Geography.

Qeshm Island is located a few kilometers off the southern coast of Iran (Persian Gulf), opposite the port cities of Bandar Abbas and Bandar Khamir. The island, which hosts a free zone jurisdiction, is 135 km long, and lies strategically in the Strait of Hormuz, just from the Omani port of Khasab, and about from the UAE Port Rashid. The island, at its widest point, located near the center of the island, spans. Similarly, at it narrowest point, the island spans. The island has a surface area of and is 2.5 times the size of Bahrain. Qeshm, located at the easternmost point of the island, is from Bandar Abbas while the closest point of the island is but from the mainland.  The average temperature on the island is approximately. The warmest months are June through August, and the coldest from October to January. The average rainfall is.  The island comprises 59 towns and villages and the population was 117,774 at the 2011 Census. The local population is involved in fishing, dhow construction, trade and services. An additional 30,000 are administrative or industrial workers or students.  Plans have also been made to build a bridge to connect Qeshm with the rest of Iran.  Qeshm Island has multiple attractions to attract more domestic and foreign tourists.

History.

The earliest evidence of human presence at Qeshm dates back to the Paleolithic Period. Paleolithic stone tools have been found at Bam-e Qeshm. Historical records concerning the Qeshm island date far back into the pre-Islamic era. Names as Qeshm, Keshm, Kish and Tunb mark the lengthy stay of Ilamids in the area, several centuries BC. It is, apparently, the island called Alexandria or Aracia by Ptolemy (Book 6, Chap. IV), in the 2nd century CE and as Alexandria by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii.6.42) in the 4th century. On account of its strategic geopolitical situation near the mouth of the Persian Gulf, it has been frequently attacked by invaders including Ilamids (Elamites), Umayyads, and Abbasids as well as the Portuguese and the English. During Sassanian Empire administration the island was called Abarkawan, and was part of the Ardashir-Khwarrah administrative division. According to historical records, Qeshm Island has been famous as a trade and navigation center. Its economy flourished during the Dailamites and Buyid eras, as trade vessels sailed between Qeshm Island and China, India, and Africa.  Explorer William Baffin was mortally wounded on Qeshm in 1622 during a battle against Portuguese forces who occupied the fort, known to the English as "Forte de Queixome".  Qeshm is also a supposed site of the Garden of Eden according to Cassell's Bible.

Economy.

Fishing is a leading occupation practiced by the inhabitants of the island. On what little cultivated land there is, dates and melons are grown. Salt is mined on the southeastern coast. Qeshm is famous for its wide range of ecotourist attractions such as the Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5% of the world birds and 25% of Iran's native birds annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran. An ancient Portuguese fort, historic mosques, the Seyyed Mozaffar and Bibi Maryam shrines, and various ponds and mangrove forests are among the tourism attractions in the island, which lays across the azure waters of the Persian Gulf. Several domes, salty caves, the preserved area in Shibderaz Village where Hawksbill turtles hatch, as well as numerous docks and wharfs are among the tourist potentials of the island. The Nazz Islands are located at the south wing of Qeshm Island. Oysters, corals, colorful fishes and sea birds in these islands attract many tourists. It is possible to walk toward the island on soft and wet gravel through a gravel connection way between these islands and Qeshm at the time of the ebb.  In the 1st ten-year plan, in note 19, the law provided for the creation of free trade zones and three locations were identified as such in the year 1991. They were Kish Island, Qeshm Island and Chabahar. In the Iranian year 1369, equivalent to 1991 in the Gregorian calendar, the island was transformed into a "Trade and Industrial Free Area" with the goal of creating the largest Free Area between Europe and the Far East. To that end, Qeshm Island was granted considerable leeway to set its own policies, independent of the central government, which had often been seen as an impediment to growth in many sectors of the economy. However, the Island retains the advantages associated with its connection to the mainland, including the rights to explore and develop oil and gas opportunities.

Iran Air Flight 655.

On 3 July 1988, an Iran Air Airbus A300 (Iran Air Flight 655) was shot down by a United States Navy guided missile cruiser USS "Vincennes" just south of the island, resulting in 290 civilian fatalities. The wreckage crashed 2.5 kilometers off Qeshm's southern coast.

Qeshm Island Underground Military Facility.

On 20 January 2012, OSGEOINT established the completion of an underground military facility at Qeshm island which accordingly could house Iran's Ghadir-Nahang class submarines.

Visas.

Holders of normal passports travelling as tourists can enter Qeshm without a visa with maximum stay of two weeks (extendable), as of December 2017.  Admission is refused to holders of passports or travel documents containing an Israeli visa or stamp or any data showing that visitor has been to Israel or indication of any connection with the state of Israel during the last 12 months.

Qeshm (, ) is an arrow-shaped Iranian island in the Strait of Hormuz, separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf (). It is the largest island in Iran.

Kešm (persky قشم, v transkripci do latinky Qeshm, dříve též Kishm,) je největší ostrov Íránu, ležící v Hormuzském průlivu, je součástí provincie Hormozgán. Má rozlohu 1491 km2 a žije na něm okolo 115 000 obyvatel. Největším městem je Kešm v severovýchodním cípu ostrova, kde žije přes dvacet tisíc lidí.


Club career.

Aldair started playing at Flamengo where he won the most important title in Brazil, the "Campeonato Brasileiro". He moved to Europe in 1989, playing with Benfica, winning the Portuguese Supercup, and reaching the European Cup Final during his only season with the team.  Aldair subsequently moved to A.S. Roma in 1990 and played with this club during 13 seasons, until 2003. He played a total of 436 matches with the "Giallorossi", scoring 20 goals in total. During this period he won the Serie A in 2001, one Supercoppa Italiana, and one Coppa Italia in 1991 (also reaching the UEFA Cup Final in the same year). Aldair was recognised in 2000 as one of the best players in the world by being selected in the FIFA XI; still, he remained loyal to Roma in spite of the club not having won any major international honours during his time there.  Due to his long career with Roma, Aldair is currently the most-capped foreign player in the Italian club's history and the club decided to retire his number 6 jersey when he left the team in 2003. However, this retirement was not permanent, as in 2013 the shirt number 6 has been conceded to Kevin Strootman, with Aldair's approval. In 1998, he was chosen to be the captain of the "Giallorossi" but preferred to grant the armband to the then 22-years old Francesco Totti. For his contribution to the club, Aldair was included into the A.S. Roma Hall of Fame in 2012, and thus recognized as one of the best footballers in the club's history. He was nicknamed "Pluto" by Roma fans.  After Roma, Aldair then briefly joined Genoa CFC. On July 2005, Aldair announced plans of playing for Rio Branco Atlético Clube, and played two games for the club in the estadual championship, helping his team to win the title.  Former teammate and good friend Massimo Agostini convinced him to play in San Marino for S.S. Murata in order to boost their Champions League campaign. After Murata's dreadful 7–1 aggregate defeat to Cypriots APOEL in the first round of qualifying for the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, Agostini decided to call upon Aldair to join him on the Italian Peninsula. Aldair took part in the Champions League qualifying stage in July 2007.

International career.

Aldair was part of the Brazilian squad that took part at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. In 1994, he reached the pinnacle of his career when he played for the Brazilian squad that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Brazil in the 1998 World Cup, as Brazil went on to reach the final once again, only to be defeated by France. He took part in three Copa América's with Brazil, winning the title in 1989 and 1997, whilst earning a runners-up medal in 1995. Aldair won a bronze medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and was part of the Brazilian team that won the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup. In addition to these tournaments, Aldair also took part in two friendly tournaments with Brazil, winning the 1995 Umbro Cup, and finishing in second place in the 1997 Tournoi de France. In total, he appeared 81 times for Brazil between 1989 and 2000, scoring three goals.

Style of play.

An elegant and tactically versatile defender, Aldair was capable of playing both as a sweeper and centre back, due to his vision, technical ability and passing range. His confidence on the ball and, in particular, his adeptness at long balls enabled him to advance into midfield and create chances for teammates. Although he was not particularly quick, he was a strong defender who excelled in the air. He also excelled at anticipating opponents with well-timed challenges due to his ability to read the game. In addition to his defensive and technical skills, Aldair was also known for his leadership and sportsmanship throughout his career.

Aldair Nascimento dos Santos (; born 30 November 1965), known simply as Aldair, is a retired Brazilian footballer who played as a defender, and who was part of the Brazil national team that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Aldair Nascimento dos Santos, známý jako Aldair (* 30. listopadu 1965, Ilhéus), je bývalý brazilský fotbalista. Nastupoval především na postu středního obránce.


Etymology.

Višegrad is a Slavic toponym meaning "the upper town/castle/fort".

Geography.

Višegrad is located at the confluence of the Drina river and the Rzav river in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the road from Goražde and Ustiprača towards Užice, Serbia, which is part of the geographical region of Podrinje. It is also part of the historical region of Stari Vlah; the immediate area surrounding the town was historically called "Višegradski Stari Vlah", noted as an ethnographic region in which the population was closer to Užice, located on the Serbian side of the River Drina, than to the surrounding areas.

History.

Middle Ages.

The area was part of the medieval Serbian state of the Nemanjić dynasty; it was part of the Grand Principality of Serbia under Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166–96). In the Middle Ages, Dobrun was a place within the border area with Bosnia, on the road towards Višegrad. After the death of Emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–55), the region came under the rule of magnate Vojislav Vojinović, and then his nephew, "župan" (count) Nikola Altomanović. The Dobrun Monastery was founded by "župan" Pribil and his family, some time before the 1370s. The area then came under the rule of the Kingdom of Bosnia, part of the estate of the Pavlović noble family.  The settlement of Višegrad is mentioned in 1407, but is starting to be more often mentioned after 1427. In the period of 1433–37, a relatively short period, caravans crossed the settlement many times. Many people from Višegrad worked for the Republic of Ragusa. Srebrenica and Višegrad and its surroundings were again in Serbian hands in 1448 after Despot Đurađ Branković defeated Bosnian forces.  According to Turkish sources, in 1454, Višegrad was conquered by the Ottoman Empire led by Osman Pasha. It remained under the Ottoman rule until the Berlin Congress (1878), when Austria-Hungary took control of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Ottoman period.

The Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge was built by the Ottoman architect and engineer Mimar Sinan for Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. Construction of the bridge took place between 1571 and 1577. It still stands, and it is now a tourist attraction, after being inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list.  In 1875, the Serbs from the area between Višegrad and Novi Pazar revolted and formed a volunteer military corps, who fought in the valley of the River Ibar in 1876.

Austro-Hungarian period.

The Bosnian Eastern Railway from Sarajevo to Uvac and Vardište was built through Višegrad during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Construction of the line started in 1903. It was completed in 1906, using the track gauge. With the cost of 75 million gold crowns, which approximately translates to 450 thousand gold crowns per kilometer, it was one of the most expensive railways in the world built by that time. This part of the line was eventually extended to Belgrade in 1928. Višegrad is today part of the narrow-gauge heritage railway Šargan Eight.

World War II.

On 18 April 1941 Ustashe murdered ten Serbs including Dragiša Jakšić, a president of Dobrun municipality. Many Serbs were executed by the fascist Ustashe regime along the Drina Valley for a month during the Genocide of Serbs, especially near Višegrad. Jure Francetić's Black Legion killed thousands of Bosnian Serb civilians and threw their bodies into the Drina river. In 1942, about 6,000 Serbs were killed in the village Miloševići and Stari Brod near Rogatica.  In November 1941, with Italian help, the Serbian royalist Chetniks established a civil and military government in the area of Višegrad, and engaged in genocidal killing of local Bosniaks. Thousands of civilians were massacred in Višegrad in December. In March 1942, 42 Bosniak villagers were burned to death in the village of Drakan.  During the Battle for Višegrad in October 1943, the Chetniks attacked the German garrison and captured the town whose Axis garrison had 350 dead and 400 wounded soldiers. 2,000 Bosniak civilians were killed after the capture of Višegrad. The Yugoslav Partisans took control of Višegrad on 14 February 1945.

Bosnian War.

Višegrad is one of several towns along the River Drina in close proximity to the Serbian border. The town was strategically important during the conflict. A nearby hydroelectric dam provided electricity and also controlled the level of the River Drina, preventing flooding downstream areas. The town is situated on the main road connecting Belgrade and Užice in Serbia with Goražde and Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a vital link for the Užice Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) with the Uzamnica camp as well as other strategic locations implicated in the conflict.  On 6 April 1992, JNA artillery bombarded the town, in particular Bosniak-inhabited neighbourhoods and nearby villages. Murat Šabanović and a group of Bosniak men took several local Serbs hostage and seized control of the hydroelectric dam, threatening to blow it up. Water was released from the dam causing flooding to some houses and streets. Eventually on 12 April, JNA commandos seized the dam. The next day the JNA's Užice Corps took control of Višegrad, positioning tanks and heavy artillery around the town. The population that had fled the town during the crisis returned and the climate in the town remained relatively calm and stable during the later part of April and the first two weeks of May. On 19 May 1992 the Užice Corps officially withdrew from the town and local Serb leaders established control over Višegrad and all municipal government offices. Soon after, local Serbs, police and paramilitaries began one of the most notorious campaigns of ethnic cleansing in the conflict.  There was widespread looting and destruction of houses, and terrorizing of Bosniak civilians, with instances of rape, with a large number of Bosniaks killed in the town, with many bodies were dumped in the River Drina. Men were detained at the barracks at Uzamnica, the Vilina Vlas Hotel and other sites in the area. Vilina Vlas also served as a "brothel", in which Bosniak women and girls (some not yet 14 years old), were brought to by police officers and paramilitary members (White Eagles and Arkan's Tigers). According to victims' reports some 3,000 Bosniaks were murdered in Višegrad and its surroundings, including some 600 women and 119 children. Bosniaks detained at Uzamnica were subjected to inhumane conditions, including regular beatings, torture and strenuous forced labour. Both of the town's mosques were razed. According to victims' reports some 3,000 Bosniaks were murdered in Višegrad and its surroundings, including some 600 women and 119 children. According to the Research and Documentation Center, at least 1,661 Bosniaks were killed/missing in Višegrad.  With the Dayton Agreement, which put an end to the war, Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, the latter which Višegrad became part of.  Before the war, 63% of the town residents were Bosniak. In 2009, only a handful of survivors had returned to what is now a predominantly Serb town. On 5 August 2001, survivors of the massacre returned to Višegrad for the burial of 180 bodies exhumed from mass graves. The exhumation lasted for two years and the bodies were found in 19 different mass graves. The charges of mass rape were unapproved as the prosecutors failed to request them in time. Cousins Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić were convicted on July 20, 2009, to life in prison and 30 years, respectively, for a 1992 killing spree of Muslims.

Economy.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Sport.

The local football club, FK Drina HE Višegrad, competes in the First League of the Republika Srpska.

Culture.

The House of Culture was founded in 1953. Film screenings and other cultural activities take place in there, including amateur drama programs. The City Gallery, which was opened in 1996, is located in the House of Culture. There is also a folk dance ensemble operating in Višegrad under the name KUD "Bikavac".

Višegrad (, ) is a town and municipality located in eastern Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is resting at the confluence of the Drina and the Rzav river. As of 2013, it has a population of 10,668 inhabitants, while the town of Višegrad has a population of 5,869 inhabitants..

Višegrad (srbsky "Вишеград") je město v jihovýchodní Bosně a Hercegovině, na řece Drině. Rozkládá se v hlubokém horském údolí, na přirozeném dopravním tahu mezi srbským městem Užice a bosenskou metropolí Sarajevo. Podle sčítání lidu z roku 2013 mělo 5 869 obyvatel.


History.

Foundation & early years (1924–1927).

The club was founded on 7 August 1924 as "Federación Universitaria" by students and professors of the National University of San Marcos such as José Rubio, the first president, and Dr. Luis Málaga, the creator of the club crest. Others present during the foundation were Plácido Galindo, Eduardo Astengo, Mario de las Casas, Alberto Denegri, Luis de Souza Ferreira and Andrés Rotta. At first, Federacion Universitaria was a small league that held tournaments between the faculty departments of the university.  The National Sports Committee ("El Comité Nacional de Deportes")—the highest-ranking sports committee of Peru at the time—recognized "Federación Universitaria" as an official league; along with other small leagues in Lima and Callao. They all joined the Peruvian Football Federation. Although there was no requirement to play a tournament to be promoted to the Primera División, the club did not play in it between 1924 and 1927. During this period it only played friendly matches with other teams.

The amateur era (1928–1950).

In 1928, the Peruvian Football Federation allowed the club to enter the Peruvian Primera División, the country's premier division. The club surprised opposing and supporting fans that year because they were the runners-up of the season. During that season, on 23 September 1928, Universitario played the first clásico with Alianza Lima, the defending champion of the season, and won 1–0. However, the team lost to Alianza in an end-of-season play-off for the league title after drawing 1–1 in the first leg and losing 2–0 in the second leg. The following year Universitario won its first season title and was crowned Peruvian champion, preventing "los Blanquiazules" from winning a third consecutive title. In 1931, the rector of the university, José Antonio Encinas, forbade the club to use the name "Federación Universitaria". As a result, the club changed its name to "Club Universitario de Deportes" retaining the symbolic "U" in their name. In that same year, 18-year-old Teodoro Fernández, historically known as "Lolo" Fernández, debuted as a regular player of the team in an international friendly against the Deportes Magallanes of Chile.  Universitario's second title, in 1934, generated controversy because according to the season regulations, the season champion would be determined by the points earned by the senior teams and a fraction of the respective reserve teams. Under these regulations, Alianza Lima would be league champions; however, both senior teams had individually attained six wins, one draw, and one loss and the determining factor was the points obtained in the reserve league. Universitario's officials asked that a play-off between the first division teams be played in order to determine the season champion. Alianza Lima agreed to the play-off match and was subsequently won by Universitario with a score of 2–1. But according to other sources, this title Universitario won was not the league title itself, but a secondary title; thus creating controversy. Because of that, Alianza Lima considered itself as the champion of this year. However, the Peruvian Football Federation and the Sports Association of Professional Football, both recognize the title of this year belong to Universitario. Furthermore, in 2012, FIFA published an article in which Universitario appears holding the 1934 championship.  The 1941 season included eight clubs and was played in 2 legs. However, by the twelfth round, the tournament was suspended due to participation of the national team in the South American Championship. Once the season resumed, Universitario de Deportes reached the title after winning their last two games against Atlético Chalaco and Alianza Lima, 1–0 and 3–1 respectively. Back-to-back titles in 1945 and 1946, led to the club's first "bicampeonato" thanks to the offensive trio formed by Víctor Espinoza, Teodoro Fernández and his brother Eduardo Fernández; the three players accounted for 41 goals. The following season, in its worst performance in the amateur era, finished in a mediocre eighth place with Sporting Tabaco and only staved off relegation because both teams refused to play a play-off match to determine the relegated team. Hence, the organizing association of the time decided to suspend relegation for the season. In 1949, the club celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary by winning the championship after winning its last match against Atlético Chalaco 4–3.  In 1950, the last championship in the amateur era took place, where "La U" finished fifth after nine wins, two draws and seven defeats. They finished with seven league titles, one less than Alianza Lima, which held the most titles at the end of the amateur era.

The professional era (1951–present).

