Playing career.

After a junior career with the Soo Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey Association that saw him score 99 points in his only season (1973–74), Simmer was selected in the third round of the 1974 NHL amateur draft, 39th overall, by the California Golden Seals. He split his first three professional seasons between the Seals and the Salt Lake Golden Eagles of the CHL, having success in the minors but receiving limited playing time in the NHL. The Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976, but Simmer received little more playing time.  He was traded in 1977 to the Los Angeles Kings, but spent the season with the Springfield Indians of the AHL, winning All-Star accolades. The next season Simmer was promoted halfway through the campaign to the Kings, and scored 21 goals in 39 games.  While with the Kings, he played left wing on the "Triple Crown Line" with Marcel Dionne and Dave Taylor, one of the most potent and famed forward lines of the era. Despite injuries costing him significant playing time, Simmer had back-to-back 56-goal seasons and was further named an NHL First Team All-Star in 1980 and 1981. In the latter season, Simmer almost accomplished one of hockey's most difficult feats: scoring 50 goals in 50 games. Simmer entered his 50th game with 46 goals and scored three times to finish just shy of the mark; that same night, Mike Bossy became only the second player in NHL history to score 50 in 50. Simmer scored his 50th goal the following night in his 51st game. Simmer's shooting percentage of 32.75 in 1981 was, and remains, an NHL record.  Simmer played his final NHL season for the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1988. He subsequently played the 1989 season for Eintracht Frankfurt in the German Bundesliga, and after a season off, parts of two seasons as a player-coach for the minor league San Diego Gulls before retiring.

Retirement.

Simmer finished his NHL career with 711 points (342 goals, 369 assists) in 712 career games. At the time of his retirement, he was the last active player in North American professional hockey to have played for the Seals/Barons franchise (though Dennis Maruk was the last alum of the franchise to play in the NHL, upon his retirement in 1989.)  He was formerly married to one-time Playboy Playmate of the Year Terri Welles; the couple had one daughter. Simmer spent years as a color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes and the Calgary Flames on Sportsnet.

Charles Robert Simmer (born March 20, 1954 in Terrace Bay, Ontario) is a retired ice hockey forward, most notably for the Los Angeles Kings in the National Hockey League, who was notable for his scoring and power play prowess.

Charles Robert Simmer (* 20. března 1954) je bývalý kanadský hokejista, který hrával v National Hockey League, především za Los Angeles Kings.


History.

The rectangular building was constructed in 1861 during the reign of Napoleon III as a complement to the already-existing "Orangerie" building. It was designed for "jeu de paume", which nowadays is known as real tennis, court tennis or royal tennis. As tennis supplanted "jeu de paume" as a sport, the Jeu de Paume proved an inadequate space and was transformed into a gallery.  When the Musée du Luxembourg opened its doors to foreign schools of painting at the end of the 19th century, the works it sponsored became important enough to require a separate exhibition space, and in 1909 the Jeu de Paume re-opened as a gallery with the “One hundred portraits of women from the 18th-century English and French Schools” exhibition. Operating first as an extension of the Louvre and Musée de l'Orangerie, it became an independent gallery from 1922, showing country and/or artist-themed expositions mostly modern foreign works. The gallery shifted towards an avant-garde style with the 1937 Exposition Internationale and an "Origins and development of Independent International Art" show organised by Jean Cassou, Matisse, Braque, Picasso and Léger.

Nazi sorting house.

Jeu de Paume was used from 1940 to 1944 to store Nazi plunder looted by the regime's Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce (ERR) in France (see Rose Valland). These works included masterpieces from the collections of French Jewish families like the Rothschilds, the David-Weills, the Bernheims, and noted dealers including Paul Rosenberg who specialised in impressionist and post-impressionist works.  Hermann Göring commanded that the loot would first be divided between Adolf Hitler and himself. For this reason, from the end of 1940 to the end of 1942 he traveled twenty times to Paris. At Jeu de Paume, art dealer Bruno Lohse staged 20 expositions of the newly looted art objects, especially for Göring, from which Göring selected at least 594 pieces for his own collection; the rest was destined for the Führermuseum in Linz.  So called "degenerate art" (modern art "unworthy" in the eyes of the Nazis) was legally banned from entering Germany, and so once designated was held in what was called the Martyr's Room at the Jeu de Paume. Much of Paul Rosenberg's professional dealership and personal collection were subsequently so designated by the Nazis. Following Joseph Goebbels's earlier private decree to sell these degenerate works for foreign currency to fund the building of the Führermuseum and the wider war effort, Goering personally appointed a series of ERR-approved dealers including Hildebrand Gurlitt to liquidate these assets and then pass the funds to swell his personal art collection. With much of the looted degenerate art sold onwards via Switzerland, Rosenberg's collection was scattered across Europe. Unsold art (including works by Picasso and Dalí) was destroyed on a bonfire in the grounds of the Jeu de Paume on the night of 27 July 1942, an act of almost unparalleled vandalism. However, the Nazis had burned nearly 4000 works of German "degenerate" art in Berlin in 1939.  French resistance curator Rose Valland, who was working at the museum, kept a secret list of all the works passing through, and after the Nazi defeat in 1945 most of these works were thereby returned to their rightful owners. Today, some 70 of Rosenberg's paintings are missing, including: the large Picasso watercolor "Naked Woman on the Beach", painted in Provence in 1923; seven works by Matisse; and the "Portrait of Gabrielle Diot" by Degas.

Post-war museum.

Between 1947 and 1986, it contained the Musée du Jeu de Paume, which held many important impressionist works now housed in the Musée d'Orsay. Widely considered as the "most famous museum of impressionist painting in the world", the rooms bore names such as Salle Degas, Salle Cézanne or Salle Monet.  From 1989, as part of the Grands Projets of François Mitterrand, the building underwent a $10 million renovation by architect Antoine Stinco, resulting in about 12,700 square feet of exhibition space spread across three floors. The formerly walled-in reception hall was transformed into an atrium-like open area flooded with natural light from large bay windows, allowing views of the neighboring Tuileries Gardens, Place de la Concorde, and Eiffel Tower. The top floor features a series of galleries lit by skylights.

Present.

In 1991, the Jeu de Paume reopened as "France's first national gallery of contemporary art", with an exhibition devoted to Jean Dubuffet. Subsequent retrospectives were dedicated to international artists such as Marcel Broodthaers (1991), Robert Gober (1991), Ellsworth Kelly (1992), Helio Oiticica (1992), and Eva Hesse (1993). In 1999, the museum chose American architect Richard Meier as the subject of its first-ever architectural exhibition.  In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre National de la Photographie and Patrimoine Photographique merged to form the Association de Préfiguration for the Etablissement Public (EPIC) Jeu de Paume. It has since developed into a centre for modern and postmodern photography and media, mounting survey exhibitions on Ed Ruscha (2006), Cindy Sherman (2006), Martin Parr (2009), and William Kentridge (2010), among others. In 2016, it received the anthological solo exhibition of contemporary photograph Helena Almeida.  On April 27, 2005, a plaque honoring the work of Rose Valland to catalogue looted art during the Nazi occupation was placed on the south wall of the Jeu de Paume.  On December 1, 2018 the museum was torched in politically related mob violence as the Tuileries Gardens were stormed by protestors.  Today, the Jeu de Paume is subsidised by the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. Attendance increased from 200,000 visitors in 2006 to over 320,000 visitors in 2008.

In popular culture.

The museum's wartime history has been depicted, heavily fictionalized, several times on film. In John Frankenheimer's 1964 film "The Train", starring Burt Lancaster and Jeanne Moreau, Rose Valland is represented as Mademoiselle Villard, played by Suzanne Flon. In George Clooney's 2014 film "The Monuments Men", Valland is represented as Claire Simone, played by Cate Blanchett. In Anatole Litvak's 1967 film "The Night of the Generals", Peter O'Toole's character General Tanz visits the museum and is transfixed by a self-portrait of Vincent van Gogh, referenced as "Vincent In Flames".  In Sara Houghteling's novel "Pictures at an Exhibition" (2009), the character of Rose Clément is based on Rose Valland.  The novel "Portrait of a Woman in White", by Susan Winkler, about Nazi art looting in France, includes scenes in the Jeu de Paume with Hermann Göring and Rose Valland.

Jeu de Paume is an arts centre for modern and postmodern photography and media. It is located in the north corner (west side) of the Tuileries Gardens next to the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In 2004, Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume, Centre national de la photographie, and Patrimoine Photographique merged to form the Association Jeu de Paume.

Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume (česky "Národní galerie Míčovna") je muzeum moderního umění v Paříži, které vystavuje soudobé umění a fotografie. Galerie se nachází v severozápadním rohu Jardin des Tuileries u "Place de la Concorde". Výstavní plocha činí téměř 1200 m.


History.

