Dědičnost (objektově orientované programování)

Types.

There are various types of inheritance, based on paradigm and specific language.  where subclasses inherit the features of one superclass. A class acquires the properties of another class.  where one class can have more than one superclass and inherit features from all parent classes.  where a subclass is inherited from another subclass. It is not uncommon that a class is derived from another derived class as shown in the figure "Multilevel inheritance". The class "A" serves as a "base class" for the "derived class" "B", which in turn serves as a "base class" for the "derived class" "C". The class "B" is known as "intermediate" base class because it provides a link for the inheritance between "A" and "C". The chain "ABC" is known as "inheritance path".  A derived class with multilevel inheritance is declared as follows: Class A(...); // Base class Class B : public A(...); // B derived from A Class C : public B(...); // C derived from B This process can be extended to any number of levels.  This is where one class serves as a superclass (base class) for more than one sub class. For example, a parent class, A, can have two subclasses B and C. Both B and C's parent class is A, but B and C are two separate subclasses.  Hybrid inheritance is when a mix of two or more of the above types of inheritance occurs. An example of this is when class A has a subclass B which has two subclasses, C and D. This is a mixture of both multilevel inheritance and hierarchal inheritance.

Subclasses and superclasses.

"Subclasses", "derived classes", "heir classes", or "child classes" are modular derivative classes that inherits one or more language entities from one or more other classes (called "superclass", "base classes", or "parent classes"). The semantics of class inheritance vary from language to language, but commonly the subclass automatically inherits the instance variables and member functions of its superclasses.  The general form of defining a derived class is: class SubClass: visibility SuperClass  Some languages support also the inheritance of other constructs. For example, in Eiffel, contracts that define the specification of a class are also inherited by heirs. The superclass establishes a common interface and foundational functionality, which specialized subclasses can inherit, modify, and supplement. The software inherited by a subclass is considered reused in the subclass. A reference to an instance of a class may actually be referring to one of its subclasses. The actual class of the object being referenced is impossible to predict at compile-time. A uniform interface is used to invoke the member functions of objects of a number of different classes. Subclasses may replace superclass functions with entirely new functions that must share the same method signature.

Non-subclassable classes.

In some languages a class may be declared as non-subclassable by adding certain class modifiers to the class declaration. Examples include the codice_1 keyword in Java and C++11 onwards or the codice_2 keyword in C#. Such modifiers are added to the class declaration before the codice_3 keyword and the class identifier declaration. Such non-subclassable classes restrict reusability, particularly when developers only have access to precompiled binaries and not source code.  A non-subclassable class has no subclasses, so it can be easily deduced at compile time that references or pointers to objects of that class are actually referencing instances of that class and not instances of subclasses (they don't exist) or instances of superclasses (upcasting a reference type violates the type system). Because the exact type of the object being referenced is known before execution, early binding (also called static dispatch) can be used instead of late binding (also called dynamic dispatch), which requires one or more virtual method table lookups depending on whether multiple inheritance or only single inheritance are supported in the programming language that is being used.

Non-overridable methods.

Just as classes may be non-subclassable, method declarations may contain method modifiers that prevent the method from being overridden (i.e. replaced with a new function with the same name and type signature in a subclass). A private method is unoverridable simply because it is not accessible by classes other than the class it is a member function of (this is not true for C++, though). A codice_1 method in Java, a codice_2 method in C# or a codice_6 feature in Eiffel cannot be overridden.

Virtual methods.

If the superclass method is a virtual method, then invocations of the superclass method will be dynamically dispatched. Some languages require that methods be specifically declared as virtual (e.g. C++), and in others, all methods are virtual (e.g. Java). An invocation of a non-virtual method will always be statically dispatched (i.e. the address of the function call is determined at compile-time). Static dispatch is faster than dynamic dispatch and allows optimisations such as inline expansion.

Visibility of inherited members.

Source:

Applications.

Inheritance is used to co-relate two or more classes to each other.

Overriding.

Many object-oriented programming languages permit a class or object to replace the implementation of an aspect—typically a behavior—that it has inherited. This process is called "overriding". Overriding introduces a complication: which version of the behavior does an instance of the inherited class use—the one that is part of its own class, or the one from the parent (base) class? The answer varies between programming languages, and some languages provide the ability to indicate that a particular behavior is not to be overridden and should behave as defined by the base class. For instance, in C#, the base method or property can only be overridden in a subclass if it is marked with the virtual, abstract, or override modifier, while in programming languages such as Java, different methods can be called to override other methods. An alternative to overriding is hiding the inherited code.

Code reuse.

Implementation inheritance is the mechanism whereby a subclass re-uses code in a base class. By default the subclass retains all of the operations of the base class, but the subclass may override some or all operations, replacing the base-class implementation with its own.  In the following Python example, subclasses and override the method of the base class. The base class comprises operations to compute the sum of the squares between two integers. The subclass re-uses all of the functionality of the base class with the exception of the operation that transforms a number into its square, replacing it with an operation that transforms a number into its square and cube respectively. The subclasses therefore compute the sum of the squares/cubes between two integers.  Below is an example of Python.  class SumComputer(object):  class SquareSumComputer(SumComputer):  class CubeSumComputer(SumComputer): In most quarters, class inheritance for the sole purpose of code reuse has fallen out of favor. The primary concern is that implementation inheritance does not provide any assurance of polymorphic substitutability—an instance of the reusing class cannot necessarily be substituted for an instance of the inherited class. An alternative technique, explicit delegation, requires more programming effort, but avoids the substitutability issue. In C++ private inheritance can be used as a form of "implementation inheritance" without substitutability. Whereas public inheritance represents an "is-a" relationship and delegation represents a "has-a" relationship, private (and protected) inheritance can be thought of as an "is implemented in terms of" relationship.  Another frequent use of inheritance is to guarantee that classes maintain a certain common interface; that is, they implement the same methods. The parent class can be a combination of implemented operations and operations that are to be implemented in the child classes. Often, there is no interface change between the supertype and subtype- the child implements the behavior described instead of its parent class.

Inheritance vs subtyping.

Inheritance is similar to but distinct from subtyping. Subtyping enables a given type to be substituted for another type or abstraction, and is said to establish an "is-a" relationship between the subtype and some existing abstraction, either implicitly or explicitly, depending on language support. The relationship can be expressed explicitly via inheritance in languages that support inheritance as a subtyping mechanism. For example, the following C++ code establishes an explicit inheritance relationship between classes "B" and "A", where "B" is both a subclass and a subtype of "A", and can be used as an "A" wherever a "B" is specified (via a reference, a pointer or the object itself). class A {  class B : public A {  void UseAnA(const A& a) {  void SomeFunc() {  In programming languages that do not support inheritance as a subtyping mechanism, the relationship between a base class and a derived class is only a relationship between implementations (a mechanism for code reuse), as compared to a relationship between types. Inheritance, even in programming languages that support inheritance as a subtyping mechanism, does not necessarily entail behavioral subtyping. It is entirely possible to derive a class whose object will behave incorrectly when used in a context where the parent class is expected; see the Liskov substitution principle.

Design constraints.

