History.

In ancient times, redistribution operated as a palace economy. These economies were centrally based around the administration, so the dictator or pharaoh had both the ability and the right to say who was taxed and who got special treatment.  Another early form of wealth redistribution occurred in Plymouth Colony under the leadership of William Bradford. Bradford records in his diary that this "common course" bred confusion, discontent, distrust, and the colonists looked upon it as a form of slavery.  A closely related term, distributism (also known as distributionism or distributivism), is an economic ideology that developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical "Rerum novarum" and Pope Pius XI in "Quadragesimo anno". More recently, Pope Francis in his "Evangelii Gaudium", echoed the earlier Papal statements.

Role in economic systems.

Different types of economic systems feature varying degrees of interventionism aimed at redistributing income, depending on how unequal their initial distributions of income are. Free-market capitalist economies tend to feature high degrees of income redistribution. However, Japan's government engages in much less redistribution because its initial wage distribution is much more equal than Western economies. Likewise, the socialist planned economies of the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc featured very little income redistribution because private capital and land income – the major drivers of income inequality in capitalist systems – was virtually nonexistent; and because the wage rates were set by the government in these economies.

How views on redistribution are formed.

The context that a person is in can influence their views on redistributive policies. For example, despite both being Western civilizations, typical Americans and Europeans do not have the same views on redistribution policies. This phenomenon persists even among people who would benefit most from redistributive policies, as poor Americans tend to favor redistributive policy less than equally poor Europeans. Research shows this is because when a society has a fundamental belief that those who work hard will earn rewards from their work, the society will favor lower redistributive policies. However, when a society as a whole believes that some combination of outside factors, such as luck or corruption, can contribute to determining ones wealth, those in the society will tend to favor higher redistributive policies. This leads to fundamentally different ideas of what is ‘just’ or fair in these countries and influences their overall views on redistribution.  Another context that can influence one's ideas of redistributive policies is the social class that one is born into. People tend to favor redistributive policy that will help the groups that they are a member of. This is displayed in a study of Latin American lawmakers, where it is shown that lawmakers born into a lower social class tend to favor more redistributive policies than their counterparts born into a higher social class. While literature remains mixed on if monetary gain is the true motivation behind favoring redistributive policies, most researchers accept that social class plays some role in determining someone's views towards redistributive policies. Nonetheless, the classic theory that individual preferences for redistribution decrease with their income, leading to societal preferences for redistribution that increase with income inequality has been disputed.

Modern forms of redistribution.

The redistribution of wealth and its practical application are bound to change with the continuous evolution of social norms, politics, and culture. Within developed countries income inequality has become a widely popular issue that has dominated the debate stage for the past few years. The importance of a nation's ability to redistribute wealth in order to implement social welfare programs, maintain public goods, and drive economic development has brought various conversations to the political arena. A country's means of redistributing wealth comes from the implementation of a carefully thought out well described system of taxation. The implementation of such a system would aid in achieving the desired social and economic objective of diminishing social inequality and maximizing social welfare. There are various ways to impose a tax system that will help create a more efficient allocation of resources, in particular, many democratic, even socialist governments utilize a progressive system of taxation to achieve a certain level of income redistribution. In addition to the creation and implementation of these tax systems, "globalization of the world economy [has] provided incentives for reforming the tax systems" across the globe. Along with utilizing a system of taxation to achieve the redistribution of wealth, the same socio-economic benefit could be achieved if there are appropriate policies enacted within current political infrastructure that addresses these issues. Modern thinking towards the topic of the redistribution of wealth, focuses on the concept that economic development increases the standard of living across an entire society.  Today, income redistribution occurs in some form in most democratic countries through economic policies. Some redistributive policies attempt to take wealth, income, and other resources from the "haves" and give them to the "have-nots," but many redistributions go elsewhere.  In his article "Redistribution", Dwight R. Lee states: Some consider the U.S. government's progressive-rate income tax policy as redistributive, because some of the tax revenue goes to social programs such as welfare and Medicare.  In a progressive income tax system, a high income earner will pay a higher tax rate (a larger percentage of their income) than a low income earner; and therefore, will pay more total dollars per person.  Other taxation-based methods of redistributing income are the negative income tax for very low income earners and tax loopholes (tax avoidance) for the better-off.  Two other common types of governmental redistribution of income are subsidies and vouchers (such as food stamps). These transfer payment programs are funded through general taxation, but benefit the poor or influential special interest groups and corporations. While the persons receiving transfers from such programs may prefer to be directly given cash, these programs may be more palatable to society than cash assistance, as they give society some measure of control over how the funds are spent.  It has been argued that the U.S. Social Security program redistributes income from the rich to the poor, but the majority of those receiving Social Security earned their benefits through tax withholding from their paychecks or quarterly income statements, and most benefits are indexed to the actual earning levels of individual workers. Only the highest- and lowest-income workers fall outside normal rates. In addition, Social Security deductions are only taken from the first $137,700 in income, with nothing further taken from higher incomes over that amount. In other words, a person who earns $100 million a year pays the same Social Security tax as another worker who earns $137,700 a year.  Contrary to popular belief, a recent study found that, overall, the Social Security System was slightly regressive against the poor and not redistributive, once important factors were taken into account (for example, the longer life expectancy of the wealthy when compared to the poor gives them more years to collect benefits).  Governmental redistribution of income may include a direct benefit program involving either cash transfers or the purchase of specific services for an individual. Medicare is one example. Medicare is a government-run health insurance program that covers people age 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with end-stage renal disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD). This is a direct benefit program because the government is directly providing health insurance for those who qualify.  The difference between the Gini index for the income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.  Wealth redistribution can be implemented through land reform that transfers ownership of land from one category of people to another, or through inheritance taxes or direct wealth taxes. Before-and-after Gini coefficients for the distribution of wealth can be compared.

Class analysis.

One study suggests that "the middle class faces a paradoxical status" in that they tend to vote against income redistribution, even though they would benefit economically from it.

Objectives.

The objectives of income redistribution are to increase economic stability and opportunity for the less wealthy members of society and thus usually include the funding of public services.  One basis for redistribution is the concept of distributive justice, whose premise is that money and resources ought to be distributed in such a way as to lead to a socially just, and possibly more financially egalitarian, society. Another argument is that a larger middle class benefits an economy by enabling more people to be consumers, while providing equal opportunities for individuals to reach a better standard of living. Seen for example in the work of John Rawls, another argument is that a truly fair society would be organized in a manner benefiting the least advantaged, and any inequality would be permissible only to the extent that it benefits the least advantaged.  Some proponents of redistribution argue that capitalism results in an externality that creates unequal wealth distribution.  Many economists have argued that wealth and income inequality are a cause of economic crises, and that reducing these inequalities is one way to prevent or ameliorate economic crises, with redistribution thus benefiting the economy overall. This view was associated with the underconsumptionism school in the 19th century, now considered an aspect of some schools of Keynesian economics; it has also been advanced, for different reasons, by Marxian economics. It was particularly advanced in the US in the 1920s by Waddill Catchings and William Trufant Foster. More recently, the so-called "Rajan hypothesis" posited that income inequality was at the basis of the explosion of the 2008 financial crisis. The reason is that rising inequality caused people on low and middle incomes, particularly in the US, to increase their debt to keep up their consumption levels with that of richer people. Borrowing was particularly high in the housing market and deregulation in the financial sector made it possible to extend lending in sub-prime mortgages. The downturn in the housing market in 2007 halted this process and triggered the financial crisis. Nobel Prize laureate Joseph Stiglitz, along with many others, supports this view.  There is currently a debate concerning the extent to which the world's extremely rich have become richer over recent decades. Thomas Piketty's "Capital in the Twenty-First Century" is at the forefront of the debate, mainly focusing on within-country concentration of income and wealth. Branko Milanovic provided evidence of increasing inequality at the global level, showing how the group of so-called "global plutocrats", i.e. the richest 1% in the world income distribution, were the main beneficiaries of economic growth in the period 1988–2008. More recent analysis supports this claim, as 27% of total economic growth worldwide accrued to the top 1% of the world income distribution in the period 1980–2016. The approach underpinning these analyses has been somehow critiqued in certain publications such as "The Economist".

Moral obligation.

Peter Singer's argument contrasts to Thomas Pogge's in that he states we have an individual moral obligation to help the poor.

Economic effects of inequality.

Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US, British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett show a correlation between income inequality and higher rates of health and social problems (obesity, mental illness, homicides, teenage births, incarceration, child conflict, drug use), and lower rates of social goods (life expectancy, educational performance, trust among strangers, women's status, social mobility, even numbers of patents issued per capita), on the other. The authors argue inequality leads to the social ills through the psychosocial stress, status anxiety it creates.  A 2011 report by the International Monetary Fund by Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry found a strong association between lower levels of inequality and sustained periods of economic growth. Developing countries (such as Brazil, Cameroon, Jordan) with high inequality have "succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years" but "longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution."

Criticism.

