Development.

Origins.

In December 2010, AgustaWestland's management approved the formation of a team under James Wang with the intention of producing a technology demonstrator incorporating as many new innovations as possible on a single airframe. Speaking in 2013, Wang noted that electric technologies were rapidly advancing, and that the function of Project Zero was to achieve readiness with electric aircraft technologies: "Rather than waiting for the battery to become even better, then working on electric aircraft technology, the team has positioned itself to be ready for the next generation of batteries".  At AgustaWestland and its partner companies, a total of two dozen full-time engineers worked on the project in a skunkworks-style of development at AgustaWestland's Cascina Costa facility in Italy. According to Wang, those appointed to the team were handpicked, and were typically young and passionate; each member had a specific specialty in one area. The team quickly decided that, instead of pursuing an electric-powered but otherwise conventional airplane or helicopter, a more radical approach would be adopted: A twin-rotor electric tiltrotor, lacking any transmission or swashplates. Wang summarised the team's philosophy as "Anything that is bordline impossible, we want to do".  Noting that the AgustaWestland AW169's development had been completed in under four years, management decided to challenge the team to complete the project within a single year, including initial flight testing. The team worked almost continuously, 24 hours per day and seven days per week for the initial six-month period. Team members did not wait on emails or voicemail, instead going directly to one another in person, being based in the same office, this also assisted in maintaining secrecy - direct teamwork in this fashion was heavily encouraged. AgustaWestland's Advanced Concepts Group performed extensive model testing for the project; this involved the creation of multiple flight-capable 1/10th-scale models, which were flown to test the extremes of the flight envelope due to the aircraft's atypical shape. The use of computer aided design (CAD) tools was also essential to meeting the extremely fast schedule of the program; computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling were both used extensively.  Various companies in Italy, the UK, the U.S. and Japan worked on the design and/or manufacturing of elements of Project Zero, including four different branches of Finmeccanica. Ansaldo Breda designed a custom-built electric motor inverter and accompanying motor control algorithm, Selex ES provided the High-Integrity Flight Control Computer and the Actuator Control Unit. Lucchi R.Elettromeccanica custom-built the axial flux permanent magnetic motors; Rotor Systems Research LLC worked in conjunction with AgustaWestland on the aerodynamic design of the rotor blades. Lola Composites produced the composite material from which most of the exterior surfaces are made of Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), while UCHIDA manufactured the composite structure for the rotor blades, shrouds, and spokes. Stile Bertone worked to develop the aesthetic and aerodynamic styling of the aircraft.  The designation "Project Zero" was derived from an observation that this was a unique internal project with no comparable counterpart within the company's history. The development of Project Zero was conducted within a short amount of time; the time between the start of the design phase and the first flight of the demonstrator itself was less than six months. In order to ensure that tangible benefits from the project were made, it was decided that a full-scale aircraft must be produced and flown. In June 2011, a full-scale demonstrator performed an initial tethered flight at Cascina Costa, Italy. According to Wang, there was no need for any redesigning or corrective work "Everything worked - the whole design - first time".

Reveal and further development.

On 4 March 2013, the existence of the program was announced to the public at the Helicopter Association International (HAI) Heli-Expo. In June 2013, the aircraft was publicly displayed at the Paris Air Show. In early 2014, the Project Zero team was awarded AHS International's prestigious 2014 Grover E. Bell Award—named for Larry Bell's late brother—given to the individual or organization that has fostered and encouraged research and experimentation in helicopter development.  Following the flight testing period, AgustaWestland set about learning from the project and studying means to transfer technologies produced into its existing rotorcraft product line. It has been emphasised that Project Zero itself is not a product, but an investment in technologies to benefit the wider company. Acting as a technology demonstrator, it serves to help to drive innovation in vertical flight for the company. In 2016, it was noted that the active blade control system developed for Project Zero, which removes the need for a swash plate and a separate vibration-damping system, was to undergo flight testing on an AgustaWestland AW139; separately, the flight control laws used by Project Zero shall be used for a future tiltrotor project by AgustaWestland.  Various alternative propulsion arrangements for Project Zero have been envisioned by the Advanced Concepts Group, including hybrid diesel propulsion, the incorporation of fuel cells, and other unspecified technologies. In its original configuration, ten minutes flight time is the current operational limit; speaking in 2016, Wang stated that he is hopeful that battery technology will advance within a decade to support a 100-minute operating time.

Design.

Project Zero is an unconventional electric-propelled tiltrotor aircraft, referred to by AgustaWestland as a 'convertiplane', it has been described as being "half-helicopter, half aeroplane". It is an advanced demonstrator, intended to show the capabilities of electric propulsion in aviation. The aircraft is all-electric with power coming from rechargeable batteries. AgustaWestland has stated that, when furnished with a suitable powerplant, the aircraft is capable of speeds equivalent of traditional tiltrotor designs and possesses a typical cruising height double that of a conventional helicopter. The technology demonstrator has not been optimised for production. It can either be flown by a single pilot seated within the cockpit, or alternatively operated as an unmanned aerial vehicle.  Key to Project Zero is the innovative propulsion system that it was developed to demonstrate and test. The two large rotors of the aircraft are driven by advanced electric motors, which are in turn powered by energy stored in batteries The all-electric design eliminates the need for a transmission, as used on conventional aircraft; it also operates with low acoustic and thermal signatures and without a dependency on oxygen. On the ground, the batteries may be recharged by tilting the rotors into the wind to act as turbines. The demonstrator was designed to accommodate numerous different energy sources for the electric motors; an alternative hybrid propulsion option also exists, this uses a lightweight diesel engine to drive a generator to provide electricity for the motors, which was developed by ORAL Engineering. During cruise flight, the majority of the lift is provided by the wings; the outer wings are detachable, which could be useful for shorter range missions mainly using the 'helicopter mode' of flight. In excess of 80 percent of the aircraft's composition is composite materials, including all of the skin, rotor blades, shroud, and spokes; the structure is almost entirely aluminium and carbon. Materials were selected on the basis of providing the greatest speed at reasonable weight and finance costs. According to the company, the aircraft "employs no hydraulics, doesn’t burn fossil fuel and generates zero emissions." In place of hydraulics, electromechanical actuators have been used for functions such as the retraction of the undercarriage, tilting the nacelles, and actuating the aircraft's elevons; these actuators were purpose-developed by Microtecnica.  Key technologies of Project Zero have been patented; a European Patent, EP2551190 (A1), was filed on 29 July 2011 and granted 30 January 2013, while patents (listing James Wang as the inventor) were also granted in parallel in the United States, US2013026303 (A1); Other patents were filed in Korea (KR20130014450 (A)), Japan (JP2013032147 (A)), and China (CN102897317 (A)).

Operational history.

In June 2011, the unmanned demonstrator conducted its first tethered flight at AgustaWestland's Cascina Costa facility in Italy. It was flown in secured areas multiple times in 2011 and 2012, including flights with and without the ducted shrouds around its tilting rotors; a further modification included an alternative and more advanced set of rotor blades with a non-linear twist and custom airfoils being installed. Flight testing allowed for the fine-tuning of the propulsion system, which resulted in a 30 per cent gain in effective power.  Project Zero has made numerous public appearances since being revealed in March 2013. Flight testing has also continued, this has focused on 1/3rd-scale models rather than the full-scale demonstrator due to the limited flight endurance it possesses. In February 2016, it was announced that a hybrid drive system would be installed on the full-scale aircraft, this is aimed at extending the flight endurance from 10 minutes to 35–45 minutes.

The AgustaWestland Project Zero is a hybrid tiltrotor/Lift fan aircraft. It has been developed by AgustaWestland as a technology demonstrator, and is used to investigate all-electric propulsion and other advanced technologies. It is the world's first electric tiltrotor aircraft.

AgustaWestland Project Zero je technologický demonstrátor bezpilotního letounu s překlopnými rotory plně integrovanými do křídla (anglicky: "fan-in-wing") s charakteristikami V/STOL.


Sequel trilogy.

In 2008 a sequel trilogy for young adults was proposed, with the main characters being Jonathan's 14-year-old orphaned twin nephews. The stories would have been partly set in Roman Britain. The first book was to be published in March 2010. The working title for the trilogy was the Flavian Trilogy, with individual stories "Brothers of Jackals", "Companion of Owls" and "Prey of Lions". On her blog and website, Caroline Lawrence has said the content was deemed "too edgy" for the Roman Mysteries brand and as a result has been put on hold indefinitely.  In April 2010, author Caroline Lawrence announced that she is planning a spinoff for younger readers. The main character will be Threptus, an 8-year-old Ostian beggar boy who makes appearances in the final Roman Mystery, "The Man from Pomegranate Street" and the final short story in "The Legionary from Londinium and other mini-mysteries".

