Early years.

Caron was born in Boulogne-sur-Seine, Seine (now Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine), the daughter of Margaret (née Petit), a Franco-American dancer on Broadway, and Claude Caron, a French chemist, pharmacist, perfumer, and boutique owner. While her older brother Aimery Caron became a chemist like their father, Leslie was prepared for a performing career from childhood by her mother.

Career.

Caron started her career as a ballerina. Gene Kelly discovered her in the Roland Petit company "" and cast her to appear opposite him in the musical "An American in Paris" (1951), a role in which a pregnant Cyd Charisse was originally cast. This role led to a long-term MGM contract and a sequence of films which included the musical "The Glass Slipper" (1955) and the drama "The Man with a Cloak" (1951), with Joseph Cotten and Barbara Stanwyck. Still, Caron has said of herself: "Unfortunately, Hollywood considers musical dancers as hoofers. Regrettable expression." She also starred in the successful musicals "Lili" (1953), with Mel Ferrer; "Daddy Long Legs" (1955), with Fred Astaire, and "Gigi" (1958) with Louis Jourdan and Maurice Chevalier.  In 1953, Caron was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her starring role in "Lili." For her performance in the British drama "The L-Shaped Room" (1962), she won the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress and Golden Globe awards, and was nominated for the Best Actress Oscar.  In the 1960s and thereafter, Caron worked in European films, as well. Her later film assignments included "Father Goose" (1964), with Cary Grant; Ken Russell's "Valentino" (1977), in the role of silent-screen legend Alla Nazimova; and Louis Malle's "Damage" (1992). Sometime in 1970, Caron was one of the many actresses considered for the lead role of Eglantine Price in Disney's "Bedknobs and Broomsticks," losing the role to British actress Angela Lansbury.  In 1967, she was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1989, she was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival.  Caron has continued to act, appearing in the film "Chocolat" (2000). During the 1980s, she appeared in several episodes of the soap opera "Falcon Crest" as Nicole Sauguet. She is one of the few actresses from the classic era of MGM musicals who are still active in film—a group that includes Rita Moreno, Margaret O'Brien, and June Lockhart. Her other later credits include "Funny Bones" (1995) with Jerry Lewis and Oliver Platt; "The Last of the Blonde Bombshells" (2000) with Judi Dench and Cleo Laine; and "Le Divorce" (2003), directed by James Ivory, with Kate Hudson and Naomi Watts.  On 30 June 2003, Caron traveled to San Francisco to appear as the special guest star in "," a retrospective concert staged by San Francisco's 42nd Street Moon Company. In 2007, her guest appearance on "" earned her a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award. On 27 April 2009, Caron traveled to New York as an honored guest at a tribute to Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe at the Paley Center for Media.  For her contributions to the film industry, Caron was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 December 2009 with a motion pictures star located at 6153 Hollywood Boulevard. In February 2010, she played Madame Armfeldt in "A Little Night Music" at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, which also featured Greta Scacchi and Lambert Wilson.  In 2016, Caron appeared in the ITV television series "The Durrells" as the Countess Mavrodaki.

Personal life.

In September 1951, Caron married American George Hormel II, a grandson of the founder of the Hormel meat-packing company. They divorced in 1954. During that period, while under contract to MGM, she lived in Laurel Canyon, in a Normandie style 1927 mansion, near the country store on Laurel Canyon Blvd. One bedroom was all mirrored for her dancing rehearsals.  Her second husband was British theatre director Peter Hall. They married in 1956 and had two children: Christopher John Hall (TV producer) in 1957 and Jennifer Caron Hall, a writer, painter, and actress, in 1958. Her son-in-law, married to Jennifer, is Glenn Wilhide, the producer and screenwriter.  Caron had an affair with Warren Beatty (1961). When she and Hall divorced in 1965, Beatty was named as a co-respondent and was ordered by the London court to pay the costs of the case.  In 1969, Caron married Michael Laughlin, the producer of the film "Two-Lane Blacktop;" they divorced in 1980.  Caron was also romantically linked to Dutch television actor Robert Wolders from 1994 to 1995.  From June 1993 until September 2009, Caron owned and operated the hotel and restaurant "Auberge la Lucarne aux Chouettes" (The Owls' Nest), located in Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, located about south of Paris. Unhappy with the lack of work in France, Caron left Paris for England in 2013.  In her autobiography, "Thank Heaven," she states that she obtained American citizenship in time to vote for Barack Obama for president.

Publications.

Books by Leslie Caron Articles by Leslie Caron  Articles by Leslie Caron

Leslie Claire Margaret Caron (; born 1 July 1931) is a French-American actress and dancer who appeared in 45 films between 1951 and 2003. Her autobiography, "Thank Heaven", was published in 2010 in the UK and US, and in 2011 in a French version. Veteran documentarian Larry Weinstein's "Leslie Caron: The Reluctant Star" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 28 June 2016.

Leslie Caronová (* 1. července 1931, Boulogne-Billancourt, Paříž, Francie) je francouzská herečka a tanečnice. Svoji filmovou dráhu zahájila v roce 1951 v dnes již legendárním muzikálovém snímku "Američan v Paříži", kde byl jejím partnerem Gene Kelly. V roce 1958 si zahrála ve filmovém přepisu divadelní komedie "Gigi" (ve které v roce 1951 při její premiéře debutovala Audrey Hepburnová).


History.

Early history.

In 1811, a decision was made to establish the first university in the Dano-Norwegian Union, after an agreement was reached with King Frederik VI, who had earlier believed that such an institution might encourage political separatist tendencies. In 1813, The Royal Frederik's University was founded in Christiania (later renamed Oslo), a small city at that time. Circumstances then changed dramatically one year into the commencement of the university, as Norway proclaimed independence. However, independence was somewhat restricted, as Norway was obliged to enter into a legislative union with Sweden based on the outcome of the War of 1814. Norway retained its own constitution and independent state institutions, although royal power and foreign affairs were shared with Sweden. At a time when Norwegians feared political domination by the Swedes, the new university became a key institution that contributed to Norwegian political and cultural independence.  The main initial function of The Royal Frederick University was to educate a new class of upper-echelon civil servants, as well as parliamentary representatives and government ministers. The university also became the centre for a survey of the country—a survey of culture, language, history and folk traditions. The staff of the university strove to undertake a wide range of tasks necessary for developing a modern society. Throughout the 1800s, the university's academic disciplines gradually became more specialised.  One of the major changes in the university came during the 1870s when a greater emphasis was placed upon research, the management of the university became more professional, academic subjects were reformed, and the forms of teaching evolved. Classical education came under increasing pressure.  When the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the university became important for producing highly educated experts in a society which placed increasing emphasis on ensuring that all its citizens enjoy a life of dignity and security. Education, health services and public administration were among those fields that recruited personnel from the university's graduates.

1900–1945.

Research changed qualitatively around the turn of the century as new methods, scientific theories and forms of practice changed the nature of research. It was decided that teachers should arrive at their posts as highly qualified academics and continue academic research alongside their role as teachers. Scientific research—whether to launch or test out new theories, to innovate or to pave the way for discoveries across a wide range of disciplines—became part of the increased expectations placed on the university. Developments in society created a need for more and more specialised and practical knowledge, not merely competence in theology or law, for example. The university strove to meet these expectations through increasing academic specialisation.  The position of rector was established by Parliament in 1905 following the Dissolution of the Union. Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was Professor of Geology and became the university's first rector. Brøgger vacillated between a certain pessimism and a powerfully energetic attitude regarding how to procure finances for research and fulfill his more general funding objectives. With the establishment of the national research council after World War II, Brøgger's vision was largely fulfilled; research received funding independent of teaching. This coincided with a massive rise in student enrollment during the 1960s, which again made it difficult to balance research with the demands for teaching. In the years leading up to 1940, research was more strongly linked with the growth of the nation, with progress and self-assertion; research was also seen to contribute to Norway's commitment to international academic and cultural development.  During the period after World War I, research among Norwegian researchers resulted in two Nobel prizes. The Nobel prize in Economics was awarded to Ragnar Frisch. The Nobel prize in Chemistry was awarded to Odd Hassel. In the field of linguistics, several Norwegian researchers distinguished themselves internationally. Increased research activity during the first half of the 1900s was part of an international development that also included Norway. Student enrollment doubled between 1911 and 1940, and students were recruited from increasingly broad geographical, gender and social bases. The working class was still largely left behind, however.  During the German occupation, which lasted from 1940–1945, the university rector, Didrik Arup Seip, was imprisoned. The university was then placed under the management of Adolf Hoel, a NS (Norwegian Nazi Party) appointee. A number of students participated in the Norwegian resistance movement; after fire was set in the university auditorium, Reich Commissar Terboven ordered the university closed and the students arrested. A number of students and teachers were detained by the Germans nearly until the end of the war.

1945–2000.

After WWII, public authorities made loans available to students whose families were unable to provide financial assistance; the State Educational Loan Fund for Young Students was established in 1947. As a result, the post-war years saw a record increase in student numbers. Many of these students had been unable to begin their studies or had seen their studies interrupted because of the war; they could now enroll. For the 1945 autumn semester, 5951 students registered at the university. This represented the highest student enrollment at UiO up to that time. In 1947, the number had risen to more than 6000 students. This represented a 50 per cent increase in the number of students compared to the number enrolled prior to the war.  In no previous period had a single decade brought so many changes for the university as the 1960s. The decade represented an unparalleled period of growth. From 1960 to 1970, student enrollment tripled, rising from 5,600 to 16,800. This tremendous influx would have been enough in itself to transform the way the university was perceived, from both the inside and the outside. As it turned out, the changes were even more comprehensive. The university campus at Blindern was expanded, and the number of academic and administrative employees rose. The number of academic positions doubled, from fewer than 500 to around 1,200. The increase in the number of students and staff transformed traditional forms of work and organisation. The expansion of the Blindern complex allowed the accommodation of 7,000 students. The explosive rise in student numbers during the 1960s impacted the Blindern campus in particular. The faculties situated in central Oslo—Law and Medicine—experienced only a doubling in student enrollment during the 1960s, while the number of students in the humanities and social sciences tripled.  By 1968, revolutionary political ideas had taken root in earnest among university students. The "Student Uprising" became a turning point in the history of universities throughout the western world. Often, the outlook for students in the 1960s was bleak. More than ever before came from non-academic backgrounds and had few role models. The "University of the Masses" was unable to lift all its students to the "lofty, elite positions" enjoyed by previous generations of academics. Many students dissociated themselves, therefore, from the so-called "establishment" and the way the establishment functioned. Many were impatient and wanted to use their knowledge to change society. It was thought that academics should stand in solidarity with the underprivileged.  The most fundamental change in the student population was the increasing proportion of women students. Throughout the 1970s, the number of women increased until it made up the majority of students. At the same time, the university became a centre for the organised women's liberation movement, which emerged in the 1970s.  Up until the millennium, the number of students enrolled at the university rose exponentially. In 1992, UiO implemented a restriction on admissions for all of its faculties for the first time. A large part of the explanation for the high student numbers was thought to be found in the poor job market. In 1996, there were 38,265 students enrolled at UiO. This level was approximately 75 per cent above the average during the 1970s and 1980s. The strong rise in student numbers during the 1990s was attributed partially to the poor labour market.