Using inheritance extensively in designing a program imposes certain constraints.  For example, consider a class that contains a person's name, date of birth, address and phone number. We can define a subclass of called that contains the person's grade point average and classes taken, and another subclass of called that contains the person's job-title, employer, and salary.  In defining this inheritance hierarchy we have already defined certain restrictions, not all of which are desirable:  The composite reuse principle is an alternative to inheritance. This technique supports polymorphism and code reuse by separating behaviors from the primary class hierarchy and including specific behavior classes as required in any business domain class. This approach avoids the static nature of a class hierarchy by allowing behavior modifications at run time and allows one class to implement behaviors buffet-style, instead of being restricted to the behaviors of its ancestor classes.

Issues and alternatives.

Implementation inheritance is controversial among programmers and theoreticians of object-oriented programming since at least the 1990s. Among them are the authors of "Design Patterns", who advocate interface inheritance instead, and favor composition over inheritance. For example, the decorator pattern (as mentioned above) has been proposed to overcome the static nature of inheritance between classes. As a more fundamental solution to the same problem, role-oriented programming introduces a distinct relationship, "played-by", combining properties of inheritance and composition into a new concept.  According to Allen Holub, the main problem with implementation inheritance is that it introduces unnecessary coupling in the form of the "fragile base class problem": modifications to the base class implementation can cause inadvertent behavioral changes in subclasses. Using interfaces avoids this problem because no implementation is shared, only the API. Another way of stating this is that "inheritance breaks encapsulation". The problem surfaces clearly in open object-oriented systems such as frameworks, where client code is expected to inherit from system-supplied classes and then substituted for the system's classes in its algorithms.  Reportedly, Java inventor James Gosling has spoken against implementation inheritance, stating that he would not include it if he were to redesign Java. Language designs that decouple inheritance from subtyping (interface inheritance) appeared as early as 1990; a modern example of this is the Go programming language.  Complex inheritance, or inheritance used within an insufficiently mature design, may lead to the yo-yo problem. When inheritance was used as a primary approach to structure code in a system in the late 1990s, developers naturally started to break code into multiple layers of inheritance as the system functionality grew. If a development team combined multiple layers of inheritance with the single responsibility principle it created many super thin layers of code, many which would only have 1 or 2 lines of code in each layer. Before teams learned the hard way that 2 or 3 layers was optimum number of layers balancing the benefit of code reuse against the complexity increase with each layer, it was not uncommon to work on inheritance frameworks with 10 and up to 30 layers. For instance 30 layers made debugging a significant challenge simply to know which layer needed debugged. PowerBuilder built one of the best code library that primarily used inheritance, it was built with 3 to 4 layers. The number of layers in an inheritance library is critical and must be kept at or below 4 layers otherwise the library becomes too complex and time consuming to use.  Another issue with inheritance is that subclasses must be defined in code, which means that program users cannot add new subclasses. Other design patterns (such as Entity–component–system) allow program users to define variations of an entity at runtime.

In object-oriented programming, inheritance is the mechanism of basing an object or class upon another object (prototype-based inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), retaining similar implementation. Also defined as deriving new classes (sub classes) from existing ones such as super class or base class and then forming them into a hierarchy of classes. In most class-based object-oriented languages, an object created through inheritance, a "child object", acquires all the properties and behaviors of the "parent object", with the exception of: constructors, destructor, overloaded operators and friend functions of the base class. Inheritance allows programmers to create classes that are built upon existing classes, to specify a new implementation while maintaining the same behaviors (realizing an interface), to reuse code and to independently extend original software via public classes and interfaces. The relationships of objects or classes through inheritance give rise to a directed graph.

Dědičnost je v objektově orientovaném programování způsob, jak ustanovit is-a vztah mezi objekty. V "třídové dědičnosti", kde jsou objekty definované třídami, mohou třídy zdědit atributy a chování od předem existujících tříd, které se nazývají rodičovské třídy, "základní třídy" nebo "super třídy". Výsledné třídy jsou nazývány "odvozené třídy", "podtřídy" nebo "potomek třídy". Koncept dědičnosti byl poprvé zaveden pro jazyk Simula v roce 1968.


History.

Alma was founded in 1900 as a stop on the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. It was incorporated as a city in 1906 and designated seat of the newly formed Bacon County in 1914. There are two theories about the origin of the name of the town. The first is that it was named for the wife of a traveling salesmen, Alma Sheridan; the other is that it was named for the initial letter of the four state capitals Georgia has had: Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta.<ref name="City of Alma/Georgia.gov"></ref>  There are four sites in Alma listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Alma Depot, Bacon County Courthouse, Bacon County School, and the Rabinowitz Building.

Geography.

Alma is located in southeastern Georgia at (31.541543, -82.466666).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and, or 11.27%, is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,236 people, 1,243 households, and 826 families residing in the city. The population density was 564.6 people per square mile (218.1/km). There were 1,510 housing units at an average density of 263.5 per square mile (101.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 57.97% White, 38.57% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 1.89% from other races, and 0.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.42% of the population.  There were 1,243 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.7% were married couples living together, 24.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.06.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.3 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $20,324, and the median income for a family was $21,941. Males had a median income of $25,362 versus $15,583 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,574. About 27.6% of families and 32.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.7% of those under age 18 and 24.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Alma is served by the Bacon County School District. The district has 126 full-time teachers and over 1,900 students, and operates these schools:  Alma is also served by Coastal Pines Technical College.

Alma is a city in Bacon County, Georgia, United States, and the county seat. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 3,466.

Alma je krajské město v Bacon County v Georgii ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2011 žilo ve městě Alma 3 469 obyvatel. Podle sčítání lidí v roce 2000 bydlelo ve městě 3 236 obyvatel, 1 243 domácností a 826 rodin.


Club career.

Bayer Leverkusen.

Born in Freital, East Germany, Starke did not play football at an early age; instead played handball as a goalkeeper. In addition, he also participated as a long-distance runner in the Spartakiad. It was not before August 1988 that Starke began playing football after Stahl Freital were looking for players.He was assigned as a goalkeeper by the club's trainer. He then joined Dynamo Dresden and Bayer Leverkusen.  Starke made his Bayer Leverkusen debut on 25 August 2000, playing the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against St. Pauli in the first round of the DFB-Pokal, which was his only appearance for the club. Although he spent most of the 2000–01 season playing for the reserve side, Starke was called up to the first team, appearing as an unused substitute for the rest of the season. Despite not appearing in the squad for the UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, Starke revealed that he was given a runner–up medal and said: "Maybe it was simplistic political reasons that I never got used." For the rest of his career at Bayer Leverkusen, Starke continued to remain as a cover behind Hans-Jörg Butt, appearing as an unused substitute and at the same time, he appeared regularly for the Bayer Leverkusen II.  In January 2004, Starke was loaned out to Hamburger SV for the rest of the 2003–04 season. After the club's first choice goalkeeper Stefan Wächter suffered an injury, he made his Hamburger SV debut on 13 March 2004 against Hertha BSC and helped the side keep a clean sheet, in a 2–0 win. Two months later on 1 May 2004, Starke made his second appearance for Hamburger SV, as they lost 6–0 against Werder Bremen. After the match, Uli Hoeneß criticised his performance. This also cost him a chance to be in the Germany U21 squad for the UEFA European Under-21 Championship. By the time he left the club at the end of the 2003–04 season, Starke made two appearances for Hamburger SV.

Paderborn 07.

