Etymology.

Mahbub Nagar is also known with the name, "Palamooru". The city also has an older name "Rukmammapeta."

Geography.

Mahbub Nagar is located at. It has an average elevation of 498 metres (1633 feet). The city of Mahbub Nagar is located at a distance of 98 km from Hyderabad 130 km from Kurnool and 105 km from Raichur.

Demographics.

In 2011, Mahbub Nagar had a population of 157,733 of which male and female were 79,177 and 78,556 respectively. It is the 9th largest city of south India by number of auto rickshaws, and 2nd in Telangana after Hyderabad.

Governance.

"Mahbub Nagar municipality" is the civic body of the city, which was constituted in 1942 as a "third grade municipality". It was upgraded to "second grade" in 1959, to "first grade" in 1983 and finally to "Special grade municipality" in 2004. It is spread over an area of. Mahbub Nagar urban agglomeration consists of Mahbub Nagar municipality, census towns of Boyapalle, Yenugonda and the out growths of Mahbub Nagar (rural) (full), Yedira (part) village.

Transport.

The city is connected to major cities and towns by means of road and railways. National and state highways that pass through the city are NH 44, State highway 20 and 23. TSRTC operates buses to various destinations from Mahbub Nagar bus station of the city. The city has rail connectivity with the presence of Mahbub Nagar Main Station, Mahbub Nagar Town, Yenugonda Station and Diviti Pally Stations.

Notable people.

Mahbubnagar is a city in Mahbubnagar District of the Indian state of Telangana named after the 6th Nizam, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan. It is the headquarters of Mahbub Nagar mandal in Mahbub Nagar revenue division. The city is also the largest in the district with an area of and 7th most populous in the state.

Mahabúb Nagar () je město v Telangáně, jednom z indických svazových států. K roku 2011 v něm žilo přes 157 tisíc obyvatel.


Early life.

Kimia was born in Karaj. Her family are Iranian Azerbaijani. Her father is from Zonuz near Tabriz and her mother is from Ardabil. Until after the 2016 Olympics, her last name was incorrectly recorded as Zenoorin.

Taekwondo career.

Alizadeh at 18 years of age won a bronze medal in the taekwondo 57 kg weight class at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro by defeating Swedish athlete Nikita Glasnović. Her victory made her the first Iranian woman to win a medal at a Summer Olympics.  She also won a gold medal in the women's 63-kg class at the Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympics. She beat London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016 gold medallist Jade Jones at the 2015 World Championship to win a bronze medal. She also won a silver medal two years later at the 2017 World Taekwondo Championships.  She was listed in 100 inspiring and influential women from around the world for 2019 by BBC.

Defection.

On 10 January 2020, Alizadeh announced she was defecting and leaving her birth country, with searing criticism of the regime of Iran. She does not intend to compete for Iran in the 2020 Summer Olympics, and is considering competing for Germany.  She wrote an Instagram post explaining she was defecting because of constraint of women in Iran, calling herself "one of the millions of oppressed women in Iran who [Iran’s rulers] have been playing with for years." "They took me wherever they wanted. I wore whatever they said. Every sentence they ordered me to say, I repeated. Whenever they saw fit, they exploited me," she wrote, adding that credit always went to those in charge. She wrote further that she "didn’t want to sit at the table of hypocrisy, lies, injustice and flattery" any longer, nor remain complicit with the regime’s "corruption and lies."  Abdolkarim Hosseinzadeh, a member of Iran's parliament, accused “incompetent officials” of allowing Iran’s “human capital to flee”.  In the months prior to her defection a number of top Iranian sports figures had decided to stop representing — or to physically leave — Iran. In September 2019, Saeid Mollaei, who practices judo and was world champion, left Iran for Germany after Iranian officials allegedly pressured him to throw a match to avoid competing against Israelis. Alireza Firouzja, who was Iran's top-rated chess champion, decided to stop playing for Iran in December 2019 because of Iran's informal ban on competing against Israeli players. Alireza Faghani, an Iranian international soccer referee, left Iran for Australia in 2019.