Hierarchy.

The highest position at the university is Professor, i.e. "full Professor." In Norway, the title "Professor," which is protected by law, is only used for full professors. Prior to 1990, all professors were appointed for life to their chairs by the King-in-Council, i.e. by the King upon the advice of the Cabinet. The position below Professor was historically Docent (translated as Reader in a UK context and Professor in an American context). In 1985, all Docents became full professors. The most common positions below that are "førsteamanuensis" (translated as Associate Professor), and "amanuensis" or "universitetslektor" (translated as Lecturer or Assistant Professor). At the University of Oslo, almost all new permanent positions are announced at the Associate Professor level; an associate professor may apply for promotion to full professor if he or she holds the necessary competence.  Additionally, there are temporary, qualifying positions such as "stipendiat" (Research Fellow) and "postdoktor" (Postdoctoral Fellow).  A small number of employees with few or no teaching obligations hold the special research career pathway ranks "researcher", "senior researcher" and "research professor", which correspond to assistant professor, associate professor and professor, respectively.  Several other less common academic positions also exist. Historically, only professors had the right to vote and be represented in the governing bodies of the university. Originally, all professors were automatically members of the "Collegium Academicum", the highest governing body of the university, but soon afterwards its membership was limited. Docents were granted the right to vote and be represented in 1939 and other academics and students in 1955. In 1975, the technical-administrative support staff was also granted the right to vote and be represented in certain bodies, as the last group. Formerly by law, and now by tradition, the highest positions, such as Rector or Dean, are only held by professors. They are elected by the academic community (academics and students) and by the technical-administrative support staff, but the votes of the academics carry significantly more weight.

Faculties.

The university's research structure consists of eight schools, or "faculties." They are the Faculties of Dentistry, Educational Sciences, Humanities, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Medicine, Social Sciences and Theology.  The university's old campus, strongly influenced by Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel's neoclassical style, is located in the centre of Oslo near the National Theatre, the Royal Palace and the Parliament. The old campus was then occupied by the Faculty of Law and most of the other faculties have been transferred to the Blindern campus in the suburban West End, erected in the 1930s. The Faculty of Medicine is split between several university hospitals in the Oslo area.

Theology.

The Faculty of Theology sponsors 8 research groups in the following fields:  Centres of Excellence:

Humanities.

The Faculty of Humanities is the University of Oslo's largest faculty, and has approximately 8000 students and 917 employees.

Other units.

The University of Oslo has several units which are not part of one of the faculties, including some interdisciplinary research centres, research centres abroad, the scientific museums, and libraries:

Affiliated institutes.

Affiliated institutes are independent institutes that have a formal cooperation agreement with and close ties to the University of Oslo. Most of them were established by the University of Oslo, but have been organised as entities formally separate from the university for various reasons.

Notable academics and alumni.

The University of Oslo has a long list of notable academics and alumni, spanning the fields of scholarship covered by the university. The university is home to five Nobel Prize winners and is institutionally tied to some of the most prestigious prizes in the world. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in the university's atrium between 1947 and 1989, thus making it the only university to host a Nobel Prize ceremony. Since 2003, the Abel Prize is awarded in the university's atrium.  In July 2015, the University received intense criticism for allowing Anders Behring Breivik to be admitted to study for a 3-year baccalaureate degree in political science (including courses on democracy, human rights, and respect for minorities). He is the perpetrator of the 22 July, 2011 Norway attacks, Norway's worst incident of violence since World War II; he received 21 years in prison (he can be paroled after 10 years; but he can be confined after the 21 years are up, allowable for five years at a time, if he is viewed as still dangerous, resulting in an actual life sentence). The Rector said they were obliged to follow the regulations, which allowed it because his grades were good enough. It will be done in solitary confinement, with guards delivering his assignments and the finished work and the grades. In October 2018, it was reported that course materials were being provided to Breivik by a prison officer and that he had no contact with students or academics or access to the internet.

Academics.

Some of the notable academics of the university are:

Seal.

The seal of the University of Oslo features Apollo with the Lyre, and dates from 1835. The seal has been redesigned several times, most recently in 2009.

Fees.

Like all public institutions of higher education in Norway, the university does not charge tuition fees. However, a small fee of (roughly ) per term goes to the student welfare organisation Foundation for Student Life in Oslo, to subsidise kindergartens, health services, housing and cultural initiatives, the weekly newspaper "Universitas" and the radio station Radio Nova.  In addition the students are charged a copy and paper fee of (roughly ) for full-time students and (roughly ) for part-time students. Lastly a voluntary sum of (roughly ) is donated to SAIH (Studentenes og Akademikernes Internasjonale Hjelpefond).

Rankings.

In 2018, Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked UiO 59th worldwide and the best in Norway, while the 2018 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked UiO 121th. The 2018 rankings of the QS World University Rankings, ranked UiO 119th worldwide, and the 2015 Webometrics Ranking of World Universities ranked UiO 68th worldwide.  The 2015 rankings of the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR), which "publishes the only global university ranking that measures the quality of education and training of students as well as the prestige of the faculty members and the quality of their research without relying on surveys and university data submissions", ranked UiO 99th worldwide.

International cooperation.

The University of Oslo administers the Henrik Steffens Professorship at the Humboldt University of Berlin jointly with the Humboldt University. The professorship was established and is funded by the Norwegian government.  The University participates to several of the experiments in the CERN research programme.

The University of Oslo (; ), until 1939 named the Royal Frederick University (; ), is the oldest university in Norway, located in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. Until 1 January 2016 it was the largest Norwegian institution of higher education in terms of size, now surpassed only by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The Academic Ranking of World Universities has ranked it the 58th best university in the world and the third best in the Nordic countries. In 2015, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it the 135th best university in the world and the seventh best in the Nordics. While in its 2016, Top 200 Rankings of European universities, the Times Higher Education listed the University of Oslo at 63rd, making it the highest ranked Norwegian university.

Univerzita v Oslu (norsky Universitetet i Oslo) je nejstarší a největší univerzita v Norsku, sídlí v hlavním městě Oslu. Byla založena roku 1811 a podle posledního dánsko-norského krále Frederika VI. nesla název "Královská Fredrikova univerzita". Současný název nese od roku 1939. Do roku 1946 byla jedinou norskou univerzitou. Má osm fakult.


Statistics.

The longest serving Prime Minister to date was Janez Drnovšek who held the post for 10 years and 45 days (3,695 days) between the years 1992 and 2002, followed by Janez Janša who ruled for 5 years and 28 days (2,584 days). He also holds the longest uninterrupted mandate of 2,180 days, between the years 2004 and 2008. The shortest term is held by Andrej Bajuk, who was on position for 176 days. Alenka Bratušek is the first woman to take the position of the Prime Minister of Slovenia and until now the only one to do so. The first minority cabinet was led by Borut Pahor in 2012 as two coalition parties: Zares and DeSUS left the coalition. The first preliminary elections followed just a few months after the break up of the coalition. Since then Slovenia witnessed another preliminary elections in 2014, when Janša's second cabinet broke up after DeSUS and DL, left the coalition and the cabinet found itself in minority.

Government history.

First Slovenian Government in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

Slovenian National Council () was the first executive council established in Slovenia, though it never became Slovenian parliament. The Council named on the 31. of October 1918 the first slovene National government (). Knight Josip Pogačnik was named as the first slovene prime minister in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (SHS). The government, that had full organizational capabilities, took care of peace and order, economy, transport, education, food, science, culture and other public affairs. The Cabinet consisted of 12 departments called "poverjeništva", that were led by representatives of all major Slovenian parties at the time. The government was active until 20. January 1919, when it was relieved by the new government of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in Belgrade.

List of governments of the Republic of Slovenia.

Assembly of Socialist Republic of Slovenia in 1990 accepted a two new acts, that allowed unification of political parties in the Republic and elections to new assemblies. The president of the Assembly Miran Potrč determined the date of the first democratic elections in Socialist Republic of Slovenia to be on the 8 of April 1990. Since 16 May 1990 (the first multi-party parliamentary election held following the 45-year Communist rule), the Republic of Slovenia has had a total of twelve governments headed by eight different prime ministers. The prime minister in the first government of the Republic of Slovenia, was Lojze Peterle. That government was formed by the coalition Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (Demos), which composed of five parties: Slovene Christian Democrats (SKD), (Slovenian Social Democratic Union (SDZS), Slovenian Democratic Union (SDZ), Farmers' Alliance (SLS) and Greens of Slovenia (ZS). Since the first government eight governments have been formed by the left parties and four by the right political parties.

Bratušek's Government (2013-2014).

The cabinet was sworn on 20 March 2013.

Janša's Government (2012-2013).

The cabinet was sworn in on 10 February 2012.

The Government of the Republic of Slovenia () exercises executive authority in Slovenia pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of Slovenia. It is also the highest administrative authority in Slovenia.

Vláda Republiky Slovinsko (: "Vlada republike Slovenije") je nejvyšší orgán moci výkonné ve Slovinsku. Z hlediska ústavy a zákonů se vláda jeví – podobně jako za účinnosti socialistické ústavy – jako výkonný výbor parlamentu, což však v praxi již tak jednoznačné není.