It was announced that Starke joined Paderborn 07 on 6 January 2006, signing a two–year contract, with Bayer Leverkusen including a buyback clause.  Starke made his Paderborn 07 debut, playing the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against SpVgg Unterhaching on 20 January 2006. He then helped the side keeping four clean sheets in the next four matches. Stark quickly became the first choice goalkeeper for the side and made an impression. He was booked once for giving away a penalty during a match against Alemannia Aachen on 21 April 2006, in which he failed to save a penalty despite winning 3–1. At the end of the 2005–06 season, Starke had made seventeen appearances in all competitions.  Starke started the 2006–07 season well when he kept a clean sheet in the first two league matches against Eintracht Braunschweig and FC Augsburg. Starke continued to be a first choice goalkeeper for the side for most of the 2006–07 season. Since the start of the season, Starke started in every match as a first choice goalkeeper until he suffered a knee injury that saw him missing three matches. Starke returned on 11 March 2007 to the starting line–up and played the whole game in a 3–2 win against Rot-Weiss Essen. He later regained his first choice goalkeeper role for the rest of the 2006–07 season. In that season, Starke made thirty-two appearances in all competitions.

MSV Duisburg.

It was announced on 1 June 2007 that Starke joined MSV Duisburg.  Starke made his MSV Duisburg debut, in a 4–0 win against SV Babelsberg 03 in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. Seven days later on 12 August 2007, he made his league debut for the club, in a 3–1 win against Borussia Dortmund in the opening game of the season. Starke quickly became first choice goalkeeper. In the next two matches against 1. FC Nürnberg and FC Bayern Munich he kept two clean sheets. Starke started in every match since the beginning of the 2007–08 season until he suffered a foot injury that kept him out for a month. On 23 February 2008, Starke returned to the starting line–up and helped the side keep a clean sheet, in a 2–0 win against Arminia Bielefeld. Since returning from injury, he regained his place as the club's first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the season. However, Starke was unable to help the club avoid relegation after losing 3–2 against Bayern Munich on 10 May 2008. In his first season at MSV Duisburg, Starke went on to make thirty–three appearances in all competitions.  In the 2008–09 season, Starke featured for the first four league matches before fracturing his thumb that kept sidelined for a month. Despite returning from injury, he lost his first team place to Marcel Herzog for the next six matches. But Starke made his return to the starting line–up and helped the side keep a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw against FSV Frankfurt on 21 November 2008. This was followed up by keeping two more clean sheets in the next two matches. After he returned from injury, he regained his first team place as a first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the season. Starke, once again, helped the side keep three consecutive clean sheets between 24 April 2009 and 8 May 2009. He was fined 3,000 euros and missed the last game of the season by the German Football Association for displaying a gesture to referee Peter Sippel during a 5–3 win against 1. FC Kaiserslautern. Despite this, Starke made twenty-five appearances in all competitions in the 2008–09 season.  In the opening game of the 2009–10 season, Starke was given the captaincy in absence of Björn Schlicke in a 2–1 win against FSV Frankfurt. Starke started in every match since the beginning of the season until he suffered a strained abdominal in a warm up match against SpVgg Greuther Fürth that saw him missing two matches. On 6 December 2009, he made his return to the starting line-up against Paderborn 07, as they won 3–1. It was announced on 8 January 2010 that Starke was given a captaincy to succeed Björn Schlicke. Starke regained his first team place as the first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the 2009–10 season. For his performance, Starke was voted the club's player of the season. During his time at MSV Duisburg, he was a fan favourite among supporters.

1899 Hoffenheim.

Starke's performance in Duisburg attracted interest from Bundesliga clubs, leading to speculation that he would leave Duisburg. On 30 April 2010, it was announced that Starke joined 1899 Hoffenheim, signing a three-year contract.  Starke made his 1899 Hoffenheim debut in a 4–1 win against Hansa Rostock in the first round of the DFB.Pokal. He later started the next three matches for the side before suffering a calf injury that saw him missing two matches. On 23 September 2010, Starke returned to the first team in a 1–1 draw against 1. FC Köln. He then appeared in the next five matches before suffering a torn muscle that kept him out for months. On 15 January 2011, Starke returned to the starting line–up in a 2–1 loss against Werder Bremen. After his injury he regained his first team place as the club's first choice goalkeeper and quickly made an impression for the side. Starke then captained the side for the first time in his career against Eintracht Frankfurt on 16 April 2011 and kept a clean sheet as TSG 1899 Hoffenheim won 1–0. In his first season at the club, he made twenty-eight appearances in all competitions. For his performance, Starke was nominated for the club's Player of the Year award but lost out to Gylfi Sigurðsson.  At the start of the 2011–12 season, Starke as TSG 1899 Hoffenheim's first choice goalkeeper. He then kept two consecutive clean sheets in the next two matches against Borussia Dortmund and FC Augsburg. Starke started in every match until he suffered a concussion in mid–October which caused him missing one match. In the match against 1. FC Kaiserslautern, he captained the side for the first time in the 2011–12 season, helping the side to 1–1 draw. His second match as captain then came on 10 March 2012, in a 7–1 loss against Bayern Munich. In his second season at the club, he went on to make thirty-six appearances in all competitions.

Bayern Munich.

It was announced on 16 May 2012 that Starke was signed by Bayern Munich on a three-year contract. It came after when TSG 1899 Hoffenheim signed Tim Wiese. Upon leaving TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, he made a statement, thanking both the club and supporters.  However, Starke became a second choice goalkeeper for Bayern Munich behind Manuel Neuer and appeared on the substitute bench for most of the 2012–13 season He made his first appearance for the club on 31 October 2012 during a DFB-Pokal match against 1. FC Kaiserslautern without conceding any goals. Starke's Bundesliga debut for Bayern Munich came in a 1–0 away win at his previous team TSG 1899 Hoffenheim on 3 March 2013, and on his second Bundesliga appearance, in a match against 1. FC Nürnberg on 13 April, he saved a penalty from Timmy Simons with his face. Starke’s third appearance for the club came against SC Freiburg on 27 April 2013, keeping a clean sheet, as they won 1–0, breaking a Bundesliga record with 84 points (which they eventually finished the season with 91). In his first season at Bayern Munich, he was a member of Bayern Munich squad that won the Bundesliga, Champions League and DFB-Pokal. At the end of the 2012–13 season, Starke went on to make four appearances in all competitions.  At the start of the 2013–14 season, Starke made his first appearance of the season against Borussia Dortmund in the DFL-Supercup, where he conceded four goals, in a 4–2 defeat. Starke continued to be a second choice goalkeeper for the side behind Neuer for most of the 2013–14 season. On 23 February 2014, he made his first appearance of the season, in a 4–0 win against Hannover 96. A month later on 29 March 2014, Starke made his third appearance of the season and conceded three goals, as Bayern Munich drew 3–3 against his former club, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim. However, he suffered an elbow injury during training that kept him out for the rest of the 2013–14 season. Despite this, Starke was a member of Bayern Munich squad that won the Bundesliga, FIFA Club World Cup, UEFA Super Cup and DFB-Pokal. In his second season at Bayern Munich, he went on to make three appearances in all competitions.  For the next three seasons at Bayern Munich, Starke became a third choice goalkeeper following an arrival of Pepe Reina and Sven Ulreich. Despite this, it was announced on 17 December 2014 that Starke signed a contract with the club, keeping him until 2016. The next two years saw Starke appointed as a goalkeeper coach for the club’s junior side. He also signed a contract extension with the club at the end of the 2015–16 season.  On 6 May 2017 when Starke played for Bayern Munich for the first time in three years, helping the side keep a clean sheet, in a 1–0 win against Darmstadt 98. In a follow–up match, he made his second appearance for Bayern Munich, in a 5–4 win against RB Leipzig. Starke announced his retirement on 17 May 2017 and played his final official match on 20 May, in a 4–1 win for FC Bayern Munich against SC Freiburg. Despite making three appearances in the 2016–17 season, he, nevertheless, was a member of Bayern Munich squad that won the Bundesliga.  Shortly after, Starke was signed by Bayern as goalkeeping coach coordinator. Due to the injury of Manuel Neuer, Starke was called back to play for Bayern Munich in the pre-season matches of the 2017–18 season. He was called to be in Bayern's UEFA Champions League squad in September 2017. Starke made his return with some fine saves in a 1–0 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt on 10 December 2017. In a follow–up match against 1. FC Köln, he made his second appearance for the side, keeping another clean sheet, in a 1–0 win. Starke spent the rest of the 2017–18 season as a second choice goalkeeper behind Ulreich, as the club won the league once again.  At the end of the 2017–18 season, Starke retired from professional football for good and went back to his job at the FC Bayern Campus as the goalkeeper coordinator for Bayern's youth teams. In December 2018, it was announced that he was appointed as the club’s assistant goalkeeper coach to Toni Tapalović.

