History.

On 11 August 2011, Mutual withdrew from the Hong Kong First Division League due to financial problems. The Hong Kong Football Association then decided to form a team for training youngsters for the 2013 East Asian Games, as well as to replace Mutual. The club was named as Hong Kong Sapling, but was dissolved in 2012.  In the run up to the 2016–17 season, Metro Gallery were forced to voluntarily relegate to the First Division due to financial difficulties. Hong Kong Sapling were reformed in order to fill the void left by Metro Gallery and were able to secure funding from two sponsors, Biu Chun and GlorySky Group, competing under the name Biu Chun Glory Sky until the end of the season.  In the summer of 2017, the club was taken over by former Birmingham City board member Ryan Yeung and the club were renamed as Dreams FC.  During the latter part of the 2018–19 season, Dreams ran into financial arrears and it appeared that their future in the HKPL was uncertain. Despite this, CEO Leung Chi Kui issued a statement claiming that the club had retained two thirds of their players and would continue to participate in the 2019–20 season. However, on 11 July 2019, Dreams decided to self-relegate due to lack of funds, citing an inability to fulfill a requirement by the HKFA for each HKPL club to submit a seven figure deposit ahead of the season. However, HKFA disputed the claim entirely the next day via press release.  In the 2019–20 season, the club was renamed as King Fung.

Club Badge.

The Hong Kong Football Association asked a professional designer to design a badge for the team. After the badge was published, because the badge looked like the badge of Wigan Athletic, people laughed at the badge and called the team "Fake Wigan".  The Hong Kong Football Association then published a new badge for the team.

Hong Kong Sapling Football Club (), currently known as King Fung Football Club () due to sponsorship reasons, is a Hong Kong football club which currently competes in the Hong Kong First Division.

Dreams SC (celým názvem: "Dreams Sports Club"; ) je čínský profesionální fotbalový klub, který sídlí ve zvláštní správní oblasti Čínské lidové republiky Hongkongu. Založen byl v roce 2011 pod názvem Hong Kong Sapling FC. Svůj současný název nese od roku 2017. Klubové barvy jsou modrá, černá a bílá. Od sezóny 2016/17 působí v hongkongské nejvyšší fotbalové soutěži.


Concept.

On 14 December 2016, Locomore began running a daily service between Stuttgart and Berlin. Travel time between Stuttgart Hbf and Berlin Hbf was 6:26 southbound, and 6:47 northbound. The majority of the route runs on existing German high speed lines where the service travels up to 200 km/h. In order to compete against the Deutsche Bahn's quasi-monopoly over long-distance travel in Germany, Locomore's prices were similar to those of long distance buses, and they aim to provide a high-standard of in-seat service. The Locomore service also runs entirely on green energy.  Tickets are available for purchase online and via the Flixbus smartphone app. As is also the case for other private operators in Germany such as Hamburg-Köln-Express and Thalys, tickets are unavailable through Deutsche Bahn points of sale. Early bookers pay lower prices and could choose between multiple service levels, and all tickets were nominative and included seat reservations. Space is provided on board for pushchairs and bikes. There are themed sections for families with children; children under 14 can travel for free.

Network.

The cities Vaihingen an der Enz, Heidelberg, Darmstadt, Frankfurt am Main, Hanau, Fulda, Kassel, Göttingen, Hannover and Wolfsburg were connected with Stuttgart and Berlin. While the train only stopped at the main station in Stuttgart, the train stopped in Berlin Zoologischer Garten, Berlin-Hauptbahnhof, Berlin-Ostbahnhof and Berlin-Lichtenberg railway stations in Berlin. Since December 2017 the train also stops at Berlin-Ostkreuz and Lehrte.  Three new connections were planned for 2017: Frankfurt-Stuttgart-Augsburg-München, Berlin-Hannover-Dortmund-Düsseldorf-Köln-Bonn and Berlin-Prenzlau-Stralsund-Binz. With the insolvency and re-launch in August 2017 future plans are currently unknown.

Owners and founders.

The shares have been owned:  Other founders and employees have been Max Sigg (Marketing), Pierre Daniel Bertholdt (Business Development, Transactions) and Jan Christopher Witt (Operations)

Vehicles.

Bm235 type UIC passenger coach types with 12 passenger compartments are used. The coaches were used in the Netherlands up until 2009. All carriages had free Wi-Fi.  There are three passenger carriage variants:  The wagons are certified for a top speed of 200 km/h. They were leased from owner SRI Rail Invest GmbH. The locomotives and drivers are provided by Hector Rail. A Siemens ES64U2 with a top speed of 230 km/h was used.

Food.

An in-seat trolley service of snacks, hot and cold drinks, and small meals (salads, sandwiches) was available. Refreshment choices were Fair Trade and organic where possible.

Financing.

Since June 2015, Locomore had raised funds through a crowdfunding campaign, allowing private individuals to invest in the company via pledges and donations. As of 6 December 2016, Locomore had received €608,761 in investments, largely exceeding their funding goal of €460,000. Investors can choose between receiving interest payments on their donation of 3.5% per annum and receiving travel vouchers for use on the service. On 26 January 2016 the company announced that they had successfully raised the capital necessary to launch the train service.

History.

Locomore GmbH & Co. KG was founded in 2007 and in 2009 was a founding member of the Hamburg-Köln-Express GmbH, which launched the Hamburg-Köln-Express in 2012 in direct competition with the Deutsche Bahn between Hamburg and Cologne. In 2012, Locomore sold its holdings in Hamburg-Köln-Express GmbH to concentrate on launching its own rail service in competition with Deutsche Bahn.

Insolvency.

On May 11, 2017, Locomore announced that it had filed for insolvency in district court. Service was terminated as new investors could not be found to keep the railroad company operational. In August 2017 Czech open access train operator LEO Express had acquired some Locomore assets including its leased rolling stock, the majority of the staff and the brand. The Locomore route is now being served by trains under the Flixtrain branding.

Locomore (identifier LOC) was a German higher-speed inter-city rail open access service between four of the most populous German metropolitan areas; i.e. the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region, Rhine-Neckar, Frankfurt Rhine-Main and Berlin-Brandenburg. The train calls at 18 railway stations, including the major German cities of Stuttgart, Frankfurt, Hanover and Berlin. It operated at a top speed of 200 km/h (124 mph).

Locomore (stylizováno jako LOCOMORE, zkráceně LOC) je německý soukromý provozovatel osobních vysokorychlostních vlaků. Vznikl na konci roku 2016. Na zákazníky měl zacílit na trase Berlín – Stuttgart nižší cenou a vyšší rychlostí než autobusová konkurence. Na jaře 2017 se ale ocitl v insolvenci. Vlastníkem je od srpna 2017 česká společnost LEO Express, která se také stará o provozní stránku vlaků. Marketing, prodej a péči o zákazníky má na starosti německý autobusový dopravce FlixBus.


Plot.

The film continues the story of Sara Johnson (originally played by Julia Stiles and now portrayed by Izabella Miko). She recalls how she was born to be a dancer. Her mother would often comment that she knew how to pirouette before she could properly walk. From her earliest memories Sara always wanted to be a ballerina, a graceful dancer who could glide across the stage. Inspired by her Idol Philomena Kerplunk played by Suze Williams, It seemed that there was something that caused conflict in Sara's ambition. She also loves the urban dance form of hip-hop. While ballet is highly structured, full of rules and standards, hip-hop gives Sara a chance to let go and follow the beat. Sara wants the best of both worlds but the conflict between structure and independence affects her performance in both genres.  The film is set soon after the original. Sara has made the first part of her dream come true. Her audition with the Juilliard School of Dance worked out well and she was accepted, resulting in her moving from Chicago to New York City. Sara would soon find out that as rough as it was to get there, staying would require raising the bar to almost painful heights. Her idol and ballet instructor, Monique Delacroix (Jacqueline Bisset), is old school when it comes to demanding each student master the traditional and arduous curriculum. She has little to no use for the influence of any other form of dance on ballet, so the concept of hip-hop is not only foreign to the staid teacher, it is repugnant.  During orientation on her first day at Juilliard, Sara meets Miles Sultana (Columbus Short), who takes her for a trombone player. When she tells him she is there for ballet, he questions whether she is a ballerina. Sara boldly states that she is already a ballerina; she is there to become a prima ballerina. This sets up a playful antagonism that later develops into a romantic relationship. Sara also has to deal with the students at her new school. In a high pressure school like Juilliard, the more favor you gather with the teachers the more jealousy you encounter from the students. It is a cut-throat environment with an extremely high failure rate.  Among her new classmates is Marcus (Matthew Watling), who infuriates Delacroix the first day for wearing pants that'swish'. Then there is Katrina (Maria Brooks), who is destined to be the main rival for Sara. It also turns out that Miles is actually her guest lecturer for 'Introduction to Hip-Hop Theory'. Miles invites Sara and her new roommate Zoe to a club, where Sara demonstrates her skills by having a dance off with local dance star and club favorite Candy (Tracey "Tre" Armstrong). Due to her late night partying, she is late for her ballet class and is scolded and punished by Ms Delacroix.  Struggling to stay, Sara tries to save herself from being dismissed by working extremely hard, which makes her decline Miles's request for her to design choreography for an art exhibit he's involved with. In pain and desperation, Sara takes pills offered to her by Katrina to lose weight and relieve the pain in her joints. After vomiting in Delacroix's office and having the pills noted in the bucket, she is assured that she is not being cut and advised not to take them anymore. She continues to work hard and improves daily. She also agrees to help Miles with his project. During a chance meeting with Philiomena Kerplunk (Suze Williams) Philly convinces Sara that she will have the last dance and that she is still as hip as she was in the first movie.  Delacroix properly supports her after Sara demonstrates her talent, causing Katrina to become even more jealous. Katrina gets the lead in "Giselle", but is injured during practice. Sara must now take her part, which is extremely technically demanding. Sara works relentlessly, struggling between her two commitments. Katrina, in a final act of revenge, reveals Sara's relationship with Miles to Delacroix. It is revealed that Delacroix is Miles's mother. She discusses Sara's future with Miles and encourages him to end their relationship so it doesn't interfere with her fulfilling her dreams.  Sara withdraws from her participation in the gallery project and focuses on the ballet performance. During rehearsal, she is confronted by Zoe and Miles's friend Franz (Ian Brennan) about refusing to assist with the gallery project even though Miles is struggling. Zoe angrily accuses Sara of becoming Delacroix. Sara is also informed that the dress rehearsal for the gallery project is on the night of her ballet performance and no one from that group will be able to see her as Giselle. Right before the ballet performance, Zoe comes and apologizes for her behavior and delivers a CD from Miles of him playing piano. She performs her role as Giselle flawlessly, but finds in the end that she feels nothing despite her tremendous success. She declines to attend the afterparty full of industry luminaries and tells Delacroix that she is not willing to sacrifice love, friendship, and happiness for ballet. She leaves and goes to the dress rehearsal, makes up with Miles, and performs the piece she choreographed, finally looking happy.

