culture of fear.

Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants: leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management, resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace. Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt. When employees get the sense that bullies are tolerated, a climate of fear may be the result.  Individual differences in sensitivity to reward, punishment, and motivation have

Operant conditioning (also called instrumental conditioning) is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. It is also a procedure that is used to bring about such learning.

Operantní podmiňování (někdy též učení úspěchem) je druh učení, při kterém se mění pravděpodobnost výskytu spontánních aktů chování (operantů), na základě jejich důsledků (odměňování, trestání).


Background.

In an interview with "MTV News", Bieber said, "'U Smile' is one of the best songs I have ever recorded," he wrote, "It really is a throwback to the great records I listened to growing up.... I wrote it for all my fans who got me here." Bieber explained on his Twitter that his fans "took him from a small town in Canada" to the "amazing opportunity" he is living now, and feels "grateful for everything" and "blessed" for the support. Bieber confirmed he co-wrote the track with August Rigo. He also told his fans to enjoy it as they are the ones who give him his strength in this.

Composition and critical reception.

"U Smile" is a blue-eyed soul ballad, driven by piano and other instruments. Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" said the song is "the best by far" of "My World 2.0", calling it "a shimmery slice of Hall & Oates-style blue-eyed soul". The song has a "bluesy" feel, and makes use of metaphors such as "You are my ends and my means/With you there’s no in between." The song composed in the key E Mixolydian and it set in time signature of compound time with twelve eighth note in a bar, with the tempo of 75 beats per minute. Bieber's vocal range span two music from the lowest note A and the highest note E. It follows the chord progression E-D-A.  Bill Lamb of About.com noted the song as a track on "My World 2.0" and said it "lets Justin Bieber sway and croon. It is guaranteed to generate warm and fuzzy emotions in millions of young fans" and that it "should not disappoint adults either". Monica Herrera of "Billboard" commended the song and said that it "should appeal to some older listeners." For "Billboard"'s cover story on Bieber, Herrera said, "Bieber croons, his voice straining as much from puberty as emotion. It's the closest he's come to fulfilling Braun's wish, by sounding like a certain young Motown star. "This is as unconditional as it'll ever get/You ain't seen nothing yet".

Chart performance.

Originally released as a digital-only single, the song debuted at number twenty-seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100, selling 83,000 downloads in its first week. It also debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at seventeen. "U Smile" was the highest debut on the week on both charts. The song initially stayed on both charts for a weeks' length. Following an official release to mainstream and rhythmic radio, the song re-entered the US Hot 100 at ninety-five on the week ending October 2, 2010. Due to digital sales, the song also reached ninety-eight in the United Kingdom.

Music video.

Background and reception.

On September 30, 2010, the music video for "U Smile" premiered online, it was directed by Colin Tilley, with a cameo appearance by Sandra Bullock. Bieber had stated that the video for "U Smile" was about "letting fans experience the ultimate fantasy for any hard-core Belieber: being Justin's girlfriend", further explaining in a tweet, "I took the opportunity 2 make a video 4 the fans, about a fan, and how we could fall IN LOVE." Mawuse Ziegbe from MTV met the video with a positive review. Ziegbe felt that the video suggested "a more mature Bieber, who appears to relish the quiet moments with his gal pal away from the nonstop fan hysteria." Ziegbe also felt that the video "displayed [Bieber's] skills as an instrumentalist, as he belts out the lyrics from behind a grand piano throughout much of the vid."

Synopsis.

Starting out in a black and white frame (and later incorporating scenes of color), a group of girls are seen standing outside on the street while Bieber is seen exiting a building while trying to walk away without getting noticed. This however, is unsuccessful as the girls run up to Bieber; he then takes pictures and signs autographs with the girls. While this is happening Bieber takes an interest with one particular girl asking her to meet him later on, to which she agrees. As the song starts playing Bieber is seen sitting in an empty auditorium playing the piano and singing. When Bieber's date shows up they sneak into an empty theater where they are seen; holding hands, horsing around on the theater's seats, and sliding down banisters. At the ending of the video they are seen engaging in a playful back-alley water fight and eventually collapse into each other's arms while Bieber is playing the piano back inside the theater.

Live performances.

