History.

Native Americans.

The Brazos Indian Reservation, founded by General Randolph B. Marcy in 1854, provided a safety area from warring Comanche for Delaware, Shawnee, Tonkawa, Wichita, Choctaw, and Caddo. Within the reservation, each tribe had its own village and cultivated agricultural crops. Government-contracted beef cattle were delivered each week. Citizens were unable to distinguish between reservation and nonreservation tribes, blaming Comanche and Kiowa depredations on the reservation Indians. A newspaper in Jacksboro, Texas, titled "The White Man " advocated removal of all tribes from North Texas.  During December 1858, Choctaw Tom, who was a Yowani married to a Hasinai woman, who was at times an interpreter to Sam Houston, and a group of reservation Indians received permission for an off-the-reservation hunt. On December 27, Captain Peter Garland and a vigilante group charged Choctaw Tom’s camp, indiscriminately murdering and injuring women and children along with the men..  Governor Hardin Richard Runnels ordered John Henry Brown to the area with 100 troops. An examining trial was conducted about the Choctaw Tom raid, but no indictments resulted.  In May 1859, John Baylor and a number of whites confronted United States troops at the reservation, demanding the surrender of certain tribal individuals. The military balked, and Baylor retreated, but in so doing killed an Indian woman and an old man. Baylor’s group was later attacked by Indians off the reservation, where the military had no authority to intervene. At the behest of terrified settlers, the reservation was abandoned that year.

County established.

In 1856, the Texas State Legislature established Palo Pinto County from Bosque and Navarro Counties and named for Palo Pinto Creek. The county was organized the next year, with the town of Golconda chosen to be the seat of government. The town was renamed Palo Pinto in 1858.

Early ranching and farming years.

Ranching entrepreneurs Oliver Loving and Charles Goodnight, who blazed the Goodnight-Loving Trail, along with Reuben Vaughan, were the nucleus of the original settlers. An 1876 area rancher meeting regarding cattle rustling became the beginnings of what is now known as the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association.  The Fence Cutting Wars in Texas lasted about 5 years, 1883-1888. As farmers and ranchers began to compete for precious land and water, cattlemen found it more difficult to feed their herds, prompting cowboys to cut through fences. Texas Governor John Ireland prodded a special assembly to order the fence cutters to cease. In response, the legislature made fence-cutting and pasture-burning crimes punishable with prison time, while at the same time regulating fencing. The practice abated with sporadic incidents of related violence in 1888.

Later growth years.

James and Amanda Lynch first moved to the area in 1877. In digging a well on their property, they discovered the water seemed to benefit their well-being. Word spread about the water’s healing powers, and people from all over came to experience the benefits. Eventually, the town of Mineral Wells was platted. The Mineral Wells State Park was opened to the public in 1981.  The Texas National Guard organized the 56th Cavalry Brigade in 1921, and four years later, Brigadier General Jacob F. Wolters was given a grant to construct a training camp for the unit. In 1941, Camp Wolters was turned over to the United States Army. It was redesignated Wolters Air Force Base in 1951. Five years later, the base reverted to the Army as a helicopter training school. The base closed in 1973 when the helicopter school transferred to Fort Rucker in Alabama.  Possum Kingdom Lake was acquired from the Brazos River Authority in 1940. The Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the facilities, and the Possum Kingdom State Park opened to the public in 1950.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which are land and (3.4%) are covered by water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 27,026 people, 10,594 households, and 7,447 families residing in the county. The population density was 28 people per square mile (11/km). There were 14,102 housing units at an average density of 15 per square mile (6/km). The racial makeup of the county was 88.19% White, 2.32% Black or African American, 0.67% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 6.56% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. 13.57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 10,594 households out of which 30.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% were married couples living together, 10.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.02. As of the 2010 census, there were about 2.0 same-sex couples per 1,000 households in the county.  In the county, the population was spread out with 26.00% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 25.90% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.30 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $31,203, and the median income for a family was $36,977. Males had a median income of $28,526 versus $18,834 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,454. About 12.30% of families and 15.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.50% of those under age 18 and 11.80% of those age 65 or over.

Palo Pinto County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 28,111. The county seat is Palo Pinto. The county was created in 1856 and organized the following year.

Palo Pinto County je okres ve státě Texas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 28 111 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Palo Pinto. Celková rozloha okresu činí 2 554 km2.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of, of which is land and (4.3%) is water.

Demographics.

2015 Texas Population Estimate Program.

As of the 2015 Texas Population Estimate Program, the population of the county was 1,960,741: 916,941 non-Hispanic whites (46.8%); 299,637 Black Americans (15.3%); 158,299 other non-Hispanic Americans (8.1%); 585,864 Hispanics and Latinos, of any race (29.9%).

2010 Census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1,809,034 people. Tarrant County is currently the second most populous county in the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metropolitan Statistical Area.

2000 Census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,446,219 people, 533,864 households, and 369,433 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,675 people per square mile (647/km2). There were 565,830 housing units at an average density of 655 per square mile (253/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 71.2% White, 12.8% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.6% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. 19.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 533,864 households out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.22. As of the 2010 census, there were about 5.2 same-sex couples per 1,000 households in the county.  In the county, the population was spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $46,179, and the median income for a family was $54,068. Males had a median income of $38,486 versus $28,672 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,548. About 8.0% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government, courts, and politics.

Government.

Tarrant County, like all Texas counties, is governed by a Commissioners Court, which consists of the county judge, who is elected county-wide and presides over the full court, and four commissioners, who are elected in each of the county's four precincts.

County services.

The JPS Health Network (Tarrant County Hospital District) operates the John Peter Smith Hospital and health centers.  Countywide law enforcement is provided by the Tarrant County Sheriff's Office and Tarrant County Constable's Office. All cities in the county provide their own police services, with three exceptions: Westlake contracts service from the Keller Police Department, and Haslet and Edgecliff Village contract service from the Sheriff's Office. DFW Airport, the Tarrant County Hospital District, and the Tarrant Regional Water District also provide their own police forces.  Since the disbandment of the North Tarrant County Fire Department, no countywide firefighting services exist. All municipalities provide their own fire departments. Most cities also operate their own ambulances, with two notable exceptions: Fort Worth and 14 other Tarrant County cities are served by the Metropolitan Area EMS Authority (MAEMSA), a governmental administrative agency established under an interlocal operating agreement and operating as MedStar Mobile Health, while the city of Arlington contracts paramedic apparatus from private entity American Medical Response.  Fire and EMS protection in unincorporated portions of Tarrant County is governed by the Tarrant County Emergency Services District #1, which administers contracts with 17 fire departments (including 10 with EMS response) and has mutual aid agreements with eight additional fire departments.  CareFlite air ambulance services operate from Harris Methodist Hospital in Fort Worth.

Politics.

Tarrant County is one of the largest Republican-leaning counties in the nation.  In 2019, Democrats have begun to represent a larger portion of the political profile, and are concentrated in several areas throughout the county: eastern Euless, Grand Prairie and eastern and southern Arlington, Northern and West areas of Mansfield, large portions of Fort Worth, particularly the area surrounding the Stockyards and Meacham Airport, southern and eastern Fort Worth, especially in dense metro areas and along I-35W, and Forest Hill.  Republicans are dominant in much of the rural areas of the county, downtown and western Fort Worth and north of Loop 820, and almost all suburban areas including Benbrook, rural Mansfield areas and western Arlington, Haltom City, Mid-Cities (Hurst, Euless, and Bedford), and the northern suburbs.  Since the late 20th century, residents of Tarrant County have supported Republican Party presidential candidates. Since 1952 the majority of voters supported the Republican presidential candidate in every election except 1964, when the county voted for Democrat Lyndon Johnson, a Texas native. In 2016, Donald Trump won the county with 51.7% of the vote, the worst showing for a Republican since Bob Dole in 1996, and by a margin of 8.6%, the lowest since 1976.  The first Republican elected to the State Senate from Tarrant County since Reconstruction was Betty Andujar in 1972.  The county also leans Republican in races for the United States Senate, but in the 2018 election, Democratic candidate Beto O'Rourke won it with a plurality. This was the first time a Democratic candidate won Tarrant County in a federal election since Lloyd Bentsen in his 1988 re-election bid for the Senate.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Public schools in Texas are organized into independent school districts and charter schools. Tarrant County is also home to dozens of private high schools and nearly 100 lower-level private schools.

Transportation.

Airports.

Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is partially in the cities of Grapevine and Euless in Tarrant County and Irving in Dallas County.  Fort Worth Alliance Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located north of the central business district of Fort Worth on Interstate-35W. Billed as the world's first purely industrial airport, it was developed in a joint venture between the City of Fort Worth, the Federal Aviation Administration and Hillwood Development Company, a real estate development company owned by H. Ross Perot, Jr. Alliance Airport has 9600' and 8200' runways.  Fort Worth Meacham International Airport is located at the intersection of Interstate 820 and U.S. Business Highway 287 in northwest Fort Worth, 5 miles from the downtown business district. Meacham International Airport has two parallel runways and a crosswind runway.  Fort Worth Spinks Airport is located 14 miles south of the downtown business district. The airport is located at the intersection of Interstate-35W and HWY 1187 and serves as a reliever airport for Fort Worth Meacham International Airport and Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport.

