Etymology.

Vedic and its Avestan equivalent "" are both thought by some to derive from Proto-Indo-Iranian "*Hr̥tás" "truth", which in turn may continue from a possible Proto-Indo-European "*" "properly joined, right, true", from a presumed root "*". The derivative noun "ṛta" is defined as "fixed or settled order, rule, divine law or truth".  As Mahony (1998) notes the term can be translated as "that which has moved in a fitting manner". Although this meaning is not actually cited by authoritative Sanskrit dictionaries it is a regular derivation from the verbal root ṛ, “to move” with ta, the suffix which forms the past participle, so it can be regarded as the putative origin of the word. More abstractly, it is translated as "universal law" or "cosmic order", or simply as "truth". The latter meaning dominates in the Avestan cognate to "Ṛta", "aṣ̌a".  The proper Sanskrit pronunciation of the word is ṛta, the ṛ being a vocalic r, like that in pert or dirt, when pronounced with a rhotic r, e.g. as in American, followed by a short a. The most common pronunciation of speakers of modern Indian languages is “rita”, with short i and short a, due to the loss of the vocalic r by the successor languages to Sanskrit, the prakrits and modern Indic languages.  The term appears in Vedic texts and in post-Vedic texts, both as Ṛta and derivatives of the term. For example, in the 2nd-century BCE text "Mahabhasya" of Patanjali, he explains "Ṛtaka" to be the grammatically correct form of name for a son, where then the name would mean "truthling".

Origins.

In scholarship there is no common position about the origin of the concept of "Ṛta". Similar concepts exist in many Indo-European cultures and the names can in addition be derived from an identical root word "*" (i.e. "Veritas", "Urða"). This is why some scholars take the position that the concepts in the Indo-European daughter cultures have a common ancestor in the Proto-Indo-European culture.  In contrast Hermann Oldenberg (1894) surmised that the concept of "Ṛta" originally arose in the Indo-Aryan period from a consideration of the natural order of the world and of the occurrences taking place within it as doing so with a kind of causal necessity. Both Vedic "Ṛta" and Avestan "aša" were conceived of as having a tripartite function which manifested itself in the physical, ethical and ritual domains. In the context of Vedic religion, those features of nature which either remain constant or which occur on a regular basis were seen to be a manifestation of the power of "Ṛta" in the physical cosmos. In the human sphere, "Ṛta" was understood to manifest itself as the imperative force behind both the moral order of society as well as the correct performance of Vedic rituals. The notion of a universal principle of natural order is by no means unique to the Vedas, and "Ṛta" has been compared to similar ideas in other cultures, such as Ma'at in Ancient Egyptian religion, Moira and the Logos in Greek paganism, and the Tao.

Vedas.

Due to the nature of Vedic Sanskrit, a term such as "Ṛta" can be used to indicate numerous things, either directly or indirectly, and both Indian and European scholars have experienced difficulty in arriving at fitting interpretations for "Ṛta" in all of its various usages in the Vedas, though the underlying sense of "ordered action" remains universally evident. In the Rigveda, the term "Ṛta" appears as many as 390 times, and has been characterized as "the one concept which pervades the whole of Ṛgvedic thought".  "Ṛta" appears most frequently as representing abstract concepts such as "law", "commandment", "order", "sacrifice", "truth", and "regularity", but also occasionally as concrete objects such as the waters, the heavens or the sun as manifestations of the operation of "Ṛta" in the physical universe. "Ṛta" is also frequently used in reference to various Vedic deities. Thus, Bṛhaspati is referred to as possessing a powerful bow with ""Ṛta" as its string" and as one prepared to "mount the chariot of "Ṛta""; Agni is described as one who is "desirous of "Ṛta"", one who is ""Ṛta"-minded" and as he who "spread Heaven and Earth by "Ṛta""; the Maruts are referred to as "rejoicing in the house of "Ṛta"" and as "knowers of "Ṛta""; Ushas is described as having been "placed at the root of "Ṛta""; Varuna is praised as "having the form of "Ṛta"" and, along with Mitra as Mitra-Varuna, as "destroying the foes by "Ṛta"" and as "professing "Ṛta" by "Ṛta"". Epithets such as "born of "Ṛta"" and "protector of "Ṛta"" are frequently applied to numerous divinities, as well as to the sacrificial fire and the sacrifice itself.  Despite the abundance of such references, the gods are never portrayed as having command over "Ṛta". Instead, the gods, like all created beings, remain subject to "Ṛta", and their divinity largely resides in their serving it in the role of executors, agents or instruments of its manifestation. As Day (1982) notes, the gods "do not govern "Ṛta" so much as immanentalize it through the particularities of divine ordinances and retributions concerning both rewards and punishments. In this sense they do not "govern" "Ṛta"; they serve it as agents and ministers".

Varuna.

While the concept of "Ṛta" as an abstract, universal principle generally remained resistant to the anthropomorphic tendencies of the Vedic period, it became increasingly associated with the actions of individual deities, in particular with those of the god Varuna as the omniscient, all-encompassing sky. Although the Adityas as a group are associated with "Ṛta", being referred to as "the charioteers of "Ṛta", dwelling in the home of "Ṛta"", it is Varuna in particular who is identified as the "friend of "Ṛta"". The connection of Varuna and "Ṛta" extended beyond the physical realm and into the sphere of ritual worship, with the sacrificial fire itself being lauded as that which "harnesses the steeds and holds the reins of "Ṛta", becoming Varuna when he strives for "Ṛta"". As James (1969) notes, Varuna attained the position of "universal Power "par excellence" maintaining "Ṛta"" and is celebrated as having "separated and established heaven and earth, spreading them out as the upper and lower firmaments, himself enthroned above them as the universal king, ordering the immutable moral law, exercising his rule by the sovereignty of "Ṛta".

"Dharma".

Already in the earliest Vedic texts, "Ṛta" as an ethical principle is linked with the notion of cosmic retribution. A central concept of the Ṛgveda is that created beings fulfil their true natures when they follow the path set for them by the ordinances of "Ṛta", and failing to follow those ordinances was thought to be responsible for the appearance of various forms of calamity and suffering. Committing one's actions to the governance of "Ṛta", referred to as its ""Dharma"", was therefore understood as imperative in ensuring one's own well-being. In this vein, the individual who follows the ordinances of nature can be described as one who acts according to the ""Dharma" of "Ṛta"". "Dharma", then, was originally conceived of as a "finite or particularized manifestation of "Ṛta" inasmuch as it represents that aspect of the universal Order which specifically concerns the mundane natural, religious, social and moral spheres as expressed in ritualistic regulations, public laws, moral principles and laws of nature".  Though originally understood as a subordinate component of the essentially metaphysical concept of "Ṛta", "Dharma" eventually grew to overshadow "Ṛta" in prominence in later Vedic and early Hindu literature. According to Day (1982), the concept of "Dharma",...became so useful for framing religious, moral and social regulations, that interest in it and discussion of its applications to social and moral order eclipsed all discussions of metaphysical and theological ideas. Since, moreover, "Dharma" was made the central subject of a literary tradition which was to become vast and extensive throughout India, while the conception of "Ṛta" remained largely confined to the Vedas and their commentaries, it naturally took possession of brāhmaṇical thinking even at the expense of older, exalted concepts and conceptions.

"Karma".

As the notion of "Dharma" shifted emphasis away from the gods as executors of "Ṛta" and towards the individual as upholding "Ṛta" through his actions, the ethical responsibility and culpability of the individual received an increasing amount of emphasis towards the end of the Vedic period. Central to the discussion of such culpability is the notion of "Karma". "Karma" (lit. "action") refers to the works one performs, which can occur either in congruence with or in opposition to "Dharma" – and thus, to "Ṛta" – and which are posited to stand in a causal relationship to the pains and pleasures one experiences in life.  The emergence of "Karma" as a central doctrine of the late Vedic and early Hindu tradition is due in part to the problem of theodicy. Given the inherent goodness of "Ṛta" and its absolute power over the operation of the universe, the presence of gross inequality and injustice in the world represented a serious religious, philosophical and ethical dilemma. The notion of "Karma" helped to overcome this problem as it was conceived as a "law of moral causation" which effectively excused the gods and "Ṛta" from the appearance of evil in the world, placing the responsibility for the same squarely upon the individual.  Being an extension of "Ṛta", "Karma" was conceived of as operating with the same absolute efficiency. As Day (1982) notes, "acts are causally determinative in accordance with their good or evil nature, and their out-workings are inexorable; there is no intrusive or arbitrary factor which might overcome their potentiality for causing retributional effects, or otherwise interfering with the strictly mechanical efficiency of "Karma". Since, moreover, an individual's fortunes and misfortunes are solely the outcome of his past actions, he has no ground for believing that life is kindlier or harsher than is deserved. He has no cause either for praising God's benevolence nor for lamenting God's wrath."

In proper names.

"Ṛta-" or "arta-" sometimes appears as an element in Vedic and Indic personal names, as with Iranian.  In India the vocalic ‘ṛ’ of Sanskrit is transformed into the modern ‘ri’, or in South India, ‘ru’. Indian names include:  Mitanni (non-Indian, Vedic) names include:

In the Vedic religion, Ṛta (; Sanskrit "" "order, rule; truth") is the principle of natural order which regulates and coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. In the hymns of the Vedas, "Ṛta" is described as that which is ultimately responsible for the proper functioning of the natural, moral and sacrificial orders. Conceptually, it is closely allied to the injunctions and ordinances thought to uphold it, collectively referred to as "Dharma", and the action of the individual in relation to those ordinances, referred to as "Karma" – two terms which eventually eclipsed "Ṛta" in importance as signifying natural, religious and moral order in later Hinduism. Sanskrit scholar Maurice Bloomfield referred to "Ṛta" as "one of the most important religious conceptions of the "Rigveda", going on to note that, "from the point of view of the history of religious ideas we may, in fact we must, begin the history of Hindu religion at least with the history of this conception".