Reception.

Christopher Null of Filmcritic.com was critical of the film, stating it "retreads the original "Dance" pretty much completely". He noted that Miko lacks the girl-next-door charm of Stiles, but suggested she does make for a more credible ballerina.

Home media.

The film was released on DVD October 10, 2006. The DVD includes a making of feature.

Save the Last Dance 2 (also known as Save the Last Dance 2: Stepping Up) is a 2006 dance drama film and a sequel to the 2001 film "Save the Last Dance". It was released to DVD on October 10, 2006 by Paramount Home Entertainment and MTV. While featuring some returning characters, none of the original cast are retained from the original film. R&B singer Ne-Yo makes an appearance in the film.

Nežádej svůj poslední tanec 2 (v anglickém originále Save the Last Dance 2 nebo Save the Last Dance 2: Stepping Up) je americký taneční dramatický film z roku 2006. Je sequelem filmu "Nežádej svůj poslední tanec". Režie se ujal David Patrarca a scénáře Kwame Nyanning. Ve snímku hrají hlavní role Izabella Miko a Columbus Short. Snímek byl vydán na DVD 10. října 2006.


Early life.

Althea Leasure was born November 6, 1953, in Marietta, Ohio. Althea and her four siblings, Sherry, Debbie, Marsha and Richard, came from an abusive home. When Althea was eight, her father Richard shot and killed her mother, June, her grandfather, and June's best friend, before fatally shooting himself. Althea's grandmother was present during the incident, but survived by hiding in the nearby creek.  Althea and three of her siblings were later put into the OSSO Home (Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphanage) in Xenia, Ohio, which she ran away from many times because she was very unhappy after being sexually molested when sent to possible adoptor's homes.

Career.

She met Larry Flynt at age 17 in 1971, when she applied for a job as a go-go dancer at his Hustler club in Columbus, Ohio. They were married on August 21, 1976. She was "Hustler's" first life-size centerfold, and as Publisher/Editor was involved with the development, management and publication of the magazine until her untimely death; she ran the magazine and kept it afloat during Larry's "born again" experience brought on by a psychotic bi-polar manic episode in 1977, his subsequent near-fatal crippling shooting in Georgia in 1978 and multiple bouts with bi-polar disorder which also led to his campaign for President of the United States in 1984.  In the mid-1980s, Althea planned a new non-pornographic magazine called "The Rage", to focus on the punk subculture. "The Rage" was ultimately abandoned due to the expense of Flynt's 1984 presidential run.  In 1982 Althea began using the drugs that Larry was prescribed for pain after he was shot in 1978, and developed an addiction. She was diagnosed with AIDS in 1983; Flynt stated that she contracted the disease from an untested blood transfusion during a hysterectomy, and that she always used clean needles when using drugs.

Death.

Althea died at age 33 when she drowned in the bathtub at the couple's Bel-Air mansion in Los Angeles on June 27, 1987. According to reports, she passed out from a prescription drug overdose and drowned. Her husband, however, states that at the time she was in the advanced stages of AIDS and would have died within that year, regardless. At that point he was taking care of her and claims that she was practically bedridden.  Althea Flynt is buried in the Flynt family cemetery plot, located on Lakeville in Salyersville, Kentucky.

In popular culture.

In the 1996 movie "The People vs. Larry Flynt" she was portrayed by Courtney Love, who was nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance.

Althea Flynt (née Leasure; November 6, 1953 – June 27, 1987) was the fourth wife of Larry Flynt and the co-publisher of Flynt's pornography magazine, "Hustler".

Althea Flynt, rodným jménem Althea Leasure (6. listopadu 1953 Ohio – 27. června 1987 Los Angeles) byla čtvrtá manželka Larryho Flynta a spoluvydavatelka Flyntova pornografického časopisu Hustler.


History.

With the establishment of the Minnesota Territory in 1849, many new settlers were attracted to Ramsey County and established farms in the northern part of the county. One of these early settlers was Heman Gibbs, whose farm is now operated as the Gibbs Museum of Pioneer and Dakotah Life in Falcon Heights. This area remained largely farmland until small villages began to appear in the late 19th century with the incorporation of North St. Paul in 1887, New Brighton in 1891, and White Bear Lake in 1921.

Government and politics.

County Sheriff.

The Ramsey County Sheriff is the top law enforcement official in Ramsey County. The Ramsey County Sheriff is elected for a four-year term via an election running concurrent with the federal mid-term elections.  The current sheriff is Bob Fletcher, who won the general election for Ramsey County Sheriff on November 6, 2018.  Providing safety in Ramsey County is a collaborative effort across multiple agencies. The Ramsey County Sheriff's office provides a number of unique services across the county as mandated by law. This includes detention for court and other court services. This also includes safety, rescue and law enforcement on the waterways.  Proactively, the Sheriff's office provides multiple safety classes and coordinates community volunteer efforts.  The sheriff's office provides patrol and investigation for communities without local police forces and is available as backup for all communities. An emergency 911 call will send the appropriate agency according to the caller's location and law enforcement availability.

County Attorney.

The Ramsey County Attorney prosecutes felony crimes that occur within the jurisdiction of Ramsey County. The current County Attorney is John Choi, who was elected in 2010.

County Commissioners.

The county commission elects a chair who presides at meetings. Commissioners as of November 20, 2019:

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (11%) is water. It is the smallest county by area in Minnesota. It has been considered completely urbanized since the 1990 United States Census.

Transportation.

Ramsey County is served by several interstate highways, including Interstate 35 and Interstate 94. I-35 has two routes through Ramsey County. I-35E enters the county from Dakota County to the south and proceeds north through Saint Paul, where it intersects I-94, then continues north to Little Canada, where it runs east concurrently with I-694 for several miles before turning north through North Oaks to Washington County. I-35W crosses from Minneapolis to the west through Saint Anthony before turning north through New Brighton, where it intersects I-694, and then to Anoka County where it goes on to rejoin I-35E in Washington County.  Near the western edge of the county, I-94 enters from Minneapolis where it runs almost parallel to University Avenue until it meets I-35E in Saint Paul and continues east to Washington County. I-494 passes through the southeast corner of the county between Dakota and Washington Counties. From Anoka County in the west, I-694 takes a path through New Brighton, where it meets I-35W, to the junction with I-35E in Little Canada and finally to Washington County in the east.  Ramsey County is also accessible by several U.S. Highways, in particular US 10, US 52, and US 61. US 10 enters from Washington County in the south and continues north to meet I-94 just east of Saint Paul where it turns west to run concurrently with I-94, I-35E, I-694, and finally I-35W before continuing northwest to Anoka County. US 52 runs from South Saint Paul in Dakota County north to downtown Saint Paul where it meets I-94 and turns west to run concurrently with it all the way to the North Dakota border. From the south, US 61 runs concurrently with US 10 and then I-94 until it continues northeast on surface streets through the East Side of Saint Paul. From Saint Paul, US 61 continues north through Maplewood and White Bear Lake before crossing the border into Washington County.  In addition to these federal highways, Ramsey County is served by a number of Minnesota State Highways, including MN 36 and MN 51 which are divided highways for much of their length.  The county also has jurisdiction over 264.108 miles of County State Aid Highways as well as 21,031 miles of county roads and 59 bridges that are maintained and monitored by the Public Works Department of Ramsey County.

Rail.

Ramsey County is a major freight hub along BNSF's Northern Transcon route, as well as being served by Union Pacific and Canadian Pacific.  Amtrak offers daily intercity passenger rail service on the "Empire Builder" from Union Depot in Saint Paul. Light rail service is provided by Metro, a light rail and bus rapid transit system operated by Metro Transit that connects several communities in Ramsey and Hennepin Counties.

Air.

The primary airport serving Ramsey County is Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport located in neighboring Hennepin County. The only airport located in Ramsey County is Saint Paul Downtown Airport, a smaller commercial airport with three runways primarily used for general aviation and military operations.

Demographics.

2010.

As of the 2010 Census, there were 508,640 people, 202,691 households, and 117,799 families living in the county. The racial makeup of the county was 70.1% White, 11.0% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 11.7% Asian, 2.9% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. 7.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups were was German (26.0%), Irish (11.5%), Norwegian (9.9%), and Swedish (7.4%).

2000.

At the 2000 Census, there were 511,035 people, 201,236 households, and 119,936 families living in the county. The population density was 3,281 people per square mile (1,267/km2). There were 206,448 housing units at an average density of 1,325 per square mile (512/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 77.37% White, 7.61% Black or African American, 0.83% Native American, 8.77% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.45% from other races, and 2.90% from two or more races. 5.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 201,236 households out of which 29.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.00% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.40% were non-families. 32.00% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.16.  In the county, the population was spread out with 25.60% under the age of 18, 11.30% from 18 to 24, 30.70% from 25 to 44, 20.70% from 45 to 64, and 11.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 93.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.20 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $45,722, and the median income for a family was $57,747. (These figures had risen to $53,141 and $71,485, respectively, as of 2008.) Males had a median income of $39,806 versus $30,814 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,536. About 7.40% of families and 10.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.70% of those under age 18 and 6.80% of those age 65 or over.

Records.