Tarrant County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2010, it had a population of 1,809,034. It is Texas' third-most populous county and the 15th-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is Fort Worth.

Tarrant County je okres ve státě Texas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 1 809 034 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Fort Worth, které je rovněž pátým nejvíce zalidněným městem v celém Texasu. Celková rozloha okresu činí 2 324 km2.


Technical description.

The Fortschritt E 514 is a conventional straw-walker combine harvester, and has front-wheel drive with a continuously variable transmission. The corn passes through the E 514 in longitudinal fashion. This means that it enters the combine in front, and gets pulled into the mid-mounted threshing drum; the straw exits the machine in back, after getting cleaned in the straw walkers, which are installed in the E 514's rear compartment. The Fortschritt E 514 can be used for several different types of corn; it can be used on slopes with an angle of up to 8.1°. From the factory, headers with cutting widths of 3.6 m (12 ft), 4.2 m (14 ft), and 5.7 m (19 ft) were available. The E 514 can process up to 6 kg of material per second.

Threshing system.

The threshing drum and concave are identical to the ones used in the Fortschritt E 512. The treshing drum has a width of 1278 mm and a diameter of 600 mm. It is equipped with 8 rasp bars. It is driven by a belt, that is hydraulically adjustable in length (CVT), in order to adjust the threshing drum speed. The speed is adjustable between 603 and 1600 min. The concave has 14 rasp bars, and its distance from the threshing drum can be quickly adjusted in three steps using a lever in the driver's cabin; fine adjusting is possible by turning the concave adjusting nut with a jaw spanner. The E 514's threshing system has an improved impeller, that does not only move the material from the threshing drum to the straw walkers, but also separates the corn and straw, in order to improve the combine's overall performance.

Straw and corn processing.

The combine has four straw walkers, with four steps each. Their total area is 5.2 m. The remaining straw can be processed in three ways: Placed in swaths on the field, chopped with a straw cutter, or placed on the field in stacks. The latter method is intended for plants with low straw yields.  The corn falls out of the threshing drum (and out of the straw walkers) onto the pan, from where it gets onto the sieves. The E 514 has two sieves, the adjustable top sieve (1.85 m), and the fixed bottom sieve (1.17 m). The cleaning fan that blows over the sieves is driven with a CVT, its speed can be adjusted from 242 to 775 min.

Corn tank.

The Fortschritt E 512's biggest design flaw is its corn tank – it has a capacity of only 2.3 m, and is thus too small. With the E 514, Fortschritt attempted to address this problem. Calculations of the corn tank size and ground pressure ratio showed that the best corn tank size would be 3.6 m; the E 514 was thus fitted with a corn tank of this size, that allowed longer unloading intervals.

Engine.

The E 514 is powered by an IFA 4 VD 14,5/12-1 SRW four-stroke diesel engine. This engine is a naturally aspirated, water-cooled pushrod straight-four engine with two crossflow cylinder heads. It has a helix-controlled inline injection pump, and M-System direct injection with central-sphere combustion chambers. With a cylinder bore of 120 mm and a stroke of 145 mm, it displaces 6.56 dm. It is rated 85 kW at 2000 min, and produces a maximum torque of 422 N·m at 14000 min. The engine is mated with a dry dual-disc clutch. Compared with the E 512, the E 514 has better engine utilisation, which explains why the engine power output was increased.

Drivetrain.

The Fortschritt E 514 has a belt system. From the engine, the torque is sent to the main drive-wheel with a belt, from where all the combine's systems are driven with belts, including the header. The torque for the front wheels is sent through a manual three-speed gearbox, and a belt CVT. The CVT ensures that the E 514's engine can always run at full power regardless of driving speed.  By default, the driven front axle has 18.4–30 12PR tyres. From the factory, crawler tracks with a width of 700 mm and 7 bogie wheels were available instead. On the rear steering axle, the E 514 has 10–20 8PR tyres. If fitted with crawler tracks, the rear tyres are slightly wider (12.5-20).

Auxiliary systems and assistance systems.

The E 514 has hydraulically operated, power-assisted duo-duplex brakes, and a completely power-assisted, hydraulic steering system. In addition to that, Fortschritt offered several assistant systems, such as a steering assisting system (that helps keep the E 514 in a straight line by automatically correcting the steering angle), and a computer, that precisely calculates the corn loss.

The Fortschritt E 514 is a self-propelled combine harvester, that was made by the East-German manufacturer VEB Mähdrescherwerk Bischofswerda/Singwitz in Singwitz, and sold under the Fortschritt brand. It is the successor to the Fortschritt E 512, which it did not manage to replace – the E 514 was produced alongside the E 512 from 1982 until 1988.

Fortschritt E 514 je obilní kombajn vyráběný v Německé demokratické republice, nástupnický stroj kombajnu Fortschritt E 512. Byl vyráběn kombinátem VEB Kombinat Fortschritt Landmaschinen od roku 1983 a dovážen do Československa. Umožňuje výmlat obilnin, luštěnin a olejnin. Je možnost výbavy celou řadou adaptérů na sklizeň různých plodin. Další vylepšením oproti původní řadě je palubní počítač, který sleduje měření hektarů, rychlosti, sklizňových ztrát apod.


History.

Hood County was formed in 1866 from portions of Johnson County. It was named after John Bell Hood, a general of the Confederate Army and commander of Hood's Texas Brigade.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (3.7%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 41,100 people, 16,176 households, and 12,099 families residing in the county. The population density was 98 people per square mile (38/km2). There were 19,105 housing units at an average density of 45 per square mile (18/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 94.77% White, 0.33% Black or African American, 0.82% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.40% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races. 7.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 16,176 households out of which 28.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.60% were married couples living together, 7.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.20% were non-families. 21.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.88. As of the 2010 census, there were about 3.4 same-sex couples per 1,000 households in the county.  In the county, the population was spread out with 23.60% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 25.20% from 25 to 44, 26.60% from 45 to 64, and 17.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.10 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $43,668, and the median income for a family was $50,111. Males had a median income of $38,662 versus $23,723 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,261. About 6.00% of families and 8.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.00% of those under age 18 and 7.40% of those age 65 or over.

Media.

Hood County is part of the Dallas/Fort Worth Television media market in North Central Texas. Local News media outlets are: KDFW-TV, KXAS-TV, WFAA-TV, KTVT-TV, KERA-TV, KTXA-TV, KDFI-TV, KDAF-TV, KFWD-TV, and KDTX-TV. Hood County is serviced by two news media sources, "Hood County Free Press", an online daily news publication, and the bi-weekly newspaper, Hood County News.

Education.

The following school districts serve Hood County:

Politics.

Hood County has become a strongly Republican county since 1980.

Hood County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,182. Its county seat is Granbury. The county is named for John Bell Hood, a Confederate lieutenant general and the commander of Hood's Texas Brigade.

Hood County je okres ve státě Texas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 51 182 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Granbury. Celková rozloha okresu činí 1 132 km2.


Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.2%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 17,762 people, 6,554 households, and 4,876 families residing in the county. The population density was 25 people per square mile (10/km2). There were 7,601 housing units at an average density of 11 per square mile (4/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 86.75% White, 3.10% Black or African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 6.49% from other races, and 2.15% from two or more races. About 15.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 6,554 households, of which 35.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.60% were nonfamilies. About 21.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.08.  In the county, the population was distributed as 27.60% under the age of 18, 7.70% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 14.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $36,176, and the median income for a family was $41,395. Males had a median income of $30,320 versus $20,637 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,184. About 10.70% of families and 14.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.70% of those under age 18 and 14.80% of those age 65 or over.

Scary sus.gov/qfd/states/48/48281.html|archivedate=October 18, 2011}} Its county seat is Lampasas. The county is named for the Lampasas River. Lampasas County is part of the Killeen–Temple, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Lampasas County je okres ve státě Texas v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 19 677 obyvatel. Správním městem okresu je Lampasas, největším potom Copperas Cove (město zasahuje i do dvou dalších okresů). Celková rozloha okresu činí 1 849 km2.


Plot.