Rta (sanskrtstky "ṛtaṃ" „úprava, řád“) či dháman „zákon“ je kosmický, mravní a obětní zákon či řád ve védském náboženství. Díky rta Slunce a Měsíc obíhají po svých drahách a střídají se roční období, jeho porušení – "anrta", i neúmyslné, vede k hříchu a musí být náležitě očištěno. Později byl tento pojem nahrazen konceptem dharmy a karmy. Většího významu dosáhl příbuzný zarathuštrický koncept zvaný aša.


History.

The village was first mentioned in 1316 as "Bobirdorf". Later it was mentioned as "Bobreg" (1365), "Bobrek" (1440), "Bobersdorf" (1449), and afterwards mostly as "Bobrek" with slightly varying spelling.  Politically the village belonged initially to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg Monarchy.  In 1802 the village had 464 inhabitants.  After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political and legal district of Cieszyn. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 1109 in 1880 to 2820 in 1910 with a majority being native Polish-speakers (at least 80% in 1880, at most 85.2% in 1890) accompanied by a German-speaking minority (between 14.2% and 17.6%) and Czech-speaking (at most 111 or 4% in 1910). In terms of religion in 1910 majority were Roman Catholics (10724 or 61.2%), followed by Protestants (1073 or 38%), Jews (17 or 0.6%) and 6 people adhering to another faiths. The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.  After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Poland. At the time it was being absorbed by Cieszyn it had 2984 inhabitants.

Bobrek is a district of Cieszyn, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. It was a separate municipality, but became administratively a part of Cieszyn in 1932. It had an area of around 767-768 ha.

Bobrky ( Bobrek, "Bobrek" nebo "Bobersdorf") je čtvrť Těšína rozkládající se na východ od centra města. Původně se jednalo o samostatnou vesnici poprvé zmiňovanou v roce 1316. Patřila k těšínskému knížectví a její obyvatelé se živili především zemědělstvím a chovem ryb. Roku 1802 Bobrky čítaly 464 obyvatel v 82 domech, kdežto roku 1910 už 2 820 obyvatel ve 220 domech, z čehož 80,3 % uvedlo obcovací řeč polskou (včetně těšínského nářečí), 15,7 % německou a 4 % českou. V průběhu 19. století vesnice získala povahu východního předměstí Těšína a v její západní části navazující na území města začaly vznikat průmyslové objekty a zástavba městského typu. Nejvýznamnější stavbou z té doby je budova polského učitelského ústavu v ulici Bielska (císařská silnice Těšín–Bílsko) z roku 1911, ve kterém nyní sídlí Umělecká fakulta a Fakulta etnologie a pedagogických věd Slezské univerzity v Katovicích.


Background.

After losing control of Mount Hermon on October 6 and failing to recapture it on October 8, the IDF, and the Golani Brigade in particular, grew determined to recapture it. Its loss levied a heavy toll on Israel's intelligence gathering during the war. At 10:15 PM on October 19, Israeli Chief of Staff (Ramatkal) David Elazar was on his way to the Israeli Northern Command to monitor an attack on the Hermon. At that time, the General Staff learned of the United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's notification of an immediate ceasefire to the war. Elazar was asked to return to Tel Aviv, where he met with the Defense Minister, Moshe Dayan, and they agreed that recapturing the Hermon was top priority.  Yehuda Peled, who had commanded the failed counterattack on October 8, decided that it would be best to attack from the Syrian enclave to the east, instead of from the Golan again. The 4,000 foot climb from that direction was very steep, but would bring the attacking force straight to the Israeli outpost without fighting on the ridge. The Golani commander, Amir Drori, concurred. Peled's 51st battalion was therefore posted in an abandoned Syrian village at the foot of the eastern side of the Hermon. For three nights, the battalion practiced a quick climb with full gear, and Peled concluded that the mission was possible. Elazar ordered him to take the entire crest, including the Syrian Hermon. Golani was to capture the Israeli Hermon, while a reserve paratroopers brigade, under the command of Colonel Haim Nadel, would attack the Syrian positions established before the war.

Prelude.

Nadel's officers suggested taking the crest and then moving down to the Israeli Hermon. Brigadier-General Yekutiel Adam, Deputy Chief of Northern Command, rejected this suggestion, saying Golani should capture the outpost it had lost. The paratroop officers suggested that Golani would attack from the east, but were rejected because the eastern slope was considered too vulnerable to Syrian artillery and too steep to safely evacuate the wounded. On the night of October 20, Drori arrived at Northern Command and was advised by a paratroop officer to change his orders. He refused.  For the two weeks before the Israeli attack, the Syrians were hiding by day, expecting an Israeli assault. Two Syrians were wounded by Israeli shelling during those two weeks. On the morning of October 21, a reconnaissance team under the command of Yoni Netanyahu climbed an adjacent spur to look at the Israeli Hermon, and reported seeing only two Syrians on the ridge the entire day. Aerial photography also failed to show any indication of Syrian forces in the outpost. That evening, 400 Golani troops gathered in a grove at the foot of the western slope. Drori told them that the Hermon was highly important, being "the eyes and ears of the country".

Battle.

Israeli Hermon.

The battalion moved to Majdal Shams, from where it began to ascend the mountain. The reconnaissance company moved far to the left. In the middle, a motorized force led by tanks and a bulldozer prepared to move up the road to follow the two flanks. These were accompanied by artillery, firing 200 yards ahead, but it was ordered to stop when it began to hit too close to the troops. After nine hours of climbing they were two thirds of the way up, when they were hit by heavy fire. Five of the six tank commanders in the motorized force were hit by Syrian commandos lying at the side of the road. The reconnaissance company was also hit and its commander was killed. The exchange of fire took place at range of a few yards. In addition to snipers, the Syrians also used Israeli machine guns taken from the outpost after the first battle.  Several times, the Israelis mistook Syrian fire for friendly one. Peled tried to outflank the Syrians. One of his company commanders took the wrong path and turned northwest instead of northeast. He reported no enemy in sight. Peled moved forward to get a better view. Drori ordered him back, but Peled ignored him. Drori was then hit, and wanted to pass command to Peled. Peled's artillery officer and radioman were both killed. He took the radio before being hit as well. At dawn artillery was called in, and the Syrian fire began to fade. Several Syrian snipers surrendered. At 11:00 AM, a Golani officer announced that the Hermon was in Israeli hands.

Syrian Hermon.

Nadel's force was airlifted to the crest by helicopters. Two battalions, totalling 606 soldiers, arrived in twenty-seven sorties. The helicopters moved through the wadis around the Syrian anti-aircraft positions, and artillery preceded the helicopters. Syrian artillery from the nearby village Arneh shelled the landing zone and seriously wounded one Israeli. Twenty-one soldiers were also landed at the summit of Mount Hermon.  By 17:25, all the Israeli paratroopers had arrived. Seven men were placed on the peak to observe. The Syrians called for seven MiGs, but these were shot down by Israeli aircraft. Two Syrian helicopters carrying reinforcements were also shot down. A Syrian ground advance from Arneh was also halted by IAF planes. The Israeli paratroopers proceeded to attack the Twists Position (, "Mutzav HaPitulim"), defended by 25–30 Syrians. One Israeli platoon commander and seven Syrians were killed, and the rest retreated. The Twists Position overlooked both the Syrian Hermon Position and the road to Arneh, so roadblocks and ambushes were set up around it. Israeli forces continued south, attacking the Cliff Position (, "Mutzav HaMatsuk"), with 30–40 Syrian defenders. Thanks in part to artillery support, the Israelis captured the position without suffering any casualties, killing 12 Syrians. The ambush around the Twists Position intercepted six Syrian trucks with reinforcements, capturing or destroying five.  At 03:00, they were overlooking the main Syrian observation post. Nadel called in artillery fire. Half an hour later, the Israeli troops attacked and discovered that the Syrian defenders had fled. At 06:00–10:00, one of the battalions moved toward the Israeli Hermon to assist the Golani troops. En route, it encountered Syrians who had escaped from the Israeli Hermon. The Israeli battalion killed some of them and took 17 others prisoner. One Israeli was killed in the shootout. The paratroopers were halfway down when they were ordered by the Northern Command to move back up.

Aftermath.

Golani's casualties were fifty-five dead and 79 wounded. The paratroopers' casualties were one dead and four wounded. After the battle, one Golani private repeated the phrase "the eyes of the country" in an interview for the Israeli television. It has since become a common idiom for the Hermon in Israel. The Israeli conduct later came under criticism. Historian Uri Milstein argued that the planning and execution of the attack was flawed and scandalous. Thirty years after the battle, Drori rejected claims that the paratroopers' assistance was unwanted because of Golani's prestige considerations, and said that by the time the paratroopers could have arrived, they were no longer needed. After the war, the Syrian Hermon was handed back to Syria. The remainder of Mt. Hermon continues to be under Israeli control.

The Third Battle of Mount Hermon was fought on the night of October 21–22, 1973, between the Israeli Army and the Syrian Army over Mount Hermon, during the last days of the Yom Kippur War. Syrian troops had captured the IDF outpost on the mountain on October 6, and held it for two weeks. In the third battle, codenamed Operation Dessert (, "Mivtza Kinu'ah"), Israeli troops captured the Israeli outpost and the Syrian one.

Třetí bitva o horu Hermon (krycím názvem Operace Dessert, hebr. מבצע קינוח) je název pro druhý izraelský pokus o vojenské obsazení strategické hory Hermon, kterou Syřané obsadili na začátku Jomkipurské války. Jednotky IOS zahájily svůj postup 21. října 1973 ze dvou směrů. Po těžkých bojích se jim 22. října podařilo vytlačit syrské jednotky a horu Hermon obsadit.


Kvalifikace na Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 2018 (CAF)

Format.

The qualification structure was as follows:

Entrants.

All 54 FIFA-affiliated football associations from CAF entered qualification. However, Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 due to their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee, a decision that the Zimbabwe Football Association unsuccessfully appealed against.  The July 2015 FIFA Rankings were used to seed the teams for the first two rounds, both of which were drawn in Russia on 25 July 2015. (World rankings shown in brackets)  Note: Niger had to enter the first round as they had fewer FIFA ranking points (345.31) than Benin (345.46) and Libya (345.35). In the FIFA World Rankings, teams share the same ranking if their ranking points round to the same whole number.