Professional football came to Peru in 1951, when the Peruvian Football Federation adapted the championship according to the global guidelines for a professional league, but only with the participation of clubs located in the city of Lima and Province of Callao. The club debuted in the professional era with a win over Mariscal Sucre FBC with a score of 4–1. On 20 July 1952, the inauguration of Teodoro Lolo Fernandez stadium took place, with sporting facilities and a spectator stand which previously belonged to the first national stadium of the country. At the opening, Universitario beat Universidad de Chile by 4–2, with three goals scored by Teodoro Fernández himself. In 1954 Plácido Galindo took the club's presidency, in what was the first of his three administrations at the helm of the institution. Throughout this decade, the club conducted irregular campaigns in the newly professional league, which saw titles shared between Alianza Lima, Sport Boys, Mariscal Sucre, Sporting Cristal, and Centro Iqueño. The title drought of the fifties ended in 1959 when they won their eighth crown, after tying 3–3 with Deportivo Municipal in the final match, totaling fifteen wins, three draws and four losses.  In the 1960s, the club's successes were the greatest yet after winning five more championships. The first of them in 1960 after a scoreless draw with Sport Boys, totaling eleven wins, three draws and four defeats in eighteen games; hence achieving its second "bicampeonato". As 1960 champion, Universitario was the first Peruvian club to qualify to the first Copa de Campeones de América, the first edition of the Copa Libertadores. On 19 April 1961, the club debuted in South America's premier competition in Montevideo, Uruguay against Peñarol, which ended in a loss of 5–0. After finishing third place in two consecutive season, Universitario rose again with the title in 1964, nine points ahead of second place. At the end of 1965, the Peruvian Football Federation expanded the professional league to the entire country by creating the first national tournament as the Torneo Descentralizado, or Decentralized Tournament. In 1966, the first Descentralizado was played. Under the leadership of manager Marcos Calderón, became the first national champion after nineteen wins, three draws and four defeats. In 1967, Universitario successfully defended its crown, winning its third "bicampeonato". On 27 February 1968 in the Copa Libertadores, Universitario achieved its biggest win in Copa Libertadores against Always Ready of Bolivia by 6–0. The club finished the decade with a third national title after drawing 1–1 with Atlético Grau in the league final.

1972 Copa Libertadores.

In 1971, Universitario won its fourteenth First División title and qualified for the 1972 edition of the Copa Libertadores under the Uruguayan head coach Roberto Scarone along with Alianza Lima who placed second that season. They were grouped with the Chilean teams Unión San Felipe and Universidad de Chile in Group 4. Universitario's first game was the Peruvian Superclásico which it won 2–1. The following game was held in Santiago de Chile against Universidad de Chile where it lost 1–0. Universitario later tied with the other Chilean team in Santiago. Universitario returned to Lima to face Alianza Lima again where they tied 2–2. At that point, Universitario and Universidad de Chile had accumulated 4 points while Alianza Lima and Unión San Felipe had 3. Universitario won the remaining games against the Chilean teams in Lima, obtaining 8 points and qualifying for the next round.  Universitario was grouped with the Uruguayan clubs Peñarol—a three-time winner of the Copa Libertadores—and Nacional—the previous edition's winner—in the semi-final group stage. La U started off losing their first match against Peñarol in Lima. In that match, La U did not play with five of their starting players because they were called to play for the Peru national football team. However, they won the following game against Nacional 3–0. They then visited both teams in Montevideo tying both games, 3–3 against Nacional and 1–1 against Peñarol. Universitario had accumulated 4 points and there was only one game left between Peñarol and Nacional, which had 4 and 2 points respectively. All three teams had a chance of qualifying for the next round. Peñarol only needed a win but Nacional needed a win by 5 goals. The game ended 3–0 in favor of Nacional allowing Universitario to qualify for the final round where they would face Independiente.  The first leg of the final was played in Lima where they tied 0–0. The game in Argentina ended 2–1 in favor of the Argentines; Percy Rojas scored the late goal for Universitario. This was Percy Rojas' sixth goal in the tournament. He, along with Oswaldo Ramírez, Teófilo Cubillas, and Toninho, were the top-scorers. Although Universitario lost, they had achieved something a Peruvian club had never before, reach the final of the Copa Libertadores, the most prestigious international competition in South America.  Two years later, in 1974, the club celebrated its 50th anniversary, created a football school for minors and finished the year as champion under the leadership of Argentine Juan Eduardo Hohberg.

The regional tournaments (1980–1991).

The 1980s of Peruvian football began to see notable changes in the competition format. The 1982 season saw the tournament played in group stages. Universitario advanced from its Metropolitan Group to Group B of the second stage and finally to the four-team group final, known as the Liguilla. Universitario successfully defeated all of its opponents in the Liguilla and reached its sixteenth first division title. The decisive victory was against Deportivo Municipal after a lone goal by Hugo Gastulo. In 1985, José Luis Carranza, to become an important icon of the club, debuted on the first team. Universitario won the Torneo Regional, or Regional Tournament, of the early season successfully remained at the top of the league by advancing to the Liguilla by placing second in the Torneo Descentrlizado and conquering the Liguilla by winning all five matches played, the last of which was a 4–0 win over Los Espartanos de Pacasmayo with goals by Miguel Seminario, Fidel Suárez, Eduardo Rey Muñoz and Jaime Drago. As Universitario won both tournaments of the season, they were automatically declared 1985 champions. Universitario de Deportes returned to the top of Peruvian football in 1987. As in 1985, Universitario began the season by winning the Regional Tournament, which put them in the season final to face off the winner of the Descentralizado for the national title. The Descentralizado went to their classic rival, Alianza Lima which meant the season final would be contested as another edition of the Clásico. Also, both Universitario and Alianza Lima reached the final with seventeen first division titles under their belts. The defining derby was won by Universitario with a single goal by Fidel Suárez, overcoming the tie they had in the most Peruvian titles. In 1990, with the arrival of Fernando Cuellar as coach, Universitario de Deportes won the First Regional Tournament of the season, automatically advancing to the season final where they faced Sport Boys, winner of the Second Regional Tournament.

The mid-nineties (1992–1997).

In the year 1992, the national championship regulations were generally amended again by dropping the regional tournaments and returning to a similar system before the 1980s where the clubs would first play in a league and subsequently advance to the Liguilla. The club won the title a week before the final round, after defeating CD San Agustín 4–1, with goals two goals from Ronald Baroni and the remaining coming from César Charún and José Luis Carranza. With Sergio Markarián in charge of the first team, "la U" defended its title in 1993, achieving a new "bicampeonato" for the club. The defining match that gave Universitario its twenty-first title was a 3–0 over San Agustín; two goals were scored by Jorge Amado Nunes and one by Roberto Martinez. This was the fourth time in the club's history that it won back-to-back titles.

The treble (1998–2000).

By winning in 1998, 1999, and 2000, Universitario won their first treble or "Tricampeonato". The 1998 title was won under Oswaldo Piazza, Miguel Company and Roberto Challe led the club to the other two titles. It was the third Peruvian team to do this; the first being in the amateur era won by Alianza Lima and the second in the early nineties by Sporting Cristal. It was also during the 2000 season that they were the second Peruvian club to win an Apertura and Clausura in a single season; the first being Alianza Lima in 1997. In the Copa Libertadores, Universitario made it to the Round of 16 in 1998 but lost to Vélez Sársfield. In 1999 and 2000 they failed to advance past the group stage. Universitario also participated in all four editions of the Copa Merconorte between 1999 and 2001 but did not have a lot of success, being eliminated in the group stage all four times.

Recent decade (2001–2010).

Universitario saw little success after its "Tricampeonato". In 2002, Universitario beat Alianza Lima in the Apertura two-legged play-off but were unable to finish in the top four of the 2002 Clausura and were ineligible to dispute the national title. In 2005, Universitario placed first on the aggregate table and qualified for the 2006 Copa Libertadores, where they won on away goals against Nacional in the first phase of the tournament, however, they were eliminated in the group stage. Universitario continually failed to win a twenty-fifth national title but qualified to the Copa Sudamericana in 2007 and 2008. In both editions, they were eliminated in the first stage.  Minor success came in 2008 when Ricardo Gareca led Universitario to an Apertura tournament. The last time they won an Apertura title was in 2002. They won the tournament on their twenty-second game 10 points ahead of Sporting Cristal and four games away from the end of the Apertura. They defeated Cienciano 3–1 to secure first place and accumulated 50 points to win the title. They qualified for the 2009 Copa Libertadores but did not finish in the top seven of the Clausura and consequently could not contest the season final for the national title against Universidad San Martín. In 2009, following the resignation of Ricardo Gareca the club hired Juan Reynoso as the new manager, a former player of the club in the 90s and with a long history in the Mexican football. Much of the 2008 squad remained for the 2009 season, but with the departure of some notable players like Héctor Hurtado, Mayer Candelo and Donny Neyra. The most important signing prior to the 2009 season was Nolberto Solano. Other players to arrive were Carlos Orejuela, John Galliquio, Piero Alva, Francisco Bazán, Rodolfo Espinoza, and Ronaille Calheira. Reynoso intelligently led Universitario to the season final which would be a repeat of the 1987 final in which they would face arch-rival Alianza Lima. Universitario won both legs; in the first leg they won 1–0 with a goal from Piero Alva in and in the second leg Nolberto Solano scored the defining goal from the penalty mark in the tenth minute of play. As of 2009, Universitario has twenty-five Primera División titles. The first seven titles won by Universitario were during the amateur era. The remaining eighteen titles were won during the professional era, the most any Peruvian club has.  The balance of the 2009 tournament could not be better, as the Universitario had the highest cumulative score, claimed victory in the four "super clásicos" of the year, and ensured their participation in the Copa Libertadores 2010.  In the continental tournament "la U" was part of Group 4 of the Copa Libertadores 2010 with Blooming, Lanús from Argentina and Libertad. In the first game scored an away victory to Blooming 2–1. A week later defeated by a score of 2–0 to Lanús and then tied 0–0 with Libertad, this meeting was the number 200 in the history of the club in the Copa Libertadores.  Universitario ended his participation in the group stage with three more draws for a total of 10 points, and alongside Brazilian teams Internacional and São Paulo became the best defenders in the tournament to receive only two goals against. Coincidentally, the São Paulo was the merengue's rival in the knockout stage, both matches ended 0–0 so the winner was decided by penalty kicks resulting in the Brazilian club winning 3–1. La U left the Cup undefeated, having achieved 2 wins and 6 draws,  Meanwhile, in the league the club had its worst season start in history after being defeated during the first three games of the season. The team quickly recovered with three straight wins and not again suffer defeat until the twelfth journey when they lost by 1:0 before the León de Huánuco in visitor status. Once again a number of problems dirigenciales and constant technical changes not allowed the team to fulfill a good season. During the first part of the tournament the Chamber of Conciliation and Dispute Resolution Peruvian Football Federation took away two points for having an outstanding debt to Ricardo Gareca and finished in fifth place with 51 points product of 16 wins, 5 draws and 9 defeats. In the second stage championship of the "U" joined the league odd in which it scored 5 wins and 6 ties for a total of 72 points and obtain the qualification for the Copa Sudamericana 2011.