Public choice theory states that redistribution tends to benefit those with political clout to set spending priorities more than those in need, who lack real influence on government.  The socialist economists John Roemer and Pranab Bardhan criticize redistribution via taxation in the context of Nordic-style social democracy, reportedly highlighting its limited success at promoting relative egalitarianism and its lack of sustainability. They point out that social democracy requires a strong labor movement to sustain its heavy redistribution, and that it is unrealistic to expect such redistribution to be feasible in countries with weaker labor movements. They point out that, even in the Scandinavian countries, social democracy has been in decline since the labor movement weakened. Instead, Roemer and Bardhan argue that changing the patterns of enterprise ownership and market socialism, obviating the need for redistribution, would be more sustainable and effective at promoting egalitarianism.  Marxian economists argue that social democratic reforms – including policies to redistribute income – such as unemployment benefits and high taxes on profits and the wealthy create more contradictions in capitalism by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system via reducing incentives for capitalists to invest in further production. In the Marxist view, redistribution cannot resolve the fundamental issues of capitalism – only a transition to a socialist economy can.

See also.

Lists:  Opposite tendencies:

Redistribution of income and wealth is the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others by means of a social mechanism such as taxation, charity, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law. The term typically refers to redistribution on an economy-wide basis rather than between selected individuals.

Přerozdělování příjmu a bohatství či redistribuce znamená v makroekonomii souhrn státních opatření a mechanismů, které ovlivňují rozdělení příjmů a majetku, případně jejich disponibilitu u různých skupin obyvatelstva. Zákonodárství současných států užívá různé formy přerozdělování, a to obvykle tak zvané progresivní přerozdělování (od bohatých k chudým), které rozdíly vyrovnává, i když jsou i případy opačného, degresivního přerozdělování. Na druhé straně se o jeho prospěšnosti a míře stále diskutuje, jak z ekonomického, tak z morálního hlediska. Rozdílné názory na podobu a míru přerozdělování jsou také jedním z hlavních momentů, které dělí politickou levici a pravici.


Landsort-class mine countermeasures vessel

Design.

As a mine countermeasure vessel, the hull is made out of glass-reinforced plastic in order to lower acoustic and magnetic signatures, as well as provide improved shock resistance to underwater explosions.  The "Landsort" class is equipped for mine sweeping with both conventional mechanical sweeping gear as well as electric and acoustic sweep systems. Mine hunting capability is provided by remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) from Saab Underwater Systems, such as the Double Eagle.

"Bedok" Class.

The of the Republic of Singapore Navy is configured with the Thomson-CSF TSM 2061 Mk II mine hunting and mine disposal system, Thomson-CSF TSM 2022 hull-mounted high frequency sonar, two ECA PAP 104 Mk 5 ROVs, Signaal WM20 director, Norcontrol DB2000 navigation radar and Racal Precision Navigation System.  The vessels of the "Bedok"-class form the 194 Squadron of the RSN, under the Coastal Command.

"Koster" Class.

In December 2004, the Swedish Navy awarded Kockums a contract for the mid-life upgrade for five of the "Landsort" class (excluding HMS "Landsort" and HMS "Arholma"). The upgrade includes a new mine countermeasures (MCM) system, adaptations for international operations as well as a new air defence systems involving moving and modification of the Arte 726 from the "Kaparen" class fast patrol boats. The first is expected to be completed in 2008. The upgraded vessels will be renamed as the "Koster" class, as the first vessel to be upgraded is HMS "Koster" (formerly the third ship in the "Landsort" class).  On 31 January 2005 a contract exceeding €30 million was awarded to Atlas Elektronik for the upgrade of these five vessels with the Atlas Integrated MCM Systems (IMCMS-S). The systems will be commissioned into operational service between 2008 and 2009. The system combines minehunting, minesweeping, mine disposal, surveillance and communication with other naval forces. It comprises an Atlas MCM Tactical Command and Control system, a broadband Atlas HMS-12M hull-mounted sonar and an Atlas mine identification and disposal system (MIDS) Seafox. The IMCMS-S onboard also fully integrates sensors and effectors like the self-propelled variable depth sonar, underwater positioning system, navigation radar and sensors, conventional MIDS systems, and air defence system.  The vessels are also upgraded to have Link 16 capability.

The Landsort class mine countermeasures vessel were built by Swedish shipbuilding company, Kockums (formerly Karlskronavarvet) for the Swedish Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) between 1983 and 1996.

Třída Landsort je třída pobřežních minolovek švédského a singapurského námořnictva (zde jako třída "Bedok"). Celkem bylo postaveno 11 minolovek této třídy. Pět jich bylo rozsáhle modernizováno a přeznačeno na třídu "Koster". Všechny jednotky jsou v aktivní službě.


History.

Real Club Deportivo Carabanchel was officially founded on September 8, 1906. It started playing sports teams friendlies against others in the capital city in the Alto and Bajo quarters of the district.  In 1916, Pedro Arranz became president, who gives the team a charter officers. Carabanchel also signed the same year Castellana in the Federation Cup, which began as a regional tournament. In 1927 amounts to the First Regional club, and proclaimed champion Castilla at amateur level in 1936, before the start of the Civil War.  In 1955, Carabanchel was promoted, for the first time in its history, to the Third Division to become a champion of the regional division. In season 1966–67, the Madrid team was crowned champions of their group in the Tercera earning the right to play CD Badajoz in the first play-off round, which it lost 12–1 on aggregate.  During the 1970s and 1980s the team went through various sporting crises, which were not resolved until 1988 when it returned to the third division. Carabanchel then improved, and finished in third place in the Madrid group in 1990. After several varying seasons, in 1994–95 Carabanchel qualified for the second phase of promotion to B, eventually losing to Cultural Leonesa.  Finally, in the 1995–96 season, Carabanchel were promoted to Segunda División B to finish third in regular season champion and its group for promotion. The club spent two years in the category of bronze in its first season, the team from Madrid to enter into a good season when finishing eighth, but in 1998 consume their descent to the finish next to last group.  Since then, Carabanchel fell into a deep economic crisis and sports even threatened the existence of the system: in 2006 the Third down to black and white, and without professional staff fell in 2008 he First Regional.  In the 2009/2010 season, the club renewed the project with a total change of the board after a motion of censure and creating a team to climb to third division two years. After winning that year's rise to preferences, in the 2010/2011 season promotion to the Third Division was achieved, along with Club Deportivo Colonia Moscardo.  Among its historic rivals are CD Colonia Moscardo in Usera, CD Puerta Bonita in Carabanchel, and Getafe CF.

Logo.

The logo represents the Cross of Saint James, pattern Carabanchel, and the Royal Crown, granted by HM Juan Carlos I of Spain in 1997 in recognition of the club's history as one of the pioneers of football in Madrid. This coat is used since then as the officer.

Kit.

Real Carabanchel's kit in season 2010–2011 is a white shirt and black shorts and socks, with the sponsorship of Limpiezas Garro, Joma and Junkers. Features of the shirt are the old coat and Cross of Saint James behind the current shield. At the same time they added the player's name.  The away kit is a shirt, shorts and blue socks. It also has a third kit of shirt, shorts and red socks.

Stadium.

R.C.D. Carabanchel plays its games in the stadium known as Campo de La Mina, with a capacity for 2,000 spectators. This stadium is one of the oldest in the city. It was opened in 1916, when RCD Carabanchel obtained the official status.

References.

External links

Real Club Deportivo Carabanchel is a Spanish football club from the Carabanchel district in the city of Madrid, Spain. It is the third oldest team in the capital, after Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid, and the thirteenth oldest in Spain.

Real Club Deportivo Carabanchel je španělský fotbalový klub v historické čtvrti Carabanchel ve španělském Madridu. Stávající zařízení je třetí nejstarší ve španělském hlavním hlavním městě po Realu Madrid a Atléticu Madrid a celkově třináctý ve Španělsku.


History.

