Development.

Previous projects.

The origins of the Mirage 2000 could be traced back to 1965, when France and Britain agreed to develop the "Anglo-French Variable Geometry" (AFVG) swing-wing aircraft. Two years later France withdrew from the project on grounds of costs, after which Britain would collaborate with West Germany and Italy to ultimately produce the Panavia Tornado. Dassault instead focused on its own variable-geometry aircraft, the Dassault Mirage G experimental prototype. The design was expected to materialise in the Mirage G8, which would serve as the replacement for the popular Mirage III in French Air Force service.  The Mirage 2000 started out as a secondary project tentatively named "Delta 1000" in 1972. Dassault was devoting considerable attention to the Mirage G8A, a fixed-geometry derivative of the Mirage G8 that served as the competitor to the Panavia Tornado. The Mirage G8, which was envisioned as the "Avion de Combat Futur" (ACF / Future Combat Aircraft) of

Design phase.

The production of the Mirage 2000 involves three construction sites, all located in Bordeaux, that specialise in different components. The wings are built at Martignas, and the fuselages are fabricated at Argenteuil, with final assembly taking place at Bordeaux-Merignac. However, the first prototype, Mirage 2000 No. 01, was hand built at St Cloud, before being moved to Dassault's Istres facility for assembly. At the hands of Jean Coureau, No. 01 made its first flight on 10 March 1978, a mere 27 months after the programme go-ahead. During the 65-minute flight, Coureau took the aircraft to Mach 1.02 without afterburner, before climbing to more than 12,000 m and accelerating the aircraft to Mach 1.3. By the end of May, the aircraft had surpassed Mach 2 and an indicated airspeed of 650 knots. On the other end of the speed spectrum, the Mirage 2000 proved to be a capable low-speed aircraft, as demonstrated at the Farnborough Airshow in September 1978, during which Dassault pilot Guy Mitaux-Maurourd raised the aircraft's nose to 25-degree angle of attack as the aircraft slowed to 100 knots. Later tests showed that the aircraft could attain

Further development.

The Mirage 2000N is a dedicated nuclear strike variant which was intended to carry the Air-Sol Moyenne Portée (ASMP) nuclear stand-off missile. Flight tests of the first of two prototypes, Mirage 2000N 01 (the eighth Mirage 2000) began on 3 February 1983. During the 65-minute flight, the aircraft reached a speed of Mach 1.5. The variant entered operational service in 1988, initially operating from Luxeil Air Base with 4 Escadre de Chasse. Closely derived from the Mirage 2000N is a dedicated conventional attack variant designated Mirage 2000D. Initial flight of the Mirage 2000D prototype, a modified Mirage 2000N prototype, was on 19 February 1991. The first flight of a production aircraft occurred 31 March 1993, and service introduction followed in April 1995. A total of 75 and 86 Mirage 2000Ns and Mirage 2000Ds were manufactured, respectively.  By the late 1980s, the Mirage 2000 was beginning to age compared with the latest models of F-16 fighters. In particular, attention was drawn to the aircraft's inability to engage multiple target simultaneously and the small load of air-to-air missiles it could carry. Consequently, Dassault in April 1989 announced that it

Design.

Overview.

The aircraft uses retractable tricycle-type landing gear by Messier-Dowty, with twin nosewheels and a single wheel on each main gear. A runway tailhook or a fairing for a brake parachute can

Cockpit.

The Mirage 2000 is available as a single-seat or two-seat multi-role fighter. The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left-hand throttles, with both incorporating hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on

Engines.

The SNECMA M53 afterburning turbofan was developed for the ACF, and was available for the Mirage 2000 project. It is a single-shaft engine of modular construction that is relatively light and simple compared to those of the British or American designs. The M53 consists of three low-pressure compressor stages, five high-pressure stages and two turbine stages. With the development programme consisting of

Payload and armaments.

The Mirage 2000 is equipped with built-in twin DEFA 554 autocannon (now GIAT 30–550

Operational history.

France.

The first aircraft entered service in July 1984. The first operational squadron was formed during the same year, the 50th anniversary of the French Air Force. A total of 124 Mirage-2000Cs were obtained by the "AdA".  French Mirage 2000s were used during the Gulf War where they flew high altitude air defence for USAF U2 spy aircraft, as well as in UN and NATO air operations during the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War. During Operation Deliberate Force, on 30 August 1995, one Mirage 2000D was shot down over Bosnia by a 9K38 Igla shoulder-launched missile fired by air defence units of the Army of Republika

Egypt.

Egypt became the first export customer of the Mirage 2000 when it ordered 20 aircraft in December 1981. The $890 million order encompassed 16 single-seat Mirage 2000EMs and 4 two-seat Mirage 2000BMs, as well as options for

India.

In 1980, the Indian Air Force (IAF) learned that Pakistan had successfully approached the US that year to purchase F-16A/B aircraft, delivery of which was to commence in 1982. The IAF immediately convinced the Indian government in late 1980 to purchase an equally potent aircraft, as its fleet of MiG-21s and MiG-23s were no match for the F-16 in any aspect. When evaluating the Mirage F-1 earlier, they became aware of a high performance prototype of the Mirage 2000 in the flight testing phase. There were no other aircraft of this potential in the offering. An internal assessment of the Mirage 2000 was carried out and the Indian Govt felt that the French plane was more advanced and a superior response to the F-16s that the US was to supply to Pakistan and approached France for 150 Mirage 2000. In October 1982, the country placed an order with Dassault for 36 single-seat Mirage 2000Hs and 4 twin-seat Mirage 2000THs (with "H" standing for "Hindustan") with the possibility of a follow-on purchase of nine aircraft (eight single and one twin-seater aircraft) as war,

Peru.

In December 1982, Peru placed an $800 million order for 14 single-seat Mirage 2000Ps and two two-seat Mirage 2000DP trainers, with an option for eight and two more aircraft, respectively. Although the contract was signed in 1985, the Peruvian government, due to the country's financial issues, renegotiated the number of aircraft to be reduced to ten single-seaters and two two-seaters. Handover of the first aircraft occurred

United Arab Emirates.

In May 1983, the UAE placed an order for 36 Mirage 2000 aircraft. The order consisted of 22 single-seat Mirage 2000EAD, eight unique single-seat reconnaissance variants designated Mirage 2000RAD and six Mirage 2000DAD trainers, which collectively are known as SAD-8 (Standard Abu Dhabi). The order specified an Italian-made defensive avionics suite that delayed delivery of the first of these aircraft until 1989. In November 1998, the UAE signed a $3.2 billion contract that consisted of an order for 30 Mirage 2000-9s as well as the deal to

Greece.

In July 1985, Greece signed a contract for 40 Mirage 2000s comprising 36 single-seat aircraft and 4 two-seat trainers. The order came as part of a larger defence acquisition programme that saw the country, for political reasons, proceed with an order for the F-16. The $1.38 billion Mirage contract also consisted of weapons and equipment, as well as industrial offsets that permitted HAI to produce the M53-P2 engines. The first aircraft were delivered in June 1988 and the last, by the end of 1989. They featured an "ICMS mk1" defensive countermeasures suite (DCS), an updated version of the standard Mirage 2000C DCS, characterised by two small antennas near the top of the tailfin. Initially armed with R.550 Matra Magic-2 missiles. During the "Talos" modernisation project of the 1990s, carried out by Hellenic Aerospace Industry and supervised by Dassault and Thompson-CSF, the aircraft received: a vastly improved RDM-3 radar set; the ICMS 1 DCS; the ability to carry the Super-530D medium-range missile and the AM39 Exocet Block II anti-ship missile. After "Talos", the aircraft were renamed Mirage-2000EGM/BGM.  In August 2000, Greece placed a $1.1 billion order for a batch of 15 new

Taiwan.

In response to mainland China's purchase of the Su-27, the Republic of China (Taiwan) entered into talks with the US and France about the possible purchase of new fighters. While the US would oppose Taiwan's acquisition of the Mirage 2000 and instead pressure it to procure the F-16, in November 1992, the Republic of China Air Force became the first customer for the Mirage 2000-5. The order for 48 single-seat Mirage 2000-5EIs and 12 Mirage 2000-5DI trainers was condemned by China. The aircraft order also included 480 Magic short-range air-to-air missiles, 960 MICA intermediate-range air-to-air missiles, auxiliary fuel tanks, ground support equipment, and monitoring equipment; total costs amounted to US$4.9 billion, of which $2.6 billion was for the aircraft. The MICA missile provides the Mirage with a degree of BVR capability needed for its role as front-line interceptor. In addition, a set of ASTAC

Qatar.

In 1994, Qatar became the second export customer for the Mirage 2000-5 as it ordered twelve aircraft to replace its Mirage F1EDAs. Designated Mirage 2000-5DAs, the aircraft ordered consisted of nine single-seaters and three two-seaters, and the first delivery was made in September 1997. Qatar also purchased the MICA missile and the Apache stand-off cruise missile. The aircraft would be

Brazil.

Dassault participated in a competition to replace the Brazilian Air Force's aging Mirage IIIEBR/DBRs with a Brazilian-specific version of the Mirage 2000-9 that would have been developed in collaboration with Embraer designated Mirage 2000BR. However, due to Brazilian fiscal problems, the competition dragged on for years until it was suspended in February 2005. Instead, Brazil in July 2005 purchased 12 ex-French Air Force Mirage 2000 aircraft (ten "C" and two "B" versions), designated F-2000, for $72 million. Deliveries began in September 2006 and concluded on 27

Variants.