Bieber performed the song along with "Baby" on the eighteenth episode of season thirty five of "Saturday Night Live". He also performed the song in "American Idol" along with "Baby" on May 19, 2010. It was also released as a single video of the live performance, along with "Baby". Bieber performed the song at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards on August 9, 2010. The performance was pre-recorded because Bieber could not attend the event. The performance was filmed in Los Angeles on his My World Tour. Bieber later performed an acapella version of the song for the final time during his Washington, DC stop of his Purpose World Tour.

Slowed version.

In August 2010, music producer Varien used the sound processing software "PaulStretch" to create an 800% slower version of the album track, lasting around 35 minutes, which he made available via SoundCloud. The modified track resembled a minimalist, ambient composition. By September 2 it had been discussed in multiple news articles, linked to from Bieber's website, and downloaded more than one million times.  The slowed version of this song served as inspiration for the Slo-Mo theme in the film "Dredd" (2012). Alex Garland, the film's writer and producer, said that Portishead instrumentalist Geoff Barrow "sent me a link to a Justin Bieber song slowed down 800 times and it became this stunning trippy choral music." Morgan then recreated the effect based on the modified track, which was used in the finished film. The film used Bieber's music as a temporary placeholder during editing before the score was finalised.  Source:

"U Smile" is a song performed by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It was written by Jerry Duplessis, Arden Altino, and Dan August Rigo, and produced by Duplessis and Altino. According to Bieber, the song is dedicated to his special fans. The song was released as the second digital-only single from the latter half of Bieber's debut album on March 16, 2010. It was released to mainstream radio in Canada on August 9, 2010, followed by a mainstream and rhythmic release on August 24, 2010, in the United States as the album's third single there.

U Smile je píseň amerického popového zpěváka Justina Biebra. Píseň pochází z jeho druhého alba "My World 2.0". Produkce se ujali producenti Jerry Duplessis a Arden Altino.


People and culture.

The people of Inle Lake (see Intha), live in four cities bordering the lake, in numerous small villages along the lake's shores, and on the lake itself. The entire lake area is in Nyaung Shwe township. The population consists predominantly of Intha, with a mix of other Shan, Taungyo, Pa-O (Taungthu), Danu, Kayah, Danaw and Bamar ethnicities. Most are devout Buddhists and live in simple houses of wood and woven bamboo on stilts; they are largely self-sufficient farmers.  Transportation on the lake is traditionally by small boats, or by somewhat larger boats fitted with single cylinder inboard diesel engines. Local fishermen are known for practicing a distinctive rowing style which involves standing at the stern on one leg and wrapping the other leg around the oar. This unique style evolved out of necessity as the lake is covered by reeds and floating plants, making it difficult to see above them while sitting. Standing provides the rower with a view beyond the reeds. However, the leg rowing style is only practiced by the men. Women row in the customary style, using the oar with their hands, sitting cross legged at the stern.  Fish caught from the lake - the most abundant kind is called "nga hpein" locally (Inle carp, "Cyprinus intha") - are a staple of the local diet. A popular local dish is "htamin gyin" - 'fermented' rice kneaded with fish and/or potato - served with "hnapyan gyaw" (literally twice fried - Shan tofu). In addition to fishing, locals grow vegetables and fruit in large gardens that float on the surface of the lake. The floating garden beds are formed by extensive manual labor. The farmers gather up lake-bottom weeds from the deeper parts of the lake, bring them back in boats and make them into floating beds in their garden areas, anchored by bamboo poles. These gardens rise and fall with changes in the water level, and so are resistant to flooding. The constant availability of nutrient-laden water results in these gardens being incredibly fertile. Rice cultivation and consumption is also significant facet of the local diet and agricultural tradition.

Environmental concerns.