International career.

Starke represented the Germany youth levels. From 2002 to 2004, he was called up to the Germany U21 squad.

Personal life.

His younger brother, Manuel Starke, is a footballer who plays in a midfield position. He comes from a sporting family.  Starke is married and has two children.

Honours.

Bayern Munich

Tom Peter Starke (born 18 March 1981) is a former German football goalkeeper. Starke played for six German Bundesliga clubs throughout his career that lasted for 18 seasons. Starke is currently working as a goalkeeper coordinator for the Bayern Munich youth teams.

Tom Starke (* 18. března 1981, Freital, NDR) je německý fotbalový brankář a bývalý mládežnický reprezentant, který působí od roku 2012 v německém klubu Bayern Mnichov.


Geography.

Ambrose is located at (31.594015, -83.015819).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (1.92%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 320 people, 129 households, and 74 families residing in the city. The population density was 104.3 people per square mile (40.2/km). There were 145 housing units at an average density of 47.3 per square mile (18.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 54.06% White, 25.00% African American, 1.56% Native American, 15.62% from other races, and 3.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25.62% of the population.  There were 129 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.9% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $22,206, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median income of $21,000 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,684. About 16.7% of families and 23.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.6% of those under age 18 and 43.8% of those age 65 or over.

Ambrose is a city in Coffee County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 380.

Ambrose je město v Coffee County, v Georgii, ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2011 žilo ve městě 380 obyvatel.


Stipa's design.

Stipas basic idea, which he called the "intubed propeller", was to mount the engine and propeller inside a fuselage that itself formed a tapered duct, or venturi tube, and compressed the propeller's airflow and the engine exhaust before it exited the duct at the trailing edge of the aircraft, essentially applying Bernoulli's principle of fluid movements to make the aircraft's engine more efficient. This is a similar principle as is used in turbofan engines but used a piston engine to drive the compressor/propeller rather than a gas turbine. Stipa later became convinced that German rocket and jet technology (especially the V-1 flying bomb) was using his patented invention without giving proper credit, although his ducted fan design had little mechanically in common with turbojet engines and nothing at all with the pulsejet used on the V-1.  Stipa spent years studying the idea mathematically while working in the Engineering Division of the Italian Air Ministry, eventually determining that the venturi tube's inner surface needed to be shaped like an airfoil in order to achieve the greatest efficiency. He also determined the optimum shape of the propeller, the most efficient distance between the leading edge of the tube and the propeller, and the best rate of revolution of the propeller. Finally, he petitioned the Italian Fascist government to produce a prototype aircraft. The government, seeking to showcase Italian technological achievement—particularly in aviation—contracted the Caproni company to construct the aircraft in 1932.  The resultant aircraft—a mid-wing monoplane of mostly wooden construction dubbed the Stipa-Caproni or Caproni Stipa. The fuselage was a barrel-like tube, short and fat, open at both ends to form the tapered duct, with twin open cockpits in tandem mounted in a hump on top of it. The wings were elliptical and passed through the duct and the engine nacelle inside it. The duct itself had a profile similar to that of the airfoils, and a fairly small rudder and elevators were mounted on the trailing edge of the duct, allowing the ducted propeller wash to flow directly over them as it exited the fuselage to improve handling. The propeller was mounted inside the fuselage tube, flush with the leading edge of the fuselage, and the 120-horsepower de Havilland Gipsy III engine that powered it was mounted within the duct behind it at the midpoint of the fuselage. The aircraft had low, fixed, spatted main landing gear and a tailwheel. It was painted in a blue-and-cream scheme of the type used on racing aircraft of the day, and its rudder bore the colors of the Italian flag.

Test flights.

The Stipa-Caproni first flew on 7 October 1932 with Caproni company test pilot Domenico Antonini at the controls. Initial testing showed that the "intubed propeller" design did increase the engine's efficiency as Stipa had calculated, and the additional lift provided by the airfoil shape of the interior of the duct itself allowed a very low landing speed of only and assisted the Stipa-Caproni in achieving a higher rate of climb than other aircraft with similar power and wing loading. The placement of the rudder and elevators in the exhaust from the propeller wash at the trailing edge of the tube gave the aircraft handling characteristics that made it very stable in flight, although they later were enlarged to further improve the plane's handling characteristics. The Stipa-Caproni proved to be noticeably quieter than conventional aircraft of the time. Unfortunately, the "intubed propeller" design also induced so much aerodynamic drag that the benefits in engine efficiency were cancelled out, and the aircraft's top speed proved to be only.  When Caproni had completed initial testing, the "Regia Aeronautica" took control of the plane and transferred it to Guidonia Montecelio for a brief series of further test flights. All test pilots reported that the plane was extremely stable in flight, to the point where it was difficult to change course; test pilots were also astounded by the very low landing speed and the consequent very short landing run. As the plane did not perform noticeably better than conventional aircraft designs, the "Regia Aeronautica" decided to cancel further development. No further prototypes were built.

Influence.

Stipa himself never had intended his "intubed propeller" to be employed on single-engine aircraft like the Caproni-Stipa—which he viewed merely as a testbed—instead envisioning its use in large, multi-engine flying wing aircraft he had been designing in which the aerodynamic drag properties would not be significant, and the Italian government publicized the Stipa-Caproni's design as an example of Italian aviation technology prowess. None of Stipa's flying-wing aircraft designs were built, but experiences collected with the Stipa-Caproni did become an important influence in the development of the motorjet-powered Caproni Campini N.1.  The test flights of the Stipa-Caproni also sparked much academic interest, and resulted in Stipa's work being studied in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, and by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in the United States. France designed—but never constructed—an advanced night bomber based on a Luigi Stipa design in the mid-1930s, and various aircraft designs such as the German Heinkel T fighter of 1940 are thought to have incorporated some of Stipa's ideas as demonstrated by the Stipa-Caproni.  The Kort nozzle ducted fan of today—designed in Germany in 1934—uses many of Stipa's principles. The modern turbofan engine is thought by some aviation historians to be a descendant of the "intubed propeller" demonstrated in the Stipa-Caproni.

Replica.