Schedule.

The schedule of the competition was as follows.

First round.

The draw for the first round was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK (), at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Second round.

The draw for the second round was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK (), at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Third round.

The draw for the third round was held on 24 June 2016, 17:00 EET (), at the CAF headquarters in Cairo, Egypt.

Qualified teams.

The following five teams from CAF qualified for the final tournament.

Fan behaviour.

After Morocco qualified for the tournament with a 2–0 victory over Ivory Coast, the celebrations by the Moroccan community in Brussels turned into a riot with cars burnt, shops looted by some 300 rioters and 20 police officers injured. Firefighters sent to put out the fires were also attacked by the rioters.

The African section of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification acted as qualifiers for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, to be held in Russia, for national teams which are members of the Confederation of African Football (CAF). A total of 5 slots in the final tournament were available for CAF teams.

Kvalifikace na Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 2018 zóny CAF určila 5 účastníků závěrečného turnaje. Zúčastnilo se jí 54 týmů z asociací sdružených v organizaci CAF.


History.

In 1862 the "Sektion Austria" was founded in Vienna by the academics Paul Grohmann, Friedrich Simony and Edmund von Mojsisovics. It was the first mountaineering club on the continent, modelled on the London Alpine Club. About seven years later, the Austrian mountaineer Franz Senn founded the "Bildungsbürgerlicher Bergsteigerverein" in Munich. Both organisations merged in 1873 to form the German and Austrian Alpine Club.  The main organisation consisted of numerous legally independent sections responsible for the upkeep of Alpine club huts and footpaths. In 1918 the DuÖAV purchased about of land at the Pasterze Glacier of the Grossglockner massif, which became the nucleus of the present-day High Tauern National Park. From the mid 1920s the club placed an increased focus on environmental concerns of the high mountain regions.  On the other hand, club life was shaped by rising nationalism and antisemitism. Some sections, such as in Vienna or Munich, implemented an "Aryan paragraph" even before World War I. After 1919, Jewish members were expelled from the club. In turn, the "Sektion Donauland" was founded by Viktor Frankl and Fred Zinnemann as a resort for Jewish alpinists; it was excluded from the DuÖAV main organisation in 1924. Even in most Alpine club huts, Jewish mountaineers were not admitted.  While the cross-national DuÖAV first could not be co-opted into the Nazi German League of the Reich for Physical Exercise (DRL), the organisation lost its independence upon the Austrian "Anschluss" to Nazi Germany and the occupation of the Czechoslovak "Sudetenland" in 1938. After World War II the Austrian Alpine Club (ÖAV) was re-established in 1945, followed by the separate German Alpine Club (DAV) in 1952.

The German and Austrian Alpine Club (, DuÖAV) was a merger of the German, Austrian and German Bohemian Alpine Club that existed from 1873 to 1938.

Německý a rakouský alpský klub (německy "Deutscher und Österreichischer Alpenverein", DuÖAV) vznikl sloučením německého, rakouského a sudetskoněmeckého alpského klubu, který existoval v letech 1873 až 1938.


Life and career.

Early life.

Jaroslav was born in the town of Strakonice in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. He was first introduced to music at the age of six when he started to learn how to play a flute. He soon realized that he doesn't enjoy reproducing what someone else already composed as it gave him no freedom and he started to create his own sounds.  At the age of 14 he started flying gliders. A year later, he successfully completed the training and obtained a pilot licence. This turned out to be an important step towards music since it gave him the confidence he needed and it later helped him to make the decision to leave his comfort zone and pursue music full-time. In 2003 he started to study secondary technical school in Strakonice and began to work as DJ at the same time. To follow the family tradition, he entered University of West Bohemia in 2007 and studied at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering until he quit in 2012.

Dj career.

At the age of fifteen he discovered electronic music for the first time. A major step in this direction was the legendary techno festival in Roudnice nad Labem with Carl Cox as headliner. He instantly fell in love with electronic music. His first gig was a techno rave in the town of Vimperk in 2007 called “Demolition” where he performed under his own name.  After Vimperk he started touring around clubs and festivals in the Czech Republic. After the “Apokalypsa” show in Brno, he changed his stage name to Jay Beck and he started to lean towards progressive house.  He had the opportunity to perform in the most desired clubs in the Czech Republic alongside both Czech and foreign DJs. He has performed at Summer of Love (Pardubice), Mácháč (Machovo Jezero), Apokalypsa (Brno), Duplex (Prague) and elsewhere. During his DJ career he also produced his own electronic music, mostly Progressive and Electro House and he tried to discover his own style.

Oxford.

In 2012, he quit the University of West Bohemia and went to Oxford to study Audio Production at SAE Institute. In Oxford, he changed his DJ stage name to “Sqeepo” and he started leaning towards an electronic music style called “Dubstep”. During his studies at SAE, he spent most of the time in a studio composing music under his Sqeepo identity. He also composed music for a number one Slovak singer Kristína.  He successfully graduated with honours from Oxford's SAE in 2014 obtaining a BSc. (Bachelor of Science) degree.

Trailer music production.

In 2013 he joined forces with a friend, visual effects artist Pavel Kacerle. Jaroslav created sound effects and composed original music to Pavel's demo reel for Iron Man 3 which later turned out to be a major step towards his current career. Thanks to a music he made for the demo reel, he got noticed overseas and while still in Oxford, he got his first work offer to remix music to EA Games' Battlefield Hardline trailer in 2014. After that, more work offers followed and Jaroslav began to work on trailers for both movies and games full-time. After Battlefield Hardline, he worked on Battlefield 4 Final Stand and one more Battlefield Hardline. After that he started to cooperate with Blizzard Entertainment as well, his first trailer was Heroes of the Storm in 2015 followed by where Jaroslav remixed an original StarCraft music. In 2016 he won a G.A.N.G. Award for the Best Cinematic / Cutscene Audio as a part of the team that stood behind the StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void introduction trailer. He also cooperated with Joshua Crispin a.k.a. Generdyn on music which was used for Terminator Genisys TV spot in 2015 and for TV spot. In 2016 he collaborated on music composition for Blizzard's “Overwatch” short movies (Alive, Hero, Dragons) and he started to collaborate with Cliff Bleszinski's company BossKey on trailers and soundtracks for a new game “LawBreakers”.

Epic Music Productions.

Jaroslav founded Epic Music Productions in 2016. The company focuses on modern cinematic music production mainly for trailers and soundtracks for both the music and gaming industry. The company's speciality is production of the complete audio content for new games from soundtrack, through sound design to sound for trailers alone. Their clients are from all over the world, mainly from the USA. In the future they are planning to focus on virtual reality audio projects and also on new audio hardware development to innovate sound for soundtracks as such.  Jaroslav also produced many of the tracks featured in the 2018 virtual reality rhythm game Beat Saber.

Beat Games.

The company was established in early 2018 with Jan Ilavsky and Vladimir Hrincar (game developers). An indie game studio, based in Prague, in the Czech Republic. Founders of the company are creators of the hit VR game Beat Saber. The future vision of Beat Games is mainly to focus on completing Beat Saber to make it the best game which will define the starting era in VR. Moreover, make Beat Saber a cult game for the whole platform.

Beat Saber.

Is a VR rhythm game, where the goal is to slash the beats which fit perfectly into precisely handcrafted music. Beat Saber has become a hit with VR users. It was released on May 1, 2018, on Steam and Oculus store and sold 100.000 copies for the first 28 days. Beat Saber is available for Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Windows Mixed Reality Headsets, PlayStation VR and the Oculus Quest. In February 2019 Beat Games had officially sold 1 million copies across all platforms.

Jaroslav Beck (born 29 May 1988 in Strakonice) is a Czech music composer, Co-Founder and Head of Music of Beat Games s.r.o. Beck is also known for music compositions for Blizzard Entertainment's "Overwatch" short movies, an award-winning introduction trailer "StarCraft: Legacy of the Void", and various trailers for "Battlefield" by EA Games.

Jaroslav Beck (* 29. května 1988 Strakonice) je český hudební skladatel, vedoucí hudby a spoluzakladatel společnosti Beat Games s.r.o. V roce 2018 založil s Jánem Ilavským a Vladimírem Hrinčárem Beat Games s.r.o., společnost, která stojí za virální VR hrou Beat Saber, která je první VR hrou, jíž se prodalo přes jeden milion kopií.


Early career.

Schlesser grew up in Morocco before returning to France to study and to complete military service. He began racing in the early 1970s after enrolling at the racing school at Le Mans, starting with numerous rally events. In 1976, he entered Formula Three, alternating between the French and European series for the next six years, and sharing the 1978 French championship with Alain Prost. In 1977 he began racing sports cars, and in 1981 he attempted the Le Mans 24 Hours for the first time, placing second with Philippe Streiff and Jacky Haran. He also began racing touring cars in 1980, competing in the French Supertouring Championship. In 1982, he moved from Formula Three to Formula Two, but it was not a success. Nonetheless, he moved into Formula One in 1983, while continuing to race sports cars and touring cars.

Formula One.

Schlesser was working as a test driver for Williams when he gained his first taste of Formula One (F1) in early 1983 when he bought a drive in the RAM team's March-RAM 01-Cosworth. His first race was the non-championship Race of Champions at Brands Hatch, where he started last of the 13 entrants and finished 6th. One week later, at the French Grand Prix at Paul Ricard, he was the slowest of the 29 cars in qualifying and thus failed to make the grid. He did not take part in another F1 race for five years, though he continued to test for Williams, and was active in sports car racing.

