Professional career.

Lindberg began his professional gaming career in early 2005, when he made his international debut at the global finals in South Korea for the World e-Sports Games, alongside the new Swedish team of Begrip Gaming. There, Begrip defeated all opponents, including the defending champions Catch-Gamers and won the prize pot of 50,000 USD. Following this victory, Lindberg dropped out of high school to concentrate on his "Counter-Strike" career. In 2005, Lindberg was nominated for the eSports Award 2005, under the categories for "Newcomer of the Year" and "Best "Counter-Strike" Player". In early 2006, Lindberg left Begrip alongside his teammate Kristoffer "Tentpole" Nordlund, and signed a contract with Fnatic and became a permanent member of the team.  Lindberg's first year in Fnatic proved to be successful, having the team earn upwards of US$100,000, which was acknowledged by Turtle Entertainment. During 2006, Fnatic won the Cyberathlete Professional League Championship, the World Tour, along with a silver medal at the Electronic Sports World Cup. Lindberg was once again nominated for the eSports Award and won the "Counter-Strike" Player of the Year Award. However, Fnatic faced a major slump from 2007 through 2008, as the team failed to win any major tournaments and only achieved a handful of medals. The team regained its form and chemistry in 2009, however, with the retirement of Oscar "Archi" Torgersen and Oscar "ins" Holm and the recruitment of Christopher "GeT_Right" Alesund and Rasmus "GuX" Ståhl. During 2009, Fnatic was the single most-dominant team, having garnered gold medal victories at the Intel Extreme Masters Global Challenge, European Finals and World Championship, ESWC 2009, e-Stars Seoul, KODE5 and World eSports Masters. In 2009, Lindberg was nominated for the eSports Award 2009, under the category of "Regional eSports Player of the Year Northern Europe", but lost to his teammate Alesund, who won the main category for eSports Player of the Year.  Fnatic could not repeat its success from 2009 in the 2010 season, however, as the team found itself at odds with the Ukrainians from Natus Vincere, with their winnings being upward of US$220,000. Following this underwhelming year, Lindberg, along with his teammates Alesund and Ståhl, attempted to have Fnatic replace the team's in-game leader, Patrik "cArn" Sättermon, as well as its captain, Harley "dsn" Örwall, with SK Gaming's Jimmy "allen" Allén and Robert "RobbaN" Dahlström. This was, however, not approved, so Lindberg and Alesund left Fnatic and joined SK Gaming. Early 2011 proved to be slow for SK, as they failed to impress at their first event, IEM European Championship Finals, being unable to surpass the group stage, while Lindberg's previous team won the event themselves. SK Gaming managed to regain their form, however, and finished as the second highest-earning team of 2011, behind the Polish team of ESC Gaming.  On July 26, 2012, it was reported that SK Gaming had gone into a state of disarray, with the head coach, Anton Budak, resigning from the organization, along with Patrik Lindberg and his teammates Robert Dahlström and Christopher Alesund. According to Budak, this came as a result of SK refusing to send the players to GameGune 2012. The following August, it was announced that Lindberg would be making a transition over to "", by joining the team Ninjas in Pyjamas, which included Alesund in its roster. From the beginning of the competitive "Counter-Strike: Global Offensive" scene in 2012, Ninjas in Pyjamas became the single most dominant team, having won the vast majority of the tournaments they attended, as well as maintaining an 87-map winning streak for a time. Ninjas in Pyjamas has maintained their dominance for the years of 2012 and 2013. Ninjas in Pyjamas reached the grand finals of all major $250,000 Counter-Strike: Global Offensive tournaments until ESL One Cologne 2015. In August 2014 they won ESL One Cologne. At Dreamhack Cluj-Napoca where they were ousted by NaVi in the semi finals.

Notable tournament results.

"Bold denotes a CS:GO Major"

Patrik Lindberg (born June 10, 1988), known by the pseudonym f0rest, is considered to be one of the best "Counter-Strike" players in the world. Having played competitively since 2005, Lindberg has been widely regarded within the esports scene as the greatest player in "Counter-Strike" history. Lindberg is best known for his four years of tenure on the Fnatic roster, which he helped bring to prominence as the dominant team of 2009, during which year the team broke the record for the highest-earning team in "Counter-Strike" history. Near the end of 2010, Lindberg left Fnatic and joined SK Gaming, which he remained with until July 2012. Soon after, he transitioned over to "" and joined the team Ninjas in Pyjamas. In 2020, Lindberg left NiP to join Dignitas.

Patrik "f0rest" Lindberg (* 10. června 1988) je švédský profesionální hráč CS:GO. Lindberg s herní kariérou začínal už v roce 2003 u hry Counter-Strike, kdy podepsal smlouvu s týmem Realitysucks. V Counter-Striku pak např. vystřídal týmy fnatic a SK Gaming. V roce 2012 skončil s hraním CS a začal hrát. Začal v týmu ROCKSTAR, ale po pár měsících odešel do obnoveného týmu Ninjas in Pyjamas, ve kterém stále hraje.


Plot.

Elizabeth Sloane is a cutthroat lobbyist who has been called to appear at a congressional hearing led by Senator Ronald Sperling to answer questions about possible violations of Senate ethics rules during her tenure at Washington D.C. lobbying firm Cole Kravitz & Waterman.  Three months and one week earlier, Sloane's firm is approached by gun manufacturing representative Bill Sanford to lead the opposition to the proposed Heaton-Harris bill that would expand background checks on gun purchases, specifically by targeting female voters. Sloane ridicules Sanford's idea and is later approached by Rodolfo Schmidt, the head of rival lobbying firm Peterson Wyatt, to instead lead the effort in support of the bill. Sloane agrees and takes most of her staff along with her, though her closest associate Jane Molloy refuses to leave.  At Peterson Wyatt, Sloane selects Esme Manucharian to conduct the majority of the firm's media appearances, and they begin to make significant progress in garnering votes for the bill. Sloane confronts Esme with knowledge of her background as having survived a school shooting. Even though Esme does not want to disclose the information, Sloane reveals Esme's secret during a live television debate. Later, Esme is held up at gunpoint while leaving her office, but her attacker is shot dead by another civilian who is legally carrying a gun. Gun rights supporters capitalize on this event, which causes the Heaton-Harris bill to lose support in the Senate. This is compounded by the news of the Senate inquiry into Sloane's lobbying practices.  Returning to the congressional hearing, Senator Sperling produces a form requesting approval of overseas travel for a Senator. It was filed by a non-profit organization but completed in Sloane's handwriting, indicating she violated Senate ethics rules with her involvement, as a lobbyist, in arranging the travel. In answer to other questions, Sloane swears under oath that she has never practiced illegal wiretapping.  In her final statement at the hearing, Sloane admits she anticipated the opposition might attack her personally if Peterson Wyatt made too much progress with the Heaton-Harris bill. She reveals that she had someone (Molloy, her former assistant) secretly working for her, and that she did use a wiretap – which recorded Sen. Sperling accepting bribes from Cole Kravitz & Waterman boss George Dupont.  Ten months later, Sloane is visited by her lawyer in prison: the Heaton-Harris bill passed but at the cost of Sloane's imprisonment and career.  The film ends with Sloane being released from prison.

Production.

In September 2015, it was announced that Jessica Chastain had been set to star in the film, with John Madden directing, from a screenplay by Jonathan Perera. Ben Browning produced, under his FilmNation Entertainment banner, and Patrick Chu executive produced, while EuropaCorp produced and financed the film, and handles worldwide distribution. In January 2016, it was announced that Alison Pill, Jake Lacy, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw had joined the cast. In February 2016, Douglas Smith, Mark Strong, Michael Stuhlbarg, Sam Waterston, John Lithgow, and Enis Esmer also joined, and in March 2016, Meghann Fahy joined the cast of the film as well. Max Richter composed the film's score.  To prepare for her role, Chastain read books by Jack Abramoff and met women lobbyists in Washington, DC to get a sense of what they do. Perera used his own mother as the basis of the Sloane character.

Filming.

Principal photography began on February 12, 2016, in Toronto. Production in Toronto wrapped on March 30, 2016. In April 2016, additional shooting took place in Washington, D.C. Principal photography concluded on April 6, 2016.

Release.

In August 2016, two images of Chastain were released. The film had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 11, 2016, and also screened at the Napa Valley Film Festival on November 13, 2016. The film was originally scheduled to be released on December 9, 2016, and was later moved up to November 25.

Reception.

Box office.