Special features.

Each of the novels has at least one map of the area covered in the story, sometimes also plans or diagrams; these are by Richard Russell Lawrence. The chapters are called scrolls, after the rolls of papyrus which were Roman 'books', and are numbered with Roman numerals. The glossary explaining Roman terms is called "Aristo's Scroll", after Flavia's tutor, and the author's note, which separates fact from fiction, is called "The Last Scroll".

TV series.

The BBC produced a television series based on the books, entitled "Roman Mysteries". The first season was broadcast in 2007, the second season in 2008.

The Roman Mysteries is a series of historical novels for children by Caroline Lawrence. The first book, "The Thieves of Ostia", was published in 2001, finishing with "The Man from Pomegranate Street", published in 2009, and 17 more novels were planned, plus a number of "mini-mysteries" and companion titles.

Záhady ze starověkého Říma (2001-2009, The Roman Mysteries) je cyklus detektivních dobrodružných románů pro mládež americké spisovatelky Caroline Lawrencové. Knihy se odehrávají v prostředí starověkého Říma za vlády císaře Tita a mají dětské hrdiny, kterými jsou Flavia Gemina, dcera bohatého římského námořního kapitána, syn židovského lékaře Mordechaje Jonatán, núbijská otrokyně Nubia a němý žebravý chlapec Lupus. Série, česky někdy také nazývána podle jména hlavní hrdinky "Flavia Gemina", získala mnohá ocenění (roku 2009 například Classical Association Prize) a byla přeložena do řady jazyků.


Climate.

The Dry Valleys are so named because of their extremely low humidity and lack of snow or ice cover. They are also dry because, in this location, the mountains are sufficiently high that they block seaward-flowing ice from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet from reaching the Ross Sea. At, the valleys constitute around 0.03% of the continent and form the largest ice-free region in Antarctica. The valley floors are covered with loose gravel, in which ice wedge polygonal patterned ground may be observed.  Precipitation averages around per year over a century of records, all in the form of snow. The dry wind rapidly evaporates the snow and little melts into the soil. During the summer, this process can take only hours.  The unique conditions in the Dry Valleys are caused, in part, by katabatic winds; these occur when cold, dense air is pulled downhill by the force of gravity. The winds can reach speeds of, heating as they descend and evaporating all water, ice and snow.

Geology.

The McMurdo Oasis constitutes approximately of "deglaciated mountainous desert", according to McKelvey, bounded by the coastline of south Victoria Land and the Polar Plateau. The Taylor and Wright Valleys are major ice-free valleys within the Transantarctic Mountains. These "dry valleys" include hummocky moraines, with frozen lakes, saline ponds, sand dunes, and meltwater streams. Basement rocks include the Late Precambrian or Early Palaeozoic Skelton Group metamorphic rocks, primarily the Asgard Formation, which is a medium-high-grade marble and calc schist. The Palaeozoic Granite Harbour intrusives include granitoid plutons and dykes, which intruded into the metasedimentary Skelton Group in the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician during the Ross orogeny. The basement complex is overlain by the Jurassic Beacon Supergroup, which is itself intruded by Ferrar Dolerite sheets and sills. The McMurdo Volcanic Group intrudes, or is interbedded with, the Taylor and Wright Valleys' moraines as basaltic cinder cones and lava flows. These basalts have ages between 2.1 and 4.4 Ma. The Dry Valley Drilling Project (1971-75) determined the Pleistocene layer within the Taylor Valley was between 137 and 275 m thick, and composed of interbedded sandstones, pebble conglomerates, and laminated silty mudstones. This Pleistocene layer disconformably overlies Pliocene and Miocene diamictites.

Life.

Endolithic bacteria have been found living in the Dry Valleys, sheltered from the dry air in the relatively moist interior of rocks. Summer meltwater from the glaciers provides the primary source of soil nutrients. Scientists consider the Dry Valleys perhaps the closest of any terrestrial environment to the planet Mars, and thus an important source of insights into possible extraterrestrial life.  Anaerobic bacteria whose metabolism is based on iron and sulfur live in sub-freezing temperatures under the Taylor Glacier. It was previously thought that the algae was staining red the ice emerging at Blood Falls but it is now known that the staining is caused by high levels of iron oxide.  Canadian and American researchers conducted a field expedition in 2013 to University Valley in order to examine the microbial population and to test a drill designed for sampling on Mars in the permafrost of the driest parts of the valleys, the areas most analogous to the Martian surface. They found no living organisms in the permafrost, the first location on the planet visited by humans with no active microbial life.  Part of the Valleys was designated an environmentally protected area in 2004.

Major geographic features.

Valleys.

From north to south, the three main valleys are  West of Victoria Valley are, from north to south,  Stretching south from Balham Valley are, from west to east:  West of Taylor Valley is  Further south, between Royal Society Range in the west and the west coast of McMurdo Sound at the lobe of Koettlitz Glacier are, from north to south:

Lakes.

Some of the lakes of the Dry Valleys rank among the world's most saline lakes, with a higher salinity than Lake Assal (Djibouti) or the Dead Sea. The most saline of all is small Don Juan Pond.

The McMurdo Dry Valleys are a row of largely snow-free valleys in Antarctica, located within Victoria Land west of McMurdo Sound. The Dry Valleys experience extremely low humidity and surrounding mountains prevent the flow of ice from nearby glaciers. The rocks here are granites and gneisses, and glacial tills dot this bedrock landscape, with loose gravel covering the ground.

Suchá údolí McMurdo je oblast ve Viktoriině zemi v Antarktidě, poblíž polární stanice McMurdo. Je to antarktická oáza o rozloze zhruba 4800 km2. Leží ve srážkovém stínu Transantarktického pohoří a bývá označována za nejsušší místo na zeměkouli. Údolí objevil v roce 1903 Robert Falcon Scott.


Development.

Development of the H-19 was initiated privately by Sikorsky without government sponsorship. The helicopter was initially designed as a testbed for several novel design concepts intended to provide greater load-carrying ability in combination with easy maintenance. Under the leadership of designer Edward F. Katzenberger, a mockup was designed and fabricated in less than one year.  The first customer was the United States Air Force, which ordered five YH-19 aircraft for evaluation; the YH-19's first flight was on 10 November 1949, less than a year after the program start date. This was followed by delivery of the first YH-19 to the U.S. Air Force on 16 April 1950 and delivery of the first HO4S-1 helicopter to the U. S. Navy on 31 August 1950. A U.S. Air Force YH-19 was sent to Korea for service trials in March 1951, where it was joined by a second YH-19 in September 1951. On 27 April 1951, the first HRS-1 was delivered to the U.S. Marine Corps, and on 2 May 1951, the first S-55 was delivered to Westland Aircraft.  1,281 of the helicopters were manufactured by Sikorsky in the United States. An additional 447 were manufactured by licensees of the helicopter including Westland Aircraft, the SNCASE in France and Mitsubishi in Japan.  The helicopter was widely exported, used by many other nations, including Portugal, Greece, Israel, Chile, South Africa, Denmark and Turkey.  In 1954 the Marines tested an idea to enhance lift in hot and high and/or heavily loaded conditions by installing a rocket nozzle at the tip of each rotor blade with the fuel tank located in the center above the rotor blade hub. Enough fuel was provided for seven minutes of operation. Although tests of the system were considered successful, it was never adopted operationally.

Design.