Ramsey County records are available for research use. They include school records, district and municipal court files, Board of Commissioners records, County Auditor records, Court of Common Pleas, probate court records, Saint Paul City Council records, and agency histories.

Ramsey County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 508,640, making it the second-most populous county in Minnesota. Its county seat and largest city is St. Paul, the state capital. The county was founded in 1849 and is named for Alexander Ramsey, the first governor of the Minnesota Territory.

Ramsey County County je okres ve státě Minnesota ve Spojených státech amerických. K roku 2016 zde žilo odhadem 540 649 obyvatel. Správním městem a zároveň největším sídlem okresu je Saint Paul. Celková rozloha okresu činí 440 km2.


Etymology.

The name "Ambohimanga" is a noun-adjective compound in the standard Malagasy language composed of two parts: "ambohi", meaning "hill", and "manga", which can mean "sacred", "blue", "beautiful" or "good". The earliest known name for

History.

Madagascar's central highlands, including the area around Ambohimanga, were first inhabited between 200 BCE–300 CE by the island's earliest settlers, the Vazimba, who appear to have arrived by pirogue from southeastern Borneo to establish simple villages in the island's dense forests. By the 15th century the Merina ethnic group from the southeastern coast had gradually migrated into the central highlands where they established hilltop villages interspersed among the existing Vazimba settlements, which were ruled by local kings. The tombs of at least four Vazimba are located on or around Ambohimanga hill and are sites of pilgrimage, including the tombs of Ingorikelisahiloza, Andriantsidonina, Ramomba and Kotosarotra. In the mid-16th century the disparate Merina principalities were united as the Kingdom of Imerina under the rule of King Andriamanelo (1540–1575), who initiated military campaigns to expel or assimilate the Vazimba population. Conflict with the Vazimba led Andriamanelo to fortify his hill town using earthen walls, stone gateways and deep defensive trenches. This fortified town model, called a "rova", was propagated by the noble class throughout Imerina until French colonization of Madagascar in 1895.  The earliest settlement at the height of Ambohimanga was most likely established in the 15th century, coinciding with the arrival of the Merina in the highlands. Rice paddies took the place of the original valley forests by the 16th century, and the growing population near the valleys around Ambohimanga became known by the clan name Tantsaha ("people of the cultivated land"). According to oral history, however, the first to settle the site of the Ambohimanga rova was Andriamborona, the dethroned prince of the highland territory of Imamo, who relocated to the then-unpopulated hilltop in around 1700 accompanied by his nephew, his wife, and his mother, Ratompobe. Merina king Andriamasinavalona (1675–1710), who reigned over Imerina from his royal compound in Antananarivo, noticed a bonfire lit by the family on the southern face of the hill 24 kilometers away. The visibility of the site from his capital led Andriamasinavalona to desire Ambohimanga as a residence for his son, Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana. Andriamborona and his family agreed to shift three times to different parts of the hill, including the future site of the royal compound of Bevato, in response to consecutive requests from the king. For a short time he and the prince lived in neighboring houses at Bevato before Andriamborona and his family finally left the hill for the distant highland village of Ambatolampy, where he lived the rest of his life; the king retrieved their bodies for burial at Ambohimanga.

Layout.

Ambohimanga is located in the central highlands of Madagascar, approximately northeast of the capital city of Antananarivo. The hill rises steeply approximately 450 feet from the surrounding terrain on its eastern side and gradually slopes downward toward the west. The royal city of the same name, situated at the peak of the hill, has panoramic views of the surrounding hills and valleys, and is surrounded on the hill's slopes and the valley floor by the houses of residents of Ambohimanga village. The terraced rice paddies that cover the hillsides to the north and south of the royal city were created in the 17th and 18th centuries to provide a staple food source to the inhabitants of the hill and its surrounding villages. The crest of Ambohimanga is higher than the surrounding hills and others among the traditionally designated twelve sacred hills of Imerina, symbolically indicative of the site's political significance relative to other similar hill towns. This elevation also offered an excellent vantage point for surveying the surrounding areas for advancing enemy troops. Rising from among the surrounding valleys and terraced rice paddies, the hill is topped with a forest that was exempted from the widespread deforestation of the highlands due to its sacred nature. The UNESCO World Heritage Site encompassing the hill and the royal city at its peak extends over a surface area of 59 hectares, with a buffer zone of 425 hectares.

Symbolism.

The layout of Ambohimanga's three compounds and the structures within them followed a traditional design established by the earliest Merina highland settlers by the 15th century. According to custom, a rova could only be established by an "andriana" (noble). Its foundation was built to raise the rova higher than the surrounding buildings outside its walls. Contained within the rova was at least one "lapa" (royal palace or residence) as well as the "fasana" (tomb) of one or more of the site's founders and family members. It also enclosed a "kianja" (courtyard) marked

Fortifications.

A series of protective trenches ("hadivory") and stone walls, typical of fortified royal cities in Imerina since the 15th century, surround the village of Ambohimanga. The trenches vary in depth to a maximum of. The oldest trenches at the site, called Mazavatokana, are located behind the modern-day rova and appear to predate the reign of the hill's first known king, Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana; local tradition maintains that they were dug in the early 16th century on the command of King Andrianjaka, who may have used the site as a launching point for military offensives in his war against the Vazimba. Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana was the first to systematically establish a network of defenses around the hilltop settlement. This first king of Ambohimanga dug trenches around his Bevato compound, which was initially only accessible through a gateway he named Ambavahadikely.  The settlement was expanded by the construction of trenches bordering a second adjoining space to the northeast with two additional

Natural features.

Two sanctified, stone-covered springs nearby feed a stream that is believed to hold powers of purification and flows through the buffer zone surrounding the royal city. Their water was used to form the sacred lake of Amparihy, artificially created by at least the 18th century to provide water to fill two ceremonial pools constructed within the Ambohimanga compound. Oral history attributes the creation of the lake to Andrianampoinimerina. He reportedly engaged the labor of surrounding villagers to dig the lake at the site of the spring-fed swamp at the base of the hill. Before initially filling the lake with water carried in baked earthen jars from the sacred sites of Alasora, Antsahatsiroa and Anosibe, the lake's creation was sanctified by sacrificing zebu

Villages.

The villages surrounding the royal city date back to at least the 16th century, when the valleys around Ambohimanga hill were first transformed into rice paddies. Following the establishment of a royal city on the hilltop, successive rulers put in place regulations to govern the development of these villages and manage the subjects inhabiting them. Under Andrianampoinimerina, quotas established a set number of houses for members of influential clans in designated neighborhoods around the hill. This king also established rules to improve sanitation, including standards of cleanliness in domestic courtyards and the quarantine of people suffering from certain illnesses. Ranavalona I specified the physical characteristics of newly constructed houses, including their size and

Compounds.

Each of the three compounds built within the rova by successive Merina rulers bears distinct architectural styles that reflect the dramatic changes experienced in Imerina over the reign of the 19th century Kingdom of Madagascar, which saw the arrival and rapid expansion of European influence at the royal court. The site contains a blend of traditional Merina and European styles and construction methods. The predominant architectural features and layout of the royal city follow the traditional model of rova construction that predominated in the Highlands from the 15th century. Following tradition, the homes of the living are constructed of wood and vegetation (living materials), while the tombs of the dead are built in stone (cold, inert material). The selection of specific wood and plant materials used in construction, each of which were imbued with distinct symbolic meaning, reflected traditional social norms and spiritual beliefs. Since 1996, many of the buildings have undergone restoration using traditional materials and construction practices appropriate to the era in which the buildings were first erected.

Bevato compound.

The earliest of the royal compounds at Ambohimanga, Bevato ("many stones", also called Fidasiana-Bevato), was first established by Andriamborona, who built houses there for himself and his family in the late 17th century. It was inhabited by Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana from 1710 to 1730, during which time he expanded the compound on three occasions. The compound was originally surrounded by a low rock wall that was replaced under Andriambelomasina by a wooden palisade. Ranavalona I expanded the compound toward the west by relocating a small house containing the royal idol Rafantaka; further westward expansion was completed under Ranavalona II. Under Ranavalona I and her successors, Besakana served as the residence of the sovereign's relatives during their visits to Ambohimanga. All buildings on the compound were destroyed by the French, who constructed a school on the site ("Ecole Officiel"), later followed by the

Mahandrihono compound.

The compound Mahandrihono ("knows how to wait") is the most expansive and well-preserved of the rova structures at Ambohimanga. It lies to the east of the central courtyard and sits at a higher elevation than Bevato, symbolically representing its greater political significance. It was first established by Andriambelomasina in the early 18th century during the reign of his father, Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana. Andriambelomasina surrounded the compound with a stone wall and within it built three houses as residences for his children—two twin houses ("tranokambana") set side by side named Mahandry ("knows how to wait") and Tsararay ("has a good father"), and a third named Manandraimanjaka ("has a father who rules")—taking pains to illustrate through the names of these houses that he had no intention of usurping his father. When Andriantsimitoviaminiandriana eventually died, Andriambelomasina entombed him behind the twin houses. In Andrianampoinimerina's time this compound corresponded with the Mahandrihono compound at the rova in Antananarivo, being reserved for the king alone with his residence positioned beside the tombs of the ancestors.  Andrianampoinimerina removed the twin houses to

Nanjakana compound.

The Nanjakana compound is the most highly elevated of the three compounds in the rova at Ambohimanga. Located to the northeast of Mahandrinoro, this compound is believed to have been first constructed by Andrianjafy in the late eighteenth century. To the north of the compound is a stone esplanade that offers a clear view of the surrounding areas where Andrianampoinimerina reportedly came to reflect on his military strategy for bringing Imerina under his control. During the 1861 funeral of Queen Ranavalona I held in the Nanjakana compound, a spark accidentally ignited a nearby barrel of gunpowder destined for use in the ceremony, causing an explosion and fire that killed a number of bystanders and destroyed three of the compound's historic royal residences.  During the reign of Andrianampoinimerina, Nanjakana enclosed five houses that served as residences for his children. The house called Nanjakana ("place of royalty") was built by Andriambelomasina and renovated by Andrianampoinimerina,

Conservation and management.