"Miss Sloane" grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $5.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $9.1 million.  The film began its wide release alongside the openings "Office Christmas Party" and "The Bounce Back", and the wide expansion of "Nocturnal Animals". The film was projected to gross $2–4 million in its wide opening weekend, but ended up making only $1.8 million, finishing 11th at the box office. "Miss Sloane" is ranked number 75 by per-theater average on Box Office Mojo's list of "Worst Opening Weekend" films released since 1982.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 189 reviews, with an average rating of 6.53/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Miss Sloane" sits squarely on the shoulders of Jessica Chastain's performance – and she responds with awards-worthy work that single-handedly elevates the film." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.  Variety's Peter Debruge wrote: "Miss Sloane is a talky, tense political thriller, full of verbal sparring and fiery monologues, undone by a really dumb ending. But that doesn’t mean it isn’t smart for most of its running time."  Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote "So intriguing are the driven, smart and compromised characters, and so infinite are the dramatic possibilities at the intersection of big business and politics, that a vastly expanded small-screen take built around these characters, and others like them, would be quite welcome."

Miss Sloane is a 2016 political thriller film directed by John Madden and written by Jonathan Perera. The film stars Jessica Chastain, Mark Strong, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Michael Stuhlbarg, Alison Pill, Jake Lacy, John Lithgow, and Sam Waterston. The film follows Elizabeth Sloane, a fierce lobbyist, who fights an attempt to pass gun control legislation. However, she is left helpless when the opposing party digs deep into her personal life.

Případ Sloane (v anglickém originále Miss Sloane) je americko-francouzské politické drama z roku 2016. Režie se ujal John Madden a scénář napsal Jonathan Perera. Ve snímku hrají hlavní role Jessica Chastain, Mark Strong, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Michael Stuhlbarg, Alison Pill, Jake Lacy, John Lithgow a Sam Waterston.


Military career.

Johann baron of Götzen was born in 1599, to a noble, Lüneburg Lutheran family. At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War he joined the army of the Electoral Palatinate, serving in the forces of Ernst von Mansfeld and the neutral Dutch Republic. Following the Mansfeld's defeat at the Battle of Dessau Bridge, he defected to the Imperialists. In 1626, he took part in the occupation of the Duchy of Pomerania, receiving the command of the island of Rügen two years later. In 1628, he participated in the unsuccessful siege of Stralsund, which had refused to adhere to the Capitulation of Franzburg. The 1630, Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War led to the loss of Pomerania, Götzen's forces remained in the area for a short period of time, engaging in the act of (extorting money and resources from the local population under the threat of violence). He appears to have left the army following the dismissal of Imperial Albrecht von Wallenstein, on the same year.  On 13 April 1632, emperor Ferdinand II reinstated Wallenstein to the position of chief of staff. Wallenstein organized a complete overhaul of the Imperial army recalling Götzen into active service. On 6 November 1632, Götzen led a cavalry division at the Battle of Lützen. In 1633, Götzen was promoted to the rank of general. In the aftermath of Wallenstein's assassination he was placed under the command of Matthias Gallas, distinguishing himself at the Battle of Nördlingen (1634). In 1635, he was court–martialled for his poor performance in the Silesian campaign in combination with his prior association with Wallenstein. In 1636, his reputation as an experienced and brave commander earned him the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in the service of the Electorate of Bavaria, replacing. The Bavarians then ravaged through the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel, without being able to brake the stalemate of the Hessian War. In January 1637, the Bavarians reinforced the Imperialist blockades of Koblenz and the Ehrenbreitstein Fortress. The French garrisons protecting the fortresses had been isolated since August 1635. Two attempts to supply them had been intercepted, forcing the 195 survivors of the initial 2,000 force to surrender on 28 June 1637 in return for save passage home. In March 1637, Götzen and Melchior von Hatzfeldt departed for northern Germany, however following the Imperialist defeat at the Battle of Rheinfelden, Götzen was requested to deal with the threat posed by the Bernardine invasion of Schwarzwald.  Götzen rallied 13,500 troops at Rottweil aiming at relieving Breisach in conjunction with Charles of Lorraine whose 5,000 strong army was evading the numerically superior French in the Franche-Comté. On 26 June 1638, Götzen appeared north of Breisach, he chose not to attack Bernard directly but instead diverted his troops towards Alsace in the hope of taking the local French garrisons. The French refused to crack, forcing Götzen and to fall back to Offenburg where he was joined by Federico Savelli's 2,500 troops. Götzen's army was loading supplies onto barges at Rheinau, when Bernard drew 11,400 men from the siege lines, moving through Kenzingen and Lahr. It was only on 8 August, that Götzen's scouts reported that he was approaching. Götzen placed his artillery on the Schuttern hill, with the rest of the army holding a ditch between the hill and Friesenheim. The was but a short skirmish, Bernard quickly disengaged after realizing that the terrain did not favor him. Meanwhile, Savelli was leading two thirds of the army along with a supply column heading towards Wittenweiher, failing to take the necessary precautions he was spotted soon after the column emerged from the Kaiserwald forest. Savelli's was disoriented by a combination of musket and cannon fire and cut down by a cavalry charge that followed immediately. Götzen arrived just early enough to prevent a complete collapse of the army. Still the Battle of Breisach proved disastrous, only 3,000 remained under Bavarian colors by the time they retreated to Offenburg, the rest being killed, captured or deserting, 3,000 wagons of food and ammunition were also lost to the enemy. Savelli's court connections protected him from a court martial, while the Bavarian morale fell significantly. Charles of Lorraine and Götzen made two more attempts to relieve Breisach on 15 September and 22 November, failing on both occasions due to a lack of coordination on Charles' part. Breisach fell on 19 December 1638, Götzen was scapegoated by Savelli and arrested.  Götzen was pronounced innocent and released in August 1640, returning into Imperial service as Generalfeldmarschall. In 1643, he campaigned in Silesia, a year later he was transferred to Hungary where he fought against George Rákóczi I's army. In 1645, he was recalled to Bohemia which faced a Swedish invasion. On 5 March 1645, he was killed by musket fire while commanding the Imperial cavalry during the Battle of Jankau. Götzen's actions at Breisach are defended by the titular character in the novel Simplicius Simplicissimus, written by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen who took part in the operation as a soldier.

Johann von Götzen (1599 – 5 March 1645) was a Lüneburg nobleman and Generalfeldmarschall who fought during the course of the Thirty Years' War. He was married to Elisabeth v. Fal(c)ken (?-1631) Falke, Falcken, Falken, Falkenreck. They had two sons: Johann Sigismund Count of Götzen (1622-1622) and Johann Georg Count of Götzen (1623-1679). At the outbreak of the war Götzen joined the army of the Electoral Palatinate, defecting in to the Imperial side after the battle of Dessau Bridge. He attained the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in both the Electorate of Bavaria and Holy Roman Empire, gaining a reputation for his bravery. He was killed on 5 March 1645, while commanding the Imperial cavalry during the Battle of Jankau.

Johann von Götzen (1599 – 5. březen 1645 Jankov) byl lüneburský šlechtic a polní maršál, který bojoval v průběhu Třicetileté války. Po vypuknutí války se Götz přidal k armádě Falckého kurfiřství, ale po prohrané bitvě u Desavy přeběhl na císařskou stranu. Získal hodnost polního maršála v Bavorském kurfiřství i ve Svaté říši římské, a to mimo jiné za svou statečnost. Byl zabit 5. března 1645, když vedl do útoku císařskou jízdu v bitvě u Jankova.


History.

Etymology.

There are several theories on the origin of the name Brumado. According to Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio, the name "Brumado" originates from a Tupi expression: "Itimbopira" ("Y"-"timbó"-"pyra"), which means misty, covered with haze. According to Jose Dias, former priest of the region, the name originates as fog in the morning

Settlement.

In the 18th century, the bandeirante Francisco de Souza Meira and his team left the present municipality of Livramento de Nossa Senhora, crossing the Brumado River, advancing along the right bank until reaching the mouth of the Do Antônio River, arriving in indigenous territory, Tupinambás ferocious, and between them a great fight was fought, near the area where today it is the seat of the municipality of Brumado. It was the first part taken and was named "Conquest", then founded a farm called Serra das Éguas. Although these Indians strongly resisted the attacks of the captain and his group, they gradually dispersed, troubled by the presence of white men.  In the future, the Serra das Éguas farm was acquired by João Antunes Moreira, who

Emancipation.