Career.

She began taking part in professional road races in 2006, starting with a seventh-place finish at the Delhi Half Marathon. She won the Plymouth Half Marathon in 2007, finishing with a time of 1:14:50. She was second in the women's 10K in Glasgow, Scotland, finishing behind Vivian Cheruiyot but setting a personal best of 32:19 for the distance.  At the 2008 World Cross Country Championships she finished sixteenth in the senior race. With five Ethiopian runners ahead of her she missed out for a place on the victorious Ethiopian team. That year she won the Delhi Half Marathon with a personal best run of 1:08:17. She closed the year by winning a silver medal at the 2008 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships.  She made her marathon debut in April 2009 at the Paris Marathon, where she ran 2:25:02 for second place. She topped the podium at the World 10K Bangalore the following month, just holding off a charge from Mary Keitany to win the race in 32:08. Mergia won the bronze medal in the women's marathon at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, recording a time of 2:25:32.  Aselefech improved her half marathon personal best to 1:07:22 at the 2010 Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon. Despite the fast time, this was only enough for third place behind Elvan Abeylegesse and Mare Dibaba. More improvements came at the 2010 London Marathon: although initially finishing third with a run of 2:22:38, improving her best by over two and a half minutes, she was subsequently declared the winner after doping convictions nullified results of the first two runners. She returned to defend her Bangalore 10K title in May, but was beaten to the tape by compatriot Wude Ayalew and, finishing two seconds behind her, Mergia had to settle for the runner-up position. She regained her Delhi Half Marathon title in November: learning from the poor pacing which had left her in ninth place the previous year, she stuck to the front and won the race in a sprint finish ahead of Merima Mohammed.  She came close to her personal best with a win at the 2011 Dubai Marathon, just missed the course record mark, but gained the US$250,000 first place prize. She was chosen for the Ethiopian marathon team at the 2011 World Championships and was in twelfth at the 40 km point of the race, but dropped out in the final kilometres. In October she ran at the Great South Run and easily saw off a challenge from Doris Changeywo to win the 10-mile race. An attempt to defend her Delhi Half Marathon title ended in a third-place finish, although she improved her best time by a second.  In January 2012, Aselefech won the Dubai Marathon for the second time, setting an Ethiopian record of 2:19:31 hours to break the course record and become the seventh fastest woman ever over the distance.  In January 2015, Aselefech won the Dubai Marathon for the third time, 2:20:02.

Aselefech Mergia Medessa (Amharic: አሰለፈች መርጊያ; born 23 January 1985) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in the marathon. She was a bronze medallist in the event at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. She is a two-time winner of the Dubai Marathon and has finished in the top three at the Paris and London Marathons. She was retrospectively confirmed as the winner of the 2010 London Marathon after the top two were disqualified. Her personal best of 2:19:31 hours is a former Ethiopian record for the distance and places her within the top ten of all-time.

Aselefech Mergiaová (* 23. ledna 1985) je etiopská atletka, běžkyně, která se věnuje dlouhým tratím. Její specializací je zejména půlmaraton a maraton.


Background and release.

Gaga collaborated with Nadir "RedOne" Khayat in writing "Bad Romance", and Khayat took charge of production. The song was recorded at Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles and FC Walvisch Recording Media Studios in Amsterdam. "Bad Romance" was released as the lead single from "The Fame Monster" (2009), Gaga's follow-up to her debut album, "The Fame" (2008). Before its official release, a demo version of the song was published illegally on the internet, prompting Gaga to comment via Twitter, "leaked next single is makin my ears bleed. Wait till you hear the real version." A snippet of the song was performed on "Saturday Night Live" on October 3, 2009, along with "Poker Face" and "LoveGame". The final version of "Bad Romance" premiered during the finale of fashion designer Alexander McQueen's 2010 Paris Fashion Week show, and the song's release followed on October 19.  According to Gaga, the song was one of her initial efforts among the songs that she wrote in 2009 while touring. The songs composed during that time were about the various abstract "monsters"—metaphors for her paranoias—that she faced during the tour. One of these concepts became the inspiration behind "Bad Romance". Gaga explained that she generally felt lonely when she was involved in a relationship and that she was attracted to men with whom romance never works. "Bad Romance" explores her preference for such lonely relationships and her poor choice in men. Gaga wrote the lyrics in Norway on her tour bus. She elaborated on the writing process in an interview with "Grazia":  I was in Russia, then Germany, and spent a lot of time in Eastern Europe. There is this amazing German house-techno music, so I wanted to make a pop experimental record. I kind of wanted to leave the '80s a little bit, so the chorus is a '90s melody, which is what the inspiration was. There was certainly some whisky involved in the writing of the record. It's about being in love with your best friend.

Composition.

"Bad Romance" is an electropop and dance-pop song with house, new wave and techno influences. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a metronome of 119 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A minor, with Gaga's vocal range spanning from the low-note of E to the high-note of C. The song follows in the chord progression of Am–C–F–C–G in the verses and F–G–Am–C–F–G–E–Am in the chorus. It opens with Gaga singing a portion of the chorus, then transitioning into the "Rah-rah—ah-ah-ah, Roma-roma-ma, Gaga-ooh-la-la" hook, which Gaga says is an abbreviation of the word "romance". It is followed by the sound of drum beats and keyboards. After the first verse, the pre-chorus follows, with Gaga voicing the lines, "You know that I want you, And you know that I need you, I want your bad, your bad romance". The full-throated chorus then follows, where she sings, "I want your love, And I want your revenge, You and me could write a bad romance... Caught in a bad romance". The hook is similar to that of The Offspring's 1994 song Self Esteem, and their shared themes suggests Bad Romance could be an "answer" to that song.  Gil Kaufman from MTV News found similarities between the tempo of "Bad Romance" and Gaga's previous single "Poker Face". Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine noticed the 1980s influences that resonate throughout the track: "If melodies could be time-stamped, these would have '80s' branded on their asses." Daniel Brockman of "The Phoenix" pinpointed not only the declarations of liberation "from a significant other", but the Depeche Mode and Madonna-esque qualities that permeate "Bad Romance". To Pitchfork Media journalist Scott Plagenhoef, Gaga was able to transform her persona to reflect various female entertainers of similar vein, including Britney Spears, Madonna and Amy Winehouse. Simon Price from "The Independent" heard characteristics of Boney M in the chorus, and stated that the first line of the song, "I want your ugly, I want your disease", established the grim tone of "The Fame Monster".  The lyrics address aspects of a bad relationship, but also reference fashion in the line, "Walk, walk fashion baby, Work it move that bitch crazy." In an interview, Gaga stated that in the verse, "I want your psycho, your vertigo shtick, Want you in my Rear Window, Baby, you're sick", she was listing Alfred Hitchcock films. She said, "What I'm really trying to say is I want the deepest, darkest, sickest parts of you that you are afraid to share with anyone because I love you that much."

Critical reception.

"Bad Romance" was widely acclaimed by critics. In a 2011 review for the song, "Rolling Stone" declared it the best song in Gaga's discography. Epitomizing the "essence of Gagaism", the publication was enamored by the song's "relentlessly" catchy chorus and "pummeling" beat, which reflected a track that was "grand", "joyful" and "melancholy". Kaufman, while applauding the drastic transition into a bombastic "Erasure-esque throb during the chorus", felt that the instant catch that was apparent in her earlier singles was absent in "Bad Romance". Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" argued that instances such as this established Gaga as a figure comparable to Madonna.  Referring to her emerging popularity, Jon Dolan from "Rolling Stone" notes that "Bad Romance" makes the singer's name a "Teutonic chant". Daniel Kreps, a columnist from the aforementioned publication, writing about the song's initial leak, felt that it was comparable to "Poker Face" and was not on par with her other singles. Christopher John Farley from "The Wall Street Journal" praised the "Jabberwockian" catchiness of the hook, while Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH opined that the chorus of the song was Gaga's best yet. Pitchfork Media placed "Bad Romance" at number 39 in its top 100 tracks of 2009, saying that it was "epic in construction", and Edna Gundersen of "USA Today" commented that the song was a "ferocious club thumper" that possessed a "sordid underbelly". The Boston Public Health Commission rated "Bad Romance" as number 10 on its list of "Top 10 List of Songs with Unhealthy Relationship Ingredients".  Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote about the lead single's "turbocharged Euro-soul", while BBC critic Paul Lester summed up "Bad Romance" as a song with "cheesy rave synths, the now typically Gaga stomping beat and a controversy-lite lyric." Monica Herrera from "Billboard", while saying that it was not as catchy as Gaga's previous efforts, commended the track's "wicked sex appeal", and Jon Blistein from "L Magazine" wrote about the organization of the song. He felt that "Bad Romance" "[revelled] in the nightmare it tries to create with Hitchcock references and somber vocals", but lacked cohesion, that it was an amalgamation of "Cher song", "faux-European accented verse", "power disco chorus" and "bland spoken-word bridge".

Chart performance.

North America.

In the United States, "Bad Romance" debuted at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on November 14, 2009, making it Gaga's highest debuting song on the chart at the time. It sold 143,000 paid digital downloads in its first week. After two weeks the song moved from number 11 to number two, which became its peak. It held the spot for seven non-consecutive weeks. The song was barred from the top spot first by "Empire State of Mind" by Jay-Z with Alicia Keys and later by "TiK ToK" by Kesha. The movement to the runner-up spot was first prompted by a 49% digital gain, and the song topped the Hot Digital Songs chart after selling 209,000 digital copies that week. "Bad Romance" became Gaga's third-highest peaking song on the Hot 100, behind "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". As of February 2019, "Bad Romance" has sold 5.9 million copies in the US, according to Nielsen Soundscan, making Gaga the second artist in digital history to have three singles—along with the two aforementioned songs—pass the five million mark in digital sales. After RIAA started including video streams in their tabulation of the single certifications, "Bad Romance" was certified 11× platinum for eleven million in total of sales and streaming. "Bad Romance" debuted on the Pop Songs chart at number 38, and moved to the top position, making it Gaga's fifth consecutive number one single on the chart. The same week, it also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, it briefly set the record for most weekly plays in the 17-year history of the Pop Songs chart, registering 10,859 plays from 130 radio stations monitored for the chart. Following Gaga's Super Bowl LI halftime show performance, "Bad Romance" re-entered the Hot 100 at number 50, while at number 9 on Digital Song Sales. On the Canadian Hot 100, "Bad Romance" debuted at number 58, and reached number one the following week, making it Gaga's third chart-topper in the country. After being replaced by Kesha's "Tik Tok" for two weeks, "Bad Romance" returned to the top spot on the chart. Music Canada certified "Bad Romance" septuple platinum, denoting download sales of 280,000 copies. The song sold 9.7 million copies worldwide in 2010, and 12 million in total, thus becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time.