Inle Lake is suffering from the environmental effects of increased population and rapid growth in both agriculture and tourism. During the 65-year period from 1935 to 2000, the net open water area of Inle Lake decreased from 69.10 km to 46.69 km, a loss of 32.4%, with development of floating garden agriculture, which occurs largely on the west side of the lake (a practice introduced in the 1960s).  Lumber removal and unsustainable cultivation practices (slash and burn farming techniques) on the hills surrounding the lake are causing ever-increasing amounts of silt and nutrients to run off into the rivers that feed the lake, especially along its western and northern watershed areas. This silt fills up the lake; the nutrients encourage the growth of weeds and algae. More important however is the development of floating garden agriculture, largely along the western side of the lake. This practice encroaches into the diminishing area of the lake, since over time, the floating beds become solid ground. About 93% (nearly 21 km) of the recent loss in open water area of the lake, largely along its western side, is thought to be due to this agricultural practice. Direct environmental impacts associated with these combined agricultural activities within the wetlands and surrounding hills of the lake include sedimentation, eutrophication, and pollution.  The water hyacinth, a plant not native to the lake, also poses a major problem. It grows rapidly, filling up the smaller streams and large expanses of the lake, robbing native plants and animals of nutrients and sunlight. At one time, all boats coming into Nyaung Shwe were required to bring in a specified amount of water hyacinth. Over the past twenty years, large-scale use of dredges and pumps has been employed with some success in controlling the growth of this plant. On a smaller scale, public awareness education and small-scale control have also been successful.  Another cause for concern is the planned introduction of non-native fish species, such as the Grass Carp ("Ctenopharyngodon idella") intended to improve fishery.  Sanitation in the villages around the lake is an ongoing concern for public health authorities, due to untreated sewage (with 72% of households using open pits, not latrines) and waste water flowing into the lake. To ensure fresh and clean water, some villages now have enclosed wells and public access to the well water. Some studies of the lake's surface water quality indicates that the water is not safe for consumption. Water from Inle Lake has dissolved oxygen ranges lower than those necessary for fisheries and aquatic life, while nitrite, nitrate and phosphate ranges are unusually high.  Noise pollution is also a noticeable issue. The noise from the cheaper poorly muffled diesel engines driving the stern drive propellers is significant, and can be a distraction to the otherwise tranquil lake.  The summer of 2010 registered very high temperatures causing the water level of the lake to drop so low, the lowest in nearly 50 years, that drinking water had to be fetched from elsewhere and the floating market was in danger of disappearing. One other serious consequence was that the hydroelectric plant at Lawpita, where the former capital Yangon received its power supply from, could not operate at its full capacity.  In 2015, the United Nations added Inle lake to its World Network Biosphere Reserves. There are a total of 651 sites in 120 countries on this network, but Inle Lake is the first biosphere reserve to be added for Myanmar.

Tourism.

Inle Lake is a major tourist attraction, and this has led to some development of tourist infrastructure. Many small and large privately-owned hotels and tour operations have arisen during the past few years. Local shops are flooded with consumer items, both local and foreign. The nearest airport is Heho Airport which is 35 km away. There are flights from both Yangon and Mandalay. Yangon is 660 km away by road and Mandalay is 330 km.  A number of festivals occur from August to October on Inle Lake and in the surrounding areas. The ceremonial Hpaung Daw U Festival, which lasts for a total of 18 days, is closely followed by the Thadingyut Festival of lights. Inthas and Shan turn out in their best clothes in great numbers to celebrate the Buddhist Lent. Traditional boat racing, with dozens of leg-rowers in traditional Shan dress compete on teams with a team on each boat. These boat races are locally one of the most anticipated affairs during the Hpaung Daw U Festival.  One of the tourist attractions in the village on the lake itself is the traditional silversmithing, which has fed into the local tourist economy. The silver is brought in from the mines that line the hills surrounding the lake and is boated into the village. Almost all the houses in the village on the lake itself sit on stilts and are made of woven bamboo. Tourists can satisfy their need for trinkets and memorable tokens by observing the silver being smithed and purchase items on-site. If silversmithing doesn't interest a visitor there are also local silk workshops that operate on the lake in a very similar manner as the silversmiths. Handmade goods for local use and trading are another source of commerce. Typical products include tools, carvings and other ornamental objects, textiles, and cheroots. A local market serves most common shopping needs and is held daily but the location of the event rotates through five different sites around the lake area, thus each of them hosting an itinerant market every fifth day. When held on the lake itself, trading is conducted from small boats. This 'floating-market' event tends to emphasize tourist trade much more than the other four.  The Inle lake area is renowned for its weaving industry. The Shan-bags, used daily by many Burmese as a tote-bag, are produced in large quantities here. Silk-weaving is another very important industry, producing high-quality hand-woven silk fabrics of distinctive design called Inle longyi. A unique fabric from the lotus plant fibers is produced only at Inle lake and is used for weaving special robes for Buddha images called "kya thingahn" (lotus robe).  While hot air balloon flights are more popular in Bagan, they are also provided over Inle Lake with Balloons Over Bagan. There is also a winery near the lake, called Red Mountain Estate.