When settled, Bom Jesus dos Meiras belonged to Livramento do Brumado (current Livramento de Nossa Senhora). On June 19, 1869, still under the name of Bom Jesus dos Meiras, the then vice president of the province of Bahia, Antônio Ledeslau de Figueiredo Rocha, signed Provincial Decree-Law No. 1091, thus transforming Bom Jesus dos Meiras in a district of the same name, annexing it to Caetité, who was already emancipated. Soon after, Antônio Pinheiro Pinto Canguçu, the second master of Sobrado do Brejo, contributed financially and with labor to build the Chapel of Bom Jesus, attending the requests of the inhabitants; Today, the old chapel is the mother church of Brumado, that at that time was called Church Senhor do Bonfim, in honor of the patron of the city, Bom Jesus, and had like first vicar the priest Jose Mariano Meira Rocha. Bom Jesus dos Meiras separated from Caetité in 1877, receiving the title of village. The author of the project was a deputy from the province of Bahia, Marcolino Moura. The political leader

Economic expansion.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the economy was based on agriculture: large-scale cotton farming, coffee and cereals, and cattle raising, goats, sheep and cattle, favoring the export of sheep skins raw or tanned, dry leather and salty, as well as lump cotton and live cattle. Cotton was the culture that most contributed to the economic development of the municipality. Between 1930 and 1955, the production was so great that the producers started to benefit it in the field even using handmade machines. Faced with the success of cotton growing, modern cotton factories were installed in the city. The municipality had six plants in operation. Since 1980, the crop has declined, due to several factors, as an interruption of financial aid by the government, (such as crop insurance), cotton boll weevil (pests that destroy crops), high interest rates for production financing, and of the processing. Currently, the production of passion fruit has been outstanding, in the district of Itaquaraí, one of the largest production locations in Brazil.  In 1930, two important events marked the economic history of the municipality: the arrival of the mining company Magnesita S.A., founded by

Geography.

The municipality of Brumado is located in the Center South (or Southwest) of Bahia, in the region known geographically as the Polygon of the Droughts, in Serra Geral, under the coordinates: 14° 12' 13", south latitude; 41° 39' 55" west longitude, at 454 meters altitude and is 555 kilometers southwest of Salvador. The urban area covers an area of 2 174 square kilometers. There is no information if there is a point higher than the Serra das Éguas peak, probably this is the highest point of the municipality, with 1 100 meters. The municipality limits with Livramento de Nossa Senhora and Dom Basilio, to the north; Rio de Contas, Ituaçu and Tanhaçu, to the northeast; Aracatu, to the east; Rio do Antônio and Lagoa Real, to the west; Malhada de Pedras to the southwest and the Caraíbas to the south. Its micro-region has a homonymous name. The urbanization rate is 69.86%, population density is 29.01 inhabitants per square kilometer.

Relief and hydrography.

The municipality of Brumado is characterized by mountainous formations typical of the Serra do Espinhaço (Mountains of the espinhaço), which is the mountainous chain that occupies much of the southwest of the State and which belongs the relief of the municipality. The relief of Brumado is very bumpy, presenting mountainous areas denominated mountains and/or "altomontanas", like the Mares sierra (Serra das Éguas) and Black stone hill (Morro da Pedra Preta). There are also level areas, which are flat and / or wavy forms, which make the transition between the upper and lower areas, forming species of stairs. Also has flat and flat relief shapes. In general, the Brumadian relief is quite rugged, slightly undulating and presents erosions due to the floods, favorable characteristics for biodiversity, contributing to a wide variety of species, both in flora and fauna.  The municipality of Brumado is part of the De Contas River basin and the Of Antônio River sub-basin, which also includes the municipalities of Caculé, Rio do Antônio, Licínio de Almeida, Guajeru and Malhada de Pedras. The main drains of

Geomorphology.

Geologically, Brumado is located in the São Francisco Craton, precisely in the Gavião Geological Block, in the Greenstone Belts Umburanas. In these areas, the rocks are formed by metavulcanic sequences, that is to say of very old volcanic actions, which favored the formation of metamorphic rocks of a great quantity of minerals, metals and nonmetals such as iron, manganese, emeralds, quartz, granites and different types of ornamental stones. The chart below shows the main occurrences of minerals in the Brumadian basin and their corresponding percentages. In geochronology studies

Climate.

The predominant climate in Brumado is the tropical steppe, making a transition with the semi-arid climate, classified as BSh (hot and dry), according to Wladimir Köppen and Rudolf Geiger, however, there are much lower temperatures at the top of the hills, always citing as an example the Das Éguas Saw and Pedra Preta Hill, one of the highest points of this mountain range. The rainy season is concentrated between October and January, with a difference of 128 mm between the driest month of August and the driest month of December. The rest of the year, the rains are

Ecology and environment.

Fauna and flora.

Along the municipality, there are four types of vegetation existing in all Brazilian territorial extent: Ciliar Forest, Cerrado, Rupestre Field and Caatinga, which is the predominant vegetation. In the ridges of the hills and mountains, such as Das Éguas Saw and Da Pedra Preta Hill, and on the banks of the rivers are closed and small tropical forests, called "generals". Campos rupestres, vegetation typical of montane and higmontanes environments, occur at altitudes above 900 m, as is the case again in the Das Éguas Saw and Da Pedra Preta Hill; Is characterized by the predominance of shrubs and/or herbaceous

Demography.

In the 2010 census, the population was 64,602, of which 31,747 were men and 32,855 were women. The urban resident population was 45 131 inhabitants and in the rural area, 19 471. With an area of 2 207,612 square kilometers, the headquarters area occupying 2 174 square kilometers, its population density is 29.01 inhabitants per square kilometer. See below the evolution of population growth, according to the City Hall.  Between 1970 and 2016, the population had an increase of 31 169 inhabitants.

Religion.

Bahia is a very culturally diverse state and when it comes to religion it could not be different. Nevertheless, many who attend catholic cults also attend cults of religions of African matrices, such as umbanda and candomblé. In Brazil, all who are baptized in the Catholic Church are considered Catholic, even if they practice another religion.  In Brumado, in 2012, according to data from the IBGE, 50 869 people professed Catholicism, 7 422 identified themselves as evangelicals and 994 people identified themselves as spiritists. Of those who professed umbanda or candomblé, they were not even mentioned; But this does not mean that religions of African matrices are not present.

Politics and administration.

According to the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, Brumado is part of a presidential republic, based on the Democratic government of the United States model. The municipal administration is in charge of the Executive Branch and the Legislative Branch. Until 1930, the Brazilian municipalities were governed by the mayor of the corresponding municipality, called intendants or executive agents. After the Revolution of 1930, the municipal powers were divided between executive and legislative. In 1877, the provincial deputy Marcolino Moura elaborated a project calling for the political emancipation

Subdivisions.

The municipality of Brumado is composed of three districts: Ubiraçaba, Itaquaraí and Cristalândia; And more than 30 neighborhoods, as Apertar do Morro I and II, Centro, Cidade das Esmeraldas, Feliciano Pereira Santos, Jardim de

Economy.

Trade is very developed, and the city has seven banking institutions: Itaú Bank, Bradesco Bank, Do Nordeste Bank, Do Brasil Bank, Caixa Bank, Sicoob Bank and Do Povo Bank. From the discovery of the mines of magnesite and mineral talc, the city began to develop, and with that the commerce was strengthened.

Primary sector.

The primary sector, which encompasses extractive, livestock and agricultural activities, is the sector with the lowest participation in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the municipality. It is not such a strong economic base. In 2006, the Superintendency of Economic and Social Studies of Bahia (SEI) published data, where agriculture and cattle raising appeared in that year with only 5.04% of the municipal GDP. Although this sector has a minimal contribution, it can highlight some important activities. In agriculture, crops such as cotton stand out, with 800 hectares planted and harvested; Beans with 2 000 hectares planted and harvested; ricinus or "mamona", 200 hectares planted and harvested; watermelon 350 hectares, planted and harvested; And "umbu", which is cultivated naturally, without human intervention, for being native, therefore, present in all extension of

Secondary sector.

The secondary sector is closely linked to the primary sector. Since there are few processing industries in the municipality, much of the primary sector's share is consequently integrated into the secondary sector because of mineral extraction - since the mining industries themselves are part of the two sectors - since they extract Ore and manufacture various products from its own extraction, along with other small industries, including cement and metallurgical

Tertiary sector.

The tertiary sector accounts for 46.24% of the municipality's GDP, the second largest sector contributing to the municipal economy. Trade plays an important role in the economic development of the city. Many of the trades are associated with the City Council of Shopkeepers (CDL). There are more than 1 800 registered companies in every municipality, of which 1 775 are active; Between industries, stores and service providers. These companies employed 12 677 people who, together with all the employed persons, obtained the value of 14 913, in active companies and with due registration (IBGE / data of 2012).  Service companies that performed federal and state works beginning in 2011 employed large numbers of people, including from other municipalities. The largest

Infrastructure.