Europe and Oceania.

After its release in the United Kingdom, "Bad Romance" debuted at number 14 on the UK Singles Chart. In December 2009, the song reached the top spot with 72,919 copies sold, making it Gaga's third UK number-one single. She became the first female in British chart history to have three number-one singles in one year. In the first week of 2010, "Bad Romance" returned to the number one spot after two weeks, making her the second female artist of the 21st century to have two separate runs at the top spot. The song attained double platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), for 1.2 million equivalent units. It has sold 1.045 million copies and has been streamed 7.53 million times. The release of her single "Applause" in August 2013 prompted an increase in sales of "Bad Romance"; it sold one million copies in the UK, making Gaga one of 17 artists with a million-selling song in the country.  On October 29, 2009, "Bad Romance" debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number 20; it reached the top in its seventh week. In Sweden, the song debuted at number three and reached the top of the chart after two weeks. Across Europe, the song remained at number one in Greece for 7 weeks, and topped the charts in Austria, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland. On the European Hot 100 Singles chart, "Bad Romance" spent two weeks at number one.  "Bad Romance" debuted at number 16 on the ARIA Singles Chart in Australia and at number 33 on the RIANZ Singles Chart in New Zealand. The next week, the song was the greatest gainer on the Australian chart, rising to number three. In its seventh charting week, the song peaked at number two in Australia and at number three in New Zealand. The song was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 280,000 copies of the single.

Music video.

Development.

In an interview with "Rolling Stone", Gaga confirmed Francis Lawrence as the director of the music video and said that she was impressed with the final version. She explained, "I knew [Lawrence's] ability as a director is so much higher than what I could [do]." Her creative team Haus of Gaga managed the art direction, and the final video premiered on November 10, 2009. Gaga described her experience of working with Lawrence:  I wanted somebody with a tremendous understanding of how to make a pop video, because my biggest challenge working with directors is that I am the director and I write the treatments and I get the fashion and I decide what it's about and it's very hard to find directors that will relinquish any sort of input from the artist... But Francis and I worked together... It was collaborative. He's a really pop video director and a filmmaker... I knew he could execute the video in a way that I could give him all my weirdest, most psychotic ideas... But it would come across to and be relevant to the public.  The concept of the music video was a joint collaboration between Gaga and Lawrence. The video was initially planned to be shot in New York City, with more elaborate sets, including sets outdoors. This idea was later scrapped, as the budget for the video was low and there was no product placement. Because of Gaga's schedule, it was shot in Los Angeles over a two-day period. Lawrence described Gaga's work ethic and creativity during the video shoot: "She loves the art form of music videos and she is a real creative partner and has great ideas and really cool and unique tastes." He praised her teamwork, punctuality and spontaneity, hoping to work with her on a new material in the future.  Gaga created a pair of razor-blade sunglasses—which she believed portrayed tough female spirit—to wear in the video, explaining, "It's meant to be, 'This is my shield, this is my weapon, this is my inner sense of fame, this is my monster." Gaga also said that the video shows "how the entertainment industry can, in a metaphorical way, simulate human trafficking – products being sold, the woman perceived as a commodity." The white latex suits in the video were inspired by the wolf costume from the film "Where the Wild Things Are". She wore designer Alexander McQueen's high shoes and "Alien" shoes.

Synopsis.

The main idea behind the video is that of Gaga getting kidnapped by a group of supermodels who drug her and then sell her off to the Russian mafia for a million rubles. It takes place in a fluorescent white bathhouse. The video begins with Gaga sitting on a white throne in a brightly-lit white room with Johann Sebastian Bach's Fugue No. 24 from WTC Book I BWV 869 playing in the background. The scene shows her wearing the razor-blade glasses and surrounded by people and a harlequin Great Dane. She has her finger on the mute button of an iPod speaker, and as she releases it, "Bad Romance" begins to play and a dimly-lit bathhouse is shown. A bright light pans across the walls, activating fluorescent lighting, which shines through a sign reading "Bath Haus of GaGa". As the first hook of the song begins, a group of female dancers wearing white long-sleeved leotards with knee-high boots and matching crowns crawl out of white, coffin-like pods. The center pod has "Mons†er" written on it, and Gaga emerges wearing an outfit similar to those worn by the others, who begin to dance behind her. A pastiche of ensuing scenes alternates between Gaga singing to herself in front of a mirror and lying in a bathtub.  When the chorus of the song begins, two women pull Gaga out of the bathtub, rip her top clothing off and force her to drink a glass of vodka. As the second verse begins, Gaga, wearing a diamond-covered outfit topped with a crown, seductively dances for a group of men bidding for her. She straddles one of the men, played by Slovenian model Jurij Bradač, and performs a lap dance for him. Afterwards, the man raises his bid and becomes the highest bidder for her. When the chorus is played for the third time, Gaga is shown wearing a faux-polar bear hide jacket. She walks towards the man, who is sitting on a bed and unbuttoning his shirt, while drinking a glass of vodka. Gaga has a look of indifference on her face and removes her jacket and sunglasses. Suddenly, the bed spontaneously combusts with the man still sitting on it, and Gaga sings in a sinister way in front of the flames. The video ends with her lying beside a smoldering skeleton, on top of the destroyed bed, covered in ashes. With soot smeared across her body, she calmly smokes a cigarette while her pyrotechnic bra activates.

Reception.

The video received general acclaim from critics and fans. It was the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9, 2010 and in doing so became the most-viewed video on YouTube, until it was surpassed by Justin Bieber's "Baby" on July 16, 2010. On December 31, 2018, "Bad Romance" surpassed 1 billion views, and as of May 2020, it has received over 1.2 billion views.  Tim Stack from "Entertainment Weekly" called the video "amazing" and added, "I don't think Gaga has ever looked prettier than in the close-ups where she's more stripped down." Jennifer Cady of E! was also impressed by the video and commented, "This music video really makes us appreciate everything Gaga actually brings to pop music. She's exciting to watch, plain and simple.... We need someone like Gaga to really bring it. To put actual thought and care into her product so that it feels alive". Issie Lapowsky of "New York Daily News" thought Gaga laid the "theatrics on thick" in the video but complimented her for wearing minimal makeup, calling it "refreshingly normal". Todd Martens of the "Los Angeles Times" said that the video brought back his faith in performance art, and that "Gaga brings enough [drama] on her own, thank you very much." He also thought the set for the video was "worthy of a feature-length film". Daniel Kreps from "Rolling Stone" felt that the scenes from the music video were reminiscent of the work of Stanley Kubrick. He added that in "Bad Romance", Gaga portrays her craziest ideas yet.  Jocelyn Vena from MTV believed that the video was symbolic and portrayed how "the old Gaga is over, here's the brand-new Gaga: the one who seems to delight in pushing the boundaries and exploring all manner of sexual proclivities". She further believed that the video was a testament to Gaga's brilliance "as an artist that uses the video art form as the jump-off point for the next leg of their career". In 2011, Claire Suddath of "Time" said that although later Gaga videos were more elaborate, "Bad Romance" was Gaga at her best. In "Lady Gaga: Behind the Fame", Emily Herbert drew comparisons between the underlying theme of the video and the theme of "The Fame Monster"—the relationship with fame. She wrote, "Was this the price that Gaga had to pay for the fame she so desired? Did she feel as if she'd had to prostitute herself in some way? The themes were all based around sex, decadence, and corruption; alcohol and even cigarettes, twenty-first century society's biggest no-no, were present, and so by implication... drugs." "The Wall Street Journal" noted Gaga as one of the few pop stars of the present time who really understood spectacle, fashion, shock, choreography—all the things that Madonna and Michael Jackson were masters of in the 1980s.  The video and its choreography also drew many comparisons to "Michael Jackson's Thriller music video", as both feature robotic, zombie-like arm movements and morbid themes. Tim Stack from "Entertainment Weekly" compared some of the dance choreography of the video with the choreography in "Thriller". Issie Lapowsky of "New York Daily News" compared the pods in the video with coffins and called the dance "zombie-like"; Gaga "[took] a page from Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' video", she said. "Los Angeles Times" said the video had some "twitchy, 'Thriller'-like dance moves", while "The Wall Street Journal" compared the shock art of "Bad Romance" with the shock art of Michael Jackson during the 1980s. Evan Sawdey of PopMatters also compared the video with "Thriller", but was not sure whether Gaga was deliberately paying homage to it, or this was "just another excuse for Gaga to wear the mostweirdass outfits ever designed by mankind".

Accolades.

"Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number nine on its list of the "25 Best Songs of 2009", and on February 13, 2011, the single won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. In 2015, "Billboard" named the song as "The Biggest Hot 100 Hit to Peak at No. 2", describing it as a "modern classic". The review aggregate website Acclaimed Music currently has it listed as the 13th best song of 2009 based upon various year end lists by mainstream critics.  On August 3, 2010, the music video received 10 nominations at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, in the categories of Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Art Direction, Best Special Effects, Best Choreography, Best Direction, Best Dance Video, Best Pop Video, Best Female Video and Video of the Year, tying with Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer" for the record of most nominations for a single video in the history of the MTV Video Music Award. The video went on to win seven of the categories. It also won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. In 2011, "Bad Romance" was voted the best video of the 2000s (decade) by readers of "Billboard", narrowly beating Britney Spears's "Toxic". "Time" magazine also included "Bad Romance" on its list of best music videos since the 1980s.

Live performances.