In Australia, Lynette Zuccoli and Aerotec Queensland designed a 3/5-scale replica of the Stipa-Caproni, accurate even in terms of paint scheme and markings, powered by an Italian Simonini racing engine. They built it in 1998 and in October 2001 succeeded in making two directional test flights with it with Bryce Wolff at the controls. Each flight covered about and reached an altitude of approximately, with Wolff reporting that the replica was very stable in flight and performed much as the Italian test pilots reported that the original aircraft had 69 years to the month earlier. The replica may never have flown again, and is now on static display at Toowoomba Airfield in Australia.

The Stipa-Caproni, also generally called the Caproni Stipa, was an experimental Italian aircraft designed in 1932 by Luigi Stipa (1900–1992) and built by Caproni. It featured a hollow, barrel-shaped fuselage with the engine and propeller completely enclosed by the fuselage—in essence, the whole fuselage was a single ducted fan. Although the "Regia Aeronautica" (Italian Royal Air Force) was not interested in pursuing development of the Stipa-Caproni, its design influenced the development of jet propulsion.

Stipa-Caproni (někdy označován též jako Caproni Stipa) byl italský experimentální dvoumístný jednomotorový středoplošník, který navrhl v roce 1932 konstruktér Luigi Stipa. Jednalo se prakticky o první funkční letadlo na principu reaktivního pohonu. Letadlu se pro jeho vzhled přezdívalo v tisku "Létající sud" () nebo "Létající tunel" ().


Geography.

Aulnay is located on the "Via Turonensis". one of the Ways of St. James some 45 km east by south-east of Surgères and 17 km north-east of Saint-Jean-d'Angély. Access to the commune is by the D950 from Les Églises-d'Argenteuil in the south-west which passes through the commune just west of the town and continues to La Villedieu in the north. The D121 comes from Saint-Georges-de-Longuepierre in the north-west passing through the town and continuing south to Cherbonnières. The D129 comes from Varaize in the south passing through the town and continuing north-east to Saint-Mandé-sur-Brédoire. The D133 goes from the town south-east to Néré. In the commune there is the village of La Cressoniere west of the town, Pinsenelle north-west of the town, and Salles-lès-Aulnay east of the town. Apart from the urban area of the town the commune is entirely farmland.

Hydrography.

The "Brédoire" river flows through the commune and the town from east to west to join the "Boutonne" at Nuaillé-sur-Boutonne. Although a small river the "Brédoire" flooded the town in December 1982. The "Palud" flows through the north of the commune from the east to join the "Brédoire" at La Cressoniere. The "Saudrenne" flows from the east in the south of the commune forming part of the southern border before continuing to join the "Boutonne" at Saint-Pardoult.

History.

Aulnay during the Roman Empire.

Formerly called "Aunedonnacum" in the itinerary of Antoninus Pius and "Auedonnaco" in the Tabula Peutingeriana, Aulnay was a Gallo-Roman station on the important imperial Roman road between Saintes and Poitiers, and possibly between Saintes and Lyon before a more direct route, the Via Agrippa, was built.  Aerial photographs taken by aerial archaeologist Jacques Dassié and archaeological excavations have revealed a remarkable Roman camp at a place called "Rocherou". This castrum was created for strategic reasons around the year 21 AD and abandoned around the year 43 AD. Its construction was carried out modelled on Roman camps in the conquest of Germania under the Principate of Augustus (along the Lippe) and also on camps on the limes of the Rhine due to the attested presence of displaced legions from Germania. Several Roman inscriptions have been found.  Aerial photography has also revealed the existence of a Fanum with a polygonal Cella and a Peribolos, proof of the existence of an important Gallo-Roman city.

Aulnay in the Middle Ages.

As the capital of a fiscal jurisdiction Aulnay was already the seat of a lordship in 925, as evidenced by the donation made by "Cadelon I" to several abbeys. The Viscounts of Aulnay (or Viscounts of Aunay) were descendants of other noble families in Poitou and Saintonge and lived in a castle which was demolished in 1818 but whose tower still remains.

Aulnay in the contemporary era.

A common name for Aulnay is Aulnay-de-Saintonge but under the Ancien Régime Aulnay (often spelled Aunay) did not belong to the province of Saintonge but to the Province of Poitou and the Diocese of Poitiers.  By decree dated 12 December 1973 the commune of Salles-lès-Aulnay merged with the commune of Aulnay.  Aulnay is the capital of the canton of Aulnay-de-Saintonge which has the largest extent in the department of Charente-Maritime.

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2010 the commune had 1,464 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Distribution of Age Groups.

The population of the town is relatively old. The ratio of persons above the age of 60 years (35.1%) is higher than the national average (21.6%) and the departmental average (28.1%). As for national and departmental allocations, the male population of the town is less than the female population (48% against 48.4% nationally and 48.2% at the departmental level).  Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aulnay and Charente-Maritime Department in 2010  Sources:  The "Compagnie de chemins de fer départementaux" (Departmental Railway Company or CFD) operated the Charentes and Deux-Sèvres railway network with a line crossing the commune. This was the Saint-Jean-d'Angély to Saint-Saviol line (1896-1951). The first locomotives used were built by Derosne-Cail. The old station buildings were transferred to the Departmental Directorate of Public Works in 1954.  The Goizin factory was once the largest industrial employer in the commune. Robert Goizin first set up a maintenance workshop and sold spare parts for agricultural equipment with a shop to display them.

Economy.

During the 1950s he successfully turned to the manufacture of ploughs. The evolution in the power of tractors lead to significant growth in the 1970s. The company employed up to 80 workers until the end of the 20th century.  After some difficult years, since 2005 the company has belonged to the Eurotechnics Agri Groupe but it remains active in Aulnay.

Culture and heritage.

Civil heritage.

The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

Religious heritage.

The commune has several religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

Facilities.

Education.

The town has a school grouping which brings together a kindergarten and a primary school located at "Rue du 19 Mars 1962" in the town. This school includes all the classes that were previously separated between the girls' school and the boys' school. Although these schools maintained separation of the sexes until the 1960s, the two schools kept their names, despite the mix, until the construction of the new school in the 1990s. The former girls' school which had kindergarten and four classes to CE2 is now a hotel while the old boys' school which had three classes from CE2 to CM2 became the leisure centre for the town.  The Secondary College is a recently created public institution and is located near the site of the famous church of Aulnay. In September 2010 it had 252 pupils taught by a faculty of 22 teachers.

Health Services.

Aulnay has a number of services in the medical, paramedical, and medical and social sectors which make it, as the capital of the canton, relatively well equipped in this area for Charente-Maritime.  The town has three medical practices for General Practice in the centre of town. There are also two dental practices.  Aulnay does not have medical specialists and people usually visit those at Saint-Jean-d'Angely.  Aulnay does not have a medical radiology or MRI centre. The commune and the entire canton depend on Saint Jean d'Angely for this type of service.  Although the closest hospital is at Saint Jean d'Angely for the most mundane interventions, Aulnay and its canton actually depend on the "Centre Hospitalier de Saintonge" located in Saintes, some forty kilometres south-west. This hospital offers a very wide range of treatments as it is the largest hospital in the whole central part of the department of Charente-Maritime.  In this area, Aulnay has a slightly wider range of services. As the chief town of the canton it has a nursing centre in the town and a consulting room elsewhere in the commune. There are two physiotherapy practices and a speech therapist office.  In addition, there are two pharmacies and an optician. The commune does not have a medical laboratory with the nearest being at Saint-Jean-d'Angely.  Two ambulance services are based in Aulnay and cover the whole canton of Aulnay.  Aulnay is also equipped with a rescue centre where firefighters are available to intervene in emergency situations. This centre, under the "SDIS Charente-Maritime", depends more directly on the main rescue centre in Saint-Jean d'Angely.  A veterinary clinic is active and serves all of the canton of Aulnay.  Aulnay has a public retirement facility where there are 43 furnished rooms in sheltered housing located in the town.