Cheers.

The city has only one public hospital, however, counting on several health posts, distributed among the neighborhoods. It has 23 units with coverage of the Unified Health System (SUS) that perform care from small to medium complexity. The good thing is that the city can be considered well served by clinics that perform the most diverse types of tests and specific treatments. In 2012, the municipality had a total of 122 health facilities, 2 of which were state, 34 were municipal and 77 were private.  The sanitation in the city is satisfactory, but although it has a sewage network, the waste is directly thrown into the bed of the Antônio River, which cuts through the city. The Baiana Water and Sanitation Company (Embasa) does not treat the sewage network, and the city has long been channeling the galleries to the Do Antônio River. In 2005, the construction of the Cristalândia dam in the district of the

Education.

Brumado has a campus of the State University of Bahia (Uneb), the only public university in the city; Baiano Federal Institute (Ifba), which also encompasses superior courses to its curriculum. The National Industrial Learning Service (SENAI) and the former Luís Eduardo Magalhães Model College (Ceep) offer technical and professional courses, as well as other private technical schools. In 2010, according to the IBGE census, 50 899 people were literate. Check the table below for a portrait of education in the municipality in 2015. The higher education institutions present in the municipality, whether with distance or face-to-face education, are: The institutions offering technical education are:  The Municipal Assistance Program for Learning (PMAA), which was financed only with municipal funds, began to be implemented between 2009 and 2011, had a high investment and won the Innovation Award in Educational Management of

Public security.

The public security in Brumado is in charge of the civil and military police of Bahia, besides the municipal guard. The civil police has a headquarters called the 20th Regional Police Coordination of the Interior (20th Coorpin), and the military police have the 34th Independent Military

Services and communications.

Human development services and public services, such as paving, construction of galleries for sanitary sewage, etc., are under the responsibility of the Municipal Department of Infrastructure. Essential services such as piped and treated water and electricity are provided by state-owned companies in Bahia. Embasa is responsible for the provision of sewage and water supply services, and the State Electricity Company of Bahia (Coelba) provides

Transportation.

Transportation services are satisfactory. The city has a circular bus company that makes lines between Neighborhoods and village and also carries out transportation of employees of companies of the city. There is a bus company that does intercity and interstate transportation and tourism trips. Brumado has a road complex that gives access to the cities of Vitória da Conquista (BA-262

Culture and leisure.

Tourism and events.

At least until 1998, carnival was one of most traditional events. The story of this event dates back to 1949, when a group of friends decided to join and go out to streets to toy the revelry of Momo. In 1951, the party started to be held in clubs, taking turns between one and the other. However, in 1998, the year of the great drought, carnival happens sporadically, and one of the city's most popular urban festivity is no longer as traditional as it once was. If we do a search on the carnival of Brumado, we will find more news about the cancellation of the event than the realization of it. Officials claim that the reasons are the lack of funds or the effects of drought. The city has a certain tourist potential developed by the realization of traditional festivities, like St. John and St. Peter. Has a well-structured hotel network. Besides these attractions, those who visit the city can take walks through the Das Éguas Saw, with the permission of the

Sports.

The sports achievements in the city are mostly amateur level, such as "Maratoninha" (Child marathon), for children up to 12 years, which is held annually on October 12 And football tournaments in the neighborhoods and in the countryside. The most important sporting events in the city are the futsal championships and the Brumado Ecological Race to Rio de Contas. This race is one of the most

Holidays.

There are 15 national holidays in the city, including ten national, three municipal and one state, and one optional point. National holidays are: January 1 (International confraternity), Passion of Christ, April 21 (Tiradentes), May 1 (World Labor Day), Corpus Christi, September 7 (Independence of Brazil), October 12 (Day of Our Lady of Aparecida), November 2 (Day of the Dead), November 15 (Proclamation of the Republic) and December 25 (Christmas). The municipalities holidays are: June 11 (emancipation of the municipality), January 20 (Saint Sebastian's Day, patron of the city) and August 6 (Bom Jesus Day, patron saint of the city). State holiday, only one: July 2 (Independence of Bahia). Optional point: Ash Wednesday (until 2:00 p.m.).

Brumado is a Brazilian municipality in the interior of Bahia, in the Northeast region of the country, precisely in the mesoregion of the Center-South of the State, in the homonymous microregion, 555 kilometers from the state capital, Salvador. Its territorial area is 2 207,612 square kilometers, the headquarters's area occupyin 2 174 square kilometers, have altitude of 454 meters. According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in 2016 its population was estimated at 69 473 inhabitants. The Human Development Index (HDI) is 0.656 (average).

Brumado je brazilské město ve státě Bahia v severovýchodním regionu, přesněji v mezoregionu na jihu střední části státu, ve stejnojmenném mikroregionu. Leží 555 km od hlavního města státu Salvadoru v nadmořské výšce 454 m. Jeho teritoriální rozloha je 2207,612 km, rozloha městské zástavby činí 2174 km. Podle údajů z brazilského institutu geografie a statistiky (IBGE) se počet obyvatel v roce 2016 odhaduje na 69 473. Index lidského rozvoje (HDI) je 0656 (střední).


Plot.

Michèle Leblanc is raped in her home by an assailant in a ski mask, then cleans up the mess and resumes her life. She is the head of a successful video game company, where her male employees are alternately resentful of or infatuated with her. She carries on an affair with Robert, the husband of her friend and business partner Anna, and flirts with her married neighbor Patrick. Michèle feels detached from her son Vincent, who submits to his abusive, pregnant girlfriend Josie. She has a contentious relationship with her mother, Irène, whom she resents for her narcissism and involvements with younger men. Furthermore, she is the daughter of an infamous mass murderer whose parole hearing is approaching. Haunted by her father's actions, Michèle is wary of law enforcement and does not report her rape to police.  Michèle grows increasingly suspicious of the men in her life. She receives harassing text messages from her assailant at a blocked number, indicating he is stalking her. She at first suspects Kurt, a particularly resentful employee, when a CGI animation of a monster raping her is emailed to everyone at the company. She pepper-sprays a man lurking outside her house, only to find out it is her ex-husband Richard, who was checking on her safety. She later discovers that another employee, who has been infatuated with her, created the animation but did not rape her.  On Christmas Eve, Irène suffers a stroke and begs her daughter to go see her father before she dies at hospital. Michèle is later attacked in her home by the assailant and, after stabbing his hand and unmasking him, learns that he is Patrick. Though she now knows his identity and realizes that he is able to enter her home despite having her locks changed, she still does not call the police and takes no measures to increase her home security.  Michèle decides to visit her father after his parole application is rejected, only to find that he has hanged himself hours before she arrives. On the way home from the prison, she gets into a car crash in a secluded area. Rather than calling an ambulance, she first tries to call her friends, and then decides to call Patrick. After he rescues her from the car and bandages her, Michèle courts a brazenly dangerous sexual relationship with him. She engages in a vivid rape scenario with him. The two of them walk a delicate line in which Patrick has to feel as though he is raping Michèle, even though she consents to the roleplay.  Michèle grows increasingly disillusioned with her life leading up to the launch party for her company's new video game. She confesses to Anna that she was having an affair with Robert. As Patrick drives her home, Michèle professes that she is no longer in denial about their unhealthy relationship and claims she intends to call the police. She takes her time walking in front of his parked car after getting out, and then makes a point to leave her gate unlocked. Patrick enters and attacks her, in an ambiguous encounter that blurs the line between rape and consent—but Vincent, who was already in the house, sneaks up behind Patrick and bashes him in the back of the skull. Michèle appears to remain largely composed, but Patrick is seemingly confused as he dies.  Michèle speaks briefly with Patrick's wife Rebecca as she is moving out of the neighbourhood. Rebecca is placid and expresses gratitude to Michèle for being able to temporarily "satisfy Patrick's needs"—implying that she was aware on some level that the two were sexually involved and that Patrick had inclinations she couldn't satisfy. Vincent is now more assertive in his relationship and career, while Michèle reconciles with both Josie and Anna; the latter offers to move in with her now that they have both severed their relationships with Robert.

Production.

Development.