"Bad Romance" was first performed on "Saturday Night Live" on October 3, 2009, where Gaga sang a part of it. She wore a complex outfit called "The Orb", designed by Nasir Mazhar and her creative team Haus of Gaga. After finishing her performance of "LoveGame", Gaga sat at her piano and played an acoustic version of the chorus of "Bad Romance". She performed the song on the television show, "Gossip Girl", during an episode called "The Last Days of Disco Stick". It took place at a private party arranged by the character Blair Waldorf. In an interview with MTV, Gaga explained that she did not want the performance to be out of tune with the storyline of the show, so she worked with the scriptwriters to incorporate it into the plot. The performance included many ladders symbolizing bad luck, and featured Gaga wearing a long dress. According to the show's executive producer Stephanie Savage, the song incorporated a few "Gossip Girl"-specific lyrics. On the show Gaga emerged from two giant doors wearing a large red gown and climbed up a ladder. From there she sang parts of the song as her male dancers danced around the ladder.  "Bad Romance" was performed at the 2009 American Music Awards, where she coupled it with "Speechless" from "The Fame Monster". Gaga was dressed in a flesh-colored bodysuit wrapped with white piping and embedded with flashing lights, imitating rib cage and a spine. It started with the singer performing "Bad Romance" and dancing around the stage, ultimately breaking open a glass door with the microphone stand. The song was next performed on "The Jay Leno Show", where Gaga wore a pair of black sunglasses and a black jacket with shoulder pads that extended above her head. Her male back-up dancers were dressed in black suits and S&M-inspired headgear. Both "Bad Romance" and "Speechless" were performed on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on November 25, 2009. Gaga performed "Bad Romance" on the British TV show "The X Factor" on December 6, 2009, singing inside a long bathtub and playing the piano. On January 15, 2010, Gaga performed "Bad Romance" as part of a three-song medley on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She was dressed in a metallic jacket and had spikes in her hair, and she carried a spiked ball dangling from a chain held in her hand. "Bad Romance" was performed as the last song of Gaga's worldwide concert series, The Monster Ball Tour (2009–2011). During the original version of the show, she wore a 1980s-inspired white power suit with exaggerated high shoulders and high-waisted pants, and performed the song while standing in a human-sized gyroscope. On the revamped version of the show, she similarly appeared on stage inside of a gyroscope for "Bad Romance", while wearing a mirrored dress and headpiece.  In July 2010, "Bad Romance" was sung on NBC's "Today Show", along with "Alejandro", "Teeth" and her "You and I". In May 2011, Gaga performed the song during Radio 1's Big Weekend in Carlisle, Cumbria. She also performed the track as the opening number on "Good Morning America", as a part of their 2011 Summer Concert Series. The singer entered the stage flying on a harness and stretching out her hands towards the audience, as steam billowed from center-stage. Once the song started her dancers removed her white cape to reveal her in red fishnet stockings with black felt pieces, a red leotard and black lace boots.  The song was added to the set list for Gaga's Born This Way Ball (2012–2013). The performance featured the original choreography, with Gaga wearing a white, ram-style outfit designed by Haus of Gaga. During the European leg of the tour, she began the performance in an egg-shaped container reminiscent of the one that she emerged from at the 53rd Grammy Awards. In 2014, "Bad Romance" was included on the setlist of her show at South by Southwest (SXSW), where she performed it as a country version, and was also part of her residency show, Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom, where she strapped on a rose-covered keytar during the song. The same year, Gaga performed the track on her tour, in a neon anime inspired dress. In July 2016, Gaga performed it in a piano medley along with "You and I" and the Beatles' "Come Together" at the "Camden Rising" concert at the BB&T Pavilion in Camden, New Jersey, which was part of the 2016 Democratic National Convention. In November 2016, she appeared in the Carpool Karaoke segment of "The Late Late Show with James Corden", and sang the track in the car with Corden.  Gaga closed her set at the Super Bowl LI halftime show with "Bad Romance", wearing a silver, sequined Versace outfit with a shoulder pad-inspired jacket and hot pants. The song was performed alongside "Poker Face" as an encore during both weekends that Gaga headlined Coachella in 2017. On the Joanne World Tour (2017–2018) the singer performed "Bad Romance" wearing a white origami-like jacket and a crystal embellished bodysuit with a matching white feathery masquerade mask and Giuseppe Zanotti booties. She also performed the song in a piano-only rendition at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, before the world premier of her documentary, "". The song is performed during Lady Gaga Enigma (2018–2020), the singer's Las Vegas residency, which involves two different shows. During the Enigma shows, Gaga performs it in a gold color latex outfit, while on the Jazz and Piano show, she performs a stripped-down version of the song.

Cover versions.

On March 14, 2010, Marco Hietala from Nightwish covered the song on the Finnish choir-singing TV show "Kuorosota". Hayley Williams, the lead singer from the band Paramore, covered a piano version of the song and posted it on her Twitter page on March 28, 2010. On March 29, 2010, Thirty Seconds to Mars covered the song in BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. The cover was later released as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of the band's album "This Is War" and reached number 11 on the UK Rock Chart. "Glee" performed it during one of its episodes titled "Theatricality", as a group number for which the actors donned Lady Gaga outfits. When glee club New Directions member Rachel Berry discovers that rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline are planning to perform a Lady Gaga number at Regionals, the character Will (Matthew Morrison) sets the club a Gaga assignment. The girls and Kurt then create costumes inspired by Gaga and perform "Bad Romance". The version sold 48,000 digital downloads according to Nielsen Soundscan, and entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at 54, staying on the chart for one week.  Singer Lissie posted a cover of the song on YouTube. Her version of "Bad Romance" received praise from filmmaker David Lynch and "The Washington Post" writer David Malitz, who included it on "Click Track – Singles Files", the newspaper's weekly playlist. The Grandmono Orchestra also covered the song, with Dutch singer Caro Emerald, on June 1, 2011. This was included as a bonus track on Caro's debut album, Deleted Scenes from the Cutting Room Floor, and has received many positive criticisms. Singer Lulu and actor Cuba Gooding, Jr. performed a version of "Bad Romance" as a duet during the August 5, 2011 episode of "Chris Moyles' Quiz Night" on Channel 4 in the UK. At the 46th Annual Songwriters Hall of Fame Awards, Linda Perry sang the song in a slowed down rendition, before Tony Bennett present the Contemporary Icon Award to Gaga. In 2015, actress Meryl Streep recorded the song for her film, "Ricki and the Flash".  The song was briefly played on violin by Geoffrey Rush, portraying Albert Einstein in a promo for the National Geographic Channel historical anthology series "Genius". The ad aired during Super Bowl LI, immediately following Lady Gaga's halftime performance. Brazilian singer Luiza Possi covered "Bad Romance" in May 2017 during "Domingão do Faustão". She later sang it during the encore of a show in tribute to singer Michael Jackson, which took place in July 2017.  The song is also prominently included in the "Backstage Romance" number of "Moulin Rouge!" (musical), where it is the second act opener; it is sung in a medley with "Tainted Love", "Seven Nation Army", "Toxic", and "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)".

Personnel.

Credits.

Credits adapted from "The Fame Monster" album liner notes.

"Bad Romance" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third extended play, "The Fame Monster" (2009). It was written and produced by Nadir "RedOne" Khayat and Lady Gaga. Lyrically, "Bad Romance" explores Gaga's attraction to individuals with whom romance never works, her preference for lonely relationships and the paranoia she experienced while on tour. Following an illegal demo leak, Gaga showcased the final product at Alexander McQueen's show at the Paris Fashion Week in October 2009, followed by the release of the single's cover art. Musically, "Bad Romance" features a spoken bridge, a full-throated chorus and sung lyrics about being in love with one's best friend. The song, which is imbued with elements of German-esque house and techno, as well as music from the 1980s and 1990s, was touted by Gaga as an experimental pop record. During the bridge Gaga sings a part of the chorus ("I want your love and I want your revenge") in French.

Bad Romance je dance-popová píseň od americké zpěvačky Lady Gaga, která vyšla v roce 2009 na albu The Fame Monster. Podle této písně byla vytvořena další stejná píseň od interpretů The Chipmunks a The Chipettes z filmu Alvin a Chipmunkové 3 z roku 2011.


Qualified teams.

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Seedings.

The pot allocations for the qualifying group stage draw were based on the UEFA national team coefficient rankings as of the end of 2009. The sole exception was the automatic placement of Spain, as reigning European champions, as the top-ranked team (their coefficient ranking would have also placed them in this position anyway). Each nation's coefficient was generated by calculating:  The 51 entrants were divided into the following six pots for the drawing of nine qualifying groups on 7 February 2010 in Warsaw, Poland:  The countries which eventually qualified for the final tournament are emboldened in the table below. Notes  Before the draw UEFA confirmed that, for political reasons, Armenia would not be drawn against Azerbaijan (due to the dispute concerning territory of Nagorno-Karabakh) and Georgia would not be drawn against Russia (due to the dispute regarding the territory of South Ossetia).  Armenia and Azerbaijan were drawn together in Group A during the draw ceremony, forcing UEFA to reassign Armenia to Group B, as Azerbaijan had refused to play in Armenia when they had been drawn together during UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying.

Tiebreakers.

If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following criteria are applied to determine the rankings.

Groups.

The following 18 dates were reserved for group matches in qualifying: For the first time, Tuesday evenings replaced Wednesday evenings for midweek qualifying fixtures where two matchdays occurred in the same week. This was in order to allow players an extra day to return to their clubs for domestic duty the following week. Consequently, teams were permitted to move the earlier weekend match forward to the Friday evening.

Ranking of second-placed teams.

The highest ranked second placed team from the groups qualified automatically for the tournament, while the remainder entered the play-offs. As some groups contain six teams and some five, matches against the sixth-placed team in each group were not included in this ranking. As a result, a total of eight matches played by each team count toward the purpose of the second-placed ranking table.

Play-offs.

The eight remaining second-placed teams contested two-legged play-offs to determine the last four qualifiers for the finals. The teams were seeded for the play-off draw according to the UEFA national team coefficient rankings updated after the completion of the qualifying group stage. The draw for the play-offs was held on 13 October 2011 in Kraków, Poland.

Matches.

The first legs were played on 11 November, and the second legs were played on 15 November 2011. The four play-off winners qualified for the final tournament.

