Classification.

Samoan is an analytic, isolating language and a member of the Austronesian family, and more specifically the Samoic branch of the Polynesian subphylum. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages with many shared cognate words such as "aliʻi", "ʻava", "atua", "tapu" and numerals as well as in the name of gods in mythology.  Linguists differ somewhat on the way they classify Samoan in relation to the other Polynesian languages. The "traditional"

Geographic distribution.

There are approximately 470,000 Samoan speakers worldwide, 50 per cent of whom live in the Samoan Islands. Thereafter, the greatest concentration is in New Zealand, where people of Samoan ethnicity comprise the largest group after New Zealand European, Māori, and Chinese: the 2006 New Zealand census recorded 95,428 speakers of the Samoan language, and 141,103 people of Samoan ethnicity. Among ethnic Samoans in New Zealand, 70.5 percent (87,109 people) could speak Samoan. Samoan is the third most commonly spoken language in New Zealand after English and Māori.  The majority of Samoans in New Zealand (66.4

Phonology.

The Samoa alphabet consists of 14 letters, with another three letters (H, K, R) used in loan words. The ("koma liliu" or "ʻokina") is used for the glottal stop.

Vowels.

Vowel length is phonemic in Samoan; all five vowels also have a long form denoted by the macron. For example, "tama" means child or boy, while "tamā" means father.

Monophthongs.

Diphthongs are.  The combination of u followed by a vowel in some words creates the sound of the English w, a letter not part of the Samoan alphabet, as in "uaua" (artery, tendon).

Consonants.

In formal Samoan, used for example in news broadcasts or sermons, the consonants are used. In colloquial Samoan, however, merge as and is pronounced.  The glottal stop is phonemic in Samoan. The presence or absence of the glottal stop affects the meaning of words otherwise spelled the same, e.g. "mai" = from, originate from; "maʻi" = sickness, illness.  The consonants in parentheses are only present in loanwords and formal Samoan.

Foreign words.

Loanwords from English and other languages have been adapted to Samoan phonology:  /k/ is retained in some instances (Christ = "Keriso", club = "kalapu", coffee = "kofe"), and has become [t] in rare instances (such as "se totini", from the English "stocking").  /ɹ/ becomes [ɾ] in some instances (e.g. Christ = "Keriso", January = "Ianuari", number = "numera"), and [l] in others (January = "Ianuali", herring = "elegi").  /d/ becomes [t] (David = "Tavita", diamond = "taimane").  /g/ becomes [k] in some cases (gas = "kesi"), while /tʃ/, /ʃ/ and /dʒ/ usually become [s] (Charles = "Salesi", Charlotte = "Salata", James = "Semisi").  /h/ is retained at the beginning of some proper names (Herod = "Herota"), but in some cases becomes an's' (hammer = "samala"), and is omitted in others (herring = "elegi", half-caste = "afakasi")  /z/ becomes [s] (Zachariah = "Sakaria")  /w/ becomes [v] (William = "Viliamu")  /b/ becomes [p] (Britain = "Peretania", butter = "pata")

Stress.

Stress generally falls on the penultimate mora; that is, on the last syllable if that contains a long vowel or diphthong or on the second-last syllable otherwise. There are exceptions though, with many words ending in a long vowel taking the accent on the ultima; as "ma'elega", zealous; "ʻonā", to be intoxicated; "faigatā", difficult.  Verbs formed from nouns ending in a, and meaning to abound in, have properly two aʻs, as "puaa" (puaʻaa), "pona", "tagata", but are written with one.  In speaking of a place at some distance, the accent is placed on the last syllable; as "ʻO loʻo i Safotu", he is at Safotu. The same thing is done in referring to a family; as Sa Muliaga, the family of Muliaga, the term "Sa" referring to a wide extended family of clan with a common ancestor. So most words ending in "ga", not a sign of a noun, as

Phonotactics.

Samoan syllable structure is (C)V, where V may be long or a diphthong. A sequence VV may occur only in derived forms and compound words; within roots, only the initial syllable may be of the form V. Metathesis of consonants is frequent, such as "manu" for "namu"'scent', "lavaʻau" for "valaʻau" 'to call', but vowels may not be mixed up in this

Grammar.

Morphology.

Personal pronouns.

Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive

Articles.

The definite article is "le": "ʻo le Atua", God; indefinite e.g., "ʻo le matai o Pai", (the) chief (named) Pai. It is sometimes used where English would require the indefinite article: "Ua tu mai le

Nouns.

Names of natural objects, such as men, trees and animals, are mostly primitive nouns, e.g."ʻO le la", the sun; "ʻo le tagata", the person; "ʻo le talo", the taro; "ʻo le iʻa", the fish; also manufactured articles, such as "matau", an axe, "vaʻa", canoe, "tao", spear, "fale", house, etc.  Some nouns are derived from verbs by the addition of either "ga", "saga", "taga", "maga", or "ʻaga": such as "tuli", to chase; "tuliga", chasing; "luluʻu", to fill the hand; "luʻutaga", a handful; "feanu", to spit; "anusaga", spittle; "tanu", to bury; "tanulia", the part buried. These verbal nouns have an active participial meaning; e.g. "ʻO le faiga o le fale", the building of the house. Often they refer to the persons acting, in which case they govern the next noun in the genitive with "a"; "ʻO le faiga a fale", contracted into "ʻo le faiga fale", those who build the house, the builders. In some cases verbal nouns refer to either persons or things done by them: "ʻO le faiga a talo", the getting of taro, or the party getting the "taro", or the "taro" itself which has been got. The context in such cases decides the meaning. Sometimes place is

Gender.

Gender is sometimes expressed by distinct names:  "ʻO le matai", a chief.  "ʻO le tamāloa", a man.  "ʻO le tama", a boy.  "ʻO le poʻa", a male animal.  "ʻO le toeaʻina", an elderly man.  "sole", colloquial male label. "ʻO le tamaitaʻi", a lady.  "ʻO le fafine",

Number.

The singular number is known by the article with the noun; e.g. "ʻo le tama", a boy.  Properly there is no dual. It is expressed by omitting the article and adding numbers "e lua" for things e.g. "e

Possessives.

Possessive relations are indicated by the particles "a" or "o". Possessive pronouns also have a-forms and o-forms: "lou", "lau", "lona", "lana", "lo" and "la matou", etc. Writers in the 1800s like Platt were unable to understand the underlying principles governing the use of the two forms: "There is no general rule which will apply to every case. The governing noun decides which should be used;

Adjectives.

Some adjectives are primitive, as "umi", long; "poto", wise. Some are formed from nouns by the addition of "a", meaning "covered with" or "infested with"; thus, "ʻeleʻele", dirt; "ʻeleʻelea", dirty; "palapala", mud; "palapalā", muddy.  Others are formed by doubling the noun; as "pona", a knot; "ponapona", knotty; "fatu", a stone; "fatufatu", stony.  Others are formed by prefixing "faʻa" to the noun; as "ʻo le tu fa'asāmoa", Samoan custom or "fa'amatai".  Like "ly" in English, the "faʻa" often expresses similitude; "ʻo le amio faʻapuaʻa", behave like a pig (literally).  In one or two cases "a" is prefixed; as "apulupulu", sticky, from "pulu", resin; "avanoa", open; from "vā" and "noa".  Verbs are also used as adjectives: "ʻo le ala faigatā", a difficult road; "ʻo le vai tafe", a river, flowing water; "ʻo le laʻau ola", a live tree; also the passive: "ʻo le aliʻi mātaʻutia".  "Ma" is the prefix of condition, "sae", to tear; "masae", torn; as, "ʻO le iʻe masae", torn cloth; Goto, to sink; "magoto", sunk; "ʻo le vaʻa magoto", a sunken canoe.  A kind of compound adjective is formed by the union of a noun with an

Syntax.

Sentences have different types of word order and the four most commonly used are verb–subject–object (VSO), verb–object–subject (VOS), subject–verb–object (SVO) and object–verb–subject (OVS).  For example:- "The girl went to the house." (SVO); girl (subject), went

Negation.

A phrase or clause can be made negative by the addition of a particle, a morpheme usually meaning 'not'. There are two common negative particles in Samoan, "lē" and "leʻi" (sometimes also written as "lei")"." "Lē" has the allomorphs [le:] or [le] (Mosel & Hovdhaugen, 1992, pp. 142, 375). "Lē" should not be confused for "le", the specific singular article, which indicates that the noun phrase refers to one particular entity (Mosel & Hovdhaugen, 1992, pp. 259). "Lē" and "lei" negate declarative and interrogative sentences, but do not negate imperative sentences. Negative imperative verbs are discussed later in this entry. "Lē" (meaning "not") can be combined with all tense-aspect-mood particles (or 'TAM' particles), except those that are optative and subjunctive, such as "neʻi", "seʻi", and "ʻia" (Mosel & Hovdhaugen, 1992, pp. 375).  A negative particle may mark a negative verbal clause, as seen in the example below (from Mosel & Hovdhaugen, 1992, pp. 56). In this example of a negated declarative sentence, it can be seen that, in Samoan, there is no

Registers.

Formal versus colloquial register.