A popular tourist destination, Ambohimanga received 97,847 visitors in 2011. Visitors to the World Heritage Site are charged a fee (10,000 "ariary" for foreigners and 400 ariary for locals), which is largely used to pay for the preservation of the site. The commune of Ambohimanga Rova is a small but thriving rural village that lives on agriculture and services provided to tourists and pilgrims who visit the royal city. Multilingual tour guides can be hired at the site to provide detailed descriptions of its features and history. Photographs are permitted outdoors but prohibited inside the historic buildings. Tourism has been negatively affected at the site as a consequence of the 2009 Malagasy political crisis; management of the site has also been hampered by political instability and reduced revenues since 2009.  The extent of the area currently classified a World Heritage Site was under restricted access and protection during the imperial era and has been under some form of legal recognition and protection since French colonization, having been incorporated into the Colony Domains Service in 1897 and the National Inventory in 1939. It has since benefited from legal municipal protection and two national laws (passed in 1982 and 1983) protecting sites of historical and national interest. The Office of the Cultural Site of Ambohimanga (OSCAR), created by the Ministry of Culture, has managed the site and its entrance fees and state subventions since 2006, when a five-year management plan was developed for implementation by the group's 30 employees. These management and conservation activities are conducted in cooperation with the local population within the Rural Commune of Ambohimanga Rova. The Village Committee, comprising representatives of all the adjacent quarters and the local community, are also involved in the protection of the site. Conservation of Ambohimanga is further supported by a private association, Mamelomaso, which has also been active in campaigning for awareness and protection of cultural heritage and has contributed to the preservation of numerous other sites of cultural and historic significance in the highlands. In addition to helping replant the Ambohimanga woodlands, Mamelomaso has contributed to the restoration of the stones around the source of the spring, erected informational plaques around the hill, and paved a number of footpaths within the site. UNESCO contributed special financial support to restore historic structures at Ambohimanga threatened by exceptionally heavy rainfall and landslides.  Ambohimanga has been viewed by many Merina since the late 19th century as the embodiment of an ideal social order blessed by the ancestors. The significance attached to the site in Imerina increased further when its sister rova in Antananarivo was destroyed by fire in 1995, contributing to a sense that Ambohimanga was the last remaining physical link to this sanctified past. A small intellectual elite among the Tsimahafotsy clan of Ambohimanga and the nobles ("andriana") believe that only Ambohimanga possesses the ancestral benediction ("hasina") to serve as the national capital and imbue national leaders with the legitimacy and wisdom needed to rightly govern the country. The descendants of the andriana have consequently been key in promoting and protecting Ambohimanga, such as by playing a significant role in successfully lobbying UNESCO to list Ambohimanga as a World Heritage Site.  Despite these measures, the conservation of Ambohimanga is challenged by human and natural factors. The rapidly growing but relatively impoverished population around Ambohimanga occasionally engages in illegal harvesting of plants and trees from the surrounding forests, threatening the integrity of the natural environment. The forests and wooden structures on the site are also susceptible to fire. Following the 1995 destruction by fire of Ambohimanga's sister rova at Antananarivo, widely believed to have been a politically motivated arson, rumors have circulated that Ambohimanga could suffer a similar fate. Cyclone Giovanna, which passed over Madagascar in February 2012, caused considerable damage at the site. The wooden shingles of Andrianampoinimerina's house were torn off by the wind, exposing the historic objects inside to damage from the elements. The wooden fence surrounding the Mahandrihono compound was also badly damaged. Worst affected are the plants and trees at the site. Large swaths of endemic medicinal plants and trees in the forest were destroyed. Many of the sacred trees shading the royal city were uprooted, including sacred fig trees around the Fidasiana courtyard and inside the zebu pen. Two of the uprooted trees were of particular symbolic significance, having served as physical anchors for certain royal rituals since the 17th century. Shortly after the storm, OSCAR unveiled plans to plant a substitute fig for the uprooted one that had shaded the sacred stone in the Fidasiana courtyard. Most of the historic jacarandas planted over a century ago under French colonial rule were also destroyed. The extent of damage to the site has prompted traditionalists to demand renewed respect for the sanctity of the site by requesting adherence to traditional taboos put in place by Merina monarchs. These include banning pigs at the site, as well as the consumption of pork, tobacco, alcohol and cannabis on the grounds of the royal city.

Ambohimanga is a hill and traditional fortified royal settlement ("rova") in Madagascar, located approximately northeast of the capital city of Antananarivo. The hill and the rova that stands on top are considered the most significant symbol of the cultural identity of the Merina people and the most important and best-preserved monument of the precolonial Merina Kingdom. The walled historic village includes residences and burial sites of several key monarchs. The site, one of the twelve sacred hills of Imerina, is associated with strong feelings of national identity and has maintained its spiritual and sacred character both in ritual practice and the popular imagination for at least four hundred years. It remains a place of worship to which pilgrims come from Madagascar and elsewhere.

Ambohimanga je kopec s pevností, která byla sídlem madagaskarských králů. Náleží mezi tzv. dvanáct posvátných kopců Imeriny a celý areál o rozloze 59 hektarů je zapsán na seznam Světové dědictví. Návrší se nachází 24 km severovýchodně od hlavního města Antananarivo a dosahuje nadmořské výšky 1468 m. Název „Ambohimanga“ se dá přeložit jako „modrá hora“, „svatá hora“ nebo „krásná hora“. Místo uctívali již původní obyvatelé Vazimbové, ohrazený komplex paláců a chrámů zvaný malgašsky "rova" vznikal na vrcholu od 15. století, od roku 1788 zde sídlil sjednotitel ostrova král Andrianampoinimerina. I poté, co se hlavním městem stalo Antananarivo, zůstala Ambohimanga kulturním a náboženským centrem země, až do dobytí země Francouzi v roce 1897 měli cizinci zakázán vstup do města. Nachází se zde vysoký dřevěný dům Mahandrihono, který byl Andrianampoinimerinovou rezidencí, královské pohřebiště, posvátné stromy, nádrž Fandroana, v níž panovník podstupoval každoroční rituální koupel, a ohrada, v níž byli chováni obětní zebu. Kopec je oblíbeným poutním místem a národním symbolem Madagaskaru.


History.

The county's name originated from the word "calumet", the French name for the ceremonial pipes used by Native Americans in councils on the east shore of Lake Winnebago.  In the 1830s, the United States government relocated Native Americans from New York and New England to the southwest part of the county; these included the Brothertown Indians, Oneida Indians, and Stockbridge-Munsee Indians. This was a second migration for the Brothertown and Stockbridge Indians, who had moved to New York after the American Revolutionary War. The Oneida shared land on their reservation with these peoples, who had been displaced by the years of colonization in New England, warfare and disease. Each of the three groups are federally recognized with reservations in Wisconsin.  Many of the early European residents in the Holyland region in the southern part of the county were emigrants from the Schleswig-Holstein region in Germany in the 1840s.  The county was legally organized on February 5, 1850, by Chapter 84 Laws of 1850.  Calumet County figures prominently in the 2015 Netflix television series "Making a Murderer", which documents the arrests and trials of Manitowoc County resident Steven Avery, which involves from 2005 the Calumet sheriff's department and district attorney's office of Ken Kratz.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (20%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Wisconsin by land area and fourth-smallest by total area. The west boundary is largely in Lake Winnebago. The Niagara Escarpment runs north-south several miles east of the western boundary. The topography has been greatly influenced by glaciation.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 40,631 people, 14,910 households, and 11,167 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 15,758 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 96.68% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. 1.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 63.4% were of German ancestry. 96.0% spoke English, 1.7% Spanish and 1.2% German as their first language.  There were 14,910 households out of which 38.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.00% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.10% were non-families. 20.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.15.  In the county, the population was spread out with 28.60% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 32.00% from 25 to 44, 21.40% from 45 to 64, and 10.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 100.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.00 males.  In 2017, there were 478 births, giving a general fertility rate of 52.0 births per 1000 women aged 15–44, the ninth lowest rate out of all 72 Wisconsin counties. Additionally, there were 14 reported induced abortions performed on women of Calumet County residence in 2017.

Economy.

The University of Wisconsin–Extension has compiled statistics on Calumet County's dairy industry. Calumet County has more bovines (cattle and calves) than people. As of 2010 there are 28,600 head of dairy cows and 65,000 head of bovine total (that includes dairy cows, beef cattle, and calves.) 73% of land in the county is owned by farmers. 2400 residents are employed in farming. Agriculture results in $338 million in economic activity, and it contributes $68.2 million in income to the county total income (including $7.2 million towards taxes). As of 2007, 99.3% of farms are owned by individuals, families, family partnerships or family corporations. Only 0.7% are owned by non-family corporate entities. As of April 1, 2010, Calumet county had 174 farms with dairy herd licenses.  In 1931, the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture described Calumet County as "one of the most important producers of American cheese among the counties of Wisconsin."  No interstate highways run through Calumet County. There are several U.S. routes in the county. U.S. Route 10 runs east-west across the north edge of the county. U.S. Route 151 runs north-south near the west edge of the county, and turns east-west at the middle of the county. North-south state highways include 55 along the west edge, and 32/57 through the center. East-west state highways include 114 at the northwest corner of the county, and the now defunct 149 along the southeast corner. The Tri-County Expressway (WI 441) runs in an east-west to north-south curve in the extreme northwest corner of the county within Appleton city limits.

Transportation.

Airport.

New Holstein Municipal Airport (8D1) serves the county and surrounding communities. It is located just west of New Holstein.

Water.

Nearly the entire west boundary of the county is located in Lake Winnebago. The first non-natives to enter the county most likely came in the county from the lake through the Fox River. The Manitowoc River and Sheboygan River both run through the county and flow into Lake Michigan through neighboring counties.

Recreation.

County Parks.

Calumet County has three county parks, and two county run harbors.

Calumet County Fairgrounds.

Calumet County celebrated its 150th annual fair in 2006. The fairgrounds held dirt track stockcars races on Friday nights in the summer.

Lake Winnebago.