In an animated sequence, a plane flying through the Bukuvu region in the heart of Central Africa crashes. A child on board the plane, George, disappears into the jungle and is raised by a sapient, talking gorilla named Ape. Twenty-five years later, George, who enjoys swinging on vines to move about but has a habit of crashing into trees, has grown to be King of the Jungle.  Ursula Stanhope, a San Francisco heiress, tours Burundi with local guide Kwame and a trio of porters. Ursula is tracked down and joined by her fiancé, Lyle Van De Groot, with two poachers named Max and Thor. Kwame tells the group of the "White Ape", a local legend of a superhuman primate that rules the jungle. The next day, Lyle, insistent on taking Ursula home as soon as possible, goes into the jungle with her to find the White Ape and they are attacked by a lion. Lyle knocks himself out trying to flee while Ursula is saved by George. George takes Ursula to his treehouse home and cares for her, introducing her to Shep, an African bush elephant that acts like George's dog, and Tookie, a toco toucan. George is smitten with Ursula and attempts to woo her; Ursula reciprocates his attraction, and her time spent with George makes her no longer wish to return home.  Lyle, Max and Thor find the treehouse and Lyle confronts Ursula and George. Max and Thor make to shoot Shep for his ivory, and Ape shouts at Shep to run. Everyone is stunned by the sight of a talking ape and Max and Thor decide to tranquilize and capture him. George runs to stop them and is accidentally shot by Lyle, who thought his gun was a novelty lighter. Lyle and the poachers are imprisoned and Lyle is identified as the shooter by the porters; Max and Thor are released and resolve to capture Ape to make a fortune in Las Vegas. Meanwhile, Ursula takes George home to get medical help for his wound and to see the human world he belongs in.  While Ursula is at work, George explores San Francisco and uses his vine-swinging to rescue a paraglider that got tangled in the Bay Bridge. Ursula, uninterested in marrying Lyle, admits the truth to her parents, but her overbearing mother Beatrice objects. At a party intended to celebrate Ursula's engagement, Beatrice takes George aside and coldly tells him she will not let Ursula's engagement fall apart, and refuses to let George be with her. In Africa, Max and Thor capture Ape, who manages to order Tookie to find George before he falls unconscious. Tookie flies to San Francisco and George returns to the jungle, leaving Ursula in the night. While Ursula's parents comfort her, she realizes she loves George and goes to find him, much to Beatrice's dismay but to her father's approval.  Ape tricks the poachers into circling the jungle and returning to the treehouse where George confronts and fights them, eventually incapacitating them with a little help from Ursula and his animal friends. However, Lyle arrives: the narrator explains that Lyle escaped prison, joined a cult, and is now an ordained minister. Lyle has the mercenaries he brought with him subdue George and takes Ursula to the nearby Ape River, where he has a boat waiting to escape while he performs a marriage ceremony. However, the river is a harsh series of rapids that hurtle the two into danger. George escapes the mercenaries and performs a big swing to reach Ursula and Lyle, only to crash into a massive tree. However, the tree falls over the river and he pulls Ursula to safety. Lyle ends up in a cave and, believing he is still sharing the boat with Ursula, proclaims them wedded; he lights his lighter and beholds that he just married himself to a gorilla.  George and Ursula fall in love with each other and marry, Ursula moving into George's treehouse. Some years later, the two are raising a son, George Jr., who they present to the animals from atop Pride Rock.  In a mid-credits scene, Ape reveals he has become a famous entertainer in Las Vegas, using Max and Thor as stuntmen.

Animals.

In the opening animated sequence, various animals swing on vines with young George, his "dog" Shep (actually an elephant), fetches a crocodile instead of a log, and a wildebeest falls in love with a bushman wearing a wildebeest mask.  In the live action film, a whole host of animals are seen. George fights with a lion, accidentally swings on a snake instead of a vine, rides an elephant, talks to a bird, and lives with various monkeys and apes.  The lion, elephant, and bird scenes were all filmed with a mix of real animals, puppetry (especially for the lion fight), and CGI (to show Shep the elephant acting like a dog). The scenes with the orangutan, a chimpanzee, and the capuchin monkeys were filmed with live animals, but some computer work was used in a scene wherein the little monkey imitates George.  The large gorillas who live with George were all costumed actors who were Henson puppeteers. Their faces were remote-controlled animatronic heads, which, along with the yak fur gorilla suits, were provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. All were meticulously trained in gorilla behavior.  In the "Pride Rock" scene, when George presents his son to the animals, CGI work is again used.

Soundtrack.

Track #2, the Johnny Clegg song "Dela", also features the first few bars of the original "George of the Jungle" theme song (movie version only).

Reception.

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 56% based on 52 reviews with an average rating of 5.3/10. The consensus states: ""George of the Jungle" is faithful to its source material—which, unfortunately, makes it a less-than-compelling feature film". Roger Ebert awarded the movie three out of four stars, praising the film as "good-natured" and complimenting the cast's comedic performances.

Box office.

The movie debuted at No. 2 at the box office behind "Men in Black", and eventually went on to become a box office success, grossing $174.4 million worldwide.

Stand-alone Sequel.

The movie was followed by a direct-to-video sequel, "George of the Jungle 2", which picks up five years after the original. Most of the major characters were re-cast using different actors, although Keith Scott, Thomas Haden Church and John Cleese reprised their roles from the original.

George of the Jungle is a 1997 American comedy film directed by Sam Weisman and based on the Jay Ward cartoon of the same name, which is also a spoof of Tarzan. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures with Mandeville Films and The Kerner Entertainment Company and was released in theatres on July 16, 1997. It stars Brendan Fraser as the eponymous main character, a primitive man who was raised by animals in an African jungle, Leslie Mann as his love interest, and Thomas Haden Church as her treacherous fiancé.

Král džungle je úspěšná americká bláznivá dobrodružná komedie z roku 1997 podle animovaného seriálu. Bylo natočeno i neúspěšné pokračování filmu. Natočen byl i novější animovaný seriál. Hlavními postavami jsou "George z džungle" (Brendan Fraser), muž který jako nemluvně spadl v letadle; "Lyle Van de Groot" (Thomas Haden Church), bohatý záporák; "Ursula Stanhope" (Leslie Mann), dobrodružka kterou George zachrání; "Betsy" (Kelly Miller), Uršulina nejlepší kamarádka; "Ape" (John Cleese), Georgův učitel; "Beatrice" (Holland Taylor), Uršulina matka; "Max" a "Thor" (Greg Cruttwell a Abraham Benrubi), lovci; "Kwamme" (Richard Roundtree), překladatel; "Arthur" (John Bennett Perry), Uršulin otec; dalšími důležitými postavami je taky trojice afrických průvodců. Ve filmu se mluví jak anglicky, tak svahilsky. Režie se ujal Sam Weisman, scénář napsala Dana Olsen.


Geography.

The border town is located in the valley of the Feistritz creek, a right tributary of the Drava, north of the Peca massif of the Karavanke mountain range. It is home to a district court, military barracks and to the local productive and services industry. The name of Bleiburg, literally meaning 'Lead Castle', can be attributed to the lead mining operations in the Peca mountain.

History.

The area was part of the "Liupicdorf" estate in the Duchy of Carinthia, which about 1000 Bishop Albuin I of Brixen dedicated to his brother Count Aribo. The oldest surviving document mentioning the town as "castrum et forum Pliburch" is dated to 1228. The comital estates of Bleiburg Castle were seized by the Habsburg dukes Albert III and Leopold III in 1369, the settlement received town privileges the next year. On 16 March 1393 Duke Albert granted the citizens the right to hold the annual "Wiesenmarkt" ('meadow market') fair, which has taken place on 1 September every year up to today at least since 1428. In 1601 the castle was ceded to the Thurn-Valsassina comital family, who had it rebuilt in its present Renaissance style and still owns it today, together with the nearby Castle Hagenegg in Eisenkappel-Vellach.  Between 1918 and 1920, Bleiburg was occupied by Yugoslav troops. In spite of the overwhelming Slovene majority in the area, the town remained in Austria after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire along national/ethnic lines after the end of World War I. In the Carinthian Plebiscite of 1920, in fact, the inhabitants of southern Carinthia rejected the proposal to unite with the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (the later Yugoslavia), and chose to remain in Austria. In the constituency of Bleiburg, however, a majority of the population cast its vote for Yugoslavia.

Bleiburg repatriations.

On 15 May 1945, Independent State of Croatia capitulated to victorious Yugoslav Army in Bleiburg. It was the initial location of a series of extrajudicial executions, in the course of which Partisans eliminated thousands of Croatian Home Guard and Ustaše, Slovene Home Guard and Serbian Chetnik troops, who had surrendered to the British forces in Allied-occupied Austria, and were subsequently repatriated in Operation Keelhaul.

Town sign controversy.