Whidbey Island was inhabited by members of the Lower Skagit, Swinomish, Suquamish, Snohomish and other Native American tribes. The Salishan name for the island was Tscha-kole-chy. These were peaceful groups who lived off the sea and land, with fishing, harvesting nuts, berries and roots, which they preserved over the winter.  The first known European sighting of Whidbey Island was during the 1790 Spanish expedition of Manuel Quimper and Gonzalo López de Haro on the "Princesa Real".  Captain George Vancouver fully explored the island in 1792. In May of that year, Royal Navy officers and members of Vancouver's expedition, Joseph Whidbey (master of HMS "Discovery") and Peter Puget (a lieutenant on the ship), began to map and explore the areas of what would later be named Puget Sound. After Whidbey circumnavigated the island in June 1792, Vancouver named the island in his honor. By that time, Vancouver had claimed the area for Britain.  The first known overnight stay by a non-Native American was made on May 26, 1840 by a Catholic missionary, Father François Norbert Blanchet, during travel across Puget Sound. He had been invited by Chief Tslalakum. Blanchet remained on the island for nearly a year and guided the inhabitants in building a new log church.  Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, commander of the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, sailed the USS "Vincennes" into Penn Cove in 1841. By that time, the log church was already being built by the Native Americans beside a huge wooden cross (24 feet long) that they had erected. Wilkes ordered his men to use no force except in self-defense when dealing with the "savage and treacherous inhabitants". In fact, he encountered few problems with the indigenous people who had already been poorly treated by visitors and suffered from diseases they had introduced.  Wilkes named the lower cove Holmes Harbor, after his assistant surgeon, Silas Holmes. During this time he charted Puget Sound. Other sites in the area that were given names by Wilkes included Maury Island (Vashon), Hammersley Inlet, Totten and Budd Inlets, Agate Passage between the Kitsap Peninsula, Hale Passage and Dana Passage.  Thomas W. Glasgow filed the first land claim on Whidbey Island in 1848, attempting to become the first settler. He built a small cabin near Penn Cove, planted some crops and married a local lady, Julia Pat-Ke-Nim. Glasgow left in August of that year however, having been forced out by the local inhabitants. Colonel Isaac N. Ebey arrived from Columbus, Ohio, in 1850 and became the first permanent white settler, claiming a square mile (2.6 km2) of prairie with a southern shoreline on Admiralty Inlet. He took advantage of the 640 acres offered free of charge to each married couple, the first to do so, on October 15, 1850. In the fall of 1851, his children, his wife, three of her brothers and the Samuel Crockett family arrived to join Ebey. In addition to farming potatoes and wheat, Ebey was also the postmaster for Port Townsend, Washington and rowed a boat daily across the inlet in order to work at the post office there. Colonel Ebey also served as a representative in the Oregon Territory Legislative Assembly, as Island County's first Justice of the Peace, as a probate judge and as Collector of Customs for the Puget Sound District.  On August 11, 1857, at age 39, Colonel Ebey was murdered and beheaded by Native Americans, said to be Haida who had traveled to this area from Haida Gwaii. Some sources however, refer to his killers as "Russian Indians called Kakes or Kikans, [from] Kufrinoff Island, near the head of Prince Frederick's Sound. Ebey was slain in proxy-retaliation for the killing of a Haida chief or Tyee and 27 other indigenous people at Port Gamble. Fort Ebey, named for the Colonel, was established in 1942 on the west side of the central part of the island, just northwest of Coupeville.  Admiralty Head Lighthouse is located in this area, on the grounds of Fort Casey State Park. The area around Coupeville is the federally protected Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, named in honor of Isaac Ebey.  On September 25, 1959, a U.S. Navy P5M antisubmarine aircraft with an unarmed nuclear depth charge on board crash-landed into Puget Sound near Whidbey Island. The nuclear weapon was never recovered.  In December 1984, the island was the site of a violent encounter between law enforcement and white nationalist and organized crime leader Robert Jay Mathews of the group The Order. A large shootout occurred between Mathews and FBI agents in which Mathews was killed during a house fire. Mathews' followers have since gathered on the island at the location where he was killed by FBI agents on the anniversary of his death to commemorate it.

Government.

Whidbey Island, along with Camano Island, Ben Ure Island and six uninhabited islands, comprises Island County, Washington. The county seat is located in the town of Coupeville on Whidbey Island.  Population centers of Whidbey Island include the City of Oak Harbor, the Town of Coupeville, the City of Langley, the Village of Freeland, the Community of Greenbank, the Village of Clinton and the Community of Bayview. Only Oak Harbor, Coupeville and Langley are incorporated, the others (with the exception of Greenbank and Bayview) are all Census-designated places, and all but Bayview have their own post offices and ZIP codes.

Economy.

Whidbey Island is divided economically into two different regions: the northern end of the island (encompassing Oak Harbor and Whidbey Island Naval Air Station), and the remainder of the island (encompassing Coupeville, Greenbank, Freeland, Langley, Clinton and the smaller communities in-between).  The economy of the northern end of Whidbey Island is strongly influenced by the presence of Whidbey Island Naval Air Station near Oak Harbor (N.A.S. Whidbey). N.A.S. Whidbey is Oak Harbor's largest employer; thus, Oak Harbor has a predominantly service-based economy and several national chain stores have been attracted to the Oak Harbor area.  The economy of Whidbey Island south of Oak Harbor relies heavily on tourism, small-scale agriculture, and the arts.  Tourism is especially important for both Whidbey and Camano Islands. On Whidbey, tourists find a wide range of amenities in the towns of Oak Harbor, Coupeville, Freeland and Langley. Coupeville's Penn Cove Mussel Farm exports large quantities of its highly renowned Penn Cove Mussels. This aquaculture facility, along with a number of small farms, reflects the rural agricultural nature of most of central Whidbey Island. Many of these small farms host farm stands onsite, where customers may buy produce, flowers, meat, eggs and other locally raised products directly from the farmers.  Often referred to as Puget Sound's Largest Artist's Colony, Whidbey is home to numerous working artists, writers, and performers. These include many well-known painters, sculptors, glass artists, wood workers, metal workers, mixed media artists, photographers, authors, poets, actors, and musicians.  In addition to being a haven for artists, the southern end of Whidbey Island also serves as a minor bedroom community for the nearby cities of Everett, where the Boeing Everett Factory is located, and Seattle. Commuters to and from those areas use the Washington State Ferries system's run between Clinton and Mukilteo.

Geography.

Whidbey Island is often claimed to be the longest island in the continental United States (or another similar claim), but according to the Seattle Times it cannot be correctly considered so. Whidbey Island has four lakes that are part of its interior hydrology: Cranberry Lake (inside Deception Pass State Park), Deer Lake, Goss Lake and Lone Lake (both near the town of Langley).

Parks and reserve areas.

Whidbey Island contains Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, the first national historic reserve in the US created by the National Park Service to preserve the rural history and culture of the island and to protect the area's rare and sensitive plants.  Washington State Parks located on the island include Deception Pass State Park (the most visited state park in Washington), Joseph Whidbey State Park, Fort Ebey State Park, Fort Casey State Park, Possession Point State Park, and South Whidbey Island State Park. There is also a series of county operated parks throughout the Island.  Earth Sanctuary is a nature reserve, sculpture garden and retreat center on Whidbey Island. The ponds and bog fen complex have been designated as a "habitat of local importance" by the Whidbey Audubon Society and Island County Critical Areas program.

Festivals.

Whidbey Island hosts many festivals and celebrations throughout the year.

Climate.

Whidbey Island lies partially in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountain Range to the west, and has a variety of climate zones. This can be observed by rainfall amounts – wettest in the south with average rainfall of, driest in the central district of Coupeville with average rainfall of, and turning moister again farther north with average rainfall of. Microclimates abound, determined by proximity to water, elevation and prevailing winds.

Ecology.

Flora.

Vegetation varies greatly from one end of the island to the other. Vegetation in the south is more similar to that of mainland Washington. The principal trees are Douglas fir, red alder, bigleaf maple, western red cedar, and western hemlock. Compared to the rest of western Washington state, vine maple is notably absent, except where they have been planted. Other under-story plants include the evergreen huckleberry, lower longleaf Oregon grape, elderberry, salal, oceanspray, and varieties of nettle. Non-native introduced plants such as foxglove, ivy and holly are also evident.  Farther up the island, however, the shorter Oregon-Grape and the blue Evergreen Huckleberry is seen less, while tall Oregon-grape and Red Huckleberry predominate. The native Pacific rhododendron is much more visible. Amongst the deciduous varieties, Garry oak (from which Oak Harbor takes its name) are seen more frequently in the northern portion of the island and Pacific madrone is also notably present. In the conifer classification, grand fir is found more in the northern part of Whidbey Island along with Sitka spruce and shore pine. There are three open prairie areas on Whidbey Island – Smith Prairie, Crockett Prairie and Ebey Prairie. Some patches of prickly pear cactus are found along the slopes near Partridge Point.

Fauna.

Gray whales migrate between Whidbey and Camano Islands during March and April and can be seen from both ship and shore. Orca also make use of the waters surrounding Whidbey Island.  Clams and oysters are abundant locally and may be harvested from some public beaches. The Washington State Department of Health provides an online guide to assist in identifying shellfish varieties as well as providing guidance about where to find specific varieties.  According to the Whidbey Audubon Society, Approximately 230 bird species are reported to take advantage of the diverse habitats on the island.

Education.

Public school districts.

Whidbey Island is served by three public school districts.  Oak Harbor School District operates in Oak Harbor. Within the district, there is one high school, one alternative high school, two middle schools, and five elementary schools. Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, Oak Harbor High is listed as a 3-A school.  Coupeville School District operates in Coupeville, Washington and Greenbank, Washington. Within the district, there is one high school, one middle school, and one elementary school. Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, Coupeville High is listed as a 1-A school.  South Whidbey School District serves the southern end of the island, including Freeland, Langley, and Clinton. Within the district, there is one high school (grades 9–12), one alternative school (grades K–12), one middle school (grades 5-8) split between 2 campuses, and one elementary school (grades K–4). Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, South Whidbey High is listed as a 1-A school.

Colleges.

Skagit Valley College has one campus located in Oak Harbor.  Seattle Pacific University owns Camp Casey, a retreat center near Coupeville, which was once the barracks for the adjacent Fort Casey.

Infrastructure.

Transportation.

