Description.

"Monarda" species include annual and perennial herbaceous plants. They grow erect to heights of. The slender, serrated, lanceolate leaves are oppositely arranged on the stem, hairless or sparsely hairy, and about 7 to 14 centimeters long.  The flowers are tubular and bilaterally symmetric, with a narrow upper lip and a wider lower lip. The wild flowers are single, but some cultivated forms have double flowers. They are hermaphroditic, with male and female structures in each flower. There are two stamens. Inflorescences occur at the top of the stem or emerge from the axils. They are typically crowded head-like clusters of flowers with leafy bracts. Flower color varies, with wild species bearing red, pink, and light purple flowers. "M. didyma" has bright carmine red flowers, "M. fistulosa" has pink, and "M. citriodora" and "M. pectinata" have pale purple. Hybrids occur in the wild, and they are common in cultivation. Seed collected from hybrids does not yield plants identical to the parent.

Uses.

The crushed leaves of all species exude a spicy, fragrant essential oil. Of the species examined in one study, "M. didyma" contained the highest concentration of oil.  Several species, including "Monarda fistulosa" and "M. didyma", have a long history of use as medicinal plants by many Native Americans, such as the Blackfoot, Menominee, Ojibwa and Winnebago. The Blackfoot recognized the strong antiseptic action of the plants, and used them in poultices for skin infections and minor wounds. Native Americans and later settlers also used it to alleviate stomach and bronchial ailments. A tisane made from the plant was also used to treat mouth and throat infections caused by dental caries and gingivitis. Bee balm is a natural source of the antiseptic compound thymol, the primary active ingredient in some modern commercial mouthwash formulas. The Winnebago used a bee balm tisane as a general stimulant. Bee balm was also used as a carminative herb by Native Americans to prevent excessive flatulence. An infusion of crushed, boiled "Monarda" has been used to treat headache and fever.  Although somewhat bitter due to the thymol content in the leaves and buds, the plant tastes like a mix of spearmint and peppermint with oregano. Bee balm was traditionally used by Native Americans as a seasoning for wild game, particularly birds. The plants are widespread across North America and can be found in moist meadows, hillsides, and forest clearings up to in elevation.

Cultivation.

"Monarda" plants thrive in sun and moist but well-drained soil. Plants growing in partial shade spread horizontally and produce fewer flowers. "Monarda" are used in beds and borders to attract hummingbirds, pollinating insects, and insects that control garden pests.  There are over 50 commercial cultivars whose hybrid colors range from dark red mahogany to bluish lilac to multiple shades of pink. These are generally not as robust as wild species. Some hybrids have been developed to produce high levels of essential oil for use as flavoring or medicine.  The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:  The UK National Collection of Monardas is held at Glyn Bach Gardens at Pont Hywel, Efailwen, near Llandissilio in Pembrokeshire.

Ecology.

"Monarda" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including case-bearers of the genus "Coleophora". "Coleophora monardae" feeds only on "Monarda" plants, and "C. heinrichella" and "C. monardella" only feed on the species "M. fistulosa".

Taxonomy.

"Monarda" is in the tribe Mentheae of the subfamily Nepetoideae in the mint family. Molecular phylogenetic studies of this tribe have been poorly sampled, and relationships within it remain unclear. The genera "Blephilia" and "Pycnanthemum" are close relatives of "Monarda", but they might not be the closest. "Monarda" is divided into two distinct subgenera, "Monarda" and "Cheilyctis". These are easily distinguished by several characters.

Species.

Species in the genus include:

Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The genus is endemic to North America. Common names include bee balm, horsemint, oswego tea, and bergamot, the latter inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange ("Citrus bergamia"). The genus was named for the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes, who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants of the New World.

Zavinutka "(Monarda") je rod aromatických rostlin z čeledi hluchavkovitých. Zahrnuje zhruba 20 druhů, které jsou všechny endemické v Severní Americe. Rod byl pojmenován po španělském lékaři a botanikovi Nicolási Monardovi, který v roce 1574 vydal knihu popisující květenu Nového světa. Jde o léčivé rostliny, celosvětově pěstované též pro okrasu.


Micellization and phase transitions.

An important characteristic of poloxamer solutions is their temperature dependent self-assembling and thermo-gelling behavior. Concentrated aqueous solutions of poloxamers are liquid at low temperature and form a gel at higher temperature in a reversible process. The transitions that occur in these systems depend on the polymer composition (molecular weight and hydrophilic/hydrophobic molar ratio).  At low temperatures and concentrations (below the critical micelle temperature and critical micelle concentration) individual block copolymers (unimers) are present in solution. Above these values, aggregation of individual unimers occurs in a process called micellization. This aggregation is driven by the dehydration of the hydrophobic polyoxypropylene block that becomes progressively less soluble as the polymer concentration or temperature increases. The aggregation of several unimers occurs to minimize the interactions of the PPO blocks with the solvent. Thus, the core of the aggregates is made from the insoluble blocks (polyoxypropylene) while the soluble portion (polyoxyethylene) forms the shell of the micelles.  The mechanisms on the micellization at equilibrium have shown to depend on two relaxation times: (1) the first and fastest (tens of the microseconds scale) corresponds to the unimers exchange between micelles and the bulk solution and follows the Aniansson-Wall model (step-by-step insertion and expulsion of single polymer chains), and (2) the second and much slower one (in the millisecond range) is attributed to the formation and breakdown of whole micellar units leading to the final micellar size equilibration.  Besides spherical micelles, elongated or worm-like micelles can also be formed. The final geometry will depend on the entropy costs of stretching the blocks, which is directly related to their composition (size and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene ratio). The mechanisms involved in the shape transformation are different compared to the dynamics of micellization. Two mechanisms were proposed for the sphere-to-rod transitions of block copolymer micelles, in which the micellar growth can occur by (A) fusion/fragmentation of micelles or (B) concomitant fusion/fragmentation of micelles and unimer exchange, followed by smoothing of the rod-like structures.  With higher increments of the temperature and/or concentration, other phenomena can occur such as the formation of highly ordered mesophases (cubic, hexagonal and lamellar). Eventually, a complete dehydration of the polyoxypropylene blocks and the collapse of the polyoxyethylene chains will lead to clouding and/or macroscopic phase separation. This is due to the fact that hydrogen bonding between the polyoxyethylene and the water molecules breaks down at high temperature and polyoxyethylene becomes also insoluble in water.  The phase transitions can also be largely influenced by the use of additives such as salts and alcohols. The interactions with salts are related to their ability to act as water structure makers (salting-out) or water structure breakers (salting-in). Salting-out salts increase the self-hydration of water through hydrogen bonding and reduce the hydration of the copolymers, thus reducing the critical micelle temperature and critical micelle concentration. Salting-in electrolytes reduce the water self-hydration and increase the polymer hydration, therefore increasing the critical micelle temperature and critical micelle concentration. The different salts have been categorized by the Hofmeister series according to their ‘salting-out’ power. Different phase diagrams characterizing all these transitions have been constructed for most poloxamers using a great variety of experimental techniques (e.g. SAXS, Differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity measurements, light scattering).

Uses.

Because of their amphiphilic structures, the polymers have surfactant properties that make them useful in industrial applications. Among other things, they can be used to increase the water solubility of hydrophobic, oily substances or otherwise increase the miscibility of two substances with different hydrophobicities. For this reason, these polymers are commonly used in industrial applications, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. They have also been evaluated for various drug delivery applications and were shown to sensitize drug-resistant cancers to chemotherapy.  In bioprocess applications, poloxamers are used in cell culture media for their cell cushioning effects because their addition leads to less stressful shear conditions for cells in reactors.  In materials science, the poloxamer P123 has recently been used in the synthesis of mesoporous materials, including SBA-15.  When mixed with water, concentrated solutions of poloxamers can form hydrogels. These gels can be extruded easily, acting as a carrier for other particles, and used for robocasting.

Biological effect.

Work led by Kabanov has recently shown that some of these polymers, originally thought to be inert carrier molecules, have a very real effect on biological systems independently of the drug they are transporting. The poloxamers have been shown to incorporate into cellular membranes affecting the microviscosity of the membranes. The polymers seem to have the greatest effect when absorbed by the cell as an unimer rather than as a micelle. Effect on multi drug resistant cancer cells Poloxamers have been shown to preferentially target cancer cells, due to differences in the membrane of these cells when compared to noncancer cells. Poloxamers have also been shown to inhibit MDR proteins and other drug efflux transporters on the surface of cancer cells; the MDR proteins are responsible for the efflux of drugs from the cells and hence increase the susceptibility of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin. Another effect of the polymers upon cancer cells is the inhibition of the production of ATP in multi-drug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. The polymers seem to inhibit respiratory proteins I and IV, and the effect on respiration seems to be selective for MDR cancer cells, which may be explained by the difference in fuel sources between MDR and sensitive cells (fatty acids and glucose respectively). The poloxamers have also been shown to enhance proto-apoptotic signaling, decrease anti-apoptoic defense in MDR cells, inhibit the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase detoxification system, induce the release of cytochrome C, increase reactive oxygen species in the cytoplasm, and abolish drug sequestering within cytoplasmic vesicles. Effect on nuclear factor kappa B Certain poloxamers such as P85 have been shown not only to be able to transport target genes to target cells, but also to increase gene expression. Certain poloxamers, such as P85 and L61, have also been shown to stimulate transcription of NF kappaB genes, although the mechanism by which this is achieved is currently unknown, bar that P85 has been shown to induce phosphorylation of the inhibitory kappa.  Potential degradation by sonication  Wang et al. reported that aqueous solutions of poloxamer 188 (Pluronic® F-68) and poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F-127) sonicated in the presence or absence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) can became highly toxic to cultured cells. Moreover, toxicity correlated with the sonolytic degradation of the polymers.