1988 Italian Grand Prix.

In 1988, Williams called upon Schlesser to deputise for an unwell Nigel Mansell at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza. With 26 of the 31 cars allowed to start, Schlesser qualified 22nd, and thus made his Grand Prix début the day before his 40th birthday.  In the race, Schlesser worked his way up to 11th, while Ayrton Senna led from pole position in his McLaren. In the closing stages, the Ferraris of Gerhard Berger and Michele Alboreto started to catch Senna, and were only a few seconds behind at the start of lap 49, three laps from race end. At that point, Senna came up to lap Schlesser for the second time. Going into the tight Rettifilo chicane at the end of the start-finish straight, Schlesser went wide, expecting the Brazilian driver to pass on the inside, and in the process locked his brakes. Wishing to keep his car on the track, Schlesser turned inside, and his left front wheel hit Senna's right rear. With the rear suspension broken, the McLaren spun and beached itself on a kerb, and the Ferraris secured a one-two finish on home soil, less than a month after Enzo Ferrari's death. The collision also prevented the McLaren team from winning all 16 races of the 1988 season.  Afterwards, Schlesser said that he did not think the collision was his fault. Nonetheless, he made a tearful apology to Senna.  Twenty-five years later, at the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix, McLaren chairman Ron Dennis was reintroduced to Schlesser. Dennis said, "This is the man who ruined my life and our perfect record back in 1988.” Schlesser responded saying that "what happened that day at Monza kept you hungry..."

Touring car and sports car racing.

The mid-1980s saw Schlesser perform in touring cars and sports cars, winning the French Touring Car Championship in 1985 with a TWR Rover Vitesse, as well as driving the works TWR Jaguars in the World Sportscar Championship. In 1986 he raced in the British Touring Car Championship, again in a TWR Rover Vitesse.  In 1988, he joined the Sauber-Mercedes squad full-time, winning the German Supercup and finishing the World Sportscar Championship in second place, (behind Martin Brundle). before winning the WSC title in 1989 and 1990, on this occasion sharing the title with co-driver Mauro Baldi. His last season in WSC was 1991 during which he raced alongside Michael Schumacher with Sauber-Mercedes. He also won the "Classic Masters" title at the 1994 Race of Champions.

Off-road racing.

After a first outing in 1984, Schlesser began to compete regularly in the Paris-Dakar Rally in 1989. In 1992 he began to build his own dune buggies to compete in the Dakar and other desert marathons and European bajas. His first buggy, the Porsche-powered Schlesser Original, debuted in 1992 in the Baja Portugal 1000, which Schlesser won outright, beating the works Citroën cars with a two-wheel drive vehicle and without a navigator by his side.  He went on to several 2WD class and overall wins the following years, before taking the overall victory in the 1999 and 2000 editions of the Dakar (respectively, Granada-Dakar and Paris-Dakar-Cairo). In the 2001 Dakar he was near victory but penalised one hour for unsportsmanlike conduct after illegally blocking his closest competitor both at the start and during the penultimate stage. He also won the FIA Cross Country Rally World Cup from 1998 to 2002 and the 2 WD FIA Cross Country Rally World Cup several times. Schlesser won every edition of the Africa Eco Race from its establishment in 2009 to 2014.

Jean-Louis Schlesser (born 12 September 1948) is a French racing driver with experience in circuit racing and cross-country rallying. He is known for his wins of many different competitions. He is the nephew of Jo Schlesser, a former Formula One driver. Jean-Louis himself attempted two Formula One races five years apart and his best known for his involvement in the 1988 Italian Grand Prix.

Jean-Louis Schlesser (* 12. září 1948 Nancy) je francouzský automobilový závodník. Jeho strýc Jo Schlesser se také věnoval motorismu a tragicky zahynul při Grand Prix Francie 1968.


Background.

The collapse of Byzantine power in western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea in the late 13th century, as well as the disbandment of the Byzantine navy in 1284, created a power vacuum in the region, which was swiftly exploited by the Turkish beyliks and the "ghazi" raiders. Utilizing local Greek seamen, the Turks began to engage in piracy across the Aegean, targeting especially the numerous Latin island possessions. Turkish corsair activities were aided by the feuds between the two major Latin maritime states, Venice and Genoa. In 1304, the Turks of Menteshe (and later the Aydinids) captured the port town of Ephesus, and the islands of the eastern Aegean seemed about to fall to Turkish raiders. To forestall such a calamitous event, in the same year the Genoese occupied Chios, where Benedetto I Zaccaria established a minor principality, while in ca. 1308 the Knights Hospitaller occupied Rhodes. These two powers would bear the brunt of countering Turkish pirate raids until 1329.

Battle of Chios and aftermath.

In July 1319, the Aydinid fleet, under the personal command of the Aydinid emir Mehmed Beg, set sail from the port of Ephesus. It comprised 10 galleys and 18 other vessels. It was met off Chios by a Hospitaller fleet of 24 ships and eighty Hospitaller knights, under Albert of Schwarzburg, to which a squadron of one galley and six other ships were added by Martino Zaccaria of Chios. The battle ended in a crushing Christian victory: only six Turkish vessels managed to escape capture or destruction.  This victory was followed up by the recovery of Leros, whose native Greek population had rebelled in the name of the Byzantine emperor, and by another victory in the next year over a Turkish fleet poised to invade Rhodes. Pope John XXII rewarded Schwarzburg by restoring him to the post of grand preceptor of Cyprus, whence he had been dismissed two years earlier, and promised the commandery of Kos, if he could capture it.

Impact.

According to the historian Mike Carr, the victory at Chios was all the more significant because it had been achieved at the initiative of the Hospitallers and the Zaccarias, without any support or funding by other Western powers, most notably the Papacy, which was still embroiled in plans to launch a Crusade to the Holy Land. It did nevertheless influence the strategic calculations of Western powers, and efforts began to form a Christian naval league to counter Turkish piracy.  Nevertheless, in the immediate future, the defeat off Chios could not halt the rise of Aydinid power. The Zaccarias were soon after forced to surrender their mainland outpost of Smyrna to Mehmed's son Umur Beg, under whose leadership Aydinid fleets roamed the Aegean for the next two decades, until the Smyrniote crusades (1343–1351) broke the Aydinid emirate's power.

The Battle of Chios was a naval battle fought off the shore of the eastern Aegean island of Chios between a Latin Christian—mainly Hospitaller—fleet and a Turkish fleet from the Aydinid emirate. The Christian fleet was resoundingly victorious, but for the Aydinids, who had been engaging in piracy since the collapse of Byzantine power, it was only a temporary setback in their rise to prominence.

Bitva u ostrova Chios proběhla 23. července 1319 při pobřeží Chiosu mezi spojenými námořními silami rytířů sv. Jana a ostrova Chios na straně jedné a loďstvem Ajdinského bejliku. Drtivé vítězství křesťanů nad muslimskými protějšky dokázalo dočasně omezit turecké pirátství v Egejském moři, povzbuzené kolapsem byzantské námořní moci, ale z dlouhodobého hlediska je potlačit nedokázalo, stejně jako nedokázalo zastavit mocenský vzestup Ajdinů. Rytířům sv. Jana umožnilo toto vítězství též znovu ovládnout ostrov Leros, který se vzbouřil proti jejich vládě ve jménu byzantského císaře.


Nomenclature.

The trivial name "monocarbon" is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name "carbon", a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the compositional nomenclature. However, as a compositional name, it does not distinguish between different forms of pure carbon. The systematic name "λ-methane", also valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature. Along with "monocarbon", this name does distinguish the titular compound as they derived using structural information about the molecule. To better reflect its structure, free atomic carbon is often written as [C]. λ-methylium () is the ion resulting from the gain of by atomic carbon.

Properties.

Amphotericity.

A Lewis acid can join with an electron pair of atomic carbon, and an electron pair of a Lewis base can join with atomic carbon by adduction: Because of this donation or acceptance of an adducted electron pair, atomic carbon has Lewis amphoteric character. Atomic carbon has the capacity to donate up to two electron pairs to Lewis acids, or accept up to two pairs from Lewis bases.  A proton can join with the atomic carbon by protonation: Because of this capture of the proton (), atomic carbon and its adducts of Lewis bases, such as water, also have Brønsted–Lowry basic character. Atomic carbon's conjugate acid is λ-methylium (). Aqueous solutions of adducts are however, unstable due to hydration of the carbon centre and the λ-methylium group to produce λ-methanol (CHOH) or λ-methane (), or hydroxymethylium () groups, respectively. The λ-methanol group in adducts can potentially isomerise to form formaldehyde, or be further hydrated to form methanediol. The hydroxymethylium group in adducts can potentially be further hydrated to form dihydroxymethylium (), or be oxidised by water to form formylium ().

Electromagnetic properties.

The electrons in atomic carbon are distributed among the atomic orbitals according to the aufbau principle to produce unique quantum states, with corresponding energy levels. The state with the lowest energy level, or ground state, is a triplet diradical state ("P"). The first two excited states that are relatively close in energy are a singlet ("D") and singlet diradical ("S"). The non-radical state of atomic carbon is systematically named λ-methylidene, and the diradical states that include the ground state is named carbon(2•) or λ-methanediyl. The "D" and "S" states lie 121.9 kJ mol and 259.0 kJ mol above the ground state, respectively. Transitions between these three states are formally forbidden from occurring due to the requirement of spin flipping and or electron pairing. This means that atomic carbon phosphoresces in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum at 981.1 nm. It can also fluoresce in infrared and phosphoresce in the blue region at 873.0 nm and 461.9 nm, respectively, upon excitation by ultraviolet radiation.  The different states of atomic carbon exhibits varying chemical behaviours. For example, reactions of the triplet radical with non-radical species generally involves abstraction, whereas reactions of the singlet non-radical involves not only abstraction, but also addition by insertion.

Production.

This very short lived species is created by passing a large current through two adjacent carbon rods, generating an electric arc. Atomic carbon is generated in the process. Professor Phil Shevlin has done the principal work in the field based at Auburn University in the USA.  The way this species is made is closely related to the formation of fullerenes C, the chief difference being that a much lower vacuum is used in atomic carbon formation.  Atomic carbon is generated in the thermolysis of 5-diazotetrazole upon extrusion of 3 equivalents of dinitrogen:  CN → :C: + 3N  A clean source of atomic carbon can be obtained based on the thermal decomposition of tantalum carbide. In the developed source, carbon is loaded into a thin-walled tantalum tube. After being sealed, it is heated by direct electric current. The solvated carbon atoms diffuse to the outer surface of the tube and, when the temperature rises, the evaporation of atomic carbon from the surface of the tantalum tube is observed. The source provides purely carbon atoms without presence of any additional species.