The qualifying competition for UEFA Euro 2012 was a series of parallel association football competitions held over 2010 and 2011 to decide the qualifiers for UEFA Euro 2012, held in Poland and Ukraine. The draw for the qualifying rounds was held on 7 February 2010 in the Congress Hall of the Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw, with matches set to take place between August 2010 and November 2011.

Kvalifikace na Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale 2012 se zúčastnilo 51 národních fotbalových týmů, členů UEFA. První zápasy kvalifikace se uskutečnily 3. září 2010, kvalifikace byla ukončena posledními zápasy 15. listopadu 2011. Hostitelské země Polsko a Ukrajina postoupily bez kvalifikace.


Geography.

Regau is bordered on the north by the river Ager. Another important body of water is the Baggersee, an artificial lake where many people like to stay in summer for swimming or other sports. Regau's football stadium, used by the Union Regau, is located nearby.  The municipality is composed of 36 smaller villages of which Schalchham with more than 1000 inhabitants is the largest. Other important villages are of course Regau, Rutzenmoos (a predominantly Protestant village with a church), Wankham, and the Lixlau.  About 53,5% of Regau's area is used for agriculture, another third is covered by forests.

History.

Regau's was first mentioned in a deed more than 1200 years ago, in 800 CE. At that time, Regau was the seat of the "Earls of Rebegau" Their castle is thought to have been near the village of "Burgstall" (translated: castle stable), which still exists.  The origin of the name Regau was the Latin "Repagauve"; later, this became "Rebengau" in German. Over time, this name was shortened and nowadays the municipality is called "Regau". All its names show that Regau once was famous for viniculture.  From the twelfth century Regau has been part of the Duchy of Austria, before that it was part of Bavaria. Since 1490 Regau has been part of the princedom "Austria above the Enns", today called Upper Austria, of which Regau has been a part since 1918.  June, 28th of 1981 Regau was officially given a coat of arms. In 2000 Regau was elevated from village to "market". (In Austria there are three different kinds of municipalities: villages, "markets" and cities.)

Culture and sights.

Rutzenmoos is the home of the "Protestant Museum of Upper Austria"  In Regau there are many traditional associations such as:  and one society for contemporary culture, which is named "Treffpunkt Kulturverein Regau".  Moreover, there are many other societies.  There are three churches in Regau:  Regau is connected to the Way of St. James.  The "Union Regau" is the municipality's most important sporting club.

Regau is a municipality in the Austrian state of Upper Austria near Vöcklabruck, which is the capital of the district.

Regau je městys v Horních Rakousích v okrese Vöcklabruck v Hausruckviertelu a má více než 6.000 obyvatel. Příslušným soudním okresem je Vöcklabruck.


History.

The beginning (1994–1998).

On June 15, 1994, Major League Soccer announced that Columbus, Ohio, would be home to one of the ten founding members of the new top flight North American professional soccer league. Columbus had promised construction of a soccer-specific stadium and had sold over 12,000 season ticket deposits. The team was tentatively named the Columbus Eclipse in its application to the league, as a solar eclipse had passed over the city after reaching the league's 10,000-deposit minimum, but it was eventually renamed the Crew.  MLS investor Lamar Hunt, and his son Clark became the owners of both the Columbus Crew and Kansas City Wizards in 1996. The first players for the Crew were South African national team veteran Doctor Khumalo, by assignment, and Brian McBride. McBride was selected as the first overall pick in MLS's first draft in 1996. Former U.S. National Team coach Timo Liekoski would be the team's head coach for its first season.  The Crew played their first game on April 13, 1996 in front of a home crowd of 25,266 in Ohio Stadium against D.C. United and won 4–0. Columbus would struggle, however, winning only 5 of their next 21 games. After the 6–16 start, Tom Fitzgerald replaced head coach Liekoski. The Crew, under Fitzgerald, won 9 of their last 10 games to finish fourth in the Eastern Conference. They went on to lose in the conference playoff semi-finals.  The Black & Gold finished 15–17 in both 1997 and 1998, which put them in third and fourth place, respectively, in the Eastern Conference. Each season ended with losses in the Conference Finals to D.C. United. The Crew reached the 1998 U.S. Open Cup Final, however, the match was postponed due to a hurricane and controversially relocated from Virginia Beach to Soldier Field in Chicago then the home of Chicago Fire, who won the match 2 to 1 after extra time. Stern John, in his first of two seasons with Columbus, was the 1998 scoring champion, amassing 26 goals and 5 assists.

A new home (1999–2003).

Columbus' 1999 season began with the opening of Columbus Crew Stadium, the first soccer-specific stadium in the United States. Columbus won their first game in the stadium, 2–0, against New England Revolution in front of a sell-out crowd of 24,741. Columbus would finish in second place at 19–13, but would lose in the conference finals to D.C. United for the third straight season. The 1999 season was the last for Stern John who scored 52 goals in 65 games for the club. The team had the lowest goals against average in the Eastern Conference, and Mark Dougherty became the first goalkeeper in league history to record 50 wins, with a 4–2 win over the MetroStars on August 18, 1999 at Giants Stadium.  Dante Washington was acquired from the Dallas Burn to replace John, but his 13 goals in 2000 was not enough to propel the Crew to the playoffs. For the first time, Columbus failed to reach the postseason. Columbus got off to a slow 1–3–2 start in 2001, which led to the replacement of coach Tom Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald, who had coached 161 of the Crew's first 183 MLS matches over parts of six seasons between 1996 and 2001, was replaced by Greg Andrulis. Andrulis would lead the Black & Gold to a 2nd-place finish in 2001 but the team was ousted from the playoffs in the league quarterfinals.  In 2002, Columbus would win the U.S. Open Cup for the first time in team history. They advanced to the finals by beating the Richmond Kickers, MetroStars, and Kansas City Wizards. In the final, they beat LA Galaxy, who had just won the MLS Cup earlier in the week. Freddy García scored the only goal and keeper Jon Busch posted the shutout in Columbus's 1–0 win. It was the first championship in team history. The Crew finished 11–12–5 in the regular season and finished in a tie for first place. They lost in the league semi-finals to New England. Kyle Martino won rookie of the year in 2002, a first for the Crew. By winning the 2002 U.S. Open Cup, Columbus received a bid to play in the 2003 CONCACAF Champions' Cup. They advanced to the second round by beating Árabe Unido 4–2 on aggregate in the first round before losing to Monarcas Morelia, 6–2. McBride would play his final season with Columbus in 2003 before joining Fulham of the Premier League.

Transitions (2004–2006).

With the departure of Brian McBride, Columbus added Robin Fraser and Simon Elliott to the club. These additions proved to be vital as Fraser went on to win the Defender of the Year award in 2004. The Crew set a franchise record for points, 49, by going 12–5–13, thanks in part to an 18-game unbeaten streak (8–0–10) to end the season. Despite winning the Supporters' Shield for best record in the league, the club would be eliminated from the MLS Cup in the Eastern Conference semi-finals. In his last season for the Black & Gold, Jeff Cunningham scored his 62nd goal, which tied him with McBride for the franchise record.  Over both of the next two seasons, Columbus battled injuries to several players and struggled to win many games. Despite winning the MLS Coach of the Year Award in 2004, Andrulis was replaced on an interim basis by Robert Warzycha midway through the 2005 season. After missing playoffs in the 2005 season, the club would hire former L.A. Galaxy and UCLA head coach Sigi Schmid. Schmid had won an MLS Cup and U.S. Open Championship in his six seasons with Galaxy. Warzycha remained on staff under Schmid. In 2006, the Crew went on a 13-game winless streak (0–7–6) between June 10 and August 19. The season ended on a tragic note when team founder and owner Lamar Hunt passed away on December 14, 2006.

The Barros Schelotto era (2007–2010).

The 2007 season in Major League Soccer started with news that global icon David Beckham signed with the LA Galaxy. The Crew followed suit by signing Guillermo Barros Schelotto on April 19, 2007. Columbus also signed forward Alejandro Moreno to bolster its attack. Even with these new players, the Crew still missed the playoffs in 2007.  In 2008, the Crew won its first MLS Cup. Led by Barros Schelotto, who scored seven goals and had 19 assists and won the MLS Most Valuable Player Award, the team also won its second Supporters' Shield. After going 17–7–6 in the regular season, the Black & Gold won playoff games against Kansas City and Chicago Fire before beating the New York Red Bulls 3–1 in the final. Chad Marshall won MLS Defender of the Year award, and Sigi Schmid won Coach of the Year.  After the 2008 season, Sigi Schmid left Columbus to coach Seattle Sounders FC, and the team named former player and assistant coach Robert Warzycha head coach. In 2009, Barros Schelotto was rewarded with the honor of becoming the franchise's first Designated Player. The club went 13–7–10 in the regular season, good enough for 49 points and their second consecutive Supporters' Shield. The Crew was eliminated by Real Salt Lake in the two-legged Eastern Conference semi-finals, 4–2 on aggregate. Chad Marshall won his second consecutive MLS Defender of the Year award.  Columbus started the 2010 season in the CONCACAF Champions League. They reached the quarterfinals, but lost to Toluca in March. The club finished the season 14–8–8, but lost in the quarter-finals of the MLS Cup playoffs to the Colorado Rapids. The Crew lost 2–1 in the 2010 U.S. Open Cup Final at Qwest Field, home of Seattle Sounders FC.

Warzycha's Final Years (2011–2013).

In 2011, the Crew finished ninth in the league at 13–13–8 and lost in the wild card round of the playoffs to the Colorado Rapids.  In 2012, the club finished sixth in the Eastern Conference with a 15–12–7 record. They would narrowly miss the playoffs.  On September 2, 2013 the Crew parted ways with Head Coach Robert Warzycha after an embarrassing home loss to the Seattle Sounders, combined with a highly frustrated fanbase. Brian Bliss, the Crew's technical director, took over as interim head coach. This effectively ended his stay with the club since 1996, when he joined the club as a player.

The Precourt era (2013–2018).

Gregg Berhalter era (2013–2018).