Mirage 2000C.

Upgrades include the addition of the Non-Cooperative Target Recognition (NCTR) mode to the RDI Radar to allow identification of airborne targets not responding on identification friend or

Mirage 2000B.

The Mirage 2000B is a two-seat operational conversion trainer variant which first flew on 11 October

Mirage 2000N.

The Mirage 2000N is the nuclear strike variant which was intended

Mirage 2000D.

The Mirage 2000D is a dedicated

Mirage 2000-5F.

First major upgrade over the Mirage 2000C. Replaces most cockpit displays with several large multi-function displays, and upgrading the stores-to-aircraft interface for the use of targeting pods and a

Mirage 2000E.

"Mirage 2000E" was a blanket designation for a series of export variants of the Mirage 2000. These aircraft were fitted the M53-P2 engine and an enhanced "RDM+" radar, and all can carry the day-only ATLIS II laser targeting pod.  The Mirage 2000M is the version purchased by Egypt. Two-seat Mirage 2000BM trainers were also ordered.  Designation of two-seat trainers and single-seat fighters for India. Indian Mirage 2000s have been integrated to carry the Russian R-73AE Archer missile as of 2007. The Mirage 2000TH is a twin-seat trainer version.  It is an Indian specific version single/twin-seater fighter for Indian Air Force similar to Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 equipped with Indian French and Israeli avionics and weapon packages. Its contract was signed in 2011 and first upgraded aircraft was delivered in 2015. Dassault aviation will upgrade initial few planes Mirage 2000H, 2000TH to 2000I, 2000TI later by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.  Peru placed an order for 10 single-seat Mirage 2000Ps and 2 Mirage 2000DP trainers.  Of the 60 Mirage 2000s Taiwan ordered in 1992, the Republic of

The Dassault Mirage 2000 is a French multirole, single-engine fourth-generation jet fighter manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It was designed in the late 1970s as a lightweight fighter to replace the Mirage III for the French Air Force ("Armée de l'Air"). The Mirage 2000 evolved into a multirole aircraft with several variants developed, with sales to a number of nations. It was later developed into the Mirage 2000N and 2000D strike variants, the improved Mirage 2000-5 and several export variants. Over 600 aircraft were built and it has been in service with nine nations.

Dassault Mirage 2000 je francouzský víceúčelový jednomotorový stíhací letoun čtvrté generace, vyráběný společností Dassault Aviation. V 70. letech byl vyvinut na základě letounu Mirage III a v roce 1982 byl zařazen do výzbroje Francouzského letectva. Existuje několik variant tohoto letounu, včetně útočných verzí 2000N a 2000D, vylepšených verzí 2000-5, řady exportních variant a celkem bylo vyrobeno přes 600 strojů, které byly k roku 2009 ve službách letectev devíti států.


Description.

The design of the class drew on lessons learnt in the Second World War when it became apparent that minelaying in coastal waters was more effective than in the deep sea; the existing fleet minesweepers were not well suited to deal with this threat. Design started at the Naval Construction Department in the City of Bath in 1947 and the first ship was ordered in September 1950; the class eventually numbered 119 vessels. The lead constructor was John I. Thornycroft & Company, although Ton-class vessels were also built at fifteen other yards. They were diesel powered vessels of 440 tons displacement fully laden, largely constructed from aluminium and other non-ferromagnetic materials, with a hull composed of a double layer of mahogany planking. Their small displacement and shallow draft gave them some protection against pressure and contact mines and allowed them to navigate in shallow inshore waters. Primary armament was one Bofors 40 mm gun, although the South African variants also had an Oerlikon 20 mm cannon behind the funnel. RN vessels also had the same but they were gradually removed and an M2 Browning machine gun mounted midships. Sweeping equipment was provided for moored mines and magnetic mines.  It was originally planned to name the ships after insects, with names like "Red Ant", "Green Cockchafer" and so on, but this plan was abandoned in 1952 and the Royal Navy ships of the class were given names of British towns and villages ending in "-ton", hence the name of the class. The contemporary but smaller inshore minesweepers were originally to be named after birds, but became the Ham-class, after towns and villages ending in "-ham".  Sixteen of the class were converted to minehunters by the incorporation of active rudders and the installation of the Type 193 minehunting sonar and associated equipment, including a very welcome enclosed bridge (the exception being HMS "Highburton" which retained her open bridge until decommissioning in the 1970s, this actually becoming a source of manliness to her crew when meeting other Ton crews). These vessels only retained mechanical "Oropesa" sweep capability.  The Ton-class served as patrol vessels in Borneo, Malaysia, Northern Ireland and Hong Kong. The minehunters played a significant role in the Suez Canal clearance after the Yom Kippur war. They also provided the backbone of the UK's Fishery Protection Squadron (4th MCM).  With the rundown of the Royal Navy fleet in the 1960s, many were sent to become base ships for the Royal Naval Reserve allowing reserve crews to get to sea for short periods without a lot of effort to organise a crew of significant size. Some of these had their names changed to reflect the RNR Division they were attached to. Five of the class in Royal Navy service were permanently converted to patrol craft for service policing of Hong Kong's territorial waters in 1971. These vessels, comprising HM Ships "Beachampton", "Monkton", "Wasperton", "Wolverton" and "Yarnton" had their minesweeping gear removed and were fitted with a second Bofors 40 mm gun aft of the funnel. They also received new pennant numbers: "Beachampton" P1007, "Monkton" P1055, "Wasperton" P1089, "Wolverton" P1093 and "Yarnton" P1096. Two vessels were converted into survey ships, one an air sea rescue vessel and one a diving tender.  At the start of the Falklands War in 1982, the elderly Ton-class vessels were deemed to be unsuited to the long voyage to the South Atlantic, so five deep-sea trawlers were hired and hastily converted into minesweepers, although the crews were largely taken from the Ton-class mine countermeasures flotilla based at Rosyth.  The RNR vessels lasted until the introduction of the River-class minesweepers in 1984. The remainder of the regular RN ships began to be retired with the introduction of the Hunt-class MCM vessels from 1980. The last RN Ton-class ship to be withdrawn was also the last to have been built; HMS "Wilton" (M1116) had been built in 1971 - 1972 with a hull made of glass reinforced plastic (GRP) instead of wood. She was the first major warship in the world using this technology, which was used for all of the succeeding Hunt-class ships. Decommissioned in 1994, "Wilton" now serves as a floating clubhouse for the Essex Yacht Club at Leigh-on-Sea.

Ships.

Royal Navy.

The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom received 115 Ton-class minesweepers during the 1950s. Several were later sold or transferred to other countries.

Royal Australian Navy.

The Royal Australian Navy bought six ex-Royal Navy minesweepers of the Ton class in 1961, and all were in service by 1962. Individual ships were decommissioned over the years until the final ship in service, "Curlew", was decommissioned and repurposed as a civilian fishing vessel. "Curlew" had been updated as a mine hunter in 1967-1968 while the same treatment was given to "Snipe" in 1969-1970.

The Ton class were coastal minesweepers built in the 1950s for the Royal Navy, but also used by other navies such as the South African Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. They were intended to meet the threat of seabed mines laid in shallow coastal waters, rivers, ports and harbours, a task for which the existing ocean-going minesweepers of the "Algerine"-class were not suited.

Třída Ton byla třída pobřežních minolovek Britského královského námořnictva, stavěných především pro likvidaci magnetických min v mělkých vodách poblíž přístavů. Postaveno jich bylo celkem 118 kusů, přičemž 35 jich Velká Británie později předala námořnictvům různých zemí Commonwealthu. Royal Navy je vyřadilo na počátku 90. let.


Concerts and recording.

After a grueling schedule, caused in part by the cost of the band's unwieldy "Wall of Sound" public address system, the decision was made to stop touring and performing as the Grateful Dead, short of disbanding. Averaging over 600 speakers powered by a minimum of 48 600-watt amplifiers, the massive and experimental sound reinforcement system advanced the technology but presented an array of physical, audio, and technical difficulties. It required four semi-trailer trucks to transport and, due to the rigging time, necessitated two leapfrogging road crews with separate scaffolding sets. Adding the employees required to operate the band's Grateful Dead Records label (and sub-label Round Records), publishing entity, direct-to-fan mailers, and other business operations, personnel was several hundred.  Bassist Phil Lesh recalled the "stresses and strains associated with large-scale touringtogether with the devastating loss of [lead singer/organist] Pigpenwere starting to create cracks and crevices in our unanimity of purpose.... Too many gigs, too much money spent, and too many people trying to get backstage all added up to a potentially explosive broth. Something had to giveso before it did, we made a decision to take some time off." Drummer Bill Kreutzmann stated "I didn't think the Wall of Sound sounded great, but our interplay at some of those shows was phenomenal. At some point, though, that’s not enough. By the end of 1974, Jerry was done being that kind of hero. He was ready for a change of scene. He needed a break from it. I honored his decision and the rest of us did, too." Although the hiatus was short-lived (the band began recording a new album just months later), a five-date "farewell" run was scheduled for October 16-20, 1974 in San Francisco. In addition to recording the concerts on two 16-track machines, the shows were filmed for a movie release.

Production and mixing.