Sports.

Football is the main sport of the commune with a regional club which in 1976 was the winner of the Challenge Central-West. The junior team also had its moment of glory reaching the qualifying pool for the 16th round of the Coupe Gambardella during the 1991–1992 season (which also included FC Nantes, Chamois Niortais, and Berrichonne de Chateauroux)  Other sports are represented such as archery with the Dungeon Archers Club and handball.

Aulnay, commonly referred to as Aulnay-de-Saintonge (), is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.

Aulnay je francouzská obec v departementu Charente-Maritime v regionu Poitou-Charentes. V roce 2009 zde žilo 1 469 obyvatel. Je centrem kantonu Aulnay.


Early years.

Born in 1953, Zico came from a lower-middle-class family of Portuguese origin, in the neighbourhood of Quintino Bocaiúva, Rio de Janeiro. In common with many young Brazilians, he spent much of his youth dreaming of being a professional footballer and skipped school to play football on the streets. His passion for the sport made him famous in the neighbourhood, where people would gather to see the boy's brilliant performances against older children and teenagers. At that time he was playing for "Juventude", a local futsal street team run by his older brothers and friends, and had also begun to play for futsal club "River Futebol Clube" on Sundays.  His nickname originated in Zico's own family, after increasingly shorter versions of "Arthurzinho", which means "Little Arthur". "Arthurzinho" then became "Arthurzico", then "Tuzico" and, finally, "Zico", a version created by his cousin Ermelinda "Linda" Rolim.  In 1967, at 14 years old, he had a scheduled trial at América, where his brothers Antunes and Edu were professional players. But on a Sunday, during a River match, Zico scored 9 goals and caught the attention of radio reporter Celso Garcia, who asked Zico's father to take him to a trial at Flamengo instead. Being a Flamengo fan, Zico had his father's approval, beginning his path towards becoming one of the most admired players in the history of the sport.

Youth career.

Zico was not physically strong, and his story of determination and discipline began with a hard muscle and body development program conducted by the physical education teacher José Roberto Francalacci. A combination of hard work and also a special diet sponsored by his team enabled Zico to develop a strong body and become an athlete. This later proved to be essential for his success.  During 1971 and 1972, he shifted from youth to professional team and back. Coach Fleitas Solich had confidence in Zico's abilities and promoted him, on the other hand the situation changed when the Paraguayan coach left and Zagallo took over. He believed Zico to be too young and sent him back to the youth team. Things only improved for Zico when Joubert, his first coach at the youth team, was appointed the new coach for the seniors and fully promoted him after 116 matches and 81 goals in the youth team.

Club career.

Flamengo (1971–1983).

While at Flamengo, Zico was a key player during the most glorious period of the team's history. Along with many other titles, in his first period at Flamengo he led the team to victory in the 1981 Copa Libertadores, the 1981 Intercontinental Cup, and four national titles (1980, 1982, 1983, and 1987). On the field, Zico made goals in all imaginable ways, was also a great assister and team organizer, and was known for his excellent vision of the field. He was a two-footed player and an expert at free kicks.

Udinese (1983–1985).

After receiving offers from A.S. Roma and A.C. Milan, moving to Italy seemed right and a four-million dollar proposal from Udinese was on the table. Such an amount of money made bigger clubs pressure the FIGC (Italian Football Federation) that blocked the transfer expecting financial guarantees. This caused a commotion in Udine as enraged Friulians flocked to the streets in protest against the Italian federation and the federal government. Historical reasons would make them shout ""O Zico, o Austria!"" ("Either Zico or Austria"). At the end of the controversy, the deal went through and though leaving Flamengo fans in sadness, Zico made the Friulians fans finally dream of better days.  In the 1983–84 Serie A, his first in Italy, his partnership with Franco Causio promised to take Udinese to a higher level, gaining respect from giants Juventus and Roma. His free kicks caused such an impact that TV sports programs would debate how to stop them. Despite his excellent performance, the club's season ended in disappointment as Udinese, in spite of scoring almost twice as many goals as the previous year, only gathered 32 points and was ninth in the final standing, losing three places in comparison to 1982–83. Zico scored 19 goals, one fewer than top scorer Michel Platini, having played 4 fewer matches than the French footballer due to an injury. Plus, he was voted 1983 Player of the Year by "World Soccer Magazine".  His following season would be punctuated by injuries and suspensions for openly attacking referees. He also used to complain about the board's lack of ambition for not signing competitive players, which made the team too dependent on him. Furthermore, Italian tax officials pressed charges against him for tax evasion. Pressured, Zico delivered an amazing display against Diego Maradona's Napoli, his last match as a "bianconero", and returned to Brazil and Flamengo, sponsored by a group of companies.  He became a fan favorite with his spectacular goals and is still adored now by all Udinese fans.

Back to Flamengo (1985–1989).

Only one month after returning, he suffered a severe knee injury after a violent tackle from Bangu's defender Marcio Nunes, which interrupted his career for several months, even affecting his form in the 1986 FIFA World Cup. Recovered from injuries, things improved for Zico in 1987 when he led Flamengo to the Copa União title.  December 1989 marks Zico's last official appearance for Flamengo in a Brazilian National Championship match against rivals Fluminense. Zico scored the first goal and Flamengo won the match 5–0.  Two months later, at Maracanã, he would play his last match ever as a Flamengo player facing a World Cup Masters team composed of names like Eric Gerets, Claudio Gentile, Franco Causio, Alberto Tarantini, Jorge Valdano, Mario Kempes, Paul Breitner, Karl-Heinz Rummenigge and Falcão. With 731 matches for Flamengo, Zico is the player with the 2nd most appearances for the club. His 508 goals make him the club's top scorer ever.  The achievements of the greatest idol in Flamengo's history inspired the Brazilian singer Jorge Ben Jor to write a song in his honour – "Camisa 10 da Gávea" – helping create the mystique of the club's number 10.

Brief retirement.

Zico represented Brazil in the World Cup of Masters, scoring in the final of the 1990 and 1991 editions.  After Brazil's first presidential election in many years, the new president Fernando Collor de Mello appointed Zico as his Minister of Sports. Zico stayed at this political assignment for about a year and his most important contribution was a piece of legislation dealing with the business side of sport teams.

Kashima Antlers (1991–1994).

In 1991, Zico interrupted his political assignment when he accepted an offer to join the Sumitomo Metals in Kashima, Ibaraki Prefecture, at the time in the second tier, to help the club secure a place in Japan's first fully professional football league that was set to officially launch in 1993 – J1 League. Zico played for Sumitomo in 1991–92, the last season before the old Japan Soccer League was disbanded, and finished as the second division's top scorer. When the new league launched, the small town club, promoted and rebranded Kashima Antlers, was not expected to compete with richer, more glamorous clubs like Yokohama Marinos and Verdy Kawasaki. Zico, however, helped the Antlers to win the J.League Suntory Series and a runners-up finish in its inaugural season, leading the club to cement its place among the league's elite.  His discipline, talent and professionalism meshed very well with Japanese culture, and his influence earned him the nickname, from Japanese football fans. He became a local legend in Japan for having built a contender from almost nothing and putting the city of Kashima on the map. A statue in his honor stands outside Kashima Soccer Stadium.