Colors and badge.

Universitario's colors are cream ("crema" in Spanish), burgundy ("granate" in Spanish), and black. When playing a home game they use the cream-colored kit with black socks and when playing away they use the burgundy-colored kit with black socks.  The club's colors at first were not cream. They started out with a white kit which had the badge on the chest. During one of their early seasons, Universitario could not participate in an upcoming match because their uniforms had been sent to the laundry to be washed. The managers pleaded that they hurry with the laundry and they quickly washed them. However, when the club received the jerseys, they found that they were no longer white, but yellow. The laundry workers had forgotten to remove the badges from the jerseys and consequently the red color from the badges mixed with the white jerseys giving it a yellow tint. The club had no choice but to use the jersey to play. They managed to win that game and a few others as well and thus the club kept the new-colored kit as a good-luck charm.  The badge is a red U inside a deep-red circle drawn by Luis Malaga, one of the founders of the club.

Stadium.

Universitario's first stadium was "Estadio Lolo Fernandez". It had a capacity of 15,000. Its capacity was reduced to 4,000 and now serves as a football academy for its club members and hosts football games for the Segunda División reserve team "América Cochahuayco" and youth teams in the youth divisions. It was built in honor of Teodoro "Lolo" Fernandez, Universitario's most revered player.  Estadio Monumental is a stadium that was built by the Peruvian construction company Gremco throughout the 1990s and opened in 2000, replacing "Estadio Lolo Fernandez" and the "Nacional". The inauguration game was between Universitario and Sporting Cristal; Universitario won 2–0. It was given to Universitario the same year it was opened and they now own the largest stadium in Peru with a capacity of 85,000. This stadium is the third largest in South America. Its eastern and western stands are all-seaters and its northern and southern stands have standing terraces. Exactly 1,251 luxury boxes, known as "palcos", are above the stands.  The stadium was deemed not fit to host the classic derby between Universitario and Alianza Lima between 2002 and 2007 by the Peruvian Police. The first time this stadium hosted the derby was on 26 June 2002—the first leg of the Apertura play-off—where Universitario won 1–0. Alianza's fans, in the southern stand, reacted violently to the loss by vandalizing the premises and causing two reported stabbings. Consequently, La U was forced to play all future derbies at Estadio Nacional where the Instituto Peruano del Deporte installed artificial turf which is constantly criticized by the First Division players. For the next five years this derby was not played at this stadium. On 14 September 2008, the derby returned to the Estadio Monumental with a loss for Universitario.  This stadium was rejected as a venue for the Copa América 2004 because of problems with Alfredo Gonzalez, President of Universitario de Deportes, and the stadium's owners. Many saw this as a typical bullying behavior on the part of the president since this stadium would have been the perfect venue to host the 2004 Copa América intro as well as final games.

Supporters.

Universitario's supporters are one of the largest in Peru, only rivaled by Alianza Lima's supporters. Universitario's ultra groups are known as "Barra Oriente" and "Trinchera Norte". Asociación Barra Dale U, the official name of the Barra Oriente, started in 1968 that notably grew over the years. Trinchera Norte is a barra brava that was formed in 1988; in contrast to Alianza Lima's supporters, named "Comando Svr", "Sicarios", and others.  In contrast with the more proletarian-oriented Alianza Lima supporter base, Universitario fans have traditionally come from middle- and upper-class sectors of Lima. They are also known to embrace far-right symbols and ideologies. It is common for their ultra groups to use names that extol fascism, such as Holocausto (Holocaust), and to display nazi symbols.  The two most popular teams in Peru are Universitario and Alianza Lima. They are at the top of the polls conducted by many different groups. The group Apoyo, Opinion y Mercado in 2006 revealed that Alianza Lima was popular amongst 35%, followed by Universitario, with 32%. In 2005, a study by "Grupo de Opinión Pública de la Universidad de Lima" showed that Universitario was the most popular team in Lima and Callao with 31.7% followed by Alianza Lima with 29.3%. However, in 2006 and 2007 Alianza Lima appeared first in their polls. There was a narrow margin in 2007 as Alianza Lima reached 29.6% and Universitario followed with 29.5% under a margin of error of ±4.16% In 2009, the university's results varied because Alianza reached first with 40% and Universitario second with 35.5% under a margin of error of ±4.47%. Another group known as CPI, revealed in May 2008 that Universitario was favored by 32% whilst Alianza Lima was favored by 33.5% under a margen of error of 2.7% at the national level. This report was divided into two parts. In the metropolitan capital, Universitario led with 42.8% and Alianza tailed behind with 39.9%. In the rest of the country, Universitario had a larger lead with 31.5% opposed to Alianza's 24.1%. In 2009, CPI released another poll indicating the Universitario was still the most popular team in Peru with 38.6% while Alianza reached 33.1%. A survey conducted by "Grupo de Opinión Pública de la Universidad de Lima" in February 2009, said that Alianza Lima ranked first in popularity with 27.2%; Universitario second with 26.6%. However, a second poll released by the same university group in September of the same year ranked Universitario first with 37.9% and Alianza second with 36.6%. The most recent report from the group indicates that Universitario has more sympathizers than Alianza with 40.6% over 36.% in the Province of Lima and Callao. In 2010, South American Football Confederation (Conmebol) stated that Universitario is the most popular team in Perú.

Women's team.

The women's team won the national championship in 2015 and 2016. It represented Peru at the Copa Libertadores Femenina in 2015 and finished 4th in their group.

Technical staff.

Noted managers.

Seventeen managers won at least one major trophy with the club but only fourteen won the Primera División. Arturo Fernández and Marcos Calderon won a record four major titles with the club. Roberto Scarone won 3 first division titles and also led the club to its first Copa Libertadores final in 1972. Universitario's first manager, Mario de las Casas, led the club to its first championship as a player-manager. Jack Greenwell, the club's only English manager in its history, won the club's second first division title and went on to succeed with the Peru national football team.  Three managers—Miguel Company, Ángel Cappa, and Ricardo Gareca—won a Torneo Apertura trophy but did not win the national championship. Company left the team shortly after winning the 1999 Torneo Apertura whilst Cappa resigned from his position after winning the 2002 Torneo Apertura due to financial difficulties in the club. Gareca was unable to reach the final championship match because of a string of poor results in the 2008 Torneo Clausura.

Honours.

Ranking.

Club Ranking for 2010–11 (Previous year rank in italics, IFFHS Club Coefficients in parentheses)

Average home attendances of Universitario de Deportes.

2017 Verano: 10,807  2017 Apertura: 10,729  2016 Clausura: 15,107  2016: Apertura: 14,105

Club Universitario de Deportes, popularly known as Universitario and La "U", is a Peruvian football club located in Lima. The club was founded in 1924 under the name Federación Universitaria by students of the National University of San Marcos but was forced to rename in 1931. Since 1928, the club competes in the top tier of Peruvian football, the Torneo Descentralizado. In 2000, they opened the 85,000-capacity stadium Estadio Monumental, currently the largest stadium in Peru and South America, retiring their smaller Estadio Teodoro Lolo Fernández. Universitario and Alianza Lima participate in the Peruvian Clásico, which has its roots in the club's first participation in the Primera División in 1928. It also has rivalries with Sporting Cristal, Deportivo Municipal, and Sport Boys.

Club Universitario de Deportes je fotbalový klub z peruánského hlavního města Lima. Byl založen 7. srpna 1924 studenty Národní univerzity San Marcos jako "Federación Universitaria", současný název nese od roku 1932. Klubové barvy jsou bordó a bílá. Jednoduchý klubový emblém se skládá z kruhu, v němž je velké písmeno U.


Origins and songwriting.