In 1649, as part of his plan for the construction of the Hôtel des Invalides, Louis XIV decided to restore the old "Chemin du Bois de la Garenne," which had become the "Rue de Varenne," that linked Saint-Germain-des-Prés, at the western end of Paris, with the marshy terrain chosen as the new building site. Henceforth the "Noble Faubourg" gained a new lease on life, the proximity of Versailles being irresistible for an aristocracy who lived exclusively by and for the Court.  On 30 September 1717, Christian-Louis de Montmorency Luxembourg, Prince of Tigny and Marshal of France, purchased, for the sum of 91 Livres, 2869 toises (30,000 m2) of land along the Rue de Varenne. He was a lover of gardens and intended to create a country park. In 1722, he commissioned a little-known architect, Jean Courtonne, to conceive and construct a mansion. His success in this endeavour won him entry to the Academy of Architecture, where he wrote a much-remarked "Treatise on Perspectives" (1725). But the expense of the enterprise forced the Prince of Tigny to sell, and it was Jacques Goyon, Count of Matignon who bought the Hôtel, completed in 1725, as a present for his son, the Duke of Valentinois.  Courtonne's design was highly original. Rising from a broad terrace, the main residence, a two-storey building crowned by a balustrade, comprises two suites of rooms. Access from the street is gained by a portico ornamented by columns. This archway reveals the main courtyard, bracketed by two low wings of offices and outbuildings, to the right of which are situated another courtyard, the stables and the kitchens. The façade is broken by three advances. Those to the right and left house the staircases, while the central pavilion displays a magnificent balcony sculpted with lion motifs. Visitors' admiration is drawn by two singular architectural features: the segmented cupola of the entrance hall and, to its right, the first room to have been originally designed for dining. The façade seen from the garden runs the entire length of the buildings, concealing the main courtyard and the servants' yard. Although the design results in a slight imbalance in the natural disposition of the mansion, it respects the placement of a central pavilion with three panels surmounted by a broken pediment bearing the arms of the owners.  Its rich interiors made the Hôtel Matignon one of the most elegant and most frequented mansions of Paris. The wood panelling is the work of Michel Lange, who had already decorated the Grand Salon of the Hôtel d'Évreux (today the Ambassadors' Salon of the Élysée Palace. The cornices and the stucco work are by Jean-Martin Pelletier and Jean Herpin. At the time, any "well-dressed" person was authorised by the owners to visit these splendors in their absence.  In 1731, the wife of Jacques de Matignon, daughter of Anthony I Grimaldi, succeeded her father as head of the principality of Monaco. In 1734, their son, Honoré III, mounted the throne. Although he was open to the revolutionary ideas of the time, he was imprisoned on 20 September 1793. At his liberation a year later, he was ruined, and his property under seal. His sons obtained restitution, but were obliged to put the mansion up for sale in 1802.  It was bought by Anne Éléonore Franchi. A professional dancer, she caught the eye, at the Carnival of Venice, of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg, who had three children by her. The Duke died in 1793, and finding herself in Vienna and once more a dancer, she became the mistress of Joseph II. The Empress, Maria Theresa, who had no love for her, had her expelled from Austria. Exiled to the East Indies, she returned to France in the company of the Scottish banker Quentin Crawford. The two of them refurnished the Hôtel, which once again became a festive gathering place for the "Ancien Régime" society and a hotbed of opposition. Close friends of Joséphine de Beauharnais, the couple grew increasingly open in their criticism of Napoleon after the divorce.  In 1808, the Hôtel Matignon passed into the hands of one of the best-known figures of the first half of the 19th century: Monsieur de Talleyrand, Prince of Bénévent and Deputy Great Elector. Four times a week he gave dinners for 36 guests, prepared in his kitchens by the renowned Boucher. As the shrewd diplomat that he was, he held a great number of balls in honour of the imperial family. In 1811, Napoleon called on Talleyrand to reimburse the city of Hamburg the four millions it had paid him to avoid incorporation into the new French "département" of the Bouches-de-l'Elbe. As the endeavour had failed, Talleyrand did not consider it necessary to return the sum. He was obliged to put the Hôtel for sale; the Emperor had it purchased for 1,280 000 Francs... but Talleyrand never reimbursed Hamburg.  In 1815, at the start of the "Restoration", Louis XVIII traded the Hôtel de Matignon for the Élysée Palace, which belonged to Louise Marie Thérèse Bathilde d'Orléans, sister of Philippe Égalité, and the separated wife of the Duc de Bourbon. She promptly installed a community of nuns on the premises, charged with praying for the souls of victims of the French Revolution. Her niece inherited the property in 1822 and moved the community to the Rue de Picpus to rent out the Hôtel.  Following the revolution of 1848, it was planned to place the Hôtel Matignon at the disposal of the head of the executive branch of the new Republic. But if General Cavaignac chose to reside there until December 1848, the Prince President, Napoleon III, preferred the Élysée Palace.  A short time later the Hôtel was sold to the Duke of Galliera, Raffaele de Ferrari, member of the Genoese nobility and husband of Marie de Brignole Sale, great niece to the Princess of Monaco. Together they possessed one of the great fortunes of the time; it is claimed that they owned half of Genoa. Founder of the Crédit Mobilier, Raffaele financed many of the major construction projects of the second half of the 19th century: railroads in Austria, Latin America, Portugal and France (the Paris-Lyon-Marseille line), the digging of the Fréjus tunnel and the Suez Canal, the Paris buildings designed by Baron Haussmann... Three years after the fall of Napoleon III (1870), the Duchess proposed that the Count of Paris take up residence at the Rue de Varenne. He came to occupy the ground floor of the Hôtel Matignon. On 14 May 1886, this was the setting of one of the century's most sumptuous receptions: three thousand guests, the entire aristocracy of France, the diplomatic corps and numerous political figures thronged to celebrate the marriage of Princess Amélie, the Count's daughter, with Carlos, heir to the Portuguese throne. The story goes that, on the day of the reception, the President had a sudden desire to visit the Bois de Boulogne, but was unable to leave the Elysée because of the congested traffic. The following day, no doubt alarmed by such a large gathering of Monarchists in the Capital, the President of the Council, Charles de Freycinet, called for a law exiling pretenders to the French throne. The next week the legislation was passed.  The Duchess of Galliera was disenchanted and quit Paris, leaving her mansion to the Austro-Hungarian Emperor, who made it his embassy in France. But the First World War found the two countries on opposite sides and, confiscated in 1919, the Hôtel Matignon was declared "enemy property". On 21 November 1922, after prolonged negotiations, France once more assumed ownership. During World War I, the hôtel was also the place where the philatelic collection of Philipp von Ferrary (the most valuable stamp collection ever assembled) was deposited when its owner, the son of the Duke of Galliera and an Austrian citizen, had to flee France in 1917. The collection was later broken up and sold by the French government after the war, as war reparations.

Home of the head of government.

There were plans to turn the mansion into a museum; the property was to be subdivided and individual dwellings built, including the adjacent mansion built by the architect Jean Walter in 1924. However, Gaston Doumergue learned of the plans and decided to make it the headquarters of the President of the Council of Ministers ("Président du Conseil"), as the position of head of government was known under the Third Republic. The architect Paul Bigot took the necessary steps and, in 1935, Pierre Étienne Flandin became the first new occupant.  In 1936 the "Matignon Accords" were signed between Léon Blum and the leaders of the spring 1936 strikes, introducing the 40-hour work week and paid vacations.  Edouard Daladier, prime minister at the start of the Second World War, did not leave his apartment near the Arc de Triomphe and worked at the War Ministry. During the war the government moved to the city of Vichy, but on 21 August 1944, it was in Paris that the resistance leader Yvon Morandat and his companion seized the "Government Mansion", the Hôtel Matignon. In their haste they even confused the Avenue Matignon, located on the Right Bank of the Seine, with the Hôtel Matignon, situated on the Left Bank.  It was there that, on 25 August, General de Gaulle convened the "Provisory Council of the Republic". Subsequent presidents of the Council followed his example and, his return in 1958, like the new Republic, changed nothing more at Matignon than the occupant's name, which, instead of "President of the Council", became "Prime Minister".

The Hôtel de Matignon () is the official residence of the Prime Minister of France. It is located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France. The address of Hôtel de Matignon is 57 rue de Varenne, Paris. "Matignon" is used as a metonym for the governmental action of the Prime Minister of France.

Hôtel Matignon ("Matignonský palác") je městský palác v Paříži v ulici "Rue de Varenne" v 7. obvodu. Od roku 1935 je Hôtel de Matignon oficiálním sídlem a pracovnou francouzského předsedy vlády.


History and etymology.

The term "pork barrel politics" usually refers to spending which is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes.  In the popular 1863 story "The Children of the Public", Edward Everett Hale used the term "pork barrel" as a homely metaphor for any form of public spending to the citizenry. However, after the American Civil War, the term came to be used in a derogatory sense. The "Oxford English Dictionary" dates the modern sense of the term from 1873.  Pork barrel originally came from storing meat. By the 1870s, references to "pork" were common in Congress, and the term was further popularized by a 1919 article by Chester Collins Maxey in the "National Municipal Review", which reported on certain legislative acts known to members of Congress as "pork barrel bills". He claimed that the phrase originated in a pre-Civil War practice of giving slaves a barrel of salt pork as a reward and requiring them to compete among themselves to get their share of the handout. More generally, a barrel of salt pork was a common larder item in 19th-century households, and could be used as a measure of the family's financial well-being. For example, in his 1845 novel "The Chainbearer", James Fenimore Cooper wrote: "I hold a family to be in a desperate way, when the mother can see the bottom of the pork barrel."

Examples.

An early example of pork barrel politics in the United States was the Bonus Bill of 1817, which was introduced by Democrat John C. Calhoun to construct highways linking the Eastern and Southern United States to its Western frontier using the earnings bonus from the Second Bank of the United States. Calhoun argued for it using general welfare and post roads clauses of the United States Constitution. Although he approved of the economic development goal, President James Madison vetoed the bill as unconstitutional.  One of the most famous alleged pork-barrel projects was the Big Dig in Boston, Massachusetts. The Big Dig was a project to relocate an existing section of the Interstate Highway System underground. The official planning phase started in 1982; the construction work was done between 1991 and 2006; and the project concluded on December 31, 2007. It ended up costing US$14.6 billion, or over US$4 billion per mile. Tip O'Neill (D-Mass), after whom one of the Big Dig tunnels was named, pushed to have the Big Dig funded by the federal government while he was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.  During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, the Gravina Island Bridge (also known as the "Bridge to Nowhere") in Alaska was cited as an example of pork barrel spending. The bridge, pushed for by Republican Senator Ted Stevens, was projected to cost $398 million and would connect the island's 50 residents and the Ketchikan International Airport to Revillagigedo Island and Ketchikan.  Former Hawaii Senator Daniel Inouye described himself as “the No. 1 earmarks guy in the U.S. Congress.” Inouye regularly passed earmarks for funding in the state of Hawaii including military and transportation spending.  Pork-barrel projects, which differ from "earmarks", are added to the federal budget by members of the appropriation committees of United States Congress. This allows delivery of federal funds to the local district or state of the appropriation committee member, often accommodating major campaign contributors. To a certain extent, a member of Congress is judged by their ability to deliver funds to their constituents. The Chairman and the ranking member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations are in a position to deliver significant benefits to their states. Researchers Anthony Fowler and Andrew B. Hall claim that this still does not account for the high reelection rates of incumbent representatives in American legislatures.  The Madrid–Seville high-speed line was a noted example of pork barrel politics in Spain. Pasqual Maragall revealed details of an unwritten agreement between him and Felipe González, the prime minister at the time who was from Seville. The agreement was that Barcelona would receive the 1992 Summer Olympics and Seville would receive the high-speed railway line (which opened in 1992). This was in spite of position of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line as Spain's most profitable high-speed line. Barcelona received its AVE connection in 2008, though with many advantages that the line to Seville does not have, e.g. full-speed bypasses LAV Madrid – Sevilla and LAV Madrid – Zaragoza – Barcelona: the decision to construct the line to Seville was only taken in 1986 and construction was rushed, so that the line would be ready for the Seville Expo '92.

Use of the term outside the United States.

In other countries, the practice is often called patronage, but this word does not always imply corrupt or undesirable conduct.

Australia.

"Pork barrel" is frequently used in Australian politics, where marginal seats are often accused of receiving more funding than safe seats or, in the case of the 2010 election in negotiations with key independents.

Central and Eastern Europe.

Romanians speak of'(literally, "electoral alms"), while the Polish'means literally "election sausage". In Serbian,'("cutting the cake") refers to post-electoral distribution of state-funded positions for the loyal members of the winning party. The Czech'("pre-election goulash") has similar meaning, referring to free dishes of goulash served to potential voters during election campaign meetings targeted at lower social classes; metaphorically, it stands for any populistic political decisions that are taken before the elections with the aim of obtaining more votes. The process of diverting budget funds in favor of a project in a particular constituency is called "" ("portioning of the bear") in Czech usage.

India.