The only bridge that reaches Whidbey Island is the Deception Pass Bridge, State Route 20, which connects the north end of Whidbey to the mainland via Fidalgo Island. Prior to the completion of the bridge in 1935, Whidbey Island was linked to Fidalgo Island by the Deception Pass ferry, which ran from 1924 to 1935. Modern ferry service is available via State Route 20 on the Coupeville to Port Townsend ferry, and via State Route 525 on the Clinton to Mukilteo ferry service on the southern east coast.  Travel on the island involves use of an extensive county road system, or city infrastructure depending on location, all of which act as feeders to the two state highways State Route 525 and State Route 20.  Whidbey Island's State Routes 525/20 is the only nationally designated Scenic Byway on an island. It is appropriately named the "Whidbey Island Scenic Isle Way." It is also a part of the Cascade Loop.  Public transportation is provided by Island Transit, which provides a zero-fare bus service paid for by a 6/10th of 1% sales tax within the county. There are currently 11 bus routes serving Whidbey Island. No service is available on Sundays or major holidays.  Two public airports provide service to Whidbey Island. Whidbey Air Park is located southwest of Langley with a long runway. Wes Lupien Airport is located southwest of Oak Harbor with a long runway. In addition, there are approximately half dozen private dirt strips on the island. Kenmore Air Express ran a scheduled airline service to Whidbey Island serving the Oak Harbor airport from 2006 to 2009.  The United States Navy operates two airports on Whidbey Island. The largest is a two-runway airport located at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station north of Oak Harbor. In addition, the Navy also operates a flight training facility named Coupeville Outlying Landing Field (Coupeville OLF) located just southeast of Coupeville. The Navy named USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41) in honor of the island.

Health systems.

Whidbey Health is the regional, county-run hospital. Located in Coupeville, the hospital has an extension clinic in Oak Harbor. The Naval Air Station in Oak Harbor has a limited service hospital for military personnel, veteran retirees, and their dependents.

Communities.

North to south:

Whidbey Island (historical spellings Whidby, Whitbey, or Whitby) is the largest of the islands composing Island County, Washington, in the United States. (The other large island is Camano Island, east of Whidbey.) Whidbey is about north of Seattle, and lies between the Olympic Peninsula and the I-5 corridor of western Washington. The island forms the northern boundary of Puget Sound. It is home to Naval Air Station Whidbey Island.

Whidbeyho ostrov je největším z devíti ostrovů v okrese Island v americkém státě Washington. Leží přibližně 50 kilometrů severně od města Seattle mezi pevninou a Olympijským poloostrovem. Tvoří severní hranici Pugetova zálivu.


Content.

Upon fulfilling their contract with Warner Bros. Records, the Grateful Dead left the label and started their own production and publishing arm for the release of their albums and other projects. After "Wake of the Flood" was successfully released on the independent Grateful Dead Records, Warner Bros. compiled "Skeletons from the Closet" as a "best-of" package, with tracks representing six of the band's nine albums on their label (along with a track from Bob Weir's solo album, "Ace").  Eight of the tracks are from Dead studio recordings, and two are from live albums. However "Turn On Your Love Light" is an edited version, that first appeared on the Warner/Reprise Loss Leaders album "The Big Ball", rather than the complete version from "Live/Dead". "One More Saturday Night" is a live version from "Europe '72". Though "Mexicali Blues" is from Weir's solo album, he is backed by the Grateful Dead. Nothing is presented from previous albums "Anthem of the Sun", "Grateful Dead" or "Bear's Choice", nor versions from singles.

Title, cover art & release.

The album title is a pun, referring both to the idiom and to the fact that these are Grateful Dead tracks from Warner Bros.' "closet" (and skeletons being iconography associated with the band). The artwork for the front and back covers of the album was created by John Van Hamersveld. With no input from the band, it only vaguely represents the imagery associated with the Grateful Dead, and is not in keeping with the tone of previous releases.  The front cover shows a somewhat demonic, red-toned man (with flames reflected in his sunglasses), Botticelli's Venus holding a rose (presumably a reference to "American Beauty", the album most-heavily represented), and a smoking skeleton spindling a prescient gold record on its extended middle finger. The stem of the rose touches the record, as a stylus. The back cover depicts three men seated around a diner table playing cards, with a globe trophy in the center. A book of matches bears the ecology symbol. Outside in the background, a flying saucer (from The Day the Earth Stood Still) hovers over a futuristic Dymaxion car whose designer, Buckminster Fuller, sits in the driver's seat. The structure in the distance depicts the Johnson Wax Administration Building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The three men depict Marlon Brando from "The Wild One", a portrayal of Jesus in academic dress, and Cesar Romero as The Cisco Kid.  "Skeletons from the Closet" was certified as a Gold Album in 1980, thereafter becoming the best-selling release by the band. It remains so despite the abrupt mix of styles presented (due to the band's stylistic evolution while signed with Warner Bros.), and despite a paucity of live performances, for which the band was more highly regarded by fans and critics.  The album was first released on CD in 1988.

Personnel.

Grateful Dead  Additional performers Technical personnel

Skeletons from the Closet: The Best of Grateful Dead is the first compilation album from rock band the Grateful Dead. It was originally released in February 1974. As with other such packages, the album was a way for Warner Bros. Records to capitalize on the Dead's back catalog, after the band had left the label. It was followed three years later by a second compilation, "What a Long Strange Trip It's Been".

Skeletons from the Closet: The Best of Grateful Dead je první kompilační album skupiny Grateful Dead. Album poprvé vyšlo v roce 1974 u Warner Bros. Records. V roce 2004 vyšla reedice u Rhino Records. Reedice se od původní verze liší pouze ve skladbě „Turn on Your Love Light“, která je na původní verzi dlouhá 6:30 a na reedici 15:08.


History.

Kentucky-born Richard Meyers moved to New York City after dropping out of high school in 1966, aspiring to become a poet. He and his best friend from high school, Tom Miller, founded the rock band the Neon Boys which became Television in 1973. The pair adopted stage names; Miller called himself Verlaine after Paul Verlaine, a French poet he admired, and Meyers became Richard Hell because, as he has said, it described his condition.  The group was the first rock band to play the club CBGB, which soon became a breeding ground for the early punk rock scene in New York. Hell had an energetic stage presence and wore torn clothing held together with safety pins and his hair spiked, which was to be influential in punk fashion—in 1975, after a failed management deal with the New York Dolls, impresario Malcolm McLaren brought these ideas back with him to England and eventually incorporated them into the Sex Pistols' image.  Disputes with Verlaine led to Hell's departure from Television in 1975, and he co-founded the Heartbreakers with New York Dolls guitarist Johnny Thunders. Hell did not last long with this band, and he began recruiting members for a new band. For guitarists, Hell found Robert Quine and Ivan Julian—Quine had worked in a bookstore with Hell, and Julian responded to an advertisement in "The Village Voice". They lifted drummer Marc Bell, later Marky Ramone, from Wayne County. The band was named "the Voidoids" after a novel Hell had been writing.  Musically, Hell drew inspiration from acts such as Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, protopunk band the Stooges and fellow New Yorker group the Velvet Underground, a group with a reputation for heroin-fueled rock and roll with poetic lyrics. Quine's admiration of the Velvet Underground led him to make hours' worth of bootleg recordings of the band in the late 1960s. Hell also drew from—and covered—garage rock bands such as the Seeds and the Count Five that were found on the "" compilation of 1972. The Voidoids' music was also characterized as art punk.  Hell had written the song "Blank Generation" while still in Television; he had played it regularly with the band since at least 1975, and later with the Heartbreakers. The Voidoids released a 7" "Blank Generation" EP in 1976 on Ork Records including "Blank Generation", "Another World" and "You Gotta Lose". The cover featured a black-and-white cover photo taken by Hell's former girlfriend Roberta Bayley, depicting a bare-chested Hell with an open jeans zipper. It was an underground hit, and the band signed to Sire Records for its album debut.  Aside from the influential Quine, Julian and future Ramone Bell, at various times the band included Naux Maciel, Michael Allison, Jahn Xavier, former Contortions and Raybeats guitarist Jody Harris and Golden Palominos leader Anton Fier.

Legacy.

The Voidoids are considered to have pioneered the "punk look" and studded appearance which also became popular later on in the UK via the Sex Pistols. Sex Pistols' front man John Lydon/Johnny Rotten disputes the Voidoids influence on British punk appearance.

Richard Hell and the Voidoids were an American punk rock band, formed in New York City in 1976 and fronted by Richard Hell, a former member of the Neon Boys, Television and the Heartbreakers.

The Voidoids, nebo také Richard Hell & The Voidoids; byla americká punk rocková skupina, založená v roce 1976 v New Yorku. Frontmanem skupiny byl básník a písničkář Richard Hell. V letech 1976-1978 v této skupině hrál na bicí Marc Bell, později známý jako Marky Ramone ve skupině Ramones.


Gameplay.