Sting wrote the song in 1982 in the aftermath of his separation from Frances Tomelty and the beginning of his relationship with Trudie Styler; their split was controversial. As "The Independent" reported in 2006, "The problem was, he was already married – to actress Frances Tomelty, who just happened to be Trudie's best friend (Sting and Frances lived next door to Trudie in Bayswater, West London, for several years before the two of them became lovers). The affair was widely condemned."  To escape the public eye, Sting retreated to the Caribbean. He started writing the song at Ian Fleming's writing desk on the Goldeneye estate in Oracabessa, Jamaica. The lyrics are the words of a possessive lover who is watching "every breath you take; every move you make". Sting recalled:  Sting later said he was disconcerted by how many people think the song is more positive than it is. He insists it is about the obsession with a lost lover, and the jealousy and surveillance that follow. "One couple told me 'Oh we love that song; it was the main song played at our wedding!' I thought, 'Well, good luck.'" When asked why he appears angry in the music video, Sting told BBC Radio 2, "I think the song is very, very sinister and ugly and people have actually misinterpreted it as being a gentle little love song, when it's quite the opposite." Gary T. Marx, sociologist and scholar of surveillance studies, wrote in 1988 that, while the song was "a love rather than a protest song", it "nicely captures elements of the new surveillance". He compared the lines to various new technologies of surveillance, including linking "every breath you take" to breath analyzers, "every step you take" to ankle monitors, and "every vow you break" to voice stress analysis.  According to the "Back to Mono" box-set book, "Every Breath You Take" is influenced by a Gene Pitney song titled "Every Breath I Take". Led Zeppelin's song, "D'yer Mak'er" (1973), also contains the words "every breath I take; every move I make". The song has an AABACABA structure.  The demo of the song was recorded in an eight-track suite in North London's Utopia studios and featured Sting singing over a Hammond organ. A few months later, he presented the song to the other band members when they reconvened at George Martin's AIR Studios in Montserrat to work on the "Synchronicity" album. While recording, guitarist Andy Summers came up with a guitar part inspired by Béla Bartók that would later become a trademark lick, and played it straight through in one take. He was asked to put guitar onto a simple backing track of bass, drums, and a single vocal, with Sting offering no directive beyond "make it your own". Summers remembered:  The recording process was fraught with difficulties as personal tensions between the band members, particularly Sting and drummer Stewart Copeland, came to the fore. Producer Hugh Padgham claimed that by the time of the recording sessions, Sting and Copeland "hated each other", with verbal and physical fights in the studio common. The tensions almost led to the recording sessions being cancelled until a meeting involving the band and the group's manager, Miles Copeland (Stewart's brother), resulted in an agreement to continue.  Keyboard parts were added from Roland guitar synthesizers, a Prophet-5 and an Oberheim synthesiser. The single-note piano in the middle eight was recommended by Padgham, inspired by similar work that he had done with the group XTC. The drum track was largely created through separate overdubs of each percussive instrument, with the main backbeat created by simultaneously playing a snare and a gong drum. To give the song more liveliness, Padgham asked Copeland to record his drum part in the studio's dining room in order to achieve some "special sound effects". The room, however, was so hot that Copeland's drum sticks had to be taped to his hands to avoid slippage.

Music video.

The song had a music video (directed by duo Godley & Creme) loosely based on Gjon Mili's 1944 short film "Jammin' the Blues". Shot in black-and-white with a navy blue tint, the video depicts the band, accompanied by a pianist and string section, performing the song in a darkened ballroom as a man washes the floor-to-ceiling window behind them. Sting performs his part on upright bass rather than bass guitar.  The video was praised for its cinematography; MTV (1999), "Rolling Stone" (1993), and VH1 (2001) named it one of the best music videos ever, placing it 16th, 61st, & 33rd in their respective top 100 lists. Daniel Pearl won the first MTV cinematography award for his work on the video. Released in the early days of MTV, "Every Breath You Take" was one of the earliest videos to enter heavy rotation, a fact that significantly contributed to the popularity of the song. Pop star Richard Marx remembers that "the first video I watched over and over was 'Every Breath You Take'. It was like seeing a Bergman film. Directors usually spelled out every word of the lyrics in a video, but this was the first video I knew that didn't do that. It was abstract." According to A&M co-founder Jeff Ayeroff, "[The video for] 'Every Breath You Take' probably cost $75,000 to $100,000, and we sold over 5 million albums. With a good video, the return on your investment was phenomenal."

Commercial performance.

"Every Breath You Take" was released as a single in 1983, with "Murder by Numbers", a composition by Summers and Sting, on the B-side. It reached No. 1 in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Israel, Ireland, and South Africa.  In the 1983 "Rolling Stone" critics and readers poll, it was voted "Song of the Year". In the US, it was the best-selling single of 1983 and fifth-best-selling single of the decade. "Billboard" ranked it as the song for 1983.  The single became the biggest US and UK hit of 1983, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks (the band's only hit on that chart), and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also topped the "Billboard" Top Tracks chart for nine weeks.  At the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, the song was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, and Record of the Year, winning in the first two categories. Sting received the 1983 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.

Legacy.

Two cover versions charted on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles chart in 1983: Rich Landers at number 68 and Mason Dixon at number 69.  In 1999, "Every Breath You Take" was listed as one of the Top 100 Songs of the Century by BMI. In May 2019, BMI updated the list and “Every Breath You Take” was recognized as the Most Performed Song in BMI’s catalogue, a distinction previously held by Mann and Weill’s “You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'”. In 2003, VH1 ranked the song the No. 2 greatest breakup song. As of 2003, Sting was making an average of $2000 per day in royalties for the song.  In October 2007, Sting was awarded a Million-Air certificate for nine million airplays of "Every Breath You Take" at the BMI Awards show in London.  "Every Breath You Take" is the Police's and Sting's signature song, and in 2010 was estimated to generate between a quarter and a third of Sting's music publishing income. In May 2019, it was recognized by BMI as being the most played song in radio history. With nearly 15 million radio plays, Sting received a BMI Award at a ceremony held at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills to mark it being the Most Performed Song in BMI's catalogue, a distinction previously held since 1999 by Mann and Weill's "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'". BMI President and CEO Mike O'Neill stated: "For the first time in 22 years, BMI has a new top song in our repertoire with Sting's timeless hit 'Every Breath You Take,' a remarkable achievement that solidifies its place in songwriting history."  The song ranked on the "Rolling Stone" list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It also ranked number 25 on "Billboard"s Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs. In 2008, "Q" magazine named it among the top 10 British Songs of the 1980s. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's favourite 1980s number one in a UK-wide poll for ITV.  The song is sampled in Puff Daddy's 1997 hit "I'll Be Missing You," which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks and won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group; Sting ultimately participated in a performance of "I'll Be Missing You" at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards.  According to Copeland:

Accolades.

It is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.On the 60th anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, on "Billboard" released the "Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles" chart where the song was ranked No. 29. On the 50th anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 Chart, the song was ranked No. 25 on "Billboard"'s "The All-Time Top 100 Songs" chart.  Disc One Disc Two

"Every Breath You Take" is a song by the English rock band The Police from their album "Synchronicity" (1983). Written by Sting, the single was the biggest US and UK hit of 1983, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks (the band's only hit on that chart), and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also topped the "Billboard" Top Tracks chart for nine weeks.

"Every Breath You Take" je skladba anglické rockové skupiny The Police, která pochází z alba "Synchronicity" z roku 1983. Skladbu napsali Sting a Andy Summers (ale oficiálně je uváděn pouze Sting). Singl se stal jedním z největších hitů roku 1983, přičemž dosáhl 1. místa v žebříčku Billboard Hot 100 a na této pozici se udržel osm týdnů a v UK Singles Chart čtyři týdny. Také zůstal na vrcholu žebříčku "Billboard" Top Tracks po dobu devíti týdnů. Sting vyhrál v kategorii "Song of the Year" a The Police vyhráli v kategorii "Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal" během Grammy Awards 1984. Skladba se zařadila na 84. místo v seznamu 500 Greatest Songs of All Time časopisu "Rolling Stone" a na 25. místo v seznamu Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs časopisu "Billboard". Skladba je považována za tzv. signature song skupiny The Police.


Classical collision attack.

Mathematically stated, a collision attack finds two different messages "m1" and "m2", such that "hash(m1)" = "hash(m2)". In a classical collision attack, the attacker has no control over the content of either message, but they are arbitrarily chosen by the algorithm.  Much like symmetric-key ciphers are vulnerable to brute force attacks, every cryptographic hash function is inherently vulnerable to collisions using a birthday attack. Due to the birthday problem, these attacks are much faster than a brute force would be. A hash of "n" bits can be broken in 2 time (evaluations of the hash function).  More efficient attacks are possible by employing cryptanalysis to specific hash functions. When a collision attack is discovered and is found to be faster than a birthday attack, a hash function is often denounced as "broken". The NIST hash function competition was largely induced by published collision attacks against two very commonly used hash functions, MD5 and SHA-1. The collision attacks against MD5 have improved so much that, as of 2007, it takes just a few seconds on a regular computer. Hash collisions created this way are usually constant length and largely unstructured, so cannot directly be applied to attack widespread document formats or protocols.  However, workarounds are possible by abusing dynamic constructs present in many formats. In this way, two documents would be created which are as similar as possible in order to have the same hash value. One document would be shown to an authority to be signed, and then the signature could be copied to the other file. Such a malicious document would contain two different messages in the same document, but conditionally display one or the other through subtle changes to the file:

Chosen-prefix collision attack.

An extension of the collision attack is the chosen-prefix collision attack, which is specific to Merkle–Damgård hash functions. In this case, the attacker can choose two arbitrarily different documents, and then append different calculated values that result in the whole documents having an equal hash value. This attack is much more powerful than a classical collision attack.  Mathematically stated, given two different prefixes "p1, p2", the attack finds two appendages "m1" and "m2" such that "hash(p1 ∥ m1)" = "hash(p2 ∥ m2)" (where "∥" is the concatenation operation).  In 2007, a chosen-prefix collision attack was found against MD5, requiring roughly 2 evaluations of the MD5 function. The paper also demonstrates two X.509 certificates for different domain names, with colliding hash values. This means that a certificate authority could be asked to sign a certificate for one domain, and then that certificate (specially its signature) could be used to create a new rogue certificate to impersonate another domain.  A real-world collision attack was published in December 2008 when a group of security researchers published a forged X.509 signing certificate that could be used to impersonate a certificate authority, taking advantage of a prefix collision attack against the MD5 hash function. This meant that an attacker could impersonate any SSL-secured website as a man-in-the-middle, thereby subverting the certificate validation built in every web browser to protect electronic commerce. The rogue certificate may not be revokable by real authorities, and could also have an arbitrary forged expiry time. Even though MD5 was known to be very weak in 2004, certificate authorities were still willing to sign MD5-verified certificates in December 2008, and at least one Microsoft code-signing certificate was still using MD5 in May 2012.  The Flame malware successfully used a new variation of a chosen-prefix collision attack to spoof code signing of its components by a Microsoft root certificate that still used the compromised MD5 algorithm.  In 2019, researchers found a chosen-prefix collision attack against SHA-1 with computing complexity between 2 and 2 and cost less than 100,000 US dollars. In 2020, researchers reduced the complexity of chosen-prefix collision attack against SHA-1 to 2.