In India, the term "pork barrel politics" has been employed to depict the pattern of distribution of discretionary grants by the national government (see for example Biswas et al. 2010; Rodden and Wilkinson 2004; Sharma, 2017. However (Sharma, 2017) is most explicit in drawing the parallel between the tactical distribution of grants in India and the notion of pork barrel politics. Chanchal Kumar Sharma demonstrates that the incentives of the Prime Minister's party under a coalition system create a universalisation effect which means "giving something to everyone". Thus, the states governed by non-affiliated parties do not suffer as much as in the dominant party era. In fact, a coalition party system limits opportunities to reward party loyalty (see Sharma 2017).

Ireland.

The term "parish pump politics" is more commonly used in Ireland although Independent TD Shane Ross did refer to Pork Barrel politics at a press conference for the Independent Alliance in the run up to the 2016 general election, saying that the Alliance was "not interested in "pork barrel" politics". Despite being appointed Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport in the 32nd Dáil he went on to prioritise the reopening of a police station in his own constituency which was eventually delivered on the eve of the election of new Taoiseach Leo Varadkar in June 2017.

German-speaking countries.

The German language differentiates between campaign goodies ("Wahlgeschenke", literally "election gifts") to occur around election dates and parish-pump politics ("Kirchturmpolitik", literally "church tower politics") for concentrating funding and reliefs to the home constituency of a politician. While the former is a technical term (neutral or slightly derogatory) the latter is always derogatory meaning that the scope of actions is limited to an area where the steeple of the politician's village can still be seen. In Switzerland the wording of provincial thinking ("Kantönligeist", literally "cantonal mind") may cover these actions as well and it is understood as a synonym in Germany and Austria.

Philippines.

In the Philippines, the term "pork barrel" is used to mean funds allocated to the members of the Philippine House of Representatives and the Philippine Senate to spend as they see fit without going through the normal budgetary process or through the Executive Branch. It can be used for both "hard" projects, such as buildings and roads, and "soft" projects, such as scholarships and medical expenses. The first pork barrel fund was introduced in 1922 with the passage of the first Public Works Act (Act No 3044). This pork barrel system was technically stopped by President Ferdinand Marcos during his dictatorship by abolishing Congress. It was reintroduced to the system after the restoration of the Congress in 1987. The program has had different names over the years, including the Countryside Development Fund, Congressional Initiative Fund, and currently the Priority Development Assistance Fund. Since 2006, the PDAF was ₱70.0 M for each Representative and ₱200.0 M for each Senator.  During the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, PDAF became the biggest source of corruption among the legislators. Kickbacks were common and became syndicated—using pre-identified project implementers including government agencies, contractors and bogus non-profit corporations as well as the government's Commission on Audit.  In August 2013, outrage over the ₱10 billion Priority Development Assistance Fund scam, involving Janet Lim-Napoles and numerous Senators and Representatives, led to widespread calls for abolition of the PDAF system. The so-called Million People March which occurred on August 26, 2013, National Heroes' Day in the Philippines, called for the end of "pork barrel" and was joined by simultaneous protests nationwide and by the Filipino diaspora around the world.  Petitioners have challenged the constitutionality of the PDAF before the high court following reports of its widespread and systematic misuse by some members of Congress in cahoots with private individuals. Three incumbent senators and several former members of the House of Representatives have been named respondents in a plunder complaint filed with the Office of the Ombudsman in connection with the alleged ₱10 billion pork barrel scam. Public outrage over the anomaly has resulted in the largest protest gathering under the three-year-old Aquino administration.  On November 19, 2013, the Supreme Court declared the controversial Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), or more commonly known as the pork barrel, as unconstitutional. In a briefing, the high court declared the PDAF Article in 2013 General Approriations Act and all similar provisions on the pork barrel system as illegal because it "allowed legislators to wield, in varying gradiations, non-oversight, post-enactment authority in vital areas of budget executions (thus violating) the principle of separation of powers".

Nordic countries.

Similar expressions, meaning "election meat", are used in Danish ('), Swedish (') and Norwegian (""), where they mean promises made "before" an election, often by a politician who has little intention of fulfilling them. The Finnish political jargon uses "" (culvert politics) in reference to national politicians concentrating on small local matters, such as construction of roads and other public works at politician's home municipality. In Iceland, the term "kjördæmapot" refers to the practice of funneling public funds to key voting demographics in marginal constituencies.

United Kingdom.

The term is rarely used in British English, although similar terms exist: election sweetener, tax sweetener, or just sweetener, which refers to the practise of a chancellor of the exchequer leaving room in their fiscal program to announce a big tax cut or spending boost in the budget immediately prior to an election, usually targeting a key voting demographic (such as the elderly) or benefitting marginal constituencies. The term "pork barrel" was, however, used in August 2013 by the Campaign for Better Transport in their criticism of Danny Alexander MP's involvement in securing funding for the A6 Manchester Airport Relief Road which passed through a marginal Liberal Democrat constituency. It was also used by Pete Wishart in the House of Commons on 26 June 2017 in reference to the deal between the Conservative Party and the Democratic Unionist Party to keep the former in power. In February 2019 it was used by shadow chancellor John McDonnell to criticise Theresa May’s rumoured attempts to persuade Labour MPs to vote for her Brexit deal.

Pork barrel is a metaphor for the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district. The usage originated in American English. Scholars use it as a technical term regarding legislative control of local appropriations. In election campaigns, the term is used in derogatory fashion to attack opponents. One of the most explicit definitions of the “pork barrel” is given by Sharma (2017): “The term “pork‐barrel politics” refers to instances in which ruling parties channel public money to particular constituencies based on political considerations, at the expense of broader public interests”.

Porcování medvěda je v českém politickém slangu ustálený název pro tu část projednávání státního rozpočtu v Poslanecké sněmovně PČR, při níž je prostřednictvím komplexního pozměňovacího návrhu rozpočtového výboru na základě kuloárních jednání a lobbistických zájmů rozdělována část rozpočtu na veřejně prospěšné projekty konkrétních žadatelů.


Medical uses.

Tigecycline is used to treat different kinds of bacterial infections, including complicated skin and structure infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Tigecycline is a glycylcycline antibiotic that covers MRSA and Gram-negative organisms:  Tigecycline is given intravenously and has activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, many of which are resistant to existing antibiotics. Tigecycline successfully completed phase III trials in which it was at least equal to intravenous vancomycin and aztreonam to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections, and to intravenous imipenem and cilastatian to treat complicated intra-abdominal infections. Tigecycline is active against many Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes – including activity against methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA), "Stenotrophomonas maltophilia", "Haemophilus influenzae", and "Neisseria gonorrhoeae" (with MIC values reported at 2 μg/mL) and multi-drug resistant strains of "Acinetobacter baumannii". It has no activity against "Pseudomonas" spp. or "Proteus" spp. The drug is licensed for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections as well as intra-abdominal infections.  The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infection recommends tigecycline as a potential salvage therapy for severe and/or complicated or refractory "Clostridium difficile" infection.  Tigecycline can also be used in vulnerable populations such as immunocompromised patients or patients with cancer. Tigecycline may also have potential for use in acute myeloid leukemia.

Susceptibility data.

Tigecycline targets both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including a few key multi-drug resistant pathogens. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacterial pathogens.  Tigecycline generally has poor activity against most strains of "Pseudomonas".

Dosing.

Tigecycline is given by slow intravenous infusion (30 to 60 minutes) every 12 hours. People with impaired liver function need to be given a lower dose. No adjustment is needed for patients with impaired kidney function. It is not licensed for use in children. There is no oral form available.

Liver or kidney problems.

Tigecycline does not require dose adjustment for people with mild to moderate liver problems. However, in people with severe liver problems dosing should be decreased and closely monitored.  Tigecycline does not require dose changes in people with poor kidney function or having hemodialysis.

Resistance mechanisms.

Bacterial resistance towards tigecycline in Enterobacteriaceae (such as "E. coli)" is often caused by genetic mutations leading to an up-regulation of bacterial efflux pumps, such as the RND type efflux pump AcrAB. Some bacterial species such as "Pseudomonas" spp. can be naturally resistant to tigecycline through the constant over-expression of such efflux pumps. In some Enterobacteriaceae species, mutations in ribosomal genes such as "rpsJ" have been found to cause resistance to tigecycline.

Side effects.

As a tetracycline derivative, tigecycline exhibits similar side effects to the class of antibiotics. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are the most common reported side effect.  Common side effects of tigecycline include nausea and vomiting. Nausea (26%) and vomiting (18%) tend to be mild or moderate and usually occur during the first two days of therapy.  Rare adverse effects (<2%) include: swelling, pain, and irritation at injection site, anorexia, jaundice, hepatic dysfunction, pruritus, acute pancreatitis, and increased prothrombin time.

Precautions.

Precaution is needed when taken in individuals with tetracycline hypersensitivity, pregnant women, and children. It has been found to cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy and therefore is classified as pregnancy category D. In rats or rabbits, tigecycline crossed the placenta and was found in the fetal tissues, and is associated with slightly lower birth weights as well as slower bone ossification. Even though it was not considered teratogenic, tigecycline should be avoided unless benefits outweigh the risks. In addition, its use during childhood can cause yellow-grey-brown discoloration of the teeth and should not be used unless necessary.  More so, there are clinical reports of tigecycline-induced acute pancreatitis, with particular relevance to patients also diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.  Tigecycline showed an "increased" mortality in patients treated for hospital-acquired pneumonia, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia (a non-approved use), but also in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections and diabetic foot infection. Increased mortality was in comparison to other treatment of the same types of infections. The difference was not statistically significant for any type, but mortality was numerically greater for every infection type with Tigecycline treatment, and prompted a black box warning by the FDA.

Black box warning.

FDA issued a black box warning in September 2010, for tigecycline regarding an increased risk of death compared to other appropriate treatment. As a result of increase in total death rate (cause is unknown) in individuals taking this drug, tigecycline is reserved for situations in which alternative treatment is not suitable.  In 2010, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) updated the warnings section of the drug label to include information regarding increased mortality risk (seen most clearly in people treated for hospital-acquired pneumonia, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia).

Drug interactions.

Tigecycline has been found to interact with medications, such as: However, the mechanism behind these drug interactions have not been fully analyzed.

Mechanism of action.

Tigecycline is broad-spectrum antibiotic that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor. It exhibits bacteriostatic activity by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and thereby blocking the interaction of aminoacyl-tRNA with the A site of the ribosome. In addition, tigecycline has demonstrated bactericidal activity against isolates of "S. pneumoniae" and "L. pneumophila."  It is a third generation tetracycline derivative within a class called glycylcyclines which carry a "N","N"-dimethyglycylamido (DMG) moiety attached to the 9-position of tetracycline ring D. With structural modifications as a 9-DMG derivative of minocycline, tigecycline has been found to improve minimal inhibitory concentrations against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, when compared to tetracyclines.

Pharmacokinetics.

Tigecycline is metabolized through glucuronidation into glucuronide conjugates and "N"-acetyl-9-aminominocycline metabolite. Therefore, dose adjustments are needed for patients with severe hepatic impairment. More so, it is primarily eliminated unchanged in the feces and secondarily eliminated by the kidneys. No renal adjustments are necessary.