Poloxamers are nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)). The word was coined by the inventor, Irving Schmolka, who received the patent for these materials in 1973. Poloxamers are also known by the trade names Synperonics, Pluronic, and Kolliphor.

Poloxamery jsou neiontové třísložkové kopolymery, složené z hydrofobního polypropylenglykolového řetězce, na který jsou po obou stranách navázány hydrofilní řetězce tvořené polyethylenglykolem.


Overview.

In the mid-19th century, engineer Jules Dupuit first propounded the concept of economic surplus, but it was the economist Alfred Marshall who gave the concept its fame in the field of economics.  On a standard supply and demand diagram, consumer surplus is the area (triangular if the supply and demand curves are linear) above the equilibrium price of the good and below the demand curve. This reflects the fact that consumers would have been willing to buy a single unit of the good at a price higher than the equilibrium price, a second unit at a price below that but still above the equilibrium price, etc., yet they in fact pay just the equilibrium price for each unit they buy.  Likewise, in the supply-demand diagram, producer surplus is the area below the equilibrium price but above the supply curve. This reflects the fact that producers would have been willing to supply the first unit at a price lower than the equilibrium price, the second unit at a price above that but still below the equilibrium price, etc., yet they in fact receive the equilibrium price for all the units they sell.

Consumer surplus.

Consumer surplus is the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the actual price they do pay. If a consumer is willing to pay more for a unit of a good than the current asking price, they are getting more benefit from the purchased product than they would if the price was their maximum willingness to pay. They are receiving the same benefit, the obtainment of the good, with a smaller cost as they are spending less than they would if they were charged their maximum willingness to pay. An example of a good with generally high consumer surplus is drinking water. People would pay very high prices for drinking water, as they need it to survive. The difference in the price that they would pay, if they had to, and the amount that they pay now is their consumer surplus. The utility of the first few litres of drinking water is very high (as it prevents death), so the first few litres would likely have more consumer surplus than subsequent litres.  The maximum amount a consumer would be willing to pay for a given quantity of a good is the sum of the maximum price they would pay for the first unit, the (lower) maximum price they would be willing to pay for the second unit, etc. Typically these prices are decreasing; they are given by the individual demand curve, which must be generated by a rational consumer who maximizes utility subject to a budget constraint. Because the demand curve is downward sloping, there is diminishing marginal utility. Diminishing marginal utility means a person receives less additional utility from an additional unit. However, the price of a product is constant for every unit at the equilibrium price. The extra money someone would be willing to pay for the number units of a product less than the equilibrium quantity and at a higher price than the equilibrium price for each of these quantities is the benefit they receive from purchasing these quantities. For a given price the consumer buys the amount for which the consumer surplus is highest. The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price.  Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, first shown by Willig (1976). For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare. With multiple price and/or income changes, however, consumer surplus cannot be used to approximate economic welfare because it is not single-valued anymore. More modern methods are developed later to estimate the welfare effect of price changes using consumer surplus.  The aggregate consumers' surplus is the sum of the consumer's surplus for all individual consumers. This can be represented graphically as shown in the above graph of the market demand and supply curves. It can also be said to be the maxim of satisfaction a consumer derives from particular goods and services.

Calculation from supply and demand.

The consumer surplus (individual or aggregated) is the area under the (individual or aggregated) demand curve and above a horizontal line at the actual price (in the aggregated case: the equilibrium price). If the demand curve is a straight line, the consumer surplus is the area of a triangle:  where P is the equilibrium price (where supply equals demand), Q is the total quantity purchased at the equilibrium price and P is the price at which the quantity purchased would fall to 0 (that is, where the demand curve intercepts the price axis). For more general demand and supply functions, these areas are not triangles but can still be found using integral calculus. Consumer surplus is thus the definite integral of the demand function with respect to price, from the market price to the maximum reservation price (i.e. the price-intercept of the demand function):  where formula_3 This shows that if we see a rise in the equilibrium price and a fall in the equilibrium quantity, then consumer surplus falls.

Calculation of a change in consumer surplus.

The change in consumer surplus is used to measure the changes in prices and income. The demand function used to represent an individual's demand for a certain product is essential in determining the effects of a price change. An individual's demand function is a function of the individual's income, the demographic characteristics of the individual, and the vector of commodity prices. When the price of a product changes, the change in consumer surplus is measured as the negative value of the integral from the original actual price (P) and the new actual price (P) of the demand for product by the individual. If the change in consumer surplus is positive, the price change is said to have increased the individuals welfare. If the price change in consumer surplus is negative, the price change is said to have decreased the individual's welfare.

Distribution of benefits when price falls.

When supply of a good expands, the price falls (assuming the demand curve is downward sloping) and consumer surplus increases. This benefits two groups of people: consumers who were already willing to buy at the initial price benefit from a price reduction, and they may buy more and receive even more consumer surplus; and additional consumers who were unwilling to buy at the initial price will buy at the new price and also receive some consumer surplus.  Consider an example of linear supply and demand curves. For an initial supply curve S, consumer surplus is the triangle above the line formed by price P to the demand line (bounded on the left by the price axis and on the top by the demand line). If supply expands from S to S, the consumers' surplus expands to the triangle above P and below the demand line (still bounded by the price axis). The change in consumer's surplus is difference in area between the two triangles, and that is the consumer welfare associated with expansion of supply.  Some people were willing to pay the higher price P. When the price is reduced, their benefit is the area in the rectangle formed on the top by P, on the bottom by P, on the left by the price axis and on the right by line extending vertically upwards from Q.  The second set of beneficiaries are consumers who buy more, and new consumers, those who will pay the new lower price (P) but not the higher price (P). Their additional consumption makes up the difference between Q and Q. Their consumer surplus is the triangle bounded on the left by the line extending vertically upwards from Q, on the right and top by the demand line, and on the bottom by the line extending horizontally to the right from P.

Rule of one-half.

The rule of one-half estimates the change in consumer surplus for small changes in supply with a constant demand curve. Note that in the special case where the consumer demand curve is linear, consumer surplus is the area of the triangle bounded by the vertical line Q=0, the horizontal line formula_4 and the linear demand curve. Hence, the change in consumer surplus is the area of the trapezoid with i) height equal to the change in price and ii) mid-segment length equal to the average of the ex-post and ex-ante equilibrium quantities. Following the figure above,  where:

In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), refers to two related quantities. Consumer surplus or consumers' surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus or producers' surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher than the least that they would be willing to sell for; this is roughly equal to profit (since producers are not normally willing to sell at a loss, and are normally indifferent to selling at a breakeven price).

Ekonomický přebytek, také známý jako Marshallianský přebytek (pojmenovaný po Alfredu Marshallovi, v tradiční ekonomice pojednává o dvou souvisejících kvantitách. Spotřebitelský přebytek je peněžitý zisk získaný spotřebiteli, jelikož jsou schopni pořídit produkt za nižší cenu než je nejvyšší cena, kterou by byli ochotni zaplatit. Přebytek výrobce je částka, kdy výrobci prodají produkt za vyšší cenu, než je nejnižší cena, za kterou by ji byli ochotni prodat. To zhruba odpovídá zisku (vzhledem k tomu, že výrobci běžně nejsou ochotni prodávat produkt se ztrátou).


History.

The merger between and ESC Lille initially came as a surprise due to a discrepancy in respective school rankings making this an unlikely match, and was announced on June 30, 2009. Although it was criticized, they now form a single non-profit organization confirmed by their respective governing bodies (the General Assembly of the French Riviera Chamber of Commerce and the Board of Directors of ESC Lille). The official ceremony and announcement of the new name took place November 16, 2009. CERAM Business School and ESC Lille were respectively founded in 1963 by the French Riviera Chamber of Commerce and in 1892 by Lille Chamber of Commerce. The new school name, SKEMA, is derived from the Greek, skhêma (shape, figure, formation of an object) meaning schema in Latin. It also stands for the initial letters of "School of Knowledge Economy and Management".  The consolidated school is now one of the largest French business schools in the number of students (8,500), seventh in number of teachers (166) and sixth in terms of budget.  Since its beginnings in 2009 as a result of the merger between ESC Lille and CERAM Business School, SKEMA has been a global business school with the same ambition on its French and international campuses: to train mobile and adaptable leaders and managers, able to contribute to the knowledge economy and generate sustainable performance respecting the values and challenges of society, the environment and the economy.

Campuses.

SKEMA has opened several international campuses. It has three campuses in France in Lille, Paris and Sophia Antipolis near Nice, and campuses in China (Suzhou), Brazil (Belo Horizonte) and the USA (Raleigh, North Carolina, in partnership with North Carolina State University). Lille and Sophia Antipolis campuses are the historic locations of the ESC Lille and CERAM Business School.  On May 2019 the school announced the upcoming opening of its new Grand Paris campus. Previously occupied by Airbus, it spreads across 30,000m2 comprising 40 classrooms and two large lecture halls. This campus will also have a rooftop of 1,600m2, a co-working space and a student residence. It is expected to open between 2020 and 2021 In the meantime, the Paris campus is located in La Défense.  Skema announced the opening of a new campus in Cape Town (South Africa) at the beginning of academic year 2019/2020.  The Lille campus is located in the Euralille business district in the north of France. The Lille campus gathers more than 2,200 students over 16,000 m2. A partnership has been established with the University of Lille to develop joint-programmes and combine the institutions' research efforts in the Lille School of Management Research Center.  The Sophia Antipolis campus is located in the technology park of the same name in the south of France. A partnership with Science Po Aix offers joint-programmes, enabling business students to study political sciences.

Rankings.

Financial Times rankings:  2019, Master of Management ranked 12th globally with a 3-year average at 25th.  2020, MSc Financial Markets & Investments ranked 3rd globally.  The Economist ranking:  2019. MSc International Business ranked 3rd worldwide.  Forbes ranking:  2019, MBA ranked among the 12 best Executive MBA programmes.  2020, MSc Entrepreneurship & Innovation ranked among the 10 best entrepreneurial programmes.  Details about the latest rankings are available at its website's ranking section.  SKEMA is multi-accredited – Equis, AACSB and EFMD Accredited EMBA. Its programmes are recognised in France (Visa, Master's degree, RNCP, CGE label), as well as in the USA (licensing), Brazil (certificação) and China. Details about the accreditations and international recognition are available at its website's accreditation section.