Attack scenarios.

Many applications of cryptographic hash functions do not rely on collision resistance, thus collision attacks do not affect their security. For example, HMACs are not vulnerable. For the attack to be useful, the attacker must be in control of the input to the hash function.

Digital signatures.

Because digital signature algorithms cannot sign a large amount of data efficiently, most implementations use a hash function to reduce ("compress") the amount of data that needs to be signed down to a constant size. Digital signature schemes are often vulnerable to hash collisions, unless using techniques like randomized hashing.  The usual attack scenario goes like this:  In 2008, researchers used a chosen-prefix collision attack against MD5 using this scenario, to produce a rogue certificate authority certificate. They created two versions of a TLS public key certificate, one of which appeared legitimate and was submitted for signing by the RapidSSL certificate authority. The second version, which had the same MD5 hash, contained flags which signal web browsers to accept it as a legitimate authority for issuing arbitrary other certificates.

Usage in DOS attacks.

In 2003, a denial of service (DOS) attack was described that used hash collisions to exploit the worst-case runtime of hash table lookups. This issue affected most major programming languages, as they used weaker hash functions.

In cryptography, a collision attack on a cryptographic hash tries to find two inputs producing the same hash value, i.e. a hash collision. This is in contrast to a preimage attack where a specific target hash value is specified.

V kryptografii je kolizní útok () na kryptografické hašovací funkci pokusem o nalezení dvou vstupů produkujících stejnou haš hodnotu, tedy kolizi. Na rozdíl od útoku na jednocestnost (preimage attack) není haš hodnota předem dána.


Playing career.

Club career.

Blind made his professional football debut on 29 August 1979 with Sparta Rotterdam. He stayed under contract with Sparta for seven seasons when in July 1986 he transferred to Ajax, attracted there by manager Johan Cruyff. Blind's signing, however, was much to the chagrin of Ajax superstar Marco van Basten, who was upset that his manager had brought in a relatively unknown, defensive player from a fairly small club like Sparta, instead of splashing out on a big-money, big-name transfer. With Ajax, Blind amassed an impressive trophy list, winning all three European trophies (UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1987, the UEFA Cup in 1992 and the UEFA Champions League in 1995). He also secured the Intercontinental Cup in 1995 against Brazil's Grêmio by scoring the winning penalty in the penalty shoot-out.  Blind was again a penalty hero when he converted twice against Real Zaragoza in the European Super Cup Final of 1995, which Ajax won 5–1 over the two legs. The two penalties Blind converted were in the 65th and 69th minutes of the second leg.  Domestically, with Ajax, he won five Dutch Eredivisie Championships and four national cups. He retired on 16 May 1999.  Blind was known for being a solid, dependable defender and a leader on the field. However, he was also a technically gifted and cultured player who could pass and strike the ball well for a non-attacking player. Whilst famous for being a centre back, Blind started his career as a right full-back.

International career.

Blind gained 42 caps for the Netherlands over a ten-year period, scoring once against Greece in a UEFA Euro 1992 qualifier. He made his debut in 1986 against Scotland but was not capped at all in 1987 or 1988, an absence which meant he missed being a part of the triumphant UEFA Euro 1988 side. He did, however, appear at the 1990 and 1994 World Cups and the 1992 and 1996 European Championships, retiring after the latter.

Management career.

Blind was head coach at Ajax from 14 March 2005 (appointed as successor to Ronald Koeman) until 10 May 2006, after only 422 days in charge. He led Ajax to victory in the KNVB Cup and the Johan Cruyff Shield.  In 2007–08, Blind became football director at his old club, Sparta Rotterdam. On 15 May 2008, he returned to Ajax to become the new football director in Amsterdam but switched roles when Martin Jol joined the club to assistant-trainer. Moving to the position of technical director for Ajax at the beginning of the 2011–12 season, on 9 February 2012 it was announced that Blind would retire from his duties as technical director at Ajax, concluding a heated dispute surrounding the club's board of directors.  On 1 July 2015, Blind was named Guus Hiddink's successor as manager of the Dutch national team. He failed to lead them to Euro 2016, and he put the 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign at stake after more meagre results. He was sacked by the Dutch FA on 26 March 2017, the day after losing 2-0 away at Bulgaria, which left their chances of qualification in serious doubt.

Personal life.

Blind is the father of professional footballer Daley Blind, who played for Ajax from 2008 to 2014, and returned in 2018 after a 4-year stint with Manchester United.

Dirk Franciscus "Danny" Blind (; born 1 August 1961) is a former Dutch international football player. He played as a defender for Sparta Rotterdam, Ajax and the Netherlands national team.

Dirk Franciscus "Danny" Blind (* 1. srpna 1961, Oost-Souburg) je bývalý nizozemský fotbalista. Nastupoval především na postu obránce. V současnosti je trenérem A-mužstva nizozemské reprezentace. V letech 1995 a 1996 byl vyhlášen nizozemským fotbalistou roku, v anketě "Gouden Schoen", kterou od roku 1982 společně pořádaly noviny "De Telegraaf" a nizozemský fotbalový magazín "Voetbal International".


Early life and education.

Goddard was born in Houston, Texas and was raised in Los Alamos, New Mexico, the son of Colleen Mary (Hogan), a teacher, and Dr. Laurence Woodbury Goddard. He attended Los Alamos High School and graduated in 1993. He then enrolled in University of Colorado Boulder and graduated with B.A. in English in 1997.

Career.

2000s.

"Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel".

Goddard started his career as a staff writer for "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel", receiving a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation for the former.

"Alias" and "Lost".

In 2005, he joined J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot team, where he wrote for both "Alias" and "Lost", winning—along with the "Lost" writing staff—the Writers Guild of America (WGA) Award for Best Dramatic Series. In 2006, during its third season, Goddard became the co-executive producer of "Lost".

"Cloverfield".

By February 2007, Goddard wrote his first feature, "Cloverfield", directed by Matt Reeves and produced by J. J. Abrams. "Cloverfield" made $168 million on a $25 million budget. "Empire" named it the fifth best film of 2008, and the film then went on to win the year's Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film.

2010s.

"The Cabin in the Woods".

Goddard's directorial debut, "The Cabin in the Woods", was co-written with Joss Whedon. "The Cabin in the Woods" was featured on Metacritic's best films of 2012 list, in addition to earning a 92% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film would go on to win the year's Saturn Award for Best Horror or Thriller Film, as well as garnering Goddard Saturn's "Filmmaker Showcase Award".

"World War Z".

In 2012, Goddard—in addition to J. Michael Straczynski, Matthew Michael Carnahan and "Lost" showrunner Damon Lindelof—rewrote the third act of the screenplay ahead of reshoots for the film "World War Z" starring Brad Pitt and directed by Marc Forster. The film grossed $540 million on a $190 million budget. As a result, in June 2013, Paramount announced that it was moving ahead with a sequel.

"Daredevil" and "The Defenders".

In December 2013, Marvel officially announced that Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for the "Daredevil" television series produced by Marvel Television and broadcast on Netflix in 2015. Sony Pictures also announced that Goddard would write and direct a film based on the Sinister Six, though the project was eventually cancelled. In May 2014, Goddard withdrew from showrunning duties on the "Daredevil" TV series. In February 2015, after the deal between Marvel and Sony to share the rights to Spider-Man was announced, it was reported that Goddard was in talks with Sony to helm the new Spider-Man reboot film, although it was later announced that Jon Watts would be the director. Goddard also executive produced and co-wrote an episode of the miniseries "The Defenders". The series featured a team-up of the Marvel Television superheroes, including Daredevil. It was released on Netflix in August 2017.

"The Martian".

Goddard wrote the film adaptation of Andy Weir's debut novel "The Martian", initially planning to direct it himself for 20th Century Fox. He later left the project when offered a chance to direct "Sinister Six", a now-canceled comic book adaptation based on a team of supervillains. "The Martian" was instead directed by Ridley Scott, and received wide critical acclaim. Goddard himself received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.

"Bad Times at the El Royale".

Goddard wrote, directed and produced the crime mystery thriller film "Bad Times at the El Royale", which was released on October 12, 2018, to positive reviews. The film features an ensemble cast, which includes Jeff Bridges, Cynthia Erivo, Dakota Johnson, Jon Hamm, and Chris Hemsworth.

Andrew Brion Hogan Goddard (born February 26, 1975) is an American film and television screenwriter, director, and producer. He began his career as a writer on television series, such as "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Alias", and "Lost". He also created the Netflix superhero series "Daredevil".

Andrew Brion Hogan „Drew“ Goddard (* 26. února 1975 Houston, Texas) je americký filmový a televizní scenárista a režisér. Svoji kariéru začal v roce 2002 jako scenárista v poslední řadě seriálu "Buffy, přemožitelka upírů". Po jeho ukončení napsal několik scénářů pro poslední řadu seriálu "Angel". Od roku 2005 spolupracoval s J. J. Abramsem – jako scenárista působil u jeho seriálů "Alias" a "Ztraceni". Roku 2008 napsal svůj první celovečerní film "Monstrum", k jeho dalším scenáristickým dílům patří snímky "Světová válka Z" (2013) a "Marťan" (2015). Spoluautorsky se podílel scénáři filmu "Chata v horách" (2012), který se stal i jeho režijním debutem. Také je autorem seriálu "Daredevil" (2015–dosud). V roce 2018 napsal a natočil snímek "Zlý časy v El Royale".


Club career.

Kartalspor.

Servet Çetin joined Kartalspor in 1990 after the club manager called his house looking for his older brother İrfan who was playing as a midfielder for the club at the time. Servet informed the club's manager that his older brother was not home and would not be returning until later that evening. The club's manager, in a bind to find players for the match later that day, questioned Servet's interest in football and upon learning that he was interested, Servet was invited to join the club as an amateur player and played in the match later that day as a right fullback.  Servet was signed onto professional terms at the start of the 1999–2000 season.