The completion of "The Grateful Dead Movie" would take nearly three years. In the meantime, band manager Ron Rakow agreed to the delivery of a soundtrack album to United Artists Records in return for additional organizational and film production costs. With lead guitarist Jerry Garcia focused on the film's sound synchronization and editing, Lesh and sound man Owsley Stanley were tasked with finishing the album tie-in first. Rather than a soundtrack for the yet-uncompleted film, the pair separately reviewed the audio from copies of Garcia's work tapes, then selected concert performances for a double-live album.  Because the sound system was stacked behind the band, restricted-frequency differential microphones were used in pairs, to prevent bleed and feedback loops. One was wired out-of-phase in a phase-cancellation scheme requiring the singers to position very close to the microphones. This, along with the lack of a sound/mixing board created sonic anomalies during tape-mixing. Additionally, the drum tracks suffered from distortion. Some vocals were lostparticularly those by backing vocalist Donna Godchaux needing to be dubbed in the studio.  At the time of production, quadraphonic technology appeared ascendant. In anticipation, the album was mixed for the QS standardone of several competing vinyl matrix formats. Rather than a dedicated stereo mix, during mastering the quadraphonic mix was folded down to two channels. Lesh explained he and Bear decided to mix "the whole thing in 'quad'... the result was a glutinous mud bath of sound, through which any music was scarcely discernible. Bear and I went to Rakow, telling him the recordings were unusable. He brushed our objections aside, saying, 'They’ll buy it anyway; we need this record.' It’s a wonder the record was finished; the fact it was releasedagainst my better judgmentshows how desperate we were for product to take up the slack from lack of touring income". Ultimately, by the time the album was released, the Grateful Dead resumed touring. With the movie unfinished, the album was instead promoted in conjunction with the tour.

Release and response.

Although the song does not appear on the album, the title derives from the lyrics of "He's Gone": Like I told you, what I said<br>Steal your face right off your head The cover art prominently features the "Lightning Skull" logo. One of the band's iconic images, it was designed by Owsley Stanley to mark equipment cases, then rendered by Bob Thomas. The graphic previously appeared on the cover of "History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice)". The inside of the gatefold features a panel of photos from the concert run at Winterland and one from earlier in the band's history.  Rather than include any of the Dead's trademark extended jams, shorter songs dominate the track list. Coupled with the unflattering sound and performances, the result was received poorly by critics or fans. However, opinion raised over time, particularly following sonically-improved reissues, with the album considered unique in the band's catalog, if not underrated. Along with choosing performances to fit more than one-to-a-side on a vinyl record, Lesh focused on songs not previously released or whose arrangements evolved. However, only two selections on the album were also used wholly or in part in the film ("Casey Jones" & U.S. Blues". An additional track"Sugaree"also appears on the movie's bonus DVD). Most songs were left intact without editing. The exception is "Black-Throated Wind" with its early fade-out. Of the fourteen songs, seven appeared on Grateful Dead albums in studio form. One was released on Weir's solo album, and two on Garcia solo albums. Four others are covers, including two by Chuck Berry.  Band chronicler Blair Jackson explained the reasons Lesh's method for song choice didn't mesh with Deadhead expectation: "[It] had none of the natural flow of a Grateful Dead concert. It was as if someone threw all the songs into a hat, then pulled them out randomly, which is not the way the Grateful Dead operated at all. Their sets, while definitely eclectic, were built piece by piece according to what songs felt right to play at the moment. Garcia's choices affected Weir's choices, and vice versa. "Steal Your Face" consisted mainly of short songs usually played in the lighter first set, and it was devoid of any extended improvisation. Considering the material available from that five-night run, the song selection was mystifying to say the least." Garcia saw the album as a specific statement from the same era as the movie, noting "[Phil] picked out what he liked for his reasons. If anyone wants to have some concept of what Phil likes, that's a good album.... We don't interfere with each other on that level."  "Steal Your Face" was the band's final album released on Grateful Dead Records, as well as their only double album and live album on the label. With GDR's collapse a few months after the album's release, "Steal Your Face" was mostly out of print for over a decade. United Artists Records pressed an edition in 1979, and the album was mastered for CD release in 1989, returning to publication. A re-mastered version was released by Rhino Records in 2004. The number of copies issued in QS-quadraphonic is unknown.  The album was not included in the "Beyond Description (1973–1989)" box set, which otherwise collected all of the albums released in that era. However, concurrent with the set, "The Grateful Dead Movie" was restored and released as a two disc DVD. An additional 5-CD box set, "The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack", featured a much larger sample of the same concert run, sharing only one track with "Steal Your Face" ("Casey Jones", from October 17, in abbreviated form). Three "songs" appear on both albums, but are from different dates: "Stella Blue", "Mississippi Half-Step Uptown Toodeloo", and "U.S. Blues". The album is included in the 2017 Black Friday Record Store Day release of the Grateful Dead Record Collection. The sound quality of this reissue is drastically improved. The liner notes give the following credit “Mastering by David Glasser at Airshow Mastering, Boulder, CO Lacquers by Chris Bellman at Bernie Grundman Mastering, Hollywood, CA Plangent Processes Wow & Flutter Removal by Jamie Howarth.”

Recording dates.

All tracks recorded live at Winterland, San Francisco

Steal Your Face is a live double album by the Grateful Dead, released in June 1976. The album was recorded October 1720, 1974, at San Francisco's Winterland Ballroom, during a "farewell run" that preceded a then-indefinite hiatus. It was the fourth and final album released by the band on their original Grateful Dead Records label. "The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack", a second album from the same run of shows, was released in 2005.

Steal Your Face je koncertní dvojalbum skupiny Grateful Dead. Album vyšlo v roce 1976 u Grateful Dead Records. Nahrávky pochází z 16.-20. října 1974, kdy byli nahrány v Winterland Ballroom v San Franciscu.


Computing platform.

The Rosetta@home application and the BOINC distributed computing platform are available for the operating systems Windows, Linux, and macOS; BOINC also runs on several others, e.g., FreeBSD. Participation in Rosetta@home requires a central processing unit (CPU) with a clock speed of at least 500 MHz, 200 megabytes of free disk space, 512 megabytes of physical memory, and Internet connectivity. As of July 20, 2016, the current version of the Rosetta Mini application is 3.73. The current recommended BOINC program version is 7.6.22. Standard Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (port 80) is used for communication between the user's BOINC client and the Rosetta@home servers at the University of Washington; HTTPS (port 443) is used during password exchange. Remote and local control of the BOINC client use port 31416 and port 1043, which might need to be specifically unblocked if they are behind a firewall. Workunits containing data on individual proteins are distributed from servers located in the Baker lab at the University of Washington to volunteers' computers, which then calculate a structure prediction for the assigned protein. To avoid duplicate structure predictions on a given protein, each workunit is initialized with a random seed number. This gives each prediction a unique trajectory of descent along the protein's energy landscape. Protein structure predictions from Rosetta@home are approximations of a global minimum in a given protein's energy landscape. That global minimum represents the most energetically favorable conformation of the protein, i.e., its native state. A primary feature of the Rosetta@home graphical user interface (GUI) is a screensaver which shows a current workunit's progress during the simulated protein folding process. In the upper-left of the current screensaver, the target protein is shown adopting different shapes (conformations) in its search for the lowest energy structure. Depicted immediately to the right is the structure of the most recently accepted. On the upper right the lowest energy conformation of the current decoy is shown; below that is the true, or native, structure of the protein if it has already been determined. Three graphs are included in the screensaver. Near the middle, a graph for the accepted model's thermodynamic free energy is displayed, which fluctuates as the accepted model changes. A graph of the accepted model's root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), which measures how structurally similar the accepted model is to the native model, is shown far right. On the right of the accepted energy graph and below the RMSD graph, the results from these two functions are used to produce an energy vs. RMSD plot as the model is progressively refined.  Like all BOINC projects, Rosetta@home runs in the background of the user's computer, using idle computer power, either at or before logging into an account on the host operating system. The program frees resources from the CPU as they are needed by other applications so that normal computer use is unaffected. Many program settings can be specified via user account preferences, including: the maximum percentage of CPU resources the program can use (to control power consumption or heat production from a computer running at sustained capacity), the times of day during which the program can run, and many more.  Rosetta, the software that runs on the Rosetta@home network, was rewritten in C++ to allow easier development than that allowed by its original version, which was written in Fortran. This new version is object-oriented, and was released on February 8, 2008. Development of the Rosetta code is done by Rosetta Commons. The software is freely licensed to the academic community and available to pharmaceutical companies for a fee.

Project significance.