Major innovations implemented on the H-19 were the forward placement of the engine below the crew compartment and in front of the main cabin, the use of offset flapping hinges located nine inches (229 mm) from the center of the rotor, and the use of hydraulic servos for the main rotor controls. These features yielded an aircraft that was far more capable in a transport role than previous Sikorsky designs.  The forward engine location placed the main cabin essentially in line with the main rotor's rotational axis and close to the aircraft center of gravity, making it easier to maintain proper weight and balance under differing loading conditions. The impetus for this design choice was the recent rejection of the Sikorsky XHJS by the U.S. Navy in favor of the tandem rotor Piasecki HUP Retriever; the Navy had strongly objected to the necessity to use ballast in the cabin-forward XHJS to maintain proper weight and balance, prompting Sikorsky to seek single-rotor design alternatives that did not require this.  Another benefit of this engine location was ease of maintenance, as the engine could be readily accessed at ground level through dual clamshell-style doors; the entire engine could be changed in only two hours, and the radial engine was oriented backwards relative to a typical airplane installation, allowing more convenient access to engine accessories. The offset flapping hinges and hydraulic servos gave more positive flight control under differing loading conditions, isolated the flight controls from vibration, and lessened control forces; the H-19 could be flown with only two fingers on the cyclic control.  The YH-19 prototypes featured a blunt aft fuselage and a single starboard-mounted horizontal tailplane with a small vertical fin at its outboard end. Initial production models added a large fillet-like fin behind the fuselage and under the tailboom, and the tailplane configuration was changed to an inverted "V" shape.  Early H-19 and HO4S variants were powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1340-57 radial rated at 600 hp (472 kW) and used a centrifugal clutch that automatically engaged the main rotor when a preset engine speed was reached. However, the HO4S was deemed underpowered in U.S. Navy service with this powerplant, so the aircraft was re-engined with a 700 hp (522 kW) Wright R-1300-3 radial which the U.S. Navy found to be adequate in an air-sea rescue role; the H-19B, HO4S-3, HRS-3, and subsequent models would use this powerplant. The R-1300 models also used a single horizontal tailplane in place of the early inverted "V" style, and a new hydro-mechanical clutch gave smoother and more rapid rotor acceleration during clutch engagement and allowed the engine to be started and operated at any speed while disengaged from the transmission and rotors.  Early civilian and military S-55 models offered a folding 400 lb (181 kg) capacity hoist above the starboard main cabin door, while later models could be equipped with a more capable and reliable 600 lb (272 kg) capacity unit. Starting with the introduction of the S-55C in October 1956, the tailboom was inclined three degrees downward to provide more main rotor clearance during hard landings; models equipped with the inclined tail also used an 8 ft 9 in (2.67 m) tail rotor in place of the earlier 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) unit.

Operational history.

The H-19 Chickasaw holds the distinction of being the U.S. Army's first true transport helicopter and, as such, played an important role in the initial formulation of Army doctrine regarding air mobility and the battlefield employment of troop-carrying helicopters. The H-19 underwent live service tests in the hands of the 6th Transportation Company, during the Korean War beginning in 1951 as an unarmed transport helicopter. Undergoing tests such as medical evacuation, tactical control and frontline cargo support, the helicopter succeeded admirably in surpassing the capabilities of the H-5 Dragonfly which had been used throughout the war by the Army.  The U.S. Marine Corps made extensive use of the H-19 in the Korean War. It was designated as the HRS in USMC service. Marine Squadron HMR-161 arrived in Korea on September 2, 1951 with 15 HRS-1 helicopters. The new helicopter squadron started operations upon arrival. On September 13, 1951, during Operation Windmill I, HMR-161 transported 18,848 pounds of gear and 74 Marines onto a ridge in the Punchbowl area. A week later HMR-161 shuttled 224 recon company marines and 17,772 pounds of supplies to a remote hilltop in the same area. Their performance continued to improve and in Operation Haylift II in February 23-27, 1953, HMR-161 lifted 1.6 million pounds of cargo to resupply two regiments. Although HMR-161 helicopters were operating in hot landing zones they did not lose any helicopters to enemy fire. HRS-1 helicopters were also used to relocate rocket launcher batteries. Because rockets create much visible dust when fired they make an easy target for enemy artillery. To reduce their exposure, launchers and crews were moved twice a day. Each HRS-1 helicopter carried four rocket launchers and extra rockets as external cargo, with the crew in the cabin. The HRS-1 helicopter proved to be durable and reliable in Korean service. One reportedly flew home after losing of main rotor blade to a tree. HMR-161 reported 90% aircraft availability.  The U.S. Air Force ordered 50 H-19A's for rescue duties in 1951. These aircraft were the primary rescue and medical evacuation helicopters for the USAF during the Korean War. The Air Force continued to use the H-19 through the 1960s, ultimately acquiring 270 of the H-19B model.  On 1 September 1953, Sabena used the S-55 to inaugurate the first commercial helicopter service in Europe, with routes between Rotterdam and Maastricht in the Netherlands and Cologne and Bonn in Germany.  France made aggressive use of helicopters in Algeria, both as troop transports and gunships, Piasecki/Vertol H-21 and Sud-built Sikorski H-34 helicopters rapidly displaced fixed-wing aircraft for the transport of paras and quick-reaction commando teams. In Indochina, a small number of Hiller H-23s and Sikorsky H-19s were available for casualty evacuation. In 1956, the French Air Force experimented with arming the H-19, then being superseded in service by the more capable Piasecki H-21 and Sikorsky H-34 helicopters. The H-19 was originally fitted with a 20-mm cannon, two rocket launchers, two 12.7-mm machine guns, and a 7.5-mm light machine gun firing from the cabin windows, but this load proved far too heavy, and even lightly armed H-19 gunships fitted with flexible machine guns for self-defense proved underpowered.  The H-19 was also used by the French forces in the First Indochina War. A small number of war-worn H-19s were given to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in 1958, when the French military departed. These saw very limited service in the early days of the Vietnam War, before being supplanted by the more capable Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw.  The H-19 left U.S. military service when the CH-19E was retired by U.S. Navy squadron HC-5 on 26 February 1969. Surplus H-19s were sold on the open market, and civil interest was sufficient that Sikorsky (and later Orlando Helicopter Airways) offered conversion kits allowing a military surplus H-19 to be commercially operated under a standard Federal Aviation Administration type certificate as an S-55B. Turboshaft conversions and a novel campervan-like "Heli-Camper" conversion—featuring a built-in mini-kitchen and sleeping accommodations for four—were also offered by aftermarket modification companies.

Aircraft on display.

See Westland Whirlwind (helicopter) for examples of the British license-built S-55.

The Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw (company model number S-55) was a multi-purpose helicopter used by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It was also license-built by Westland Aircraft as the Westland Whirlwind in the United Kingdom. United States Navy and United States Coast Guard models were designated HO4S, while those of the U.S. Marine Corps were designated HRS. In 1962, the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Marine Corps versions were all redesignated as H-19s like their U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force counterparts.

Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw, známý také pod rozšířeným označením Sikorsky S-55, je víceúčelový užitkový vrtulník střední hmotnostní kategorie s třílistým nosným rotorem a dvoulistým tlačným vyrovnávacím rotorem. Nejvíce se stroje H-19 uplatnily ve službách armády Spojených států amerických a v letectvu Spojených států amerických. Hlavním výrobcem strojů byla americká společnost Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation, ale v licenční výrobě je produkovaly také další společnosti, například britský výrobce Westland Aircraft. Americkým námořnictvem a americkou pobřežní střáží byly zpočátku označovány jako HO4S, zatímco varianty americké námořní pěchoty nesly označení HRS. V roce 1962 byly všechny verze přeznačeny na H-19 podle vrtulníků americké armády a letectva.


Configuration.

High strength and buoyancy is provided by a rectangular pontoon, the main load-carrying part of the ship's hull. The superstructure built on the pontoon is divided into three compartments with two longitudinal bulkheads: combat material compartment in the midsection fitted with tank ramps, and outboard sections housing main and auxiliary propulsion units, troop compartments, living quarters, and NBC protection systems. To improve working conditions in the battle stations, troop compartments and living quarters are fitted with air-conditioning and heating-systems, sound/heat-insulating coatings, and structures made of vibration damping materials. The ship provides normal conditions for the crew to make meals and rest.  Personnel are protected against the effects of weapons of mass destruction by airtight sealing of combat stations, crew and troop compartments, augmented with individual gas masks and protection suits. The ship is also protected from magnetic influence mines with an active system to compensate for the magnetic fields generated by the ship and transported materials. The central command post and MS-227 device compartments are strengthened with alloy armor.

Capacity.

The "Zubr"-class landing craft has a cargo area of and a fuel capacity of 56 tons. It can carry three main battle tanks (up to 150 tonnes), or ten armoured vehicles with 140 troops (up to 131 tonnes), or 8 armoured personnel carriers of total mass up to 115 tonnes, or 8 amphibious tanks or up to 500 troops (with 360 troops in the cargo compartment).  At full displacement the ship is capable of negotiating up to 5-degree gradients on non-equipped shores and -high vertical walls. The "Zubr" class remains seaworthy in conditions up to Sea State 4. The vessel has a cruising speed of.

Operators.

(ex-Soviet Navy) (2)

Former operators.

The "Zubr" class (Project 1232.2, NATO reporting name "Pomornik") is a class of Soviet-designed air-cushioned landing craft (LCAC). This class of military hovercraft is,, the world's largest, with a standard full load displacement of 555 tons. The hovercraft was designed to sealift amphibious assault units (such as marines and tanks) from equipped/non-equipped vessels to non-equipped shores, as well as to transport and plant naval mines.