Paul Verhoeven stated that he felt the movie was an opportunity for him to do "something very different to anything I've done before. But this stepping into the unknown, I think it’s very important in the life of an artist. It puts you in an existential mode. As an artist you have to, as much as possible, step into the unknown and see what happens to you." The project was unveiled at the Marché du Film during the 2014 Cannes Film Festival where it was described as "pure Verhoeven, extremely erotic and perverted." Verhoeven was looking for an actress who would be "prepared to take that on" and believed Nicole Kidman "could handle this role." He also considered Charlize Theron, Julianne Moore, Sharon Stone, Marion Cotillard, Diane Lane, and Carice van Houten for the role of Michèle, a businesswoman who is raped in her home by an unknown assailant and refuses to let it alter her precisely ordered life. Verhoeven told "The Guardian" that he reckons that the only American actress who would have been willing is Jennifer Jason Leigh. "She would have had absolutely no problem, she's extremely audacious. But she's an artistic presence and we were looking for names", he said. Verhoeven's inability to convince a major American actress to play the part left him frustrated, as he later explained, "I agree that there are not many female parts – certainly not in American cinema. It's weird that when there is one, they lacked the audacity to be controversial. I hope all these actresses see the movie."  The film was originally supposed to take place in Boston or Chicago but, according to Verhoeven, it proved to be "too difficult" to shoot the film in the United States due to its violent and immoral content as "that would have meant getting more into the direction of "Basic Instinct", but a lot of the things that are important in the movie would probably have been diminished. By bringing it more into a thriller direction, I think it would have lost everything. It would probably have been banal and transparent. The mystery would have gone." Verhoeven then decided to do it in French and used a significant time before production to learn the language, in order to effectively communicate with the predominantly French cast and crew. In September 2014, French actress Isabelle Huppert signed on to star in the film as Michèle. Huppert had expressed interest in a screen adaptation of the book before Verhoeven, whom she described as "one of the best directors in the world for me," joined the production and accepted the part immediately, "I had no doubt about the integrity to the role. Of course if you just circle the story to the rape and a woman being attracted by the man who raped her, I mean, that really makes the whole purpose very, very narrow and limited. I think it's a lot more than this. And she's really interesting character because she's always go against predictable definitions of what it means to be a woman, what it means to be a man. Obviously, the movie's about a woman. But it's also about men, you know, and the men are sort of fading figures, very weak, quite fragile. So it's really also about the empowerment of a woman."

Filming.

Principal photography began on 10 January 2015 for a ten-week shoot. Filming took place in and around Paris. A planned sequence in Paris' main police station was cancelled following the Charlie Hebdo shooting on 7 January. The film was also shot in a house for Huppert's character in Saint-Germain-en-Laye for five weeks. Verhoeven's "mise-en-scène" for the film was influenced by three films: Federico Fellini's "81⁄2", Jean Renoir's "The Rules of the Game" and Orson Welles' "Touch of Evil". Every scene was choreographed, and Verhoeven storyboarded the whole film himself. He chose to shoot the film with two Red Dragon cameras, as "These days the amount of time a director is given to make a movie has diminished by 40 to 50 percent. Working with two cameras solves part of that problem while giving you the opportunity to do things that you wouldn’t do before."  When the film wrapped, Verhoeven described the shoot as "difficult" but later admitted that "in retrospect, it was very pleasant and easy." He dismissed rumors that "Elle" was an "erotic thriller" in the tradition of some his previous films, including "Basic Instinct", "Those people who think that this is an erotic film will be disillusioned. They are in for a strange confrontation with a movie that is... not ordinary. I don’t think the story is erotic; it’s about rape. An erotic thriller would be a bit weird, right? I mean, it might be erotic for the person doing it, but I don’t think that rape in general is something you would call erotic." On 13 May 2015, he told "Variety" he had "a strong feeling with this one that I was doing something that I’d never done before, which applied when I made "RoboCop"." He also praised Huppert's performance, saying that "She is an extremely gifted actress that gives you more than what’s on paper... even what’s in the book. She does experiments in her mind to get to places that she would probably avoid in reality. And she does that in an absolutely unique way." He also said in an interview with "Film Comment":  She’s one of the most brilliant actors I’ve ever met in my life. She’s so extremely special and is able to avoid any cliché in any situation, always finding a different way of doing things. She comes up with all kinds of extra details that you wouldn’t even dream of, that I would never come up with on my own. She’s not only a great actress but she is also especially imaginative and creative in her approach to the character. I didn’t have to tell her anything about Michèle because it was clear from the first shot that she knew exactly what her character would do and how she would behave in whatever circumstance. She is extremely audacious and she really had no problem with anything that was in the script, so I have an enormous respect for her.

Music.

The score of "Elle" was composed by English composer Anne Dudley and was released on 23 September 2016.

Release.

The first poster for the film was released in May 2015, during the Cannes Film Festival where SBS Productions sold the film internationally. On 16 January 2016, the first trailer and the final poster were released. On 11 March 2016, French film magazine "Le Film français" announced that SBS Distribution moved up the release date from 21 September to 25 May 2016. On 14 April 2016, it was announced that the film had been selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the Cannes Film Festival. On 27 April 2016, several images of the film were released.  On 11 May 2016, it was announced Sony Pictures Classics had acquired distribution rights to release the film in North America, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia, Eastern Europe (excluding Russia) and Asia (excluding China and Japan). Sony, who had previously acquired Verhoeven's "Black Book", said in a statement, "This thriller is Paul Verhoeven at his very best and Isabelle Huppert gives the performance of a lifetime. "Elle" promises to be a hit with audiences this fall." Verhoeven added, "Sony has always been my home in the US, and I'm excited that Sony Classics will take care of "Elle" with the wonderful actress Isabelle Huppert. I'm pleased that even my European films have ended up with them." Following the film's Cannes premiere, Sony announced its theatrical release in the United States on 11 November 2016.  On 12 August 2016, it was announced Picturehouse had acquired distribution rights to release the film in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Clare Binns, director of programming and acquisition at Picturehouse, praised Verhoeven, whom she described as "a master filmmaker who has always made provocative and exciting work without compromise - "Elle" is no exception" and also said, "This gripping, multilayered thriller bowled me over in Cannes and I know it’s going to be a big talking point. This is what proper cinema for adults is all about." The film was released in the United Kingdom on 10 March 2017, which made it not eligible for the 70th British Academy Film Awards.  The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September 2016, the San Sebastián International Film Festival on 18 September, the BFI London Film Festival on 8 October, the New York Film Festival on 14 October, and the AFI Fest on 13 November, where Isabelle Huppert was honored with a special tribute to her career.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Elle" received widespread critical acclaim, with particular praise for Huppert's performance and Verhoeven's direction. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 91% based on 230 reviews, with an average rating of 7.97/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Elle" finds director Paul Verhoeven operating at peak power—and benefiting from a typically outstanding performance from Isabelle Huppert in the central role." At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film received an average score of 89 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  The film received a seven-minute standing ovation at its Cannes Film Festival international premiere. Leslie Felperin of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "the most empowering "Rape Movie" ever made," and wrote: "Paul Verhoeven’s film about a woman’s complicated response to being raped will draw ire from feminists and others, but it’s one of the bravest, most honest and inspiring examinations of the subject ever put onscreen." Stéphane Delorme of "Cahiers du cinéma" wrote the film was "a striking return for the Dutchman. We didn't dare dream of such an audacious, generous film." Guy Lodge of "Variety" said: "Isabelle Huppert might be our best living actor, and "Elle" might be Paul Verhoeven's best film." Eric Kohn of "Indiewire" described it as a "lighthearted rape-revenge story." Jordan Mintzer of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film a "tastefully twisted mid-to-late-life crisis thriller that’s both lasciviously dark and rebelliously light on its feet" and added that Verhoeven and Huppert "combine their talents to make a film that hardly skimps on the sex, violence and sadism, yet ultimately tells a story about how one woman uses them all to set herself free." Jason Gorber of "Twitch Film" thought the film was "a masterwork by a master filmmaker, while Huppert's performance reminds the world once again what a treasure she is." Ben Croll of "TheWrap" believed the film was "riotously funny, and Isabelle Huppert has never been better."  Christopher Hooton of "The Independent" said it was "Cannes' only real high point." Xan Brooks of "The Guardian" found the film "utterly gripping and endlessly disturbing" and wrote: "Isabelle Huppert delivers a standout performance as a woman turning the tables on her attacker in the controversial director’s electrifying and provocative comeback." Lisa Nesselson of "Screen International" found that Huppert's "self-assured-and-aloof register is a perfect fit with Verhoeven’s taste for far-fetched human behaviour presented as plausible," and described the film as "suspenseful and unsettling from first frame to last." David Sexton of "The Evening Standard" labeled the film as "outrageous, funny and shocking, exhilarating and original." Catherine Bray of "Time Out" wrote the film "might just be the most Paul Verhoeven film yet, due to its willingness to push buttons, explore transgressive territory and take constant delight in venturing where the vast majority of filmmakers would fear to tread" and predicted: "It's a film that will inspire debate for decades to come." Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" wrote ""Elle" is no exploration of a woman's life or psyche but a macho fantasy adorned with the trappings of liberation."