Programmes.

Undergraduate Programmes.

SKEMA offers two undergraduate programmes: Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in Global Management and Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) in International Business.  The BBA in Global Management allows students to obtain a double degree - SKEMA's BBA in Global Management degree and (according to the student's choice):  More details are available on its website.  SKEMA's BBA in International Business is a four-year degree program that prepares students to succeed in today's global economy and is available at its Raleigh, USA, campus. SKEMA's Raleigh campus gives students the choice to study abroad for one or two years at an international campus. Students have the possibility to return to the US for their fourth year and do their capstone project, or to continue their fourth year abroad to get a double degree or another specialisation. More details are available on its website.

MSc Programmes.

SKEMA's Master of Science (MSc) programmes are mostly taught over a one-year period and are entirely in English. The one-year MSc programmes are for applicants who have a four-year degree, while the two-year MSc programmes are for those with a three-year university degree. SKEMA Business School offers 18 masters of science programmes covering all major business domains.  They are mainly divided into the following categories: Finance, Marketing, Management, and Business and Strategy. The details of all the programmes are available on its website. Recently developed programmes include Digital Business and Digital Marketing and a double diploma partnership with UC Berkeley for Entrepreneurship students.

Master in Management/Grande Ecole Programme.

SKEMA's Master in Management is a two-year multi-campus programme offering a wide range of specialisations and a variety of learning paths. Students can choose to study either in English or French and get the change to study abroad at one of SKEMA's international campuses in China, Brazil and the US, besides France.  Other features include:  More information is available on its website.

PhD, Doctoral equivalences.

SKEMA offers the equivalent doctoral programmes: PhD in Finance and Accounting, KTO PhD In Management, Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA) in Project and Programme Management and Digital DBA.

Executive MBA Programme.

SKEMA Business School's Global Executive Master in Business Administration (GEMBA) is for experienced executives wishing to increase their managerial and strategic skills in an international environment. The Global EMBA allows participants to develop a global and innovative strategic vision in today's complex, unpredictable and interconnected world. This programme is a real springboard to help executives achieve strategic missions inside their company, reorient their career path or launch their own business.  The programme delivers twelve core modules offering a general understanding of the key business functions of companies and general managerial skills as well as two optional specialisations: Project Management and Entrepreneurship & Innovation.

Entrepreneurship - SKEMA Ventures.

SKEMA Business School has created a business unit called SKEMA Ventures which is dedicated to entrepreneurship and innovation. Through a unique value chain that encompasses teaching, coaching, incubation and acceleration, SKEMA Ventures allows each SKEMA student and alumni to think, design, test and launch an entrepreneurial business/project in a global context, on six innovative territories on four continents. SKEMA Ventures facilitates and stimulates the generation of ideas and accompanies students in the construction, launching, and development of their entrepreneurial project.

Summer Schools.

SKEMA offers two short programmes in Paris during the summer:The programmes are Finance and Banking and Project Management.

Student unions.

65 student societies are present at the school in the fields of art, culture, business, environment, humanitarian and social aid, high tech, sport, student life, and international.  Interculture SKEMA and S'Konnection are the 2 main student unions in charge of welcoming international students from all across the world. They represent the open-minded spirit of the school.  Skema Conseil is a Junior Entreprise, student consultancy society, providing services to entrepreuners and firms. The society is present on Sophia Antipolis (French Riviera), Paris and Lille. SKEMA Conseil was elected "Best Junior Entreprise of 2012"  AIESEC has offices in the Lille and Sophia-Antipolis campuses.

SKEMA Business School (School of Knowledge Economy and Management) is a leading young private European business school, devoted to higher education and research. It has the legal status of a non-profit association under the French "1901 law". It was founded in 2009 as a result of the merger between the Ecole Supérieure de Commerce (ESC), Lille and, Sophia Antipolis. The Lille school had been founded in 1892 and CERAM in 1963. It offers programmes such as a BBA in Global Management, Master of Science (MS and MSc), EMBA, doctoral equivalences and executive education programs in France, Brazil, China, and the US.

SKEMA Business School je francouzská vysoká obchodní škola s celosvětovou působností, založená v roce 2009 a s kampusy (pobočkami) v Lille, v Paříži (La Défense), v Nice (Sophia Antipolis), v Su-čou (Čína), v Raleigh (USA), Belo Horizonte (Brazílie) a Kapském Městě.


History.

Many Galaxy Note 9 features were leaked before the official launch, including its S-Pen. On 27 June 2018, Samsung sent out invites for the next "Unpacked" event, showing a gold S Pen image. According to that teaser, it was announced on 9 August 2018.  On 15 July 2018, a picture was posted showing Samsung co-CEO Koh Dong-Jin holding a Galaxy Note 9.  On 2 August 2018, a picture of the box with the Note 9 was posted from Russia.

Specifications.

Hardware.

The Note 9 has a 1440p Super AMOLED display with an 18.5:9 aspect ratio. The design on the front is otherwise similar to the Note 8, using an "Infinity Display" as marketed by Samsung.  The Note 9 has a Qualcomm Snapdragon 845 SoC in the U.S., Canada, China, Japan and Latin America or a Samsung Exynos 9810 SoC in the rest of the world. It has 128 or 512 GB storage options. The 128 GB model has 6 GB of RAM while the 512 GB has 8 GB of RAM. All models also have a microSD card slot that can support a microSD card that stores up to 512 gigabytes of data, expanding storage up to 1 terabyte with the 512 GB model.  The Note 9 has IP68 water & dust resistance and a USB-C connector that supports Samsung DeX without a dock. It has a 3.5 mm headphone jack along with AKG tuned stereo speakers with Dolby Atmos support. It is the last Samsung Galaxy Note to come with a headphone jack. The phone is made out of metal.  The Note 9 has fast wireless charging capabilities via the Qi standard. The 4000 mAh battery is significantly upgraded from previous Samsung Galaxy phones such as the Note 8, which came with the same 3300 mAh battery as the one in the Note 7. The 4000 mAh battery was previously seen only in the Active variants of the S7 and S8.  The dual-camera system has one lens with a dual-aperture (f/1.5 and f/2.4) system similar to the S9, but the setup is flipped horizontally rather than vertically, similar to the Note 8's setup.  The fingerprint sensor has been moved to below the camera setup, just like the S9 & S9+, rather than next to it like on the Note 8.  There is also a water carbon heat pipe on the phone as part of the touting towards its gaming capability allowing for longer gaming sessions without thermal throttling.

S-Pen.

The biggest change to the Note 9 is to the S-Pen. The S-Pen now has Bluetooth capabilities, including the ability to tap the button on it (hold, single or double) to do certain tasks, such as moving forwards or backwards in presentations or taking photos, and third party support is provided for apps via an SDK.  The S-Pen now has a "battery" (essentially a Super Capacitor) that charges when the pen is docked in the silo, with Samsung claiming 30 minutes of usage (or up to 200 clicks of the button) with only 40 seconds of charging.

Software.

The Note 9 ships with Android 8.1 Oreo with Samsung Experience 9.5 on top. The phone was later updated to Android 10 with Samsung's One UI. The latest promised One UI version will be One UI Version 2.1 coming in 2020.  The camera software has been further improved and now includes an AI scene recognition that is capable of identifying 20 different scenes and making necessary adjustments to the camera's variables to produce better image quality.

The Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Note9) is an Android-based phablet designed, developed, produced and marketed by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy Note series. It was awarded the "Best Phone of the Year" award by Consumer Reports. It was unveiled on 9 August 2018, as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy Note 8. It is available in six colours (Ocean Blue, Midnight Black, Lavender Purple, Metallic Copper, Cloud Silver, and Alpine White).

Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (stylizováno jako Samsung Galaxy Note9) je mobilní telefon (phablet) s operačním systémem Android (Verze 8.0 Oreo). Vyrobený byl společností Samsung Electronics. Do prodeje byl uveden 9. srpna 2018 jako nástupce Samsung Galaxy Note 8. Společností "Consumer Reports" byl roku 2018 vyznamenán cenou "„Mobil roku”".


Description.

A Helmholtz pair consists of two identical circular magnetic coils that are placed symmetrically along a common axis, one on each side of the experimental area, and separated by a distance formula_1 equal to the radius formula_2 of the coil. Each coil carries an equal electric current in the same direction.  Setting formula_3, which is what defines a Helmholtz pair, minimizes the nonuniformity of the field at the center of the coils, in the sense of setting formula_4 (meaning that the first nonzero derivative is formula_5 as explained below), but leaves about 7% variation in field strength between the center and the planes of the coils. A slightly larger value of formula_1 reduces the difference in field between the center and the planes of the coils, at the expense of worsening the field's uniformity in the region near the center, as measured by formula_7.  In some applications, a Helmholtz coil is used to cancel out the Earth's magnetic field, producing a region with a magnetic field intensity much closer to zero.

Mathematics.

The calculation of the exact magnetic field at any point in space is mathematically complex and involves the study of Bessel functions. Things are simpler along the axis of the coil-pair, and it is convenient to think about the Taylor series expansion of the field strength as a function of formula_8, the distance from the central point of the coil-pair along the axis. By symmetry, the odd-order terms in the expansion are zero. By arranging the coils so that the origin formula_9 is an inflection point for the field strength due to each coil separately, one can guarantee that the order formula_10 term is also zero, and hence the leading non-constant term is of order formula_11. The inflection point for a simple coil is located along the coil axis at a distance formula_12 from its centre. Thus the locations for the two coils are formula_13.  The calculation detailed below gives the exact value of the magnetic field at the center point. If the radius is "R", the number of turns in each coil is "n" and the current through the coils is "I", then the magnetic field B at the midpoint between the coils will be given by  where formula_15 is the permeability of free space.