Projekt 1232.2 „Zubr“ (v kódu NATO třída Pomornik) je třída výsadkových vznášedel sovětského námořnictva z doby studené války. Po rozpadu SSSR část z nich převzalo Ruské námořnictvo a část Ukrajinské námořnictvo. Stavbu provádí loděnice obou zemí. Zahraničními uživateli vznášedel jsou Řecké námořnictvo a Námořnictvo Čínské lidové republiky. Jsou to největší vznášedla na světě.


Prize winners.

2005.

Eugene F. Fama, Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, was the first winner of the prize. He was awarded for his fundamental contributions to financial economics, in particular, for developing and investigating the concept of market efficiency, which is now a cornerstone in the field of finance. The award was presented at Goethe University Frankfurt on 6 October 2005, preceded by an academic CFS symposium entitled “Market Efficiency Today”.  Fama is the joint recipient of the 2013 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Lars Peter Hansen of the University of Chicago and Robert J. Shiller of Yale University.

2007.

Michael Woodford, Professor of Political Economy at Columbia University in New York, was awarded with the DB Prize 2007 for his fundamental contributions to the theory and practical analysis of monetary policy. Woodford has developed a theory of monetary macroeconomics that holds widespread appeal to academic researchers owing to its rigorous microeconomic foundations. Woodford has proved the immense practical value of his theory by analyzing the central role played by expectations and communication in the implementation of monetary policy.  The award ceremony was preceded by an international academic CFS symposium on "The Theory and Practice of Monetary Policy Today".

2009.

Robert J. Shiller, Professor of Economics at Yale University, and Professor of Finance and Fellow at Yale School of Management, was awarded the 2009 prize for his contributions to the field of financial economics. Through his innovative work exploring the dynamics of asset prices, Robert Shiller has become a pioneer in the field of financial economics. His findings on the volatility of share prices, the occurrence of price bubbles and resultant crises, as well as on the distribution of macroeconomic risks are not only of great academic importance, they have also broken new ground in economic practice.  An international academic symposium titled “Financial Innovation and Economic Crisis” was held in connection with the award ceremony on 30 September 2009. Leading financial economists, including Nobel Prize laureate Robert C. Merton of the MIT Sloan School of Management and Otmar Issing, President of the Center for Financial Studies, discussed the topics explored in Robert Shiller's research.  Shiller is the joint recipient of the 2013 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with Eugene F. Fama, University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and Lars Peter Hansen of the University of Chicago.

2011.

Kenneth Rogoff, Professor of Economics and Professor of Public Policy at Harvard University, was awarded the 2011 prize for his pioneering contributions to the field of international finance and macroeconomics. Rogoff's works examine sovereign default and debt restructuring, exchange rate developments, global imbalances and the development of financial crises and are highly relevant for understanding and addressing today's global challenges. He has not only contributed pioneering work of the greatest academic importance, he has also made his findings accessible to a broad public.  The award was presented during the international academic CFS symposium "Global Perspective on Financial Crisis" on 22 September 2011 at Goethe University Frankfurt. Leading financial economists, including the Governor of the Israeli central bank Stanley Fischer and Otmar Issing, President of the CFS, discussed Rogoff's works and their current political and economic relevance to the global financial and economic crisis.

2013.

Raghuram G. Rajan, Governor of Reserve Bank of India, received the DB Prize 2013 for his highly influential contributions in a remarkably broad range of areas in Financial Economics, most important to the development of economies worldwide, ranging from the central role of banks in creating liquidity and the role of finance in economic growth to the nature of corporations and their financing. His work develops novel empirical and theoretical approaches with significant policy implications.  The award was presented during the international academic CFS symposium “Banking, Liquidity, and Monetary Policy” on 26 September 2013 at Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany. Leading academic economists, including Viral Acharya, Markus Brunnermeier and Luigi Zingales discussed Rajan's highly influential contributions in a broad range of research areas in financial economics. Policy panel members addressed topical policy issues relating to Rajan's work. They included European Central Bank Vice-President Vítor Constâncio, CFS President Otmar Issing and Governor of the Federal Reserve System Jeremy Stein.

2015.

Stephen Ross, the Franco Modigliani Professor of Financial Economics and Professor of Finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management, is the recipient of the 2015 prize. The Jury chose Professor Ross for his groundwork and fundamental contributions to the analytical development of financial economics. For more than 25 years major models developed by him have marked the economic world. His models relate to the theory of asset pricing, the analysis of the term structure of interest rates, understanding option prices, and the basic structure of the principal-agent problem. The work of Stephen A. Ross has shaped today's thinking in financial innovation, practice, and policy.  The prize was officially presented as part of the academic symposium entitled “What Market Prices Tell Us” on 24 September 2015 at Goethe University Frankfurt. Leading financial economists will discuss Ross's work, its relevance and its contribution to the global financial industry and academic world. Plenary lectures about “Term Structure of Interest Rates” and “Historical Asset Prices” will be held by Nobel Laureate and Jury member Robert C. Merton and by K. Geert Rouwenhorst, Professor of Corporate Finance at Yale University. A panel of renowned economists will subsequently discuss the topic “Understanding Efficient Markets: Limits of Policy Influence”. The panel will include Eugene F. Fama, winner of the Deutsche Bank Prize 2005 and Nobel Laureate 2013, Martin F. Hellwig, Director of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, and Josef Zechner, CFS Jury member 2005 and Professor of Finance and Investments at WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.

Nomination process.

Every two years, around 4,000 professors and academics from each of the top 30 universities in the US, Europe, Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region are invited to submit entries and propose nominees for the prize. In addition, a total of more than 300 members of national banks, the European Central Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and the World Bank will have the opportunity to suggest an academic as a potential prize winner.

Jury.

Nominations are assessed by an independent international Prize Jury. According to the Statutes of the Deutsche Bank Prize, the Jury comprises:

The Deutsche Bank Prize in Financial Economics honors who have made influential contributions to the fields of finance and money and macroeconomics, and whose work has led to practical and policy-relevant results. It is awarded biannually, since 2005, by the Center for Financial Studies (CFS), in partnership with Goethe University Frankfurt, and is sponsored by Deutsche Bank Donation Fund. The award carries an endowment of €50,000, which is donated by the Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft.

Cena Deutsche Bank za finanční ekonomii je německé ocenění pro ekonomy, udělované za vlivné přispění do ekonomických oblastí financí, teorie peněz nebo makroekonomie, přičemž je potřebné, aby jejich práce měla praktické nebo politicky relevantní výsledky.


Early years.

Allen was born in Fayetteville, North Carolina. He attended Terry Sanford High School in Fayetteville, and played high school football for the Terry Sanford Bulldogs. During his career, he had 68 receptions for 1,257 yards.

College career.

Allen attended Clemson University, where he played for the Clemson Tigers football team from 2008 to 2011. He was redshirted in 2008. In 2009, he started six of 14 games and had 10 receptions for 108 yards and three touchdowns. He started all 13 games in 2010 and was a second-team All-ACC selection after recording 33 receptions for 373 yards with a touchdown.  Through the first seven games of his junior season, Allen had 27 receptions for 381 yards and four touchdowns.  Allen was named the 2011 recipient of the John Mackey Award on December 8, 2011 at the Home Depot College Football Awards Red Carpet Show. He graduated from Clemson on August 9, 2014.

Professional career.

Indianapolis Colts.

Allen was drafted 64th overall by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2012 NFL Draft. He was the second tight-end taken in the draft as well as the second taken by the Colts. He helped fellow rookie Andrew Luck lead the Colts to an 11-5 record. Despite their draft positions, Allen actually bested his teammate (taken 34th overall), Coby Fleener, in overall production ranking 7th best among the league's rookie receiving leaders. Allen and fellow rookie teammates T. Y. Hilton, Fleener, Vick Ballard, and LaVon Brazill combined for an NFL record 3,108 yards - the most by any rookie class playing for an NFL club since the 1970 NFL merger. The second best performance was the Colts 1999 rookie class with 2,751 yards. Allen finished the 2012 season with 521 receiving yards on 45 catches, and 3 touchdowns. Allen was intended to be a large part of new Colts offensive coordinator Pep Hamilton's offense in 2013, but was placed on the injured reserve following a hip injury in the first game of the season. He finished the season with one catch for 20 yards and a touchdown.  Allen battled a knee injury late in the 2014 season, but started 13 games for the Colts and finished with 29 receptions, 395 yards, and 8 touchdowns. On November 8, 2015, Allen was poked in the eye by Denver Broncos' cornerback Aqib Talib. Talib was given a one-game suspension for the incident the following day. On December 30, 2015, Allen was placed on injured reserve.  On March 7, 2016, Allen signed a four-year, $29.4 million extension with the Colts.