Carbon suboxide decarbonylation.

Atomic carbon can be produced by carbon suboxide decarbonylation. In this process, carbon suboxide decomposes to produce atomic carbon and carbon monoxide according to the equation: The process involves dicarbon monoxide as an intermediate, and occurs in two steps. Photolytic far ultraviolet radiation is needed for both decarbonylations.

Uses.

Normally, a sample of atomic carbon exists as a mixture of excited states in addition to the ground-state in thermodynamic equilibrium. Each state contributes differently to the reaction mechanisms that can take place. A simple test used to determine which state is involved is to make use of the diagnostic reaction of the triplet state with O, if the reaction yield is unchanged it indicates that the singlet state is involved. The diradical ground-state normally undergoes abstraction reactions. Atomic carbon has been used to generate "true" carbenes by the abstraction of oxygen atoms from carbonyl groups:  Carbenes formed in this way will exhibit true carbenic behaviour. Carbenes prepared by other methods such as diazo compounds, might exhibit properties better attributed to the diazo compound used to make the carbene (which mimic carbene behaviour), rather than to the carbene itself. This is important from a mechanistic understanding of true carbene behaviour perspective.

Reactions.

As atomic carbon is an electron-deficient species, it spontaneously autopolymerises in its pure form, or converts to an adduct upon treatment with a Lewis acid or base. Oxidation of atomic carbon gives carbon monoxide, whereas reduction gives λ-methane. Non-metals, including oxygen, strongly attack atomic carbon, forming divalent carbon compounds:  Atomic carbon is highly reactive, most reactions are very exothermic. They are generally carried out in the gas phase at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). Typical reactions with organic compounds include:  With water insertion into the O-H bond forms the carbene, H-C-OH that rearranges to formaldehyde, HCHO.

Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ-methane, also called monocarbon, is colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written [C]). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being removed through autopolymerisation.

Atomární uhlík, systematickým názvem λ-methan nebo methandiyliden je bezbarvá anorganická plynná látka se vzorcem C. Za standardních podmínek je kineticky nestabilní a podléhá autopolymerizaci. Lze jej považovat za monomer grafitu.


History.

Congress designated the national memorial on October 25, 1972 (Public Law 92-551). Unlike most national memorials, the statue is not listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The national memorial is an affiliated area of the National Park Service, assigned to Independence National Historical Park through a Memorandum of Agreement entered into on November 6, 1973. Under terms of the agreement, the Institute owns and maintains the publicly accessible memorial, and the Park Service includes the memorial in official publications and otherwise cooperates with the Institute in all appropriate and mutually agreeable ways on behalf of the memorial.  Public Law 109-153 (December 30, 2005) authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to make available to the Institute up to $10,000,000 in matching grants for the rehabilitation of the memorial and for the development of related exhibits. This appropriation commemorates the 300th anniversary of Franklin's birth on January 17, 1706.  In 2008, the Memorial underwent a $3.8-million restoration, which included installation of a multi-media presentation about Philadelphia's most famous citizen, now featured in the 31⁄2-minute show "Benjamin Franklin Forever". The memorial's new digital projection, theatrical lighting, and audio effects are fully utilized in a program that introduces Franklin as a curious tinkerer, and demonstrates his profound impact on the world as a premiere international citizen, statesman, civic leader, and scientist. The refurbishment also included improved acoustics, state-of-the-art LED lighting upgrades, and restoration and re-gilding of the oculus to its original brilliance. Throughout the day, quotes from Franklin are projected onto the walls, and graphic panels highlighting his life and accomplishments provide visitors with a still greater appreciation of this Founding Father.  Admission to the National Memorial is free.  The memorial prominently appears in the movie "National Treasure."

The Benjamin Franklin National Memorial, located in the rotunda of The Franklin Institute science museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., features a colossal statue of a seated Benjamin Franklin, American writer, inventor, and statesman. The -tall memorial, was sculpted by James Earle Fraser between 1906 and 1911 and dedicated in 1938. With a weight of the statue rests on a pedestal of white Seravezza marble. It is the focal piece of the Memorial Hall of the Franklin Institute, which was designed by John Windrim and modeled after the Roman Pantheon. The statue and Memorial Hall were designated as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial in 1972. It is the primary location memorializing Benjamin Franklin in the U.S.

Národní památník Benjamina Franklina se nachází v rotundě vědeckého muzea Franklinova institutu ve Filadelfii v Pensylvánii. Je to sedící socha Benjamina Franklina, amerického spisovatele, vynálezce a státníka. Sochu vysokou šest metrů vytesal James Earl Fraser mezi lety 1906 a 1911. Památník je středem Pamětní síně Franklinova institutu. Budovu Institutu navrhl John Windrim podle římského Panteonu. Socha a pamětní síň jsou národním památníkem Benjamina Franklina od roku 1972. Je to nejvýznamnější americký památník, který B. Franklina připomíná.


Development.

Rolls-Royce XG-40.

Rolls-Royce began development of the XG-40 technology demonstrator engine in 1984. Development costs were met by the British government (85%) and Rolls-Royce.  On 2 August 1985, Italy, West Germany and the UK agreed to go ahead with the Eurofighter. The announcement of this agreement confirmed that France had chosen not to proceed as a member of the project. One issue was French insistence that the aircraft be powered by the SNECMA M88, in development at the same time as the XG-40.

Eurojet EJ200.

The Eurojet consortium was formed in 1986 to co-ordinate and manage the project largely based on XG-40 technology. In common with the XG-40, the EJ200 has a three-stage fan with a high pressure ratio, five-stage low-aspect-ratio high-pressure (HP) compressor, a combustor using advanced cooling and thermal protection, and single-stage HP and LP turbines with powder metallurgy discs and single crystal blades. A reheat system (afterburner) provides thrust augmentation. The variable area final nozzle is a convergent-divergent design.  In December 2006, Eurojet completed deliveries of the 363 EJ200s for the Tranche 1 Eurofighters. Tranche 2 aircraft require 519 EJ200s., Eurojet was contracted to produce a total of 1,400 engines for the Eurofighter project.

HAL Tejas.

In 2009, Eurojet entered a bid, in competition with General Electric's F414, to supply a thrust vectoring variant of the EJ200 to power the HAL Tejas. After evaluation and acceptance of the technical offer provided by both Eurojet and GE Aviation, the commercial quotes were compared in detail and GE Aviation was declared as the lower bidder.

TAI TFX.

On 20 January 2015 ASELSAN of Turkey and Eurojet Turbo GmbH signed a Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on the EJ200 military turbofan engine programme. It is envisaged that the collaboration would produce a derivative of the EJ200 with thrust vectoring for use in Turkey's TFX 5th generation air superiority fighter programme. Eurojet EJ200 is not selected for TFX program. TFX will use General Electric F110 engine until indigenous manufactured by TRMOTOR.

TAI Hürjet.

Turkey's indigenous Jet training aircraft Hürjet will use "Typhoon"s EJ200 engine.A Letter of Intent was signed between Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and Eurojet at the Le Bourget Aviation Show in Paris, France. TAI(TUSAŞ in Turkish) CEO Dr. Temel Kotil and Eurojet Ceo Clemens Linden on behalf of Eurojet consortium signed the letter. The Eufighter Typhoon aircraft is equipped with two engine engines but Hürjet will have one.The EJ200 has over 1 million hours of flight experience with two engines. Some minor changes will take place for the use of a single engine and it will be called a prototype until the engine is certified for single use.

Landspeed record attempt.

An EJ200 engine, together with a rocket engine, will power the Bloodhound LSR for an attempt at the land speed record. The target speed is at least 1000 mph.

Variants.

EJ2x0.

Stage 1: Stage 2:

The Eurojet EJ200 is a military low bypass turbofan used as the powerplant of the Eurofighter Typhoon. The engine is largely based on the Rolls-Royce XG-40 technology demonstrator which was developed in the 1980s. The EJ200 is built by the EuroJet Turbo GmbH consortium. The EJ200 is also used in the Bloodhound LSR supersonic land speed record attempting car.

Eurojet EJ200 je dvouproudový motor s přídavným spalováním vyráběný evropským konsorciem "Eurojet Turbo GmbH" pro bojový letoun Eurofighter Typhoon. Motor je založen na britském prototypu Rolls-Royce XG-40 a umožňuje letounu Eurofighter Typhoon trvale manévrovat nadzvukovou rychlostí. Za tímto účelem je suchý tah motoru (tj. tah bez přídavného spalování) ve srovnání se starším evropským motorem Turbo-Union RB199 podstatně vyšší navzdory stejným rozměrům. Dalším cílem byly nižší náklady na životní cyklus. Bylo upuštěno od tradičního způsobu intervalů údržby a místo toho byla nainstalována monitorovací jednotka motoru (angl. "Engine Monitoring Unit", zkr. EMU), čímž byla zdvojnásobena doba používání bez vlivu na bezpečnost.


Early life.

Doherty was born and raised in Edinburgh, Scotland. He has an older brother and younger sister, and his parents were both in the banking business.  Doherty attended Royal High School in Edinburgh. After high school, Doherty attended The MGA Academy of Performing Arts in Edinburgh, Scotland. He graduated after studying music theatre at MGA Academy in July 2015 and immediately signed a contract with Olivia Bell Management in London. Doherty was trained in acting, singing, and various types of dance including contemporary, hip hop, jazz, tap and ballet.

Career.