The language has a polite or formal variant used in oratory and ceremony as well as in communication with elders, guests, people of rank and strangers.  The consonant system of colloquial Samoan ("casual Samoan", or "tautala leaga" as it is known) is slightly different from the literary language ("proper Samoan", or "tautala lelei"), and is referred to as K speech or K style. In colloquial speech, defined as taking place in casual social situations among intimates or in the home

Oratorical register.

Historically and culturally, an important form of the Samoan language is oratory, a ceremonial language sometimes referred to in publications as 'chiefly language', or "gagana fa'aaloalo" ("dignified language") which incorporates classical Samoan terms and prose as well as a different set of vocabulary, which is tied to the roles of orator chiefs ("tulāfale") and'speechmaking' ("failāuga") that remains part of the culture's continuing indigenous "matai" system of governance and social organization. The "gagana fa'aaloalo" (polite speech) register is used by lower-ranking people to address people of higher status, such as their family "matai" chief, government officials, or clergy. It is also the formal register used among chiefs during ceremonial occasions and social rites such as funerals, weddings, chiefly title bestowals and village council meetings.  It is not common for entire conversations to be held in chiefly register, and the "dignified language" is used mainly in making formal introductions between individuals, opening

Alphabet.

Encounters with Europeans began in the 1700s, followed by the era of colonialism in the Pacific. Samoan was only a spoken language until the early to mid-1800s when Christian missionaries began documenting the spoken language for religious texts and introducing the Latin script for writing. In 1834, an orthography of the language was distributed by the London Missionary Society, which also set up a printing press by 1839. The first complete Bible ("Tusi Pa'ia", Sacred Book) in Samoan was completed and published in 1862.  The first problem that faced the missionaries in Polynesia was that of learning the language of the island, which they intended to convert to Christianity. The second was that of identifying the sounds in the local languages with the symbols employed in their own languages to establish alphabets for recording the spelling of native words. Having established more-or-less satisfactory alphabets and spelling, teaching the indigenous people how to write and read their own language was next necessary. A printing press, with the alphabet keys used only English, was part of the mission equipment, and it was possible not only to translate and write out portions of the Bible scriptures, and hymns in the local language but also to print them for use as texts in teaching. Thus, the missionaries introduced writing for the first time within Polynesia, were the first printers and established the first schools in villages.

Alphabet.

The alphabet proper consists of only 15 letters: 5 vowels, a e i o u, and 10 consonants, f g l m n p s t v '. In addition, a macron ("fa'amamafa") written over a vowel letters indicates the five long vowels, ā ē ī ō ū, as in "manu" 'animal', "mānu" 'float, afloat'. The ʻokina'("koma liliu", a reversed apostrophe) indicates the glottal stop, as in many other Polynesian languages. The ʻokina is often replaced by a simple apostrophe,. The additional letters h, k, r are used in foreign loanwords, apart from

Vocabulary.

Numbers.

The cardinal numerals are:  The term "mano" was an utmost limit until the adoption of loan words like "miliona" (million) and "piliona" (billion). Otherwise, quantities beyond "mano" were referred to as "manomano" or "ilu"; that is, innumerable.  The prefix "fa'a" is also used to indicate the number of times. For example; "fa'atolu" – three times. Or "fa'afia?" – how many times?  The prefix "lona" or "le" indicates sequential numbering, as in "lona lua" (second), lona tolu (third), "le fa" (fourth); "muamua"

Similarities to other Austronesian languages.

Despite the geographical distance, there are many shared words between different Austronesian languages. Below

Language preservation.

Though it is not the primary language of a number of nations outside of Samoa, there is an effort by the descendants of Samoans to learn the native language of their ancestors and to better understand their origins and history. Much like any language, a shift is occurring in the way words are spoken and pronounced, especially as Samoans further integrate with other languages. Unfortunately, most looking to learn Samoan are forced to turn to written materials instead of living examples. To preserve the language, linguists must use diacritical marks. Without them, the actual pronunciations of words quickly become altered and lost. The marks are commonly found before, under and above letters in words and are especially helpful for students and non-native speakers to realize the difference the vowels and glottal stops can make in the pronunciation of words.  Examples include:  Below is another example of a sentence with and without diacritical marks from the

Samoan ( or ; ) is the language of the Samoan Islands, comprising Samoa and the United States territory of American Samoa. It is an official language, alongside English, in both jurisdictions.

Samojština je tradiční a oficiálně používaný jazyk ve státě Samoa a v Americké Samoi, nezačleněném území USA. Patří do rodiny austronéských jazyků.


Initial requirements for permanent, non-agricultural settlements.

For small-scale nomadic societies it can be difficult to adopt a sedentary lifestyle in a landscape without on-site agricultural or livestock-breeding resources, since sedentism often requires sufficient year-round, easily accessible local natural resources.  Non-agricultural sedentism requires good preservation and storage technologies, such as smoking, drying, and fermentation, as well as good containers such as pottery, baskets, or special pits in which to securely store food whilst making it available. It was only in locations where the resources of several major ecosystems overlapped that the earliest non-agricultural sedentism occurred. For example, people settled where a river met the sea, at lagoon environments along the coast, at river confluences, or where flat savanna met hills, and mountains with rivers.

Criteria for the recognition of sedentism in archaeological studies.

In archaeology a number of criteria is necessary for the recognition of either semi or full sedentism.  According to Israeli archaeologist Ofer Bar-Yosef, they are as follows:  1. Increasing presence of organisms that benefit from human sedentary activities, e.g.  2. Cementum increments on mammal teeth 3. Energy expenditure

Historical regions of sedentary settlements.

The first sedentary sites were pre-agricultural, and they appeared during the Upper Paleolithic in Moravia and on the East European Plain between c. 25000–17000 BC. A year-round sedentary site, with its larger population, generates a substantial demand on locally provided natural resources, a demand that may have triggered the development of deliberate agriculture. In the Levant, the Natufian culture was the first to become sedentary at around 12000 BC. The Natufians were sedentary for more than 2000 years before they, at some sites, started to cultivate plants around 10000 BC.  The Jōmon culture in Japan, which was primarily a coastal culture, was sedentary from c. 12000 to 10000 BC, before the cultivation of rice at some sites in northern Kyushu. In northernmost Scandinavia, there are several early sedentary sites without evidence of agriculture or cattle breeding. They appeared from c. 5300–4500 BC and are all located optimally in the landscape for extraction of major ecosystem resources, e.g. the Lillberget Stone Age village site (c. 3900 BC), the Nyelv site (c. 5300 BC), and the Lake Inari site (c. 4500 BC). In northern Sweden the earliest indication of agriculture occurs at previously sedentary sites, and one example is the Bjurselet site used during the period c. 2700–1700 BC, famous for its large caches of long distance traded flint axes from Denmark and Scania (some 1300 km). The evidence of small-scale agriculture at that site can be seen from c. 2300 BC (burnt cereals of barley).

Historical effects of increased sedentism.

Sedentism increased contacts and trade, and the first Middle East cereals and cattle in Europe, could have spread through a stepping stone process, where the productive gift (cereals, cattle, sheep and goats) were exchanged through a network of large pre-agricultural sedentary sites, rather than a wave of advance spread of people with agricultural economy, and where the smaller sites found in between the bigger sedentary ones, did not get any of the new products. Not all contemporary sites during a certain period (after the first sedentism occurred at one site) were sedentary. Evaluation of habitational sites in northern Sweden indicates that less than 10 percent of all the sites around 4000 BC, were sedentary. At the same time, only 0.5–1 percent of these represented villages with more than 3–4 houses. This means that the old nomadic or migratory life style continued in a parallel fashion for several thousand years, until somewhat more sites turned to sedentism, and gradually switched over to agricultural sedentism.  The shift to sedentism is coupled with the adoption of new subsistence strategies, specifically from foraging (hunter-gatherer) to agricultural and animal domestication. The development of sedentism led to the rise of population aggregation and formation of villages, cities, and other community types.  In North America, evidence for sedentism emerges around 4500 BC.

Forced sedentism.

Forced sedentism or sedentarization occurs when a dominant group restricts the movements of a nomadic group. Nomadic populations have undergone such a process since the first cultivation of land; the organization of modern society has imposed demands that have pushed aboriginal populations to adopt a fixed habitat.  At the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century many previously nomadic tribes turned to permanent settlement. It was a process initiated by local governments, and it was mainly a global trend forced by the changes in the attitude to the land and real property and also due to state policies that complicated border crossing. Among these nations are Negev Bedouin in Jordan, Israel and Egypt, Bashkirs, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Evenks, Evens, Sakha in Soviet Russia, Tibetan nomads in China, Babongo in Gabon, Baka in Cameroon, Innu in Canada etc. As a result of forced sedentarization, many rich herdsmen in Siberia have been eliminated by deliberate overtaxation or imprisonment, year-round mobility have been discouraged, many smaller sites and family herd camps have been shut down, children have been separated from their parents and taken to board schools. This caused severe social, cultural and psychological issues to Indigenous peoples of Siberia.

In cultural anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time., the majority of people belong to sedentary cultures. In evolutionary anthropology and archaeology, "sedentism" takes on a slightly different sub-meaning, often applying to the transition from nomadic society to a lifestyle that involves remaining in one place permanently. Essentially, sedentism means living in groups permanently in one place.