On July 30, 2013, Anthony Precourt became the second investor-operator in the history of the club. Precourt wasted little time in getting to work by upgrading portions of Crew Stadium, as well as evolving the team's brand in a way that identified with the city of Columbus, all within his first 15 months with the club.  On November 6, 2013, Precourt announced that Gregg Berhalter would be the club's new head coach. Berhalter also became the first sporting director in club history.  The 2014 season saw Columbus return to the postseason for the first time since 2011. Under Berhalter, the Crew finished the year 14–10–10, good enough for the third seed in the Eastern Conference of the MLS Cup Playoffs.  The Crew also sent two of its players to the 2014 FIFA World Cup, center back Giancarlo González and left back Waylon Francis, who both represented Costa Rica during the tournament. Gonzalez was hailed for his performance, being named to ESPN's Best XI of the group stage.  Berhalter was nominated for 2014 MLS Head Coach of the Year. Likewise, goalkeeper Steve Clark was nominated for 2014 Goalkeeper of the Year and Michael Parkhurst won the Individual Fair Play Award for the third time.  Off the field, the Black & Gold announced sports industry veteran Andy Loughnane as its new President of Business Operations on August 16, 2014.  On October 8, 2014, the Precourt ownership changed the name and logo of the club, changing the name from "Columbus Crew" to "Columbus Crew SC".  The beginning of the 2015 season started in late 2014 with the return of Kei Kamara. Kamara proved to be beneficial as he scored 22 regular season goals and 4 playoff goals. Along with Kamara, Ethan Finlay and Waylon Francis received spots in the MLS All-Star game versus English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. On September 26, 2015, Crew SC hosted their largest sellout crowd since 2008 with an announced attendance of 22,719. Crew SC came into the playoffs with a bye in the first round after securing second place in the Eastern Conference. Following the Eastern Conference semi-final and final match-ups, Crew SC played host to the Portland Timbers in the 2015 MLS Cup Final. This was the club's second-ever MLS Cup Final appearance after the 2008 MLS Cup championship. The Crew was upset by the Portland Timbers at home following the 2–1 loss. All three goals were scored in the first half including the lone Crew SC goal scored by Kamara. Kamara was nominated for the Landon Donovan MLS MVP Award. Kamara was also nominated for and won the MLS WORKS Humanitarian of the Year Award. Wil Trapp was nominated for the MLS Comeback Player of the Year Award.

Proposed relocation to Austin.

On October 17, 2017, Precourt announced intentions to relocate the franchise to Austin, Texas if a downtown stadium cannot be secured in Columbus. Following the news, fans and supporters of the club began a campaign and movement being known as #SaveTheCrew. Many had been present in the city's council building on behalf of the cause. Later in the month, it was revealed that Precourt had a clause in his purchase of the club that would allow him to only relocate the franchise to Austin.  On November 15, 2017, Precourt and MLS Commissioner Don Garber met with Columbus Mayor Andrew Ginther, and civic and business leaders in New York City about the Crew's future in Columbus. After the meeting, both sides issued press releases detailing the meeting. Per the delegation from Columbus, Precourt and MLS refused to take the relocation threat off the table. Per Precourt and MLS, Columbus leaders did not present any plan for a downtown stadium. On the issue, the Mayor had stated it was "obvious that Don Garber nor PSV (Precourt Sports Ventures) had any commitment for the team to stay in Columbus".  In the annual state of the league conference, commissioner Garber addressed more on the potential move. He had stated the difficulties there has been present with the market over the years. Discussing in 2008, when the league began its initiative to end having ownership groups owning multiple franchises in the league, there was no success in finding a local ownership group in the market of Columbus, with an interested group wanting to purchase the team but with a very low value. It was then when the league's executives hired a different company banker and expanded its search regionally where Anthony Precourt was involved. Garber stated that had Precourt not acquired the club, there was a possibility that Columbus would have ceased operations and ultimately folded. As to why the issues were not stated publicly, Don Garber stated that the league is a "private business" and what's been happening has been seen in other major sport leagues in the country.  On March 5, 2018, Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine and the City of Columbus filed a lawsuit against Precourt, citing a 1996 state law that prevents sports teams that benefited from public facilities or financial assistance from relocating to another city without a six-month notice and attempting to sell the team to a local ownership group. The bill was originally passed after the controversial relocation of the Cleveland Browns to Baltimore. On October 12, 2018, the owner of the Cleveland Browns, Jimmy Haslam, released a statement stating he was in the process of buying the Crew, along with other local groups. MLS later released a statement stating their willingness to keep the Crew in Columbus, and that Precourt will get the rights to start a team in Austin if the deal goes through. On January 1, 2019, control of the Crew franchise was officially transferred to the Haslam family and longtime team physician Dr. Pete Edwards, who took full ownership of the club after reaching a deal with Precourt Sports Ventures LLC.

Colors and badge.

The official colors of Columbus Crew SC are black and gold. Columbus' usual primary jersey is predominately bright yellow with black trim, and has been nicknamed the "banana kit" or "canary kit" by fans.  The alternate uniform has historically been black. In the latter part of the 2000s, The Crew began shifting more towards a white uniform with yellow and black trim or stripes. Even so, the away uniforms are seldom worn by The Crew due to the strong favor shown to the traditional home uniform; and also due to the fact that the historically black jerseys compound the summer heat in the United States climate. For the 2015 season, Crew SC has returned to a black jersey for its alternate uniform.  Prior to the initial MLS season a citywide public contest was created to decide the name for the team, the very first entry was a hit, and the Columbus Crew was born.  The club badge from 1996 to 2014 was unique amongst MLS teams in that it featured people, containing three silhouetted males wearing construction hats beneath a stylized "Crew" wordmark. The logo was intended to represent a crew of hard working people, much like the hard-working, blue collar image the city of Columbus cultivates.  Citing a disconnect between what the crest stood for and the 21st-century identity of the city of Columbus, owner Anthony Precourt initiated a rebrand upon assuming ownership in 2013. Precourt said that Columbus was no longer a true blue collar town, and that the industrial/manufacturing motif was no longer representative. In fact, Columbus had grown into a 21st-century city and become much more "dynamic and diverse".  On October 8, 2014, the Crew unveiled a new badge. The new circular-shaped badge features the club's classic black and gold colors, a minimized original crest with "96" overlaid on top, and the black and gold checkerboard pattern predominantly seen on flags waving in the Nordecke. A great deal of symbolism was packed into the new badge. The horizontal stripes are representative of the ten original MLS franchises, and the shield is an homage to the club's original badge with the 96 representing 1996 – the club's first year in competition. The inset "O" in the badge mimics the same shape found in Ohio state flag, a nod to Columbus's role as the state's capital city. Finally, as a significant point of pride for the city of Columbus, "Columbus" was added to the new badge, along with "SC" to further define the brand more accurately as a soccer club.  The club's nickname, the Crew, also evolved from its original meaning as a hard-working construction crew to a new, more relevant one as "a tight-knit group of people who come together to share a passion for our club and the sport of soccer". The nickname, Crew, is now meant to symbolize a unique brand of family and friendship between the club, the fans and the communities who unite to embrace and celebrate the authenticity and heritage of the sport.  With the rebrand, the club also identified three brand pillars: original, energetic, and authentically Columbus, in an effort to celebrate its history as a team of firsts – first club in Major League Soccer, first soccer-specific stadium, first major professional championship for Columbus – its youthful, passionate energy, as well as Columbus's young, progressive culture.

Stadium.

On May 15, 1999, the Crew opened Columbus Crew Stadium, the first soccer-specific stadium in Major League Soccer, as the Crew beat the New England Revolution 2–0 before a sold-out crowd of 24,741. It has been the model stadium for the rest of the league, and one of the stadiums used by the United States national team in World Cup qualifying. In 2015, the naming rights for the stadium were purchased by Madrid-based insurance company Mapfre, whose U.S headquarters is in Boston and who maintain a regional office in Columbus.  Previously, the Columbus Crew played their home games at the 102,000-capacity Ohio Stadium, home of the Ohio State Buckeyes college football team. They ended with a 33–20 record while playing there.  The team has also played U.S. Open Cup games at two other stadiums: two games in 2005 and 2016 at the Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium, also owned by the Ohio State University and home of the OSU soccer teams; and one in 2014 at the FirstEnergy Stadium–Cub Cadet Field on the campus of the University of Akron in Akron, Ohio.  As part of the new ownership proposal for the Crew unveiled in 2018, the club plans to build a new stadium west of the Arena District near Downtown Columbus. The new stadium would cost $230 million and be located at the center of the Confluence Village neighborhood, a mixed-use development with residential and commercial buildings. It would seat 20,000 spectators and include 30 suites and 1,900 club seats. In 2020, a new authority will own Mapfre and its adjacent city sports park, with the team continuing to control Mapfre in terms of its use as a practice facility. A new stadium will be done in 2021.

Revenue and profitability.

Having lost money in 2011, in 2012 the Crew identified three financial goals with the aim of achieving financial stability. First, the team wanted a different jersey sponsor, which it achieved when they reached a deal with Barbasol. Second, the team wanted to sell naming rights to Columbus Crew Stadium, hoping for $15 million over 10 years. Third, the Crew had announced in September 2011 that it aimed to increase season-ticket sales from its current levels (later revealed to be 4,000) to 10,000. By November 2012, Crew season tickets were at 6,000, and by August 2013, the Crew had surpassed 7,000 season ticket holders.  Under Precourt Sports Ventures, Anthony Precourt, and Andy Loughnane, Crew SC's goals have shifted from exclusively focusing on season ticket sales to selling out MAPFRE Stadium. In 2014, the club set all-time stadium attendance records for highest overall attendance and most sellouts in one season. Loughnane confirmed that the club was trending to increase its season ticket membership by 1,000 members per year and also stated his intent for the club to assimilate into the corporate community and fan culture, adding that he believes this transformation is happening rapidly. On March 3, 2015, Crew SC announced that they had agreed to a multimillion-dollar stadium naming rights partnership with MAPFRE Insurance, a first for the stadium. In 2015, Crew SC and EAS Sports Nutrition agreed to a naming rights deal for its training facilities. Merchandise sales grew double digits since the previous year, as did food and beverage sales. It was also announced that the club gained over 1,000 new season ticket members from the previous year.

Sponsorship.