After graduating from The MGA Academy of Performing Arts in the summer of 2015, Doherty began waiting tables in Edinburgh at Tigerlilly restaurant. On his days off, Doherty split his time between auditioning for "The Lodge" and working with the Edinburgh Fringe. Doherty was offered the role of Sean Matthews in "The Lodge", and had to undergo intensive training in mountain biking to prepare for the role. "The Lodge" was filmed in Belfast, Northern Ireland. While Doherty's character is Scottish, Doherty focused on toning down his accent in order to better accommodate the viewers in all 108 countries that "The Lodge" aired in. In December 2016, "The Lodge" was renewed for a second series which began production in February 2017.  In 2016, Doherty auditioned for "Descendants 2" and was cast as Harry Hook, the son of villain, Captain James Hook, from "Peter Pan". "Descendants 2" was filmed in Vancouver, Canada in 2016 and aired on Disney Channel on 21 July 2017. He reprised his role as Harry Hook in the third installment of the Disney Channel franchise, "Descendants 3" which premiered in 2019.  In August 2017, Doherty was named one of the 50 fittest boys in the world by "Vogue" magazine. From 2019 to 2020, he appeared in the CW series "Legacies" as Sebastian. Then in March 2020, it was announced that Doherty is set to star in the upcoming HBO Max teen drama "Gossip Girl".

Personal life.

Doherty has been in a relationship with his "Descendants" co-star Dove Cameron since December 2016.

Thomas Doherty (born 21 April 1995) is a Scottish actor and singer, known for his roles as Sean Matthews on the Disney Channel musical series "The Lodge" and Harry Hook in the "Descendants" film franchise.

= Thomas Doherty = Thomas Doherty (* 21. dubna 1995) je skotský herec, známý hlavně díky roli v serialu "The Lodge" (Sean Matthews) a roli Harryho Hooka ve filmu "Následníci 2" a "Následníci 3". Doherty se narodil v Edinburghu. Má staršího bratra a mladší sestru.


Background.

The "Tunak Tunak Tun" lyrics are a reference to the sounds made by a tumbi (also called tumba), a traditional musical instrument from the Punjab region in the northern Indian subcontinent. The lyrics also refer to the ektara or "tuntuna".  Mehndi's music was often criticized for only being popular due to his videos which featured beautiful, dancing women. The singer responded by creating a video that featured only himself. The music video was the first made in India using greenscreen technology, which allowed the singer to superimpose his image over various computer-generated backgrounds including desert and mountain landscapes as well as the St. Basil's Cathedral.  The music video was produced on an unprecedented budget of (), equivalent to () adjusted for inflation.

Music video.

The music video follows a simple plot about four men, all played by Mehndi, who represent the four classical elements and dress in lavish Indian clothing. The earth Mehndi wears red/maroon, the fire Mehndi wears orange, the wind Mehndi wears brown, and the water Mehndi wears green. The men start off as comets made of water, dirt, air, and fire before transforming into clothed humans. Each of them take turns singing, dancing and pointing at each other as though they are discussing something. The men later fuse by first reverting to their comet states and then merging to form Daler Mehndi, who is predominantly donning garb of yellow and green.  As of June 15, 2020, the music video has received over views on the Sony Music India channel at YouTube.

Reception.

The song and the music video received a negative review from "Rashtriya Sahara" magazine in 1998. Despite this, the song became an incredible commercial success in 1998, becoming the biggest Indi-pop hit at the time.

International popular culture.

By 1999, the song found an international cult following, particularly among the South Asian diaspora in countries such as the United Kingdom and United States, as well as in Far-Eastern markets such as Japan. In China, it attained popularity for its lyrics, which sound like nonsensical words, gaining the song the Chinese name, "我在东北玩泥巴" ("I'm playing clay in Northeastern China").  In the 2000s, "Tunak Tunak Tun" found greater international popularity on the internet as a viral video. In response, the video game company Blizzard Entertainment incorporated the "Tunak Tunak Tun" dance as a character animation in their multiplayer role-playing game "World of Warcraft" in 2007. This dance is also included as an easter egg in the video game "".

"Tunak Tunak Tun" or simply "Tunak", is a Bhangra/Indi-pop song by Indian Punjabi artist Daler Mehndi, released in 1998. It was the first Indian music video made using greenscreen technology.

Tunak Tunak Tun (či jen Tunak) je indická popová píseň zpěváka Dalera Mehndiho z roku 1998. Řadí se do žánru bhangra či indi-pop a je dlouhá přibližně 5 minut. Samotná píseň byla v Indii velmi úspěšná a potvrdila pozici Dalera Mehndiho jako největší indické popové hvězdy. Píseň se později stala internetovým memem.


History.

The Hôtel de Brienne was constructed during the reign of Louis XV of France, in 1724; it was built by François Debias-Aubry for François Duret, the President of the "Grand Conseil". Duret was a friend of the Marquise de Prie, mistress of Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (Prime minister of France and another Prince of the Blood). Duret had been ordered to construct it by Madame de Prie who was looking for a suitable residence in Paris. In 1726, the Duke of Bourbon lost favour at Versailles and was exiled to his residence at Chantilly. Following this change of events, the hotel was sold to the widowed Françoise de Mailly, wife of the dead marquis de La Vrillière. Madame de La Vrillière lived at Brienne till 1733 when it was sold to the sister of the disgraced Duke of Bourbon.  Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, "Dowager Princess of Conti" bought the hôtel and had the interior designed by the then fashionable interior designer Nicolas Simonnet. The new hôtel was near the Palais Bourbon, built by Louise Élisabeth's mother known as Madame la Duchesse Douairière.  The hotel would be named after the Conti family till 1776, following death of the Dowager Princess in the previous year, when it was sold to the "Comte de Briene". It was from him that the present building takes its name. Monsieur de Brienne had bought the property from Louise Élisabeth's grandson Louis François I de Bourbon in late 1775, moving in the next year.  Monsieur de Brienne was executed during The Terror and the building was seized by revolutionaries making the building one of the central places of administration. Under that period it was known as the "Commission du commerce et de l'approvisionnement". In 1795, the property was returned to the widowed "Comtesse de Brienne". It was then sold to the wife of "François Séguy", a businessman related to the military. The building then underwent many changes under the direction of the architect Lavoyepierre.  Victims of financial difficulties, the Séguy couple quickly separated from their new acquisition. In 1800, the "hôtel" awarded by a court to Joseph Lanfrey, who rent it to Lucien Bonaparte, then Minister of the Interior, and Napoléon's brother.  In 1802, Lucien Bonaparte, acquired the property and again had it redesigned. Three years later in 1805 he sold it to his mother Maria Letizia Ramolino. That is why during the reign of Napoléon, the edifice became known as the "le Palais de Madame, Mère de l'Empereur" (the Palace of Madame, Emperor's Mother).  Bought from "Madame Mère" by the state in 1817, the hôtel de Brienne became the home of the Ministry of War. In 1917, during the First World War, Clémenceau then head of the French government, worked on the final victory within its walls. Charles de Gaulle, also worked in the "hôtel". First as the secretary of State in June 1940, then as the chief of the provisional government in August 1944 till January 1946.  The building is still the home of the French Minister of Defence.

The Hôtel de Brienne is an 18th-century French townhouse ("hôtel particulier") at 14 rue Saint-Dominique in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It was built in 1724 to the designs of the architect François Debias-Aubry for François Duret, a real estate entrepreneur, who was also president of the Grand Conseil. In 1726 Duret sold it to Françoise de Mailly (widow of Louis Phélypeaux, Marquis de La Vrillière), who allowed her son, Louis Phélypeaux, Count of Saint-Florentin to stay on the upper floor ("premier étage"). Françoise sold it to Louise-Elisabeth de Bourbon, Princesse de Conti in 1733, and it became known as the Hôtel de Conti. It was sold to Louis-Marie-Athanase of Loménie, Count of Brienne in 1776, when it acquired its current name. Laetizia Bonaparte, Napoleon's mother (Madame Mère), lived here during the First French Empire, and Charles de Gaulle used it as his office at various times during the Second World War. It is currently occupied by the French Ministry of the Armed Forces.

Hôtel de Brienne, též Hôtel de Conti, je městský palác v Paříži. Nachází se na adrese 14, "Rue Saint-Dominique" v 7. obvodu. Palác byl po určitou dobu sídlem princů Conti, mladší větve Bourbon-Condé a princů královské krve. Starší palác, který užívala knížata Conti, se nacházel v 6. obvodu. Hôtel de Brienne slouží od roku 1817 jako administrativní budova ministerstva obrany a od roku 1993 je chráněn jako historická památka.


Description.

"Lumnitzera racemosa" is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing to a maximum height of. It develops pneumatophores and often has stilt roots. The leaves are arranged spirally at the tips of the shoots; they are simple and obovate, with slightly toothed margins. The inflorescences grow in short spikes in the axils of the leaves or at the tips of the shoots. The flowers are small and white, and are followed by woody, flattened fruits containing a single seed.

Distribution and habitat.

This species is native from KwaZulu-Natal to southeast Kenya in the western Indian Ocean, tropical & subtropical Asia to the western Pacific. Its range includes KwaZulu-Natal, Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar, Aldabra, Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, southeast China, Hainan, Taiwan, Nansei-shoto, Korea, South China Sea, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, New Guinea, and New Caledonia. In Mozambique it is one of only ten mangrove species.) It grows in the higher part of the intertidal zone and is found both on beaches and lining the banks of creeks. It is a fast-growing, pioneering species.

Uses.

The timber of "Lumnitzera racemosa" is strong and durable and has many uses, including bridge construction. The wood is highly favoured for charcoal making in Cambodia. The bark is harvested for the tannins it contains.

Status.

Mangroves in general are under threat from coastal development, and this species, which grows on the landward edge of the mangrove area, may be more threatened by rising sea levels than are other species because it may be unable to move further inland. There may be a decline in populations of this species due to habitat loss or harvesting, but it is a common species of mangrove with a very wide range, and is not declining at a sufficient rate to be included in any threatened category, so it is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of "least concern".

Common names.

The plant is known by a variety of common names. These include "krâ:nhob sâ:" ("sâ:"=white< Khmer)

Lumnitzera racemosa, commonly known as the white-flowered black mangrove, is a species of mangrove in the family Combretaceae. It is found on the eastern coast of Africa and other places in the western Indo-Pacific region. It has one accepted variety from the noniminate species, "Lumnitzera racemosa" var. "lutea" (Gaudich.) Exell.