V kulturní antropologii pojem sedentismus, někdy nazývaný jako sedentarismus, označuje praxi komunity lidí žít po delší dobu na jednom místě. K roku 2019 sedentismus praktikuje většina lidstva. V evoluční antropologii a archeologii se sedentismem rozumí spíše přechod nomádské společnosti na životní styl, který vyžaduje setrvání na jednom místě. Může docházet i k nucenému sedentismu, kdy jsou kočovníci dominantnější skupinou násilně donuceni zanechat nomádismu.


Plot.

Local radio station KOZY 102.1 is sponsoring a "Halloween Haunt" featuring an appearance by real-life nu metal band Korn. Priest Maxi is unhappy about both and conducts a one-man protest campaign, calling Halloween an abomination of God and Korn satanists that play violent music. Stan, Kyle, and Kenny are excited about Halloween, but Cartman is already thinking about Christmas because he expects to be showered with presents. They visit various mediocre attractions and get frightened by a gang of fifth-graders who play a prank on them involving "pirate ghosts". Stan decides to retaliate by digging up Kyle's recently buried grandmother, Cleo Broflovski, and scaring the fifth-graders with it. Kyle, while uneasy about the scheme, reluctantly agrees to go along.  Meanwhile, Korn, driving in a van which resembles the Mystery Machine, crash it after spotting pirate ghosts on the road.  After digging up Kyle's grandmother's corpse, the boys leave it barely concealed at the harbor, where it is promptly eaten by a stray dog. During the night, they meet Korn (and a "Scooby-Doo"-like character, Nibblet) after their encounter with the pirate ghosts. The following morning, the graveyard's watchmen inform Mrs Broflovski about the missing corpse, and describe to her in graphic detail what the culprit, who they assume to be a necrophiliac, might be doing to the corpse.  Cartman intercepts a life-sized blow-up Antonio Banderas sex doll ordered by his mother, which he mistakenly assumes to be a Christmas present for him, and takes it around town to show off. The boys return to the docks in their costumes hoping to win the contest for best costume, with Kenny wearing an elaborate costume of the ED-209 robot from "RoboCop". To Kenny's disappointment, everyone (including Korn) is able to clearly recognize him. At the town square, the grave watchers are explaining the concept of necrophilia very explicitly until the Pirate Ghosts show up and terrorize the town. A few citizens are blown up and one ghost decapitates two others. Priest Maxi shows up and blames Korn for causing all this trouble. The town gets angry and set up a lynch mob to get rid of the "devil worshipers."  Korn and the boys go investigate the "Mystery of the Pirate Ghosts and the missing body." After a few mishaps typical of "Scooby-Doo" episodes, it is revealed that Priest Maxi was behind the Pirate Ghosts, which he simply conjured up with rather impossible light tricks and sounds (the explanation to some of the citizen's deaths earlier caused by the Pirate Ghosts is left unsolved and unknown). The mystery of Cleo Broflovski's missing corpse is solved when the dog regurgitates the body. The Halloween Haunt goes as planned, with Korn playing "Falling Away from Me" which shocks the crowd, as their cheery personality in the episode is a strong contrast to the song. The boys get their revenge against the fifth-graders while Korn is playing, scaring them with the corpse and Cartman's Antonio Banderas doll gets popped by Nibblet. Kenny's spectacular ED-209 costume does not win him first prize, which goes instead to Wendy Testaburger wearing the same Chewbacca costume as in the previous first-season Halloween special "Pinkeye". During the closing credits, Kenny ends up getting killed by miniature Snowspeeders as in "The Empire Strikes Back" while inside his costume and rats arrive to eat his body.

Cultural references.

The band Korn is portrayed as "Scooby-Doo"-style mystery solvers, while many aspects of the plot parody the show. The band takes the role usually portrayed by the Harlem Globetrotters on "Scooby-Doo". The argument over whether they were "pirate ghosts" and "ghost pirates" was an argument the creators had during the writing of the show.  The use of the band's "Korn Powers" is likely a combination parody of the activation of the Wonder Twins Exor powers, and the transformation sequence into the character Knightron from "Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills".

Critical reception.

DVD Verdict wrote "Korn's appearance in the Halloween show is expertly handled, as is the whole Hanna-Barbera animation send-up", and gave the episode a rating of 90. Writing 15 years after the episode aired, Ryan Book of "The Music Times", called it the "single greatest South Park episode of all time."

"Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery" is the tenth episode of the third season of the animated television series "South Park". It originally aired on October 27, 1999. The episode is themed around Halloween and includes a parody of the animated series "Scooby-Doo" (with the band Korn filling the role of Mystery, Inc.).

Korní záhada pirátských duchů (v anglickém originále Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery) je desátý díl třetí řady amerického komediálního animovaného televizního seriálu "Městečko South Park".


Cuisine.

Main staples.

As in many other Latin American countries, corn is a staple. It is used in many of the widely consumed dishes, such as nacatamal, and indio viejo. Corn is not only used in food; it is also an ingredient for drinks such as pinolillo and chicha as well as in sweets and desserts. Other staples are rice and beans. Rice is eaten when corn is not, and beans are consumed as a cheap protein by the majority of Nicaraguans. It is common for rice and beans to be eaten as a breakfast dish. There are many meals including these two staples; one popular dish, gallo pinto, is often served as lunch, sometimes with eggs. Nicaraguans do not limit their diet solely to corn, rice, and beans. Many Nicaraguans have small gardens of their own full of vegetables. From time to time, flowers are incorporated into their meals.  Commonly used ingredients (including fruits and vegetables) are peanuts, cabbage (shredded in vinegar, this is called "ensalada" and used as a side dish. Sometimes carrots and beets are added.) carrots, beets, butternut squash, plantains, bananas, fresh ginger, onion, potato, peppers, jocote, grosella, mimbro, mango, papaya, tamarind, pipian, apples, avocado, yuca, and quequisque. Herbs such as culantro, oregano, and achiote are also used in cooking.

Typical Nicaraguan dishes.

Platos (Dishes)

Refrescos (drinks).

Nicaraguan cuisine makes use of fruits, some of which are only grown in that particular region due to their location. Many fruits are made into drinks, such as melon, papaya, guayaba, guanábana, coconut, pineapple, and pitahaya. Pinolillo is very popular among Nicaraguans, as many times they refer to themselves as "pinoleros", which means "pinolillo drinkers". Many drinks are also made from grains and seeds, mixed with milk, water, sugar and ice. Other drinks include:

Nicaraguan cuisine includes a mixture of indigenous Native American cuisine, Spanish cuisine, and Creole cuisine. Despite the blending and incorporation of pre-Columbian and Spanish-influenced cuisine, traditional cuisine differs on the Pacific coast from the Caribbean coast. While the Pacific coast's main staple revolves around beef, poultry, local fruits, and corn, the Caribbean coast's cuisine makes use of seafood and coconut.

Nikaragujská kuchyně (španělsky: "Gastronomía de Nicaragua") vychází z vlivů kuchyně nikaragujských Indiánů, španělské kuchyně a na karibském pobřeží také z kuchyně afro-karibské z karibských ostrovů. Velmi populární jsou pokrmy ze směsi rýže a fazolí.


Types.

Types of digital assets include, but are not exclusive to: photography, logos, illustrations, animations, audiovisual media, presentations, spreadsheets, word documents, electronic mails, websites, and a multitude of other digital formats and their respective metadata. The number of different types of digital assets is exponentially increasing due to the rising number of devices that are a conduit for digital media, e.g., smartphones. Due to this steadfast growth of software applications and immense diversity of user touchpoints covering a wide span of devices, our view of the total digital assets universe is growing. In Intel's presentation at the company's "Intel Developer Forum 2013" they named several new types of digital assets including: medical, education, voting, friendships, conversations and reputation amongst others.

Digital asset management system.

A digital asset management (DAM) system represents an intertwined structure incorporating both software and hardware and/or other services in order to manage, store, ingest, organise and retrieve digital assets. Digital asset management systems allow users to find and use content when they need it.

Digital asset metadata.

Metadata is data about other data. Any structured information which's purpose is to define a specification of any form of data is referred to as metadata. "An item of metadata is a relationship that someone claims to exist between two entities". "Think of metadata as data which removes from a user (human or machine) the need to have full advance knowledge of the existence or characteristics of things of potential interest in the environment". At first the term metadata was used for digital data exclusively, but nowadays metadata can apply to physical data as well as digital one. Catalogues, inventories, registers and other similar standardised forms of organising, managing and retrieving resources contain metadata. Metadata can be stored and contained directly within the file it refers to or independently from it with the help of other forms of data management such as a DAM system.  The more metadata is assigned to an asset the easier it gets to categorise it, especially as the amount of information grows. The asset's value rises the more metadata it has for it becomes more accessible, easier to manage, and more complex.  Structured metadata can be shared with open protocols like OAI-PMH to allow further aggregation and processing. Open data sources like institutional repositories have thus been aggregated to form large datasets and academic search engines comprising tens of millions of open access works, like BASE, CORE and Unpaywall.

Issues.