The player takes control of a single armored tank of their choice, and is placed into a battle on a random map. The player has control over the vehicle's movement, firing, and can communicate with allied players and all the other players through typed or voice chat. A simple random match is won either by destroying all vehicles on the opposing team or capturing the opposing team's base by staying in it for long enough without being hurt. There are other game modes that change the rules of the battle, but gameplay mechanics remain the same. "World of Tanks" contains multiple game mechanics such as camouflage, shell ricochets, and module damage.  The players in "World of Tanks" can choose six primary types of battles: random battles, team-training battles, tank-company battles, team battles, stronghold battles and special battles. Historical Battle and Rampage are former options but have since been taken down for improvement upon its poor reception following its release. Within random battles, players can also participate in platoons, groups of two or three players who are put into the same team. There are also missions to be completed in the game modes for varying amounts of rewards.

Vehicles.

The vehicles are modeled to closely resemble their counterparts in real life; however, certain parameters have been simplified or modified to fit game mechanics, and also better gameplay. "World of Tanks" has five different types of vehicles: light tanks, medium tanks, heavy tanks, tank destroyers, and self-propelled guns, as well as a few main battle tanks. The game currently includes over 600 armored vehicles from Britain, China, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, the Soviet Union, Sweden, and the United States. Each nation has at least one line of vehicles starting at tier I to tier X, players progress by playing games in vehicles in that line.  All vehicles can be customized to a certain degree, either visually or in terms of performance, with the majority of parts (such as tracks, guns, turrets, and engines) being modular parts purchased from the game's tech tree. Various two-tone and three-tone camouflage schemes are available for all tanks as well, including both historically accurate patterns and game-specific, custom variants. Camouflage is available for temporary use by paying with freely earned in-game credits, or for permanent use by paying with gold purchased in the "World of Tanks" store or won in an in-game event. Players can apply national flags, pre-designed slogans, and camouflage (that will slightly increase the chance of remaining undetected).  All vehicles can mount three pieces of additional equipment, which varies from vehicle to vehicle, and offers various advantages. Some equipment allow the gun to fire faster, some increase the durability of certain parts of the vehicle, and some help keep the vehicle hidden while stationary. Each vehicle can carry three consumables. Examples of these include repair kits, medical kits, and extra rations that boost the tank's crew for the duration of a single battle.

Clan Wars.

Clan Wars in "World of Tanks" has two main components: Strongholds and the Global Map. Each clan can have its own stronghold, if the clan's commander wishes to construct one. Each stronghold begins with one zone and can grow to up to four zones as the clan's membership increases. Many different types of structures exist; however, only one of each can be built. By consuming industrial resources, some structures generate special missions or reserves that can be used to temporarily boost clan members' experience or credits, or enable artillery or airstrikes during a battle for a stronghold. To build structures, industrial resources are required, which can be won by attacking another stronghold or through skirmishes.  The Global Map is a collection of fronts on a map based on the real world. There are three fronts, one each for tiers 6, 8, and 10. Each front has provinces that generate gold for the clan that currently owns it. A clan may enter the global map by entering a tournament for a specific province, in which they compete against other clans and ultimately the current landowner.

History.

The developers thought of the concept of "World of Tanks" in December 2008. The game was officially announced by Wargaming on 24 April 2009. Developers claim that the game budget was the largest ever in the game industry of the CIS.  Alpha testing of the Russian version of the game began September 2009, with only six different vehicles and a single map available. By the beginning of the closed beta test, which started on 30 January 2010, several dozen vehicles and three maps were completed. In three months, the number of beta tester requests approached 40,000, and over 400,000 tank battles took place. Open beta test of the Russian version started 24 June 2010; at that point, there were seven maps available, along with over 60 Russian and German vehicles. Closed beta test of English version of the game began on 8 July 2010. The Russian version of the game was officially released on 12 August 2010; however, due to technical difficulties, the game servers went offline on 13 August.  The open beta of the English version of the game was launched on 27 January 2011; the official release was scheduled for 12 April 2011. The "World of Tanks" pre-orders were scheduled to be available for the American and European clusters before the game release.  "World of Tanks" was released online on 12 April 2011 in Europe and North America, before being released for retail in the latter on 6 September 2011, and in the former on 2 December 2011. The game was localised into the Japanese language within the Asia server on 5 September 2013. The Vietnamese server was shut down and merged into the Asia server during 2014.

Promotion and other media.

In April 2016, Wargaming announced that a comic book based on the "World of Tanks" universe is in development. Titled "World of Tanks: Roll Out", the five-issue series was written by Garth Ennis and Carlos Ezquerra, and was set to be published by Dark Horse Comics.  The Japanese version has collaboration events related to the tank-battle anime series "Girls und Panzer". As of June 2017, Wargaming released two premium tanks, based from the anime series "Valkyria Chronicles" on the East Asia server. Six voice packs featuring the characters from the anime as well as an expansion pack changing the tanks look have been also released. In August 2017, Wargaming and "World of Tanks" announced a collaboration with the Swedish metal band Sabaton, shooting a "World of Tanks" drive-style video for Sabaton's song "Primo Victoria", and adding a tank named the Primo Victoria to the game, featuring the Sabaton logo, with its crew featuring the visual likeness of Sabaton members, and lead singer Joakim Brodén voicing the captain of the tank.

"World of Tanks Blitz".

In May 2013, Wargaming announced "World of Tanks Blitz", a mobile version of" World of Tanks" for tablets and smartphones using Windows 10, Android and iOS. The game allows 7v7 battles, as compared to the 15v15 battles on PC. The Closed Beta Test (CBT) started on 19 March, and ended 3 April. "World of Tanks Blitz" was released (on iOS only) on May 2014 in European countries like Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland, with all other countries, at the time, awaiting launch. It was released on 27 June 2014 in North America, (again, on iOS only). Beta testing of the Android version was released in Russia, with "World of Tanks Blitz" being released worldwide later on 4 December 2014.  The game was released in the Windows Store on 28 December 2015, making it available for PC users running Windows 10. On 9 November 2016, "World of Tanks Blitz" was released on Steam.

Console versions.

World of Tanks: Xbox 360 Edition was developed with Wargaming West, formerly Day 1 Studios until purchased early in 2013. Day 1 was looking for a publisher for their console mech game when Wargaming asked the studio about porting World of Tanks. Day 1 prototyped the game on the Xbox 360 "in mere days". They were given unrestricted access to Wargaming's servers and art. The game's client side runs on Wargaming's Despair engine. The company aimed to give each tank class 100 hours of unlockable content, or 400 to 500 hours overall.  The version is free-to-play for Xbox Live Gold subscribers, and includes a 7-day trial for Xbox Live Silver subscribers. Playing the game earns experience for tanks and accessories, and silver for buying tanks and equipment. Players can use gold, an in-game currency, to buy premium "World of Tanks" accounts, which in turn give players more experience and credits faster. Players can buy gold with real money in the later patches. Gold for premium accounts and tanks is the fastest method for progressing through the game. The Xbox 360 Edition is not connected with the PC game, with a separate user base and no crossplay.  A closed beta test began in early 2013, and E3 2013 attendees were invited to the beta after the game's announcement. The game was working on retail Xbox 360s by mid-May 2013. In late May 2013, Wargaming announced that they would be showing its first console game at E3 2013. The game was officially announced during Microsoft's E3 2013 press event. An open beta with 40 American and German tanks was scheduled to begin the weekend after E3 2013. The beta was for stress testing the servers and multiplayer matchmaking. Players could not buy gold in the open beta, but Wargaming provided free in-game gold to test the store, though this reset with the official release. British tanks were also available within the beta. About 60 total tanks were expected to be included in the full version. The open beta was released on 7 August 2013. The beta closed on 28 January 2014. All stats on all of the players who participated were reset. The people who participated in the beta got the game first when the full version came out on 12 February 2014.  On 18 February 2015, Wargaming announced that they were developing an Xbox One version of the game. The game was released on 28 July 2015. It supports cross-platform play between Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Players' status and progress can be transferred from the Xbox 360 version to the Xbox One version. Xbox Live regulations bar Wargaming from offering premium accounts as recurring subscriptions. Expansion released on 3 June 2014 includes Russian tanks. Wargaming West said that if the Xbox 360 version gets a "meaningful user base" then they will focus on the Xbox One edition.  On 17 September 2015 Wargaming announced at the Tokyo Game Show that "World of Tanks" would be coming to the PlayStation 4, developed by Wargaming West, the same studio as the Xbox One and Xbox 360 versions. The PlayStation 4 version was released in 2016.

Esports.

"World of Tanks" debuted as an esports game at the World Cyber Games 2012. The only official "World of Tanks" e-sports tournament is the Wargaming.net League, which takes place on four different regions: CIS, APAC, EU, which have 12 teams each, and NA, which only has 10. The prize pool for the 2016 WGL Grand Finals was US$300,000.

Reception.

Critical response.

"World of Tanks" (and the iOS version of "World of Tanks Blitz") received "generally favorable reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameZone gave the PC version a score of eight out of ten and stated, "For a free-to-play game, "World of Tanks" is insanely detailed and has combat that takes a while to get used to. The more you learn about the game and the more you play, the better you'll become at it. It's like an investment—spend time playing and you'll be able to upgrade more and compete better. In that sense, the game really drives you towards becoming better. Since it's free, it doesn't hurt to try this game out if you haven't already. Just make sure you get past the growing pains and give it a chance, because it really does have a lot to offer." In Japan, "Famitsu" gave the Xbox 360 version a score of one eight, one six, and two sevens for a total of 28 out of 40.