New England Patriots.

On March 9, 2017, the Colts traded Allen and a 2017 sixth-round draft pick to the New England Patriots for a 2017 fourth-round draft pick. The trade was the first between the Colts and Patriots since 1985.  On November 12, on "Sunday Night Football", Allen made his first reception with the Patriots when he caught an 11-yard touchdown pass from Tom Brady. The play made Allen the 68th NFL player to catch a touchdown from Brady. Allen reached Super Bowl LII with the Patriots, but lost 41–33 to the Philadelphia Eagles.  Allen was again not a part of the Patriots offense in 2018, as he only had three catches for 27 yards during the season, although he was praised by the team for his blocking. Allen did win Super Bowl LIII when the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams 13-3.  On March 2, 2019, Allen was released by the Patriots.

Miami Dolphins.

On March 9, 2019, Allen was signed by the Miami Dolphins to a two-year, $6.5 million deal. He was released with an injury settlement on August 31, 2019.

Dwayne Lamont Allen (born February 24, 1990) is an American football tight end who is currently a free agent. He played college football for Clemson University, earned consensus All-American honors, and was recognized as the most outstanding college tight end in 2011. He was selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the third round of the 2012 NFL Draft. With the New England Patriots, he won Super Bowl LIII over the Los Angeles Rams.

Dwayne Lamont Allen (* 24. února 1990 v Fayetteville, stát Severní Karolína) je hráč amerického fotbalu nastupující na pozici Tight enda za tým Indianapolis Colts v National Football League. Univerzitní fotbal hrál za Clemson University, poté byl vybrán ve třetím kole Draftu NFL 2012 týmem Indianapolis Colts.


History.

Mexico established diplomatic relations with then Czechoslovakia in 1922; four years after the country proclaimed its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. That same year, both nations opened consulates in each other's capitals, respectively. Diplomatic relations between the two nations were interrupted in April 1939 after the invasion from Germany in the country, however, the exiled Czechoslovak government in London maintained relations with Mexico. In 1942, diplomatic relations were fully restored between the two nations and in 1959, embassies were established in each other's capitals, respectively.  In August 1990, Czechoslovak President Václav Havel paid an official visit to Mexico. In 1991, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari paid an official visit to Czechoslovakia. In December 1992, Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Mexico established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 1 January 1993. In 2017, the Czech Republic and Mexico celebrated 95 years of the establishment of diplomatic relations.

High-level visits.

High-level visits form Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic to Mexico  High-level visits from Mexico to Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic

Bilateral agreements.

Both nations have signed a few bilateral agreements such as an Agreement on Air Transportation (1990); Agreement on Educational and Cultural Cooperation (1970); Agreement on Trade (1974); Agreement on Health Cooperation (1993); Agreement on Scientific, Technical and Technological Cooperation (1995); Agreement on the Elimination of Visa Requirements for Ordinary, Diplomatic and Official Passport Holders (2000); Agreement on the Avoidance of Double-Taxation and Fiscal Evasion (2002) and an Agreement on Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investment (2004).

Trade relations.

In 1997, Mexico signed a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union (which includes the Czech Republic since 2004). In 2018, two-way trade between both nations amounted to US$1.7 billion. The Czech Republic main exports to Mexico include: vehicles; directional lights; electrical conductors and modular circuits. Mexico's main exports to the Czech Republic include: headphones with microphone; games and construction assortment; memory units; vehicles; crusts of citrus fruits, melons and watermelons. The Czech Republic is Mexico's fourteenth biggest trading partner within the European Union. A few major Mexican multinational companies such as Cemex, Grupo Bimbo and Nemak operate in the Czech Republic.

Czech Republic–Mexico relations refers to the diplomatic relations between the Czech Republic and Mexico. Both countries are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Tento článek popisuje bilaterální vztahy mezi Českou republikou a Spojenými státy mexickými a jejich vzájemný vývoj. Mexiko navázalo diplomatické vztahy v roce 1922. Mezi nejznámější české osobnosti pracující v Mexiku v 19. století patřil botanik a cestovatel Benedikt Roezl, nejslavnější objevitel orchidejí všech dob.


History.

Early history.

Originally a trading post established in 1809 by a French-Canadian fur trader from Montreal, a permanent settlement was established on the east side of the Huron River in 1823 by Major Thomas Woodruff. It was incorporated into the Territory of Michigan as the village Woodruff's Grove. A separate community a short distance away on the west side of the river was established in 1825 under the name "Ypsilanti", after Demetrios Ypsilantis, a hero in the Greek War of Independence. Woodruff's Grove changed its name to Ypsilanti in 1829, the year its namesake effectively won the war for the Greek Independence at the Battle of Petra, with the two communities eventually merging. A bust of Demetrios Ypsilantis by Greek sculptor Christopher Nastos stands between a Greek and a US flag at the base of the landmark Ypsilanti Water Tower.

Automotive history.

Ypsilanti has played an important role in the automobile industry. From 1920 to 1922, Apex Motors produced the "ACE" car. It was in Ypsilanti that Preston Tucker (whose family owned the Ypsilanti Machine Tool Company) designed and built the prototypes for his Tucker '48. Tucker's story was related in the film "", directed by Francis Ford Coppola.  In 1945, Henry J. Kaiser and Joseph W. Frazer bought the nearby Willow Run B-24 Liberator bomber plant from Ford Motor Company, and started to make Kaiser and Frazer model cars in 1947. The last Kaiser car made in Ypsilanti rolled off the assembly line in 1953, when the company merged with Willys-Overland and moved production to Toledo, Ohio. General Motors purchased the Kaiser Frazer plant, and converted it into its Hydramatic Division (now called its Powertrain division), beginning production in November 1953. The GM Powertrain Division ceased production at this facility in 2010.  Ypsilanti is also the location of the last Hudson automobile dealership. Today, the former dealership is the site of the Ypsilanti Automotive Heritage Collection. The museum is the home to an original Fabulous Hudson Hornet race car, which inspired the character Doc Hudson in the 2006 Pixar animated film "Cars" It is also home to Preston Tucker's Tucker '48.

Political history.

In the early 1970s, along with neighboring city of Ann Arbor, the citizens reduced the penalty for the use and sale of marijuana to $5 (the Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative; see also the Human Rights Party). When Ypsilanti prosecuted a man possessing of cannabis under state law, the defense argued he should have been charged under Ypsilanti's ordinance. The trial judge declared the ordinance's requirement that Ypsilanti prosecute only under city law unenforceable. An appeal court upheld the trial judge's ruling. Later, Ypsilanti City Council, using its power of codification, deleted the ordinance.  In 1979, Faz Husain was elected to the Ypsilanti city council, the first Muslim and the first native of India to win elected office in Michigan.  In the 1990s Ypsilanti became the first city in Michigan to pass a living wage ordinance.  On July 23, 2007, Governor Jennifer Granholm announced that Ypsilanti, along with the cities of Caro and Clio, was chosen by the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) to take part in the Blueprints for Michigan's Downtowns program. The award provides for an economic development consultant to assist Ypsilanti in developing a growth and job creation strategy for the downtown area.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and is water. The Huron River flows through Ypsilanti with Ford Lake on the southern edge of the city.  Ypsilanti is located at, in the eastern reaches of the Greater Ann Arbor area. Suburban development between Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor, via Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road, has been unbroken since the late 1960s. Downtown Ypsilanti and the surrounding neighborhoods are the site of many historical homes, including kit homes by companies like Aladdin and Sears.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 19,435 people, 8,026 households, and 2,880 families residing in the city. The population density was. There were 9,271 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 61.5% White, 29.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.  There were 8,026 households, of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.7% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 64.1% were non-families. 42.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.92.  The median age in the city was 25 years. 14.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 35.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.3% were from 25 to 44; 16.6% were from 45 to 64; and 8.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 22,362 people, 8,551 households, and 3,377 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,081.5 per square mile (1,962.3/km). There were 9,215 housing units at an average density of 2,094.0 per square mile (808.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 61.40% White, 30.58% African American, 0.44% Native American, 3.18% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.32% from other races, and 3.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.47% of the population. 13.6% were of German, 6.8% Irish, 6.4% English and 5.5% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000.  There were 8,551 households, out of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.0% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.5% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the city the population was spread out, with 15.9% under the age of 18, 38.2% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 12.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $28,610, and the median income for a family was $40,793. Males had a median income of $30,328 versus $26,745 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,692. About 16.9% of families and 25.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

Nicknames.