Due to a lack of either legislation or legal precedent, there is a limited control over digital assets. Many of the control issues relating to access and transferability are maintained by individual companies. Some consequences resulting from this include what is to become of the assets once their owner is deceased as well as can, and if so, how may they be inherited. Recent news on this subject was a bogus story about Bruce Willis allegedly looking to sue Apple as the end user agreement prevented him from bequeathing his iTunes collection to his children. Another case of this was when a soldier died in duty and the family requested access to the Yahoo! account. When Yahoo! refused to grant access, the probate judge ordered them to give the emails to the family but Yahoo! still was not required to give access. The Music Modernization bill was passed in September 2018 by US Congress to create a new music-licensing system, with the aim to help songwriters get paid more.

A digital asset, in essence, is anything that exists in a binary format and comes with the right to use. Data that do not possess that right are not considered assets. "Digital assets" include but are not exclusive to: digital documents, audible content, motion picture, and other relevant digital data that are currently in circulation or are, or will be stored on digital appliances such as: personal computers, laptops, portable media players, tablets, storage devices, telecommunication devices, and any and all apparatuses which are, or will be in existence once technology progresses to accommodate for the conception of new modalities which would be able to carry digital assets; notwithstanding the proprietorship of the physical device onto which the digital asset is located.

Digitální aktivum (digital asset) je digitální majetková hodnota, která existuje v binárním formátu a existuje k tomu právo užívání. Data, ke kterým nepřísluší práva k užívání, nelze považovat za aktiva. Digitální aktiva zahrnují např. digitální dokumenty, audio záznam, záznam filmu atp., která jsou nebo budou uložena v digitálních prostředcích resp. zařízeních jako jsou např. osobní počítače, laptopy, přenosné přehrávače médií, tablety, paměťová média, telekomunikační zařízení atp., bez ohledu na vlastnictví fyzického zařízení, na kterém je příslušné digitální aktivum umístěno.


History.

Sangerhausen is one of the oldest towns in the historical region of Saxony-Anhalt, being first mentioned in a document created between 780 and 802 in Fulda Abbey.  Sangerhausen is mentioned as the tithable place "Sangerhus" in Friesenfeld in the Hersfeld Tithe Register, created between 881 and 899.  It is mentioned in a document of 991 as appertaining to the estates of the emperor, as part of Memleben Abbey.  By marriage it passed to the landgrave of Thuringia, and after 1056 it formed for a while an independent country. Having been again part of Thuringia, it fell in 1249 to Meissen, and in 1291 to Brandenburg. In 1372 it passed to the Electorate of Saxony and formed a portion of that territory until 1815, when it became a part of the Prussian Province of Saxony.

Historical Population.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> After annexation of neighboring districts  <nowiki>**</nowiki> Population of Sangerhausen town in brackets

Municipality.

The municipality of Sangerhausen currently includes the town itself plus 14 outlying villages, also called (in German) "Ortschafte" or "Ortsteile". These are Breitenbach, Gonna, Grillenberg, Großleinungen, Horla, Lengefeld, Morungen, Oberröblingen, Obersdorf, Riestedt, Rotha, Wettelrode, Wippra and Wolfsberg.  In 1994, the town of Sangerhausen, at that time still an independent municipality, became part of the so-called "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Sangerhausen", a municipal association consisting of Sangerhausen itself and the two villages/municipalities Edersleben and Oberröblingen. On 29 April 2000 Edersleben left for the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Helme". On 1 January 2005 the villages/municipalities Gonna, Grillenberg, Horla, Lengefeld, Morungen, Obersdorf, Pölsfeld, Rotha and Wettelrode joined the association from the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Südharz" which was dissolved. Six months later, on 3 July 2005 Pölsfeld left for the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Allstedt-Kaltenborn.  On 1 Oct. 2005 the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Sangerhausen", consisting then of 10 municipalities was dissolved and turned into the single town/municipality Sangerhausen; which meant that the 9 villages were truly annexed. On the same date Breitenbach, Großleinungen and Wolfsberg also joined, coming from the municipal association Roßla-Südharz. On 1 December 2005 Riestedt followed, coming from the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Allstedt-Kaltenborn". Finally, Wippra was incorporated on 1 January 2008, coming from the "Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Wipper-Eine".  In the vicinity are the famous Kyffhäuser Monument and the Barbarossa Cave, the only anhydrite cave in Europe which can be visited by tourists.

Main sights.

Sangerhausen is also home to the Europa-Rosarium, the largest collection of roses in the world, created in 1903.

Transport links.

Sangerhausen station lies on the Halle–Hann. Münden railway and the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway.

International relations.

Twin towns — sister cities.

Sangerhausen is twinned with:

Sangerhausen () is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, capital of the district of Mansfeld-Südharz. It is situated southeast of the Harz, approx. east of Nordhausen, and west of Halle (Saale). About 31,000 people live in Sangerhausen.

Sangerhausen je okresní město ve středním Německu, jihovýchodně od pohoří Harz, asi 35 km východně od Nordhausenu a 50 km západně od Halle (Saale), s 27 tisíci obyvatel. Je sídelním městem zemského okresu Mansfeld-Südharz.


SS career.

Walter Reder was born in Freiwaldau, Austrian Silesia, Austria-Hungary. He joined the SS-Verfügungstruppe and was granted German citizenship in December 1934. During World War II, he served in the Waffen-SS. In December 1943, Reder was transferred to the newly formed 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS and served in Italy until 1945. In 1943, Reder became the commander of the SS-Panzer-Aufklärungsabteilung 16, which committed several massacres in 1944. In March 1945 his division withdrew to Hungary and later to Austria, where Reder surrendered, together with the rest of the Reichsführer-SS Division, to British forces near Klagenfurt.

Trial and conviction.

Reder was extradited to Italy in May 1948 to stand trial for war crimes. He was tried by an Italian military court in Bologna for ordering the destruction of town of Marzabotto and other villages near Bologna in August and September of 1944 during so-called anti-partisan sweeps, and for ordering the execution of 2,700 Italian civilians in Tuscany and Emilia during the same period. In October 1951 he was sentenced to life imprisonment at a fortress prison in Gaeta, on the coast north of Naples.  The citizens of Marzabotto and survivors of the massacre voted 237 to 1 against freeing Reder. Local officials had stated that as many as 1,830 civilians died in massacres in and around Marzabotto.  Years later, a group of SS men whom Reder had commanded in 1944 were tried and convicted for their role in the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre. Their convictions and sentencing were conducted in absentia.  Reder was paroled in January 1985, after which he returned to Austria. He died in 1991.

Walter Reder (4 February 1915 – 26 April 1991) was an Austrian SS commander and war criminal during World War II. He served with the SS Division Totenkopf and the SS Division Reichsführer-SS. He and the unit under his command committed the Marzabotto massacre in Italy in 1944. After the war, he was convicted of war crimes in Italy.

Walter Reder (4. února 1915 Jeseník – 26. dubna 1991 Vídeň) byl rakouský SS Sturmbannführer ve službách Třetí říše a držitel Rytířského kříže Železného kříže. Po druhé světové válce byl usvědčen z válečných zločinů.


Collections.

The museum's permanent collection includes work from artists from "Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Bahrain, Denmark Egypt, France, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kabardino Balkaria, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal. Spain, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA, Uzbekistan, Yemen, and the Former Republic of Yugoslavia."

Museum facilities.

The museum building renovation and expansion under architect Mohamed al-Asad received the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2007.

70 Years of Contemporary Jordanian Art.

Under the patronage of Her Majesty Queen Rania Al Abdullah, The Royal Society of Fine Arts (RSOFA) was organising Jordan’s Largest Art Exhibition and hosted an art exhibition titled “70 Years of Contemporary Jordanian Art”, on May 21, 2013. The event was showcasing over 200 works created by 195 Jordanian artists from different generations and includes paintings, sculpture, video art, photography, graphic arts, ceramics, and installations thus offering viewers a wide spectrum of creativity by Jordanian artists.  Boasting historical documentation of the Jordanian artistic heritage throughout the years, the collection on display manifests the efforts made by the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts to compile a comprehensive visual representation of Jordan’s rich visual art history. This exhibition is Jordan’s biggest to date, effectively reflecting the gallery’s role as a patron of the arts and as a reference source for those wishing to know more about Jordanian artists.  The works on display will also be featured in a catalog that documents biographical information about their creators. The book will also include a chronological history of the Jordanian art movement in its various phases while reflecting the role played by the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts as a promoter and patron of the arts. The exhibition was open to the public for a period of three months.

Touring Museum.

The Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts launched the project of the Touring Museum, under the patronage of Princess Rajwa Bint Ali, President of the Royal Society of Fine Arts on Monday, May 18, 2009, in the occasion of International Museum Day.  This pioneering project aims to increase the cultural awareness in plastic and visual arts and to introduce the artistic movement in Jordan and in the Arab and developing world in different villages and provinces of the Kingdom.  The Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts believes in the importance of spreading and introducing the artistic movement for those who live in remote areas of our beloved country.  It was first launched at Al Yazedieh secondary school for girls in the province of Salt on Monday 18 May 2009.  Many thanks for our sponsors the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation for their support for this project, Touring Museum for the year, 2009. And also many thanks for the Ministry of Education for its cooperation.  The Project includes an Exhibition for original artworks from the permanent collection of the Gallery, as well as Workshops and Lectures by artists and specialized academics.

The Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts is a major contemporary art museum located in Amman, Jordan. The Official inauguration of the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts (JNGFA) was held under the patronage of the late King Hussein and Queen Noor Al Hussein and was Established in by the Royal Society of Fine Arts, the museum's permanent collection "comprises over 2000 works including paintings, prints, sculptures, photographs, installations, weavings, and ceramics by more than 800 artists from 59 countries mainly in Asia and Africa."

Jordánská národní galerie výtvarného umění (anglicky "Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts", JNGFA, arabsky المتحف الوطني للفنون الجميلة في الأردن) je muzeum současného umění v Ammánu v Jordánsku.


History.

PIRLS provides internationally comparative data on how well children read by assessing students’ reading achievement. PIRLS collects considerable background information on how education systems provide educational opportunities to their students as well as the factors that influence how students use these opportunities. These background data include information about the following: national curriculum policies in reading; how the education system is organized to facilitate learning; students’ home environment for learning; school climate and resources; and how instruction actually occurs in classrooms. Studies of reading literacy had been conducted prior to the PIRLS study of 2001, and PIRLS is the successor to IEA studies, such as the Reading Literacy Study, that started in 1970 and continued until 1991. The PIRLS study of 2001 started the trend for cyclical testing; PIRLS has a frequency of five years. By administering the test every five years, education systems are able to monitor their children's literacy achievement over time. The current cycle, PIRLS 2016, is the fourth cycle of the IEA PIRLS. Like the previous PIRLS cycles (conducted in 2001, 2006, and 2011), the study will also collect extensive information about home supports for literacy, curriculum and curriculum implementation, instructional practices, and school resources in each participating country.

Cycles.

PIRLS 2001.

The IEA Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2001 was the first cycle of assessments to measure trends in children's reading literacy achievement, and policy and practices related to literacy. The study examined three aspects of reading literacy: processes of comprehension, purposes for reading, and reading literacy behavior and attitudes. 35 countries took part in the first cycle where students enrolled in the fourth grade were assessed.

PIRLS 2006.

PIRLS 2006 assessed a range of reading comprehension strategies for two major reading purposes: literary and informational. The student test of reading comprehension addressed four processes:  For the second cycle of the study 41 countries participated assessing students of grade four. PIRLS 2006 assessed students enrolled in the fourth grade.

PIRLS 2011.

Combining newly developed reading assessment passages and questions for 2011 with a selection of secure assessment passages and questions from 2001 and 2006, the study offered a state-of-the-art assessment of reading comprehension that allowed for measurement of changes since 2001. The international population for PIRLS 2011 consisted of students in the grade that represents four years of schooling, provided that the mean age at the time of testing was at least 9.5 years. In the 2011 cycle, prePIRLS (now known as PIRLS Literacy) was offered to assess basic reading skills as a bridge to PIRLS, for countries where most children are still developing fundamental reading skills at the end of the primary school cycle.

PIRLS 2016.

PIRLS 2016 was released on December 5, 2017. It also collects extensive information about home supports for literacy, curriculum and curriculum implementation, instructional practices, and school resources in each participating country. In this cycle there were two additional initiatives: (1) the PIRLS Literacy assessment (earlier known as prePIRLS) is equivalent to PIRLS in scope and reflects the same conception of reading as PIRLS. Its purpose is to extend the effective measurement of reading literacy at the lower end of the achievement scale. Countries whose fourth-grade students are still developing fundamental reading skills can participate in the PIRLS Literacy assessment and still have their results reported on the PIRLS achievement scale. The reading passages and questions in common between the PIRLS Literacy and the PIRLS assessments will enable the two assessments to be linked, and their results to be compared. (2) Initiated in 2016, ePIRLS is a computer-based reading assessment of students’ ability to acquire and use information when reading online. The assessment encompasses an engaging, simulated internet environment with authentic school-like assignments about science and social studies topics. The ePIRLS online reading achievement scale enables countries to examine their fourth-graders’ online reading performance relative to their performance on the PIRLS reading achievement scales.  In terms of trends, the PIRLS results for student achievement by country states that 18 countries had higher average achievement, 13 countries had the same average achievement, and 10 countries had lower average achievement; and girls had higher reading achievement than boys in 48 0f the 50 countries.  The 2016 PIRLS Encyclopedia has the Education Policy and Curriculum in Reading by country. It describes the structure of each education system, the reading curricula in the primary grades, and overall policies related to reading instruction.  The ten countries with the highest average reading achievement were: Russian Federation, Singapore, Hong Kong SAR, Ireland, Finland, Poland, Northern Ireland, Norway, Taiwan, and England.

PIRLS 2021.

PIRLS 2021 will be the fifth cycle in the PIRLS framework. IEA's PIRLS will continue to collect considerable background information from the assessed students, their parents, teachers and school principals on how education systems provide educational opportunities to their students, as well as the factors that influence how students use these opportunities. Trend results across assessments permit countries to monitor the effectiveness of their educational systems in a global context, and PIRLS 2021 marks 20 years of trends.  PIRLS 2021 evolves further from PIRLS 2016 in allowing countries to administer the full PIRLS reading assessment, including both PIRLS Informational and Literary (the previous standard PIRLS assessment), and the ePIRLS Online Informational (the previous ePIRLS), as one seamless digitally based endeavour. Countries may also select from two levels of the PIRLS assessment; providing students with an assessment experience better suited to their reading abilities increases student motivation and provides more accurate assessment data. All results will be reported on the same PIRLS achievement scale.  PIRLS 2021 thus offers three flexible options, enabling participants to select the administration path best suited to assessing their education system:(1) A new fully digital ePIRLS assessment, which integrates all aspects of PIRLS Informational, PIRLS Literary, and the ePIRLS Online Informational assessments; 2) The paper-only version of the PIRLS assessment, which is equivalent to the original pen-and-paper PIRLS standard assessment; and (3) The paper-only version of the PIRLS assessment, taken together with the ePIRLS Online Informational assessment.

PIRLS assessment.

The PIRLS study consists of a main survey that consists of a written reading comprehension test and a background questionnaire. The PIRLS Reading Development Group (RDG) and National Research Coordinators (NRCs) from the participating countries collaborate to develop the reading assessments. The assessment focuses on three main areas of literacy: process of comprehension, purposes for reading, and reading behaviors and attitudes. The background questionnaire is used to determine the reading behaviors and attitudes. The written test is designed to address the process of comprehension and the purposes for reading. There are two purposes for reading that are examined in this study: reading for literary experience and reading to acquire and use information. Each student receives 80 minutes to complete two passages and then time to complete the survey. There are a total of 8 passage. Four passages are for each purpose of reading. "With eight reading passages in total, but just two to be given to any one student, passages and their accompanying items were assigned to student test booklets according to a matrix sampling plan. The eight passages were distributed across 10 booklets, two per booklet, so that passages were paired together in a booklet in as many different ways as possible." The PIRLS target population is the grade that represents four years of schooling, counting from the first year of ISCED Level 1, which corresponds to the fourth grade in most countries. To better match the assessment to the achievement level of students, countries have the option of administering PIRLS or PIRLS Literacy at the fifth or sixth grade.

Background questionnaire.

Given to:

Future studies.

PIRLS 2016 is the fourth assessment in the current trend series, following PIRLS 2001, 2006, and 2011. Participating countries include: Argentina (Buenos Aires), Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium (Flemish), Belgium (French), Botswana, Bulgaria, Canada (with Ontario and Quebec as benchmarking systems), Chile, Taiwan, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lithuania, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Oman, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain (with Andalusia as a benchmarking system), Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates (with Abu Dhabi and Dubai as benchmarking systems), and United States. All of the countries, institutions, and agencies involved in successive PIRLS assessments have worked collaboratively in building the most comprehensive and innovative measure of reading comprehension possible, beginning in 2001 and improving with each cycle since then. PIRLS is directed by the TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center at Boston College.  PIRLS 2021 will be the fifth assessment, marking 20 years of trends. Country enrollment opened in 2017.

The IEA's Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is an international study of reading (comprehension) achievement in fourth graders. It is conducted by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). It is designed to measure children's reading literacy achievement, to provide a baseline for future studies of trends in achievement, and to gather information about children's home and school experiences in learning to read. PIRLS 2006 tested 215,000 students from 46 educational systems. PIRLS 2011 testing results were published in December 2012. "The reading achievement results present each country with an opportunity to examine educational policies and practices against a globally-defined benchmark, while the report also contains rich information about children's early literacy experiences and reading instruction." (PIRLS International Study Directors, Ina V.S. Mullis and Michael O. Martin of Boston College)

PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) je jedním z hlavních šetření IEA = International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (Mezinárodní asociace pro hodnocení výsledků vzdělávání). Jedná se o mezinárodní výzkum čtenářská čtenářské gramotnosti, který zjišťuje úroveň čtenářské gramotnosti žáků čtvrtého ročníku základní školy. Výzkum je realizován každých 5 let od roku 2001. Čtenářská gramotnost je pro tento výzkum definována jako „schopnost rozumět formám psaného jazyka, které vyžaduje společnost a/nebo oceňují jednotlivci, a tyto formy používat".