Userbase.

According to a Wargaming official press release from September 2010, the number of "World of Tanks" users worldwide reached 700,000, including 500,000 users on Russian servers (350,000 active players), and 200,000 on Western servers (150,000 active players). The number of peak concurrent users exceeded 43,000 on Russian servers and 10,000 on Western servers. The average active gamer spent 3 hours 20 minutes playing the game every day; over 10,000,000 battles have been fought since September 2010. By January 2011, "World of Tanks" had recorded more than one million registrations worldwide (Europe, Russia and the United States). This milestone was reached in less than a year since the launch of the closed beta in Russia.  On 5 January 2011 there were 74,536 players simultaneously online on the Russian "World of Tanks" server, which, according to Wargaming, had become a world record amongst MMO games. The "Most players online simultaneously on one MMO server" world record was officially registered by Guinness World Records on 23 January 2011 and constituted 91,311 players. On 24 May 2011 total number of registrations for all three game servers reached 3 million players (2 million on Russian server and 1 million on Europe and North America).  As of December 2013, the game has 75million registered players worldwide and a 1.1 million peak concurrent players. This is an increase of 15 million over the 60 million in June 2013 and 30 million over the 45 million in December 2012. In June 2013, Wargaming stated that they now have 60 million registered users for "World of Tanks".

Revenue.

In 2012, Wargaming's revenue was declared to be 217.9 million euro, with net profit of 6.1 million euro, as declared in an annual report for the Cyprus Stock Exchange. The money gained by Wargaming largely came from "World of Tanks". In 2013, the microtransaction revenue of "World of Tanks" surpassed that of "World of Warcraft", earning $372 million and ranking fourth highest amongst online game revenues.

World of Tanks (WoT) is a massively multiplayer online game developed by Belarusian company Wargaming, featuring mid-20th century (1930s–1960s) era combat vehicles. It is built upon a freemium business model where the game is free-to-play, but participants also have the option of paying a fee for use of "premium" features. The focus is on player vs. player gameplay with each player controlling an armored vehicle.

World of Tanks (zkráceně WoT, česky "Svět tanků") je akční online free to play hra s tematikou tankových bitev první poloviny dvacátého století. Hra je vyvíjená společností Wargaming.net, ve které hráč hraje z pohledu třetí osoby (v odstřelovacím módu z pohledu střelce tanku, v dělostřeleckém módu z ptačí perspektivy). K dispozici je přes 600 vozidel od konce První světové války, meziválečného období, přes hojně zastoupenou vojenskou techniku z období Druhé světové války konče technikou z doby Korejského války a začátku války ve Vietnamu. Hra má více než 3 miliardy registrovaných uživatelů a 180 milionů aktivních hráčů. V aktualizaci 1.0 byla zásadně přepracována grafická stránka hry. S využitím nového ENCORE Engine byly mapy přepracovány do HD. Dále byla přidána nová válečná hudba speciálně vytvořená pro každou mapu.


Uses.

Examples of medications that are sometimes administered intramuscularly are:  In addition, some vaccines are administered intramuscularly:  Platelet-rich plasma injections can be administered intramuscularly.  Certain substances (e.g. ketamine) are injected intramuscularly for recreational purposes.

Injection sites.

Possible sites for IM injection include: deltoid, dorsogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal muscles. Sites that are bruised, tender, red, swollen, inflamed or scarred are avoided.

Deltoid muscle.

The deltoid muscle site (upper arm) is recommended for use with injections of small volume, usually equal or less than 2 ml, including vaccinations. This site is not recommended for repeated injections; due to its small area, it is difficult to rotate the injection site. To locate the site, palpate the lower edge of the acromion process. Inject in the upside down triangle that forms with its base at the acromion process and its midpoint in line with the axilla.

Ventrogluteal site.

The ventrogluteal site (hip) is recommended for injections requiring a larger volume to be administered, greater than 1 ml, and for medications known to be irritating, viscous or oily. It is also given for narcotic, antibiotic, sedative and anti-emetic medications. To locate the ventrogluteal site, place the palm of your hand over the greater trochanter, with the fingers facing the patient's head. The right hand is used for the left hip and left hand is used for the right hip. Place the index finger on the anterior superior iliac spine and run the middle finger back along the iliac crest. The injection is given in the center of the triangle that is formed.

Vastus lateralis muscle.

The vastus lateralis site is recommended for infants less than 7 months old and those unable to walk, with loss of muscular tone. To locate the site, divide the front thigh into thirds vertically and horizontally to make nine squares and inject in the outer middle square.  It is also recommended for epinephrine autoinjectors, in such cases in the middle of the outer side of the thigh, corresponding to the location of the vastus lateralis muscle.

Dorsogluteal site.

The dorsogluteal (buttock) site is not recommended for use in any patient population due to its location near major blood vessels and nerves, as well as having inconsistent depth of adipose tissue, with very few injections in this area injected to the correct depth to administer as a true intramuscular injection. Use of this site is associated with skin and tissue trauma, muscle fibrosis and contracture, haematoma, nerve palsy and paralysis, as well as infectious processes such as abscess and gangrene. Despite the goal of healthcare in many countries to follow evidence based practices, this site is commonly preferred by healthcare professionals against research recommendation, often due to a lack of knowledge surrounding alternative sites for injection. The injection site is located by dividing the buttock into four with a plus (+) shaped cross, and administering the injection in the upper outer quadrant. This is the only intramuscular injection site for which research recommends aspiration (drawing back) of the syringe prior to injection, due to higher likelihood of accidental intravenous administration in this area. However, aspiration is not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, considering it outdated.

Procedure.

The selected site is cleansed with an antimicrobial and is allowed to dry. It is injected with the dominant hand using a quick, darting motion perpendicular to the patient's body at an angle between 72 and 90 degrees, as a faster injection is less painful. The needle is then stabilized with the non-dominant hand while the dominant hand slides to the plunger to slowly instill the medication, as a rapid injection causes more discomfort. The CDC does not recommend the outdated practice of aspirating for blood to rule out injecting into a blood vessel. The needle is withdrawn at the same angle inserted. Using the "Z track" or zigzag technique is recommended, where the skin is pulled and held down to one side with the non-dominant hand about an inch and after the needle is withdrawn the displaced skin is allowed to return to its normal position. This is to ensure that the medication does not leak back along the needle track. Gentle pressure is applied with a gauze but the site is not massaged to prevent forcing the medication into subcutaneous tissue.

Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance directly into muscle. In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications (see route of administration). Muscles have larger and more numerous blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue; intramuscular injections usually have faster rates of absorption than subcutaneous or intradermal injections. The volume of injection is limited to 2-5 milliliters, depending on injection site.

Nitrosvalová aplikace (nitrosvalová injekce, též intramuskulární aplikace/injekce, "i.m.") je aplikace látky – léku, vakcíny apod. – do svalu. Používá se hlavně pro vpravování látek v malém množství. Rychlost vstřebání látky ze svalu závisí na jejích vlastnostech; některé látky se vstřebávají rychle, jiné pozvolna. Nitrosvalové injekce se často aplikují do svalu deltového, do stehenních a hýžďových svalů.


Legal status.

The three islands gained their current status following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010. At the same time, the islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten became autonomous countries () within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The island of Aruba is also a constituent country of the Kingdom located in the Caribbean. The term "Dutch Caribbean" may refer to the three special municipalities (e.g. for stamps), but may also refer to all of the Caribbean islands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The population of the Caribbean Netherlands is. Their total area is.  The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands first voted in the 2012 Dutch general election.

Administration.

The special municipalities () carry many of the functions normally performed by Dutch municipalities. The executive power rests with the Governing Council headed by an Island Governor. The main democratic body is the island council. Dutch citizens of these three islands are entitled to vote in Dutch national elections and (as all Dutch nationals) in European elections.  Officially the islands are classed in Dutch law as being (literally translated as "public bodies") and not (municipalities). Unlike normal municipalities, they do not form part of a Dutch province and the powers normally exercised by provincial councils within municipalities are divided between the island governments themselves and the central government by means of the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands. For this reason, they are called "special" municipalities.  For many Dutch laws there is a special version for the Caribbean Netherlands. For example, social security is not on the same level as it is in the European Netherlands.

National Office.

The "National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands" () is responsible for taxation, policing, immigration, transport infrastructure, health, education, and social security in the islands and provides these services on behalf of the Government of the Netherlands. This agency was established as the Regional Service Center in 2008 and became the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands on 1 September 2010. The current director is Jan Helmond. The "Representative for the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" represents the Government of the Netherlands on the islands and also performs tasks similar to a King's Commissioner. The current representative is Gilbert Isabella.

Relationship with the European Union.