Ypsilanti is often shortened to "Ypsi," particularly in spoken conversation and local/regional usage.  Because a large number of residents or their ancestors migrated from Appalachia, certain neighborhoods (particularly on the far east side of the city and into Ypsilanti Township) are sometimes called "Ypsitucky." Harriette Arnow's book "The Dollmaker", which was made into a film starring Jane Fonda, focused on the lives of these "Ypsituckians."  Recently, the use of the term "Ypsitucky" has come under increased scrutiny due to its historically derogatory connotation. In 2008, the issue was raised after a dinner being held in Ann Arbor to honor Harriette Arnow was described as an "Ypsitucky Supper" in some of the event organizer's media releases. In 2009, planning began for the "Ypsitucky Jamboree," a new music festival celebrating bluegrass music to be held in Ypsilanti in September 2009; this resulted in objections from some area residents and some members of the City Council, leading to renaming the event as simply "The Jamboree."

Education.

K–12 education.

Ypsilanti Community Schools serve residents of the city, as well as parts of Ypsilanti Township and Superior Township. Ypsilanti Public Schools and Willow Run Community Schools merged to form a new, united district on July 1, 2013. Charter schools in the city include Arbor Preparatory High School.  It also was the setting of a well known and long running High/Scope Perry Preschool Study regarding the effects of early childhood education in children. The study researched the effects of preschool on the later lives of low income children from the area.  Global Educational Excellence operates the Global Tech Academy (PreK-5) in nearby Ypsilanti Township.

Higher education.

A college town, Ypsilanti is home to Eastern Michigan University, founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Today, Eastern Michigan University has 17,500+ undergraduate and more than 4,800 graduate students. As well, Ypsilanti is home to Washtenaw Community College (WCC) sponsored off-site extension center.

Linguist List.

Ypsilanti was also the home to the main editing site of the Linguist List, a major online resource for the field of linguistics. It was mostly staffed by graduate students who attend Eastern Michigan University and runs several database websites and mailing lists.

Sites of interest.

Ypsilanti has the second largest contiguous historic district in the state of Michigan, behind only the much larger city of Grand Rapids. The historic district includes both downtown Ypsilanti, along Michigan Avenue, and the Depot Town area adjacent to Frog Island Park and Riverside Park, which features many specialty shops, bars and grills, and a farmers' market.  The Tridge is a three-way wooden footbridge under the Cross Street bridge over the Huron River at. The Tridge connects Riverside Park, Frog Island Park, and Depot Town.  The Ypsilanti Water Tower, adjacent to the campus of Eastern Michigan University, holds the unique distinction of being the winner of the Most Phallic Building contest.  Other sites of interest include:

Local media.

Ypsilanti is served by daily newspapers from Detroit. Ypsilanti once had its own daily newspaper, the Ypsilanti Press, but that paper closed June 28, 1994, after 90 years in business. Upon closing, the Press sold its masthead, archives and subscriber list to the Ann Arbor News, which then began publishing an Ypsilanti edition. The Ann Arbor News ceased publication on July 23, 2009; it was replaced by a new Internet-based news operation, AnnArbor.com, which also produces print editions on Thursdays and Sundays. A weekly newspaper, the Ypsilanti Courier, is published every Thursday by Heritage Media from their Saline, MI offices. The only newspaper currently operating in Ypsilanti is Eastern Michigan University's independent newspaper The Eastern Echo.  Local radio stations include:

Culture.

Cultural history and attractions.

Domino's Pizza was founded in Ypsilanti in 1960 near the campus of Eastern Michigan University.  By 1963, Clara Owens established the Ypsilanti Greek Theater in Ypsilanti, Michigan for the performance of Greek theater productions.  In 1966 the Ypsilanti Greek Theater opened at the EMU Baseball field. Bert Lahr and Dame Judith Anderson starred in two productions, "The Oresteia", a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus and "The Birds" by playwright Aristophanes.  Since 1979, the city has become known for summer festivals in the part of the city called "Depot Town", which is adjacent to both Riverside and Frog Island Parks along the banks of the Huron River. Festivals include the annual Ypsilanti Heritage Festival, Michigan ElvisFest, the Orphan Car Festival, the Michigan Brewers Guild Summer Beer Festival, the former Frog Island Festival, and a Latino festival.  Painter Fay Kleinman moved to Ypsilanti in the late 1980s with her husband, pianist Emanuel Levenson.  Overlooking Riverside Park is the non-profit Riverside Arts Center. Established in 1994 through the efforts of the Ypsilanti Downtown Development Authority and several public spirited citizens, the Riverside boasts a 115-seat black box theater, a sizable art gallery and some meeting rooms and offices. In 2006 the adjacent DTE building was renovated with "Cool Cities Initiative" money and is in the process of being incorporated into the center's activities.

Ypsilanti ( ), commonly shortened to Ypsi, is a city in Washtenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan, perhaps best known as the home of Eastern Michigan University. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 19,435. The city is bounded to the north by Superior Township and on the west, south, and east by Ypsilanti Township. Ypsilanti is located road miles east of Ann Arbor and road miles west of the Detroit city limits.

Ypsilanti je město v americkém státu Michigan, ležící ve Washtenaw County na řece Huron River, které podle sčítání z roku 2010 má 19 435 obyvatel. Bylo založeno v roce 1825 a pojmenováno podle bojovníka ze nezávislost Řecka Demetria Ypsilantiho, v roce 1858 bylo povýšeno na město. Město bylo jedním z center amerického automobilového průmyslu, vyráběly se zde vozy ACE, Tucker 48 a Kaiser-Frazer. V roce 1995 bylo v Ypsilanti založeno automobilové muzeum. Vznikla zde také firma Domino's Pizza. Památkou na doby konjunktury je historická obchodní čtvrť Depot Town. Ve městě také sídlí veřejná vysoká škola Eastern Michigan University (založena 1849). Partnerským městem je Nafplio.


The starting position of the series.

At the beginning of the series, at the request of caretaker Seppo Taalasmaa (es. Jarmo Koski) and his wife Ulla (es. Maija-Liisa Peuhu), the police have come to investigate why Tyyne Puustinen does not open the door. He is found dead in his apartment and police begin to find out the cause of death. The couple later tells about their event to their daughter Elina Taalasmaa (es. Sanna Luostarinen).  Aki Nikkinen (es. Sami Uotila) and Markus Ekholm (es. Andrei Sandberg) have been looking for a suitable retail space for their café for a long time and will eventually find a suitable one. Katja Vainio (es. Anu Koskinen) promises to be an interior designer. Katja's sister and roommate Jenni (es. Anu Palevaara) has brought a gentleman Toni Veijalainen (es. Kristo Salminen) to her home. Jenni receives a letter stating that she has been expelled from school due to continued absences. At the same time, the subsidies also run out, so Jenni asks Toni to be their subtenant.  Jukka Salin (es. Jouko Keskinen) and his new wife Hanna (es. Tarja Omenainen) return home from the Canary Islands. At home, they are received by Aleksi (es. Tuomas Kytömäki), who has just left the army, the middle child of the family Saku (es. Jasper Pääkkönen) and the family pit Silja (es. Jonna Keskinen). Hanna and Jukka reveal to the children that they were married during the trip. Saku and Aleksi are happy about Hanna's move to them, but Silja doesn't take the news well, and it doesn't help that Silja hears that Alex knew about her marriage intentions.  Ismo Laitela (es. Esko Kovero) lives next door to Salini, who is the widow of two teenage children, Miia (es. Venla Saartamo) and Kalle (es. Pete Lattu). Ismo works as a retailer in a kiosk-like store called Ismo's Choice. Lawyer Laura Kiviranta (es. Piitu Uski) lives alone as a sworn single.

Themes.