History.

Pre-colonial cuisine.

Haiti was one of many Caribbean islands inhabited by the Taíno natives, speakers of an Arawakan language called Taíno. The barbecue (or BBQ) originated in Haiti. The word "barbecue" derives from the word "barabicu", found in the language of the Taíno people of Caribbean and the Timucua of Florida, and entered European languages in the form "barbacoa". Specifically, the "Oxford English Dictionary" translates the word as a ""framework of sticks set upon posts"". Gonzalo Fernández De Oviedo y Valdés, a Spanish explorer, was the first to use the word "barbecoa" in print in Spain in 1526 in the "Diccionario de la Lengua Española (2nd Edition) of the Real Academia Española." After Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492, the Spaniards apparently found native Haitians roasting animal meat over a grill consisting of a wooden framework resting on sticks and a fire made underneath, that flames and smoke would rise and envelop the animal meat, giving it a certain flavor. Strangely enough, the same framework was used as a means of protection against the wild that may attack during middle of the night while at sleep. The barbecue not only survived in the Haitian cuisine, but was introduced to many different parts of the world and has numerous regional variations.

Colonial cuisine.

Christopher Columbus landed at Môle Saint-Nicolas on 5 December 1492, and claimed the island he named "La Isla Espanola" (later named Hispaniola) for Spain. The Spanish established sugar plantations and made the natives work as slaves, however the harsh conditions and infectious diseases brought over by the Spanish sailors nearly wiped out the indigenous population by 1520 as the natives lacked immunity to these new diseases, The Spaniards imported slaves from Africa to work these plantations instead. The Africans introduced okra (also called "gumbo"; edible pods), ackee (red and yellow fruit), taro (an edible root), pigeon peas (seeds of an African shrub), and various spices to the diet. In 1659, the French had established themselves on the western portion of the islands of Hispaniola and Tortuga by the way of buccaneers. The Treaty of Ryswick of 1697, allowed the French to acquire the western portion of the island from the Spanish they had neglected. By the 1700s, the French had situated its control comfortably, successfully cultivating sugarcane, coffee, cotton, and cocoa from the African slave labor. When the Haitian Revolution ended and the people of Haiti won their independence in 1804 and established the world's first black republic, thousands of refugees from the revolution, both whites and free people of color ("affranchis" or "gens de couleur libres"), fled to New Orleans, often bringing African slaves with them, "doubling" the city's population. They also introduced such Haitian specialties as the "red beans and rice" and mirliton (or called chayote; a pear-shaped vegetable) to the Louisiana Creole cuisine.  Since independence from France, the French influence has remained evident in the Haitian society, not only in the usage of the language but in the contributions to the cuisine. French cheeses, breads and desserts are still common foods found at local stores and markets.

Popular ingredients.

Popular ingredients for preparing cuisine include:

Popular foods.

Haitian cuisine is often lumped together with other regional islands as "Caribbean cuisine," although it maintains an independently unique flavor. It involves the extensive use of herbs and the liberal use of peppers. A typical dish would probably be a plate of "riz collé aux pois" (diri kole ak pwa), which is rice with red kidney beans (pinto beans are often used as well) glazed with a marinade as a sauce and topped off with red snapper, tomatoes and onions. It is often called the "Riz National", considered to be the national rice of Haiti.  Rice is occasionally eaten with beans alone, but more often than not, some sort of meat completes the dish. Bean purée or "sauce pois" (sos pwa) is often poured on top of white rice. The traditional Haitian sauce pois is less thick than the Cuban's black bean soup. Black beans is usually the beans of choice, followed by red beans, white beans, and even peas. Chicken is frequently eaten, the same goes for goat meat ("cabrit") and beef ("boeuf"). Chicken is often boiled in a marinade consisting of lemon juice, sour orange, scotch bonnet pepper, garlic and other seasonings, then subsequently fried until crispy.  Légume Haïtien (or simply "légume'" in Haiti), is a thick vegetable stew consisting of a mashed mixture of eggplant, cabbage, chayote, spinach, watercress and other vegetables depending on availability and the cook's preference. It is flavored with épice, onions, garlic, and tomato paste, and generally cooked with beef or crab. Légume is most often served with rice, but may also be served with other starches, including "mais moulin" (mayi moulen), a savory cornmeal porridge similar to polenta or grits), "petit mil" (cooked millet), or "blé" (wheat).  Other starches commonly eaten include yam, "patate" (neither of which should be confused with the North American sweet potato), potato, and breadfruit. These are frequently eaten with a thin sauce consisting of tomato paste, onions, spices, and dried fish.  "Tchaka" is a hearty stew consisting of hominy, beans, "joumou" (squash), and meat (often pork).  "Boulette", are bread-bounded meatballs seasoned in Haitian fashion.  Spaghetti is most often served in Haiti as a breakfast dish and is cooked with hot dog, dried herring, and spices, served with tomato sauce and sometimes raw watercress. One of the country's best-known appetizers is the "Haitian patty" (pâté), which are made with either ground beef, chicken, salted cod, smoked herring (food), and ground turkey surrounded by a crispy or flaky crust. Other snacks include crispy, spicy fried malanga fritters called accra (akra), "bananes pesées", and "marinade" (called beignets elsewhere); fried savory dough balls. For a complete meal, they may be served with "griot" (fried pork), tassot cabrit (fried goat meat) or other fried meat. These foods are served with a spicy slaw called "picklese" which consists of cabbage, carrot, vinegar, scotch bonnet pepper, and spices. Fried foods, collectively known as "fritaille" (fritay), are sold widely on the streets.

Regional dishes.

Regional dishes also exist throughout Haiti. In the area around Jérémie, in the Grand'Anse department at the southwest tip of the country on the Gulf of Gonâve, a dish called "tonmtonm", which is steamed breadfruit called "lam veritab" mashed in a "pilon," is eaten. Tonmtonm is swallowed without chewing, using a slippery sauce made of okra (kalalou), cooked with meat, fish, crab, and savory spices. Tonmtonm is very similar to West African "Fufu." Another regional dish called "poul ak nwa" (poulet aux noix de cajou), which is chicken with cashew nuts), is from the north of the country, in the area around Cap-Haïtien.  Waves of migration have also influenced Haitian cuisine. For example, immigrants from Lebanon and Syria brought kibbeh, which has been adopted into Haitian cuisine.  The flavor base of much Haitian cooking is épice, a combination sauce made from cooked peppers, garlic, and herbs, particularly green onions, thyme, and parsley. It is also used as a basic condiment for rice and beans and is also used in stews and soups.  Bouillon cubes are often used by Haitian cooks, especially with the increasingly imported Maggi brand.

Beverages & drinks.

Beer.

Beer is one of several common alcoholic beverages consumed in Haiti, often drunk at festivals, parties, and occasionally downed with a meal. The most consumed brand of beer in Haiti is Prestige, a mild lager with a light and crisp yet mildly sweet taste with a vague yet strong flavor reminiscent of several American-style beers. Prestige is brewed by Brasserie Nationale d'Haiti (owned by Heineken).

Rum.

Haiti is known internationally for its rum. The most well-known company in the country is the world-renowned Rhum Barbancourt; one of the nation's finest and most famous exports by international standards. It is arguably the country's most beloved alcoholic beverage. It is unique in that the distilleries use sugarcane juice directly instead of molasses like other types of rum, hence the added "h" in "rhum" to differentiate. The rum is marketed in approximately 20 countries and uses a process of distillation similar to the process used to produce cognac.

Clairin.

Clairin () is a distilled spirit made from cane sugar, that undergoes the same distillation process as rhum, although less refined, and raw. It is "sometimes" referred to as a white rhum because of the similar qualities. It is considered to be a cheaper option than standard rhum in Haiti and as a result it is consumed more. It is also used in Vodou rituals.

Crémas.

Crémas, also spelled "Crémasse" (), is a sweet and creamy alcoholic beverage native to Haiti. The beverage is made primarily from creamed coconut, sweetened condensed or evaporated milk, and rum. The rum used is usually dark; however, white rum is used frequently as well. Various other spices are added for additional flavoring such as cinnamon, nutmeg, anise, as well as miscellaneous ingredients such as the widely used vanilla extract or raisins. Recipes vary from person to person with a few differences in ingredients here and there. However the overall look and taste are the same. The beverage possesses a creamy consistency similar to a thick milkshake and varies from off-white to beige in color. It is a very popular drink, served regularly at social events and during the holidays. It is usually consumed along with a sweet pastry of some sort. The drink is often served cold however it can be served at room temperature. The beverage has become recently marketed in Haiti as well as the United States.

Non-alcoholic.