Lumnitzera racemosa je menší, stálezelený strom nebo keř, jeden ze dvou druhů rodu "Lumnitzera", který je běžnou dřevinou v bahnitých či písčitých sedimentech tropických mangrovových houštin. Další druh "Lumnitzera littorea" má podobnou morfologii i nároky na prostředí, na prvý pohled se však odlišuje červeně zbarvenými květy a nižším vzrůstem. Oba druhy rostou ve stejném habitatu, ovšem z neobjasněných příčin nikdy ne společně na jednom stanovišti.


Ministerstvo dopravy Spojených států amerických

History.

Prior to the Department of Transportation, the Under Secretary of Commerce for Transportation administered the functions now associated with the DOT. In 1965, Najeeb Halaby, administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency – the future Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) – suggested to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that transportation be elevated to a cabinet-level post, and that the FAA be folded into the DOT. The idea of having a federal department of transportation was first proposed by former President Woodrow Wilson in 1921-22.

Budget.

In 2012, the DOT awarded $742.5 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to 11 transit projects. The awardees include light rail projects. Other projects include both a commuter rail extension and a subway project in New York City, and a bus rapid transit system in Springfield, Oregon. The funds subsidize a heavy rail project in northern Virginia, completing the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority's Metro Silver Line to connect Washington, D.C., and the Washington Dulles International Airport. (DOT had previously agreed to subsidize the Silver Line construction to Reston, Virginia.)  President Barack Obama's budget request for fiscal year 2010 also included $1.83 billion in funding for major transit projects, of which more than $600 million went towards 10 new or expanding transit projects. The budget provided additional funding for all of the projects currently receiving Recovery Act funding, except for the bus rapid transit project. It also continued funding for another 18 transit projects that are either currently under construction or soon will be.  Following the same the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014 delegates $600 million for Infrastructure Investments, referred to as Discretionary Grants.  The Department of Transportation was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2016 of $75.1 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:

Freedom of Information Act processing performance.

In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the Department of Transportation earned a D by scoring 65 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade.

The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT or DOT) is a federal Cabinet department of the U.S. government concerned with transportation. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966, and began operation on April 1, 1967. It is governed by the United States Secretary of Transportation.

Ministerstvo školství (anglicky "United States Department of Education", zkráceně ED nebo DoED), je ministerstvo federální vlády Spojených států. Vzniklo v roce 1979 za prezidentství Jimmyho Cartera rozdělením ministerstva zdravotnictví, školství a sociálních věcí na dvě nová ministerstva - ministerstvo školství a ministerstvo zdravotnictví a sociálních věcí.


1989 coup d'état.

He was of Italian descent.  Rodríguez had been Alfredo Stroessner's closest confidant for 35 years. The two became so close that Rodríguez' daughter married Stroessner's elder son. However, relations between the two grew increasingly strained in the late 1980s. As the decade wore on, Rodríguez cultivated ties with the "traditionalists" in the long-dominant Colorado Party. This element of the party had supported Stroessner throughout his three-decade rule, but had come to favor a more humane way of governing. Matters came to a head in January 1989, when Stroessner relieved several generals of their commands and replaced them with men thought to be unquestionably loyal to him. Later that month, Stroessner closed all of the country's currency exchanges. This appeared to be a direct strike at Rodríguez, who ran one of the largest exchange houses in the nation. On February 2, Stroessner summoned his former ally and gave him an ultimatum—either accept appointment in the less important position of defense minister or retire. It was reported that Rodríguez avoided the reunion (and attempted to quell rumors of him planning a coup) by faking a leg injury, going as far as having a fake cast put on one of his legs.  Rodríguez gave his answer on the night of February 3 when he launched a violent coup. Rebel troops and tanks surrounded the headquarters of the Presidential Guard in Asunción (where Stroessner had sought refuge). The coup had the backing of much of the Roman Catholic Church and of the United States, who no longer required Stroessner as an ally in the Cold War. With this support, the coup quickly succeeded, with Stroessner resigning only hours after hostilities began. However, some 500 soldiers on both sides are believed to have died as a consequence of Stroessner's capture. He was released and fled into exile a few days later, eventually taking refuge in Brazil.  A couple of weeks following the coup, former interior minister Edgar Ynsfran, a former Stroessner ally who now sided with Rodríguez, told reporters that Rodríguez had begun planning the coup toward the end of December 1988.

Presidency.

Upon taking office, Rodríguez canceled most of Stroessner's most repressive measures. He abolished the death penalty and tried to imprison some leading members of the Stroessner government. He also formally canceled the state of siege that had been in place for virtually all of Stroessner's rule; while it had nominally been repealed in 1987, its substance had remained in place in the form of draconian security laws (opposition leaders had been arrested, and Stroessner had been the only candidate who had been allowed to campaign unmolested in the 1988 elections).  Over the course of the following week, the military was purged of Stroessner's loyalists, and the commanders of the six rebellious army divisions were promoted to replace them.  As provisional president, Rodríguez dissolved Congress on February 9 under a provision in the 1967 constitution that allowed the president to dissolve the legislature if he felt it had acted in a manner that distorted the constitutional separation of powers. He issued a decree setting new elections in May, and announced that all non-Communist parties would be allowed to compete. This was a remarkable turn in a country where the opposition had been barely tolerated for much of its history, particularly during Stroessner's rule. Indeed, at the time of the coup, the country had only known two years of pluralism in its entire history. A presidential election for the balance of Stroessner's term was also held in May, since the constitution required new elections to fill out the term of a president who resigned less than two years into his term. Rodríguez ran as the Colorado candidate and was elected with 76 percent of the vote in what was the closest thing the country had seen to a free and fair election up to that time.  Soon after the ouster of Stroessner, the Rodríguez government was contacted by representatives of the People's Republic of China, inviting Paraguay to end its long-standing diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) and to recognize PRC instead. However, Rodríguez accepted the arguments of the Taiwanese ambassador Wang Sheng that continuing the relationship with ROC, and thus keeping Taiwan's development assistance and access to Taiwan's markets, would be more advantageous for Paraguay.

End of rule and death.

In 1992, Paraguay adopted a new constitution. It limited the president to a single five-year term. The term limit retroactively applied to Rodríguez, even though he had promised that he would not run for a full term in 1993. Fears of a coup were only allayed when he signed the new constitution into law on June 22. He stepped down as president on August 15, 1993—the first Paraguayan president in decades to leave office at the end of his term. He was succeeded by Juan Carlos Wasmosy, who like Rodríguez was a member of the Colorado Party.  Rodríguez died in New York City in 1997 after a long battle with cancer.

Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti (June 19, 1923 – April 21, 1997) was the President of Paraguay from February 3, 1989, to August 15, 1993. He assumed the presidency in a coup d'état against 35-year dictator Alfredo Stroessner.

Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti (19. června 1923 – 21. dubna 1997) byl v letech 1989 až 1993 prezidentem Paraguaye. K moci se dostal vojenským převratem proti jeho předchůdci Alfredu Stroessnerovi, jehož byl dříve blízkým spolupracovníkem a s nímž byl i příbuzensky spřízněn přes sňatek jejich dětí.


Teams.

The 18 UCI WorldTeams are automatically invited to the race. In addition, four Professional Continental teams obtained a wildcard, bringing the number of teams to 22.  The teams that entered the race were:  UCI WorldTeams UCI Professional Continental teams

Pre-race favourites.

The winner of the 2018 Vuelta a España, Simon Yates, had decided to not defend his title after riding in the 2019 Giro d'Italia and Tour de France. Steven Kruijswijk, Primož Roglič (Team Jumbo-Visma), Miguel Ángel López, Jakob Fuglsang (Astana) and Nairo Quintana (Movistar Team) were considered among the pre-race favourites. Fernando Gaviria (UAE Team Emirates) and Sam Bennett (Bora-Hansgrohe) were considered as potential stage winners and points classification contenders. Kruijswijk climbed on the podium of the 2019 Tour de France, while his team partner Roglič got third at the 2019 Giro d'Italia. López was on the podium on both the 2018 Giro d'Italia and the 2018 Vuelta a España.  There were three previous winners among the participating cyclists: Alejandro Valverde (2009), Fabio Aru (2015) and Nairo Quintana (2016). Valverde (Movistar Team) and Thomas De Gendt (Lotto-Soudal) also attempted to defend their points and mountain classification titles.

Classification leadership.

The Vuelta a España has four individual classifications, for which jerseys were awarded daily to the leading rider, as well as a team competition. The primary classification is the general classification, which is calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage. Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the team time trial (stage 1) and individual time trial (stage 10). The rider with the lowest cumulative time is the leader of the general classification, and wears the red jersey. The leader of the general classification at the end of the race is considered the overall winner of the Vuelta a España.  The second classification is the points classification. Riders receive points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints during the stages. The points available for each stage finish are determined by the stage's type. The leader is identified by a green jersey. The next classification is the mountains classification. Points are awarded to the riders that reach the summit of the most difficult climbs first. The climbs are categorized, in order of increasing difficulty, third-, second-, and first- and special-category. The leader wears white jersey with blue polka dots.  The final of the individual classifications is the young rider classification, which is calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage for each rider born on or after 1 January 1994. The rider with the lowest cumulative time is the leader of the young rider classification, and wears the white jersey.  There is also the team classification. After each stage, the times of the three highest finishers of each team are added together. The victory is awarded to the team with the lowest cumulative time at the end of the event.  In addition, there is one individual award: the combativity award. This award is given after each stage (excluding the team time trial and individual time trial) to the rider "who displayed the most generous effort and best sporting spirit." The daily winner wears a green number bib the following stage. At the end of the Vuelta, a jury decides the top three riders for the “Most Combative Rider of La Vuelta”, with a public vote deciding the victor.

The 2019 Vuelta a España was a three-week Grand Tour cycling stage race that took place in Spain, Andorra and France between 24 August and 15 September 2019. The race was the 74th edition of the Vuelta a España and is the final Grand Tour of the 2019 cycling season. The race started with a team time trial in Torrevieja on the Costa Blanca.