Bleiburg/Pliberk became famous in Austrian and Slovenian media in the years 2005 and 2007, due to a long controversy over the erection of a bilingual place name. The controversy was part of a decade-long Carinthian "place sign struggle" ("Ortstafelstreit", ) between representatives of the Carinthian Slovenes and right-wing politicians of the German-speaking mainstream society.  In December 2005, the Constitutional Court of Austria ruled that the topographic sign at the entrance to the town of Bleiburg was unconstitutional, since it was written only in German, and ordered the erection of a bilingual, German-Slovene sign. In February 2006, the Carinthian governor Jörg Haider made a great stir by personally moving the German sign for a few meters, hoping to create a new legal situation that would require a new decision of the Constitutional Court.  However, already in March 2006, the district commissioner of Völkermarkt issued an official ordinance, enforcing the erection of a bilingual sign in accordance to the decision of the Court. Nevertheless Governor Jörg Haider refused to carry out the ordinance, further fanning the controversy's flames. In August of the same year, Haider personally added a small plaque with the Slovene name of the town ("Pliberk") under the German one. In December 2006, the Austrian Constitutional Court declared such action illegal, reiterating its decision that proper bilingual signs should be erected.  In February 2007, the Carinthian Regional Prosecution started a legal procedure against Governor Haider and his deputy Gerhard Dörfler for official misconduct in the case of the Bleiburg place sign. Investigations were scrapped after the governor had died in a traffic accident on 11 October 2008. Upon another verdict by the Constitutional Court on 9 July 2010, proper bilingual signs were finally erected at the behest of Haider's successor Gerhard Dörfler.

Politics.

Seats in the municipal council (elections as of 2003):  The mayor of Bleiburg is Stefan Visotschnig from SPÖ and a member of the local Slovene minority.

Bleiburg () is a small town in the south Austrian state of Carinthia ("Koroška"), south-east of Klagenfurt, in the district of Völkermarkt, some four kilometres (2.5 miles) from the border with Slovenia.

Bleiburg (slovinsky a česky "Pliberk") je malé město na jihu Rakouska, v Korutanech, v okrese Völkermarkt, asi 40 km na východojihovýchod od Klagenfurtu, asi 4 km od hranic se Slovinskem, v údolí potoka Feistritz (pravý přítok řeky Dráva), na severu hory Peca v pohoří Karavanky. Ve městě bydlí asi 4 000 obyvatel, z nichž 30,4 % tvoří Korutanští Slovinci (v roce 1971 jich zde bylo 52,8 %).


History.

Background.

According to the Austro-Hungarian census of 1910, the territory claimed by the West Ukrainian People's Republic had about 5.4 million people. Of these, 3,291,000 (approximately 60%) were Ukrainians, 1,351,000 (approximately 25%) were Poles, 660,000 (approximately 12%) were Jews, and the rest included Rusyns, Germans, Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, Slovaks, Romani, Armenians and others. The cities and towns of this largely rural region were mostly populated by Poles and Jews, while the Ukrainians dominated the countryside. This would prove problematic for the Ukrainians, because the largest city, Lviv (, ), had a majority Polish population and was considered to be one of the most important Polish cities.  The oil reserves near Lviv at Drohobych and Boryslav in the upper Dniester River were among the largest in Europe. Rail connections to Russian-ruled Ukraine or Romania were few: Brody on a line from Lviv to the upper Styr River, Pidvolochysk (Podwoloczyska) on a line from Ternopil to Proskurov (now Khmelnytskyi) in Podolia, and a line along the Prut from Kolomyia (Kolomca) to Chernivtsi (Czernowitz) in Bukovina.  Thus the stage was set for conflict between the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Poland.

Independence and struggle for existence.

The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918. The Ukrainian National Rada (a council consisting of all Ukrainian representatives from both houses of the Austrian parliament and from the provincial diets in Galicia and Bukovina) had planned to declare the West Ukrainian People's Republic on November 3, 1918 but moved the date forward to November 1 due to reports that the Polish Liquidation Committee was to transfer from Kraków to Lviv. Shortly after the republic proclaimed independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire a popular uprising took place in Lviv, where most residents were Polish and did not want to be part of a non-Polish state. A few weeks later Lviv's rebellious Poles received support from Poland. On November 9 Polish forces attempted to seize the Drohobych oil fields by surprise but were driven back, outnumbered by the Ukrainians. The resulting stalemate saw the Poles retaining control over Lviv and a narrow strip of land around a railway linking the city to Poland, while the rest of eastern Galicia remained under the control of the West Ukrainian National Republic.  Meanwhile, two smaller states immediately west of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, also declared independence as result of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.  An agreement to unite western Ukraine with the rest of Ukraine was made as early as December 1, 1918. The government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic officially united with the Ukrainian People's Republic on January 22, 1919. This was mostly a symbolic act, however.  Since western Ukraine had a different tradition in its legal, social and political norms it was to be autonomous within a united Ukraine. Furthermore, western Ukrainians retained their own Ukrainian Galician Army and government structure. Despite the formal union, the Western Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic fought in separate wars. The former was preoccupied with a conflict with Poland while the latter struggled with Soviet and Russian forces.  Relations between the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR) and the Kiev-based Ukrainian People's Republic were somewhat strained. The leadership of the former tended to be more conservative in orientation. Well-versed in the culture of the Austrian parliamentary system and an orderly approach to government, they looked upon the socialist revolutionary attitude of their Kiev-based peers with some dismay and with the concern that the social unrest in the East would spread to Galicia. Likewise, the West Ukrainian troops were more disciplined while those of Kiev's Ukrainian People's Army were more chaotic and prone to committing pogroms, something actively opposed by the western Ukrainians. The poor discipline in Kiev's army and the insubordination of its officers shocked the Galician delegates sent to Kiev.  The national movement in western Ukrainian was as strong as in other eastern European countries, and the Ukrainian government was able to mobilize over 100,000 men, 40,000 of whom were battle-ready.>Ludwik Mroczka writes that despite the strength of the Ukrainian nationalist forces, they received little support and enthusiasm from the local Ukrainian population, in general the attitude was often that of indifference, and male Ukrainian population often tried to avoid the service in its military During the Polish-Ukrainian War, the army of the West Ukrainian People's Republic was able to hold off Poland for approximately nine months but by July 1919, Polish forces had taken over most of the territory claimed by the West Ukrainian People's Republic.

Exile and diplomacy.

Part of the defeated army found refuge in Czechoslovakia and became known there under the name "Ukrajinská brigáda" (Czech), while most of the army, consisting of about 50,000 soldiers, crossed into the territory of the Ukrainian People's Republic and continued the struggle for Ukrainian independence there.  In July 1919, the West Ukrainian People's Republic established a government-in-exile in the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi. Relations between the exiled Western Ukrainian government and the Kiev-based government continued to deteriorate, in part because the Western Ukrainians saw the Poles as the main enemy (with the Russians a potential ally) while Symon Petliura in Kiev considered the Poles a potential ally against his Russian enemies. In response to the Kiev government's diplomatic talks with Poland, the Western Ukrainian government sent a delegation to the Soviet 12th Army, but ultimately rejected Soviet conditions for an alliance. In August 1919, Kost Levytsky, head of the Western Ukrainian state secretariat, proposed an alliance with Anton Denikin's White Russians which would involve guaranteed autonomy within a Russian state. Western Ukrainian diplomats in Paris sought contact with Russian counterparts in that city. The Russian Whites had mixed views of this proposed alliance. On the one hand, they were wary of the Galicians' Russophobia and concerned about the effect of such an alliance on their relationship with Poland. On the other hand, the Russians respected the discipline and training of the Galician soldiers and understood that an agreement with the Western Ukrainians would deprive Kiev's Ukrainian People's Army, at war with the Russian Whites, of its best soldiers. In November 1919 the Ukrainian Galician Army, without authorization from their government, signed a ceasefire with the White Russians and placed their army under White Russian authority. In talks with Kiev's Directorate government, Western Ukrainian president Petrushevych argued that the Whites would be defeated anyway but that the alliance with them would strengthen relations with the Western powers, who supported the Whites, and would help the Ukrainian military forces for their later struggle against the victorious Soviets. Such arguments were condemned by Petliura. As a result, Petrushevych recognized that the West Ukrainian government could no longer work with Petliura's Directorate and on November 15 the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic left for exile in Vienna.

Treaty of Warsaw (1920).

In April 1920, Józef Piłsudski and Symon Petliura agreed in the Treaty of Warsaw to a border on the river Zbruch, officially recognizing Polish control over the disputed territory of Eastern Galicia. In exchange for agreeing to a border along the Zbruch River, recognizing the recent Polish territorial gains in western Ukraine, as well as the western portions of Volhynian Governorate, Kholm Governorate, and other territories (Article II), Poland recognized the Ukrainian People's Republic as an independent state (Article I) with borders as defined by Articles II and III and under otaman Petliura's leadership.  Neither the Polish government in Warsaw nor the exiled Western Ukrainian government agreed to this treaty.

Autonomous status.

Western Ukrainians continued pressing their interests during the negotiations following World War I at the Paris Peace Conference. These efforts ultimately resulted in the League of Nations declaring on February 23, 1921 that Galicia lay outside the territory of Poland, that Poland did not have the mandate to establish administrative control in that country, and that Poland was merely the occupying military power of Eastern Galicia, whose fate would be determined by the Council of Ambassadors at the League of Nations.  After a long series of further negotiations, on March 14, 1923 it was decided that eastern Galicia would be incorporated into Poland "taking into consideration that Poland has recognized that in regard to the eastern part of Galicia ethnographic conditions fully deserve its autonomous status." The government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic then disbanded, while the Polish government reneged on its promise of autonomy for eastern Galicia.