Due to its tropical climate, juice is a mainstay in Haiti. Juices from many fruits are commonly made and can be found everywhere. Guava juice, grapefruit juice, mango juice, along with the juices of many citrus fruits (orange, granadilla, passion fruit, etc.) are enjoyed. Juice is the "de facto" beverage because of its variety of flavors, easy production, and widespread accessibility. Malt beverages, which are non-alcoholic drinks consisting of unfermented barley with molasses added for flavor are commonly drunk. Fruit champagne flavored Cola Couronne, is arguably the most popular soda in Haiti and its diaspora, as it is a stapled beverage since 1924. Cola Lacaye is also another brand of soda that comes in a variety of flavors including fruit cola. In the more urban areas of the nation, American beverages such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are also enjoyed. Milkshakes (or "milkchèyk") are also drunk regularly. Sweet, strong coffee is enjoyed throughout the nation. Since 1898, one of the oldest coffee brands, "Café Selecto" and the more recent "Rebo," both offer great blends. Haitian coffee has a classic and rich taste of chocolatey sweet with mellow citrus highlights.

Desserts.

Many types of desserts are eaten in Haiti ranging from the mild to sweet. Sugarcane is used frequently in the making of these desserts however granulated sugar is also used often. One very well-liked dessert is a shaved ice called "fresco" which can be whipped up quickly. Fresco is similar to an Italian ice, however it consists primarily of fruit syrup. The syrup is moderately thick and very sweet. It is frequently sold by street vendors. The sweet smell of this candy-like snack often attracts honeybees; a common sight on the streets. "Pain patate" (pen patat) is a soft sweet bread made using cinnamon, evaporated milk, and sweet potato. It is usually served cold from the refrigerator but it can also be eaten at room temperature. "Akasan" is a thick corn milkshake with a consistency similar to that of "labouille" (labouyi), a type of cornmeal porridge. It is made using many of the same ingredients as pain patate consisting of evaporated milk, and sugar.

Haitian cuisine consists of cooking traditions and practices from Haiti. It is a Creole cuisine, that originates from a blend of several culinary styles that populated the western portion of the island of Hispaniola, namely the French, African, indigenous Taíno, Spanish and Arab influence. Haitian cuisine is comparable to that of "criollo" (Spanish for 'creole') cooking and similar to the rest of the Latin Caribbean, but differs in several ways from its regional counterparts.

Haitská kuchyně (francouzsky: "Cuisine haïtienne") je typickou kreolskou kuchyní, vychází z mnoha vlivů, především z africké kuchyně, francouzské kuchyně, španělské kuchyně, kuchyně domorodých Taínů a v menší míře také arabské kuchyně.


History.

Marion County was organized on 24 January 1823 from portions of Jefferson and Fayette counties. It was named in honor of Revolutionary War Gen. Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox".

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, of which is land and (0.6%) is water.  The southwest corner of Marion County is the intersection of the Baseline with the Third Principal Meridian, the point of origin for the third survey of the Northwest Territory under the Land Ordinance of 1785. The origin is marked with a boulder south of Centralia just off U.S. 51.

Climate and weather.

In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Salem have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1994 and a record high of was recorded in August 1983. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in January to in May.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 39,437 people, 16,148 households, and 10,746 families residing in the county. The population density was. There were 18,296 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 93.1% white, 3.9% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 27.5% were German, 15.8% were Irish, 13.6% were English, and 10.8% were American.  Of the 16,148 households, 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.5% were non-families, and 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age was 41.4 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $38,974 and the median income for a family was $50,518. Males had a median income of $41,428 versus $28,042 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,493. About 12.2% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

Communities.

Townships.

Marion County is divided into seventeen townships:

Politics.

Initially a strongly Democratic anti-Yankee county, Marion County has undergone two transitions. Between 1912 and 2004 it was a perfect bellwether apart from the Catholicism-influenced 1960 election when substantial anti-Catholic voting by its largely southern white population caused it to support Republican Richard Nixon. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, strong opposition to the Democratic Party's liberal views on social issues has transformed the county into a powerfully Republican one, with Hillary Clinton receiving a vote share over twelve percent smaller than any pre-2010 Democratic presidential nominee.

Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 39,437. Its county seat is Salem.

Marion County je okres amerického státu Illinois založený v roce 1823. Hlavním městem je Salem. Žije zde obyvatel. Pojmenovaný je podle armádního důstojníka Francise Mariona (1732–1795), účastníka americké války za nezávislost.


Content.

Columns.

"Newtype" runs several columns per month, typically written by creators within the anime and manga industries. Past and current contributors include Satsuki Igarashi (of Clamp), Mahiro Maeda, and Gilles Poitras. "Newtype USA" included columns from more history-minded writers (such as Jonathan Clements) as well as individuals involved in the US anime industry (such as Monica Rial).

Manga.

"Newtype" usually contains a center insert with regularly serialized manga (often to be later published in tankōbon form by Kadokawa). The magazine is perhaps best known in Japan for serializing Mamoru Nagano's "The Five Star Stories".  Manga serialized in "Newtype USA" varied due to licensing reasons. They had included "Full Metal Panic!", "Angel/Dust", "Chrono Crusade", "Lagoon Engine Einsatz", "", the "Aoi House 4-koma", "Angel/Dust Neo", and "Kobato." only several of which actually appeared in the Japanese "Newtype".

Fiction.

Light novels have also been serialized within the Japanese version of the magazine in the past: these have included "For the Barrel" (an abstract adaptation of the "Mobile Suit Gundam" novel trilogy); a novelization of "Overman King Gainer" (accompanied by illustrations from the show's character designer, Kinu Nishimura); and the Yoshiyuki Tomino story "Gaia Gear", set in the far future of "Gundam"'s Universal Century timeline.

Television schedule.

A large insert within the magazine usually contains a television schedule for anime and tokusatsu programs set to run on various Japanese networks throughout the coming month, accompanied by synopses for each aired episode and network ratings for each show from the previous month.

Art-related material.

"Newtype" contains a tip column for working with computer graphics in manga-style illustration, written by a different guest illustrator (or group of illustrators, in some cases) each month. The column generally centers around working with Adobe Photoshop and Corel Painter.  In the Japanese version (and in the early months of the American version), the last page of "Newtype" is usually reserved for one of a series of art pieces or illustrations (accompanied by comment or short column) from a known anime illustrator. Perhaps the best known of these is the "GUNDAM FIX" illustration series by Hajime Katoki, which placed mecha from the Gundam franchise within real-world photographic contexts. Other illustrators who have contributed to this back page in the past include Yoshikazu Yasuhiko (who ran a series of illustrations devoted to "") and Hisashi Hirai (who ran a series devoted to his designs for "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED", titled "Gundam SEED RGB").

International versions.

"Newtype USA" included both translated Japanese content and original U.S. material. Content included anime, manga, music, game, toy and model reviews, director interviews, artist profiles, and regular columns by industry experts, tastemakers and deep-cover insiders. "Newtype USA" also included bonus content, such as posters, postcards, a centerfold spread, serialized manga, and a DVD insert. "Newtype USA" was published by A.D. Vision, parent company of the anime distributor ADV Films and manga publisher ADV Manga, but the magazine still featured content and promotional material from properties distributed by competing publishers. About 70% of the material is translated from the Japanese release, including matching cover and front story, and articles from American writers. Subscriptions on initial release were expected to hit 50,000. The first "Newtype USA" issue was published in November 2002. and ended publication after the February 2008 issue. It was replaced in 2008 with "PiQ" magazine, which ceased publication after four issues.  "Newtype" was also published in South Korea by Daiwon C.I. under the name "Newtype Korea". The first issue was released in July 1999, and the magazine lasted until February 2014 when the last issue was published. The magazine included translated Japanese content, with added emphasis on domestic Korean animation projects. Daiwon C.I. also used the Newtype branding for a line of imported Japanese animation DVDs and light novels, called "Newtype DVD" and "Newtype Light Novel", respectively. Both the original Japanese and English editions used the "right-to-left" format while the Korean edition is reversed.

The name of the magazine comes from the "Newtypes" in the Universal Century timeline of the "Gundam" series, specifically "Mobile Suit Gundam" (1979) and its sequel "Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam" (1985). "Newtype" magazine launched a week after "Zeta Gundam" began airing on March 2, 1985.

Newtype () je japonský anime časopis, který je vydáván měsíčně. Obsahem se zaměřuje i na tokusacu, mangu, japonské sci-fi, seijú a videohry. Byl spuštěn 8. března 1985 v dubnovém svazku společností Kadokawa Šoten a od té doby je pravidelně vydáván desátého dne v měsíci. V Japonsku vycházejí mimo jiné i spin-offové časopisy, jako jsou "Newtype Hero" a "Newtype the Live", jež se zaměřují na tokusacu, a "NewWORDS", jenž svým obsahem cílí na starší publikum. Existuje také několik limitovaných verzích, jako je například "Clamp Newtype".


Beverages.

Fruit juices, including coconut water, are often used for beverages. Switcha is a "lemonade" made with native limes. Goombay Punch is a commercially prepared, highly sweetened soft drink. It differs from the Goombay Smash, which is an alcoholic preparation. Triple B is a non-alcoholic malt drink made by the Bahamian Brewery.  Alcoholic beverages include rum, which is sometimes infused with coconut. Rum is also used in mixed drinks such as rum punch. Sky juice is a drink consisting of coconut water blended with condensed milk and gin. The Yellow Bird (cocktail), the Bahama Mama, the Goombay Smash, and Planter's Punch are popular local drinks. Nassau Royale is a Bahamian liqueur and is used to make the C. C. Rider. The Bahamian Brewery makes beers including: Sands, Bush Crack, High Rock (named for a geographic feature: High Rock) and Strong Back. Kalik is a Bahamian beer.