Derivation.

Start with the formula for the on-axis field due to a single wire loop which is itself derived from the Biot–Savart law:  Here  The Helmholtz coils consists of "n" turns of wire, so the equivalent current in a one-turn coil is "n" times the current "I" in the "n"-turn coil. Substituting "nI" for "I" in the above formula gives the field for an "n"-turn coil:  In a Helmholtz coil, a point halfway between the two loops has an "x" value equal to R/2, so calculate the field strength at that point:  There are also two coils instead of one (the coil above is at "x"=0; there is a second coil at "x"="R"). From symmetry, the field strength at the midpoint will be twice the single coil value:

Time-varying magnetic field.

Most Helmholtz coils use DC (direct) current to produce a static magnetic field. Many applications and experiments require a time-varying magnetic field. These applications include magnetic field susceptibility tests, scientific experiments, and biomedical studies (the interaction between magnetic field and living tissue). The required magnetic fields are usually either pulse or continuous sinewave. The magnetic field frequency range can be anywhere from near DC (0 Hz) to many kilohertz or even megahertz (MHz). An AC Helmholtz coil driver is needed to generate the required time-varying magnetic field. The waveform amplifier driver must be able to output high AC current to produce the magnetic field.

Driver voltage and current.

Use the above equation in the mathematics section to calculate the coil current for a desired magnetic field,.  formula_25  where formula_15 is the permeability of free space or formula_18  formula_19 = coil current, in amperes,  formula_20 = coil radius, in meters,  n = number of turns in each coil. Then calculate the required Helmholtz coil driver amplifier voltage:  where

High-frequency series resonant.

Generating a static magnetic field is relatively easy; the strength of the field is proportional to the current. Generating a high-frequency magnetic field is more challenging. The coils are inductors, and their impedance increases proportionally with frequency. To provide the same field intensity at twice the frequency requires twice the voltage across the coil. Instead of directly driving the coil with a high voltage, a series resonant circuit may be used to provide the high voltage. A series capacitor is added in series with the coils. The capacitance is chosen to resonate the coil at the desired frequency. Only the coils parasitic resistance remains. This method only works at frequencies close to the resonant frequency; to generate the field at other frequencies requires different capacitors. The Helmholtz coil resonant frequency, formula_31, and capacitor value, C, are given below.

Maxwell coils.

To improve the uniformity of the field in the space inside the coils, additional coils can be added around the outside. James Clerk Maxwell showed in 1873 that a third larger-diameter coil located midway between the two Helmholtz coils with the coil distance increased from coil radius formula_2 to formula_35 can reduce the variance of the field on the axis to zero up to the sixth derivative of position. This is sometimes called a Maxwell coil.

A Helmholtz coil is a device for producing a region of nearly uniform magnetic field, named after the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. It consists of two electromagnets on the same axis. Besides creating magnetic fields, Helmholtz coils are also used in scientific apparatus to cancel external magnetic fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field.

Helmholtzova cívka je přístroj tvořený dvěma cívkami na jednom vodiči (zapojenými sériově), které jsou vůči sobě umístěny souose (koaxiálně). Zpravidla mají stejný počet závitů a stejný poloměr. Poloměr každé ze dvou dílčích cívek odpovídá několikanásobku délky příslušné cívky. Vzájemná vzdálenost obou cívek pak zpravidla odpovídá jejich poloměru. Tento nezvyklý tvar a umístění cívek umožňuje vytvořit téměř homogenní magnetické pole. Přístroj je pojmenován po německém fyziku Hermannu von Helmholtzovi.


Club career.

Plizzari is a product of Milan's youth academy. In July 2016, he was promoted to the first team as a backup goalkeeper and received his first-ever call up to the senior team ahead of a home Serie A game against Udinese played on 11 September 2016, remaining on the bench as a substitute. Despite his involvement with the first team, he continued to play for "Primavera" as a starting goalkeeper throughout the season. In late 2016, Milan rejected a €2 million bid for Plizzari from Manchester City.  On 4 July 2017, he signed a contract extension with Milan until 2020 and was immediately sent on loan to Ternana in Serie B until 30 June 2018. He made his professional debut at 17 years old, on 26 August 2017, in the league match against Empoli. He finished his debut season with 20 appearances in all competitions, conceding a total of 40 goals and keeping 1 clean sheet.  In April 2019, despite making no appearances in the 2018–19 season, Plizzari extended his contract with Milan until the end of June 2023.  On 1 August 2019, he was loaned out to Serie B club Livorno. He made his debut with Livorno on 5 October, playing as a starter in the league match against Chievo.

International career.

He was the first-choice goalkeeper for the Italy U17 squad at the 2016 UEFA European Under-17 Championship, where Italy was eliminated at the group stage.  He was on the roster for Italy U20 team at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, where he was the second-choice goalkeeper behind Andrea Zaccagno. He played one game at the tournament, the 3rd place game in which Italy beat Uruguay in a penalty shootout after Plizzari saved two kicks by Uruguay players Rodrigo Amaral and Juan Manuel Boselli.  He was the starting goalkeeper for Italy U19 at the 2018 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, as Italy finished as runners-up to Portugal.  The following year he took part in the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup with the Italy U20 squad, reaching the fourth place.  He made his debut with the Italy U21 on 10 September 2019, in the UEFA Euro 2021 qualifying match won 5–0 against Luxembourg.

Alessandro Plizzari (born 12 March 2000) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie B club Livorno, on loan from Milan.

Alessandro Plizzari (* 12. března 2000, Crema, Itálie) je italský fotbalový brankář hrající za klub AS Livorno Calcio na hostování z klubu AC Milán. Též je reprezentantem Itálie U21.


Construction.

In April 1896, the Chilean government ordered an armoured cruiser, to be called "OHiggins", from Armstrong, Whitworth & Co to the design of Sir Philip Watts at a cost of £700,000. The ship was laid down at Armstrong's Elswick, Newcastle-on-Tyne shipyard on 4 April 1896, launched on 17 May 1897 and completed on 2 April 1898.

Design.

"OHiggins" main armament consisted of four 40 calibre guns in single turrets, with two on the ship's centreline fore and aft and two port and starboard in line with the forward funnel. Ten 40 calibre guns were fitted, with six in casemates and the remaining four in single turrets. Four guns, ten 12-pounder guns and ten 6-pounder guns completed "OHiggins"s gun armament. All guns were designed and built by Armstrongs. Three torpedo tubes were fitted, with two submerged tubes on the ship's beam and one above the waterline right aft.  The main protection was a belt of armour along the side of the ship, long and deep, which was thick around the ship's machinery, reducing to fore and aft. An armoured deck protected the whole length and beam of the ship, with between and thick armour. The ship's hull was clad in copper and wood to reduce fouling.  The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, supplied by 30 Belleville water-tube boilers, driving two shafts. These engines generated and propelled the ship to. Up to of coal could be carried, giving a range of at.

Operational history.

While "OHiggins" was nearing completion at Elswick in the winter of 1897, tensions were growing between Spain and the United States of America over the ongoing rebellion in Cuba. Rumours circulated that Spain was trying to strengthen its navy in case of war with the United States by purchasing warships from other countries. The rumoured targets for Spain included "OHiggins", the newly completed Chilean armoured cruiser and the protected cruiser also nearing completion for Chile at Elswicks. As the outbreak of the Spanish–American War became more likely, the United States also attempted to supplement its fleet by purchasing, amongst other ships, "OHiggins", but the negotiations did not result in the sale of the Chilean warship, and "OHiggins" arrived at Valparaiso on 25 July 1898. The ship hosted a meeting between the President of Chile, Federico Errázuriz Echaurren and the Argentine President Julio Argentino Roca at Punta Arenas on 15 February 1899, to normalise relations between the two countries. This meeting became known as the "Embrace of the Straits" ("El Abrazo del Estrecho"). The ship was sent to Panama in 1903 as a result of the confrontation between the United States and Columbia that was ended by the separation of Panama from Colombia.  In 1919, "OHiggins" was fitted with a floatplane that could be lowered to and from the sea for operations by crane. On 12 March 1920, "OHiggins" collided with the Chilean cargo ship SS "Llai Llai" at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; "Llai Llai" sank. An aircraft crashed into "OHiggins" on 24 August 1920, killing the pilot. The ship was refitted twice, in 1919–1920 and 1928–29.  In 1931, "OHiggins" was involved in the large scale mutiny that swept the Chilean fleet, being seized by its crew on 1 September 1931.  "OHiggins" was decommissioned in 1933 and scrapped in 1958.

OHiggins was a Chilean armoured cruiser. "OHiggins" was built by the British shipbuilder Armstrong to the design of Philip Watts, and served with the Chilean Navy between 1898 and 1933.

O'Higgins byl pancéřový křižník postavený v britských loděnicích pro chilské námořnictvo. Ve službě byl v letech 1898–1933. Roku 1958 byl prodán k sešrotování a roku 1965 sešrotován. Konstrukce křižníků se osvědčila a stala se vzorem pro japonskou třídy "Asama".


World War II.

Born in 1893, Adam attended from 1908 to 1913 the teacher training college in Schlüchtern. From October 1913 to January 1919 Adam served in the Imperial German Army. He saw action during World War I and reached the rank of Lieutenant. Adam and his wife had two children, a daughter and a son. His son was killed in France at the start of World War II on 16 May 1940.  In 1939 Adam was appointed an adjutant in the XXIII Army Corps, under the Army Commanders Walther von Reichenau and later in 1941, Friedrich Paulus. On 17 December 1942, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 31 January 1943, now a colonel, Adam was captured by the Soviet Army after the surrender at Stalingrad, where he was interrogated by Nikolay Dyatlenko. While a prisoner of war, he went to the Central Antifa ("i.e." Anti-Fascist) School at Krasnogorsk and became a member of the National Committee for a Free Germany. He was also sentenced to death "in absentia" by a Nazi German court.  Concerning the war, Adam states, "That the Second World War started by Hitler's Germany was a crime not only against the peoples attacked by us, but also against the German nation, did not occur to us. And because of this, we did not recognize the deeper reasons for the defeat on the Volga, superiority of the socialist state and social system, whose sharp sword was the Soviet army."