Government.

From November 22 to November 25 elections took place in Ukrainian-controlled territory for the 150-member Ukrainian National Council that was to serve as the legislative body. Yevhen Petrushevych, the chairman of the Council and a former member of the Austro-Hungarian parliament, automatically became the Republic's president. Subordinated to him was the State Secretariat, whose members included Kost Levytsky (president of the secretariat and the Republic's minister of finance), Dmytro Vitovsky (head of the armed forces), Lonhyn Tsehelsky (secretary of internal affairs), and Oleksander Barvinsky (secretary of education and religious affairs), among others. The country essentially had a two-party political system, dominated by the Ukrainian National Democrats and by its smaller rival, the Ukrainian Radical Party. The ruling National Democrats gave some of their seats to minor parties in order to ensure that the government represented a broad national coalition. In terms of the Ukrainian National Council's social background, 57.1% of its members came from priestly families, 23.8% from peasant households, 4.8% from urban backgrounds, and 2.4% from the petty nobility. In terms of the identified council members' vocational background, approximately 30% were lawyers, 22% were teachers, 14% were farmers, 13% were priests, and 5% were civil servants. Approximately 28% had Ph.D.'s, mostly in law.  The West Ukrainian People's Republic governed an area with a population of approximately 4 million people for much of its nine-month existence. Lviv functioned as the Republic's capital from November 1 until the loss of that city to Polish forces on November 21, followed by Ternopil until late December 1918 and then by Stanislaviv (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk) until May 26, 1919. Despite the war, the West Ukrainian People's Republic maintained the stability of the pre-war Austrian administration intact, employing Ukrainian and Polish professionals. The boundaries of counties and communities remained the same as they had been during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The county, regional, and local courts continued to function as they had while the country had been a part of Austria, as did schools, the postal service, telegraphs and railroads. Austrian laws remained temporarily in force. Likewise, the government generally retained the Austrian system of tax collection, although war losses had impoverished the population and the amount of taxes collected was minimal. Most of the government's revenue came from the export of oil and salt.  Although ethnic Poles represented only a small minority in the rural areas, prior to World War I almost 39% of eastern Galician lands had been in the hands of large Polish landowners. The Western Ukrainian People's Republic passed laws that confiscated vast manorial estates from private landlords and distributed this land to landless peasants. Other than in those limited cases, the right to private property was made fundamental and expropriation of lands was forbidden. This differentiated the policies of the West Ukrainian People's Republic from those of the socialistic Kiev-based Ukrainian government.  The territory of the West Ukrainian People's Republic comprised 12 military districts, whose commanders were responsible for conscripting soldiers. The government was able to mobilize 100,000 soldiers in the spring of 1919, but due to a lack of military supplies only 40,000 were battle-ready.  In general, the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic was orderly and well-organized. This contrasted with the chaotic state of the Ukrainian governments that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire.

Policies towards national minorities and inter-ethnic relations.

Historian Yaroslav Hrytsak stated that the Ukrainian nationalism that developed before the First World War in Austria was anti-Polish, but neither "very xenophobic" nor antisemitic. In November 1918 a decision was made to include cabinet-level state secretaries of Polish, Jewish and German affairs. According to Hrytsak during the entire time of its existence there were no cases of mass repressions against national minorities in territories held by the West Ukrainian People's Republic, Hrytsak states that this differentiated the Ukrainian government from that of Poland. Katarzyna Hibel writes that while officially West Ukrainian People's Republic like Poland declared guarantees of rights of its national minorities, in reality both countries were violating them and treated other foreign nationalities like fifth column. On February 15, 1919 a law was passed that made Ukrainian the state language. According to this law, however, members of national minorities had the right to communicate with the government in their own languages.

Treatment of Polish population.

Historian Rafał Galuba writes that Polish population was treated as second class citizens by West Ukrainian authorities After 1 November several members of Polish associations were arrested or interned by Ukrainian authorities; similar fate awaited officials who refused to swear an oath of loyalty to Ukrainian state. On 6 November a ban on Polish press and publications was issued in Lviv by Ukrainian authorities and printing presses demolished (Poles had similarly banned Ukrainian publications in territories they controlled ) Ukrainian authorities tried to intimidate Polish population in Lviv by sending soldiers and armed trucks into the streets and dispersed crowds that could turn to Polish demonstrations. Christoph Mick states that initially, the Ukrainian government refused to take Polish hostages but as both the Polish civilian and military resistance to Ukrainian forces grew, Polish civilians were threatened with summary executions by Ukrainian commander in chief for alleged attacks and shots on Ukrainian soldiers. In response, the Polish side proposed a peaceful solution of the conflict and joint Polish-Ukrainian militia to oversee the public safety in the city.  In Zloczow 17 Poles were executed by Ukrainian authorities In Brzuchowice Polish railwaymen who refused to comply with Ukrainian orders to work were executed  On 29 May 1919 archbishop Jozef Bilczewski sent a message to Ignacy Paderewski attending Peace Conference in Paris, asking for help in facing brutal murders of Polish priests and civilians by Ukrainians.  Poles didn't support the Ukrainian authorities and set up an underground resistance movement that engaged in acts of sabotage. All fieldwork was stopped, the harvest destroyed and machinery purposely broken; Poles also issued to keep up the morale among the population. In response Ukrainian authorities engaged in terror, including mass executions, court martial and set up detention centers where some Poles were interned. The conditions in these camps involved unheated wooden barracks, lack of bedding and lack of medical care, resulting in high levels of morbidity from typhoid. Estimated casualties at these camps include nearly 900 at a camp in Kosiv, according to various sources from 300 to 600 (dying from typhoid) in Mikulińce, 100 in Kołomyja, and 16 to 40 in Brzeżany, due to unheated barracks at temperatures of -20 degrees Celsius. Cases of robbing, beating, torturing or shooting of Polish prisoners were reported.  According to Christopher Mick the Ukrainian government in general treated the Polish population under its control no worse than the Polish government treated the Ukrainians under its control., writing that Ukrainian authorities didn't treat Polish population "gently" and that Ukrainian authorities mirrored Polish authorities by making speaking in Polish unwelcome. Mick acknowledges that Ukrainian side during the siege of Lviv stopped caring about supplies reaching the city and attempted to disrupt water supply to city. It's fierce artillery fire killed many civilians, including women and children.

Treatment of Jewish minority.

Although relations between Poles and the West Ukrainian People's Republic were antagonistic, those between the Republic and its Jewish citizens was generally neutral or positive. Deep-seated rivalries existed between the Jewish and Polish communities, and anti-Semitism, particularly supported by the Polish National Democratic Party, became a feature of Polish national ideology. As a result, many Jews came to consider Polish independence as the least desirable option following the First World War. In contrast to the antagonistic position taken by Polish authorities towards Jews, the Ukrainian government actively supported Jewish cultural and political autonomy as a way of promoting its own legitimacy. The Western Ukrainian government guaranteed Jewish cultural and national autonomy, provided Jewish communities with self-governing status, and promoted the formation of Jewish national councils which, with the approval of the Western Ukrainian government, established the Central Jewish National Council in December 1918 to represent Jewish interests in relation to the Ukrainian government and to the Western allies. The Council of Ministers of the West Ukrainian National Republic bought Yiddish-language textbooks and visual aids for Jewish schools and provided assistance to Jewish victims of the Polish pogrom in Lviv. The Ukrainian press maintained a friendly attitude towards the West Ukrainian Republic's Jewish citizens. Their Hebrew and Yiddish schools, cultural institutions and publishers were allowed to function without interference. Reflecting the republic's demographics, approximately one-third of the seats in the national parliament were reserved for the national minorities (Poles, Jews, Slovaks and others). The Poles boycotted the elections, while the Jews, despite declaring their neutrality in the Polish-Ukrainian conflict, participated and were represented by approximately 10 percent of the delegates. Localized anti-Jewish assaults and robberies by Ukrainian peasants and soldiers, while far fewer in number and less brutal than similar actions by Poles, occurred between January and April 1919. The government publicly condemned such actions and intervened in defence of the Jewish community, imprisoning and even executing perpetrators of such crimes. The government also respected Jewish declared neutrality during the Polish-Ukrainian conflict. By the orders of Yevhen Petrushevych it was forbidden to mobilize Jews against their will or to otherwise force them to contribute to the Ukrainian military effort. In an effort to aid Western Ukraine's economy, the Western Ukrainian government granted concessions to Jewish merchants.  The West Ukrainian government's friendly attitude towards Jews was reciprocated by many members of the Jewish community. Although Jewish political organizations officially declared their neutrality in the Polish-Ukrainian struggle, many individual Jews offered their support or sympathized with the West Ukrainian government in its conflict with Poland. Jewish officers of the defunct Austro-Hungarian army joined the West Ukrainian military, and Jewish judges, lawyers, doctors and railroad employees joined the West Ukrainian civil service. From November 1918, ethnic Poles in the civil service who refused to pledge loyalty to the West Ukrainian government either quit "en masse" or were fired; their positions were filled by large numbers of Jews who were willing to support the Ukrainian state. Jews served as judges and legal consultants in the courts in Ternopil, Stanislaviv, and Kolomyia. Jews were also able to create their own police units, and in some locations the Ukrainian government gave local Jewish militias responsibility for the maintenance of security and order. In the regions of Sambir and Radekhiv approximately a third of the police force was Jewish. Jews fielded their own battalion in the army of the Western Ukrainian National Republic, and Jewish youths worked as scouts for the West Ukrainian military. Most of the Jews cooperating with and serving in the West Ukrainian military were Zionists. In general, Jews made up the largest group of non-ethnic Ukrainians who participated in all branches of the West Ukrainian government.  The liberal attitude taken towards Jews by the Western Ukrainian government could be attributed to the Habsburg tradition of inter-ethnic tolerance and cooperation leaving its mark on the intelligentsia and military officers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Postage stamps.