Top ten lists.

"Elle" was listed on numerous critics' top ten lists.

Accolades.

On 26 September 2016, the National Center of Cinematography and the moving image selected "Elle" as the French entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards. When the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced a shortlist of nine pictures competing for the category on 15 December 2016 that did not include "Elle"; many media, including "The Hollywood Reporter", "The New York Times", "Entertainment Weekly", "The Independent" and "The Guardian", slammed "Elle"'s omission as a "snub." Gregory Ellwood of "The Playlist" wrote that the film became "one of greatest Oscar Foreign Language Film Snubs of all-time."

Elle () is a 2016 thriller film directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by David Birke, based on the novel "Oh..." by Philippe Djian. Djian's novel was released in 2012 and received the Prix Interallié (National Literary Award). The film stars Isabelle Huppert as a businesswoman who is raped in her home by a masked assailant and decides not to report it due to her past experience with police.

Elle (ve francouzštině „ona“ nebo „její“) je mezinárodní psychologický thriller z roku 2016. Režie se ujal Paul Verhoeven a scénáře David Birke, který se inspirovan románem "Oh..." od Philippeho Djiana, který získal literární ocenění Prix Interallié. Isabelle Huppertová ve snímku hraje Michèle Lablanc, která je znásilněna ve svém domově a plánuje pomstu. Je to první film režiséra Verhoevena od filmu "Černá kniha" z roku 2006 a první film ve francouzštině.


Online music store.

Paid downloads are sometimes encoded with Digital Rights Management that restricts copying the music or playing purchased songs on certain digital audio players. They are almost always compressed using a lossy codec (usually MPEG-1 Layer 3, Windows Media, or AAC), which reduces file size and bandwidth requirements. These music resources have been created as a response to expanding technology and needs of customers that wanted easy, quick access to music. Their business models respond to the "download revolution" by making legal services attractive for users.  Even legal music downloads have faced a number of challenges from artists, record labels and the Recording Industry Association of America. In July 2007, the Universal Music Group decided not to renew their long-term contracts with iTunes. This decision was primarily based upon the issue of pricing of songs, as Universal wanted to be able to charge more or less depending on the artist, a shift away from iTunes' standard—at the time—99 cents per song pricing. Many industry leaders feel that this is only the first of many show-downs between Apple Inc. and the various record labels.  According to research by the website TorrentFreak, 38% of Swedish artists support file share downloading and claim that it helps artists in early career stages. The Swedish rock group Lamont has profited from file sharing.

RIAA against illegal downloading.

The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) oversees about 85% of published music production, distribution and manufacturing in the United States. They work to protect musicians while supporting the First Amendment rights. Their stated goal is to support artists' creativity and help them not be cheated out of money by illegal downloading. The Recording Industry Association of America launched its first lawsuits on 8 September 2003, against individuals who illegally downloaded music files from the Kazaa FastTrack network.  Two years after it began, the campaign survived at least one major legal challenge. The RIAA said it filed 750 suits in February 2006 against individuals downloading music files without paying for them in hopes of putting an end to Internet music piracy. The RIAA hopes their campaign will force people to respect the copyrights of music labels and eventually minimize the number of illegal downloads.  The Official Charts Company began to incorporate downloads in the UK Singles Chart on 17 April 2005, at which time Radio 1 stopped broadcasting the separate download chart, although the chart is still compiled. Initially this was on condition that the song must have a physical media release at the same time; this rule was fully lifted on 1 January 2007, meaning all download sales are now eligible in the chart.

Sales records.

United Kingdom.

Music downloads have been measured by the Official Charts Company since 2004 and included in the main UK Singles Chart from 2005. The most downloaded song in the UK is "Happy" by Pharrell Williams with over 1.8 million downloads.

United States.

In November 2005, the record for the best-selling downloaded single in the United States was held by Gwen Stefani's "Hollaback Girl", which sold over one million downloads, making it the first song to achieve platinum download status., the record for the best-selling downloaded single in the United States on the iTunes Store is held by The Black Eyed Peas's "I Gotta Feeling", which has sold over 8 million downloads.  Soon after his death in 2009, Michael Jackson became the first artist to sell over one million songs downloaded via the Internet in one week. However, Adele marks the most downloads sold by a single song in a week, with "Hello" selling 1.12 million copies in November 2015.  Eminem's seventh studio album, "Recovery" (2010), became the first album to sell one million digital copies.  Beyoncé's self-titled fifth studio album became the fastest-selling album within 24 hours in iTunes history after its release in December 2013. Within 24 hours of availability, the album sold 430,000 digital copies. Adele's third studio album "25" became the fastest-selling album in a week in iTunes history after it was released on 20 November 2015. It sold 1.64 million digital copies in its first week (included preorders on the iTunes store since the release of the album's lead single "Hello" in October 2015).

Japan.

In 2006, the Recording Industry Association of Japan began issuing certifications for digitally released music in Japan, compiling data from the early 2000s onwards. The best-selling song is Fukushima-based vocal group Greeeen's song "Kiseki" (2008), which was certified for being legally downloaded four million times between 2008 and 2015, followed by R&B singer Thelma Aoyama's "Soba ni Iru ne" (2008) featuring rapper SoulJa, which was certified for three million downloads between 2008 and 2014. Greeeen's song "Ai Uta" (2007) ranks as the third highest certified song, with 2.5 million downloads tracked between 2007 and 2009. Two more songs have sold more than two million paid downloads: Ayaka's "Mikazuki" (2006) and Kobukuro's "Tsubomi" (2007). The most successful ringtone in Japan is Moldovan-Romanian band O-Zone's "Dragostea din tei" (2003), known locally as, which was certified as having four million units sold.  In Japan, only two albums have received digital certifications by the RIAJ. The first was "Songs for Japan" (2011), a charity compilation album raising profits for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which was certified gold for 100,000 downloads in June 2011. The second album was the Japanese language cast recording of the "Frozen" soundtrack, which sold 100,000 copies between its release in March 2014 and January 2015.

South Korea.

In South Korea, Gaon Digital Chart has been tracking digital sales since 2009. The most successful song according to their published data is Busker Busker's "Cherry Blossom Ending" (2012), which was downloaded over 7 million times between 2012 and 2017. In 2011, "Roly-Poly" by T-ara was the most successful song of the year, selling 4.1 million digital copies. In 2012 this accolade went to Psy's "Gangnam Style", after selling 3.8 million units.

A music download is the digital transfer of music via the Internet into a device capable of decoding and playing it, such as a personal computer, portable media player, MP3 player or smartphone. This term encompasses both legal downloads and downloads of copyrighted material without permission or legal payment. According to a Nielsen report, downloadable music accounted for 55.9% of all music sales in the US in 2012. By the beginning of 2011, Apple's iTunes Store alone made 1.1 billion of revenue in the first quarter of its fiscal year. Music downloads are typically encoded with modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) audio data compression, particularly the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format used by iTunes as well as the MP3 audio coding format.

Stahování hudby () (legálním i nelegálním) je proces, při kterém dochází k digitálnímu přenosu hudby prostřednictvím internetu. Nakládání s audiálními díly v ČR upravuje tzv. autorský zákon.


History.

Flugfélag Íslands in the early decades.

Icelandair traces its roots back to 1937, when Flugfélag Akureyrar was founded in Akureyri on the north coast of Iceland. Flight operations started in 1938 with a single Waco YKS-7 configured as a floatplane. In 1939 the airline was grounded when this aircraft was destroyed in a capsizing accident. The company moved to Reykjavík, where it acquired another Waco aircraft and was re-launched in 1940 as Flugfélag Íslands, which translates as "Flight Company of Iceland". Previously, two unrelated airlines of the same name had existed in the country (from 1919 to 1920, and between 1928 and 1931). For international purposes, the name Iceland Airways was adopted.  The fleet was expanded with a Beechcraft Model 18 in 1942; and with two de Havilland Dragon Rapides and a Consolidated PBY Catalina in 1944, the latter being the first ever aircraft registered in Iceland to be flown to Iceland by an Icelandic crew from North America. On 11 July 1945, this aircraft operated the first commercial flight over the Atlantic Ocean for the airline, which led from Reykjavík to Largs in Scotland, with four passengers and four crew members on board. Regular flights to Prestwick Airport in Scotland and Copenhagen in Denmark, using Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft leased from Scottish Airlines were launched in 1946.  In the same year, comfort and performance of domestic flights in Iceland could be improved with the introduction of the Douglas DC-3. A total of six were purchased, which remained in service with the airline until 1972. Until the late 1960s, Flugfélag concentrated mostly on domestic flights, where it initially faced fierce competition from Loftleiðir, another airline which had been founded in 1944. When a merger proposal of the Icelandic government was rejected by the two airlines, the domestic routes were split among them as a measure to ease competition. When Loftleiðir pulled out of the domestic market in 1952 to fully concentrate on international flights, Flugfélag became the main domestic carrier of the country.  International services stayed part of the business model of Flugfélag, though to a far lesser extent compared to Loftleiðir. In 1948, the Douglas DC-4 was introduced on those routes, and in 1957 two new Vickers 759 Viscounts were acquired, the first turboprop airliners to be operated by an Icelandic airline. In the 1950s, Flugfélag began to use the 'Icelandair' branding for its international flights.  In 1967, Flugfélag was the first Icelandic airline to join the jet age, when a Boeing 727-100 dubbed "Gullfaxi" was put into service. Another 727 was acquired in 1971, and the aircraft type was operated until 1990. In 2008, the cockpit section of "Gullfaxi" was put on display at the Akureyri Aviation Museum.