Post-war period.

In 1948, Adam returned to the Soviet Zone of Germany. He was among the co-founders of the National Democratic Party of Germany, an East German political party that acted as an organization for former members of the Nazi Party and the Wehrmacht. From 1948 to 1949 he worked as a consultant for the Saxony state government. From 1950 to 1952 he was Saxony's finance minister and from 1949 to 1963 a member of East Germany's "Volkskammer".  In 1952, Adam became a colonel in the "Kasernierte Volkspolizei" (KVP) ("Barracked People's Police"), the forerunner of the East German National People's Army. From 1953 to 1956 he was commander of the Officers' College of the KVP – and later became the National People's Army. In 1958, Adam was sent into retirement. He kept on working, though, for the Working Group of Former Officers. In 1968 he was decorated with the Banner of Labor, and on the occasion of the twenty-eighth anniversary of East Germany's founding on 7 October 1977, he was appointed major general, retired in the East German Army.  Adam died on 24 November 1978 in Dresden.

Wilhelm Adam (28 March 1893 – 24 November 1978) was an officer in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II. Following the German surrender after the Battle of Stalingrad, he became a member of the National Committee for a Free Germany. Adam later served in the National People's Army of East Germany.

Wilhelm Adam (28. března 1893 – 24. listopadu 1978) byl plukovník Wehrmachtu během druhé světové války, v bitvě u Stalingradu byl pobočníkem polního maršála Pauluse, do sovětského zajetí padl 31. ledna 1943. Zde byl stálým společníkem polního maršála Pauluse. Po kapitulaci Německa se stal členem Národního výboru pro svobodné Německo. Později sloužil jako důstojník východoněmecké Nationale Volksarmee, do výslužby odešel v roce 1958, v roce 1977 byl povýšen do hodnosti generálmajora.


Description.

Unlike the related Indian peafowl, the sexes of green peafowl are quite similar in appearance, especially in the wild. Both sexes have long upper tail coverts which cover the actual tail underneath. In the male, this extends up to 2 m and is decorated with eyespots, while in the female, the coverts are green and much shorter, just covering the tail. Outside the breeding season, however, the male's train is moulted and distinguishing the sexes can be difficult unless they are observed up close. The neck and breast feathers of both sexes are iridescent green and resemble scales. In the male, the scapulars, median, and greater wing coverts are blue, while the lesser coverts are green and form a triangle of scaly feathers on the shoulder when the wing is closed. The secondaries are black and in some subspecies, the tertials are brown and/or barred with a faint pattern. The female has blue lesser coverts, so lacks the triangle at the wing shoulder. Females also have neck scales fringed with copper, as well as more barring on the back and the primaries and alula. Both sexes have shafted crests, and are long-legged, heavy-winged, and long-tailed in silhouette. The crest of the female has slightly wider plumes, while those of the male are thinner and taller. The facial skin is double striped with a white to light blue and beside the ear is a yellow to orange crescent. The dark triangle below the eye towards the eyebrow is bluish-green in the male and brown in the female. Seen from a distance, they are generally dark-coloured birds with pale vermillion- or buff-coloured primaries, which are quite visible in their peculiar flight, which has been described as a true flapping flight with little gliding that one associates with galliform birds.  Green peafowl are generally more silent than Indian peafowl. The males of some subspecies, especially "P. imperator", have a loud call of "ki-wao", which is often repeated. The female has a loud "aow-aa" call with an emphasis on the first syllable. The male may also make a similar call. The males call from their roost sites at dawn and dusk.  Green peafowl are large birds, amongst the largest living galliforms in terms of overall size, though rather lighter-bodied than the wild turkey, and perhaps the longest extant, wild bird in total length. The male is in total length, but this includes its tail covert (or "train") which itself measures. The tail coverts are even longer than those of the male Indian peafowl, but are shorter than those of the arguses. The adult female is around half the total length of the breeding male at in length. It has a relatively large wingspan that averages around and can reach in big males. The green peafowl is capable of sustained flight and is often observed on wing.

Distribution and habitat.

The green peafowl was widely distributed in Southeast Asia in the past from eastern and north-eastern India, northern Myanmar, and southern China, extending through Laos, and Thailand into Vietnam, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia, and the islands of Java. Records from northeastern India have been questioned and old records are possibly of feral birds. The ranges have reduced with habitat destruction and hunting.  Green peafowl are found in a wide range of habitats, including primary and secondary forest, both tropical and subtropical, as well as evergreen and deciduous. They may also be found amongst bamboo, on grasslands, savannas, scrub, and farmland edge. In Vietnam, the preferred habitat was found to be dry, deciduous forest close to water and away from human disturbance. Proximity to water appears to be an important factor.

Taxonomy.

The species was first classified as "Pavo muticus" by Carl Linnaeus, although it was previously described in Europe by Ulisse Aldrovandi as "Pavo Iaponensis" based on a Japanese painting given to the pope by the emperor of Japan. These birds were depicted as having no spurs; Linnaeus followed Aldrovandi's description. The Japanese had imported green peafowl from Southeast Asia for hundreds of years, and the birds were frequently depicted in Japanese paintings. As a result, the type locality described by Linnaeus was "Habitat in Japonia", though the species is not native to Japan (they were kept by the emperor and no longer occur). François Levaillant was one of the first Western ornithologists to see a live bird, imported from Macau to an animal collection in Cape of Good Hope. From an Indian painting, George Shaw described a peafowl native to India with a "blue head" and an "upright lanceolate crest", which he named "Pavo spicifer", the spike-crested peacock. A third form of green peafowl was described in 1949 by Jean Delacour, as "P. imperator", found in Indochina. From the advice of a bird dealer in Hong Kong, Delacour concluded there were three races of green peafowl, lumping "P. spicifer" into the species, as well. Today, most authorities recognise these three:  Delacour dismissed several aberrant specimens to be individual variations (including the type specimens for "imperator" originating from the Bolaven Plateau in Laos), and stated more subspecies may be recognised with further studies. However, few studies have been conducted to substantiate Delacour's classification, even though it is accepted by nearly all authorities. Some authors have suggested that the population found in Yunnan, which are traditionally classified as "imperator", may be another race. Using the Cytochrome b Mitochondrial DNA gene, Ouyang et al. estimated the divergence period between green and Indian peafowl to be 3 million years. In the same study, they also noted there appeared to be two different forms of green peafowl in Yunnan which should be classified as distinct subspecies. A 2005 article from The Star newspaper of Malaysia stated that research indicated the Malaysian form to be identical to the Javanese form, but the study was not published and some authors dispute the result. Due to the large range of "imperator" in Indochina, other subspecies within its range have also been proposed, notably "annamensis" of Southeast Asia and "yunnanensis" of Yunnan.

Behaviour.

The green peafowl is a forest bird which nests on the ground laying 3 to 6 eggs.  It has been widely believed that the green peafowl is polygynous, but unlike the Indian peafowl, males are solitary and do not display in leks. Instead the solitary males are highly territorial and form harems with no pair bonds.  However, the theory that the male is polygynous also conflicts with observations in captivity; pairs left alone with no human interaction have been observed to be strongly monogamous. The close similarity between both sexes also suggests a different breeding system in contrast to that of the Indian peafowl. Thus, some authors have suggested that the harems seen in the field are juvenile birds and that males are not promiscuous.  They usually spend time on or near the ground in tall grasses and sedges. Family units roost in trees at a height of. The diet consists mainly of fruits, invertebrates, reptiles, frogs and rodents. As with the other member of its genus, the green peafowl can even hunt venomous snakes. Ticks and termites, flower petals, buds leaves and berries are favorite foods of adult peafowl.

Status.

Due to hunting and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat, as well as poaching, the green peafowl is evaluated as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. The world population has declined rapidly and the species no longer occurs in many areas of its past distribution. The last strongholds for the species are in protected areas such as Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand, Cat Tien National Park in Vietnam and Baluran National Park, Ujung Kulon National Park in Java, Indonesia. The population in the wild was estimated to be about 5,000 to 10,000 individuals around 1995.  Although there is no natural range overlap with the Indian peafowl, hybridisation is still a threat where the Indian Peafowl is introduced as they produce fertile hybrids. In captivity hybrids are called "Spalding" peafowl and are used by breeders to create different breeds. Through backcrossing some hybrids become almost indistinguishable from pure green peafowl. As the species as a whole is sometimes called "Java peafowl" in aviculture, the subspecies of green peafowl are also mixed in captivity and there are many captive birds of unknown provenance. In some areas of their native range, captive green peafowl have sometimes been released in the vicinity of a breeding station even though their true origins remain unknown.  In 2005, "The Star" reported that successful reintroductions were being made in Malaysia by the World Pheasant Association (WPA). The article stated that the genetic research proved the Javan and Malay peafowl were genetically identical and the subspecies "muticus" was introduced - the scientific community consensus. However, the assumption that the Malaysian and Javanese "muticus" birds are the same subspecies remains controversial, so it is uncertain which subspecies was introduced. Since the 2005 article, there has been no update on the status of the reintroduction.

Cultural significance.

The green peafowl is often depicted in Japanese paintings from the Edo period, notably by Maruyama Ōkyo and Nagasawa Rosetsu.  "The Peacock Room", an 1877-room installation by James McNeill Whistler now located in the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., prominently features paintings of green peafowl.  Although the Burmese or grey peacock-pheasant is the national bird of Myanmar, the green peafowl was an ancient symbol of the monarchs of Burma. It was also shown during British colonial times on the flag of the governor and the naval ensign, as well as on the flag of the State of Burma from 1943–1945 and on the currency of independent Burma as well.