The west boundary of the county is located almost entirely in Lake Winnebago. Boaters use the lake for recreational boating and fishing in the summer. The lake is the site of ice fishing in the winter, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources manages a sturgeon spearing season in February.

Calumet County is a county located in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,971. The county seat is Chilton. The county was created in 1836 (then in the Wisconsin Territory) and organized in 1850.

Calumet County je okres ve státě Wisconsin v USA. K roku 2010 zde žilo 48 971 obyvatel. Správním sídlem a zároveň největším městem okresu je Chilton. Celková rozloha okresu činí 1028 km2. Okres je pojmenovaný podle francouzského názvu pro rituální dýmku, kterou používali indiáni na sněmech u východního břehu jezera Winnebago.


Overview.

Strava depends on GPS, in mobile phones or other GPS-enabled devices, to record supported activities which can be shared among user's followers or shared publicly. If an activity is publicly shared, Strava automatically groups activities together, when they occur at the same time and place (for example, taking part in a marathon/sportive or group run/ride). Each activity, depending on which activity selected, shows users' activity results, including route summary in map view form, elevation (net and unidirectional), speed (average, min/max), timing (total and moving time), power (with optional accessory) and heart rate (with optional accessory). Each activity post has "Kudos", enabling followers to like followed activity and leave comments.  Strava Slide is a fork of iD Editor for OpenStreetMap, which allows map editors to draw roads and trails more accurately using the same aggregated and anonymized GPS data. Cycling and running traffic may be monitored by everyone on the Strava Heatmap page which shows a global heatmap.  In July 2015, Strava switched to Mapbox maps and imagery, based on OpenStreetMap data. Strava allows users to report issues with the maps, which are linked to the OpenStreetMap editor so that users can contribute improvements to the map.  Strava has a Trophy system in the form of periodic challenges that require completing either a running or cycling activity within a certain range of distance or elevation. Each activity has its own trophy badge shown in the Strava Trophy case and limited rewards if the Challenge is held by Strava partners.

Paid features.

In July 2018, Strava discontinued its Strava Premium subscription system and announced its replacement, Strava Summit, which divides Strava Premium benefits into three different categories,  Strava Summit includes a "Suffer Score" if heart rate data is available during an activity. The Suffer Score allows Strava to rank user activities, which is used for Strava's Training Plans and customized goals. Other features of the subscription include Beacon, live location tracking of the athlete for family and trusted friends, Live Performance Data and Live Segments, used to check real time information and compare athlete's best available record in Strava, and Strava Premium only Leader-board, Power Meter Analysis, Race Analysis, Workout Analysis, GPX Export, Personal Heatmap and Trophy Case.  On 18 May 2020, Strava announced that the "Summit" branding had been dropped for the subscription service, and that personal Live Segments leaderboards on the service or on supported devices, use of the route builder, and matched runs would now require a subscription to access. In addition, third-party apps are no longer allowed API access to leaderboards.

Integration.

Exercises can be recorded using the mobile app, or third-party devices such as Garmin and Wahoo bike computers or smartwatches.

Controversies.

In November 2017, Strava published a "Global Heatmap"—a "visualization of two years of trailing data from Strava's global network of athletes." In January 2018, an Australian National University student studying international security discovered that this map had mapped military bases, including known U.S. bases in Syria, and forward operating bases in Afghanistan, and HMNB Clyde—a Royal Navy base that contains the United Kingdom's nuclear arsenal. The findings led to continued scrutiny over privacy issues associated with fitness services and other location-aware applications; Strava's CEO James Quarles stated that the company was "committed to working with military and government officials" on the issue, and would be reviewing its features and simplifying its privacy settings. Although users can now opt out of having their data aggregated on the global heatmap, the original data that contains sensitive information has been archived on GitHub.  In July 2019, Strava terminated access to its APIs to Relive—a service that allows fitness data to be combined with multimedia to generate video recaps. Strava considered this to be in violation of its terms of service, which forbids the API's use with services that "replicate Strava sites, services or products", and the combination of "Strava data" with any other customer data. Relive had recently introduced social networking features; the features were subsequently removed, but Strava did not reverse its decision. "DC Rainmaker" disputed the decision, presenting an opinion that "Strava data" constituted personally-identifiable information under the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), meaning that users had rights to control how it is used by Strava—including third-party processing that they had already agreed to by linking Relive to Strava, and noted other examples of similar services (such as Trailforks) engaging in similar if not more extensive use of "Strava data", and that Strava had previously endorsed Relive on several occasions.  In October 2019, Strava announced that Bluetooth and ANT+ sensors would no longer pair directly with the Strava mobile app which caused some consternation from its users.

Strava is an internet service for tracking human exercise which incorporates social network features. It is mostly used for cycling and running using GPS data. Strava uses a freemium model with some features only available in the paid subscription plan (formerly called Strava Premium and then Strava Summit).

Strava je webová stránka a mobilní aplikace pro měření atletické aktivity přes GPS. Má sídlo v americkém San Franciscu. Nazývá se „sociálních sítí atletů". Nejčastěji pomocí ní sportovci měří výkony při cyklistice a běhání. Firma byla založena v roce 2009. Aplikace je dostupná pro Android a iOS v angličtině a mnoha dalších jazycích.


Background.

Christopher Johnson McCandless grew up in suburban Annandale, Virginia. After graduating in May 1990 with high grades from Emory University, McCandless ceased communicating with his family, gave away his college fund of $24,500 to Oxfam, and began traveling across the Western United States, later abandoning his 1982 Datsun after a flash flood.  On April 28, 1992, McCandless hitchhiked to the Stampede Trail in Alaska. There he headed down the snow-covered trail to begin an odyssey with only 10 pounds (4500 g) of rice, a.22 caliber rifle, several boxes of rifle rounds, a camera, and a small selection of reading material—including a field guide to the region's edible plants, "Tana'ina Plantlore". He declined an acquaintance's offer to buy him sturdier clothing and better supplies. McCandless perished sometime around the week of August 18, 1992, after surviving for 113 days.

Summary.

On September 6, 1992, Christopher McCandless' body was found inside an abandoned bus in Alaska (originally located at ). One year later, author Jon Krakauer retraced McCandless' steps during the two years between college graduation and his demise in Alaska. McCandless shed his legal name early in his journey, adopting the moniker "Alexander Supertramp", after W.H. Davies. He spent time in Carthage, South Dakota, laboring for months in a grain elevator owned by Wayne Westerberg before hitchhiking to Alaska. Krakauer interprets McCandless' intensely ascetic personality as possibly influenced by the writings of Henry David Thoreau and McCandless' favorite writer, Jack London. He explores the similarities between McCandless' experiences and motivations, and his own as a young man, recounting in detail Krakauer's own attempt to climb Devils Thumb in Alaska. Krakauer also relates the stories of some other young men who vanished into the wilderness, such as Everett Ruess, an artist and wanderer who went missing in the Utah desert during 1934, at age 20. In addition, he describes at some length the grief and puzzlement of McCandless' parents, sister Carine, and friends.

Cause of death.

McCandless survived for approximately 113 days in the Alaskan wilderness, foraging for edible roots and berries, shooting an assortment of game—including a caribou—and keeping a journal. Although he planned to hike to the coast, the boggy terrain of summer proved too difficult, and he decided instead to camp in a derelict camping bus left by a construction company. In July, he tried to leave, only to find the route blocked by a snow-melt raging river. On July 30, McCandless wrote a journal entry which read, "Extremely Weak. Fault Of Pot[ato] Seed". Based on this entry, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless had been eating what he thought was the roots of an edible plant, "Hedysarum alpinum", commonly known as wild Eskimo potato, which are sweet and nourishing in the spring but later become too tough to eat. When this happened, McCandless may have attempted to eat the seeds instead. Krakauer first speculated that the seeds were actually from "Hedysarum mackenzii", or wild sweet pea, instead of the Eskimo potato, which contained a poisonous alkaloid, possibly swainsonine (the toxic chemical in locoweed) or something similar. In addition to neurological symptoms, such as weakness and loss of coordination, the poison causes starvation by blocking nutrient metabolism in the body. However, Krakauer later suggested that McCandless had not confused the two plants and had in fact actually eaten "Hedysarum alpinum". Krakauer had the plant tested for any toxins and, through tests on "Hendysarum alpinum", it was discovered that it contained an unidentifiable form of toxin.  According to Krakauer, a well-nourished person might consume the seeds and survive because the body can use its stores of glucose and amino acids to rid itself of the poison. Since McCandless lived on a diet of rice, lean meat, and wild plants and had less than 10% body fat when he died, Krakauer hypothesized that McCandless was likely unable to fend off the toxins. However, when the Eskimo potatoes from the area around the bus were later tested in a laboratory of the University of Alaska Fairbanks by Dr. Thomas Clausen, toxins were not found. Krakauer later modified his hypothesis, suggesting that mold of the variety "Rhizoctonia leguminicola" may have caused McCandless's death. "Rhizoctonia leguminicola" is known to cause digestion problems in livestock, and may have contributed to McCandless's impending starvation. Krakauer hypothesised that the bag in which Chris kept the potato seeds was damp and the seeds thus became moldy. If McCandless had eaten seeds that contained this mold, he could have become sick, and Krakauer suggests that he thus became unable to get out of bed and so starved. His basis for the mold hypothesis is a photograph that shows seeds in a bag. Following chemical analysis of the seeds, Krakauer now believes that the seeds themselves are poisonous.  The cause-of-death hypothesis presented in the book has been subject to some debate, with the book's author and other sources drawing new conclusions since it was published.

Major themes.

"Into the Wild" addresses the issues of how to be accepted into society, and how finding oneself sometimes conflicts with being an active member in society. Most critics agree that Chris McCandless left to find some sort of enlightenment. He also tries to find his way in the wild with minimal material possessions, because "it made the journey more enjoyable." His extreme risk-taking was the hubris which eventually led to his downfall.  McCandless was influenced by transcendentalism and the need to "revolutionize your life and move into an entirely new realm of experience."

Adaptations.