Society and culture.

Approval.

It is approved to treat complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI), and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) in individuals 18 years and older. In the United Kingdom it is approved in adults and in children from the age of eight years for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (excluding diabetic foot infections) and complicated intra-abdominal infections in situations where other alternative antibiotics are not suitable.

Tigecycline is an antibiotic for a number of bacterial infections. It is a glycylcycline administered intravenously. It was developed in response to the growing rate of antibiotic resistant bacteria such as "Staphylococcus aureus", "Acinetobacter baumannii", and "E. coli". As a tetracycline derivative antibiotic, its structural modifications has expanded its therapeutic activity to include Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including those of multi-drug resistance.

Tigecyklin (INN) je glycylcyklinové antibiotikum, které objevil Francis Tally a do výroby ho zavedla firma Wyeth pod značkou Tygacil. Léčivo bylo schváleno americkou FDA ve zkráceném procesu a povolení získalo 17. června 2005. Vývoj tigecyklinu byl reakcí na rostoucí prevalenci antibiotické rezistence u bakterií, například "Staphylococcus aureus" nebo "Acinetobacter baumannii". Multirezistentní bakterie z čeledi Enterobacteriaceae disponující enzymem New Delhi metalo-beta-laktamázou se ukázaly jako citlivé na tigecyklin.


Life cycle.

The "Eimeria" life cycle has an exogenous phase, during which the oocysts are excreted into the environment, and an endogenous phase, where parasite development occurs in the host intestine. During the endogenous phase, several rounds of asexual reproduction, or schizogony take place, after which the sexual differentiation of gametes and fertilisation occurs. Parasite transmission occurs via the oral-fecal route. Infections are common in farming environments where many animals are confined in a small space.

Oocysts.

There are two forms of oocyst: sporulated or late oocyst, and unsporulated or early oocyst. An infected host releases oocysts into the environment in their unsporulated form. These contain a multi-layered cell wall making them highly resistant to environmental pressures. Once released, the unsporulated oocysts undergo meiosis upon contact with oxygen and moisture. This process is known as sporulation and the oocysts take approximately 2 to 7 days to become infectious. The sporulated oocyst is said to be tetrasporic meaning it contains four sporocysts, while each sporocyst is dizoic, i.e. it contains two sporozoites.  Once ingested, the oocysts undergo a process called excystation, whereby thousands of sporozoites are released into lumen of the intestine. In the case of "E. tenella", this process is thought to occur due to the combination of enzymatic degradation and mechanical abrasion of the oocyst wall in the chicken's gizzard.

Sporozoites.

The motile sporozoites invade the enterocytes of small intestine, and migrate to their respective sites of development. Invasion is mediated through specialised membrane-bound structures on the surface of the parasite that release secretions. This results in the recognition of, and attachment to host cell receptors. This process is known as gliding motility, which is conserved across all species of "Apicomplexa". Membrane glyconjugates have been proposed as potential host cell receptors for "Eimeria" species. After invasion, the sporozoites develop into trophozoites, then into schizonts, where they undergo several rounds of asexual reproduction. This results in many nuclei developing within the schizont. Each nucleus develops into a merozoite.  Invasion requires the formation of a moving junction between parasite and host cell membranes. In "E. tenella", this involves parasite micronemes and rhoptry proteins including RON2, RON5 and AMA-2. It is unlikely that the host cell is completely passive in the invasion process, although evidence of host physical forces that assist in mediating parasite entry remains controversial.

Merozoites.

When schizonts rupture, merozoites are released, which either go on to re-infect more enterocytes or develop into either male or female gametes via the process of gametogenesis. These gametes fuse to form an oocyst, which is then released in its non-infectious, unsporulated form through the faeces of the host.  Merozoite invasion also requires the formation of a moving junction, however the proteins involved in this process differs from those on sporozoites. Rhoptry proteins AMA-1 and RON4 are found exclusively on merozoites. There is also a greater diversity of variant surface antigens found on the surface of merozoites. It is hypothesised that this may be due to the fact that merozoites are short-lived and a greater antigen repertoire would permit faster binding and invasion.

Taxonomy.

The "Eimeria" lie within the family Eimeriidae. "Eimeria" accounts for close to 75% of the species within this family, and it is the most specious of the genera of the Apicomplexa with 1,700 described species.  Attempts to subdivide this large taxonomic unit into separate genera have been made. The classification of eimeriid coccidian was largely based on morphological and life cycle details. More recently, classification has been done using rDNA and mitochondrial genes, which indicate "Eimeria" may be paraphyletic to "Isospora" and "Cyclospora"  "Eimeria": These species are tetrasporocystic with dizoic, nonbivalved sporocysts with or without Stieda bodies. This new genus retains the majority of the species.  "Goussia" (Labbe 1896): These species are tetrasporocystic, dizoic, lack Stieda bodies, and have sporocyst walls consisting of two valves joined by a longitudinal suture. This genus contains about 20 species.  "Crystallospora" (Thelohan 1893): The species in this genus is tetrasporocystic and dizoic, and have dodecahedral sporocysts composed of two hexagonal, pyrimidal valves joined at their bases by a suture. This genus contains a single species, "Crystallospora cristalloides"  "Epieimeria": The species in this genus are tetrasporocystic, dizoic, possess Stieda bodies, and undergo merogony and gametogony on the lumenal surface of the intestinal tract. Three species are in this genus.

Species identification.

Methods for species identification are varied and among others, include isozyme analysis, the use of rRNA and rDNA probes, DNA assays and recombinant DNA techniques. PCR has proven most useful for outbreak surveillance. Prior to these methods, species identification was based on phenotypic characteristics such as the site of parasite development, the oocyst structure, the host species, cross immunity and the presence of lesions. Out of these, comparing oocyst structures was the most commonly used method.

Genomics.

A whole genome sequencing project is in progress with chosen species, "Eimeria tenella". The genome is about 60 megabases in size and has a GC-content around 53%. The 14 chromosomes range in size from 1 to > 6 megabases. Since 2013, the sequencing and annotation of a further six avian "Eimeria" species genomes is in progress.

Pathology and symptoms.

Coccidiosis typically results in diarrhoea, weight loss and dehydration. A combination of these factors may result in poor growth and death of the animal, particularly amongst young. Other clinical signs include lethargy, depression, and reduced normal grooming behaviour. Diarrhoea may be bloody due to intestinal epithelium dying off when a large number of oocysts and merozoites burst out of the cells.  The severity of the disease is directly dependent on the number of infective "Eimeria" oocysts that are ingested. The pathogenesis of infection varies from mild to severe, and is largely dependent on the magnitude of infection. In light infections, the damage to the gut might only be minimal and be rapidly repaired as cells are rapidly replaced by the body. However, in heavy infections, it may only take two weeks for many intestinal epithelial cells to be infected with either "Eimeria" meronts or gametocytes. These cause the epithelial cells to burst, which causes significant damage to the intestine epithelial layer, resulting in the release of blood, fluid, and electrolytes into the intestine.

Prevention and treatment.

Good animal husbandry practices and prophylactic application of anticoccidial drugs that target different stages of the parasite lifecycle, such as sulfonamides, ionophores and toltrazuril, are the preferred methods of disease prevention, particularly in the poultry industry.  The following drugs can be used for treatment of coccidiosis in cattle: amprolium, sulfaquinoxaline, and sulfamethazine. However, it is often more effective to prevent this disease in cattle, which can be aided by the products lasalocid, decoquinate, and monensin.  There is a growing problem of drug resistance, as well as possible drug residues in the meat once the animal is butchered. As a result, other avenues of control are being explored, particularly vaccine development, although several live attenuated vaccines have been in use since the 1950s. So far, the best practice is to vaccinate the chicks once they hatch from the egg so they are immune for life.  Infection with "Eimeria" results in life-long immunity to that particular parasite species, but does not give cross protection against other species. For these reasons, vaccines for control seem promising, of which live attenuated vaccines are most effective. However, the search for highly immunogenic antigens and overcoming antigenic variation of the parasites remains a challenge. Immunity to the parasite varies depending on parasite and host species, as well as the site of invasion. CD4+ T cells and interferon gamma (γ) are crucial components of natural immunity to infection. Humoral immunity is thought to play little role in protection, and is most likely mediated through secretory IgA antibodies.

Host-parasite relations.

Fish.

"Eimeria aurati" - goldfish ("Carassius auratus") "Eimeria baueri" - crucian carp ("Carassius carassius") "Eimeria lepidosirenis" - South American lungfish ("Lepidosiren paradoxa") "Eimeria leucisci" - common barbel ("Barbus barbus bocagei") "Eimeria rutili" - European chub ("Leuciscus cephalus cabeda"), Iberian nase ("Chondrostoma polylepis polylepis") "Eimeria vanasi" - blue tilapia ("Oreochromis aureus")

Reptiles.

"Eimeria amphisbaeniarum" - Mann's worm lizard ("Amphisbaena manni") "Eimeria witcheri" - Mann's worm lizard ("A. manni") "Eimeria yemenensae" - rock agama ("Agama yemenensis")

Birds.

"Eimeria acervulina" - chicken ("Gallus gallus domesticus")
 "Eimeria adenoeides" - turkey ("Meleagris gallopavo")
 "Eimeria brunetti" - chicken ("G. g. domesticus")
 "Eimeria colchici" - common pheasant ("Phasianus colchicus") "Eimeria curvata" - ruddy ground dove ("Columbina talpacoti"), scaled dove ("Scardafella squammata") "Eimeria dispersa" - turkey ("M. gallopavo"), bobwhite quail ("Colinus virginianus") "Eimeria duodenalis" - pheasant ("Phasianus colchicus") "Eimeria fraterculae" - Atlantic puffin ("Fratercula arctica") "Eimeria gallopavonis" - turkey ("M. gallopavo")
 "Eimeria innocua" - turkey ("M. gallopavo")
 "Eimeria praecox" - chicken ("G. g. domesticus")
 "Eimeria maxima" - chicken ("G. g. domesticus")
 "Eimeria meleagridis" - turkey ("M. gallopavo") "Eimeria meleagrimitis" - turkey ("M. gallopavo") "Eimeria mitis" - chicken ("G. g. domesticus") "Eimeria necatrix" - chicken ("G. g. domesticus") "Eimeria phasiani" - pheasant ("P. colchicus") "Eimeria procera" - grey partridges ("Perdix perdix") "Eimeria purpureicephali " - red-capped parrot ("Purpureicephalus spurius") "Eimeria tenella" - chicken ("G. g. domesticus")

Mammals.