The green peafowl ("Pavo muticus") is a peafowl species native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2009 because the global population has been declining rapidly and is severely fragmented due to loss of habitat.

Páv zelený ("Pavo muticus") je ohrožený druh páva, který se vyskytuje v tropických lesích jihovýchodní Asie. Tento druh je také nesprávně označován jako páv jávský (toto české vědecké jméno je ale oficiálně používáno pro endemický druh páva žijícího na Jávě). Páv zelený je nejbližším příbuzným páva korunkatého ("Pavo cristatus"), který žije na indickém subkontinentu.


Early life.

Kim Jennie was born in the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea on January 16, 1996, as an only child. When she was eight years old, she went on a trip with her family to Australia and New Zealand. While in New Zealand, her mother asked her if she liked the place and if she wanted to stay, Jennie replied "yes". A year later, she was sent to study at Waikowhai Intermediate School in Auckland, New Zealand and lived with a home-stay family. Jennie spoke about her experiences on learning a new language on MBC's special documentary "English, Must Change to Survive" (2006). During her adolescent years, she dreamed of becoming a ballet dancer. After completing Intermediate, she enrolled into ACG Parnell College.  Jennie heard of K-pop while residing in New Zealand, particularly finding an interest in YG Entertainment's music. Her mother planned to transfer her to the United States in Florida at the age of 14 to continue her studies leading to an occupation of a lawyer or teacher, however, the idea wasn't to her liking as she may not find work she liked while residing alone; her family supported her decision and soon had her moved back to South Korea in 2010. Jennie auditioned to join YG Entertainment that same year and performed Rihanna's "Take a Bow", later succeeding in joining the label as a trainee. Through "High Cut" Korea, she once revealed how she was afraid of strangers and terrible at taking initiative and so could barely greet during her audition. Initially auditioning as a vocalist, the company believed she should embrace the role of a rapper as at the time she was the only trainee capable of speaking English, while most songs she covered included raps. She attended Cheongdam Middle School and Chungdam High School for her studies.

Career.

2012–2017: Career beginnings and debut with Blackpink.

On April 10, 2012, Jennie was introduced to the public through a photo titled "Who's that girl?" via the official blog of YG Entertainment. Her photograph gained interest from netizens, soon becoming the most searched-after topic on portal sites under the name "Mystery Girl". On August 30, YG Entertainment released a YouTube video through their blog titled ""YG Trainee - Jennie Kim".", covering B.o.B.'s song "Strange Clouds" featuring Lil Wayne. On September 1, Jennie was given the opportunity to make her first public appearance as the lead actress in G-Dragon's music video "That XX" from his extended play, "One of a Kind." On January 21, 2013, another video titled ""Jennie Kim - YG New Artist"", covering the song "Lotus Flower Bomb" by rapper Wale was released. In March, Lee Hi featured Jennie on her B-side track, "Special" from her debut album, "First Love", while in August she featured on Seungri’s B-side track "GG Be" for his extended play, "Let's Talk About Love." In September, she featured on G-Dragon's B-side track "Black" and recorded the hook in less than five days before the release of his album, "Coup d'etat". On September 8, she made her first stage appearance alongside G-Dragon on SBS' Inkigayo.  On June 1, 2016, Jennie was the first to be revealed for YG Entertainment's newest girl group, seven years after the debut of 2NE1. On August 8, 2016, Jennie debuted with Blackpink and the release of their single album "Square One" alongside double A-side singles, "Boombayah" and "Whistle". According to band-mate Jisoo, as one of the members of the group, she is responsible for the general duties and decision making of the group. Jennie recalled her six-year experience as a trainee through V Live, stating each month a group, dance and solo song had to be performed where the CEO, producers and artists of the company would watch and evaluate the progress of their training. She further explained that many things had to be done each month, from preparing outfits and songs to making the accompaniment, and practicing choreography.

2018–present: Rising popularity and solo debut.

Jennie appeared with fellow Blackpink member Jisoo on "Running Man" in July 2018. A video of her crying after going through a horror room with Lee Kwang-soo went viral within South Korea, gaining over one million views on a portal site, and a combined total of over three million views throughout more portal sites, VODs, and social media. She went on to being selected as one of the best variety star of 2018 discovered by "Running Man". Jennie was then invited again after attracting attention through her previous appearance. Jennie was said to rank first among casting choices and received multiple proposals from broadcasters for variety shows. On October 1, Jennie was confirmed to join as a cast member for SBS' new variety show, "Village Survival, the Eight." This marked her first permanent casting for a television series.  In mid-October 2018, an announcement of Jennie's official solo debut was made. Following a series of promotional teasers, it was revealed she would release a single album titled "Solo" with a lead single of the same name. In the midst of preparation for her debut, it was decided that her single "Solo" would first be revealed through Blackpink's "In Your Area" tour in Seoul on November 10 ahead of release two days later. Jennie explained how "Solo" became the song for her debut through her press conference on November 12, stating: "When I'm at Teddy's studio, he'll make a song and I'll just record the guide for it. It wasn't that he was working on a solo track for me. He just said, 'I have something new, let's try it.' So I recorded the song he had, and it happened to be a great fit." The song was described as a "hip hop track with pop elements", and is designed to showcase the co-existence of Jennie's external and internal characters of a "delicate girl" while in contrast an "independent woman".  Upon release, domestically her single, "Solo", debuted on Gaon Music Chart at number one and achieved a triple crown for simultaneously topping the digital, download, and streaming charts. The lead single remained the on the digital and mobile charts for a further two consecutive weeks, while on the streaming chart for a further three consecutive weeks. "Solo" went on to becoming certified platinum for streaming by the KMCA, and soon earning her the "Song of the Year – November" at the 8th Gaon Chart Music Awards as well as the "Digital Bonsang" award at the 34th Golden Disc Awards. Overseas, she topped the "Billboard"'s World Digital Songs chart. The single also went on to being featured in the New York Times's playlist. "Solo" became the most viewed music video by a female Korean solo artist of all time within the first 24 hours of release. She then became the first and only female Korean solo artist to surpass 300 million YouTube views within a time-span of six months since release. Jennie's first appearance as a solo artist on SBS' "Inkigayo" and MBC "Show! Music Core" was postponed as broadcasters had cancelled all the performances scheduled for that week, so YG Entertainment uploaded "Solo" choreography videos as an alternative for fans. As further promotions, YG Entertainment released "Jennie – 'Solo' Diary" on YouTube, sharing glimpses of her journey throughout the promotion period of her release. On November 25, Jennie received her first music show win as a solo artist on "Inkigayo".  In April 2019, she became the first Korean solo artist to perform at Coachella. Her performance was listed under "The 10 Best Things We Saw at Coachella 2019", with "Billboard" describing it as "mind-blowing" and "stunning" for fans and casual passersby.

Other ventures.

Endorsements.

Jennie was chosen as the new model for Chanel Korea Beauty and shot her first pictorial for the brand with "Harper's Bazaar" Korea as their new muse in January 2018. Jennie became the Ambassador of Chanel Korea in June. A spokesperson from Chanel Korea explained that Jennie's loyalty to the brand as well as her trendy style is in line with Chanel's image, as they seek to target young and trendy millennial's in addition to current consumers. Jennie attended the launch of Chanel's new fragrance "Les Eaux De Chanel" in Deauville, France, that same month. She met and interviewed Chanel's in-house perfume creator, Olivier Polge, and shot a pictorial for his new collection of fragrances with "Cosmopolitan" Korea. In October, she became the Global Ambassador for the French fashion house, joining label-mate G-Dragon. She attended her first Chanel fashion show as a Korean representative during Paris Fashion Week, sitting front row next to Pharrell Williams and Pamela Anderson.  Hera, a South Korean luxury beauty brand owned by Amore Pacific, announced in January 2019 that they had chosen Jennie as their new model due to her "elegant and luxurious" image. She will represent the brand alongside actress Jun Ji-hyun, as the company aims to expand its target audience through both models. Jennie's first advertisement for the brand was in February for the "Red Vibe" lip series, the sales were five times higher than Hera's previous lip product and due to the growing popularity they are referred to as "Jennie's lipsticks".  KT Corporation, South Korea's largest telephone company, recruited Jennie an endorsement model alongside Soojoo for the Samsung Galaxy S20 Aura Red and Blue respectively in February 2020. For marketing purposes, the product was also dubbed as "Jennie Red", similarly to the previous campaign of Samsung Galaxy Note 10 Aura Red, "Daniel Red". It was launched exclusively for KT customers residing in South Korea. On June 11, 2020 Lotte Confectionery announced Jennie as their brand endorser for their latest snack product, "Air Baked". A representative revealed they believed Jennie is considered "trendy" within their targeted customer demographic among women in their 20s and 30s for their latest product.

Artistry.

Influences.

When Jennie first began to rap, she studied artists like Lauryn Hill and TLC, whose work she admires and respects. Jennie cited Rihanna as her main influence and role model.  Jennie has been reading fashion magazines and looking at different clothing styles since she was a child. Her interest in fashion came from her mother. Jennie says that Chanel has been part of her life since she was young and still remembers her first memory with the label founded by Gabrielle Chanel. "I remember when I was little, I look through my mother's wardrobe, and search for whatever "vintage" Chanel I could find" she told "Elle" Indonesia.

Fashion and voice.

For her solo debut, she was very involved in the production of the outfits, concept, and choreography. Jennie put together more than 20 outfits, for her music video. She recalled in an interview with "Billboard" that during the process she had thought about the way each outfit would accompany the song and what she could do differently, helping her to learn many different ways of approaching fashion. Vocal coach Shin Yoo-Mi, who's worked with Blackpink for six years until they debuted, had trained Jennie during preparations for her solo debut. In an interview, she described Jennie as a multi-player who is good at singing, rapping, and writing lyrics.