Mars' Snickers chocolate bar was Crew SC's first uniform sponsor, on a five-year, $6 million deal that lasted from 1996 to 2000. From 2002 to 2004 Pepsi was the team's shirt sponsor. Glidden was the Crew's shirt sponsor from 2008 to 2010, a deal worth $1 million per year. In early 2012, they signed a five-year deal with Barbasol, which is based in Dublin, Ohio, for an undisclosed fee.  In late February 2017, Columbus Crew SC signed a three-year deal with Acura, making the company the Official Jersey Partner and the Official Automotive Partner of the team. The deal was also the largest annual commercial transaction in club history.

Club culture.

Supporters: The "Nordecke" Transformation.

Before the 2008 season, the Columbus Crew front office demolished the north stands where the most ardent of Crew supporters stood, in order to build a stage that would provide additional revenue by facilitating concerts and other events. Prior to this, the team's three supporters' groups ("Crew Supporters Union", "Hudson Street Hooligans", and "La Turbina Amarilla") sat apart because of differences between the groups ranging from age to ethnicity. The building of the stage forced the groups to come together into the north corner of the stadium, forming one large block of vocal and artistic support. Putting their differences aside, the three groups formed the "Nordecke" () which is German for "north corner", celebrating the city's German heritage. In 2006 a large contingency of fans from the Nordecke began traveling together to support the Crew during their away campaigns. In late 2009/early 2010 the term "NorOnTour" grew popular on social networking, to describe the frequent fan traveling support.

Mascot.

Columbus Crew's first mascot was "Crew Cat", who was the franchise's mascot for almost 20 years. Columbus' official mascot is "S.C", the son of "Crew Cat" that was introduced for the 2015 MLS season. As new ownership was employed in the 2019 season, the older “Crew Cat” returned and attends games alongside S.C.

Rivalries.

The Crew has a rivalry with the Chicago Fire. Columbus is roughly a six-hour drive away from Chicago. Due to the relative close proximity of the two cities, it is not uncommon for supporters of both teams to make the trip to support their club in matches between the two. In the 2008 season, Columbus defeated Chicago in the Eastern Conference Championship match. In 1998, Chicago defeated Columbus for the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup.  MLS frames matches between Toronto FC and Columbus as a rivalry, creating a trophy called the Trillium Cup, awarded to the winner of the season series. The Crew also contests FC Dallas for the Lamar Hunt Pioneer Cup. Lamar Hunt was the owner of both teams until his death.  FC Cincinnati supporters claim the Crew as a rival, although some Columbus supporters do not consider the former USL team a rival. The two sides met in a 2017 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup match in front of 30,000 spectators, the largest non-final crowd for an Open Cup fixture. This was called the Hell Is Real Derby, based on a Christian billboard along I-71 between Columbus and Cincinnati.

Broadcasting.

In 2016, Crew SC games aired on TWC Sports Channel (now Spectrum Sports), simulcast on Sinclair Broadcast Group-operated stations in Columbus. The majority of games aired on The CW affiliate WWHO, and selected games also aired on WSYX, WTTE, and WSYX's MyNetworkTV subchannel. Dwight Burgess and Neil Sika served as co-hosts.  In 2019, the team reached a deal with Fox Sports Ohio, placing all matches on either it or secondary channel SportsTime Ohio.  On March 1, 2019 the team announced English-language radio broadcasts will be on 97.1 WBNS-FM with Chris Doran as the dedicated audio broadcaster. Spanish radio broadcast was also announced for ColumbusCrewSC.com and Juan Valladares as the broadcaster  On February 21, 2020 the team announced Jordan Angeli will replace Dwight Burgess and will be the first woman broadcaster in the clubs history.

Columbus Crew Soccer Club are an American professional soccer club based in Columbus, Ohio. The Crew competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference and began play in 1996 as one of the ten charter clubs of the league. The team is currently being operated by an ownership group led by the Haslam family and former team doctor Pete Edwards. The Haslam/Edwards group is the third owner in club history.

Columbus Crew je fotbalový tým hrající americkou Major League Soccer. Byl založen v roce 1994, v MLS působí od sezony 2006. Od roku 1999 hraje své domácí zápasy na Columbus Crew Stadium ve městě Columbus v Ohiu.


Life and work.

Henry Draper's father, John William Draper, was an accomplished doctor, chemist, botanist, and professor at New York University; he was also the first to photograph the moon through a telescope (1840). Draper's mother was Antonia Coetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner, daughter of the personal physician to the Emperor of Brazil. His niece, Antonia Maury was also an astronomer.  He graduated from New York University School of Medicine, at the age of 20, in 1857. He worked first as a physician at Bellevue Hospital, and later as both a professor and dean of medicine at New York University (NYU). In 1867 he married Mary Anna Palmer, a wealthy socialite who collaborated with him in his astronomy work.  Draper was one of the pioneers of the use of astrophotography. In 1872, he took a stellar spectrum that showed absorption lines, others, such as Joseph Fraunhofer, Lewis Morris Rutherfurd and Angelo Secchi, preceded him in that ambition.  He resigned his chair in the medical department in 1873, to allow for more time for original research.  He directed an expedition to photograph the 1874 transit of Venus, and was the first to photograph the Orion Nebula, on September 30, 1880. Using his 11 inch Clark Brothers photographic refractor he took a 50-minute exposure. He photographed the spectrum of Jupiter in 1880.  Draper's observatory, where he took his much-admired photographs of the moon, was located in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, and today the building functions as the Hastings-on-Hudson Historical Society.  Draper received numerous awards, including honorary LL.D. law degrees from NYU and the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1882, a Congressional medal for directing the U.S. expedition to photograph the 1874 transit of Venus, and election to both the National Academy of Sciences and the Astronomische Gesellschaft. In addition, he held memberships in the American Photographic Society, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  After his untimely early death from double pleurisy, his widow Mary Anna Draper funded the Henry Draper Medal for outstanding contributions to astrophysics and a telescope, which was used to prepare the Henry Draper Catalog of stellar spectra. This historical Henry Draper telescope is now at the Toruń Centre for Astronomy (Nicolaus Copernicus University) at Piwnice, Poland. The small crater Draper on the Moon is named in his honor.

Henry Draper (March 7, 1837 – November 20, 1882) was an American doctor and amateur astronomer. He is best known today as a pioneer of astrophotography.

Henry Draper (7. března 1837 Prince Edward County, Virginie – 20. listopadu 1882 New York) byl americký fyzik a astronom amatér, člen Národní AV USA (1877). Nejznámější jsou jeho průkopnické práce z oblasti astrofotografie a spektrografie. Získal první fotografii spektra hvězdy Vega a je po něm nazván katalog hvězdných spekter Henry Draper Catalogue.


Early life.

Sangaré was born in 1968 to singer Aminata Diakité and Sidiki Sangaré, both of whom originated from the Wassoulou region. In 1970, her father took a second wife and moved to Abidjan, leaving Sangaré, her mother and her siblings behind in Bamako. She began singing in the streets to help her mother, leaving school at an early age to do so. Her career began in 1973 when, at the age of five, she won an inter-kindergarten singing competition in Bamako, going on to perform before an audience of several thousand at the Omnisport stadium. At 16, she went on tour with the percussion group Djoliba, touring in France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Caribbean, and elsewhere. Inspired by her reception on tour, Sangaré returned to Bamako and established her own musical group.

Music.

Sangaré recorded her first album, "Moussoulou" ("Women"), with Amadou Ba Guindo, a renowned maestro of Malian music. The album was very successful in Africa, with more than 200,000 copies sold.  With the help of Ali Farka Touré, Sangaré signed with the English label World Circuit. At the age of 21, she was already a star.  Oumou Sangaré is considered an ambassador of Wassoulou; her music has been inspired by the music and traditional dances of the region. She writes and composes her songs, which often include social criticism, especially concerning women's low status in society.  Since 1990 she has performed at some of the most important venues in the world, such as the Melbourne Opera, Roskilde Festival, Gnaoua World Music Festival, WOMAD, Oslo World Music Festival, and the Opéra de la Monnaie.  Many of Sangaré's songs concern love and marriage, especially freedom of choice in marriage. Her 1989 album "Moussoulou" was an unprecedented West African hit. In 1995, she toured with Baaba Maal, Femi Kuti, and Boukman Eksperyans. Other albums include "Ko Sira" (1993), "Worotan" (1996), and a 2-CD compilation "Oumou" (2004), all released on World Circuit Records. Sangaré supports the cause of women throughout the world. She was named an ambassador of the FAO in 2003 and won the UNESCO Prize in 2001 and was made a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters of France in 1998.  Sangaré is featured prominently in "Throw Down Your Heart", a 2008 documentary about world-renowned American banjo player Béla Fleck, and his exploration of the relatively unknown relationship between his instrument and the musical traditions in Africa.  Sangaré contributed vocals to "Imagine" for the 2010 Herbie Hancock album "The Imagine Project", which also featured Seal, P!nk, India.Arie, Jeff Beck, Konono No1 and others.

Personal life, politics and business.

Oumou Sangaré is an advocate for women's rights, opposing child marriage and polygamy.  Sangaré is also involved in the world of business, including hotels, agriculture, and automobiles. She has launched a car, the "Oum Sang", manufactured by a Chinese firm and marketed in conjunction with her own company Gonow Oum Sang. She is the owner of the 30-room Hotel Wassoulou in Mali's capital, Bamako, a haven for musicians and her own regular performing space. "I helped build the hotel myself. I did it to show women that you can make your life better by working. And many more are working these days, forming co-operatives to make soap or clothes."  Sangaré has also been a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, but says she does not want to be a politician: "While you're an artist, you're free to say what you think; when you're a politician, you follow instructions from higher up."  She is a cousin of actor Omar Sangare and the aunt of actor and writer Bréhima Sangaré.

Oumou Sangaré (born February 25, 1968 in Bamako, Mali) is a Grammy Award-winning Malian Wassoulou musician, sometimes referred to as "The Songbird of Wassoulou". Wassoulou is a historical region south of the Niger River, where the music descends from age-old traditional song, often accompanied by a calabash.

Oumou Sangaré (* 25. února 1968) je malijská zpěvačka z etnické skupiny Fula/Peul (Fulbe, Fulani, Pulaar) z jihomalijské oblasti Wassoulou. Oumou je také hlasitým odpůrcem rodiči vynucených sňatků a polygamie.