A film adaptation was released in September 2007, directed by Sean Penn and starring Emile Hirsch as McCandless.  McCandless' story is also the subject of the documentary by Ron Lamothe named "The Call of the Wild" (2007). In his study of McCandless' death, Lamothe concludes that McCandless ran out of supplies and game, and starved to death, instead of being poisoned by eating the seeds of the wild potato.  The Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation, headed by McCandless' parents Bille and Walt, with the editorial and writing input of family and friends, released the book and DVD "Back to the Wild: The Photographs & Writings of Christopher McCandless" (2010). The material includes hundreds of McCandless' previously unseen pictures and journal entries. Jon Krakauer has written a piece in the book's introduction, while Hal Holbrook—who appeared in the Penn film—narrates the DVD.

Controversy.

The bus that McCandless died in remained a tourist attraction after the book became popular. However, after many reports of tourists getting trapped in the Alaskan Backcountry, the bus was removed on June 18, 2020.

Into the Wild is a 1996 non-fiction book written by Jon Krakauer. It is an expansion of a 9,000-word article by Krakauer on Chris McCandless titled "Death of an Innocent", which appeared in the January 1993 issue of "Outside". The book was adapted to a film of the same name in 2007, directed by Sean Penn with Emile Hirsch starring as McCandless. "Into the Wild" is an international bestseller which has been printed in 30 languages and 173 editions and formats. The book is widely used as high school and college reading curriculum. "Into the Wild" has been lauded by many reviewers but has also been described by Alaskan reporter, Craig Medred, as being "something invented" by its author.

Útěk do divočiny (v anglickém originálu "Into the Wild") je kniha amerického spisovatele a horolezce Jona Krakauera. Pojednává o dobrodruhovi Christopheru McCandlessovi, který byl počátkem září roku 1992 nalezen mrtvý na Aljašce. Kniha vychází z rozsáhlého článku s názvem "Death of an Innocent", který Krakauer publikoval roku 1993 v časopisu "Outside". Roku 2007 byl podle knihy natočen stejnojmenný celovečerní film. Kniha se stala bestsellerem a byla přeložena do řady dalších jazyků. Autor v knize popisuje i příběhy dalších lidí, kteří byli svým životem blízcí McCandlessovi. Popisuje zde například svůj výstup na horu Devils Thumb nebo příběh Everetta Ruesse.


Competition format.

Between 8 and 12 teams participated in each edition of the competition.  From 2005 to 2007, 8 clubs were placed into two groups of 4 teams. The winners and runners up would advance to the semi-final stage. All the matches were held in a single host country.  From 2008 to 2010, the tournament was increased to 11 clubs. A qualification round was created and the 11 clubs were split into three groups of 3 or 4 clubs. Each group was played in a different country. The three group winners and the best ranked runner up qualified for the finals stage, hosted in another country.  From 2011 to 2014, the tournament was increased to 12 clubs. In the qualification round, there were three groups of 4 clubs. The group winners and runners up qualify for the final stage. These 6 clubs are broken into two groups of 3. The top teams of each group qualified directly for the final.  In November 2013 the AFC announced that the 2014 AFC President's Cup would be the last edition of the tournament. Starting from 2015, league champions of "emerging countries" are eligible to participate in the AFC Cup qualifying play-off. The qualifying round for the 2016 AFC Cup, with a similar format to the AFC President's Cup (but without a final stage), was held in August 2015, which qualified two teams to the AFC Cup play-offs.

Qualification and participating nations.

Qualification to the competition was to clubs from AFC-affiliated countries which fall into the AFC's 'emerging nations' category as laid out in their 'Vision Asia' document. Countries which were'mature' and 'developing' nations were entered into the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup, respectively. For an 'emerging nation' to have a team representing it in the competition, however, the country must have an acceptable football league. The team that represents a country in one season of the competition is the defending champion of the top-level leagues of participating countries.  Clubs from Nepal, Taiwan (Chinese Taipei), Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Cambodia were invited every year.  Clubs from Bangladesh, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Philippines and North Korea were also invited in some of the years of the competition.  Some participating countries – Palestine, Myanmar, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan – applied for an upgrade to the AFC Cup, so their club teams subsequently played in that competition.  Other nations that could enter a team, but never did so are: Brunei, Timor-Leste, Guam, Laos, Macau and Afghanistan.  In March 2012 the AFC announced that the Northern Mariana Islands were approved to participate in the AFC Challenge Cup and AFC President's Cup if they fulfilled the criteria. However, they never entered a team.

The AFC President's Cup was an annual international association football competition between domestic clubs sides run by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) held between 2005 and 2014.

Prezidentský pohár AFC (: AFC President's Cup) byla každý rok konající se fotbalová soutěž pořádaná asijskou konfederací AFC pro kluby z méně kvalitních asijských soutěží. Soutěž vznikla v roce 2004. V roce 2014 byla soutěž sloučena s Pohárem AFC.


Senior career.

2011.

At the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Steingruber finished 16th in the all-around and 5th on vault.

2012.

Steingruber won the bronze medal on vault in the 2012 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships.  Competing at the 2012 Summer Olympics as the only women's gymnast from Switzerland, Steingruber finished 14th in the women's individual all-around with a score of 56.148. She was a reserve for the vault final.  In December 2012, she competed at the World Cup event in Stuttgart, Germany and won bronze with a total score of 55.565, which included an impressive vault score of 15.400.

2013.

Steingruber competed at the City of Jesolo Trophy in March and placed 8th in the individual all-around, with a total score of 55.550. Later that month, she competed at the La Roche-sur-Yon World Cup event in France and placed first on the vault and uneven bars with scores of 13.433 and 13.600 respectively. She went on to win bronze in the vault final at the Doha World Cup, scoring a 15.225 on her first vault and a 14.100 on her second, for an average of 14.662.  At the 2013 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Moscow, she qualified first into the vault final and went on to take gold with an average of 14.750. She also qualified for the individual all-around and floor finals. In the all-around final, she tied for fourth with Romanian gymnast Diana Bulimar with a score of 57.065, while on floor she finished 6th with a score of 14.100.  At the 2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Steingruber finished seventh in the all-around, fourth on vault, and fifth on floor exercise.

2014.

At the 2014 European Championships, Steingruber won a gold medal on vault with a score of 14.666.  At the 2014 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Steingruber qualified to the all-around final and placed 15th with a score of 55.132. She also tied for 5th place in the vault final with Great Britain's Claudia Fragapane, with a score of 14.716.

2015.

At the 2015 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships, Steingruber won the all-around title ahead of Maria Kharenkova of Russia and Ellie Downie of Great Britain, with a score of 57.873, becoming the first Swiss gymnast to ever win the European All-Around title. However, she failed to defend her vault title, and was beaten by the 2012 Olympic vault bronze medalist Maria Paseka; Steingruber won the silver medal with a score of 15.149. She also qualified to the uneven bars final and placed 6th with a score of 13.766. Steingruber qualified first to the floor final and ended up winning the bronze medal with a score of 14.466 behind silver medalist Claudia Fragapane of Great Britain and gold medalist Ksenia Afanasyeva of Russia. Steingruber's three medals made her the most decorated gymnast from these championships.  In June she competed at the 2015 European Games held in Baku, along with teammates Jessica Diacci and Caterina Barloggio. She won the silver medal in the all-around, with a score of 56.699. In addition, she won the gold medal on vault, with a total score of 14.999 and on floor, with a score of 14.266. She was also the bronze medalist on the balance beam, with a 13.700.  Later, she competed in the 2015 Glasgow World Championships. She qualified to the all around final (she finished 5th with a score of 57.333), floor, and vault finals. She injured her knee in the vault final (7th tied with Alexa Moreno with a score of 14.533) and withdrew from the floor final.

2016.

At the 2016 European Championships, Steingruber helped the Swiss team qualify to the team final in third place behind only Great Britain and Russia. She also qualified first to the vault final with an average score of 15.433, eighth to the bars final with a score of 14.033, and second to the floor final with a score of 14.966. In the team final, she contributed an all-around score of 57.657 to help lead the Swiss team to a fourth place finish. In event finals, Steingruber won her third European vault title with an average score of 14.983, just 0.05 ahead of Ellie Downie, becoming the first gymnast in history to win three European championship titles on vault. She then placed sixth in the uneven bars final with a score of 14.166, and won the floor final for her first European title on the event with a massive score of 15.200, finishing 0.634 ahead of Downie, the silver medalist.  At the 2016 Summer Olympics, where she was the sole female gymnast for Switzerland, Steingruber was chosen to be the flag bearer at the opening ceremony, becoming the second gymnast to ever receive this honor since Daniel Giubellini in 1992, and the first female gymnast to do so. She delivered an excellent performance in the qualification round (minus a fall on the balance beam) and qualified in 14th place to the all-around final with a score of 56.899. She also qualified 3rd to the vault final with an average of 15.266, and 4th to the floor final with a score of 14.666. In the individual all-around final, Steingruber finished in a respectable 10th place with a score of 57.565, the highest finish by a Swiss gymnast in a non-boycotted Olympic games. Her scores on both vault (15.366) and floor (14.733) were among the top four of all the gymnasts that competed in the all-around. In the vault final, she performed a clean layout Rudi (scoring 15.533) and a double twisting Yurchenko (scoring 14.900) to win the bronze medal with an average of 15.216, 0.037 behind silver medalist Maria Paseka of Russia (15.253). American Simone Biles won the vault title with an average of 15.966. Steingruber's bronze is the first ever Olympic medal of any color for Switzerland in women's gymnastics, and the first Olympic medal for a gymnast native to Switzerland since 1952 (a Chinese-born Li Donghua won a gold medal for Switzerland on the pommel horse in 1996). Steingruber went on to finish 8th in the floor exercise with a score of 11.800 after falling on her double-double mount and springing out of bounds and later falling on her tucked full-in dismount. Despite her finish, she is the first female Swiss gymnast to make the floor exercise final.

2017.

In late 2017 Steingruber attended the World Championships in Montreal. She competed in the all-around final where she finished in seventh place, with a total score of 53.666. Her score of 14.700 on vault was the highest on the apparatus during the final. During event finals Steingruber won the bronze on vault, scoring an average of 14.466, finishing behind defending world vault champion Maria Paseka of Russia (14.850) and Jade Carey of the USA (14.766). It was her first World Championship Medal.