With the proliferation of genome sequencing projects, scientists can infer the amino acid sequence, or primary structure, of many proteins that carry out functions within the cell. To better understand a protein's function and aid in rational drug design, scientists need to know the protein's three-dimensional tertiary structure.  Protein 3D structures are currently determined experimentally via X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The process is slow (it can take weeks or even months to figure out how to crystallize a protein for the first time) and costly (around US$100,000 per protein). Unfortunately, the rate at which new sequences are discovered far exceeds the rate of structure determination – out of more than 7,400,000 protein sequences available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant (nr) protein database, fewer than 52,000 proteins' 3D structures have been solved and deposited in the Protein Data Bank, the main repository for structural information on proteins. One of the main goals of Rosetta@home is to predict protein structures with the same accuracy as existing methods, but in a way that requires significantly less time and money. Rosetta@home also develops methods to determine the structure and docking of membrane proteins (e.g., G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs)), which are exceptionally difficult to analyze with traditional techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, yet represent the majority of targets for modern drugs.  Progress in protein structure prediction is evaluated in the biannual Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment, in which researchers from around the world attempt to derive a protein's structure from the protein's amino acid sequence. High scoring groups in this sometimes competitive experiment are considered the "de facto" standard-bearers for what is the state of the art in protein structure prediction. Rosetta, the program on which Rosetta@home is based, has been used since CASP5 in 2002. In the 2004 CASP6 experiment, Rosetta made history by being the first to produce a close to atomic-level resolution, "ab initio protein structure prediction" in its submitted model for CASP target T0281. "Ab initio" modeling is considered an especially difficult category of protein structure prediction, as it does not use information from structural homology and must rely on information from sequence homology and modeling physical interactions within the protein. Rosetta@home has been used in CASP since 2006, where it was among the top predictors in every category of structure prediction in CASP7. These high quality predictions were enabled by the computing power made available by Rosetta@home volunteers. Increasing computing power allows Rosetta@home to sample more regions of conformation space (the possible shapes a protein can assume), which, according to Levinthal's paradox, is predicted to increase exponentially with protein length.  Rosetta@home is also used in protein–protein docking prediction, which determines the structure of multiple complexed proteins, or quaternary structure. This type of protein interaction affects many cellular functions, including antigen–antibody and enzyme–inhibitor binding and cellular import and export. Determining these interactions is critical for drug design. Rosetta is used in the Critical Assessment of Prediction of Interactions (CAPRI) experiment, which evaluates the state of the protein docking field similar to how CASP gauges progress in protein structure prediction. The computing power made available by Rosetta@home's project volunteers has been cited as a major factor in Rosetta's performance in CAPRI, where its docking predictions have been among the most accurate and complete.  In early 2008, Rosetta was used to computationally design a protein with a function never before observed in nature. This was inspired in part by the retraction of a high-profile paper from 2004 which originally described the computational design of a protein with improved enzymatic activity relative to its natural form. The 2008 research paper from David Baker's group describing how the protein was made, which cited Rosetta@home for the computing resources it made available, represented an important proof of concept for this protein design method. This type of protein design could have future applications in drug discovery, green chemistry, and bioremediation.

Disease-related research.

In addition to basic research in predicting protein structure, docking and design, Rosetta@home is also used in immediate disease-related research. Numerous minor research projects are described in David Baker's Rosetta@home journal. As of February 2014, information on recent publications and a short description of the work are being updated on the forum. The forum thread is no longer used since 2016, and news on the research can be found on the general news section of the project.

Alzheimer's disease.

A component of the Rosetta software suite, RosettaDesign, was used to accurately predict which regions of amyloidogenic proteins were most likely to make amyloid-like fibrils. By taking hexapeptides (six amino acid-long fragments) of a protein of interest and selecting the lowest energy match to a structure similar to that of a known fibril forming hexapeptide, RosettaDesign was able to identify peptides twice as likely to form fibrils as are random proteins. Rosetta@home was used in the same study to predict structures for amyloid beta, a fibril-forming protein that has been postulated to cause Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary but as yet unpublished results have been produced on Rosetta-designed proteins that may prevent fibrils from forming, although it is unknown whether it can prevent the disease.

Anthrax.

Another component of Rosetta, RosettaDock, was used in conjunction with experimental methods to model interactions between three proteins—lethal factor (LF), edema factor (EF) and protective antigen (PA)—that make up anthrax toxin. The computer model accurately predicted docking between LF and PA, helping to establish which domains of the respective proteins are involved in the LF–PA complex. This insight was eventually used in research resulting in improved anthrax vaccines.

Herpes simplex virus 1.

RosettaDock was used to model docking between an antibody (immunoglobulin G) and a surface protein expressed by the cold sore virus, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) which serves to degrade the antiviral antibody. The protein complex predicted by RosettaDock closely agreed with the especially difficult-to-obtain experimental models, leading researchers to conclude that the docking method has potential to address some of the problems that X-ray crystallography has with modeling protein–protein interfaces.

HIV.

As part of research funded by a $19.4 million grant by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Rosetta@home has been used in designing multiple possible vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Malaria.

In research involved with the Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative, Rosetta has been used to computationally design novel homing endonuclease proteins, which could eradicate "Anopheles gambiae" or otherwise render the mosquito unable to transmit malaria. Being able to model and alter protein–DNA interactions specifically, like those of homing endonucleases, gives computational protein design methods like Rosetta an important role in gene therapy (which includes possible cancer treatments).

Other diseases.

Rosetta@home researchers have designed an IL-2 receptor agonist called Neoleukin-2/15 that does not interact with the alpha subunit of the receptor. Such immunity signal molecules are useful in cancer treatment. While the natural IL-2 suffers from toxicity due to an interaction with the alpha subunit, the designed protein is much safer, at least in animal models. Rosetta molecular modeling suite was recently used to accurately predict the atomic-scale structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein weeks before it could be measured in the lab.

Development history and branches.

Originally introduced by the Baker laboratory in 1998 as an "ab initio" approach to structure prediction, Rosetta has since branched into several development streams and distinct services. The Rosetta platform derives its name from the Rosetta Stone, as it attempts to decipher the structural "meaning" of proteins' amino acid sequences. More than seven years after Rosetta's first appearance, the Rosetta@home project was released (i.e., announced as no longer beta) on October 6, 2005. Many of the graduate students and other researchers involved in Rosetta's initial development have since moved to other universities and research institutions, and subsequently enhanced different parts of the Rosetta project.

RosettaDesign.

RosettaDesign, a computing approach to protein design based on Rosetta, began in 2000 with a study in redesigning the folding pathway of Protein G. In 2002 RosettaDesign was used to design Top7, a 93-amino acid long α/β protein that had an overall fold never before recorded in nature. This new conformation was predicted by Rosetta to within 1.2 Å RMSD of the structure determined by X-ray crystallography, representing an unusually accurate structure prediction. Rosetta and RosettaDesign earned widespread recognition by being the first to design and accurately predict the structure of a novel protein of such length, as reflected by the 2002 paper describing the dual approach prompting two positive letters in the journal "Science", and being cited by more than 240 other scientific articles. The visible product of that research, Top7, was featured as the RCSB PDB's 'Molecule of the Month' in October 2006; a superposition of the respective cores (residues 60–79) of its predicted and X-ray crystal structures are featured in the Rosetta@home logo.  Brian Kuhlman, a former postdoctoral associate in David Baker's lab and now an associate professor at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, offers RosettaDesign as an online service.

RosettaDock.

RosettaDock was added to the Rosetta software suite during the first CAPRI experiment in 2002 as the Baker laboratory's algorithm for protein–protein docking prediction. In that experiment, RosettaDock made a high-accuracy prediction for the docking between streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin A and a T cell-receptor β-chain, and a medium accuracy prediction for a complex between porcine α-amylase and a camelid antibody. While the RosettaDock method only made two acceptably accurate predictions out of seven possible, this was enough to rank it seventh out of nineteen prediction methods in the first CAPRI assessment.  Development of RosettaDock diverged into two branches for subsequent CAPRI rounds as Jeffrey Gray, who laid the groundwork for RosettaDock while at the University of Washington, continued working on the method in his new position at Johns Hopkins University. Members of the Baker laboratory further developed RosettaDock in Gray's absence. The two versions differed slightly in side-chain modeling, decoy selection and other areas. Despite these differences, both the Baker and Gray methods performed well in the second CAPRI assessment, placing fifth and seventh respectively out of 30 predictor groups. Jeffrey Gray's RosettaDock server is available as a free docking prediction service for non-commercial use.  In October 2006, RosettaDock was integrated into Rosetta@home. The method used a fast, crude docking model phase using only the protein backbone. This was followed by a slow full-atom refinement phase in which the orientation of the two interacting proteins relative to each other, and side-chain interactions at the protein–protein interface, were simultaneously optimized to find the lowest energy conformation. The vastly increased computing power afforded by the Rosetta@home network, combined with revised "fold-tree" representations for backbone flexibility and loop modeling, made RosettaDock sixth out of 63 prediction groups in the third CAPRI assessment.

Robetta.

The Robetta (Rosetta Beta) server is an automated protein structure prediction service offered by the Baker laboratory for non-commercial "ab initio" and comparative modeling. It has participated as an automated prediction server in the biannual CASP experiments since CASP5 in 2002, performing among the best in the automated server prediction category. Robetta has since competed in CASP6 and 7, where it did better than average among both automated server and human predictor groups. It also participates in the CAMEO3D continuous evaluation.  In modeling protein structure as of CASP6, Robetta first searches for structural homologs using BLAST, PSI-BLAST, and 3D-Jury, then parses the target sequence into its individual domains, or independently folding units of proteins, by matching the sequence to structural families in the Pfam database. Domains with structural homologs then follow a "template-based model" (i.e., homology modeling) protocol. Here, the Baker laboratory's in-house alignment program, K*sync, produces a group of sequence homologs, and each of these is modeled by the Rosetta "de novo" method to produce a decoy (possible structure). The final structure prediction is selected by taking the lowest energy model as determined by a low-resolution Rosetta energy function. For domains that have no detected structural homologs, a "de novo" protocol is followed in which the lowest energy model from a set of generated decoys is selected as the final prediction. These domain predictions are then connected together to investigate inter-domain, tertiary-level interactions within the protein. Finally, side-chain contributions are modeled using a protocol for Monte Carlo conformational search.  In CASP8, Robetta was augmented to use Rosetta's high resolution all-atom refinement method, the absence of which was cited as the main cause for Robetta being less accurate than the Rosetta@home network in CASP7. In CASP11, a way to predict the protein contact map by co-evolution of residues in related proteins called GREMLIN was added, allowing for more "de novo" fold successes.