The republic issued about one hundred types of postage stamps during its brief existence, all but two of which were overprints of existing stamps of Austria, Austria-Hungary or Bosnia.

The West Ukrainian People's Republic (,, ZUNR) was a short-lived republic that existed from November 1918 to July 1919 in eastern Galicia. It included the cities of Lviv, Przemyśl, Ternopil, Kolomyia, Boryslav and Stanislaviv (now Ivano-Frankivsk), and claimed parts of Bukovina and Carpathian Ruthenia. Politically, the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (the precursor of the interwar Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance) dominated the legislative assembly, guided by varying degrees of Greek Catholic, liberal and socialist ideology. Other parties represented included the Ukrainian Radical Party and the Christian Social Party.

Západoukrajinská lidová republika (ZULR) byl krátce existující státní útvar, který vznikl důsledkem porážky a následného rozpadu Rakouska-Uherska. Republika existovala na ukrajinském území východní Haliče a nárokovala si i část území Bukoviny a Podkarpatské Rusi. Na jejím území se tak nacházela velká města jako Lvov, Přemyšl, Ternopil, Kolomyja či Stanislav. V politice státu dominovali ukrajinští národní demokraté (podporovaní řeckokatolickou církví), liberálové a socialisté.


Description.

"The Sims Social" was a Facebook videogame developed by Playfish and EA, taking place in a fictional town called Littlehaven. A mobile application for smartphones was in development as a companion app to the Facebook version. The game also features remakes of real life famous people such as Lady Sim-Sim (Lady Gaga), Elvis Plumbob (Elvis Presley), and Sims Cara (Sin Cara).

Skills.

Like other games in "The Sims" series, Sims could develop skills. There were six skills: art, cooking, music, writing, athletic, driving, and various project skill items which were tied with specific themed collections. Developing higher level skill levels allowed Sims to obtain new objects. Sims developed skills when the player interacted with an art object (such as easel or computer when level 30), a music object (such as a guitar or keyboard when level 10), a cooking object (such as a microwave, a coffee maker when level 10, or a stove when level 15), or a writing object (such as a computer or typewriter when level 10). At times, skills were a part of quests given to the player for their Sim to achieve.

Careers.

However, careers in "The Sims Social" were much different than those of previous Sim games. Sims could aspire to three different career paths: Rocker, Chef, and Artist. Each career consisted of 5 levels each with three sub-levels. To advance in their given career players were required to submit appointments for various jobs. After the given appointment time the player could send their Sim to work and earn Simoleons and Career Points. Career Points helped further careers leading to promotions. After each promotion players received a special object only acquirable through a career. Upon completion of an entire career track, players could select a new career track at the cost of forgoing all past career history.

Traits.

There were 12 traits for Sims in "The Sims Social" and could only be purchased with Lifetime Points. All traits featured between three and five levels; each needing to be bought at a higher price of Lifetime Points than the last one. The traits were: Slob, Steel Bladder, Neat, Super Mechanic, Insane, Ogre, Ninja, Great Kisser, Night Owl, Expert Cook, Music Maestro, and Art Virtuoso. When the player upgraded the level of a trait, the trait became more prominent in the Sim's lifestyle. The most visible example of this was in the Ninja trait. When a Sim had the level one Ninja trait, the Sim walked faster. However, when a Sim had the level five Ninja trait, they could teleport from place to place. The Ninja trait was useful if the player had a larger house. In the Insane trait, Sims could reduce the need of being social and could talk to plants without visiting people (in previous versions, talking to plants also eliminated the energy needed to fulfill Social). For example, a level 4 Insane trait let the sim talk to themselves to fulfil Fun and Social need without eliminating energy. Certain career traits, like Art Virtuoso, provided the benefit of earning more Simoleons while using the respective skill object. However, these traits could only be unlocked by reaching specific career levels.

Needs and Energy.

In "The Sims Social", Sims had needs, just as with other games in "The Sims" series. However, unlike other games in the series, Sims could not die. There were six needs: Social, Fun, Hunger, Hygiene, Bladder, and Sleep. When all of the needs were fulfilled, the player's Sim became inspired. Inspired Sims earned more Simoleons when performing skill tasks. Sims with a bad mood would not follow the directions of the player. Instead, they fulfilled their own needs by autonomy. All mood meters cycled from deep green (good) to lighter green, yellow, orange, red, and finally gray. All needs could be improved from the Sim's home. Another feature located next to the needs was the fun meter. This could variate largely depending on the Sim's personality. For example, a Sim with an athletic personality would not find playing computer and arcade games as enjoyable as a Sim with a geek personality. Sims took care of themselves using autonomy. If left to their own devices, Sims performed actions that helped out the lowest meter, provided they had an appropriate object nearby. This could not go on extended periods of time, as eventually the game paused and told the player "Your Sim Needs You!", or to keep playing the game.

Currency.

"The Sims Social" had four currencies: Simoleons, SimCash, Social Points, and Lifetime Points. These currencies were used to purchase items in the game. Simoleons were the most basic currency and could be most readily earned by performing almost any non-autonomous task. SimCash could be obtained by purchasing them with real-world currencies; however, an update to the game permitted users to earn up to 10 SimCash as a reward for playing the game on 5 consecutive days. SimCash allowed the player to purchase special and limited edition objects. When the player began the game, they received 40 free SimCash. Social Points were obtained by performing social interactions with other Sims. These could be used to purchase objects that were not available using Simoleons. You could exchange the Social Points for Simoleons by buying a Social Point item and selling them. Similar to Lifetime Happiness Points in "The Sims 3" and "The Sims 2", Lifetime Points were a currency only used for buying specific traits. They were the only currency that could not be bought through SimCash but rather earned by completing various quests or levelling up on skill objects.

Social Interaction.

Unlike its predecessors, "The Sims Social" used the socializing features of "Facebook" to allow players to send and receive gifts in order to finish certain quests or objects. For example, when a Sim levelled up a skill, they needed certain items to unlock the next level. Most of these items were obtained by sending requests to other friends or by interacting with friends' Sims. This proved problematic to players who did not have a large amount of friends. When the player was unable to obtain objects from friends, the only other option was to skip the task using SimCash. Furthermore, certain items, such as double beds and couches, had a hammer icon in the right corner, denoting that'some assembly is required'. To assemble these items, a player needed certain items that usually could only be obtained by sending requests to friends.  Players could pursue three different relationships with their friends' NPCs. They could become friends, rivals, or enter into a romance. There were various relationship levels to be unlocked, going from acquaintances to friends, to BFFs or friendly rivals. Each relationship path gave the player different social interactions, as well as different tasks that could be performed at friends’ homes. For example, rivals could be rude to one another by insulting each other, playing pranks, messing with household appliances, and other negative interactions, once the player reached a new relationship level. Certain relationship levels required the other party to first approve the relationship status before they were reflected in the game.

Crafting.

In addition to building items and unlocking skills, players could use items found by performing tasks to craft special potions and complete collections. Players could craft numerous potions that provided benefits to Sims. For example, a Fun Potion instantly maxed out a Sim's fun level, or a Bad Mood potion instantly tanked all a Sim's needs. Depleting needs was helpful when finding certain items. Items could be crafted by going to the crafting section at the bottom of the screen. Other crafting items included free Energy and Simoleons. Hovering over items that were required showed ways to obtain them in-game. Once all of the required items had been obtained, players could click on the crafting button and craft the item. The crafted item was then stored in the player's backpack. Many ingredients could also be gifted to other players.

Reception.

Since its release to the public, the game had accumulated over 65 million players, with over 16 million added in its first week alone. It was one of the fastest growing Facebook games of all time and was the fifth most-used Facebook application in less than a month of release. Starting on September 9, 2011, "The Sims Social" temporarily became the second-most popular Facebook game. After two months at #2, its decline dropped its ranking, with unfixed glitches and errors and lack of content updates that other top games (like "FarmVille") maintain largely to blame.

"FIFA Superstars" promotional stadium.