The islands do not form part of the European Union and instead constitute "overseas countries and territories" (OCT status) of the Union, to which special provisions apply. The Lisbon Treaty introduced a procedure where the European Council may change the status of an overseas territory of Denmark, France, or the Netherlands regarding the application of the EU treaties to that territory. In June 2008, the Dutch government published a survey of the legal and economic impacts by a switched status from OCT to outermost region (OMR). The position of the islands was reviewed after a five-year transitional period, which began with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in October 2010. The review was conducted as part of the planned review of the Dutch "Act for the public bodies Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" (), where the islands have been granted the option to become an OMR – and thus a direct part of the European Union. In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation.

Geography.

The Caribbean Netherlands form part of the Lesser Antilles. Within this island group:

Climate.

The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Islands are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.

Currency.

Until 1 January 2011, the three islands used the Netherlands Antillean guilder; after that all three switched to the U.S. dollar, rather than the euro (which is used in the European Netherlands) or the Caribbean guilder (which is being adopted by the other two former Antillean islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten).

Communications.

The telephone country code remains 599, that of the former Netherlands Antilles, and is shared with Curaçao. The International Organization for Standardization has assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code for these islands. The IANA has not established a root zone for the.bq Internet ccTLD and whether it will be used is unknown.

The Caribbean Netherlands (, ) are the three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, although the term "Caribbean Netherlands" is sometimes used to refer to all of the islands in the Dutch Caribbean. In legislation, the three islands are also known as the BES islands (an acronym of their names). The islands are currently classified as "public bodies" in the Netherlands and as overseas countries and territories of the European Union; thus, EU law does not automatically apply.

Karibské Nizozemsko ( "Caribisch Nederland", v papiamentu "Hulanda Karibe") je souhrnné pojmenování pro 3 ostrovy v Karibiku, které mají status „speciálních municipalit Nizozemska“ (možný též český výraz „zvláštní správní obvod“, nizozemsky „bijzondere gemeenten“). Jedná se o ostrovy Bonaire, Svatý Eustach a Saba. Bonaire se nachází v blízkosti ostrovů Aruba a Curaçao při venezuelském pobřeží, zatímco Saba a Svatý Eustach náleží do skupiny tzv. Závětrných ostrovů.


Early life.

Jermaine Lamarr Cole was born on January 28, 1985, at an American military base in Frankfurt, West Germany. His father is an African-American veteran, who served in the U.S. Army, and his mother, Kay, is a white American who was a postal worker for the United States Postal Service. Cole's father later abandoned the family during his youth. At the age of eight months his mother moved with him and his older brother Zach to the United States, to Fayetteville, North Carolina. Cole grew up in a multi-ethnic environment, and when asked about how closely his ethnicity impacts him, Cole commented, "I can identify with white people, because I know my mother, her side of the family, who I love. But at the end of the day, [I've] never felt white. I can identify [with white people] but never have I felt like I'm one of them. I identify more with what I look like, because that's how I got treated [but] not

Career.

1999–2008: Early work and initial mixtapes.

After becoming musically inspired by Canibus, Nas, Tupac and Eminem, Cole and his cousin worked on developing their basic understanding of rhyming and wordplay, as well as beginning to learn how to interpolate storytelling within their lyrics. By 14, Cole had various notebooks filled with song ideas, however, was unable to produce beats further than sampling. Cole's mother later purchased him the Roland TR-808 drum

2009–2010: Mixtapes and Roc Nation signing.

J. Cole released his second mixtape, "The Warm Up", on June 15, 2009 to positive reviews. Cole appeared on Jay Z's album "The Blueprint 3" (2009), on the track "A Star Is Born." He is featured on both Wale's debut album, "Attention Deficit" (2009) and mixtape "Back to the Feature" (2009), respectively. In January 2010, Cole, along with label mate Jay Electronica and Mos Def appeared on Talib Kweli and Hi-Tek's single, "Just Begun" for the follow-up of Reflection Eternal's album "Train of Thought" (2000), titled "Revolutions Per Minute" (2010). Cole also appeared on B.o.B's mixtape "May 25" (2010), on the song "Gladiators", produced by The Alchemist.  In early 2010, Cole was chosen as one of "Beyond Race" magazine's "50 Great Breakthrough Artists," he ranked 49, resulting in the cover story of the publication's #11 issue, as well as a Q&A for the magazine's site. He was also featured in XXL Magazine's 2010 version of the Top Ten Freshmen, a yearly publication focusing on new rappers. Cole began a college tour from March 19, 2010 to April 30, 2010 concluding in New Brunswick, NJ at

2011–2012: "Cole World: The Sideline Story".

Cole served as a supporting act for Drake on the Light Dreams and Nightmares UK Tour, from January 5–21, 2011. In April 2011, "HiiiPoWeR", a song Cole produced for Kendrick Lamar's "Section.80" (2011) was released. The single was the first of many collaborations to come from the two. On May 22, 2011, Cole released a song entitled "Return of Simba," the third in the "Simba" series of songs, following "Simba" and "Grown Simba." Cole purposely avoided releasing his debut album's title for fear of inconsistency, only announcing that Jay-Z would be featured on his debut album. Cole then released his follow-up single to "Who Dat", the album's lead single, "Work Out" on June 15, 2011, in honor of the second anniversary of his highly acclaimed mixtape "The Warm Up". The song, produced by Cole himself, samples "The New Workout Plan" by Kanye West and interpolates "Straight Up" by Paula Abdul. The song later became a hit single, topping several music charts.  On July 31, Cole took to Twitter to announce "Any Given Sunday", reminiscent of Kanye West's G.O.O.D. Fridays, a weekly free music giveaway. Cole wrote "Every Sunday til the album drops I'll be back with

2013: "Born Sinner" and "Truly Yours" series.

On October 24, 2011, during an interview with Hot 106's "Rise & Grind" morning show, Cole revealed he had begun working on his second studio album, with hopes of releasing it in June 2012. He also stated that the album would consist of songs that failed to make his debut, saying "I don't know how many, but I got songs that didn't make the last album that are automatically going to make this one," he said, revealing the release date: "June. End of June, maybe June."  On November 6, 7 and 8, Cole served as the supporting act for Tinie Tempah, appearing at Bournemouth International Centre; Liverpool Echo Arena, Motorpoint Arena Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales; LG Arena, Birmingham, England; SECC Arena, Glasgow, Scotland; and MEN Arena, Manchester.  Cole was

2014–2017: "2014 Forest Hills Drive" and "4 Your Eyez Only".

On August 15, 2014, Cole released "Be Free" in response to the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. Three days later, he visited the city in order to meet with protesters and activists who were gathered at the site of his shooting, discussing the civil unrest that was taking place within the city. He performed the track with an additional verse at the "Late Show with David Letterman" on December 10. On November 16, Cole released a video announcing that his third studio album, "2014 Forest Hills Drive", would be released on December 9. The video featured footage regarding the album's composition, as well as revealed that the album's name was derived from the address of Cole's childhood home. He announced that the album would include no lead singles and have little promotion, but was supported by four promotional singles; "Apparently", "Wet Dreamz",

2018: "KOD".

On April 16, 2018, J. Cole announced a surprise free event for fans at the Gramercy Theatre in New York City. The event turned out to be a listening session for his forthcoming album, titled "KOD", which was released on April 20, 2018. Cole held a second listening session in London the next day. The album's cover and tracklist show twelve tracks and two features, both by Cole's alter ego, Kill Edward. Cole had mentioned that "KOD" has 3 meanings, "Kids on Drugs", "King Overdosed", and "Kill Our Demons". The cover art for "KOD" was done by

2019–present: "Revenge of the Dreamers III".

On January 6, 2019, Cole took to Twitter to announce Dreamville's compilation album "Revenge of the Dreamers III" by uploading a gold poster-like invitation. Recording sessions took place in Atlanta beginning January 6 through January 16, 2019. Throughout the 10-days of recording, invitations were shared by the entire Dreamville roster, among other artists and producers outside of Dreamville. A total of 343 artists and producers were invited to the sessions including, Big K.R.I.T., Mike Will Made It, DJ Khaled, Swizz Beatz, Tay Keith, T.I, Rick Ross, 9th Wonder and Wale, among others. On January 23, 2019, Cole released his first lead single since 2013 titled, "Middle Child". With only one day of tracking, "Middle Child" debuted at number 26 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The following week, the song peaked at number 4, making it Cole's highest charting song. Cole performed at the 2019 NBA All-Star Game for its halftime show on February 17, 2019 in Charlotte. He performed "Middle Child", "A Lot", "ATM", "Love Yourz"

Artistic influences.

Cole has cited several hip-hop artists as influencing his rapping style, including Tupac Shakur, Jay Z, Eminem, Nas, and Andre 3000. He described in an interview with Steve Lobel, "Jay [Z] was a mentor before I ever signed to him." "I studied his moves that much...I got to go on tour with him and steal a lot of gems. That's how you supposed to do it. You're supposed to learn and take pieces from the greatest. So, Jay was my mentor before I ever signed to him. And now that I signed to him it's just a blessing to be able to hit him for advice and get that real 20 years of experience or however long he been in the game. It's priceless.""My favorite rapper was Pac," he said. "He was my favorite rapper before I even started rapping. Before I even

Controversies.