Göztepe.

He joined Göztepe at the start of the 2001–02 season. Having a successful first season in the Turkish Super League his club finished 7th and missed out on a UEFA Cup berth.

Denizlispor.

He was signed by Rıza Çalımbay for Denizlispor at the start of the 2002–03 season in a deal which also involved Ersen Martin and Mustafa Özkan. Despite missing out on the UEFA Cup with Göztepe, Servet got a chance to play European football at his new club as Denizlispor. He was an integral part of the team which eliminated Lorient, Sparta Prague and Lyon in the first, second and third rounds of the competition respectively. In the fourth round, Denizlispor lost to the eventual winners – José Mourinho's Porto.  Servet had become a household name in Turkish football with his performances for Denizlispor in the league as well as for the Turkish U21 National Team.

Fenerbahçe.

With interest in Servet high by the big clubs in Turkey, Denizlispor reached an agreement with Fenerbahçe for a reported $1.5 million for the strong centre back to start the 2003–04 season. As Fenerbahçe won the Turkish Super League, Servet only managed 8 league appearances in his first season at the club with manager Christoph Daum regularly preferring the pairing of Fabio Luciano and Önder Turacı at the heart of the defense.  Fenerbahçe won the league for a second season in a row in 2004/05 with Servet partnering Fabio Luciano for most of the season at the heart of the defense. An injury in March 2005 cut his season short and Servet did not return to action until September of later that year. After finally returning from injury Servet once again became a first choice in the centre of defense for Fenerbahçe.  After the sacking of Christoph Daum at the end of the 2005–06 season, his replacement Zico signed the central defender pairing of Diego Lugano and Edu Dracena. With first team opportunities looking unlikely, Servet joined Sivasspor on the transfer deadline day in 2006, with Fenerbahçe not demanding a fee.

Sivasspor.

Sivasspor and manager Bülent Uygun welcomed the experience of Servet at the heart of defense as he became a regular in the side and he once again re-discovered his old form, helping lead Sivasspor to 7th place. At the end of the season, Servet was on the move again with Galatasaray the interested party this time. The move was for a reported $600,000.

Galatasaray.

Servet signed a three-year contract with Galatasaray on 15 April 2007. After settling into the team and under the tutelage of Karl-Heinz Feldkamp, Servet's play improved immensely and he managed to become a favourite of Galatasaray fans shortly thereafter. Servet reaffirmed his importance to the club with an impressive first season with Galatasaray. He was partnered with Rigobert Song in the first half of the season and by Emre Güngör in the second half of the season. Servet made almost 50 appearances and chipped in with five goals in the league winning campaign and became a fixture in the Turkish National Team. He was also selected for the Euro 2008 squad by Fatih Terim.  After returning from Euro 2008, Servet continued to be a fixture in Galatasaray's defense. However, his season was cut short in late February 2009 as a foot injury he suffered kept him out for the rest of the season. This injury came at the worst time possible as Galatasaray's back line was ravaged with injuries. Galatasaray finished the season 5th in the league but reached the last 16 of the UEFA Cup.  The 2009–10 season also brought change at Galatasaray as Frank Rijkaard was appointed manager. Servet began the season with a new partner at the heart of the defense with the newly signed Gökhan Zan, Servet's central defence partner for the Turkish National Team. Servet's play suffered under the manager's new system as Rijkaard demanded that defenders play the ball out of the defence, which was never the towering defender's strong point. After Gökhan Zan suffered a serious shoulder injury, Galatasaray signed Lucas Neill for the heart of the defence.  After the end of the 2011–12 season, the club did not want to renew his contract, so he became a free agent from 1 June 2012.

Eskişehirspor.

He Signed for Eskişehirspor in the summer of 2012.

Mersin Idmanyurdu.

Servet Çetin signed for Mersin Idmanyurdu in 2014.

Atiker Konyaspor.

Servet Çetin signed for Atiker Konyaspor in 2016.

International career.

Çetin progressed through the youth ranks of the National Team, from Under-17 to the full senior squad. He made his debut for Turkey in a 0–4 friendly match loss against Czech Republic on 30 April 2003, coming on for Alpay Özalan in the 83rd minute. He made two appearances at the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2003. He captained the international side for the first time during Turkey's 2–1 win against Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 2008.

Euro 2008.

Çetin played in the qualifiers for the European Championships and featured in the finals of the tournament itself. However, he picked up injuries during the group stages and meant he could only feature in three of Turkey's games as they progressed to the semi-finals.

Playing style.

He is known as 'Bionic Servet' for his strength and bravery to push on playing despite serious injuries. In Euro 2008 Servet's injuries included a torn groin, strained knee ligaments, a broken tooth and a bruised hip bone all at once. Another nickname used for Çetin is 'Terminator Servet' due to the face-mask he obtained after his cheekbone was broken.

Personal life.

Çetin is of Azerbaijani descent.

Servet Çetin (born 17 March 1981) is a Turkish footballer who last played for Mersin Idmanyurdu in the Süper Lig. He received the nickname "Ayıboğan" which literally means; "a man who could choke a bear", due to his height and strength. He also has the nickname "Türkü Baba" due the numerous Turkish folk songs on his iPod.

Servet Çetin [servet četyn] (* 17. března 1981) je turecký fotbalový obránce a reprezentant ázerbájdžánského původu. V současnosti hraje v tureckém klubu Mersin İdmanyurdu SK. Účastník EURA 2008 v Rakousku a Švýcarsku, kde získal bronzovou medaili za třetí místo. Celkem odehrál za tureckou reprezentaci 59 zápasů a dal tři góly.


History.

Portugal has been through a period of administrative changes since the 1974 revolution. More recently, new standards of territorial administration have been implemented to match European Union criteria.  After some years of indefinitions, municipalities are now associated in metropolitan areas or intermunicipal communities. These new regional divisions are colliding with the traditional Portuguese regional structures: "Distritos" (Districts). Districts were implemented in the 19th century by Mouzinho da Silveira after the Liberal Revolution, to replace clerical dioceses (which held the intermediate authority between the absolute monarchy and the municipalities), and still are the official regional authorities in Portugal, thus leaving the new metropolitan authorities with no authority at all. For instance, the District of Lisbon and the District of Setubal collide and interfere with the Lisbon metropolitan area authority. Each District is ruled by a "governador civil" (civil governor). These governors are empowered by the Prime Minister of Portugal and have most of the administrative power over the municipalities comprised, leaving the metropolitan areas with a passive status and communitarian tasks.  As an administrative entity, the Lisbon metropolitan area was only created in 1991 in order to meet the needs of urban territories with a large population density surrounding the Portuguese capital.  To definitely end with these anomalies, a national Referendum was held on November 8, 1998, in order to approve a new regionalization (Referendo à Regionalização), which was rejected by over 60% of the voting population on account of disagreements over the loss of sovereignty of some districts to others (e.g. by the time of the referendum it was not known where the seat of government of the new "Estremadura & Ribatejo" region would be, which was a fusion of the District of Leiria with the District of Santarém, Leiria and Santarém being cities of the same size and importance).  The Regionalization experiment in Portugal was only successful among insular regions like in 1976, when the districts of Angra do Heroísmo, Horta and Ponta Delgada were substituted by the Autonomous Region of Açores with the seat of government being in Ponta Delgada, while the district of Funchal was replaced by the Autonomous Region of Madeira with a seat of government in Funchal.

Overview.

The Lisbon metropolitan area, centered in the Portuguese capital city of Lisbon, is the largest population concentration in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 2,821,876, of whom 547,733 (19.4%) live in the city of Lisbon. About 26.7% of the total population of Portugal lives in the Lisbon metropolitan area. The area of the Lisbon metropolitan area is 3,015.24 km, which is 3.3% of the total area of Portugal.  The Lisbon metropolitan area has an active population of about 1.3 million people. With 32.7% of the national employment being located in its territory, the contribution of AML for the gross domestic product surpasses 36%.  Today, the Lisbon metropolitan area territory is almost the same as Lisbon Region territory, being AML a union of metropolitan municipalities, and Lisbon Region a NUTS II region.  It is bordered by the Oeste Intermunicipal Community (Central Region) to the north, Lezíria do Tejo to the northeast, Alentejo Central to the east and by Alentejo Litoral to the south, the former ones belonging to the wider Alentejo region.  The municipalities north of the Tagus River are from Lisbon District (Grande Lisboa); those south of the river are from Setubal District (Península de Setúbal).

Structure.

The metropolitan area of Lisbon was a semiofficial structure. Recently, Portugal has been incrementing the powers held by these territorial organization organs. In the officialization of the Lisbon Great Metropolitan Area, Azambuja left due to being mostly a rustic zone, more kindred to the city of Santarém which lies just 23 km northeast, while Lisbon is 45 km away from Azambuja, southeast.  In the official AML site is said:  As stated on the law 10/2003, of the 13 of May, the Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (Lisbon Great Metropolitan Area) is a public collective person of associative nature, and of territorial scope that aims to reach common public interests of the municipalities that integrate it, that includes (18 City Halls) – Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Odivelas, Oeiras, Palmela, Sesimbra, Setúbal, Seixal, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira.  The Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa was constituted, by public scripture, in 2004, and published on 5 July 2004, in the III series of the Diário da República. It is composed by three organs: ·  Junta Metropolitana, executive organ, composed by the 18 presidents of the city halls that it integrates. They elect among themselves, a president and two vice presidents.  Assembleia Metropolitana, legislative organ, composed by the chosen representatives in the municipal assembly of the city halls, in odd number, over the triple the number of the towns that it integrates, in a maximum of 55.  Conselho Metropolitano, consultative organ, composed by representatives of the state and by the members of the Junta Metropolitana.

The Lisbon Metropolitan Area (; abbreviated as AML) is a metropolitan area in Portugal centered on Lisbon, the capital and largest city of the country. The metropolitan area, covering 18 municipalities is the largest urban area in the country and the 10th largest in the European Union, with a population in 2015 of 2,812,678 in an area of 3,015.24 km2.