Foldit.

On May 9, 2008, after Rosetta@home users suggested an interactive version of the distributed computing program, the Baker lab publicly released Foldit, an online protein structure prediction game based on the Rosetta platform., Foldit had over 59,000 registered users. The game gives users a set of controls (for example, shake, wiggle, rebuild) to manipulate the backbone and amino acid side chains of the target protein into more energetically favorable conformations. Users can work on solutions individually as "soloists" or collectively as "evolvers", accruing points under either category as they improve their structure predictions.

Comparison to similar distributed computing projects.

There are several distributed computed projects which have study areas similar to those of Rosetta@home, but differ in their research approach:

Folding@home.

Of all the major distributed computing projects involved in protein research, Folding@home is the only one not using the BOINC platform. Both Rosetta@home and Folding@home study protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, but Folding@home does so much more exclusively. Folding@home almost exclusively uses all-atom molecular dynamics models to understand how and why proteins fold (or potentially misfold, and subsequently aggregate to cause diseases). In other words, Folding@home's strength is modeling the process of protein folding, while Rosetta@home's strength is computing protein design and predicting protein structure and docking.  Some of Rosetta@home's results are used as the basis for some Folding@home projects. Rosetta provides the most likely structure, but it is not definite if that is the form the molecule takes or whether or not it is viable. Folding@home can then be used to verify Rosetta@home's results, and can provide added atomic-level information, and details of how the molecule changes shape.  The two projects also differ significantly in their computing power and host diversity. Averaging about 6,650 teraFLOPS from a host base of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), and PS3s, Folding@home has nearly 108 times more computing power than Rosetta@home.

World Community Grid.

Both Phase I and Phase II of the Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF), a subproject of World Community Grid, have used the Rosetta program to make structural and functional annotations of various genomes. Although he now uses it to create databases for biologists, Richard Bonneau, head scientist of the Human Proteome Folding Project, was active in the original development of Rosetta at David Baker's laboratory while obtaining his PhD. More information on the relationship between the HPF1, HPF2 and Rosetta@home can be found on Richard Bonneau's website.

Predictor@home.

Like Rosetta@home, Predictor@home specialized in protein structure prediction. While Rosetta@home uses the Rosetta program for its structure prediction, Predictor@home used the dTASSER methodology. In 2009, Predictor@home shut down.  Other protein related distributed computing projects on BOINC include QMC@home, Docking@home, POEM@home, SIMAP, and TANPAKU. RALPH@home, the Rosetta@home alpha project which tests new application versions, work units, and updates before they move on to Rosetta@home, runs on BOINC also.

Volunteer contributions.

Rosetta@home depends on computing power donated by individual project members for its research., about 53,000 users from 150 countries were active members of Rosetta@home, together contributing idle processor time from about 54,800 computers for a combined average performance of over 1.7 PetaFLOPS. Users are granted BOINC credits as a measure of their contribution. The credit granted for each workunit is the number of decoys produced for that workunit multiplied by the average claimed credit for the decoys submitted by all computer hosts for that workunit. This custom system was designed to address significant differences between credit granted to users with the standard BOINC client and an optimized BOINC client, and credit differences between users running Rosetta@home on Windows and Linux operating systems. The amount of credit granted per second of CPU work is lower for Rosetta@home than most other BOINC projects. Rosetta@home is thirteenth out of over 40 BOINC projects in terms of total credit.  Rosetta@home users who predict protein structures submitted for the CASP experiment are acknowledged in scientific publications regarding their results. Users who predict the lowest energy structure for a given workunit are featured on the Rosetta@home homepage as "Predictor of the Day", along with any team of which they are a member. A "User of the Day" is chosen randomly each day to be on the homepage also, from among users who have made a Rosetta@home profile.

External links.

Online Rosetta services

Rosetta@home is a distributed computing project for protein structure prediction on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, run by the Baker laboratory at the University of Washington. Rosetta@home aims to predict protein–protein docking and design new proteins with the help of about fifty-five thousand active volunteered computers processing at over 494,953 GigaFLOPS on average as of March 26, 2020. Foldit, a Rosetta@Home videogame, aims to reach these goals with a crowdsourcing approach. Though much of the project is oriented toward basic research to improve the accuracy and robustness of proteomics methods, Rosetta@home also does applied research on malaria, Alzheimer's disease, and other pathologies.

Rosetta@home je projekt založený na distribuovaných výpočtech zabývající se výzkumem struktury proteinů na platformě Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) vytvořený laboratoří vedenou biochemikem Davidem Bakerem na Washingtonské univerzitě. Rosetta@home si dává za cíl předvídat makromolekulární spojování proteinů a designování (návrh) nových za pomoci téměř miliónu dobrovolně připojených počítačů pracujících průměrně na 83 teraFLOPSech k datu 18. dubna 2014. Foldit, experimentální videohra vytvořená tvůrci Rosetta@Home, si klade za cíl dosažení tohoto cíle přiblížením se crowdsourcingu.


Early life.

Liv was born in Gdynia, Poland, as Patryk Śliż, given to an orphanage in Gdańsk and adopted by a Swedish family around the age of two. He kept his original first name as a third given name.

Playing career.

Liv was the starting goaltender for HC Sibir and was often chosen for the Swedish national team. On 22 December 2005, he was named as third goaltender to Team Sweden for the 2006 Winter Olympics. He wore the goaltender's glove on his left hand. He was agile, quick in moving from side to side and skilled with close-range shots, and his unorthodox style reminded some of Dominik Hašek.  Liv played his first Elitserien game in Sweden on 18 January 2000 in Jönköping for HV71 against Luleå HF. His first national appearance was in a match against the Czech Republic, also in Jönköping, on 9 November 2000. Liv was drafted in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings in the third round, 102nd overall.  Liv signed a one-year contract with the Red Wings in May 2006, but started season 2006–07 playing for the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League (AHL). He was recalled by the Red Wings on 17 November 2006. On 26 November 2006, Liv was back with the Grand Rapids Griffins playing against Houston Aeros. Two days later, Liv was assigned to the Toledo Storm in ECHL when the Grand Rapids Griffins recalled goalie Logan Koopmans. He was later recalled by Grand Rapids Griffins.  After one season with the Detroit Red Wings' organization playing mostly for Grand Rapids, totaling a save percentage of.895 over 34 games, Liv signed a three-year contract with his former Swedish club HV71. He continued the 2007–08 season by winning the Swedish Championship and was awarded the "Guldpucken" as the Player of the Year in the Elitserien. During the 2009-10 season Liv played again at HV71, and he was selected to Sweden's Olympic team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, where he was the third goalie after New York Rangers' Henrik Lundqvist and Toronto Maple Leafs' Jonas Gustavsson. In 2010-11 Liv played for Sibir Novosibirsk in the KHL, and was selected to the 2011 KHL All-star game. For the 2011–12 season, Liv moved to Lokomotiv Yaroslavl.

Death.

On 7 September 2011, Liv was killed when a Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, carrying nearly his entire Lokomotiv team, crashed just outside Yaroslavl, Russia. The team was traveling to Minsk to play their opening game of the season, with its coaching staff and prospects. Lokomotiv officials said "everyone from the main roster was on the plane plus four players from the youth team."  As a result of Liv's death, the premier round games of the 2011–12 Elitserien season, between 13–15 September, began with a one-minute silence. In honour, his No. 1 jersey was retired and raised to the rafters by HV71 in Kinnarps Arena prior to HV71's home game against Timrå IK on 10 January 2012. To remember Liv throughout the 2011–12 season, all player jerseys in HV71's team carried number 1 on the front. On 10 September 2011, over 10,000 fans of HV71 attended Kinnarps Arena, HV71's home arena, to honor Stefan Liv.  In their 2011 season opener, each member of the Detroit Red Wings wore a patch bearing "BM*RS*SL" to honor the memories of Liv, Lokomotiv coach Brad McCrimmon, and defenseman Ruslan Salei. Detroit goalie Jimmy Howard also paid a personal tribute to the three men on the back of his mask. Liv and Howard had shared goaltending duties during Liv's season with the Grand Rapids Griffins. Liv's body was buried at the Sofiakyrkan church in Jönköping on 2 October 2011, with 120 friends and relatives arriving at the scene and leaving one rose flower each on Liv's coffin.  From the 2012–13 season onward, the Swedish Hockey League's playoff MVP award is known as the Stefan Liv Memorial Trophy in honor of Liv. On 2 August 2013, a new street in Jönköping leading to Kinnarps Arena was named "Stefan Livs gata" (English: "Stefan Liv's street").  On October 20, 2013, Detroit Red Wings defenseman Jonathan Ericsson named his newborn daughter Liv Ericsson in honor of Stefan, who was a close friend.