International career.

An episode related to Brazil national football team almost made Zico give up on his career. He made his international debut in the South American Qualifier to the 1972 Summer Olympics playing 5 matches and scoring the qualifying goal against Argentina. Despite this fact, he wasn't called up to the Munich games. He felt extremely frustrated and told his father in dismay he wanted to stop playing football. He was even absent from training at Flamengo for 10 days, being later convinced otherwise by his brothers.  In the opening group match of the 1978 World Cup against Sweden, Zico headed a corner kick into the goal in the final minute of the match, apparently breaking a 1–1 tie. However, in a call that became infamous, the Welsh referee Clive Thomas disallowed the goal, saying that he had blown the whistle to end the match while the ball was still in the air from a corner. In the second round, he scored from a penalty in a 3–0 win over Peru. Zico eventually won a bronze medal with Brazil at the tournament, defeating Italy in the 3rd place final. Zico also won another bronze medal with Brazil in the 1979 Copa América.  The 1982 World Cup would see Zico as part of a fantastic squad, side by side with Falcão, Sócrates, Éder, Cerezo and Júnior. In spite of his 4 goals and the great amount of skill in that squad (Zico was involved in eight consecutive goals scored by Brazil), the team was defeated 3–2 by Paolo Rossi and Italy in the final match of the second round group stage.  He played in the 1986 FIFA World Cup while still injured, and only appeared as a second-half substitute throughout the tournament; in the quarter-final match against France during regulation time, he helped Brazil win a penalty, but then missed his kick. The match ended in a tie which led to a shootout. Zico then scored his goal, but penalties missed by Sócrates and Júlio César saw Brazil knocked out of the tournament.  Having been cleared of all the tax evasion charges by Italian officials in 1988, Zico decided to pay a tribute to Udine, the city that had madly welcomed him six years before, and played his farewell match for the "Seleção" in March 1989 losing 1–2 to a World All-Stars team at Stadio Friuli.

Style of play.

A classic number 10, Zico usually played as an attacking midfielder, although he was also capable of playing in several other attacking and midfield positions, and was also deployed as a central midfielder, as a second striker or inside forward, or even as an outright forward; he is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time. A diminutive playmaker, with a small, slender physique, although he was naturally right-footed, he was essentially a two-footed player, who was known for his flair, speed, exceptional technique, ball control, and dribbling skills, as well as his use of tricks and feints to beat opponents with the ball. Former Dutch international Ruud Gullit rated Zico as "one of the best dribblers in the history of the game," describing him as "very nimble." Although he was not physically imposing, Zico was a quick, complete and highly creative player, with excellent vision, who is considered to be one of the best passers of all time, and was known for his trademark no-look passes. In addition to being an elite creator of goalscoring opportunities, Zico was also a prolific goalscorer himself, and an excellent finisher, due to his powerful and accurate striking ability, which made him extremely clinical in front of goal; as such he is also regarded by pundits as one of the greatest goalscorers in the history of the game. He was also a set-piece specialist, who was renowned for his ability to bend the ball and score from dead ball situations, and is considered to be one of the greatest free kick takers of all time. Zico's unique free kick technique, which saw him place significant importance on his standing foot, often saw him lean back and raise his knee at a very high angle when hitting the ball with his instep, thus enabling him to lift it high over the wall, before it dropped back down again; his method of striking the ball allowed him to score free kicks even from close range, within 20 to 16 metres from the goal, or even from just outside the penalty area. Moreover, due to his technique, mentality, unpredictability, and accuracy in dead ball situations, he was capable of placing the ball in either top or bottom corner on either side of the goal, which made it difficult for goalkeepers to read his free kicks. His ability from set-pieces inspired several other specialists, such as Roberto Baggio and Andrea Pirlo. In addition to his footballing skills, Zico was also known for his leadership, mental strength, and determination, as well as his stamina, dedication, and for having an outstanding work-ethic; indeed, he was often known for staying behind in training to practice and refine his free kicks. Throughout his career, Zico was nicknamed "O Galinho" ("The Little Rooster", in Portuguese). Despite his ability, his career was plagued by injuries.

Retirement.

Zico retired from professional football during the 1994 season but received an invitation to play beach soccer, winning the Beach Soccer World Cup 1995. Scoring 12 goals, he was the top scorer and was named the best player of the tournament. He returned to Kashima to become the Antlers' technical adviser in 1995, splitting his time between Japan and Brazil – where he still managed to find time to play beach soccer. One year later, in 1996, he founded CFZ (Zico Football Centre) in Rio de Janeiro. Zico founded another club, named CFZ de Brasília, in 1999.

Coaching career.

Japan.

After the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Japan Football Association looked for a replacement for the outgoing Philippe Troussier, and chose Zico as his successor. Despite his lack of coaching experience besides his stint as Brazil's technical coordinator during the 1998 World Cup, Zico had great understanding of Japanese soccer from his playing days and his role as Kashima's technical director. In addition, JFA had grown tired of Troussier's clashes with the media while the players were frustrated with his micromanagement. In contrast, Zico commanded respect from reporters and urged players to express themselves on the pitch.  Although Zico attempted to instill a free-flowing, attacking mentality to the team, his regime got off to an uneven start, which included a 4–1 loss to Argentina in 2003. Japan had a respectable showing at that year's Confederations Cup but struggled again in the beginning of 2004, only narrowly beating Oman in the first stage of qualifying for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and several players were suspended after a drinking incident. Although Japan had not lost in its nine previous matches, he was rumored to be on the verge of resigning and a small group of fans marched in the streets of Tokyo demanding his firing.  He stayed on, however, and won the 2004 Asian Cup despite intimidation from Chinese fans and a team that featured just one European-based player, Shunsuke Nakamura. He then helped Japan qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with just one loss.  Despite the rocky start, injuries to key players and even a bizarre offer from Garforth Town, Zico led Japan to its third World Cup finals appearance and the third Asian Cup title in four tries. His Japanese team was heavily influenced by Brazil's short passing style, and he was flexible enough to switch between 4–4–2 and 3–5–2 formations. In addition, he has had a respectable record on European soil, beating Czech Republic and Greece and drawing with England, Brazil and Germany.  However, Japan failed to win a single match at the Finals, losing twice (to Australia and Brazil) and drawing once (to Croatia), and scoring just two goals while conceding seven. He resigned from Japan at the end of the World Cup campaign.

Fenerbahçe.

In July 2006, signed a two-year deal with Fenerbahçe. He won the league title in 2007 and won Turkish Super Cup on the first year of his job. Under his command Fenerbahçe has qualified from UEFA Champions League 2007–08 groups stage for the first time of club's history and beat Sevilla FC to become a quarter-finalist in 2007–08 season. So far, he also is the team's most successful manager in the history of the European arena.  Zico was given a new nickname by Fenerbahçe fans: "Kral Arthur" (meaning "King Arthur" in Turkish). For the team's nickname "King Arthur and his Knights". In a chat hosted by uefa.com he pointed out that it is unlikely he will sign a contract extension with Fenerbahçe. This was confirmed on 10 June 2008 when he resigned as Fenerbahçe manager.  On 8 September 2008, Zico revealed that he would be interested taking over the vacant managers position at Newcastle United following the resignation of Kevin Keegan. He is quoted saying "The Newcastle job is one that I would be very interested in taking. It would be a privilege and an honour, I've always wanted to experience the Premier League as I believe I could enjoy much success coaching in England." He also commented that he isn't bothered about the structure of the board at Newcastle United, "I am used to working alongside technical directors so this isn't an issue for me. It's normal for me to work in those conditions."