After The Sims Social has been launched, Playfish had given The Sims Social Stadium for "EA Sports FIFA Superstars". The promotion had started at mid-September 2011 that player need to reach level 10 in "The Sims Social" to claim them, before it is removed. The promotional stadium has been added on September 23, 2011.

November 2012 - "The Sims Social" drops out of the top 25 facebook games.

As of the November 2012 AppData charts (which charts the popularity of Facebook games) the DAU (Daily Average Users) of The Sims Social dropped out of the top 25 for the first time, with many users commenting on Facebook that difficulty achieving goals and repetitive tasks make the game unattractive compared to rivals.

Awards.

On February 9, 2012, "The Sims Social" won the Social Networking Game of the Year award at the 15th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards and on February 15, 2012, "The Sims Social" was nominated for best online browser game by the British Academy Video Game Awards - a subsidiary of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

Closure.

On April 15, 2013, Electronic Arts announced that "The Sims Social", along with "SimCity Social" and "Pet Society", would be closed down on June 14, 2013. The closures of all three titles occurred 3 days later than expected on June 17, 2013. However, pages for all three games are still in existence.

The Sims Social was a Facebook addition to the "Sims" series of video games. It was announced during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 press conference. As with the original "Sims" games, "The Sims Social" lets the user create their own customizable character. In this version, however, the player uses their character to interact with those of their Facebook friends. The characters can develop likes or dislikes for other Sims, creating relationships that can be publicized on the user's Facebook page.

The Sims Social byla hra ze série The Sims. Tato hra byla k dispozici online na síti Facebook. Hra byla spuštěna 9. srpna 2011. Hra byla poprvé představena na Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011. Hra byla poté 14. června 2013 zrušena společností EA Games.


Early life.

Peliwo was born in Vancouver to Polish parents Mark and Monika. He played his early tennis through his teens at the North Shore Winter Club in North Vancouver BC and was part of the National Training Centre in Montreal from 2009 to 2012. He is the only one of three siblings not born in Poland.

Tennis career.

Juniors.

Peliwo reached the semifinals of the Orange Bowl in December 2011. At the beginning of 2012, he won the Grade 1 tournament in Traralgon, Australia after beating junior world No. 1 Luke Saville. He then reached the final of the junior Australian Open, where he lost to Saville. He reached his second straight Grand Slam final at the French Open, but lost this time to Kimmer Coppejans. After reaching his third Grand Slam final in a row in 2012 at Wimbledon, Peliwo won his first Grand Slam junior title there with a win over defending champion Luke Saville. He became the second Canadian to win a junior Grand Slam singles title, following Eugenie Bouchard who the day before won the Wimbledon girls' title. Peliwo reached his fourth straight junior Grand Slam final at the US Open, where he defeated Liam Broady to win his second Grand Slam title.  As a junior, he compiled a singles win/loss record of 92–44.  Junior Grand Slam results - Singles:  Australian Open: F (2012) French Open: F (2012) Wimbledon: W (2012) US Open: W (2012)  Junior Grand Slam results - Doubles:  Australian Open: QF (2012) French Open: 1R (2011, 2012) Wimbledon: QF (2012) US Open: 2R (2012)

2012.

In March, Peliwo reached his first professional semifinal at the ATP Challenger in Rimouski, where he lost to compatriot Vasek Pospisil. In late August, Peliwo also reached the semifinals of the ITF Futures in Winnipeg, and the doubles final as well. He turned full-time professional in September, following his victory at the junior US Open. In November, Peliwo reached his first professional singles final at the ITF Futures in Mérida, but lost to fellow 18-year-old Lucas Pouille.

2013.

In May, Peliwo reached his second doubles final but lost again, this time at the Futures in Heraklion to Joshua Milton and Andrew Whittington. He made it to his second singles final a week later at the Marathon Futures, but was defeated in three sets by Michal Konečný. As the 2012 junior champion, Peliwo was awarded a wildcard for the qualifying draw at Wimbledon. He defeated world No. 178 Bradley Klahn in the first round, but was eliminated by the sixth seed Denis Kudla in the next round. Peliwo reached the quarterfinals of the Challenger de Granby in July. The following week in Lexington, he made it to the second ATP Challenger semifinal of his career, where he was defeated by James Ward.  At the Masters 1000 Rogers Cup at the beginning of August, Peliwo was granted a wildcard into the main draw, his first appearance at an ATP Tour tournament. He scored an upset with a three-set win over world No. 39 Jarkko Nieminen in the first round when Nieminen retired at 1–3 in the third set. He was defeated in the next round by world No. 66 Denis Istomin in three sets. He made it to the doubles final for the second straight year at the Futures in Winnipeg, but lost once again. In late September, Peliwo won his first pro title at the Futures in Markham when compatriot Philip Bester gave him a walkover in the final.

2014.

In March, Peliwo reached the fourth professional doubles final of his career at the Futures in Gatineau. He was defeated, with compatriot Kamil Pajkowski, by Edward Corrie and Daniel Smethurst. At the Grand Prix Hassan II in April, Peliwo successfully made it through three rounds of qualifying for the first time to get a spot in an ATP tournament main draw without the use of a wildcard. He defeated world No. 80 Filippo Volandri in his opening match, but was stopped in three sets by world No. 43 Federico Delbonis in the next round. In May, he reached the semifinals in doubles of the Samarkand Challenger. At the end of June, Peliwo reached his first singles final of the season at the Futures in Richmond where he was defeated by Dennis Novikov in three sets. At the Futures in Kelowna a week later, Peliwo made it to a second straight singles final but was this time defeated by Benjamin Mitchell. In July, he was awarded a wildcard in the main draw of the Citi Open but lost to Lukáš Lacko in the opening round. In September, Peliwo reached the doubles final of the Futures in Markham where he was defeated by Matt Seeberger and Rudolf Siwy.

2015–16.

In February 2015, Peliwo captured his second pro singles title at the Futures in Feucherolles with a straight sets victory over Antal van der Duim. Two weeks later, he won his first professional doubles title after defeating Hiroyasu Ehara and Takashi Saito with partner Pietro Licciardi in the final. In August 2015, Peliwo was awarded a wildcard for the Rogers Cup singles main draw where he was defeated by world No. 60 Sergiy Stakhovsky in the opening round in three sets. In October 2015, he won the doubles title at the ITF Futures in Rodez with Fabien Reboul.  Peliwo won his fourth singles title at the ITF Futures in Toronto in September 2016, defeating Rhyne Williams in straight sets. The next week, he won the doubles title at the Futures in Niagara-on-the-Lake with compatriot Brayden Schnur.

2017.

In April, Peliwo captured both the singles and doubles titles at the ITF Futures in Sharm El Sheikh. Two weeks later, he won his sixth ITF title with a victory over Issam Haitham Taweel again in Sharm El Sheikh. At the end of April, Peliwo won his third ITF singles title in four weeks with a straight sets victory over Moez Echargui at the Egypt F15 in Sharm El Sheikh. He also reached the doubles final. In May, Peliwo won his fourth ITF singles title in his last six tournaments after defeating Edan Leshem in the final in Herzliya. The next week, he captured his fifth ITF singles title of the season with a straight sets victory over Dekel Bar in Netanya. He made it to the doubles final as well. In July in Kelowna, he advanced to his sixth ITF Futures final of the season but was defeated by Alexander Sarkissian. He won the doubles title with Ronnie Schneider. The next week, Peliwo captured his sixth ITF singles title of the year with a victory over Marcos Giron in Saskatoon and reached the doubles final again with Schneider. In September at the Futures in Calgary, he reached his eight singles final of the season where he was defeated by Ulises Blanch. In November, he won his first ATP Challenger title, defeating Denis Kudla at the 75K in Knoxville.

2018.

In March, Peliwo advanced to his first ATP Challenger doubles final in Drummondville, losing to Joris De Loore and Frederik Nielsen with partner Luis David Martínez.

Filip Peliwo ( ; ; born January 30, 1994) is a Canadian professional tennis player. Peliwo became the first Canadian male and second Canadian ever to win a Grand Slam in singles at any level with his 2012 Wimbledon boys' title win. This was Canada's second Grand Slam title in two days, one day after Eugenie Bouchard's. With the victory, Peliwo reached the No. 1 combined junior world ranking in July 2012, the first time a Canadian has been top ranked. He won his second straight junior Grand Slam title at the 2012 US Open. Peliwo was also runner-up in the boys singles events at the 2012 Australian Open and French Open. He reached a career-high ATP singles ranking of No. 161 on May 21, 2018.

Filip Peliwo (* 30. ledna 1994 Vancouver) je kanadský profesionální tenista. Ve své dosavadní kariéře na okruhu ATP World Tour nevyhrál žádný turnaj. Titulem na juniorce dvouhry Wimbledonu 2012 se stal historicky druhým Kanaďanem, který vyhrál dvouhru na grandslamu, včetně seniorských soutěží. O dva dny dříve se prvním takovým kanadským vítězem stala šampiónka dvouhry juniorek Eugenie Bouchardová. Následně se probojoval do čtvrtého grandslamového finále v řadě a na juniorce US Open 2012 získal druhý titul kariéry.