Cuisine.

Inle cuisine is different from Shan cuisine, as it incorporates local natural produce. The most well-known Inle dish would be the "Htamin Chin" - a rice, tomato and potato or fish salad kneaded into round balls dressed and garnished with crisp fried onion in oil, tamarind sauce, coriander and spring onions often with garlic, Chinese chives roots ("ju myit"), fried whole dried chili, grilled dried fermented bean cakes ("pè bouk") and fried dried tofu ("topu jauk kyaw") on the side.

Inle Lake (, ), a freshwater lake located in the Nyaungshwe Township of Taunggyi District of Shan State, part of Shan Hills in Myanmar (Burma). It is the second largest lake in Myanmar with an estimated surface area of, and one of the highest at an elevation of. During the dry season, the average water depth is, with the deepest point being. During the rainy season, this can increase by.

Inle je sladkovodní jezero ve východním Myanmaru. Nachází se v nadmořské výšce 880 metrů a s plochou 116 km je druhým největším jezerem Myanmaru. Je mělké, v období sucha je průměrná hloubka kolem dvou metrů. Inle je významné svou endemickou faunou, do které mimo jiné patří ryby "Sawbwa resplendens", "Microrasbora erythromicron" a "Inlecypris auropurpurea". Ekologickém problémem jezera je rozšíření invazivní rostliny tokozelka vodní hyacint a eroze způsobená odlesňováním okolních kopců. Roku 2015 zařadilo UNESCO jezero Inle do programu Člověk a biosféra. Jezero s okolím patří k nejvýznamnějším turistickým atrakcím země.


History.

People have been pedicuring their nails for more than 4,000 years. In southern Babylonia, noblemen used solid gold tools to give themselves manicures and pedicures. The use of fingernail polish can be traced back even further. Originating in China in 3000 BC, nail color indicated one’s social status, according to a Ming Dynasty manuscript; royal fingernails were painted black and red. Ancient Egyptians have been manicuring all the way back to 2300 BC.  A depiction of early manicures and pedicures was found on a carving from a pharaoh’s tomb, and the Egyptians were known for paying special attention to their feet and legs. The Egyptians also colored their nails, using red to show the highest social class. It is said that Cleopatra’s nails were painted a deep red, whereas Queen Nefertiti went with a flashier ruby shade. In ancient Egypt and Rome, military commanders also painted their nails to match their lips before they went off to battle.

Pedicures in the United States.

Pedicures generally take approximately 45 minutes to an hour in the US. According to the US Department of Labor, manicure and pedicure specialists earned a median income of around $20,820 in 2015. Most professionals earn an hourly wage or salary which can be augmented through customer tips. Independent nail techs depend on repeat business and consistent business to earn their livings. The most successful independent manicure technicians may earn salaries of over $50,000 per year. Nail technicians can earn up to $100 per hour from performing more technical nail treatments, such as pink and whites and sculpting. Although these treatments are not particularly popular for the feet, they are, nonetheless, an available option should anyone wish to have such a treatment. A standard pedicure treatment usually costs around $40.

Types of pedicures.

There are various different types of pedicures. Some of the most common types are as follows (names and products may vary from spa to spa):

A pedicure is a cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails, analogous to a manicure. Pedicures are done for cosmetic, therapeutic purposes. They are popular throughout the world, and especially among women.

Pedikúra je název pro péči o nohy. Podle živnostenského zákona jde o řemeslné služby zahrnující speciální koupele, změkčování kůže, nanášení masek, masáže, upravování, lakování, stříhání a broušení nehtů na nohou. Je možné provádět i speciální úkony jako uvolňování zarostlých nehtů, obrušování ztvrdlé kůže pat a nehtů. Pedikúra zahrnuje i depilaci nohou. U pedikúry jde především o zdraví nohou, i když estetický vzhled nelze také zanedbat. Přibližně od 90. let 20. století se také více věnuje péče nehtům, a to především aplikací speciálních UV gelů pro konzervaci při napadení nehtů onychomykózou anebo jako prevence. Provádí se v kosmetických salonech nebo provozovnách označených jako pedikúra. Včasnou péčí o nohy lze předejít pozdějším nepříjemným komplikacím. Již na jednom obraze z období kolem roku 2400 př. n. l. nalezeném v egyptské hrobce je vyobrazena péče o nohy.