"Eimeria ahsata" - goat ("Capra hircus"), sheep ("Ovis aries") "Eimeria alabamensis" - cattle ("Bos taurus") "Eimeria alijevi" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria aspheronica" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria arloingi" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria arundeli" - common wombat ("Vombatus ursinus") "Eimeria bakuensis" - sheep ("O. aries") "Eimeria bovis" - cattle ("B. taurus") "Eimeria cameli" - camels ("Camelus bactrianus","Camelus dromedarius") "Eimeria caprina" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria caprovina" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria christenseni" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria clethrionomyis" - red-backed vole ("Clethrionomys gapperi") "Eimeria coecicola" - rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus") "Eimeria contorta" - mouse ("Mus musculus") "Eimeria couesii" - rice rat ("Oryzomys couesi") "Eimeria crandallis" - sheep ("O. aries") "Eimeria dammahensis" - scimitar-homed oryx ("Oryx dammah") "Eimeria dowleri" - eastern red bat ("Lasiurus borealis") "Eimeria exigua" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria falciformis" - mouse ("M. musculus") "Eimeria farasanii" - mountain gazelle ("Gazella gazelle farasani") "Eimeria ferrisi" - mouse ("M. musculus") "Eimeria flavescens" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria gallatii" - red-backed vole ("C. gapperi") "Eimeria granulosa" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria hirci" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria intestinalis" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria irresidua" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria intricata" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria jolchijevi" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria krijgsmanni" - mouse ("M. musculus") "Eimeria larimerensis" - Uinta ground squirrel ("Spermophilus armatus") "Eimeria macusaniensis" - llamas ("Lama glama"), guanacos ("Lama guanicoe"), alpacas ("Vicugna pacos"), vicunas ("Vicugna vicugna") "Eimeria magna" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria marconii" - red-backed vole ("Clethrionomys gapperi") "Eimeria media" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria melanuri" - garden dormouse ("Eliomys quercinus") "Eimeria myoxi" - garden dormouse ("E. quercinus") "Eimeria nagpurensis" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria nieschulzi" - brown rat ("R. norvegicus") "Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria ovinoidalis" - sheep ("O. aries") "Eimeria pallida" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria palustris" - marsh rice rat ("Oryzomys palustris") "Eimeria papillata" - mouse ("M. musculus") "Eimeria perforans" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria phocae" - Sable Island harbour seals ("Phoca vitulina") "Eimeria pileata" - red-backed vole ("Clethrionomys gapperi") "Eimeria pipistrellus" - Kuhl's pipistrelle ("Pipistrellus kuhlii") "Eimeria piriformis" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria prionotemni" - Bennett's wallaby ("Macropus rufogriseus") "Eimeria procyonis" - raccoon ("Procyon lotor") "Eimeria punctata" - goat ("C. hircus") "Eimeria roobroucki" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria saudiensis" - Arabian oryx ("Oryx leucoryx") "Eimeria sealanderi" - eastern red bat ("Lasiurus borealis") "Eimeria separata" - mouse ("M. musculus"), rat ("Rattus rattus") "Eimeria stiedae" - rabbit ("O. cuniculus") "Eimeria ursini" - southern hairy nosed wombat ("Lasiorhinus latifrons") "Eimeria vermiformis" - mice ("M. musculus") "Eimeria weybridgensis" - sheep ("O. aries") "Eimeria wobati" - southern hairy-nosed wombat ("L. latifrons") "Eimeria zuernii" - cattle ("B. taurus")

List of species.

"Eimeria abramovi" "Eimeria acervulina" "Eimeria adenoides" "Eimeria ahsata" "Eimeria airculensis" "Eimeria alabamensis" "Eimeria albigulae" "Eimeria alijevi" "Eimeria alpacae" "Eimeria amphisbaeniarum" "Eimeria anatis" "Eimeria anguillae" "Eimeria ankarensis" "Eimeria anseris" "Eimeria arizonensis" "Eimeria arabukosokokensis" "Eimeria arnyi" "Eimeria arundeli" "Eimeria anseris" "Eimeria arkhari" "Eimeria arloingi" "Eimeria aspheronica" "Eimeria auburnensis" "Eimeria augusta" "Eimeria aurati" "Eimeria aythyae" "Eimeria azerbaidschanica" "Eimeria bactriani" "Eimeria bakuensis" "Eimeria bareillyi" "Eimeria baueri" "Eimeria battakhi" "Eimeria beckeri" "Eimeria beecheyi" "Eimeria berkinbaevi" "Eimeria brinkmanni" "Eimeria bombaynsis" "Eimeria bonasae" "Eimeria boschadis" "Eimeria bovis" "Eimeria brantae" "Eimeria brasiliensis" "Eimeria brevoortiana" "Eimeria brinkmanni" "Eimeria brunetti" "Eimeria bucephalae" "Eimeria bufomarini" "Eimeria bukidnonensis" "Eimeria burdai" "Eimeria callospermophili" "Eimeria californicenis" "Eimeria cameli" "Eimeria canadensis" "Eimeria canis" "Eimeria caprina" "Eimeria caprovina" "Eimeria carinii" "Eimeria carpelli" "Eimeria catostomi" "Eimeria catronensis" "Eimeria caviae" "Eimeria cerdonis" "Eimeria citelli "Eimeria chelydrae" "Eimeria christenseni" "Eimeria clarkei" "Eimeria clethrionomyis" "Eimeria coecicola" "Eimeria colchici" "Eimeria columbae" "Eimeria columbarum" "Eimeria contorta" "Eimeria coturnicus" "Eimeria couesii" "Eimeria crandallis" "Eimeria crassa" "Eimeria curvata" "Eimeria cylindrica" "Eimeria cynomysis" "Eimeria cyprini" "Eimeria dammahensis" "Eimeria danailovi" "Eimeria danielle" "Eimeria debliecki" "Eimeria deserticola" "Eimeria dispersa" "Eimeria dolichotis" "Eimeria dromedarii" "Eimeria duszynskii" "Eimeria ellipsoidalis" "Eimeria elongata" "Eimeria etheostomae" "Eimeria eutamiae" "Eimeria exigua" "Eimeria falciformis" "Eimeria fanthami" "Eimeria farasanii" "Eimeria farra" "Eimeria faurei" "Eimeria fernandoae" "Eimeria ferrisi" "Eimeria filamentifera" "Eimeria franklinii" "Eimeria fraterculae" "Eimeria freemani" "Eimeria fulva" "Eimeria funduli" "Eimeria gallatii" "Eimeria gallopavonis" "Eimeria gasterostei" "Eimeria gilruthi" "Eimeria glenorensis" "Eimeria gokaki" "Eimeria gonzalei" "Eimeria gorakhpuri" "Eimeria granulosa" "Eimeria grenieri" "Eimeria guevarai" "Eimeria hagani" "Eimeria haneki" "Eimeria hasei" "Eimeria hawkinsi" "Eimeria hermani" "Eimeria hindlei" "Eimeria hirci" "Eimeria hoffmani" "Eimeria hoffmeisteri" "Eimeria hybognathi" "Eimeria ictaluri" "Eimeria illinoisensis" "Eimeria innocua" "Eimeria intestinalis" "Eimeria intricata" "Eimeria iroquoina" "Eimeria irresidua" "Eimeria ivitaensis" "Eimeria judoviciani" "Eimeria kinsellai" "Eimeria koganae" "Eimeria kotlani" "Eimeria krijgsmanni" "Eimeria krylovi" "Eimeria kunmingensis" "Eimeria lagopodi" "Eimeria lamae" "Eimeria langebarteli" "Eimeria larimerensis" "Eimeria lateralis" "Eimeria laureleus" "Eimeria lepidosirenis" "Eimeria leucisci" "Eimeria ludoviciani" "Eimeria macusaniensis" "Eimeria magnalabia" "Eimeria marconii" "Eimeria maxima" "Eimeria melanuri" "Eimeria meleagridis" "Eimeria menzbieri" "Eimeria micropteri" "Eimeria minasensis" "Eimeria mitis" "Eimeria monacis" "Eimeria morainensis" "Eimeria moronei" "Eimeria mulardi" "Eimeria muta" "Eimeria myoxi" "Eimeria myoxocephali" "Eimeria natricis" "Eimeria necatrix" "Eimeria neitzi" "Eimeria nieschulzi" "Eimeria nigricani" "Eimeria nocens" "Eimeria nyroca" "Eimeria ojastii" "Eimeria ojibwana" "Eimeria onychomysis" "Eimeria oryzomysi" "Eimeria oryxae" "Eimeria os" "Eimeria osmeri" "Eimeria ovata" "Eimeria ovinoidalis" "Eimeria palustris" "Eimeria papillata" "Eimeria parvula" "Eimeria pigra" "Eimeria pilarensis" "Eimeria pileata" "Eimeria pipistrellus" "Eimeria phocae" "Eimeria praecox" "Eimeria prionotemni" "Eimeria pseudospermophili" "Eimeria pulchella" "Eimeria pungitii" "Eimeria punonensis" "Eimeria ranae" "Eimeria reedi" "Eimeria reichenowi" "Eimeria ribarrensis" "Eimeria rjupa" "Eimeria rutili" "Eimeria salvelini" "Eimeria saitamae" "Eimeria saudiensis" "Eimeria separata" "Eimeria schachdagica" "Eimeria sevilletensis" "Eimeria sinensis" "Eimeria sipedon" "Eimeria somateriae" "Eimeria spermophili" "Eimeria squali" "Eimeria stiedai" "Eimeria stigmosa" "Eimeria striata" "Eimeria subepithelialis" "Eimeria surki" "Eimeria tamiasciuri" "Eimeria tedlai" "Eimeria tenella" "Eimeria truncata" "Eimeria truttae" "Eimeria uekii" "Eimeria uniungulati" "Eimeria ursini" "Eimeria vilasi" "Eimeria weddelli" "Eimeria weybridgensis" "Eimeria witcheri" "Eimeria vanasi" "Eimeria vermiformis" "Eimeria volgensis" "Eimeria wobati" "Eimeria wyomingensis" "Eimeria yemenensae" "Eimeria yukonensis" "Eimeria zuernii"

Eimeria is a genus of apicomplexan parasites that includes various species capable of causing the disease coccidiosis in animals such as cattle, poultry, dogs (especially puppies), cats (especially kittens), and smaller ruminants including sheep and goats. "Eimeria" species are considered to be monoxenous because the life cycle is completed within a single host, and stenoxenous because they tend to be host specific, although a number of exceptions have been identified. Species of this genus infect a wide variety of hosts. Thirty-one species are known to occur in bats (Chiroptera), two in turtles, and 130 named species infect fish. Two species ("E. phocae" and "E. weddelli") infect seals. Five species infect llamas and alpacas: "E. alpacae", "E. ivitaensis", "E. lamae", "E. macusaniensis", and "E. punonensis". A number of species infect rodents, including "E. couesii", "E. kinsellai", "E. palustris", "E. ojastii" and "E. oryzomysi". Others infect poultry ("E. necatrix" and "E. tenella"), rabbits ("E. stiedae") and cattle ("E. bovis", "E. ellipsoidalis", and "E. zuernii"). For full species list, see below.