The series has dealt with a wider range of subjects such as abortion, drug abuse, alcoholism, homosexuality, incest, animal rights, rape, religious fanaticism, gambling addiction, teenage pregnancy, domestic violence, cancer, eating disorder, school bullying, narcissistic personality disorder and its effects to the family, the search of biological parents, stealing and racism; many episodes involving these themes have caused public debate.  An exceptionally widespread controversy was started by the season finale aired on 1 June 2009. In the episode, a pregnant woman, Paula Sievinen (Johanna Nurmimaa), was seemingly buried alive and a café exploded during a wedding celebration, which implied death of many main characters. Many, including Finland's Minister of Communications Suvi Lindén, questioned the show's suitability for school children. FICORA (Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority) decided later that the episode was not suitable for children under the age of 11, but the show's programming slot was late enough to meet the regulations. In 2013, the original main character Jenni Vainio played by Anu Palevaara, was shot on front of the main house and it caused a lot of talk among the fans of the series. Jenni left the series after 14 years presence. However, producer Marko Äijö said that the biggest sensation of the series was in the early days, when Kalle Laitela, played by Pete Lattu, kissed another man. At that time, the channel MTV3 received over 40 meters of fax about the kiss.  During the series' entire run in Finland, a 30-minute episode has aired every weekday in an early-evening slot at 7:30 pm. A new season usually premieres in either late August or early September and concludes by the beginning of June. Normally, the series is on a hiatus during the Christmas holidays, approximately 3 or 4 weeks. The series' episodes are also available online at the website http://katsomo.fi/ for 30 days after their original airing.

Settings.

"Salatut elämät's" main focus is the fictional street "Pihlajakatu", located in Ullanlinna, Helsinki. Other locations include a high school, a hospital, "Café Moose" and an inn, "Amanda", which contains the hotel, a restaurant and a gym "Amadeus". Former "main café" was "Kentauri" which, however, exploded during a wedding celebration in the season finale of the 11th season.  All of the houses and other locations featured in the show are filmed at the FremantleMedia studio in Konala, Helsinki. In real life, Pihlajakatu is Huvilakatu, which is located in Ullanlinna, Helsinki. "Salatut elämä"t has also filmed scenes in Tampere and in Lapland. A few episodes have also been filmed in the Canary Islands, Lithuania and London.

Theme song.

The original theme song was called "Tunteisiin" and performed by Anna Hanski but in 2001, the theme was changed to a version performed by Jore Marjaranta. In 2004, the theme song was replaced by an electronic version of the theme music. In 2014, the theme song was switched back to the original one, first heard on 1999. In 2019, the series got completely new theme song again.

Television ratings.

Since its first episode aired in January 1999, it has been one of the most popular TV shows in Finland, regularly attracting around a million viewers (1/5 of Finland's population). At the moment "Salatut elämät" is the highest-rated drama series in Finland, although its viewership has declined during the past few years.

Salatut elämät ("Concealed Lives") is a Finnish television soap opera that premiered on MTV3 on 25 January 1999. During the series' 21-year run, over 3,700 episodes have been aired, making it the longest running drama in television in the Nordics. On 12 June 2017, it was announced that "Salatut elämät" will be on the air until the summer 2023 making the series the longest-lasting drama series of all time in Finland. The series' storylines follow the daily lives of several families who live in the same apartment block in Helsinki. The series primarily centres on the residents of Pihlajakatu and its neighbouring areas. Only six of the original twenty characters Ismo (Esko Kovero), Kalle (Pete Lattu), Ulla (Maija-Liisa Peuhu), Aki (Sami Uotila), Kari (Tommi Taurula) and Elina (Inna Tähkänen, originally played by Sanna Luostarinen) still remain in the series, and most of the series' current characters have made their debuts in 2014 or later.

Salatut elämät je finská mýdlová opera, kterou od roku 1999 vysílá soukromý televizní kanál MTV3. Práce na scénáři první série začaly v roce 1998 a premiérový díl byl odvysílán 25. ledna 1999. Zpočátku bylo plánováno 540 epizod na tři roky (do začátku roku 2002), ale producentská smlouva byla několikrát prodloužena. V srpnu 2009 bylo oznámeno, že seriál bude pokračovat minimálně do jara 2015 a o dalším eventuálním pokračování se jedná. Během 14 let bylo odvysíláno přes 2500 dílů. V roce 2012 byl na základě seriálu uveden celovečerní film "Nightmare – Painajainen merellä" (Noční můra – Noční můra na moři).


Synopsis.

Hélène shares her college room with Cathy and Johanna. One day, the three friends meet three young men, who share a college room and play in a rock band together. Hélène and her friends will know love and heartaches, laughs and drinks.

Detailed plot.

In the first episode three young girl students meet three boy musicians. The series deals with love, friendship, betrayal, sadness, joy. Over the episodes, the actors and their roles grow. In 1994, the series "The Miracle of Love" () takes over. The merry band leaves the hospice room and rents a large house together.  The departure of the central actors Helene Rolles (Helen) and Patrick Puydebat (Nicolas) caused a loss of audience. A replacement was then proposed for "Helen And the Boys". So "Les vacances de l'amour" ("The holidays of love") began in 1996 and lasted until 2004, with 160 episodes aired.. The format of the series goes to 52 minutes and left the studios of the plain of St. Denis and cardboard sets. Natural scenery and rich in the fictitious island of "Love Island" in the Caribbean. The band goes on vacation for three weeks and will find Nicolas who was exiled there. Eventually they will all move there. Helen will also be returning. But also detective stories and endless surprises.  In 2010, Helen and her boys were back in the new series "Mysteries of Love" ("Les Mystères de l'amour").  Despite negative reviews from critics, it had great success in the 90s in both France and Scandinavia.

Hélène et les Garçons ("Helen and the Boys") was a French sitcom that aired from 1992 to 1994. It is a spin-off from the series "First Kisses", and follows Hélène Girard and her friends in their life as students.

Helena a její chlapci (ve francouzském originále Hélène et les Garçons) je francouzský sitcom pro mládež. Autorem byl Jean-François Porry (vlastním jménem Jean-Luc Azoulay), režírovali: Jacques Samyn, Gérard Espinasse, Marianne Fosserier, Christophe Salachas. Seriál měl 280 dílů po 26 minutách a vysílala ho stanice TF1 v letech 1992–1994. Hlavními hrdinkami jsou tři studentky pařížské univerzity, bydlící spolu na koleji (Helena, Katka a Johana). Děj se točí kolem jejich vztahů k trojici spolužáků (Mikuláš, Kristián a Štěpán), kteří mají hudební skupinu.


Club career.

Newry Town & Watford.

After playing for Shamrock Rovers' under-18 side at the age of 11, Jennings concentrated on Gaelic football until he was sixteen years old, when he made his soccer comeback with his hometown side Newry Town. After impressing with the team he moved to English Third Division side Watford in May 1963. Jennings again impressed in his first season in England, playing every league game for his club, and making two international appearances that season. He was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for £27,000 in June 1964.

Tottenham Hotspur.

Jennings spent thirteen years at White Hart Lane, where he played in 472 league games for Spurs, and 591 in all competitions. He won the FA Cup in 1967, the League Cup in 1971 and 1973, and the UEFA Cup in 1972. He also scored once, in the 1967 Charity Shield, from his own area, kicking the ball from his hands and sending a large punt down the field that bounced over Manchester United goalkeeper Alex Stepney and into the net. In 1973 the Football Writers' Association named him as its footballer of the year. Three years later he won PFA's version of the award – he was the first goalkeeper to receive this accolade, and to this date remains only one of two, along with Peter Shilton.

Arsenal.

In August 1977, he was transferred to Tottenham's arch-rivals, Arsenal, with Tottenham thinking he was nearing the end of his career. However, Jennings saw off rivals for the goalkeeper's jersey to play for Arsenal for another eight years. Whilst at Highbury, he helped Arsenal to four Cup finals in three successive years; the FA Cup final in 1978, 1979, and 1980, as well as the European Cup Winners Cup final that year. However, Arsenal only managed to win the second of these finals, a 3–2 victory against Manchester United. In total, Jennings made 327 appearances for Arsenal, 237 of them in the League, between 1977 and his eventual retirement from first-team club football in 1985. On 26 February 1983, he became the first player in English football to make 1,000 senior appearances, celebrating this milestone with a clean sheet in a goalless league draw for Arsenal at West Bromwich Albion.

Later career.

After his retirement, Jennings returned to Tottenham Hotspur, playing mostly in their reserve side to maintain his match sharpness for Northern Ireland's 1986 World Cup campaign. His final appearance for Tottenham was in the Football League Super Cup against Liverpool in January 1986. He was also briefly on Everton's books, having been signed as goalkeeping cover for the 1986 FA Cup Final against Liverpool, Neville Southall having been injured playing for Wales.

International career.

Jennings made his Northern Ireland debut as an eighteen-year-old, whilst playing for Watford. This game, on 15 April 1964, was a British Home Championship match against Wales, Northern Ireland won the game 3–2; George Best made his international debut in the same game. Despite retiring from club football in 1985, Jennings played his final international game at the 1986 World Cup, on his 41st birthday, making him at the time the World Cup's oldest-ever participant. The match was Northern Ireland's final group game, a 3–0 defeat against Brazil. In total, Jennings participated in the qualifying stages of six World Cups between 1966 and 1986.