Public image.

Jennie is instrumental in the fashionable image of Blackpink. Jennie was given the nicknames "Human Gucci" and "Human Chanel". Her portfolio of styles range from Gucci and Saint Laurent to niche labels such as Marine Serre and Richard Quinn. Jennie was quickly noticed for her great sense of fashion and was invited to several fashion events like Saint Laurent's "'Summer 17 Collection Launch Party'" by Anthony Vaccarello, Chanel's "'Mademoiselle Privé'" exhibition, and Prada's "'Comics Collection Launch Party"'. House of Chanel then chose her as "House Ambassador" after eyeing the ripple effects of Jennie. She is known to have selling power, as photos on her social media become articles and the items she shows become a trend. While promoting her debut single "Solo", Jennie wore various hairpins for her solo stage with a 5-by-5 hairstyle partition. The hairpins instantly became a trend and are referred to as "Jennie's hairpins" due to the increasing popularity of the items.  Jennie had her first cover magazine and solo pictorial for "Dazed" Korea with Saint Laurent in April 2017. Jennie was the first Korean celebrity to model for "Boucheron Paris", a 160-year-old luxury jewellery brand. It was said that Jennie's "elegant" and "luxurious" atmosphere moved Boucheron's mind to focus on image marketing. The pictorial was presented in the high-end membership magazine "Heren" in 2017 and was called "art that embodies light". She has since appeared on the cover of numerous fashion magazines, including "Dazed", "Harper's Bazaar", "Elle", "Marie Claire", "High Cut", "W", "Cosmopolitan", and "Billboard".  Jennie has a chic and strong image when on stage that can't be easy to approach, but when she comes down from the stage, she has a cute personality and a reversal charm that captivates both men and women. Jennie describes herself as "quiet" and "shy", especially around strangers. "My personality may be what people think about my personality. But rather than being a person that other people have branded me as, I want to be a good individual who thinks for herself" she said in an interview with "Harper's Bazaar" when questioned about her personality. The producer of "Village Survival, the Eight," Jung Chul-Min described Jennie as being "really funny" stating that, "Contrary to the charisma she shows on stage, she is a shy person who has girlish, baby-like charms. Jennie gets more comfortable with each episode, she brings out more fun and enjoys it even more".

Impact and influence.

She is renowned for her brand recognition and marketing power, having topped "Individual Girl Group Members Brand Power Ranking" consecutively. The data is analysed and published monthly by the Korean Business Research Institute to demonstrate how much influence a celebrity has on consumers. In 2018, she ranked second, receiving 12.2 percent of the votes in the "Most Favorite Idols" survey conducted annually by Gallup Korea, which involved 1,501 Korean men and women aged 13 to 29 as respondents. Instagram awarded her as the "Most Loved Account of 2018" in South Korea, based on the number of views and likes received by Instagram stories and posts shared that year.  "Forbes" acknowledged Jennie's contribution of "gaining a new foothold in Korea's beauty trends", as one of the reasons why Blackpink topped "Forbes" Korea Power Celebrity in April, 2019. She was also ranked first in the "'Top 50 Google Worldwide Most Searched K-pop Female Idol 2019 Mid-Year Chart"', recently released in August, 2019 by Google. That same year, Jennie was also ranked as the seventh most popular female K-pop idol in a survey of soldiers doing mandatory military service in South Korea.

Kim Jennie (; born January 16, 1996), better known by the mononym Jennie, is a South Korean singer and rapper.

Jennie Kim (* 16. ledna 1996 Gangnam) je jihokorejská idolka, zpěvačka, textařka, tanečnice, rapperka, návrhářka, modelka a v letech 2016 členka korejské dívčí hudební skupiny Blackpink pod vydavatelstvím YG Entertainment. Vystudovala ACG Parnell College.


Biography.

Liu was formerly a civil servant in the Beijing tax bureau, and met her husband Liu Xiaobo while part of the Beijing literary scene in the 1980s. She married Liu Xiaobo while he was imprisoned in China in a labor re-education camp in 1996.  Liu prefers to lead the solitary life of an intellectual. However, being the wife of an oft-imprisoned activist, she has been forced to act as his proxy in the public arena. She has been described as her husband's "most important link to the outside world." Because she is the wife of one of China's most prominent human rights advocates, she also personally experiences pressures from Chinese authorities for publicly voicing opinions. Since his arrest, she has lived under constant surveillance. From the time of their marriage, during his several terms in prison, she has continued to speak out, although somewhat reluctantly, on issues of human rights both on her own and on his behalf. Despite the pressures, she attempts to retain a life of normality.  Liu Xiaobo's last sentence, of 11 years, was imposed after he helped write the 2008 political manifesto called Charter 08. Liu Xia begged her husband to not participate in drafting the document. After initially heeding her pleas, he went forward anyway, immersing himself for three years drafting and re-drafting the document, which he later persuaded more than 300 prominent workers, Chinese Communist Party members, and intellectuals to sign. The document was later "signed" by 10,000 users on the Internet.  After it was announced that her husband had won the Nobel Peace Prize while he was imprisoned for an 11-year term for calling for multiparty elections in China, Liu Xia commented that “For all these years, Liu Xiaobo has persevered in telling the truth about China and because of this, for the fourth time, he has lost his personal freedom." She also said that she would visit him in jail and "give him a big hug". After visiting him, however, she was placed under house arrest and her mobile number deactivated.  In May 2011, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD) made a statement declaring that "The deprivation of liberty of Liu Xia, being in contravention to articles 9, 10 and 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, is arbitrary, and falls within categories II and III of the categories applicable to the cases submitted to the Working Group" and called for an immediate end to the house arrest.  In late 2012, Liu Xia spoke briefly with journalists from The Associated Press who managed to visit her apartment.  A video was later uploaded to Youtube showing another brief, unauthorized visit on 28 December 2012 in which Liu Xia and several persons converse briefly in her home.  On 23 April 2013, she was allowed out to see her brother's trial, which Liu Xia felt was politically motivated. Her brother's lawyers said that the purported dispute had been resolved, but was brought back into court for some reason. Human rights activist Nicholas Bequelin asserted that this trial was therefore an act of attempted intimidation by the government in order to silence Liu Xia even further. During her brief stint out of her house, where she is allowed no internet, no phone, and few visitors, she found a welcoming crowd waiting for her. She shouted to them, "Tell everybody that I'm not free"; "I love you. I miss you."; and she blew kisses.  On 19 November 2013, she filed an appeal for Liu Xiaobo's retrial, a move that's been called "extraordinary" because the action could refocus the world's attention on China's human rights record. According to her attorney, Mo Shaoping, Liu Xia visited her husband in Jinzhou Prison in Liaoning and had gained his approval before filing this motion. In December 2013, a friend of hers, Hu, told BBC that three years of house arrest had thrown Liu into deep depression and a health professional had been prescribing anti-depressant medication for her.  "The Silent Strength of Liu Xia" is a collection of 25 black-and-white photographs Liu Xia produced between 1996 and 1999 while her husband served his second stint in a labor re-education camp. It is the only exhibition of Liu Xia's photographic work in the United States. French scholar Guy Sorman, a longtime friend of Liu Xia and her husband, transported the prints out of China and curated the exhibition at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies at Columbia University.  In 2015, a bilingual collection of Liu Xia's poetry, "Empty Chairs", was published by Graywolf Press. The poems in the collection span from 1983 to 2013. After her husband's death on 13 July 2017, no one knew her whereabouts for six months, although the Chinese government openly stated that she was "free". On 2 September 2017, she was reported to have returned to her Beijing home. Frank Lu Siqing, the founder of the Hong Kong-based Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, successfully spoke to Liu Xia on the phone for half an hour after calling her at her home in Beijing, "South China Morning Post" reports.

House arrest after death of Liu Xiaobo.

Although Liu Xia is not generally seen as a social activist in her own right, unlike her late husband, and has never been accused or convicted of any crime, she has endured house arrest without charges and subject to 24-hour surveillance since 2010, in contravention of Article 39 of the 1982 Constitution of China, which states that "the freedom of movement of any law-abiding Chinese citizen shall not be infringed", as well as Article 252 of the Criminal Prosecution Ordinance, which states that "any act of violating the freedom of communication of any law-abiding Chinese citizen is strictly prohibited". She is denied access to a phone or a computer.  Since Liu's sea burial, neither Liu Xia nor her brother has been seen amidst reports that she had been forced to go on vacation in the southern province of Yunnan, so that she would not attend a memorial for her husband on the seventh day following his death, which had been held by various people abroad. Liu's friends in mainland China were reportedly subjected to house arrest as they prepared for a memorial – some were detained after staging ceremonies at the seaside at Dalian. Media have reported that the area in which Liu Xia's residence is situated is under heavy guard by plainclothes officials, who threaten and manhandle journalists. Although NGOs, a number of foreign leaders, notably Angela Merkel, as well as British foreign secretary Boris Johnson have spoken out for Liu and her husband, urging the lifting of all restrictions on Liu Xia after her husband's death. On the other hand, Chinese officials state that Liu Xia is in fact free, contrary to reports by Western media and Liu's claim.  Jerome Cohen, a professor at New York University and an expert in Chinese law and human rights, said he believed the rulers of one-party China would be reluctant to release Liu Xia in case she became a figurehead of resistance. Cohen also argued that "not only should foreign governments condemn China for its violations of human rights that led to Liu Xiaobo’s imprisonment and death, but they should also press the Chinese government to give Liu Xia, who has been put under severe illegal house arrest for the past seven years, the option to leave China. If she chooses to remain in China, the Chinese government should, in accordance with its international human rights obligations, immediately lift all the oppressive conditions that she has suffered".  UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein announced at the United Nations headquarters on 20 July 2017 that he would meet with Chinese officials to push for assurances that Liu Xia would be allowed to leave China, countering Chinese claims that raising human rights concerns amounted to interference in domestic affairs.  On 25 July 2017, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio penned an open letter to Liu Xia, "Current U.S. law gives the President of the United States the authority to impose visa bans and to freeze the assets of any foreign citizens who suppress basic human rights; surely the Chinese government's treatment of you and your husband meets this standard." As chair of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Rubio also requested U.S. Ambassador to China Terry Branstad to meet with Liu Xia either at the U.S. embassy or her place of residence to understand her current situation and long-term wishes.