Bunyodkor, CSKA Moscow, and Olympiakos.

In 2008, he coached FC Bunyodkor in Uzbekistan, where he won the Uzbekistani Cup and the Uzbek League. He subsequently took over at Russian side CSKA Moscow but was fired on 10 September 2009.  Less than a week later Zico signed a 2-year contract with Olympiacos F.C.. Despite the absence of numerous first-team players due to injuries, he led the Greek club to a comfortable 2nd place in Group H of the Champions League, earning the qualification to the knockout stage. In the Greek Superleague his first results were also impressive, but the success lasted only till early winter and the fans started to complain about both the results and the playing style of the team. On 19 January 2010, after a negative series of 4 matches with just one win, though his team lost only two times (twelve wins and four draws) in the Greek Superleague, Zico was sacked.

Iraq.

He signed a contract with Iraq Football Federation on 28 August 2011 and first managed the national team in a match against Jordan on 2 September 2011. Zico resigned as coach of the Iraqi national team on 27 November 2012 after little more than a year in the post, saying the country's football association had failed to fulfill the terms of his contract. He had 10 wins and six draws in 21 games with Iraq.

Al-Gharafa.

On 6 August 2013, he signed a two-year deal to coach, Al-Gharafa.

FC Goa.

Indian Super League side FC Goa signed Zico as their coach for the debut season in 2014. Though Goa had a slow start to the season, they ultimately qualified for the semifinals with a game in hand by defeating Chennaiyin FC. In 2015 FC Goa did really well to reach the final. Eventually Goa lost 3-2 to Chennaiyin FC. Zico has been regarded as Goa's new legend among the local fan base. In January 2017, FC Goa confirmed ending their three-year association with Zico. Keeping the logistical challenges of the upcoming season in mind, the two parties amicably came to this decision.

Administrative roles.

Zico was a director at Kashima Antlers between 1996 and 2002.  On 30 May 2010, it was announced that Zico would become the new Flamengo's football director on a four-year deal, coming back to the team where he won his most important honors after 25 years. This comeback, however, lasted only five months as he resigned due to disagreements with the board.  On June 10, 2015, Zico officially announced he would run for the FIFA presidency role after the recent announcement of Sepp Blatter's resignation following the alleged corruption surrounding the winning bids from Russia and Qatar to host the 2018 and 2022 tournaments.  In August 2018, Zico returned to Kashima Antlers as technical director, 16 years after his previous spell as a director at the club.

Personal life.

Zico is the grandson of Fernando Antunes Coimbra (paternal grandfather) and Arthur Ferreira da Costa Silva (maternal grandfather), both Portuguese. His father, José Antunes Coimbra, also Portuguese (b. Tondela, 1901; d. Rio de Janeiro, 1986), came to Brazil at age of 10. Zico's mother, Matilde Ferreira da Silva Costa, was born in 1919.  Zico was the youngest of six children—Maria José (Zezé), Antunes, Nando, Edu and Antônio (Tonico).  In 1969 Zico met his future wife, Sandra Carvalho de Sá. In 1970 the couple became engaged and married in 1975. Sandra's sister, Sueli, is Edu's wife. Zico has three sons, Arthur Jr., Bruno, and Thiago. Zico is also a member of the legendary squad "Classic Eleven" from the FIFA video games series. Zico is Roman Catholic.  Zico is distantly related to the Portuguese footballer Eduardo Quaresma.  <br>

Career statistics.

Player.

Club.

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Arthur Antunes Coimbra (, born 3 March 1953 in Rio de Janeiro), better known as Zico (), is a Brazilian coach and former footballer, who played as an attacking midfielder. Often called the "White Pelé", he was a creative playmaker, with excellent technical skills, vision, and an eye for goal, who is considered one of the most clinical finishers and best passers ever, as well as one of the greatest players of all time. Arguably the world's best player of the late 1970s and early 80s, he is regarded as one of the best playmakers and free kick specialists in history, able to bend the ball in all directions. In 1999, Zico came eighth in the FIFA Player of the Century grand jury vote, and in 2004 was named in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. According to Pelé, considered one of the best players ever, "throughout the years, the one player that came closest to me was Zico".

Zico, vlastním jménem Arthur Antunes Coimbra (* 3. březen 1953, Rio de Janeiro) je bývalý brazilský fotbalista a trenér. Je považován za jednoho z nejlepších fotbalistů všech dob: časopis France Football ho roku 1999 vyhlásil 9. nejlepším fotbalistou 20. století, anglický časopis World Soccer ve stejném roce dokonce nejlepším fotbalistou 20. století. Mezinárodní federace fotbalových historiků a statistiků (IFFHS) ho označila za třetího nejlepšího brazilského fotbalistu historie. Pelé ho roku 2004 zařadil mezi 125 nejlepších žijících fotbalistů.


Demographics.

At the time of the 2011 census, the population of the district was 16,012. The ethnic composition of the population was as follows:

Economy.

The coal-mining carried out by the Turkish Tamsaş company is the district's main industry and source of income as Tamsaş's tax payments account for 75% of its budget. The company was criticised for neglecting environmental requirements. Construction of a new cement plant is planned now, its output to be used for the Olympic construction projects in Sochi.

Administration.

Valeri Kharchilava was reappointed as Administration Head on 10 May 2001 following the March 2001 local elections.  On 27 March 2003, Kharchilava announced at a meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers that he wanted to resign. On 31 March 2003, First Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs Daur Arshba was appointed the new Administration Head.  On 22 March 2005, newly elected President Sergei Bagapsh dismissed Daur Arshba and appointed Timur Gogua in his stead. On 23 February 2007, before the local elections, President Bagapsh temporarily prolonged Timur Gogua's tenure as Head of the District Administration. After Gogua was re-elected to the District Assembly, he was permanently re-appointed on 21 March.  On 2 June 2014, following the 2014 Abkhazian political crisis, acting President Valeri Bganba dismissed Timur Gogua, as had been demanded by protesters, and appointed his Deputy Zurab Argunia as acting District Head. Following the election of Raul Khajimba as President, he on 3 November appointed Aida Chachkhalia as District Head in Argunia's stead.

Settlements.

The district's main settlements are:

Tkvarcheli District (,, ) is one of the districts of Abkhazia. It has no equivalent Georgian district, as it was newly formed in 1995 from parts of Ochamchira District and Gali District, centered on its eponymous capital, Tkvarcheli. The population of the district was 14,477 at the time of the 2003 census. By the 2011 census, it had increased to 16,012. Of note is Bedia Cathedral located within the district.

Okres Tkvarčeli je nižší územně-správní celek Abcházie vytvořený v roce 1995 z částí okresů Očamčyra a Gali, ale není uznáván gruzínskou vládou v Tbilisi. Na západě sousedí s okresem Očamčyra, na jihu s okresem Gali a na východě s Gruzií. Okresním městem je Tkvarčeli, které má 5 013 obyvatel.