2018.

Steingruber showcased her full difficulty sets in June at the Koper World Cup in Slovenia, winning gold medals on vault and floor, and a silver medal on balance beam. At a competition in France in early July, she injured herself during a routine on floor exercise and fractured her Tibia, as well as tearing her ACL and meniscus, ending her bid for the European Championships in Glasgow, Scotland and the World Championships in Doha, Qatar.

2019.

Steingruber made her comeback at the 2019 Swiss Championships in September, over a year after sustaining her injury, where she won the all-around with a score of 53.100. Afterwards she was named to the team to compete at the World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany alongside Ilaria Käslin, Stenfanie Siegenthaler, Anny Wu, and Caterina Barloggio. The following week she competed at the Second Heerenveen Friendly where she helped the Switzerland finish in third behind the Netherlands and Spain. Individually she placed second in the all-around behind Naomi Visser of the Netherlands.  At the World Championships Steingruber qualified to the all-around final and as a result qualified as an individual to the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. She was also the first reserve for the vault final and third reserve for the floor exercise final. During the all-around final she finished in 18th place.

Giulia Steingruber (born 24 March 1994) is a Swiss artistic gymnast. She is the 2016 Olympic bronze medalist on vault and a European champion in all-around (2015), vault (2013, 2014, 2016) and floor (2016).

Giulia Steingruberová (* 24. března 1994 Gossau) je švýcarská gymnastka. Je pětinásobnou mistryní Evropy: v roce 2013 a 2014 v přeskoku, v roce 2015 vyhrála víceboj a v roce 2016 na domácí půdě v Bernu přeskok a prostná. Na Evropských hrách 2015 vyhrála přeskok a prostná, stříbrnou medaili získala ve víceboji jednotlivkyň a bronzovou na kladině. Na mistrovství světa ve sportovní gymnastice skončila ve víceboji v roce 2013 na sedmém a v roce 2015 na pátém místě. Startovala na Letních olympijských hrách 2012, kde skončila ve víceboji na 14. místě, a na Letních olympijských hrách 2016, kde byla desátá ve víceboji, třetí v přeskoku a osmá v prostných. Získala tak pro Švýcarsko historicky první olympijskou medaili v ženské gymnastice. Během kariéry vyhrála deset závodů Světového poháru. Jmenuje se podle ní salto na kladině. V roce 2013 byla zvolena švýcarskou sportovkyní roku, byla vlajkonoškou švýcarské výpravy na Letních olympijských hrách 2016.


Plot.

The film opens as Eddie Lomax (Jean-Claude van Damme) drives an Indian motorcycle in an open desert plain (referred to as the Dry Lake). Soon enough, the motorcycle breaks down and Eddie dismounts, carrying nothing but his jacket, his.45 pistol, and a bottle of tequila. As he lies in the desert drinking, he eventually sees his friend Johnny Sixtoes (Danny Trejo), a Mexican Indian, to whom he had sent a postcard notifying him of his arrival.  In their conversation Eddie reveals that the surprise he wrote about in the letter was, in fact, the Indian motorcycle. He also reveals that he's there to kill himself as he goes into a drunken rage, revealing deep regret from their days in the Army, claiming that the souls of those he killed haunt him. Firing shots off in all directions, he vents his buried feelings to Johnny, and hopes he will "give him the OK to take a journey".  Soon after the shots are fired, a truck pulls up to Eddie, Johnny disappears, and it becomes clear that Eddie was hallucinating about him being present. Matt (Shark Fralick), Jesse (Silas Weir Mitchell), and Petey Hogan (Jonathan Avildsen), sons of Ramsey Hogan (Larry Drake) get out of the truck, Matt furious as one of Eddie's drunken shots almost killed him.  Eddie staggers to them, not wanting any trouble; Matt, however, insists that he apologise. Matt then proposes that they take the motorcycle, and they'll forget about the gunshot. Eddie persists that the motorcycle is a gift for his friend, telling Matt to get off. Matt seems to comply, until he delivers a cheap blow to Eddie. After a fight, Eddie is left beaten and shot in his right shoulder. As the brothers stand over Eddie, another truck passes with a local restaurant waitress Dottie (Jaime Pressly) and cook Vern (Kevin West). Dottie expresses extreme concern; Vern simply drives on, not wanting any trouble from the Hogans. Matt begins to load the motorcycle onto the truck, instructing Jesse to make sure that Eddie is dead.  Jesse asks for Eddie's gun from Pete, who took it from the earlier struggle. Being the youngest of the three, Petey insists on doing the job. As Jesse and Matt load the motorcycle, Petey aims at Eddie's head. Eddie's eyes open briefly, which makes Petey uneasy. Two shots ring out, which make Matt and Jesse think that Pete shot Eddie twice. However, Petey froze and simply shot two rounds into the ground.  Johnny Six Toes finds Eddie and nurses him back to health. Eddie then comes back to town to recover his pistol from Leon (Gregory Scott Cummins) and Lester (Neil Delama) in the pawn shop by killing them. Eddie falls for Rhonda Reynolds (Gabrielle Fitzpatrick), the other waitress, and enlists the help of Jubal Early (Pat Morita) to help him dispose of the bodies.  Eddie then sets the two rival gangs against each other in a bloody path to recover his prized motorcycle for Johnny, have his revenge on the Hogans, and ultimately find a reason to carry on living. Eddie defeats Jesse and is once again on the road with Johnny, riding with Rhonda.

Production.

"Variety" reported that filming started in June 1998 and had a planned schedule of eight weeks. The original cut of the film was known as "Coyote Moon". Van Damme did not like this cut and had the film recut. Avildsen unsuccessfully attempted to have his name removed from the film.

Home media.

On July 1, 2002 DVD was released by Columbia TriStar Home Video at the UK in Region 2.  On September 20, 2010 Jean-Claude van Damme ten movie collection DVD was released; including nine action films they were: "No Retreat, No Surrender", "Nowhere to Run", "Hard Target", "Street Fighter", "Sudden Death", "The Quest", "Double Team", "Knock Off" and "".

Reception.

Larry Powell and Tom Garrett wrote in "The Films of John G. Avildsen" that "reviews were scarce and the few that did get published were cruel." Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 0% of five surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 3/10.

Inferno is a 1999 American action film directed by John G. Avildsen, and starring Jean-Claude van Damme, Danny Trejo and Pat Morita. This was the last film directed by Avildsen before his death in 2017.

Inferno (v originále také Inferno, alternativně ve Spojeném království též Desert heart) je americký akční film s prvky komedie a dramatu z roku 1999. Natočil jej americký režisér John G. Avildsen, držitel Oscara za snímek "Rocky" z roku 1976. Avildsen byl rozhořčený z finální verze filmu a snažil se vymazat své jméno z titulků, což se mu nepodařilo.


Inspiration and origins.

The series first began when publisher HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats. Holmes was initially not enthusiastic, since she "couldn't imagine coming up with enough ideas". She worked with the concept, however, expanding the storyline with elements of war, politics, revenge, doomed love, and religious conflict. Although the original plan was for a stand-alone novel, enough material was created for several books, and the publisher decided on a six-volume series. The first volume, "Into the Wild", was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym "Erin Hunter" and was completed in about three months. Holmes then began to work behind the scenes, editing and supervising details. Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book, "Forest of Secrets". Later, after she wrote the first "Warriors" field guide, Tui Sutherland became the fourth author to

Setting and universe.

The "Warriors" universe centres around a large group of feral cats who initially reside in a forest, and later, around a lake after fleeing their initial home due to its destruction by humans. The cats are split into four groups called Clans: ThunderClan lives in woodland areas, WindClan resides on the moors, RiverClan by the river, and ShadowClan within and around the swamps. SkyClan, a subsequently introduced fifth group, is revealed to have been a part of this system but was forced to flee when their territory was destroyed by humans for urban development. Each Clan has adapted to their own terrain. For example, RiverClan cats, swim in the river to catch fish, while the majority of cats from the other Clans fear and avoid bodies of water. On the other hand, WindClan cats are faster runners, allowing them to catch rabbits and hares on the open moors of their territory. Relationships between different Clans are tense and they often come into conflict with one another. However, the Clans also sometimes show concern for each other; the idea of one Clan being destroyed usually causes deep distress and prompts urgent action on behalf of all four Clans.  The Clan cats have a faith system based on the concept of StarClan, a group of the spirits of the Clans' deceased ancestors, who provide guidance to the living Clan cats, usually those of the Clan in which they resided in life. After death, the spirits of most Clan cats join StarClan and reside in a

Series.

"Warriors: The Prophecies Begin".

The original "Warriors" series, later re-titled "Warriors: The Prophecies Begin", was released from 2003 to 2004 and consists of six books: "Into the Wild" (21 January 2003), "Fire and Ice" (27 May 2003), "Forest of Secrets" (14 October 2003), "Rising Storm" (6 January 2004), "A Dangerous Path" (1 June 2004), and "The Darkest Hour" (5 October 2004).

"Warriors: The New Prophecy".

The second series, "Warriors: The New Prophecy", was released from 2005 to 2006 and consists of six books: "Midnight" (10 May 2005), "Moonrise" (1 August 2005), "Dawn" (27 December 2005), "Starlight" (4 April 2006), "Twilight" (22 August 2006), and "Sunset" (26 December 2006). In this series, the Clans' survival is put at risk as humans begin to destroy their forest home with machinery. The series revolves around a group

"Warriors: Power of Three".

The third series, "Warriors: Power of Three", was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of six books: "The Sight" (24 April 2007), "Dark River" (26 December 2007), "Outcast" (22 April 2008), "Eclipse" (2 September 2008), "Long Shadows" (25 November 2008), and "Sunrise" (21 April 2009). The plot is centred on the prophecy "There will be three, kin of your kin, who hold the power of the stars in their paws", which was given to Firestar in the standalone novel "Firestar's Quest", which takes

"Warriors: Omen of the Stars".