Eimeria je rod kokcidií, parazitických prvoků ze skupiny výtrusovců (Apicomplexa). Rozpoznávacím znakem jsou vejčité oocysty o velikosti asi 20 mikrometrů, jež obsahují čtyři sporocysty se Stiedovými tělísky, každá sporocysta se dvěma sporozoity. Rod "Eimeria" zahrnuje celou řadu významných cizopasníků domácích i volně žijících zvířat.


Etymology.

"KhorMoah" is the way local call it. "KhorMoa" in Lori and Laki, local languages, means the place that you can see the sunset.  "KhorMoah" has been translated as "Khorram Abad" in Farsi which means the green and beautiful place.  Modern Persian -âbâd, meaning "settlement" or "abode", derives from Middle Persian āpāt ("populous"). However, according to linguist Sasha Lubotsky, the Persian term ābād might derive from Proto-Iranian *āpāta ("protected"), rooting from Proto-Indo-European *peh2- ("to protect"). Thus, it can mean "protected settlement".

History.

Simash.

During the late third millennium B.C. and early second millennium B.C., when Simashki sovereigns was ruling on Elam, for the first time a fort was built on the peak of a natural cliff to protect the city against its enemies. Sixty hundred years later, Ellipi kings built a new fort on the ruins of the old one. Simash was the name of the place. It was the capital of Simashki dynasty.

Shapurkhast.

In the texts of historians Shapurkhast has been considered one of the most important and developed cities of the region during this period. Falak-ol-Aflak castle ( Dež-e Shāpūr-Khwāst) was built by Shapur I the Sasanid.

Islamic era.

Probably in the late seventh century CE, Shapurkhast was destroyed and the people of Shapurkhast moved to the western part of Falak-ol-Aflak Castle, which offered plenty of water as well as safety.  Hamdallah Mustawfi writes: Khorramabad was a beautiful city, now it is destroyed.

Hazaraspids.

The founder of the Hazaraspid dynasty was Abu Tahir ibn Muhammad, a descendant of the Shabankara chieftain Fadluya. Fadluya was initially a commander of the Salghurids of Fars and was appointed governor of Kuhgiluya but eventually gained independence in Luristan and extended his realm as far as Isfahan. He assumed the prestigious title of "atabeg".

Safavid dynasty.

During the reign of the Safavid dynasty, Khorramabad was the administrative center of Luristan Province. In the wake of the demise of the Safavids, after the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople (1724) with Imperial Russia, the Ottomans conquered Khorramabad on 6 September 1725.

Qajar dynasty.

In this period, the city of Khorramabad was limited to environs of Falak-ol-Aflak Castle. This period was the beginning of a migration of people from small villages into Khorramabad. The increase in population led to the expansion of the city and the creation of new districts.

Pahlavi dynasty.

Khorramabad Municipality was formed in 1913 and the first city council, consisting of seven members, was formed in 1916.

Geography.

Location.

KhorramAbad has mild and semi-humid Mediterranean climate with high amount of rainfall during spring and winter. It is the sixth cities in Iran having high level of annual rainfall. The city is located inside a valley and has been surrounded by mountains. The two main mountains around the city are EsbiKouh (SefidKouh) and Makhmalkouh. The city is rich of underground resources and five main springs passes through it. It has one river called as Gelal or KhorramRud (new name).

Climate.

Khorramabad has what is classed under the Köppen climate classification as a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) climate. Its elevation is 1147.8 above sea level. Average annual precipitation is 511.06 and its average annual temperature is 17.21 Celsius.

Main sights.

ShapurKhast Castle.

ShapurKhast Castle, Dež-e Shāpūr-Khwāst, Falak-ol-Aflak Castle, known in ancient times as Dezbaz as well as Shapur-Khast, is one of the most impressive castles in Iran. It is situated on the top of a large hill with the same name within the city of Khorramabad, the regional capital of Lorestan province. The Khorramabad River runs past the eastern and south-western side of the ShapurKhast hill providing the fortress with an element of natural protection. Today, the western and northern sides of the hill are bordered by the residential districts of Khorramabad. This gigantic structure was built during the Sassanid era (226–651). It has been known by a number of names since it was built over 1800 years ago. Recorded names have referred to it as Shapur-Khast fortress, Dezbaz, Khorramabad castle, and ultimately the Falak ol-Aflak Castle. The foundations of the actual castle measure approximately 300 meters by 400 meters. The height of the entire structure, including the hill, reaches up to 40 meters above the surrounding area. This space is divided into four large halls, and their associated rooms and corridors. The rooms all surround two courtyards with the following measurements: the first courtyard measures 31×22.50 meters and the second 29x21 meters.. When originally built the castle used to have 12 towers, but only 8 remain standing today. The building's entrance is situated towards the north, within the body of the north-western tower.  From the initial day of erection the castle served a whole variety of purposes including political, military, governmental and social. Now, Dec. 2019, archaeology and anthropology museums are located inside the castle. Bronzes of Lorestan are among the interesting handmade objects inside the archaeology museum. This scarce monument has been inscribed on the National Heritage List under the registration number of 883.

Gerdaw Bardina.

Gerdab Sangi or Gerdaw Bardina is a cylindrical shape monument from Sassanid dynasty (224-651 CE) located in Takhti Square. The main construction materials are lime-mortar and rocks exploited from SefidKouh mountain. Encircling several springs, the edifice sits near the prehistoric Qamari Cave. The construction was once used for rationing and distributing potable and agricultural water among local population and farmers. Its surrounding cylindrical stone wall has a height of 10 meters and a diameter of 18 meters. There are a few different-sized outlets in the wall for controlling the flow of water into a canal on the west of the structure. While originally there were 7 of such outlets, however, today only one is functional. This outlet measures 160 x 90 centimeters and opens and closes like a drawer. There is traces of another outlet which the water was flowing from it and was reaching to a stream called Nahre Naseri. The flowing water after a path of approximately 12 kilometers, would eventually made its way to a valley called Baba Abbas. The main interesting thing is the way that they have conducted the water to the stream. Gerdab Sangi has been inscribed on the National Heritage List in 1976.

Brick minaret.

Brick Minaret is a cylindrical brick tower from Seljuq and Buyid dynasties located inside the ancient city of Shapur khast, south of Khorramabad.  ُThe Iranian minaret are combination of the Indian Stupa, commemorative columns, central Asia tradition of tower building for defensive and communication purposes. Brick Minaret of KhorramAbad was probably used as a guidepost for caravans that pass the city, i.e. communication purpose.  The current height of minaret is 29.45 meters. Since one of the windows of the minaret is located on top of it, undoubtedly its height was higher. A cylindrical column was built inside the minaret and through 99 spiral staircases around the column one can reach to the top of the minaret. The entrance is opened to the west and its characteristics are as follows: length: 80 cm, height: 220 cm. The minaret has six windows of different sizes. The windows spread the light into the dark corridor. Brick and mortar are its main construction material.  This monument has been inscribed on the national heritage list under registration number 1930.

Sang Nebeshteh.

Sang Nebeshteh (inscribed stone) is an engraved cubic shape monument with 3.54 m heights located at the eastern part of KhorramAbad city. It dates back to 1119 AD and Saljuq dynasty. It has been written in Kufic script and its subject is governmental rules of ShapurKhast, which is currently known as KhorramAbad city. The carved name of ShapurKhast city can be clearly seen on this monument. This name verifies the existence of ShapurKhast city during old days. It has been inscribed on the national heritage list.

Pole Gap (Gap Bridge).

Pole Gap is a Safavid multi-arch bridge passing through KhorramAbad city and located near to ShapurKhast castle. Its twenty arches except its breakwaters and piles are made from bricks and mortar. The height of bridge is about 18 meters. Some of its arches are in the underground of the shops in two sides of the bridge. The bridge is very similar to Si-o-se-pol at Isfahan. About fifty years ago, an inscription has been found inside one of the ruined arches. The inscription has two meters length and 85 centimeters height. Probably, it has been written to protect the bridge form evil eyes and natural phenomena.

Sahpuri Bridge (Tage Pil Eshkesa).

Shapuri bridge has been constructed on KhorramAbad river (Gelal river) by the order of Shapur I during Sassanian period. It was built in the historic rout between Shapurkhast, Tarhan and Ctesiphon, the capital of Sassanian. Lorestan has more than 70 historical bridges and form this perspective is considered as the capital of ancient Iranian bridges.  Shapuri bridge has 312 meters length and elongated in the east-west direction. Some scholars believe that this bridge was the first gigantic bridge in Lorestan province and other bridges in the province has been built by inspiring from it. It has 28 arches and 27 piles, with surface are of 61 square meters. Currently, five of its arches are intact; the others have been destroyed by natural phenomena. The arches of the bridge are made in the form of a wishbone. The piles and breakwaters of the bridge are in the form of six lateral lozenges made of limestone. Probably the bridge also was used to distribute water. Materials of the bridge are river stones and stone chips in the arches and truncated stones in the piles. The bridge floor is paved in red block stones that have lost their square shape due to erosion. This attractive, huge bridge from Sassanid dynasty has been inscribed in the national heritage list under registration number 1058.

AkhoundAbu House.

Akhound Abu House is located in the historical texture of KhorramAbad city near to BabaTaher neighborhood and ShapurKhast castle.  It belonged to Mirza Mohsen Gazi, who was chief justice of the city during late Qajar and early Pahlavi dynasties.  The house is semi-introverted and is divided to winter and summer sections. The first one which is used during winter has two important rooms: Panjdari and Sedari. Panjdari is also called Shahneshin and was the most attractive room of the house. Muqarnas, Zigzag bricks (Khefteh-Rasteh), Golandaz are the main decoration of the house. The construction materials of the house are stone, brick, wood and mortar.  Currently, museum of Lorestan's handicrafts is located inside the house. Tickets to visit this house are free. This monument has been inscribed on the national heritage list under registration number 2432.

Keeyow lake.

Keeyow lake is a natural lake located in the Northwest of Khorramabad city. In 1975, It has been constructed by the order of Ali Mohammad Saki, the late mayor of KhorramAbad. This lake spans a seven-hectare area and has a depth of 3 to 7 meters. It is the sole natural lake in Iran which is located inside a city. The lake is an appropriate place for aquatic animals, native and migratory birds. The amusement park as well as other recreational facilities next to the lake enhances its aesthetic and "geotouristic values". The main spring of the lake is located in the northern part of the lake and is supplied by aquifers from nearby mountains. Since the spring is a seasonal one, during winter the water is supplied from another permanent spring located under ShapurKhast castle, Golestan spring.  During holidays many tourists and locals spend their leisure time in the amusement park or use other facilities inside a park located near to the lake, Keeyow Park. It is the most important park of the city. Everyday morning, many locals come to use the sporting facilities and/or do the hiking and running around the lake.

Khorramabad ( or KhorMoa as local say - also Romanized as Khorramābād, Khoramabad, Khurramabad, Khorram Abad and occasionally Khur Ramābād) is a city and the capital of Lorestan Province, Iran. At the time of the 2006 census, its population was 328,544, in 75,945 families. Khorramabad is situated on the Zagros Mountains. Khorramabad Airport is 3 km south of the city proper.