Loftleiðir.

Another company, Loftleiðir, called Icelandic Airlines internationally, had been formed in 1944 by three young pilots returning from their flight training in Canada. Their company, whose name roughly means "Skyways", concentrated on Icelandic domestic air services for the first few years. The first aircraft used were two Stinson Reliants, and then a Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft.  At first, Loftleiðir, like Flugfélag Íslands, concentrated on domestic air services. Loftleiðir began scheduled international operations in 1947.  By 1952, the Icelandic authorities were very worried that fierce competition between both Icelandic airlines would ruin both companies, and attempted to force a merger between them. This did not happen at the time, but instead the authorities split up the domestic routes between the two airlines. As a result, Loftleiðir ceased domestic flights in Iceland entirely, concentrating instead on international flights. Loftleiðir's pioneering low-fare services across the North-Atlantic then commenced in 1953. In a way, Loftleiðir can even be considered a sort of precursor of the low-cost carriers that started popping up all over the globe in the 1970s, in particular the long-haul budget carrier like Norwegian Air Shuttle. This made it a popular airline for travel between Europe and North America.  The late 1960s were an exciting time for Loftleiðir. In 1969 the company acquired International Air Bahama, a small airline operating Douglas DC-8 jet aircraft out of the Bahamas with transatlantic nonstop service between Nassau and Luxembourg, and a year later Loftleiðir became one of the founders of Cargolux, a cargo airline. Also in 1970, Loftleiðir entered the jet age with its first two Douglas DC-8 aircraft.  During those years, Loftleiðir was often referred to, even by the company's own staff, as "the Hippie Airline" or even "the Hippie Express". Loftleiðir was not famous for speed or punctuality, but flying with the company became a sort of rite of passage for young "hippies" from America travelling to Europe, one of whom was future president of the United States Bill Clinton.

Merger with Loftleiðir.

During the 1970s energy crisis, the economic situation for both Flugfélag and Loftleiðir worsened. The government of Iceland initiated a new attempt to merge the two airlines, which could be realized in 1973 following lengthy and difficult negotiations. In 1975, the Icelandic government provided a $13.5 million loan to Flugleiðir. The staff of Loftleiðir complained that Flugfélag, although smaller, had gained the upper hand in the united company. A holding company called "Flugleiðir" was created, which combined the two companies and began to streamline staff and operations. At the time of the merger, two thirds of the passenger traffic of the airline were international transatlantic crossings, and Flugfélag's fleet of Douglas DC-3s and Boeing 727s was enlarged by the Douglas DC-8s of Loftleiðir. In 1979, Flugfélag bought all of Loftleiðir's assets in Flugleiðir, and the airline was renamed Icelandair.

Post-merger Icelandair.

In 1980, the Icelandic government provided a loan to Icelandair due to the company's bad financial situation.  The aircraft fleet of Icelandair remained mainly unchanged until the Boeing 757-200 became the new backbone for transatlantic flights during the 1990s. The domestic Fokker F27s were replaced by Fokker 50s and Boeing 737s deployed on European routes. The European hub at Luxembourg Airport had been taken over from Loftleiðir. Passenger count topped one million in 1997 as the company's business grew on a reputation as a "backpacker airline", similar to Loftleiðir, which had been referred to as "Hippie Airline" since the late 1960s. In the same year, it was begun to dismantle the Luxemburg hub in favor of today's decentralized European network, linking the largest cities non-stop to Reykjavík, closing it down altogether by 1999.  In 1997 the domestic operations of Icelandair, part of which had previously been operated under the 'Flugfélag Nordurlands' branding, were combined with small airline Nordurflug to form the Air Iceland Connect subsidiary, allowing mainline Icelandair to fully concentrate on international flights since then. On 20 November 1999, a new aircraft livery was introduced, as part of an image campaign designed to retire Icelandair's "backpacker" label in favor of an emphasis on business travel. From 2001, the Icelandair hub was moved to Keflavík International Airport. As Icelandair particularly focuses on flights to North America, the company was significantly affected by the airspace closure following the September 11 attacks in the same year.  The Flugleiðir holding was reorganized as Icelandair Group (for aviation business) and FL Group (for non-aviation finance and investment business) between 2002 and 2005, with Icelandair becoming the largest and most important of eleven subsidiaries. The wet-lease and charter department, which was founded in 2003, was named "Loftleiðir Icelandic", thus re-introducing a familiar name.

Developments since 2010.

Like most Icelandic companies, Icelandair was hit quite hard by the 2008 financial crisis in the country, but was well on the road to recovery when another crisis of a very different kind hit in 2010. The air traffic restrictions following the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull resulted in large parts of the European airspace being closed down. The air travel disruption coincided with the start of the important summer season for the company. The in-house crisis management organization began assessing the situation once the scale of the problem had become known. Thrice-daily crisis meetings were held at the airline's headquarters. Icelandair tried to operate as many passenger flights as possible, keeping its hub at Keflavík open and diverting European flights to airports that were still open. The eventual closure of Keflavík due to the volcanic ash cloud coincided with an improvement of the situation towards Europe, which allowed Icelandair to move its headquarters with 200 staff to Glasgow and operate flights from there for ten days, with shuttle flights to Iceland's Akureyri Airport and round-the-clock bus shuttles onwards to Reykjavík.  In the aftermath of the eruption, the government of Iceland launched the successful "Inspired by Iceland" campaign to regain confidence in travelling to Iceland for tourists and business people, of which Icelandair was a leading participant and initiator.  When the Grímsvötn volcano erupted in 2011, Icelandair once again had to cope with airspace closures in Europe, though this time to a lesser extent due to a higher level of political preparedness. Weekly newspaper "The Economist" claimed that Icelandair could even take advantage when catering for disaster tourists.  In February 2011 Icelandair was chosen "The Knowledge Company" of the year and Icelandair CEO Birkir Hólm Guðnason was picked as "Man of the Year" in the Icelandic business community. In both categories the panel of judges of the Association of Economists and Business Graduates in Iceland said that "the fine results of the company in the previous year showed both a high degree of skill and specialist knowledge within the company as well as excellent leadership." In October of the same year, the airline was awarded the title "Marketing Firm of the Year in Iceland", by a judging panel from IMARK, the Marketing Association in Iceland.

Further route expansion.