Career statistics.

Regular season.

"Statistics as of the end of the Elitserien regular season 2008–09."

Post-season.

"Statistics as of the end of Elitserien playoffs 2009."

International play.

Liv played for Sweden in:

International statistics.

"Statistics as of 17 May 2008."

Stefan Daniel Patryk Liv (born Patryk Śliż; 21 December 1980 – 7 September 2011) was a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender. Liv played professionally in Sweden, North America and Russia. Liv played nine seasons for HV71 in the top-tier league in Sweden. He played one season in Detroit Red Wings organization without managing to make his debut in the NHL. He then returned to Europe and HV71. Upon his return, he played three seasons in Sweden, then moved to Russia in 2010.

Stefan Daniel Patryk Liv (narozen jako "Patryk Śliż" (* 21. prosince 1980, Gdyně, Polsko - 7. září 2011, Jaroslavl, Rusko), byl švédský hokejový brankář. Profesionální hokej hrál ve Švédsku, Severní Americe a v Rusku. Devět let strávil v první švédské hokejové lize, v týmu HV 71. Rok strávil v organizaci Detroit Red Wings, jenže si nepřipsal jediný start v NHL, a tak se vrátil do Evropy, zpět do HV 71. Po svém návratu odehrál ve Švédsku tři sezóny, po kterých odešel v roce 2010 do Ruska.


History.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was originally announced with the code name "Eiger" on 12 May 2005. ("Mönch" was announced as a potential follow-up project at about the same time.) The name "Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs" appeared in a press release in September 2005, when it was introduced as "formerly code-named “Eiger”" and described as "an exclusive benefit to SA <nowiki>[</nowiki>Microsoft Software Assurance<nowiki>]</nowiki> customers".  A Gartner evaluation from April 2006 stated that:  The RTM version of Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was released on July 8, 2006. The release was announced to the press on July 12, 2006.  In May 2011, Microsoft announced Windows Thin PC as the successor product.

Technical specifications.

Microsoft positions Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs as an operating system that provides basic computing services on older hardware, while still providing core management features of more recent Windows releases, such as Windows Firewall, Group Policy, Automatic Updates, and other management services. However, it is not considered to be a general-purpose operating system by Microsoft.  Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs is a Windows XP Embedded derivative and, as such, is optimized for legacy PCs. It requires significantly fewer system resources than the fully featured Windows XP. It also features basic networking, extended peripheral support, DirectX, and the ability to launch the remote desktop clients from compact discs. In addition to local applications, it offers support for those hosted on a remote server using Remote Desktop. It can be installed on a local hard drive, or configured to run on a diskless workstation.

Hardware requirements.

Despite being optimized for older PCs, hardware requirements for Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs are similar to Windows XP, although it is faster running on slower clock speeds than Windows XP.

Limitations.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs has a smaller feature set than Windows XP. For example, WinFLP does not include Paint, Outlook Express and Windows games such as Solitaire. Another limitation is the absence of the "Compatibility" tab in the "Properties..." dialog box for executable files.  Internet Explorer 8 (and 7) can be installed, but a hotfix is required for auto-complete to work in these newer versions of the browser.

Availability.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was exclusively available to Microsoft Software Assurance customers, as it is designed to be an inexpensive upgrade option for corporations that have a number of Windows 9x computers, but lack the hardware necessary to support the latest Windows. It is not available through retail or OEM channels.  On October 7, 2008, Service Pack 3 for Windows Embedded for Point of Service and Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was made available.  On April 18, 2013, Service Pack 3 for Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs was made available for download again after previously having been removed from the Microsoft site.  The Microsoft marketing pages for Windows Fundamentals now redirect to those of Windows Thin PC, suggesting that Windows Fundamentals is no longer available for any customers.  Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs has the same lifecycle policy as Windows XP; as such, its support lifespan ended on 8 April 2014.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs ("WinFLP") is a thin client operating system from Microsoft, based on Windows XP Embedded and is optimized for older, less powerful hardware. It was released on July 8, 2006 and is not marketed as a full-fledged general purpose operating system, although it is functionally able to perform most of the tasks generally associated with one. It includes only certain functionality for local workloads such as security, management, document viewing related tasks and the.NET Framework. It is designed to work as a client–server solution with RDP clients or other third party clients such as Citrix ICA.

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (zkratka WinFLP) je v informatice název operačního systému firmy Microsoft, který je založen na Windows XP Embedded a přizpůsoben pro starší, méně výkonný hardware. WinFLP není prodáván jako plnohodnotný operační systém, i když podporuje většinu základních funkcí, jako jsou oprávnění, správa počítače, práce s dokumenty i podpora.NET aplikací. WinFLP je cíleno jako prostředí pro klientskou část umožňující připojení ke vzdálené ploše pomocí RDP protokolu (tj. Citrix ICA server nebo Terminal Services v Microsoft Windows serverech).


Biography.

Background.

He was born at 31 Union street, East Stonehouse, Plymouth on 9 January 1866, the son of Royal Navy bandsman William Eastman Palmer who had by then become a journeyman photographer. The name "Christian" came from the boy's grandmother Christian Branton Eastman Lewis, who married his grandfather Henry Palmer, a shoemaker, in Okehampton, Devon in 1826. Fred C's father W.E. Palmer married Maria Louisa Eales on 13 March 1860 and they were living in James Street, Stoke Damerel, in 1861 and ten years later at 13 Frances Street at St Andrew's in Plymouth. She was a "photographic artist", which could mean that she tinted or drew on prints from glass negatives or somehow enhanced daguerreotypes, and it was probably her influence which brought the profession of photography into the family. So W.E. Palmer became a photographer in the mid-1860s, and had twelve children including seven sons, at least five of whom were trained as photographers. The business was named William Eastman Palmer & Sons, and Frederick Christian was the third son. His brothers who trained as photographers were William George, John Eastman, Ernest Charles and Henry Reginald. In 1881 in East Barnet Fred C. was 15 years old and had started his photographic apprenticeship. In 1891 when Frederick Christian was 25 years old, he was still living at home and the family was at Hopetown Villa, Leicester Road, East Barnet. At that time his father William Eastman Palmer was still described as a journeyman photographer.

Adult life.

In 1894 Frederick Christian Palmer was married in the parish of St George Hanover Square to Eleanor Florence M. Maltby, who had been born in Highbury in 1873. They had three children: Leslie Reginald, born 1896; Muriel Audrey, born in 1902; and Joyce Selwyn, born in 1905. The first two were born in Barnet, and the third in Herne Bay. In 1901 Frederick was practising as a photographer and the family was living at Gresham Cottage in Plantagenet Road in New Barnet. In 1911 they were all at Palmer's Tower Studio in Herne Bay; Frederick was again listed in the census as a photographer and Eleanor was assisting in the business. He may possibly have been related to Fred T. Palmer (fl.1890–1899), photographer of Ramsgate and Croydon.  Palmer may have moved to Watford around 1936–1937 but did not die there; his daughter Muriel Audrey had married Charles William Raysbrook in 1925 in Strood and then had three children in Watford. He died on 14 March 1941, aged 75 years, of old age at The Grey Cottage, formerly Prospect House, at 1 Prospect Road, Hungerford. His death certificate gives his occupation as master photographer, retired. The term, "master", in this context at that time implied that he had photographers working under him in a studio, and did not refer to a specific qualification. His son Leslie Reginald was present at the death, but it is not known whether The Grey Cottage was the residence of either father or son.

Professional life.

Herne Bay.

Although photographic film was available, it is probable that Fred C. Palmer used large−format glass negatives and that the postcards and portraits were direct prints from these, because of their fine detail. From 1892 to 1903 he was working for the family firm, William Eastman Palmer & Sons, at Bloom House, Leicester Road, New Barnet. From 1903 to 1922 he was working as a photographer and picture-frame maker in Herne Bay, at 21 High Street from 1903 to 1905 (where Kent Kebab is, as of 2011), and at Telford Villa, 6 Tower Parade from 1907 to 1922. Between 1910 and 1916, Fred C. Palmer was a freelance "Herne Bay Press" newspaper photographer, who worked from Tower Studio in Tower Parade on the Sea Front where he took portraits. He had a small shop or kiosk called "The Art Gallery" on the sea front, separate from the studio, where he sold postcards and portrait prints. He produced postcards of important town events, such as the grand opening of Herne Bay Pier's Grand Pier Pavilion by the Lord Mayor of London on 3 August 1910, and the grand opening of the King Edward VII Memorial Hall by Princess Beatrice on 13 July 1913. His name was usually given as Fred C. Palmer in newspaper photograph credits and on the backs of his picture postcards.

World War I.

During World War I there are no written records of Fred C. Palmer, but he did produce postcards of war-wounded Belgians recuperating in Canterbury and Herne Bay, of a possible 1914 recruitment rally and of soldiers larking about. There was a shortage of silver for use on photographic plates, so this may be why he appears to have been limited to photographing the troops and war-wounded and perhaps other work until 1920.

Swindon.

Around 1920–1921 Palmer took over the studio of the established photographer William Hooper at 6 Cromwell Street, Swindon. Street directories state that he was there between 1923 and 1936. The building is now demolished. He published postcards and portraits and was freelance photographer for local newspapers; the same professional pattern as in Herne Bay before the war. Swindon Council used his photographs. He retired around 1936–1937 at the age of approximately 70 years, and died in 1941.