Chorrámábád () je město v západním Íránu a hlavní město provincie Lorestán.Nachází se v nadmořské výšce 1 147,8 metrů nad mořem, v údolí pohoří Zagros. Nad městem se nachází pevnost Falak ol-Aflák, která byla postavena v době Sasánovské říše.


Early life and family.

Colomby graduated from City College of New York with a degree in Psychology. His elder brother, Harry Colomby, was the manager of jazz musician Thelonious Monk.

Career.

Colomby played on the first Blood, Sweat & Tears album, "Child Is Father to the Man", which was released in 1968 and reached #47 on the US "Billboard" Pop Albums chart.  The group's self-titled second album was an even bigger critical and commercial hit. It reached #1 on the same chart and featured 3 hit singles, "And When I Die", "You've Made Me So Very Happy" and "Spinning Wheel". The group appeared at the Woodstock festival in August 1969 while the album won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1970.  Besides, Colomby is the uncredited drummer on John Cale and Terry Riley's collaboration album "Church of Anthrax", which was released in February 1971.  Colomby was the last original member of Blood, Sweat & Tears when he stopped performing with the group in 1976. Along with Roy Halee he co-produced the group's 1977 album "Brand New Day". After many changes in the group membership he became (in the end) the de facto owner of the Blood Sweat & Tears name.  He produced the debut solo album by jazz bass virtuoso Jaco Pastorius in 1976 and The Jacksons' comeback album "Destiny" in 1978.  In between, he played drums and percussion on Eddie Palmieri's Grammy nominated album "Lucumi, Macumba & Voodoo" in 1978.  For a few years in the late 1980s Colomby served as a reporter for the television programs "Entertainment Tonight" and "CBS This Morning". He also hosted "In Person from the Palace".  In 2000 Colomby and Richard Marx created Signal 21 Records. The label released only one album, Richard Marx's "Days in Avalon", before folding shortly thereafter.  In 2002 Colomby began producing a series of albums for trumpeter Chris Botti, including, "December", "When I Fall in Love", "To Love Again," "Italia" and "Impressions" and the DVDs "Chris Botti Live with Special Guests" and "Chris Botti in Boston".  He has also worked with Paula Cole ("Courage"), Jeff Lorber ("He Had a Hat") and Leo Amuedo ("Guitar Stories").  Colomby maintains ownership of the "Blood, Sweat & Tears" band name and, although he no longer plays with the band, he still oversees their musical direction.

Personal life.

Colomby is married to Donna Abbott, a graphic designer and native of California.

Robert Wayne Colomby (born 20 December 1944, in Manhattan, New York City) is a jazz-rock fusion drummer, record producer and television presenter. He is best known as an original member of the group Blood, Sweat & Tears, which he co-founded in 1967. He has also played with many other musical artists.

Bobby Colomby, rodným jménem Robert Wayne Colomby (* 20. prosince 1944, New York) je americký jazzrockový bubeník a hudební producent, jeden ze zakladatelů skupiny Blood, Sweat & Tears. Hrál také na společném albu Johna Calea a Terry Rileyho nazvaného "Church of Anthrax". V roce 2000 založil společně se zpěvákem Richardem Marxem hudební vydavatelství Signal 21 Records. Během své kariéry spolupracoval také s dalšími hudebníky, mezi které patří například Al Kooper, Eddie Palmieri nebo Chris Botti. Jako producent se podílel například na eponymním albu baskytaristy Jaco Pastoria nebo na desce "Courage" zpěvačky Pauly Cole.


Life.

In 1328, Maria married King Alfonso XI. As part of the dower, King Alfonso gave her Guadalajara, Talavera de la Reina and Olmedo.  The relationship between Maria and Alfonso was unhappy: from 1327 before their marriage, Alfonso had a relationship with Leonor de Guzmán who gave him ten children, including the future King Henry II of Castile. Maria did not participate in the affairs of the court, being relegated by the royal mistress Leonor and it is quite likely that she spent long periods secluded at the Royal Monastery of San Clemente in Seville.  In 1335, Maria returned to her father in Évora, who demanded that Alfonso separated from Leonor by use of alliances with the Pope, the Muslims and rebels inside Castile, and finally by an invasion. In the peace treaty of Seville in July 1340, Alfonso agreed to have Leonor imprisoned in a convent, thereby securing the support of the king of Portugal in the Battle of Río Salado which was fought on 30 October 1340, although, once the military conflict had been resolved, he returned to his lover and did not fulfill the promise he had made to the Portuguese monarch.  At the death of Alfonso 26 March 1350, Maria secured a power position by exerting influence upon the leader of her son's council, João Afonso de Albuquerque. She participated in the rebellion against her son in 1354, and turned over Toro to the rebels, which caused his imprisonment. After this, she returned to Portugal.

Death and Burial.

María had executed a will in Valladolid on 8 November 1351 in which she asked to be buried at the Royal Chapel of the Cathedral of Seville where her husband Alfonso XI had been buried and that, if his remains were transferred to another church, hers should also be transferred and buried alongside her husband.  She died in Évora on 18 January 1357 and was buried there until, against the wishes expressed in her will, her remains were transferred to the Royal Monastery of San Clemente in Seville. In 1371, King Henry II had ordered that his father, King Alfonso XI, should receive burial at the Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus in Córdoba and at the same time, he probably decided that María, who had been responsible for his mother's death, should be buried at the monastery in Seville. The gravestone made of simple tiles at the monastery mentions that she is buried there with two "tender infants".

Maria of Portugal () (9 February 1313 – 18 January 1357) was a Portuguese princess who became Queen of Castile upon her marriage to Alfonso XI in 1328. She was the first daughter of King Afonso IV of Portugal and his first wife Beatrice of Castile.

Marie Portugalská (portugalsky "Maria de Portugal", španělsky "María de Portugal", 1313 - 18. ledna 1357 Évora) byla královna Kastílie, Leónu a Galície.


Early life.

Bekhti was born in 1984 in Issy-les-Moulineaux to an Algerian family from Sidi Bel-Abbes. She is the youngest of three children. She also has heritage from Kabylie.  Bekhti went to a theater school in Paris (18) before entering the program of in Tolbiac. She next studied in the program of Bérengère Basty at the Art’aire studio. To live and pay for her acting studies, she worked odd jobs (clothes, telemarketing).  She has self-identified as Muslim and speaks Algerian Arabic as well, because of her grandmother.

Career.

In 2005, Bekhti's friends convinced her to go to the casting of "Sheitan", where she was selected for the role of Yasmin, a young "beurette". Released on 1 February 2006, "Sheitan" spent thirteen weeks in theaters, selling around 300,000 tickets.  That same year, she acted opposite Smaïn in Alain Tasma's telefilm "Harkis". The film told the story of an Algerian family who suffers persecution from French military forces, despite having fought on their side in the Algerian War. Bekhti was interested in the film's subject as several members of her family, including her grandfather, fought in the ranks of the FLN during the war.  That year, she also played Zarka in "Paris, je t'aime" (2006) (segment "Quais de Seine", directed by Gurinder Chadha) and Mounia in "Mauvaise Foi", playing the sister of Roschdy Zem. On television, she had a small role in an episode of the series "Madame le Proviseur" and in the series "Les Tricheurs" alongside Pascal Légitimus.  In 2008 she won a Best Actress Award at the Silhouette Festival for her role in Rachid Hami's "Choisir d'aimer". She followed this with "Pour l'amour de Dieu", an Arte telefilm by Ahmed Bouchaala and Zakia Tahri. Bekhti starred in "Ali Baba" alongside Gérard Jugnot and appeared in "Des poupées et des anges" by Nora Hamdi. For her role as Lya in the film, she was shortlisted for the César Award for Best Actress, although she did not make the final list of nominees.  That same year, two supporting roles helped increase her visibility: one in "Mesrine: Killer Instinct" by Jean-Francois Richet, and especially that of Djamila in "A Prophet" directed by Jacques Audiard. She played the only female role in the latter film, which won nine César Awards and the Grand Prix at Cannes.  Meanwhile, Bekhti returned to television with "Conte de la frustration," starring Nicolas Cazalé and Roschdy Zem and a new episode of "Tricheurs". She also participated in the web-series "Twenty Show", the result of a unique partnership between Arte and MySpace, which was released as a documentary film a year later.  In 2009 besides a third appearance in "Tricheurs," she played the role of Myriam in the two-part miniseries "Le choix de Myriam," which portrayed the saga of an Algerian family's arrival in France.  After seeing Bekhti's performance in "Mauvaise foi", actress Géraldine Nakache offered Bekhti a role in "Tout ce qui brille", Nakache's debut film as a director. Released on 24 March 2010, "Tout ce qui brille" was a critical and commercial success with over 1.3 million tickets sold. Bekhti went on to win a Golden Swan Award at the Cabourg Film Festival and the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her role as Lila.  In 2010 she worked in a wide variety of projects. She worked with Alain Tasma again in the telefilm "Vous êtes leur crainte," based on the novel of the same name by Thierry Jonquet. She also appeared in Jean-Luc Perréard's "Itinéraire bis", in the musical "Toi, moi, les autres..." directed by Audrey Estrougo and in Anne De Petrini's debut film "Il reste du jambon?".  Her latest film, the French-Moroccan co-production "The Source", competed at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.  In 2011 she was signed as the new face of L'Oréal, the cosmetic firm.  In 2016 she played the French police officer Kahina Zadi in the Swedish television series Midnattssol opposite Peter Stormare.

Personal life.

Bekhti is married to Algerian-French actor Tahar Rahim, whom she met while filming "A Prophet" in 2007.

Yasmine Leïla Bekhti (born 6 March 1984) is a French film and television actress of Algerian descent. She is best known for her roles in "Tout ce qui brille" (2007) and, in 2006, "Paris, je t'aime" and "Sheitan".

Leïla Bekhti (* 6. března 1984, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Francie) je francouzská herečka alžírského původu. Hrála ve filmech "Paříži, miluji tě" či "Prorok". Za výkon ve snímku "Zlatý holky" z roku 2010 získala Césara pro nejslibnější herečku.


Early life.

Bibiana Maria Köchert was born in Vienna, Austria in 1942, the younger of two daughters born to theater actress Gusti Huber, who starred in German films during World War II, and Gotfrid Köchert, an Austrian racing driver, who served in the Wehrmacht. She had an elder sister, Christiana Barbara Köchert (August 17, 1939 – August 13, 2004). Gusti and her two daughters remained in Vienna throughout World War II, emigrating to the United States after the war ended. Joseph Besch, a radio executive and former U.S. Army captain, married Huber, a divorcee, in 1946, and became Huber's daughters' stepfather; his stepchildren took his surname. Huber and Besch later had two children, born in the United States, Drea and Andrew, the half-siblings of Bibiana and Christiana. Bibi, her sister and half-siblings, grew up in Chappaqua, New York, where they attended local elementary and junior high schools. She graduated from Horace Greeley High School there in 1959, and attended Connecticut College for Women, but, before graduating, moved to New York City to become an actress. Her only child is Samantha Mathis, also an actress.