Move to Germany.

After Liu Xiaobo's ocean burial, Liu Xia, — as said her friend Liao Yiwu, Chinese poet and dissident living in exile in Germany, — had lived a while in Dali City in Yunnan province together with her younger brother Liu Hui, and when Liu Xia's friends and family had said that she returned to Beijing on 4 August 2017, German and US diplomats tried to visit her flat but were stopped by guards. German embassy diplomats said they would try to push the Chinese government to grant freedom of movement for Liu Xia, although Chinese officials said that Liu Xia was free and could move according to the Chinese law.  In May 2018, Liao Yiwu reported with Liu Xia's permission that she was suffering debilitating clinical depression, after the Beijing government had broken multiple promises that she would'soon' be free to travel, including, in early April 2018, an arrangement made by Heiko Maas, the German Foreign Minister, to facilitate her travel to Germany.  Liao Yiwu talked with Liu Xia on telephone on 8 April 2018 and they agreed that she would try to write application at the German Embassy, but she cried, bursting into tears, that she had neither computer, nor smartphone to do it. At the same time, Liao Yiwu promised her that he would try to push the German politicians with the help of Nobel laureate Herta Müller and other their friends, artists and writers in Berlin. Liao Yiwu again called Liu Xia on 30 April 2018 and asked the permission to publish their 8 April 2018 telephone record with her desperate cries to push politicians and society to help her leave China.  Liu Xia left China and flew to Germany for medical treatment on 10 July 2018. The same day, her younger brother, Liu Hui, remaining in China, wrote in social media WeChat, that Liu Xia flew to Europe to start her new life there and he was grateful to all who were helping Liu Xia these past years. Liu Hui was sentenced to 11 years in prison on fraud charges in 2013, but released in 2015 on bail and obligation to comply with stringent conditions. Chinese human rights activist Hu Jia said that Liu Hui, while remaining in China, was used as a hostage. Liu Xia has long insisted that her younger brother should go with her from China also from fears that if Liu Hui would remain in China then be used to limit her freedom of speech abroad.

External links.

Nick Frisch, "Liu Xia Rebuilds Her Career as an Artist" "The New Yorker" (30 04 2019). Introduce Liu's poems and artworks, including 11 photographs.

Liu Xia (; born 1 April 1961, Beijing, China) is a Chinese painter, poet, and photographer. Liu Xia was under effective house arrest in China as her husband, Liu Xiaobo, had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010. She remained under house arrest until 10 July 2018, when she was allowed to travel to Germany for medical treatment.

Liou Sia (čínsky: 刘霞; * 1. dubna 1961, Peking) je čínská malířka, básnířka a fotografka. Jejím manželem byl do roku 2017 čínský kritik a disident Liou Siao-po. Od roku 2010 byla držena v domácí izolaci poté, co její manžel obdržel Nobelovu cenu za mír. Teprve roku 2018 jí bylo dovoleno odcestovat do Německa.


Background.

Kondo says that she has been interested in organizing since childhood. In junior school, Kondo ran into the classroom to tidy up bookshelves while her classmates were playing in physical education class. Whenever there were nominations for class roles, she did not seek to be the class representative or the pet feeder. Instead, she yearned to be the bookshelf manager to continue to tidy up books. She said she experienced a breakthrough in organizing one day, "I was obsessed with what I could throw away. One day, I had a kind of nervous breakdown and fainted. I was unconscious for two hours. When I came to, I heard a mysterious voice, like some god of tidying telling me to look at my things more closely. And I realized my mistake: I was only looking for things to throw out. What I should be doing is finding the things I want to keep. Identifying the things that make you happy: that is the work of tidying."  She spent five years as an attendant maiden at a Shinto shrine. She founded her organising consulting business when she was 19 and a sociology student at Tokyo Woman's Christian University. In her senior year, she wrote her capstone thesis titled "Tidying up as seen from the perspective of gender".

KonMari method.

Kondo's method of organising is known as the KonMari method, and consists of gathering together all of one's belongings, one category at a time, and then keeping only those things that "spark joy" (Japanese language ときめく "tokimeku," translated as equivalent to English "flutter, throb, palpitate"), and choosing a place for everything from then on. Kondo advises to start the process of tidying up by "quickly and completely" discarding whatever it is in the house that doesn't spark joy. She advises to do this by category of items and not their location in the house. For example, all the clothes in the house should be piled up first, assessed for "tokimeku" and discarded if not needed, followed by other categories such as books, papers, miscellany, and mementos. Another crucial aspect of the KonMari method is to find a designated place for each item in the house and making sure it stays there.  Kondo says that her method is partly inspired by the Shinto religion. Cleaning and organising things properly can be a spiritual practice in Shintoism, which is concerned with the energy or divine spirit of things ("kami") and the right way to live ("kannagara"). "Treasuring what you have; treating the objects you own as disposable, but valuable, no matter their actual monetary worth; and creating displays so you can value each individual object are all essentially Shinto ways of living."

Media appearances.

A two-part TV dramatisation was filmed in 2013 based on Kondo and her work, titled (). She has lectured and made television appearances. She released a series of videos teaching "the best way to fold for perfect appearance".  On 1 January 2019, Netflix released a series called "Tidying Up with Marie Kondo". In the series, Kondo visits various American family homes full of clutter and guides the families in tidying up their houses through her KonMari method. Following the release of her Netflix series, Kondo was the subject of various Internet memes. A clip of her saying "I love mess" included on "Time"s list of the ten best memes of 2019.  On 4 February 2019, Kondo appeared on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on CBS.  In January 2020, Kondo appeared alongside Rola on the cover of "Numero Tokyo" magazine, wearing Yoshikimono, the fashion brand created by rock musician Yoshiki.

Personal life.

Kondo married Takumi Kawahara in 2012. At the time they met, Kawahara was working in sales support and marketing at a corporation in Osaka. Once Kondo's career took off, he left his job to become her manager and, eventually, CEO of Konmari Media, LLC. The couple have two daughters, Satsuki and Miko.  After getting married, she lived in Tokyo, and later moved to San Francisco. As of 2019, she and her family live in Los Angeles, California.

, also known as, is a Japanese organizing consultant, author, and TV show host. Kondo has written four books on organizing, which have collectively sold millions of copies around the world. Her books have been translated from Japanese into several languages including Korean, Chinese, Spanish, Indonesian, Italian, French, German, Swedish, Portuguese, Catalan and English. In particular, her book "The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Up" (2011) has been published in more than 30 countries. It was a best-seller in Japan and in Europe, and was published in the United States in 2014.

Marie Kondo (, 9.října 1984 Tokio) je japonská spisovatelka, poradkyně v oboru úklidu a organizace a popularizátorka minimalistického životního stylu.


History.

Most scholars agree the three works were commissioned in the 1460s for Ludovico III Gonzaga's private chapel in the Castle of St. George in Mantua (together with the "Death of the Virgin", now in the Museo del Prado, and "Christ Bearing the Soul of the Virgin", now in Ferrara). The paintings for the chapel are mentioned in two letters from Mantegna to Ludovico dated April 1464 and in Vasari as "a painting [by Mantegna], in which are scenes with small but very beautiful figures... in the castle at Mantua, for the chapel".  Other scholars such as Fiocco argue that there is no evidence for how the three works got from Mantua to Florence and that they were instead produced in Tuscany during one of Mantegna's two trips there in 1466 and 1467. Stylistic reasons, however, link the work to Mantegna's final period in Padua, which ended in 1459, rather than to his maturity in Mantua.  The first secure reference to the three paintings dates to 1587, when it was found cut up in Valle Muggia near Pistoia among the belongings of Don Antonio de' Medici. They were inherited before in 1632 entering the collection of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, where the "Adoration" was misattributed to Botticelli. The three works were exhibited together from 1827, with a gilded new neo-Renaissance intaglio frame which compensated for the differing sizes of the central work and the side panels.  Most modern critics note the differences between the three works, including their form, format, setting and quality, especially between the "Circumcision" and the other two works. Roberto Longhi doubted that the three works were conceived as a single unified triptych and theorised that instead they all came from different locations in the same chapel, as did "Death of the Virgin" and "Christ Bearing the Soul of the Virgin". According to Longhi, "Circumcision" replaced "Death of the Virgin" when it was decided to limit the scheme solely to scenes from Christ's life.

Adoration.

The panel was probably located in the chapel's apse. The Magi are depicted while descending to the Child's grotto from a path carved out in the rock. The Virgin is portrayed with a crown of angels, according to a Byzantine model.  Another version of the painting sold for the then record price of $10.5 million in 1985.

The Adoration of the Magi or Uffizi Triptych is a group of three tempera-on-panel paintings by Andrea Mantegna, dating to around 1460. Their three subjects are the "Ascension of Christ" (86 by 42.5 cm), "Adoration of the Magi" the largest and central panel (76 by 76.5 cm) and the "Circumcision of Christ" (86 by 42.5 cm). They were gathered as a trio in the 19th century, although some art historians doubt that they were created as a triptych set in the way they are now arranged. They are now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

Klanění tří králů, obraz Andrea Mantegny z roku 1460, je triptych. Témata triptychu: Obrazy byly takto uspořádány v 19. století. Někteří historici umění pochybují, že obrazy byly myšleny jako triptych jak jsou nyní prezentovány. Triptych je nyní v galerii Uffizi ve Florencii.