Metropolitní oblast Lisabonu ( "") je největší sídelní oblastí Portugalska, která se rozprostírá v okolí hlavního města. Je tvořena 18 obcemi ( „Município“), její rozloha je 2 922 km2 a v roce 2011 zde žilo 2 821 876 osob. Zároveň se jedná o statistický celek na úrovni NUTS 2 s kódem PT17. Z hlediska dělení Portugalska do distriktů se metropolitní oblast nachází částečně v distriktu Lisabon (severně od ústí estuárovitého řeky Tejo do Atlantiku) a distriktu Setúbal (jižně od ústí).


Plot.

In Depression-era North Carolina, George Pemberton (Bradley Cooper) is an ambitious timber baron who falls in love with Serena Shaw (Jennifer Lawrence), a young woman with a sad past. They marry, and Serena joins George on his land and starts to take control, pressuring and questioning George while remaining affectionate.  George's business partner Buchanan feels threatened as Serena begins to exceed his authority. The partnership worsens, and Buchanan strikes a deal with the local sheriff, who wants to buy George's land to make a park. George is hurt by Buchanan's betrayal, and Serena convinces him Buchanan was never his friend.  On a shooting trip, George and Buchanan go alone to flush out a bear. After Buchanan’s snide remarks, George contemplates killing him, only to hesitate and be seen by Buchanan. As Buchanan cocks his rifle, George fires first and kills him. Campbell, George's worker, witnesses the murder but denies it to Sheriff McDowell, and the death is ruled an accident. Serena consoles George and justifies his actions.  After seeing his illegitimate son Jacob posing with his mother, Rachel, for a picture, George feels responsible for the boy and begins giving Rachel money. Serena remains unaware of this, but considers Rachel and the baby a threat.  The mysterious Galloway loses his hand to an axe swing, and Serena uses a belt as a tourniquet and saves his life. George rushes the pregnant Serena to the hospital after she experiences heavy bleeding and pain. She miscarries, and they learn she can never again bear children. Tensions grow, and the parentage of Rachel's baby becomes more obvious to Serena.  While Serena and George are away, Campbell finds ledgers in the safe and presents them to the Sheriff, preparing to testify that George has been bribing a senator and shot Buchanan deliberately. Discovering Campbell has taken the ledgers, George and Serena realize he could ruin them.  Galloway tells Serena that he knows where Campbell is, and tells George that he knows where the panther is, prompting George to go into the forest to hunt it as Galloway heads into town to find Campbell and retrieve the ledgers. Finding George’s hidden picture of Rachel and her baby and discovering that George has been giving Rachel money, Serena scratches the baby's face from the photograph.  Serena leaves with Galloway, telling George that she has business to take care of. Not finding Rachel at home, they head for the Widow Jenkins’ house. Vaughn calls the Sheriff, worried about Rachel and what Serena plans to do, and the Sheriff goes to Widow Jenkins’ house, finding her dead, and takes Rachel and her baby away.  In the morning, the Sheriff questions George, revealing that Galloway killed Campbell and that he suspects they also killed Widow Jenkins and are after Rachel and her child. George asks Serena if she sent Galloway to kill Rachel and Jacob, which she assures him had to be done. George storms out and chokes Serena when she follows him, almost killing her, before driving off.  George goes to the Sheriff to turn himself in, agreeing to do so after he tells George where Rachel and the baby are. George races to save Rachel before Galloway finds her. Galloway tracks Rachel to the train station, and she hides in a shed. As the train approaches, George finds Galloway, who sees Rachel jump onto the train. George goes after them and confronts Galloway, managing to slit Galloway’s throat.  George bids Rachel and the baby farewell, as they depart to live with Vaughn. George returns to the camp and sets off to hunt the panther. He shoots it, but the panther leaps at him from behind, fatally wounding him, and he manages to kill it with a hunting knife before dying.  The Sheriff returns to the Pemberton cabin with George's body. Serena, having expected George to return, grows upset and does not go to identify his body. As the Sheriff leaves, Serena lies on the bed, and picks up a lighter. After staring at it for a few moments, she throws the lighter onto the floor and stays in the cabin as it burns.

Production.

The film was originally to be directed by Darren Aronofsky, with Angelina Jolie as the title character. Susanne Bier replaced Aronofsky as director and Lawrence was hired. Lawrence recommended Bradley Cooper, with whom she had worked previously on "Silver Linings Playbook"; they had got along so well that they often spoke about working together in the future. When Lawrence read the script for "Serena", she sent a copy to Cooper and asked if he would do it with her. He agreed and Bier cast him as George Pemberton.  At the time, this was the third project to star Cooper and Lawrence, after "Silver Linings Playbook" and "American Hustle", and their second time playing mutual love interests.  Filming took place in the Czech Republic at Barrandov Studios from March 26 to May 2012. Bier took more than eighteen months to complete the film, but there were no re-shoots or problems in post-production. Bier also had to take time away to promote "Love Is All You Need".

Release.

The film premiered at the BFI London Film Festival on October 13, 2014, was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 2014, and France on November 12, 2014. Magnolia Pictures distributed the film in the United States. The film was released on all video on demand and digital stores on February 26, 2015, before a limited theatrical run on March 27, 2015.

Reception.

Box office.

The film earned £95,000 ($153,310) on its opening weekend in the United Kingdom, debuting at No. 19 at the UK box office. In its second week, the film dropped to finish 34th, grossing £11,645 from 37 screens. The movie ended its run with a total gross of $320,907 (£200,557)  The film made $1 million on video on demand in the United States before its theatrical release. The movie opened in 59 screens across the United States on March 20, 2015, and earned $100,090 for a 30th-place finish.  As of November 9, 2014, the film had a theatrical domestic gross of $100,090 and an international theatrical gross of $3,723,317 for a worldwide total of $3,823,407.

Critical response.

"Serena" received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 16% based on 110 reviews with an average rating of 4.28/10. The website's critical consensus states ""Serena" unites an impressive array of talent on either side of the cameras – then leaves viewers to wonder how it all went so wrong." On Metacritic the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".  Andy Lea of "Daily Star" wrote in a positive review that, "It's another terrific performance from Lawrence, who almost manages to sell Serena's all too quick transformation from steely feminist to crazed femme fatale." Similarly, Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" praised Lawrence, "Lawrence brings her A-game. She is passionate, impetuous and confident, with a tough determination to grab the brass ring that has been presented to her." Guy Lodge of "Variety" agreed, "The Stanwyck comparisons lavished upon Lawrence's Oscar-winning work in "Silver Linings Playbook" resurface here; she certainly looks every inch the Golden Age siren with her crimped vanilla locks and array of creamy silken sheaths that, true to vintage Hollywood form, never seem to get sullied in the wild." He added, "The star also makes good on her proven chemistry with Cooper, who acquits himself with stoic intelligence and a variable regional accent in an inscrutable role that, for its occasional flourishes of Clark Gable bravado, is equal parts hero, anti-hero and patsy."  In "The Canberra Times", Jake Wilson praised Cooper, arguing, "Cooper once again proves his value as a leading man who approaches his roles like a character actor." However, he was more nuanced about the cinematography, suggesting it made "the setting slightly abstract, in the manner of her former mentor Lars von Trier – and the storytelling suffers from some sudden transitions and ill-explained twists." He concluded, "if this is not a perfect film, it's an unusually haunting one."  Writing for the "Toronto Star", Peter Howell criticized the film, suggesting the cinematography was "bland, unsteady and lacking in definition." In the "Vancouver Sun", Katherine Monk argued that Bier was "probably trying to make a movie similar in feel to "The Piano"." However, she argued that the "whole national park subplot is confusing and blurs the blacks and whites required to generate sympathy, and every character suffers a similarly grey fate." She concluded, "by the end, we barely like anyone in this smoky landscape, let alone care about what happens to them." Writing for "The Toronto Sun", Bruce Kirland stressed the setting of the Great Depression, suggesting it was, "the rural reflection of the film versions of "The Great Gatsby", which are based on the classic 1925 novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald." Nevertheless, he called the film a "colossal bore."  In "The Daily Telegraph", Robbie Collin praised Lawrence's acting at the expense of Cooper's, suggesting, "Lawrence comes out of it significantly better than Cooper," adding that she was "effectively Lady Macbeth in jodhpurs and a pussy-bow blouse." He concluded on a despondent note, writing "all [the film] amounts to is dead wood." Stephen Dalton of "The Hollywood Reporter" criticised the film, arguing, "it is difficult to believe a single word of it, still less to care about these relentlessly selfish and short-sighted characters." Dalton praised Lawrence's and Cooper's acting, but suggested the problem lay in "Christopher Kyle's script, a string of jarring cliches and clunky attempts at subtext" and "Johan Soderqvist's cloying, imploring orchestral score."  In "The Irish Times", Donald Clark praised the cinematography as "exquisite," but suggested that Lawrence's performance was "genuinely poor." He concluded, "Nobody is likely to see the [film]." Writing for "The Independent", Geoffrey Macnab called it "a strangely dour and downbeat affair." He suggested it was reminiscent of Michael Cimino's "Heaven's Gate". However, he criticized its "heavy-handed poetic symbolism" and "the guilt and self-loathing that its characters feel."

Serena is a 2014 American–French drama film based on the 2008 novel of the same name by American author Ron Rash. Directed by Susanne Bier, the film stars Jennifer Lawrence and Bradley Cooper as newlyweds running a timber business in 1930s North Carolina.

Serena je francouzsko-americké drama z roku 2014 založené na stejnojmenné novele od spisovatele Rona Rashe. Režisérkou filmu je Susanne Bier a v hlavních rolích se objevují Jennifer Lawrence a Bradley Cooper jako novomanželé z dřevařského průmyslu ve třicátých letech v Jižní Karolíně.