Photograph of Grand Pier Pavilion, 1910.

Palmer's 1910 photograph of the illuminated Grand Pier Pavilion was incorporated as found object art in an artwork by Marcel Duchamp following the latter's visit to Herne Bay in 1913. Duchamp cut out Palmer's photo from a leaflet and attached it to "Note 78" in "The Green Box" describing his plans for a work called "The Large Glass" (1915–1923). The notes including Palmer's photograph were published in two limited editions, and were considered part of, and not just an adjunct to, the "Large Glass" artwork.  In August 2013 a "Duchamp in Herne Bay 1913–2013" festival was organised in the town to celebrate and explore Duchamp's 1913 visit to Herne Bay and the relationship between that experience and his artwork. Palmer's postcard of the Grand Pier Pavilion, illuminated, was used to promote that festival.

Portraits of Edmund Reid.

In 1910–1912 Palmer photographed Edmund Reid who had been head of the Metropolitan Police Service CID at the time of the Whitechapel murders. Reid had retired to Hampton-on-Sea, a settlement which was fast sinking into the Thames Estuary prompting the old man to make attempts at publicity and to demand assistance from the Council. Palmer photographed this eccentric character amid the progressing disaster and gave or sold the images to Reid in the form of postcards. The old man retailed Palmer's photographs from a kiosk, calling the collection an "art gallery". Reid was mocked for selling postcards of himself and calling it art, but when Duchamp chose to take another Palmer photograph home in 1913 and made an artwork of it, Reid's insight was validated.

One example: the Ronald Cecil Concert Party postcard.

The Ronald Cecil Concert Party postcard shows a crowd on the Herne Bay seafront around 1913, including rehearsed and choreographed tableaux vivants by actors. It was apparently produced in response to the contemporary eagerness of aficionados to collect and examine (with a hand lens) the detailed prints made from large glass negatives. The signature of such a postcard is the inclusion of tableaux signifying the fleeting moment, and in this example it is the running boy about to go out of frame on the left, and the policeman checking his watch in the foreground. The positions of the actors would be held still for the camera at a prearranged moment, which may have been announced by the chiming of the clock tower out of frame to the right, or a call from the man on the right of the stage. Some of the tableaux are as follows:  (1) The suffragette mounting a bicycle and incidentally showing a little more ankle than such a young woman might intend at that time, in the right foreground. She is wearing black stockings, which in 1913 could signify a servant or actress. (2) The young man acting "hot under the collar", apparently being berated by a woman, and exchanging a glance with a well-dressed and confident young dandy in sports jacket and white shoes, with one hand in pocket and the other possibly holding a cigarette. (3) Ronald Cecil himself apparently falling backwards in the crowd, although nobody around him turns to look. This is at the centre-back of the crowd. The viewer's attention is drawn to Cecil's fall by the insouciant young man standing below the lamppost in cap and three-piece tweed suit and arms akimbo, looking directly at Cecil falling. (4) Two housemaids – G.M. Warner, known as Little Warner, and her fellow servant, both employed from age 12 by the boys' school at St George's Terrace – are walking in the aisle between the concert party audience and the fence. They are carrying posters or leaflets for the concert party, and were supposed to do something with the former, but were prevented by the presence of children.  The regatta in the background suggests a Saturday, and the beams from the late afternoon sun passing through the windows on both sides of the Grand Pier Pavilion suggest a time of around 4.30pm. Among the public, a private nurse in uniform can be seen on the right, and the deckchair boys employed from age 12 are near the left foreground in the aisle between stage and fence.

Art gallery.

"Art gallery" was Edmund Reid's name for his postcard collection of photographs by Palmer.

Frederick Christian Palmer (East Stonehouse, Plymouth 1866 − Hungerford 1941; fl.1892–1935), known professionally as Fred C. Palmer, was the main public photographer of Herne Bay, Kent in the early years of the 20th century, working from Tower Studio. He photographed all the civic events in Herne Bay before 1914, and made portraits of the eccentric Edmund Reid, the erstwhile head of Metropolitan Police Service CID who had investigated the Whitechapel murders and then retired to Hampton-on-Sea, Herne Bay. In 1913 Marcel Duchamp used Palmer's 1910 photograph of the illuminated Grand Pier Pavilion as found object art in his "Note 78", part of his "Green Box" artwork. In the 1920s and early 30s, Fred C. Palmer took over William Hooper's Cromwell Street studio in Swindon, again producing local postcards, photographing prominent people and doing freelance work for local newspapers and the Council.

Frederick Christian Palmer (1866 − 1939), známý jako Fred C. Palmer, byl anglický fotograf. Pocházel z rozsáhlé fotografické rodiny, která provozovala společnost William Eastman Palmer & Sons. Časem se osamostatnil a ve svém ateliéru Tower Studio v Herne Bay v Kentu působil jako hlavní fotograf pro veřejnost na počátku 20. století. Fotografoval všechny veřejné události v Herne Bay před rokem 1914, portrétoval výstředního Edmunda Reida, někdejšího šéfa Metropolitní policie, který vyšetřoval vraždy ve Whitechapelu, kde řádil sériový vrah známý jako Jack Rozparovač. V roce 1913 použil jeho fotografii osvětleného pavilonu Grand Pier z roku 1910 Marcel Duchamp jako nalezené umění ve své "Poznámce 78", která byla součástí jeho uměleckého díla "Green Box". Ve 20. letech a na počátku 30. let převzal studio Williama Hoopera na Cromwell Street ve Swindonu, ve kterém i nadále vyráběl pohlednice, fotografoval prominenty a pracoval na volné noze pro místní noviny a radu.


Biography.

Linetskaya was born in Moscow, and is Jewish and plays with a Star of David necklace around her neck. She is coached by George Akopian. Her mother introduced her to tennis at age 6; she hit balls against school building for practice. Her father's Simon Linetsky is a professor of mathematics with a black belt in karate, and her mother Maria is an artist. She studied psychology for three years at Moscow University and plans to study via online education to receive an MBA. She speaks Russian, English and some Dutch. She is superstitious about stepping on court lines.

Tennis career.

Early success.

In February 2005 Linetskaya beat World No. 11 Vera Zvonareva 6–4, 6–2 in Thailand. In March she defeated World No. 2 Amélie Mauresmo 2–6, 6–2, 7–5 third round in Indian Wells.

Problems.

In late November 2005, Linetskaya's coach Joe Giuliano was barred for life by the WTA Tour for violating Section 14, part IV, of the WTA code of conduct, which bars coaches from "non-consensual sexual contact". Her father, Simon Linetskiy, was suspended for two years. The bans resulted from events incidents at La Costa's Acura Classic in August 2005. Linetskiy was charged with suspicion of battery after his daughter had injuries treated at a hospital.  She did not play between January 2006 and February 2007. She dropped off the rankings computer altogether.

Comeback.

In February 2007 she won the Montechoro, Portugal tournament. The following month she won both the Ramat HaSharon 2 and the Raanana tournaments in Israel, without dropping a set in either tournament.

Evgenia Simonovna Linetskaya (, ; born 30 November 1986) is an Israeli female professional tennis player. Linetskaya has won seven singles and one doubles titles on the ITF tour in her career. On 4 July 2005, she reached her best singles ranking of world number 35. On 20 February 2006, she peaked at world number 283 in the doubles rankings.

Jevgenija Simonovna Liněcká, rusky Евгения Симоновна Линецкая (* 30. listopadu 1986, Moskva, Ruská sovětská federativní socialistická republika), je ruská profesionální tenistka izraelského občanství, reprezentující Izrael. Ve své dosavadní kariéře na okruhu WTA Tour nevyhrála žádný turnaj. V rámci okruhu ITF získala k říjnu 2011 sedm titulů ve dvouhře a jeden ve čtyřhře.


Definition.

"Jagir" (, Devanagari: जागीर, ) is a Persian word, and means "holding land".  The Supreme Court of India used the following definition of "jagir" "Rajasthan Land Reforms and Resumption of Jagirs Act (Rajasthan Act VI of 1952)" in its "Thakur Amar Singhji vs State Of Rajasthan (And Other...)" in a 15 April 1955 judgement:

Succession.

A jagir was technically a feudal life estate, as the grant reverted to the state upon the jagirdar's death. However, in practice, jagirs became hereditary to the male lineal heir of the jagirdar. The family was thus the "de facto" ruler of the territory, earned income from part of the tax revenues and delivered the rest to the treasury of the state during the Islamic rule period, and later in parts of India that came under Afghan, Sikh and Dogra rulers. The "jagirdar" did not act alone, but appointed administrative layers for revenue collection. These positions, according to Shakti Kak, were called "patwari", "tahsildar", "amil", "fotedar", "munsif", "qanungo", "chaudhri", "dewan", rao and others.

13th-century origin and successors.

This feudal system of land ownership is referred to as the "jagirdar" system. The system was introduced by the Sultans of Delhi from the 13th century onwards, was later adopted by the Mughal Empire, and continued under the British East India Company. Some Hindu jagirdars were converted into Muslim vassal states under Mughal imperial sway, such as the nawwabs of Kurnool. Most princely states of India during the colonial British Raj era were jagirdars such as Mohrampur Jagir. Shortly following independence from the British Crown in 1947, the "jagirdar" system was abolished by the Indian government in 1951.