Career.

Besch appeared in a variety of television series, including "Street Hawk", "The Edge of Night", "The Secret Storm", "Love Is a Many Splendored Thing", "The Rockford Files", "Dallas", "The Golden Girls", "Murder, She Wrote", "Somerset", "Backstairs at the White House", "It's Garry Shandling's Show", and "Date with an Angel". She played Dr. Carol Marcus, the early love of Admiral James T. Kirk in "" (1982), and other films included roles in "Victory at Entebbe" (1976), "The Pack" (1977), "The Promise" (1979), "Meteor" (1979), "The Beast Within" (1982), "The Lonely Lady" (1983), "The Day After" (1983), "Mrs. Delafield Wants to Marry" (1986), "He's My Girl" (1987), "Who's That Girl" (1987), "Steel Magnolias" (1989), "Tremors" (1990), and "Betsy's Wedding" (1990).  In 1992, she received an Emmy Award nomination for her performance in "Doing Time on Maple Drive", which starred William McNamara and Jim Carrey as her sons. She received another Emmy nomination in 1993 for her recurring-character role as the neurotic mother of Janine Turner's character on "Northern Exposure". She continued to act, including roles on "ER" and "Melrose Place", until shortly before her death.

Death.

Bibi Besch died on September 7, 1996 at age 54 following a long battle with breast cancer.

Filmography.

1986 Highway to Heaven Season 2 episode 23 Children's children Joyce Bliar, who runs children's home

Bibi Besch (born Bibiana Maria Köchert; February 1, 1942 – September 7, 1996) was an Austrian-American film, television, and stage actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Dr. Carol Marcus in the science fiction film "" (1982). Her other notable film roles were in "Who's That Girl" (1987), "Steel Magnolias" (1989), and "Tremors" (1990). Besch also appeared in a number of television series and received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

Bibiana „Bibi“ Beschová (1. února 1940 Vídeň – 7. září 1996 Los Angeles, Kalifornie) byla rakousko-americká herečka. Byla dcerou rakouské herečky Gusti Huberové, která se v polovině 40. let 20. století přestěhovala do USA. Jejím nevlastním otcem se stal Joseph Besch, výkonný ředitel rozhlasu a bývalý kapitán americké armády. Bibi Beschová byla matkou americké herečky Samantha Mathisové.


Military career.

Tantawy, who is of Nubian origin, joined the Egyptian Military Academy in 1952 and received his commission as an Army officer on 1 April 1955 in the infantry. The following year he took part in the Suez War (or the Tripartite Aggression as it is often known in Egypt) as an infantry platoon commander. He was promoted to Major in 1961 and commanded an infantry company in Yemen during the North Yemen Civil War. Later in his career he was involved in the Six-Day War of 1967 as a Lt.Colonel and Battalion commander, the War of Attrition of 1967–1970, and the October or "Yom Kippur" War of 1973. During the Yom Kippur War he was a Lieutenant Colonel commanding of 16th mechanized infantry battalion. He held various command and staff appointments including both the Chief of Staff and then Commander of the Second Field Army between 1986 and 1989. Additionally he has served as a military attaché to Pakistan between 1983 and 1985, an important role given the two countries' political and military links. Tantawy served as a Commander of the Republican Guard Forces between 1989 and 1991, and later a Chief of the Operations Authority of the Armed Forces. In 1991, he also commanded an Egyptian Army unit in the U.S.-led Gulf War against Iraq to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, which it had invaded in 1990. On 29 May 1991, following the dismissal of Colonel General Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb, Tantawi was promoted to lieutenant general rank and appointed as minister of defense and military production and commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces. After one month he was promoted to general colonel rank, which he held for two years before being promoted to the rank of field marshal, the highest rank in the Egyptian military, in 1993. It is believed that Tantawy would have succeeded Mubarak as president of Egypt had the assassination attempt in June 1995 been successful. Early in 2011, Tantawy was seen as a possible contender for the Egyptian presidency.  Robert Springborg wrote that "Foreign military professionals.. liken[ed] Tantawi to the CEO of the largest corporate conglomerate in Egypt" because his primary concern was the economic well-being of the military, not the performance of its nominal tasks and duties.

Egyptian Revolution.

On 11 February 2011, when President Hosni Mubarak resigned, after 18 days of protests from the Egyptian people, Tantawy transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by himself. The council, overseeing issues with the Chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court, Farouk Sultan, dissolved the Egyptian parliament, oversaw the referendum over temporary constitutional amendments which took place on 19 March, and presided over summons to justice, for accountability, of Mubarak and many of the former regime's top figures.  On a personal level, Tantawy kept a relatively low profile since the handing over of power to the Council, only making a first public appearance in an address to mark the graduation of a batch at the Police Academy on 16 May 2011. He opted to leave most public speeches and press releases to other senior members in the council; he also appointed Prime Minister Essam Sharaf and his cabinet. Tantawy also received a number of foreign officials, including British Prime Minister David Cameron and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. After a new series of protests in November 2011, that escalated by 22 November to over 33 dead and over 2,000 injured in the wake of the use of force by the police to quell protests at Tahrir Square and its vicinity, Tantawy appeared on Egyptian national television to pledge the speeding up of presidential elections – the principal demand of protesters – and that the armed forces "are fully prepared to immediately hand over power and to return to their original duty in protecting the homeland if that's what the people want, through a popular referendum if necessary."  On 12 August 2012, Egypt's president Mohamed Morsi ordered Tantawy to retire as head of the armed forces and defence minister. Tantawy has been decorated with the Order of the Nile and appointed, instead, as an advisor to Morsi; there was speculation that his removal was part of a pre-arranged withdrawal by the military from political power in exchange for immunity from prosecution for earlier actions.

Criticism.

Criticism of Tantawy in Egypt has been manyfold, including many chants in Tahrir for him to leave. Chants against Tantawy included "Tantawi stripped your women naked, come join us." According to "The Telegraph", protesters also "demanded the execution of Tantawi."  Nabeel Rajab, the head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, criticized Tantawy for his reception for King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa in October 2011. "This is a very bad message from the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to the international community, the Egyptian and Bahraini people", he said. "Continuing this path threatens Egypt's democratic future", he added.

Mohamed Hussein Tantawy Soliman (, ; born 31 October 1935) is an Egyptian field marshal and former politician. He was the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces and, as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, was the "de facto" head of state from the ousting of Hosni Mubarak on 11 February 2011 to the inauguration of Mohamed Morsi as President of Egypt on 30 June 2012. Tantawy served in the government as Minister of Defense and Military Production from 1991 until Morsi ordered Tantawy to retire on 12 August 2012.

Muhammad Husajn Tantáví Sulajmán (:, * 31. října 1935) je egyptský polní maršál a politik. Dne 11. února 2011 fakticky převzal, jako předseda Nejvyšší vojenské rady, od odstupujícího prezidenta Muhammada Husní Mubaraka pozici hlavy Egyptské arabské republiky. Předání moci bylo důsledkem Egyptské revoluce, která byla namířena proti stávajícímu režimu a prezidentovi Mubarakovi.


Features.

Rhythmbox offers a significant number of features, including:

Music playback.

Playback from a variety of digital music sources is supported. The most common playback is music stored locally as files on the computer (the 'Library'). Rhythmbox supports playing streamed Internet radio and podcasts as well. The ReplayGain standard is also supported. Rhythmbox also supports searching of music in the library.  Playlists may be created to group and order music. Users may also create'smart playlists,' ones that are automatically updated (like a database query) based on a customized rule of selection criteria rather than an arbitrary list of tracks. Music may be played back in shuffle (random) mode or repeat mode.  Track ratings are supported and used by the shuffle mode algorithm to play higher-rated tracks more often.

Gapless playback.

Enabling the crossfading backend option with a duration of 0.0 switches Rhythmbox into gapless playback mode for music formats that support it. Gapless playback is not enabled by default.

Audio CD burning.

Since the 0.9 release, Rhythmbox can create audio CDs from playlists.

Album cover display.

Since the 0.9.5 release, Rhythmbox can display cover art of the currently playing album. The plugin can search the internet to find corresponding artwork, and as of 0.12.6, can read artwork from ID3 tags. If an image file is saved in the same directory as the audio track this is used instead.

SoundCloud.

Rhythmbox can browse and play sounds from SoundCloud, via built-in SoundCloud plugin.

Song lyrics display.

Since the 0.9.5 release, Rhythmbox can provide song lyrics of the currently playing song by pressing [ctrl + L], as long as the lyrics are stored in a lyrics database.

Audio scrobbling.

Rhythmbox can submit played songs info to a remote scrobbling service. This information is used by the remote service to provide user specific music recommendations. Rhythmbox currently supports 3 scrobbling services:  Music can be scrobbled to both services at the same time.

DAAP music sharing.

Rhythmbox supports sharing music and playing shared music on local network via DAAP sharing plugin. The plugin uses libdmapsharing to provide this feature.

Devices.

Rhythmbox uses the Linux udev subsystem to detect player devices.

Podcasting.

Rhythmbox can subscribe to podcasts from the iTunes Store, Miroguide.com or by manually providing a podcast feed URL. Subsequently, new podcasts are automatically downloaded and available from the Library under the section Podcasts.

Web remote control.

Rhythmbox can be controlled remotely with a Web browser, via inbuilt Web remote control plugin.

Plug-ins.

Rhythmbox has a plug-in API for C, Python, or Vala.  There are nearly 50 third party plug-ins for Rhythmbox. including a 10 Band audio Equalizer, and many official plug-ins including:

Integration.

Rhythmbox has been extensively integrated with a number of external programs, services and devices including:

Rhythmbox is a free and open-source audio player software, tag editor and music organizer for digital audio files on Linux and Unix-like systems.

Rhythmbox je hudební přehrávač, hojně používaný v operačních systémech Linux. Přehrávač je tvořen přehledným a uživatelsky přívětivým grafickým rozhraním. Zvládá bez problémů tvorbu knihoven, přehrávání oblíbené hudby, či poslech rádia. V přehrávači je možné také editovat uložené hudební soubory. Výhodou přehrávače je také možnost si libovolně měnit vzhled, včetně barev a celkového rozvržení přehrávače. Dříve byl výchozím přehrávačem v linuxové distribuci Ubuntu. To se však změnilo ve verzi Ubuntu 11.04, kde byl nahrazen přehrávačem Banshee, který vývojáři považovali za pokrokovější. Od verze Ubuntu 12.04 LTS se k němu ale vrátili zpět, především z důvodu nezávislosti na Microsoftem patentované technologii C# (Mono) a tedy možnosti zaplnit instalační CD jinými aplikacemi/soubory. Důvodem upuštění od Banshee byl také rychlejší vývoj konkurenčního přehrávače a stabilní podpora knihovny GTK3.