Vuelta a España 2019 je třetí ze závodů Grand Tour v sezóně 2019. Probíhá od 24. srpna do 15. září, jedná se již o 74 ročník. Závod začíná týmovou časovkou v Torrevieja na Costa Blanca.


Naming.

The genus was named in 2002 by Wang Xiaolin, Zhou Zhonghe and Xu Xing. The type species, the only known, is "Jeholopterus ninchengensis". The genus name is derived from its place of discovery, Jehol in China, and a Latinised Greek "pteron", "wing". The specific name refers to Nincheng County.

Description.

The type species is based on holotype IVPP V12705, a nearly complete specimen from the Daohugou beds of Ningcheng County in the Neimongol (Inner Mongolia) Autonomous Region of China. The specimen is crushed into a slab and counterslab pair, so that parts of the specimen are preserved on one side of a split stone and some on the other. This includes exquisite preservation of carbonized skin fibers and pycnofibres. The fibers are preserved around the body of the specimen in a "halo." Wing tissue is preserved, though its extent is debatable, including the exact points of attachment to the legs (or if it is attached to the legs at all). In 2009 Alexander Kellner published a study reporting the presence of three layers of fibers in the wing, allowing the animal to precisely adapt the wing profile.  As an anurognathid, "Jeholopterus" shows the skull form typical for this group, being wider than it was long (28 mm), with a very broad mouth. Most teeth are small and peg-like, but some are longer and recurved. The neck was short with seven or eight cervical vertebrae. Twelve or thirteen dorsal vertebrae are present and three sacrals. There are five pairs of belly ribs. The tail vertebrae have not been preserved. The describers argue that "Jeholopterus" had a short tail, a feature seen in other anurognathids but unusual for "rhamphorhynchoid" (i.e. basal) pterosaurs that typically have a long tail. Wang "et al." cited the presence of a fringe of pycnofibres in the region of the tail to infer the presence of a short tail. However, a subsequent study by Dalla Vecchia argued that gleaning any information about the tail is impossible, given that the tail is "totally absent" in the fossil. The wing bones are robust. The metacarpals are very short. A short pteroid, supporting a propatagium, is pointing towards the body. The hand claws are long and curved. The wings of "Jeholopterus" show evidence that they attached to the ankle, according to Wang "et al.". They are relatively elongated with a wingspan of ninety centimetres.  The legs are short but robust. The toes bear well-developed curved claws, but these are not as long as the hand claws. The fifth toe is elongated, according to the authors supporting a membrane between the legs, the uropatagium.

Phylogeny.

"Jeholopterus" was by the authors assigned to the Anurognathidae. An analysis by Lü Junchang in 2006 resolved its position as being the sister taxon of "Batrachognathus". Kellner et al. 2009 proposed Batrachognathinae for the clade comprising these two genera and "Dendrorhynchoides".

Lifestyle.

Anurognathids are normally considered insectivores. Wang e.a. hypothesised that "Jeholopterus", being the largest species known of the group, might also have been a piscivore, a fish-eater.  In 2003, natural history writer David Peters, widely known for his highly inaccurate reconstructions and theories about most vertebrates, proposed "Jehelopterus" to be a hematophagic animal akin to a vampire bat. This theory has been widely condemned and ridiculed by the palaeontological community.

Jeholopterus was a small anurognathid pterosaur from the Middle to Late Jurassic Daohugou Beds of the Tiaojishan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, preserved with hair-like pycnofibres and skin remains.

Jeholopterus ninchengensis byl jediným druhem rodu jeholopterus. Tento malý anurognathidní pterosaurus pocházející z jurského období z dnešní Číny byl popsán díky téměř úplné fosilii, na které se zachovaly i otisky kůže a tkáň křídla.


Club career.

Universidad San Martín.

Born in Trujillo, Cueva started his career playing for amateurs Instituto Pedagógico Nacional Monterrico, at the age of 14. In August 2007, he played for a Huamachuco representative side in a friendly against Universidad San Martín, impressing enough to secure a subsequent move to the club's under-20 side.  On 12 April 2008, aged only 16, Cueva made his first team – and Torneo Descentralizado – debut, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 3–1 away loss against Universidad César Vallejo. On 16 July, in only his third senior match, he scored his team's second goal in a 4–0 home routing of the same opponent.  Cueva finished his first senior season with two goals in 18 appearances, as his side was crowned champions. He only became a regular starter for the side from the 2010 season onwards, and finished his spell at the club with 20 goals in 121 league appearances.

Universidad César Vallejo.

On 3 August 2012, Cueva moved to fellow first division side César Vallejo. In November, however, his contract was rescinded by the club after a series of indiscipline problems.

Unión Española.

On 24 January 2013, after being linked to a move to Ponte Preta, he was announced at Chilean Primera División side Unión Española. He made his debut abroad on 3 February, replacing Matías Abelairas in a 2–1 away loss against Rangers de Talca.

Rayo Vallecano (loan).

On 13 August 2013, Cueva joined La Liga club Rayo Vallecano on a one-year loan deal. He made his debut for the club twelve days later, replacing Alberto Perea in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid.  On 1 March 2014, after being rarely used by manager Paco Jémez, Cueva was assigned to the reserves in Tercera División. On his debut for the B-team nine days later, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–2 defeat of Internacional de Madrid.

Alianza Lima.

On 18 August 2014, free agent Cueva returned to his home country after agreeing to a 18-month contract with Alianza Lima. A regular starter during the 2014 Clausura Tournament, he was handed a six-match suspension after being sent off in a 1–0 loss to Real Garcilaso for the 2015 Apertura Tournament; the sentence was later reduced to three matches.

Toluca.

On 18 July 2015, Cueva signed for Mexican club Toluca. He made his debut for the club on 29 July, replacing Diego Aguilar in a 4–3 home defeat of Necaxa, for the year's Copa Mexico.  Cueva's first goal for the "Red Devils" came on 20 August 2015, as he scored the opener in a 1–1 draw at Zacatepec, also for the national cup. He was regularly used during the campaign, contributing with four league goals in 36 appearances.

São Paulo.

On 2 June 2016, Cueva signed a four-year contract with Brazilian side São Paulo FC. He made his debut for the club late in the month, starting in a 2–1 home win against Fluminense.  Cueva scored his first goal for "Tricolor" on 17 July 2016, netting the opener in a 1–1 draw at rivals Corinthians through a penalty kick. Fourteen days later, he scored a brace in a 2–2 home draw against Chapecoense, and finished the season with a career-best seven goals in 24 appearances.  On 22 February 2017, Cueva extended his contract until 2021. However, he subsequently had multiple indiscipline problems, being fined twice and having a face off with teammate Rodrigo Caio due to the club's poor results.

Krasnodar.

On 19 July 2018, Cueva signed a four-year contract with the Russian Premier League club FC Krasnodar. Mainly used as a substitute, his only goal for the club occurred on 5 December, as he scored his team's second in a 2–2 Russian Cup home draw against FC Rostov.

Santos.

On 7 February 2019, Cueva returned to Brazil after agreeing to a one-year loan deal with Santos FC, with an obligation to buy on a three-year contract on 31 January 2020, for an estimated fee of € 6 million. He made his debut two days later, starting in a 1–0 home win against Mirassol.

Dispute and transfer issues.

In September 2019, Cueva was caught fighting on a nightclub in Santos, being subsequently dropped from the first team squad. Santos president José Carlos Peres later requested the lining up of Cueva in a TV interview, which was later dismissed by the club's director of football Paulo Autuori.  Despite appearing on time for the 2020 pre-season, Cueva left Santos in late January, being later found in Argentina; in the meantime, Santos tried to negotiate the player San Lorenzo unsuccessfully. Cueva later attempted to rescind his contract with the club through FIFA, after alleging unpaid wages; he also reached an agreement with Pachuca.  On 14 February 2020, FIFA authorized Cueva to play for the Mexican club, while also authorizing Santos to charge for an restitution fee for his transfer.

Pachuca.

On 15 February 2020, after FIFA's clearance, Pachuca announced the signing of Cueva.

International career.

Cueva represented Peru at under-20 level in the 2011 South American Youth Championship. He made his full international debut on 1 June 2011, starting in a 0–0 draw against Japan, for the year's Kirin Cup.  Cueva was included in Peru's squad for the 2015 Copa América, and scored the team's opening goal of the tournament in a 2–1 loss to Brazil. He was an undisputed starter during the tournament, helping his side finish in the third place and being named one of the best midfielders of the competition.  Cueva was also named in Ricardo Gareca's squad for the Copa América Centenario, and scored the opening goal in an eventual 2–2 draw against Ecuador at University of Phoenix Stadium on 8 June 2016. However, in the quarterfinals against Colombia, the match went to a penalty shootout, and Cueva missed his spot kick as his side were eliminated 2–4 as a result of this. He was also a first-choice during the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, helping his side qualify to the final stage after a 36-year absence.  On 4 June 2018, Cueva was named in Peru's provisional 23-man squad for the World Cup in Russia.

Style of play.

With Peru, Cueva usually plays in an offensive midfield role through the centre of the pitch, for his club sides, such as Toluca, he plays more frequently on the flank, mainly on the left wing. A good dribbler, he is known for his change of pace over short distances and his ability to manage himself well in tight spaces. His playing style has drawn comparisons with that of Brazilian playmaker Paulo Henrique Ganso, who plays for Sevilla, as Cueva occupies a similar function for São Paulo, in the way that he tends to move more through the pitch, making attacking runs into the rival area, scoring goals, and occasionally also helping out defensively by marking opponents. In his side's 4–0 victory against rivals Corinthians on 5 November 2016, Cueva demonstrated his great talent by netting a goal and providing three assists for his teammates David Neres, Chávez and Luiz Araújo.

Christian Alberto Cueva Bravo (born 23 November 1991) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays for Mexican club C.F. Pachuca and the Peru national football team as an attacking midfielder.

Christian Alberto Cueva Bravo (* 23. listopadu 1991 Trujillo) je peruánský fotbalista působící na postu ofenzivního záložníka. Je technicky dobře vybaveným hráčem, který nahrává na branky a umí také zakončovat z druhé vlny.