In August 2013, Cole and Diddy were reportedly involved in an altercation at a 2013 MTV Video Music Awards after party in New York City. Reports said the incident started when Diddy tried to confront rapper Kendrick Lamar over the "King of New York" claim in his "Control" verse. Diddy allegedly attempted to pour a drink on Lamar, and Cole intervened. The two started arguing and Cole and Diddy allegedly got into an altercation, which then led to problems between their respective crews. After a brief scuffle, both crews separated. Ibrahim Hamad, a close friend of Cole's and president of Dreamville Records took to Twitter to address the rumors saying: "The Internet is a crazy place you niggaz reporting shit with no facts, Cole ain't get thrown out no party and he damn sure aint get beat up", he continued saying, "Ain't gon go into details about last night but get the facts right first before you rush to report some shit for some extra blog clicks". A few months after the incident, Cole and Diddy allegedly squashed the beef when both were seen in a video promoting Revolt, joking about the incident.  Upon the release of "Eyez" documentary in 2016, the songs "Everybody Dies" and "False Prophets" caused controversy within the hip hop community, as many assumed that "Everybody Dies" contained shots aimed at fellow rappers Lil Uzi Vert and Lil Yachty. During an interview with Los Angeles' radio station Power 106, Lil Yachty responded, saying: "I don't listen to J. Cole [but] I definitely listened to it [and] people said he was talking about me. He said 'Lil.' I'm not little. My name has 'Lil' in it but there's a lot of 'Lil' rappers. [It's] either me or Uzi. Honestly, I don't give a fuck." Lil Uzi Vert acknowledged the track, he responded via Twitter on December 2, 2016 by simply tweeting, "Heard some beautiful shit today @JColeNC" People also

Business ventures.

Dreamville Records.

During the composition of "The Come Up", Cole started his own record label in early 2007 with current label president Ibrahim Hamad. Cole sought for an avenue to release his own music, while Hamad yearned to start a record label, prompting the two to team

The Dreamville Foundation.

In October 2011, Cole established The Dreamville Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The Foundation says that it was "created to 'bridge the gap' between the worlds of opportunity and the urban youth" of Cole's hometown of Fayetteville, North Carolina. With volunteers, the Foundation conducts philanthropic activities, such as an annual "Back To School Supply Giveaway" to provide supplies to schoolchildren. The Foundation also launched a book club for young men and

Tidal.

In March 2015, Project Panther, the business of Cole's mentor Jay-Z, acquired Aspiro, the owner of the music streaming service Tidal, for

Dreamville Festival.

On April 27, 2018, J. Cole announced the Dreamville Festival, the festival featuring local music, culture, food and art, and also include a mix of up-and-comers and national acts. It is expected to be an annual festival. However, in the wake of Hurricane Florence, the

Fashion.

In February 2020, J. Cole announced a multi-year footwear and apparel partnership with Puma as an ambassador for the brand. According to the global director

Personal life.

In a January 2016 interview with director Ryan Coogler, Cole revealed that he was married. His wife, Melissa Heholt, attended St. John's

Discography.

Concert tours.

Headlining  Co-headlining  Supporting act

Jermaine Lamarr Cole (born January 28, 1985) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, producer, and record executive. Born on a military base in Germany and raised in Fayetteville, North Carolina, Cole initially gained recognition as a rapper following the release of his debut mixtape, "The Come Up", in early 2007. Intent on further pursuing a solo career as a rapper, he went on to release two additional mixtapes, "The Warm Up" (2009) and "Friday Night Lights" (2010), after signing to Jay-Z's Roc Nation imprint in 2009.

Jermaine Lamarr Cole (* 28. leden 1985, Frankfurt nad Mohanem, Německo), spíše známý jako J. Cole, je americký rapper a hudební producent. Také je zakladatelem labelu Dreamville Records.


Geography.

The territory of Sokh is divided into two parts, separated by Kyrgyzstan: The exclave's name comes from the Sokh River, 124 km long, which crosses the territory and waters its fertile valley. The exclave is surrounded by the Kyrgyz province of Batken. Sokh's border is 135 km long, with nine border posts guarded by Kyrgyzstan.

Population.

42,800 in 1993 (with some estimates as high as 70,000.)

History.

Together with Kokand, Sokh was one of the centres of the Basmachi uprising from 1918 to 1924. At that time Sokh was still directly connected with Uzbekistan.  Sokh was created in 1955. Local legend holds that “the territory was lost by a Kyrgyz Communist Party official in a card game with his Uzbek counterpart.” Other say it made sense to assign the area to Uzbekistan because the roads running along the Soh river connected to Uzbekistan to the north rather than going through the rugged Kyrgyz territory to the east and west of the area in question.  In 1999, Uzbekistan claimed that militants from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) were using Sokh as their base to attack Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Earlier that year, Tashkent had been rocked by a series of car bombings attributed to the IMU. Uzbekistan began mining the borders around Sokh, angering the Kyrgyz who claim Uzbekistan placed mines on its territory.

Economy.

The economy of Sokh is mainly based on agriculture (potatoes and fruits). The fields are supplied by the river Sokh so that agriculture is only possible in the valley plain. The Sokh valley forms a river oasis in the surrounding, barren grassland. The seasonal migration of the male labour force to Russia is also important. The exclave contains twenty-eight schools, two colleges, three clinics, twelve dispensaries and ten village health centres.

So‘x District (also spelled as Sokh, ) is a tuman (district) of the Fergana Region. It is an enclave of Uzbekistan, surrounded by Kyrgyzstan. Its capital is Ravon. Another village in the district is Limbur. It is noted that despite being a part of Uzbekistani territory and being surrounded by Kyrgyzstan, its population is mostly Tajik.

Sochský rajon (uzbecky "So`h tumani/Сўх тумани", rusky "Сохский район"), někdy též Soch, je uzbecká exkláva v Kyrgyzstánu nacházející se v údolí Soch (správní centrum rajonu Ravan). Administrativně Sochský rajon náleží k Ferganské oblasti Uzbekistánu. Na území se nachází celkem 19 obcí, ve kterých žije 59 000 obyvatel, z toho 99 % tádžické, 0,7 % kyrgyzské a 0,3 % uzbecké národnosti. Nejsevernější bod Sochského rajonu je od zbytku Uzbekistánu vzdálen vzdušnou čarou 11,5 km. Exkláva vznikla úpravou hranic svazových republik SSSR roku 1955. Dle nepodložené legendy vyhrál území uzbecký tajemník komunistické strany nad svým kyrgyzským kolegou v kartách. Po rozpadu Sovětského svazu se stal Soch příčinou sporů mezi oběma státy, uzbecký požadavek na vytvoření koridoru spojujícího exklávu s vlastním státem kyrgyzská strana jednoznačně odmítla. V roce 1999 po neúspěšném pokusu uzbeckých islámských extrémistů skrývajících se v Kyrgyzstánu obsadit území uzbecká armáda zaminovala hranice exklávy.


History.

Professional tennis in Qatar started with exhibition tournaments featuring distinguished players. Due to the success of these games, it was decided that an official organization should be created for the same. On 9 April 1984, the Qatar Tennis Federation was established. In 1987 tennis was introduced to major sports clubs in Qatar. Games were held at four major sports clubs – Al Arabi, Al Saad, Al Ahli, and Al Rayyan.  In 1991 facilities at the Qatar Tennis Federation had increased including the number of tennis courts and on 16 December 1992 this new complex was inaugurated. The complex was recently built the Phase III which was a major upgrade for the complex.

Location.

The facility is located adjacent to the Qatar Sports club and Doha compound in the Al Dafna area of Doha. It sits on one end of the West Bay district at the intersection of the Majilis Al Taawon and Al Markhiya streets.  It is within walking distance of major hotels and commercial establishments in the district. Several food chains like Fuddruckers and Burger king also have branches with in or around the complex.

Expansion and facilities.

The stadium had an initial capacity of 4500 seats. It was renovated and enlarged in 2008 increasing its seating capacity to 7000. Additional areas introduced corporate boxes, lower, middle and upper sections. A media center and sponsor booths are also incorporated.  To cater to local needs an impressive VIP Tent along with a general public area with food courts and entertainment were gradually introduced. The complex has 24 courts and all the necessary facilities to host major tennis tournaments in the world.

The Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex is a tennis complex in Doha, Qatar. The center is owned and operated by the Qatar Tennis Federation. It is the home venue of the ATP World Tour's Qatar ExxonMobil Open and WTA event Qatar Total Open. It formerly hosted the year-ending WTA Tour Championships in 2008–2010. It has also hosted the tennis and squash competitions at the 2006 Asian Games held in Doha.

Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex, česky Mezinárodní tenisový a squashový komplex chalífy, je tenisový areál v katarském hlavním městě Dauhá, jehož vlastníkem a správcem je Katarská tenisová federace. Komplex byl otevřen 16. prosince 1992 a první profesionální turnaj Qatar Open se v něm odehrál v roce 1993. Obsahuje dvacet sedm venkovních dvorců s tvrdým povrchem. Centrální kurt má od roku 2008 kapacitu 6 911 diváků, předtím tato činila 4 106 osob.