The fourth series, "Warriors: Omen of the Stars", was released from 2009 to 2012 and consists of six books: "The Fourth Apprentice" (24 November 2009), "Fading Echoes" (23 March 2010), "Night Whispers" (23 November 2010), "Sign of the Moon" (5 April 2011), "The Forgotten Warrior" (22 November 2011), and "The Last Hope" (3 April 2012). The series continues the plot of "", after it is discovered at the end of the previous series that Lionblaze and Jayfeather's sister, Hollyleaf, does not have a special power, and is thus not the third cat foretold in the prophecy "There will be three, kin of your kin, who

"Warriors: Dawn of the Clans".

The fifth series, "Warriors: Dawn of the Clans", was released from 5 March 2013 to 1 September 2015 and consists of six books: "The Sun Trail" (5 March 2013), "Thunder Rising" (5 November

"Warriors: A Vision of Shadows".

"Warriors: A Vision of Shadows" is the sixth sub-series. The series was originally titled, "Warriors: StarClan's Promise". The first book, "The Apprentice's Quest", which takes place approximately eight months after "Bramblestar's Storm," was released on 15 March 2016. The books' main characters are Sparkpaw/Sparkpelt and Alderpaw/Alderheart who are Bramblestar's and Squirrelflight's children. Later on, Twigkit/Twigpaw/Twigbranch and Violetkit/Violetpaw/Violetshine, who are later discovered to be the children of lost SkyClan cats, also become main characters. The first book, "The Apprentice's Quest," starts with each Clan's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together, telling them to "Embrace what you find in the shadows, for only they can clear the sky". Alderheart, then Alderpaw, is sent to find SkyClan with a patrol including Sandstorm, the only living cat who knows the location of their camp, now an elder, but she dies on the journey. Alderpaw's patrol discovers a group of cats living in SkyClan's gorge with their leader, Darktail, and are impersonating SkyClan after driving the real Clan away, revealed by one of the Clan exiles, Mistfeather. During the journey back, Alderpaw's patrol comes across two abandoned kits under a Thunderpath

"Warriors: The Broken Code".

"Warriors: The Broken Code" is the seventh sub-series. The first book, "Lost Stars" was released on 9 April 2019. This series revolves around Bristlepaw/Bristlefrost, a ThunderClan apprentice/warrior, Rootpaw/Rootspring, a SkyClan apprentice/warrior, and Shadowpaw/Shadowsight, a ShadowClan medicine cat apprentice. The second book, "The Silent Thaw" was released on 29 October 2019. The third installment, "Veil of Shadows", was published on 7 April 2020. It revolves around the ThunderClan’s leader, Bramblestar, who has been behaving erratically after losing one of his nine lives during an unexplained period of silence by StarClan, with only Shadowpaw being able to hear a voice from them. It is later revealed that Bramblestar's body has

Standalones.

Super Editions.

Super Editions are stand-alone books in the "Warriors" series that are approximately double the length of a normal "Warriors" book, about 500 pages long. The first Super Edition was "Firestar's Quest", about Firestar going on a quest to reform Skyclan. Other super editions include "Bramblestar's Storm", about newly appointed Bramblestar

Field guides.

In addition, multiple field guides have been published. The guides offer extra

Original English-language manga.

Several series of original English-language manga have been produced by HarperCollins with TOKYOPOP. With the shutdown of TOKYOPOP, subsequent manga volumes have been published under the

Novellas.

Originally published only in e-book format,

Critical reception.

The first book of the series, "Into the Wild", was generally well-received, with reviewers calling it a "spine-tingling," "thoroughly engrossing" and "exciting... action-packed adventure." One reviewer praised the authors for "creating an intriguing world... and an engaging young hero", but another criticised the characters and imagined world as being "neither... consistent nor compelling."  The manga has also earned praise: a reviewer for "Children's Bookwatch" noted that "Into the Woods" "ends on a tense cliffhanger, leaving the reader in anxious anticipation for more. Suitable for readers age ten to one hundred and ten, warriors Tigerstar and Sasha's manga story, #1: Into the Woods, is especially recommended for cat lovers everywhere". Its sequel, "Escape from the Forest", was also well reviewed: a reviewer for "Publishers Weekly" believed that girls would benefit from reading about Sasha leaving the powerful Tigerstar due to his "growing violence". The art was also praised, with the reviewer writing that "Hudson's artwork brings Sasha's emotional journey to life, showing each moment of fear, anxiety, contentment, and joy. The cat's-eye perspective of many of the panels, in addition, add a dramatic, energizing element to the book". The reviewer also wrote that "a twist at the end will leave fans eager for the next installment of Sasha's saga", and that the book would appeal to young adults trying to find their place in the world. Lisa Goldstein for "School Library Journal" also gave the book a positive review, writing that the plot would attract new fans and appeal to old fans. The reviewer also wrote that "though the cover claims that this is a'manga,' the straightforward illustrations are drawn in a simple, realistic style".  The large number of characters involved in the series has often been seen as a negative point; though one reviewer compared the "huge cast" to that of a Greek drama, others wrote that it was "hard to follow" and "a little confusing." The characters have also been criticised as being "somewhat flat" and "limited essentially to each individual's function within the clan."  As one reviewer put it, the cats in the series are "true to their feline nature," leading some critics to jokingly comment that the books will "leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously" and wondering "what dreams of grandeur may haunt the family cat." However, this realism also means that the series contains a relatively large amount of violence, with one critic stating that it is "not for the faint of heart." Several critics have compared "Warriors" to Brian Jacques' "Redwall" series, though one commented that it was "not as elegantly written." "The New York Times" called the series a "hit with young readers", specifically because of its "sprawling universe", and the series was able to appear on the "New York Times" Bestseller List for a total of 117 weeks, as of 24 November 2013.

Themes.

Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love. These relationships are not allowed for various reasons: some involve medicine cats, who are not allowed to have mates according to the medicine cat code, while others develop between cats in different Clans, which is also forbidden by the warrior code (for example, Graystripe of ThunderClan and Silverstream of RiverClan). Holmes said that another central theme of the series is "faith and spirituality" in StarClan. All books in the series feature the influence of StarClan, not just as the cats think of them, but in terms of prophecies delivered by StarClan which inevitably come true. Some scenes take place within StarClan's realm, with no living cats present as point-of-view characters. Thus the existence of an afterlife and the influence of spirits who have passed on and yet retain their earthly identities is integral to all of the plot arcs in the series. Another idea explored in the novels is the reactions of different faiths when meeting each other. For example, the Tribe of Rushing Water, which believes in different spiritual ancestors than the Clans, is introduced in "Moonrise". In an author chat, Holmes explained that the books never say that either of the Clans or the Tribe of Rushing Water is right about faith because both are "equally valid." This leads to fear and suspicion between them because they are afraid of things they do not understand. Holmes said that "ignorance is a

Publication history.

All of the "Warriors" books except for the manga have been published as hardcovers, and the majority of them have also been published as paperbacks. "Starlight", "Twilight", and "Sunset" from "The New Prophecy", as well as the first four "Omen of the Stars" books, are available in an audiobook format. The "New Prophecy" audiobooks are spoken by Nanette Savard, whose performance has been praised by reviewers. A reviewer for "AudioFile" wrote: "Nanette Savard brings out the youth of the cats who are struggling to help their clan survive and to protect each other from outside danger." The "Omen of the Stars" audiobooks are spoken by Veronica Taylor who played Ash Ketchum and many anime and cartoon characters. The books in the four main series have also been released in an e-book format.

Foreign editions.

The "Warriors" series was first published in the United States and United Kingdom. The editions published of the first two series—"Warriors" and "Warriors: The New Prophecy"—in the United Kingdom had slight variations in cover design from their United States counterparts. "Warriors" is also sold in New Zealand, Australia, and Canada.

Other media.

Website.

The "Warriors" website features "Warriors" screensavers, along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting "The Last Hope". There is also a "How To Draw Manga" page. In addition, there are games, including quizzes, the "New Prophecy Adventure", and the "Warriors Adventure Game". On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site, Erin Hunter said that they are working on

Film.

On 20 October 2016, Victoria Holmes announced that Alibaba Pictures had bought the production rights for a film adaptation with David Heyman as producer. On 14 May 2018 it was announced that

Short stories.

The first short story written by Erin Hunter is "Spottedleaf's Honest Answer". In it, the spirit of former ThunderClan medicine cat Spottedleaf discusses her love for Firestar. It gives information on what happened in the "Warriors" series from "Into the Wild" to "Firestar's Quest".  On 20 January 2009, another short story, "The Clans Decide", was released on the "Warriors Ultimate Leader Election" site, starring Firestar, who won an election through an online fan vote conducted in recognition of President Obama's Inauguration Day. In the story,

Plays.

Written by Victoria Holmes for a tour, a play titled "After Sunset: We Need to Talk" was first premiered on 28 April 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle, Washington. It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of "Sunset". The script was released to the public on the official site for the "Warriors" series.  During a fundraising event in Russellville, Arkansas, "Brightspirit's Mercy" was performed by various high school drama students. The second of two plays by Erin Hunter, "Brightspirit's Mercy" is about Jaypaw,

Physical media.

In the Chinese translation of the series, "3-D trading cards" are packaged in each book. The 3-D effect is produced using stereoscopic lenticular

Mobile application.

On 30 June 2011, an official iOS application and Android application was released on the iTunes App Store and Play store. It contains information about

Warriors is a series of novels based around the adventures and drama of several groups (Clans) of wild cats. The series is primarily set in the fictional location of White Hart Woods, and, later, Sanctuary Lake. The series is published by HarperCollins and written by authors Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, and Tui T. Sutherland, with the plot developed by editor Victoria Holmes under the collective pseudonym Erin Hunter.

Kočičí válečníci je knižní série pro děti a mládež. Jejími autory jsou Kate Cary, Cherith Baldryová, Gilian Philipová, Tui Sutherlandová, Victory Holmesová, Inbali Iserlesová a Rosie Bestová, jež píší pod společným pseudonymem Erin Hunter. Anglický originál vydává nakladatelství HarperCollins, v českém znění pak Albatros. Série sleduje příběhy čtyř znesvářených klanů divokých koček, později je přidán dávno ztracený pátý klan.