Soups.

Bahamians enjoy many soups popular throughout the Caribbean including conch chowder or stewed conch, stewed fish and split pea soup (made with ham). Peas are used in various soups, including a soup made with dumplings and salt beef. Souse is a soup usually made with chicken, lime, potatoes and pepper., if made with fish it is called boiled fish. These soup dishes are usually served with Johnny cake or grits.  Turtle soup was once a mainstay before turtles became endangered.

Seafood.

Seafood is a staple in the Bahamas. Conch, a large tropical mollusk (sea snail) with firm, white flesh, is the national dish of the Bahamas. Conch can be prepared in a number of ways: served raw with lime juice, raw vegetables and even fruit called conch salad. It can be steamed, stewed, deep-fried ("cracked conch" or conch fritters), used in soups (especially conch chowder), or served in salads. Other popular shellfish are crab (including the Florida stone crab), which is often served baked, or another dish called crab fat and dough. The clawless spiny lobster, also known as rock lobster and sometimes referred to as crayfish. Grouper is often served fried, sautéed, grilled or, more traditionally, boiled (called boiled fish) and offered with grits or Johnny cake. Bonefish, found in great numbers in Bahamian waters, is served baked.  Fish may be served escabeche style, in a mixture of lime juice or vinegar with seasoning. In escabeche the fish is cooked first, differentiating it from the similarly prepared ceviche. "Stewed fish" is a method of preparing fish with celery, onions, potatoes, tomatoes and spices.

Meat.

Popular meat dishes are made with chicken, pork, and goat (also referred to as mutton). Iguana is still hunted and eaten, especially in the outlying islands, although some species, such as the Northern Bahamian rock iguana, are endangered. A popular Bahamian dish which is known to locals as a fast and cheap dish is fire engine which is steamed corned beef and white rice.

Side dishes.

Bahamian cuisine shares many side dishes with the American South: grits, baked macaroni and cheese, coleslaw, potato salad, boiled vegetables, and johnnycake. Other more traditional Caribbean sides include pigeon peas, fried plantain, peas and rice and cassava bread. Salt pork is also served.

Seasonings.

Bahamian dishes are frequently seasoned with Old Sour sauce especially fish dishes.

Fruit.

Bahamian cuisine incorporates many tropical fruits. Guavas are used to make duff (dessert). Ice cream is popular, including fruit flavors such as soursop. Puddings are eaten, including a sapodilla pudding. Papaya (called pawpaw or melon tree) is the most famous Bahamian fruit and is used for desserts, chutneys, "Goombay" marmalade (made with papaya, pineapple, and green ginger), or simply eaten fresh at breakfast. Papaya is also used as a meat tenderizer, and in tropical drinks such as the Bahama Mama. Melons, pineapples, passion fruit, and mangoes are also grown.

Desserts.

Bahamians enjoy a variety of desserts, including tarts (coconut and pineapple), guava duff, bread pudding, rum cake and cornmeal pudding. Fruit cake is eaten during the Christmas holiday. Benny and peanut cake (which are not cakes at all) are also favorites among Bahamians.

Bahamian Cuisine is to the foods and beverages of The Bahamas. It includes seafood such as fish, shellfish, lobster, crab, and conch, as well as tropical fruits, rice, peas, pigeon peas, potatoes, and pork. Popular seasonings commonly used in dishes include chilies (hot pepper), lime, tomatoes, onions, garlic, allspice, cinnamon, rum, and coconut. Rum-based beverages are popular on the island. Since the Bahamas consist of a multitude of islands, notable culinary variations exist.

Bahamská kuchyně (anglicky: "Bahamian cuisine") používá především rýži, luštěniny, tropické ovoce, brambory, ryby a mořské plody (ústřice). Z mořských plodů se často vyrábějí různé polévky a saláty. Bahamská jídla bývají obvykle ochucena chilli, limetkou, česnekem, skořicí nebo kokosem. Populárním nápojem je rum a různé míchané nápoje z rumu. Bahamská kuchyně byla ovlivněna také americkou kuchyní, především pak kuchyní Amerického jihu.


Career.

2012–2014: YouTube beginnings.

Before he started a career in music, Listhrop began uploading videos on YouTube as Mazzi Maz. His personality on the site was described as a "perky" and "super-smiley YouTuber" who recorded and published vlogs in his bedroom. He often collaborated with friends and fellow YouTube personalities Sam Pepper and Caspar Lee. From late-2013 to mid-2014, Listhrop and Pepper embarked on a worldwide comedy-music tour, "WDGAF Tour". By February 2017, Listhrop removed all of his Mazzi Maz videos from his YouTube channel and has since rebranded it to his Scarlxrd moniker. In a 2018 Interview, Listhrop described his time as a YouTube personality and posting videos on the site as "soul-destroying".

2014–2016: Myth City.

In 2014, Listhrop founded the nu metal/rap rock band Myth City, in which he performed as the vocalist. Listhrop also described the band's sound as a fusion of rap music and grindcore. The band's YouTube channel quickly gained a following mainly consisting of Mazzi Maz fans, who gave the group a mixed reception; fans responded positively to Listhrop's screamed vocals, but were confused on the contrast between the band's harsh musical style and Listhrop's "smiley" YouTube videos. Myth City released their self-titled debut EP on 28 February 2015.

2016–2018: Early albums and breakthrough.

In August 2016, Scarlxrd debuted his new moniker with the release of "Girlfriend". The music video depicts him unmasked and rapping over a "humid, tropical hip-hop track". By the end of 2016, he released two albums, his self-titled album (stylised in Japanese characters as "スカー藩主") and "Rxse". After the release of two more albums, "Cabin Fever" and "Chaxsthexry", in April 2017, Scarlxrd released the video for "Chain$aw" on 31 May; a week later, he released the music video for "King, Scar". On 23 June, he published the music video for "Heart Attack" and the video quickly gained popularity; he credits his consistency of releasing music videos, specifically the videos for "Chain$aw" and "King, Scar", for the video's popularity rise. On 29 September, he released his fifth studio album "Lxrdszn". “King, Scar” was also released as a music kit in.  In February 2018, it was announced that Scarlxrd would perform at the 2018 Reading and Leeds Festivals. In April, it was revealed that he would be featured on Carnage's second studio album, "Battered Bruised & Bloody", released on 13 April; Scarlxrd performed on the song "Up Nxw". On 4 May, he released his sixth studio album and major label debut "Dxxm" via Island Records.

2019–present: Continued major label releases.

After releasing singles from mid-2018 to early-2019 in anticipation of an upcoming album, including "Hxw They Judge", "Berzerk", "Sx Sad", and "Head Gxne", Scarlxrd announced his seventh studio album, "Infinity", which was released on 15 March 2019. He was a nominee in the 2019 Kerrang! Awards for Best British Breakthrough. Later that year, "The Purge" was featured on the first season of the HBO television series "Euphoria". Scarlxrd released his second album of 2019 titled "Immxrtalisatixn" on 4 October. He released his third 2019 studio album on 13 December, titled "Acquired Taste Vxl 1". On 19 December, "I Can Dx What I Want" was announced as the official theme song for the WWE NXT UK event,.

Artistry.

Scarlxrd's combination of trap music and heavy metal has been dubbed "trap metal" and is often associated with SoundCloud rap artists. In a 2018 article, "NME" described him as a "tormented outsider hip-hop artist". They also called him a "rap metal overlord" and his style to include "screamed vocals, claustrophobic trap beats and ear-shredding bursts of distorted guitar", as well as calling it a fusion of metal and "nihilistic rap". Scarlxrd grew up listening to heavy metal music and cites hip hop artists including Missy Elliott, Nelly and Eminem as influences. He also stated that he formed Myth City after listening to Linkin Park, Rage Against the Machine, Incubus and Deftones.  He is known to replace the letter "o" with "x", which is shown in his stage name and song titles. Scarlxrd's visual aesthetic within his music videos and clothing style is heavily influenced from Japanese culture, especially anime. His signature surgical mask, which he wears to distance himself from his YouTube image, was inspired by the Japanese manga "Tokyo Ghoul". He began wearing the mask less often after the release of "Infinity". Scarlxrd also cited American heavy metal band Slipknot as an inspiration towards his visuals.

Marius Lucas Antonio Listhrop (born 19 June 1994), better known as Scarlxrd (pronounced "Scarlord"), is an English rapper, singer and songwriter. He is known for his unique musical style combining elements of trap music and heavy metal. Formerly a YouTube personality known as Mazzi Maz, Scarlxrd began a career in music as the vocalist for nu metal band Myth City, before debuting as a rapper under his Scarlxrd moniker.

Marius Lucas Antonio Listhdrop (* 19. června 1994, Wolverhampton, Anglie), spíše známý jako Scarlxrd (vyslovováno "Scarlord"), je anglický rapper, zpěvák a skladatel. Je známý za svoje míchání žánrů trapu a heavy metalu. Vyrostl k popularitě když v roce 2017 vydal svoji píseň "Heart Attack", která má na YouTube přes 77 milionu zhlédnutí a přes 53 milionů přehrání na Spotify.