Retirement.

Following his retirement Jennings has worked as a goalkeeping coach. He has worked at Tottenham in this capacity since 1993. In 2003 Jennings was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of the skills he demonstrated in the English league. His son, also named Pat, is also a goalkeeper, having played for League of Ireland clubs University College Dublin, Derry City, Shamrock Rovers and NIFL Premiership club Glenavon.  Jennings and his family have lived for many years in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, where his son attended The Broxbourne School along with the sons of fellow Spurs players Chris Hughton, Osvaldo Ardiles and Ray Clemence. He is still associated with Spurs and hosts Corporate Hospitality fans in the Pat Jennings Lounges at White Hart Lane and Windsor Park, Belfast.

External links.

!colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| World Cup records

Patrick Anthony Jennings (born 12 June 1945) is a Northern Irish former footballer. He played 119 games for Northern Ireland as a goalkeeper, a figure which is still a Northern Ireland record, in an international career which lasted for over 22 years. During his career Jennings played for Newry Town, Watford, and in the top division with Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal, winning the FA Cup with both of the north London rivals. In total, Jennings made over 1,000 top level appearances, and despite being a goalkeeper he scored in the 1967 FA Charity Shield.

Patrick Anthony "Pat" Jennings OBE (12. červen 1945, Newry) je bývalý severoirský fotbalista, brankář. Hrál na mistrovství světa ve Španělsku roku 1982 a mistrovství světa v Mexiku 1986. Za severoirskou reprezentaci celkem odehrál 119 zápasů, což je severoirský rekord.


Early life.

Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Margaret Agnes Kirk and Robert Joseph Kline (1909–1996). His father was a classical music lover and an amateur opera singer who owned and operated The Record Bar, a record store in St. Louis that opened in the early 1940s, and sold toys during the 1960s and 1970s; his father's family also owned Kline's Inc., a department store chain. Kline has described his mother as the "dramatic theatrical character in our family". Kline's father was Jewish, from a family that had emigrated from Germany, and had become an agnostic. Kline's mother was a Catholic of Irish descent, the daughter of an emigrant from County Louth. Kline was raised in his mother's Catholic faith. He has an older sister, Kate, and two younger brothers, Alexander and Christopher.  He graduated from the Saint Louis Priory School in 1965. In 1997, the school named its new auditorium as the Kevin Kline Theater in his honor. Kline performed selections from Shakespeare as a benefit at the dedication.  He attended Indiana University, Bloomington, where he was a classmate of actor Jonathan Banks. He began studying composing and conducting music, but switched to a theater and speech major for his last two years, graduating in 1970. Kline remembers: "When I switched to the Theater Department, all I did was theater...I could barely make it to class because this was my passion." While an undergraduate, he was a co-founder of the Vest Pocket Players, an off-campus theatrical troupe.

Career.

In 1970, Kline was awarded a scholarship to the newly formed Drama Division at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1972, he joined with fellow Juilliard graduates, including Patti LuPone and David Ogden Stiers, and formed the City Center Acting Company (now The Acting Company), under the aegis of John Houseman.  The Company traveled across the U.S. performing Shakespeare's plays, other classical works, and the musical "The Robber Bridegroom", founding one of the most widely praised groups in American repertory theatre. At Juilliard, he studied singing with Beverley Peck Johnson.  In 1976, Kline left The Acting Company and settled in New York City, doing a brief appearance as the character "Woody Reed" in the now-defunct soap opera "Search for Tomorrow". He followed this with a return to the stage in 1977 to play Clym Yeobright opposite Donna Theodore as Eustacia Vye in The Hudson Guild Theater production of "Dance on a Country Grave", Kelly Hamilton's musical version of Thomas Hardy's "The Return of the Native". In 1978, he played the role of Bruce Granit, a matinée idol caricature, in Harold Prince's "On the Twentieth Century", for which he won his first Tony Award. In 1981, Kline appeared with rock diva Linda Ronstadt and singer Rex Smith in the New York Shakespeare Festival's Central Park production of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Pirates of Penzance", winning another Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical, for his comically dashing portrayal of the Pirate King. In 1983, he played the role in a film version of the musical, also with Ronstadt, Smith and Angela Lansbury, which had a limited theatrical release.  In the ensuing years, Kline appeared many times in New York Shakespeare Festival productions of Shakespeare plays, including starring roles in "Richard III" (1983), "Much Ado About Nothing" (1988), "Henry V" (1984), and two productions of "Hamlet", in 1986 and 1990 (which he also directed). A videotape of the 1990 production has aired on PBS.  He also appeared in a Lincoln Center production that combined the two parts of "Henry IV" on Broadway at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 2003 as Falstaff. Kline was nominated for the 2004 Tony Award, Actor in a Play.  Dubbed "the American Olivier" by "New York Times" theater critic Frank Rich for his stage acting, Kline finally ventured into film in 1982 in "Sophie's Choice". He won the coveted role of the tormented and mercurial Nathan opposite Meryl Streep. Streep won an Academy Award for her performance in the film. Kline was nominated for a 1983 Golden Globe award (New Star of the Year) and BAFTA Award for Most Outstanding Newcomer To Film.  During the 1980s and early 1990s, Kline made several films with director Lawrence Kasdan, including "The Big Chill", "Silverado", "Grand Canyon", "I Love You to Death", and "French Kiss". He played Donald Woods in Richard Attenborough's "Cry Freedom" opposite Denzel Washington about the friendship between Activist Stephen Biko and editor Donald Woods.  In 1989, Kline won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the British comedy "A Fish Called Wanda", in which he played a painfully inept American ex-CIA thug opposite John Cleese's genteel British barrister and Jamie Lee Curtis' femme fatale/con woman. In 2000, the American Film Institute ranked the film twenty-first on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs. He provided his first voice acting role in "The Nutcracker" in 1993, and also provided the role of Captain Phoebus in the 1996 Disney film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame".  Other awards have included Drama Desk Awards, Golden Globe awards, a Gotham Award, a Hasty Pudding Theatricals Man of the Year Award, and a St. Louis International Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award. He was inducted in the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 2003. He has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Film reviewers have praised Kline. "Newsday" critic Lynn Darling wrote on July 13, 1988, that Kline "has proved himself to be one of the most talented and versatile American actors of his generation."  Kline played the title role in "King Lear" at the Public Theater and took the lead role in a Broadway production of "Cyrano de Bergerac" opposite Jennifer Garner. That production was forced to close temporarily after only 11 performances as a result of the Broadway stagehands' strike, but subsequently reopened. "Cyrano" was filmed in 2008 and aired as part of PBS's "Great Performances" series in January 2009.  In January 2008, Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for his portrayal of Jaques in Kenneth Branagh's film "As You Like It", adapted from Shakespeare's play. The film premiered theatrically in 2006 in Europe. It bypassed theatres and was sent straight to HBO in the U.S. Kline's film "The Conspirator" premiered during the Toronto International Film Festival in 2010 and was described as an "old-fashioned historical thriller". It was well received by most critics. Kline also starred in the 2012 comedy "Darling Companion" alongside Diane Keaton. In 2017, Kline returned to Broadway in a revival of the play "Present Laughter", for which he received his third Tony Award.  In December 2004, Kline became the 2,272nd recipient of a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame, for his contributions to the motion picture industry, located at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard.

Personal life.

Kline met actress Phoebe Cates in 1983. They began dating in 1985 and married in 1989. The couple live on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York. They have two children, Owen Kline (born 1991) and Greta Kline (born 1994), who fronts the band Frankie Cosmos.  After his son, Owen, was diagnosed with juvenile diabetes, Kline became active with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. In November 2004, he was presented with the JDRF's Humanitarian of the Year award by Meryl Streep for his volunteer efforts on behalf of the organization.  The Kevin Kline Awards honor theatre professionals in St. Louis in an array of categories, which include best actor and actress, set design, choreography, and new play or musical.

Kevin Delaney Kline (born October 24, 1947) is an American actor. He has won an Oscar and three Tony Awards and is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee.

Kevin Kline (* 24. října 1947 St. Louis, Missouri) je americký filmový a divadelní herec. Studoval na Juilliard School a ve svých hereckých začátcích cestoval s putovním divadlem po celých Spojených státech. Koncem sedmdesátých let se začal věnovat hraní ve filmech. Od roku 1989 je jeho manželkou herečka Phoebe Cates.