After having launched scheduled flights to Washington, D.C., in 2011, Denver was announced as a new U.S. destination for 2012, followed by Anchorage in 2013, bringing the total number of cities served in the country up to eight, along with Boston, Minneapolis, New York City, Orlando and Seattle. Also in 2012, Icelandair resumed domestic services, with regular flights linking Akureyri to its Keflavík hub through subsidiary company Air Iceland.  Operations have doubled over a five-year period. New destinations in 2014 were Edmonton and Vancouver in Canada; and Geneva. Twice weekly flights to Vancouver commenced on 13 May 2014 and continued until October that year. Flights to Edmonton started on 4 March 2014, with a year-round service operating five times a week. The Geneva service started on 24 May 2014 and continued twice weekly until September.  On 9 December 2014, Icelandair revealed a northern lights themed Boeing 757-200 (registration TF-FIU) named "Hekla Aurora". The aircraft was officially launched in February 2015 as part of the company's "#MyStopover campaign". The exterior, which was hand-painted by a team of highly skilled airbrush artists from the UK, features artwork depicting an Icelandic winter scene complete with the Aurora Borealis. An installation of LED mood lighting in the cabin continues the theme by emulating both the colours and dancing patterns of the aurora. As part of Icelandair's transatlantic fleet, the "Hekla Aurora" flies to all of the airline's 40 destinations and has a three-day schedule available for passengers and observers.  On 5 February 2015, Birmingham became Icelandair's 5th gateway in the UK, and the 39th overall, with flights operating twice weekly, on Thursdays and Mondays. On 19 May 2015, Icelandair launched scheduled flights to and from Portland, Oregon in the US: its 14th destination in North America. Flights were set to operate twice weekly, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, until 20 October. Further expansion of Icelandair's global network was announced on 12 May 2015 with new, year-round services from Chicago O’Hare International Airport. Services commenced on 16 March 2016, with flights to Iceland operating four days a week.  On 17 August 2015 Icelandair announced the augmentation of its global flight network with a new service between Keflavik and Aberdeen, the company's second Scottish destination. The new service, operated by Air Iceland Connect (a subsidiary of Icelandair Group), commenced in March the following year, with flights scheduled four times per week.  Icelandair commenced scheduled flights to Paris Orly Airport beginning on 29 March 2016. Services to Montreal Airport began on 26 May 2016.  In September 2016, Icelandair announced services to Philadelphia, US, starting in May 2017 and Tampa, US starting in Sep 2017.  In May 2017, Icelandair unveiled a glacier-themed special livery on Boeing 757-200 (registration TF-FIR) named Vatnajökull, the name of Europe's largest glacier. The special livery was created in order to commemorate Icelandair's 80th anniversary.  In August 2017, Icelandair announced service five days per week to Cleveland, US, which began on May 16, 2018.  Since the 1960s, Icelandair has offered passengers travelling on transatlantic flights between North America and Europe an opportunity to stopover in Iceland for up to seven days, at no additional cost. In order to raise awareness about its stopover offer, the company launched a new social media initiative in 2014, with the hashtag "#MyStopover".  In August 2017, the Cape Verdean government signed an agreement with Loftleiðir Icelandic, part of the Icelandair Group, which turned the administration of TACV to the Icelandic group. The new administration plans include discontinue the hub at Praia International Airport focusing all of the airline's operations at Amílcar Cabral International Airport and from there serve as a connecting hub between the Americas, Europe and Africa.  On 5 November 2017, the company Icelandair (the new TACV administrator) passed the first Boeing 757-200 to TACV to reinforce existing routes, such as daily flights to Lisbon, Fortaleza and Recife (which increases to 4 weekly flights as of December 3).  On 9 January 2018, Icelandair announced that it would provide three non-stop flights a week from Kansas City International Airport to Keflavík International Airport, which commenced on 25 May 2018.  Icelandair commenced four weekly flights to and from Dallas Ft. Worth on 30 May 2018. It ended on 6 March 2019.  On 5 November 2018, Icelandair announced plans to take over its low-cost competitor, WOW air, with the two airlines to be operated as separate brands. On 29 November, Icelandair abandoned this endeavour as the shareholders’ meeting pre-conditions were unlikely to be met.

Inflight service.

Icelandair offers three booking classes: Economy Light, Economy, and Saga Class (the last being equivalent to business class). Free meals are only available in Saga Class, and a buy on board service is provided for the Economy classes. The airline offered Economy Comfort until April 2018.  All of Icelandair's aircraft are equipped with a free of charge AVOD in-flight entertainment system that includes seatback, touch-screen monitors for each passenger. The airline claims to be especially children-friendly. Free meals, blankets, pillows and headsets are provided to children, and the inflight system hosts a selection of children's movies.  Almost all of Icelandair's fleet is equipped with in-flight WiFi, provided by Row 44 and Zodiac Inflight Innovations. The installation of WiFi in all the airline's B757-200/300 was completed in 2015.  Special assistance is provided for travelling with pets, young travellers and infants, and special service, for example for blind people with seeing-eye dogs, expectant mothers, wheelchair service, POC systems.  "Icelandair Info", the inflight magazine of Icelandair, is printed four times a year in Icelandic and English. First published in 2008, it is also the product catalogue for the airline's "Saga Shop". The frequent flyer program of the airline is called "Saga Club".  On 1 April 2013 Icelandic band Sigur Rós debuted its latest album, "Valtari", exclusively onboard Icelandair's aircraft, two months before the album's general release. "Biophilia", Björk's 2011 album, had earlier been released on Icelandair's fleet in the same way.

Destinations.

Icelandair flies from Iceland to 26 destinations in Europe and 23 destinations in North America. A few of these destinations are seasonal.

Codeshare agreements.

Icelandair codeshares with the following airlines:

Fleet.

Current fleet.

, Icelandair operates an all Boeing fleet made up of the following aircraft. Most of the aircraft in Icelandair's fleet are named after Icelandic volcanoes.

Fleet development.

In 2005, the airline, on behalf of its parent company Icelandair Group, announced an order for ten Boeing 737-800 aircraft with options for five more. Those options were later exercised. These were not placed into service by the airline but leased to other airlines. During that same year, Icelandair announced an order for two Boeing 787 Dreamliners. In 2006, Icelandair announced an order for two more Boeing 787s. In 2011, it was announced that orders for three of the 787s had been cancelled.  On 13 February 2013, Icelandair Group announced that the company had finalized an order with Boeing for sixteen new Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. Purchase rights for eight additional 737s had also been signed. The value for all sixteen aircraft was US$1.6 billion at Boeing list prices, but the actual purchase price was confidential. The aircraft will be delivered in 2018–2021. The order is for nine 737 MAX 8s configured for 153 passengers; and seven 737 MAX 9s to hold 172 passengers. In comparison, Icelandair Group's current Boeing 757-200 aircraft hold 183 passengers.  On 8 May 2019, Icelandair announced that the company was considering ordering the Airbus A321neo and Airbus A321LR as a replacement for their aging fleet of Boeing 757s, or to run alongside their Boeing 737 MAX 8 or to even replace the MAX 8s entirely, due to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings.  On 22 January, 2020 Icelandair announced that the airline would lease three Boeing 737-800 airliners to enter service from spring 2020. The aircraft will be dry leased and flown by Icelandair pilots.

Special liveries.

As of September 2018, Icelandair operates 3 aircraft with'special' liveries. Two depict the natural beauty of Iceland, one showcasing the largest glacier in Europe: Vatnajökull, as well as celebrating the independence of Iceland for 100 years, while the other highlights the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights), also being part of Icelandair's #IcelandStopover campaign. The third aircraft (Boeing B757 TF-ISX 'Þingvellir') is painted in the red, white, and blue livery of Iceland's flag and celebrates both the 100th anniversary of Icelandic National Sovereignty (1918-2018) and the National Men's Football Team's World Cup debut in 2018.

Formerly operated.

Over the years, the airline operated the following aircraft types:

Icelandair Cargo.

Overview.

Icelandair Cargo is a sister airline to Icelandair; it is Icelandair Group's cargo airline subsidiary. Flugfélag Íslands and Loftleiðir used their aircraft to carry freight as well as passengers; and when Icelandair was established in 1973 a freight division was set up within the airline. After years of operating freighter aircraft as part of Icelandair, Icelandair Cargo was established as a separate entity in 2000. The airline uses available space in the baggage compartments of Icelandair's passenger aircraft, as well as operating two Boeing 757 freighters between New York, Keflavik, East Midlands in the UK and Liège in Belgium.

Fleet.

As of December 2017 the Icelandair Cargo fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Iceland Airwaves.

As one of Iceland's largest companies, Icelandair sponsors many events and charities. The company is, together with the City of Reykjavík, one of two main sponsors of the immensely popular Iceland Airwaves, the annual music festival held in Reykjavík on the first weekend in November. The festival spans five days (Wednesday–Sunday) and its main focus is showcasing new music, both Icelandic and international.

Icelandair is the flag carrier airline of Iceland, headquartered at Keflavík International Airport near the capital city Reykjavik. It is part of the Icelandair Group and as of April 2018, operated scheduled services to 48 cities in 16 countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean from its hub at Keflavík International Airport. The geographical position of Iceland is convenient for one-stop transatlantic flights, which is one pillar of the airline's business strategy, along with traffic to and from the country.

Icelandair je hlavní islandská letecká společnost se sídlem v Reykjavíku a hlavní základnou na Letišti Keflavík. Je součástí Icelandair Group a v létě 2015 provozovala pravidelné lety do 39 destinací v 16 zemích. Geografická lokace umožňuje Icelandairu přímé transatlantické lety do Severní Ameriky menšími úzkotrupými letadly. Ředitelem společnosti je v současnosti (leden 2017) Birkir Hólm Guðnason.