Types of jagirs.

The jagir grants were of several kinds and were known by different names, including "jagir", an area of neighboring towns or villages with an administrative "paigah", "agrahar", "umli", "mukasa", "inam", and "maktha".

A jagir (IAST: Jāgīr), also spelled as jageer, was a type of feudal land grant in the Indian subcontinent at the foundation of its Jagirdar (Zamindar) system. It developed during the Islamic rule era of the Indian subcontinent, starting in the early 13th century, wherein the powers to govern and collect tax from an estate was granted to an appointee of the state. The tenants were considered to be in the servitude of the "jagirdar". There were two forms of jagir, one being conditional and the other unconditional. The conditional jagir required the governing family to maintain troops and provide their service to the state when asked. The land grant was called "iqta", usually for a holder's lifetime, and the land reverted to the state upon the death of the jagirdar.

Džagír (hindsky जागीर; persky جاگیر; z perského "džá" – „místo“, a "gír" – kmen slova „držeti“) byla forma držení půdy uplatňovaná v dějinách Indie založená na principu propůjčení panovníkovy půdy poddanému, jemuž z ní plynuly výnosy. Držitel džagíru se nazýval džágirdár. Zpravidla se jednalo o formu odměny za služby poddaného v armádě; princip džagírů byl praktikován zejména za mughalské říše.


Geographical condition.

The Three Gorges Reservoir Region is located in the upstream of the Yangtze River at the boundary of Chongqing municipality and Hubei province with the area of 59900 km2 and with the population of 16 million. The Three Gorges Reservoir Region stretches along the Yangtze River from Jiangjin District of Chongqing to Yichang City of Hubei, which is very narrow and where the geography is complex. The mountainous areas represent 74% of the region only with 4.3% plain area in the river valley and 21.7% hilly area. The climate of the reservoir region of the Three Gorges Project is the subtropical monsoon climate. Its location is in the transfer between the northern temperate zone and the subtropical zone, where it is hot and it rains a lot with the annual rainfall of about 1100 mm. The valley of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region below 500 m has an annual temperature 17–19 °C and, with the frost-free period annually lasts 300–340 days. The annual runoff flow at the site of the dam of the Three Gorges Project is 451 billion m3 with the annual sediment discharge of 530 million tons.

Natural and ecological resources.

The Three Gorges abounds in water resources, ecological resources, tourism resources, and the resources of some ores, which have a great potential for exploration. The Yangtze River flows through the Three Gorges Reservoir Region with the good conditions for water transportation and the water-resources development. The potential installed capacity of hydropower can be about 30,000 MW in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region where the water resources are the most abundant for the whole main stream of the Yangtze River. Since the conditions of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region for the development of the water resources are good with a short distance to the load center, there is great potential for development of the water resources. The agricultural resources of the Three Gorges Region are abundant, which are superior for the agriculture, forestry, livestock, sideline production and fishery. The Three Gorges Reservoir Region is proper for the growth of the various plants of both the warm temperate zone and the temperate zone. Dozens of ores have been explored and investigated in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, such as gold, silver, copper, iron, uranium, sulfur, potassium, natural gas and halite.  The natural sights along the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region are superb, particularly the along 162-km main river between Sandouping of Yichang and Baidicheng Town of Fengjie, which are the famous sights of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River and one of the tourist places of interest all over the world. In addition, there are a lot of cultural and historical sites, such as the Qu Yuan Temple of Zigui, the Zhaojun Home Village of Xingshan, the Shibao Stockade of Zhong County and the ghost town of Fengdu.

Economy.

The Three Gorges Reservoir Region is an important part of the economic zone along the Yangtze River. The region is significant for both the promotion to the economic growth of the areas along the Yangtze River and the economic exchanges between the east of China and the west of China. The region is now and will be more and more superior for the economic progress of China with the gradual opening up to the world and the gradual economic promotion from the coastal areas to the river regions and the inland areas, especially with the construction of the Three Gorges Project. Furthermore, the Three Gorges Region is now and will be more and more significant for the economic progress of China.  The Three Gorges Region has made its economic aims as follows.  During the second phase of reservoir water storage, 25 county-level divisions were involved in the submersion of the reservoir water storage. But from 1992 up to 2002, they had changed a lot as follows.

Three Gorges Reservoir Region, including 25 county-level divisions of Chongqing municipality and Hubei province, is the region directly or indirectly involved in the submersion of the water storage of the reservoir region of the Three Gorges Dam.

Tři soutěsky (, ) je přehradní nádrž, vybudovaná na řece Čchang-ťiang ("Dlouhá řeka"), na dolním toku známé pod názvem Jang-c'-ťiang. Přehrada dosahuje délky 660 km za stejnojmennou hrází. Její postupné napouštění si vynutilo přestěhování asi 1,3 milionů lidí a po úplném napuštění stoupne hladina řeky o desítky metrů. Přehradní jezero má rozlohu 1 084 km2. Maximální rozdíl hladin činí 113 m. Přehrada má objem 39,3 km3.


Biography.

Kaufmann was born in Karlovy Vary to Julius and Josefine Antonia. He studied at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin training under Franz Schreker and Curt Sachs between 1927 and 1930. He then studied in Prague under Gustav Becking and Paul Nettl (father of the musicologist Bruno Nettl). He graduated in 1934 with a dissertation on Gustav Mahler but refused a degree in protest of his "ordinarius" (=professor) Gustav Becking who was a Nazi supporter. He married Gerti (Gertrude) Hermann (d. 1972), a niece of Franz Kafka and the family fled Nazi Germany in 1934. His father died when the family reached the Czech border. He moved to India and worked as a director of music at the All India Radio in Bombay from 1937 to 1946. His contemporary John Foulds, known for banning the harmonium from Indian radio, worked in New Delhi. He founded the Bombay Chamber Music Society along with others like Mehli Mehta (Kaufmann also taught the Mehli's son Zubin Mehta). He also researched Indian and Asian music, writing about them in journals. He composed the signature tune for All India Radio in 1936. During World War II he served in the British Navy and after the war he tried to return to Prague but settled in London and composed music for J. Arthur Rank Films in England from 1947 to 48. He then moved to the United States and taught at Halifax. On the recommendation of Sir Ernest MacMillan he became a conductor for the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra from 1948 to 1956. He married the pianist Freda Trepel in 1950. He then served as a professor of musicology at the University of Indiana from 1957 until his death in 1984 in Bloomington.

Works.

His music related books include: He also published a number of research papers and record reviews especially in ethnomusicology. After coming in contact with Verrier Elwin, he studied Gond music.  He composed several operas including "Der grosse Dorin" (1932), "Esther" (1931–32), "Die weisse Gottin" (1933), "Anasuya", radio opera (Bombay, Oct. I, 1938) "The Scarlet Letter", which was very well received at its premiere by the Opera Department of the Indiana University School of Music in the early 1960s.

Walter Kaufmann (1 April 1907 – 9 September 1984) was a composer, conductor, ethnomusicologist, librettist and educator. Born in Karlsbad, Bohemia (at that time part of Austria-Hungary), he trained in Prague and Berlin before fleeing the Nazi persecution of Jews to work in Bombay until Indian Independence. He then moved to London, and Canada, before he settled to become a professor of musicology at the University of Indiana in Bloomington, Indiana, USA in 1957. In 1964, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen.

Walter Kaufmann (1. dubna 1907 Karlovy Vary – 9. září 1984 Bloomington, Indiana, Spojené státy americké) byl hudební vědec, skladatel, pedagog a dirigent, narozený v Čechách.


Early years.

Pollak graduated Corona del Sol High School in Tempe, Arizona in 2003. While at Corona del Sol he played offensive guard and defensive tackle, and was regarded as a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com". He received many honors including All-Region honors from Prep Star, first-team All-Arizona by The Arizona Republic and first-team All-City and All-Conference recognition as a senior. Pollak also was a star baseball pitcher receiving first-team All-Region, All-East Valley, and All-Conference.

College career.

Pollak attended Arizona State from 2003-2007. Pollak was a starter at center during his junior and senior year. In 2006, he received All-Pac-10 Conference second-team and in 2007 he received first-team All-Pac-10 Conference honors. During his senior year, he was a finalist for the Rimington Trophy, which is awarded to the nations top center. In 2007, he received the Tim Landers Iron Man Award, Cecil Bono Team Captain Award, and Pat Tillman Award, all awards given out by the Arizona State Sun Devils.

Professional career.

Indianapolis Colts.

Pollak was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. The Colts moved Pollak to guard and as a rookie he started 13 of 13 games. In 2009, Pollak entered as the starter at right guard.

Carolina Panthers.

Pollak signed with the Carolina Panthers on March 22, 2012.

Cincinnati Bengals.

Pollak signed with the Cincinnati Bengals on April 12, 2013.  On March 7, 2014, Pollak re-signed with the Bengals on a three-year contract.  The Bengals released him on February 20, 2015.

Michael David Pollak (born February 16, 1985) is a former American football guard who played seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arizona State.

Michael David Pollak (* 16. února 1985) ve Scottsdale, stát Arizona) je bývalý hráč amerického fotbalu, který nastupoval na pozici Guarda nebo Centra v National Football League. Byl draftován týmem Indianapolis Colts v roce 2008 ve druhém kole Draftu NFL, předtím hrál univerzitní fotbal za Arizona State University.