Early life.

Novak was born in Chicago, Illinois on February 13, 1933. She is the daughter of Joseph and Blanche (née Kral) Novak. Both her parents were of Czech descent. Her father was a history teacher who took a job as a freight dispatcher on the Chicago, Milwaukee

Acting career.

Early work and success (1953–1958).

While stopping by Los Angeles, Novak was crowned "Miss Deepfreeze" by the refrigerator company. While there, she and two other models stood in line to be extras in two RKO films: "The French Line" (1954), starring Jane Russell and "Son of Sinbad" (filmed in 1953, not released until 1955). There she was discovered by an agent, who signed her to a long-term contract with Columbia Pictures. From the beginning of her career, she wanted to be an original and not another stereotype. Therefore, she fought with Columbia's chief, Harry Cohn, over the changing of her name. He suggested the name "Kit Marlowe", arguing, "Nobody's gonna go see a girl with

"Vertigo".

Director Alfred Hitchcock was working on his next film, "Vertigo" (1958), when his leading actress, Vera Miles, became pregnant and had to withdraw from the complex role of Judy Barton. Hitchcock approached Harry Cohn to offer Novak the female lead without even requesting a screen test. Though Cohn hated the script, he allowed Novak to read it because he considered Hitchcock to be a great director. Novak loved it, as she could identify with the character and agreed to take part in the film without meeting Hitchcock. At the same time, she was striking for more money from Columbia, and refused to show up for work on the "Vertigo" set to protest her salary of $1,250 a week. Novak hired new agents to represent her and demanded an adjustment in her contract. Cohn, who was paid $250,000 for Novak to do "Vertigo", suspended her, but after a few weeks of negotiations, he relented and offered her a new contract worthy of a major star. She was now receiving $3,000 a week and explained to the press, "I don't like to have anyone take advantage of me." Novak

Career slowdown and other early ventures (1958–1965).

Novak again worked with Stewart in Richard Quine's "Bell, Book and Candle" (also 1958), a comedy tale of modern-day witchcraft, that proved to be a box-office success. She starred opposite Fredric March in the acclaimed "Middle of the Night" (1959), which she has described as not only her favorite of her films, but also cites her performance in "Middle of the Night" as her best.  Novak starred opposite Kirk Douglas in the romantic drama "Strangers When We Meet" (1960), which drew mixed reviews but was a success financially. Richard Quine was the director, as well as her fiancé at the time. The studio planned to give them the house that was built as part of the story line during the filming as a wedding gift, but their wedding never occurred. Instead, during the last film that Quine and she made together, the British mystery/comedy "The Notorious Landlady" (1962) with Jack Lemmon, she discovered and purchased her future home by the sea near Big Sur in central California. It became her retreat and emotional salvation after leaving Hollywood.  She made an independent five-picture deal, with producer Martin Ransohoff and Filmways Pictures to co-produce, but it proved

Acting sporadically (1966–1991).

By the end of 1966, she was emotionally drained and no longer wanted to live the life of a Hollywood movie star, in the glare of the spotlight with the press criticizing her every move. When the mudslide took her Bel Air home and cost her entire life's savings in bulldozer fees, she moved away from Hollywood to discover herself anew. From then on, acting became a job and was no longer a career of choice. Novak preferred to concentrate on her first love, the visual arts, often writing poetry to accompany her paintings, and even writing some song lyrics. Harry Belafonte and The Kingston Trio recorded some of her folk songs in the 1960s.  Novak returned to the screen for "The Legend of Lylah Clare" (1968), starring Peter Finch and Ernest Borgnine, and directed by Robert Aldrich. She played a dual role, portraying a person who becomes possessed by a look-alike film actress who gets made over by her obsessive-compulsive director lover. Robert Aldrich asked Novak to do a German accent for that role, but she felt it was unbelievable and over the top, so she did not want to do it, and he never insisted. At the premiere, Novak was shocked to hear her voice had been dubbed by a German actress in many scenes. Aldrich had

Retirement (since 1992).

After her retirement from acting, Novak has made only rare public appearances and turned down most offers she received. In 1996, "Vertigo" was given a restoration by Robert A. Harris and James C. Katz and re-released to theaters. Novak loved their work so much, she agreed to make appearances at screenings of the film, something she originally refused when Universal asked her in 1984. She also took part in "Obsessed with Vertigo," a documentary retracing the making and restoration of the film. In 1997, Novak received an Honorary Golden Bear Award for lifetime achievement at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival.  In 2003, Novak was presented with the Eastman Kodak Archives Award for her major contribution to film. Prior honorees include Greta Garbo, Audrey Hepburn, James Stewart, Martin Scorsese, and Meryl Streep. During that time, Novak received several offers

Honors.

In 1955, Novak won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female. Two years later she won another Golden Globe for World Favorite Female Actress. On February 8, 1960, Novak was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6332 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1995, Novak was ranked 92nd by "Empire Magazine" on a list of the 100 sexiest stars in film history. Novak was honored with a Golden Bear for Lifetime Achievement at the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 and was presented with the Eastman Kodak Archives Award for her major contribution to film in 2003. In 2012, Novak was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. That same year, she received the "S.F. Cinematic Icon Award" from the San Francisco Museum and Historical Society for her screen contributions in San Francisco with "Pal

Personal life.

Novak's first marriage was to English actor Richard Johnson. It lasted 13 months, from March 15, 1965, to April 23, 1966. The two remained friends afterwards.  After her engagement to director Richard Quine, much was made of her relationships with Sammy Davis, Jr., and Ramfis Trujillo, the adopted son of the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. A BBC documentary claimed that to end her relationship with a black man Columbia Pictures chief Harry Cohn had mobsters threaten Sammy Davis, Jr., with blinding or having his legs broken if he did not marry a black woman within 48 hours. Novak also dated Michael Brandon, Wilt Chamberlain, David Hemmings and Porfirio Rubirosa. In the 1960s, Novak left Hollywood for Big Sur, where she raised horses and painted, making an occasional film. In 1974, she met her husband, equine veterinarian Robert Malloy, when he made a house call after one of her Arabian mares suffered colic. They have been together ever since, and married on March 12, 1976. As a result of her marriage, she has two adult stepchildren. The couple built a log home along the Williamson River near Chiloquin, Oregon.  In 1997, Novak bought a 43-acre ranch in Sams Valley, Oregon, which they made into their home. Novak took classes in painting with pastels from artists Harley Brown and Richard McKinley. In July 2000, their home burned to the ground, and she lost all her art and the only draft of the autobiography she had been working on for 10 years.  In 2006, Novak was injured in a horse-riding accident. She suffered a punctured lung, broken ribs, and nerve damage, but made a full recovery within a year.  In October 2010, her manager, Sue Cameron, reported that Novak had been diagnosed with breast cancer. Cameron also noted that Novak is "undergoing treatment" and "her doctors say she is in fantastic physical shape and should recover very well." Upon completion of treatment, Novak was declared cancer-free.  In 2014, after Novak's rare public appearance at the 86th Academy Awards, the media and social commentary indicated she was hardly recognizable, which resulted in speculation that she had undertaken substantial cosmetic surgery. Novak was devastated by the criticism — "It really did throw me into a tailspin and it hit me hard," and wrote an open letter in which she stood up to all of her Oscar-night "bullies." Novak admitted that she "had fat injections in my face" as she felt "they seemed far less invasive than a face-lift," but later regretted it, "So why did I do it? I trusted somebody doing what I thought they knew how to do best. I should have known better, but what do you do? We do some stupid things in our lives."  Novak continued her creative endeavors as a photographer, poet, and visual artist painting in watercolor, oil, and pastel. Her paintings are impressionistic and surrealistic. The Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio hosted a retrospective of her work from June till October, 2019. Novak was present at the opening on June 16.

Marilyn Pauline "Kim" Novak (born February 13, 1933) is a retired American film and television actress. Novak began her film career in 1954 after signing with Columbia Pictures, starring in numerous movies, including "Picnic" (1955). She later starred in "The Man with the Golden Arm" (1955) and "Pal Joey" (1957). She is widely known for her performance as Madeline Elster/Judy Barton in Alfred Hitchcock's thriller "Vertigo" (1958) with James Stewart.

Kim Novak (rodným jménem Marilyn Pauline Novak, * 13. února 1933) je americká filmová a televizní herečka. Narodila se v Chicagu do rodiny českého původu. Ve filmu si poprvé zahrála v roce 1954 ve snímcích "Pushover" a "Phffft!", prorazila až o rok později ve filmu "Piknik". V následujících letech se objevila například ve snímcích "Muž se zlatou paží " (1955), "The Eddy Duchin Story" (1956), "Přítel Joey" (1957) a "Zvon, kniha a svíčka" (1958). Její největší rolí byla postava Madeleine a Judy ve filmu "Vertigo" režiséra Alfreda Hitchcocka z roku 1958.