Kimia Alizadeh Zonouzi (; born 10 July 1998) is an Iranian Taekwondo athlete. Alizadeh won a bronze medal in the taekwondo 57 kg weight class at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro by defeating Swedish athlete Nikita Glasnović. This made her the first Iranian woman to win a medal at a Summer Olympics. She also won a gold medal in the women's 63-kg class at the Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games. She beat London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016 gold medallist Jade Jones at the 2015 World Championship to win a bronze medal. She also won a silver medal two years later at the 2017 World Taekwondo Championships.

Kimia Alizadeh (* 10. července 1998, Karadž, Írán) je íránská (Ázerského původu) taekwondistka. Jako první Íránka získala olympijskou medaili, a to bronzovou na letních olympijských hrách v Riu de Janeiru v roce 2016.


History.

The club was founded in 1913 as "Atlético Talleres Central Córdoba" by workers of the Córdoba Central Railway, with support from the company. In 1914 Talleres joined the Córdoba local league.  In 1969 the team played for the first time in the Argentine Primera División in the Nacional Championship. During the 1970s, the heyday of the Córdoba local league in the national scene, they participated several times in the Nacional championship, on 1976 Luis Ludueña was the championship top scorer with 12 goals, in the 1977 Nacional Championship Talleres finished in second place, losing to Independiente the finals on the away goals rule, and on 1978 José Reinaldi scored 18 goals and was the championship top scorer. Talleres contributed three players to the Argentine squad that won the 1978 FIFA World Cup, with Talleres' captain Luis Galván as a starter in the final as a center back. Miguel Oviedo and Jose Daniel Valencia were substitutes. The '78 WC team featured several other prominent players that got their start in the golden era of the Córdoba local league, such as Mario Kempes and Osvaldo Ardiles, both at Instituto Atletico Central Cordoba in the early-1970s.  Starting in 1980, Talleres became a regular of the Metropolitano championship and finished in third place.  Talleres played in the Argentine Primera División until the 1993 Torneo Clausura when Talleres was relegated to the Primera B Nacional. Talleres was promoted to Argentine Primera División after the 1993–94 championship, but was again related after a poor performance in 1994–95 season. The following season, the club finished first during the Clausura tournament of the Second Division but lost the Championship to Huracán de Corrientes.  In 1998, during a game (later remembered by fans as "The Final of the Century," Talleres won its first Argentine title, the 1997/98 Primera B Nacional championship on penalty kick shootout against all-time rival Belgrano de Córdoba, earning them a promotion to the First Division. Next year the club won its first and only international title, the 1999 Copa CONMEBOL (the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana) against CSA from Brazil.  The following season, Talleres' good performance in first division qualified the team to play the 2001 Copa Mercosur and the 2002 Copa Libertadores, being the first and only team from Córdoba to qualify for those continental tournaments. Talleres reached the round of 16 in the Mercosur, only to lose against Gremio. In Copa Libertadores, Talleres had a poor performance, being eliminated in the first stage.  Despite finishing in third place during the Torneo Clausura tournament of the 2003–04 season and qualifying for the Copa Libertadores again, Talleres was relegated, due to poor results in the previous 2 seasons, after losing to Argentinos Juniors in the promotion/relegation play-off. By Argentine rules, the team lost its Libertadores bid because of this.  In 2008–09 Talleres was dismissed again, this time to the Torneo Argentino A via the point average system despite finishing in 12th place of 20 teams in Primera B Nacional.  On 15 November 2010, the IFFHS produced a report on the top 200 teams in the American continent from 2001 to that date. Talleres was No. 130, the highest position for a Córdoba Province team in the ranking.  In May 2013, Talleres was promoted to Primera B Nacional after defeating San Jorge by 1–0. Later, Talleres returned to the third division but it was promoted in 2015, and, in 2016, after 12 years Talleres earned the promotion to First Division.  In 2019, Talleres played once again the Copa Libertadores.

Colours and badge.

The colours are specified on Talleres' by-law. These are blue and white. The badge has a simple and traditional design and it has the same colours of the shirt.  Home kit  Away kit

Club Atlético Talleres (; mostly known simply as Talleres or Talleres de Córdoba ) is an Argentine sports club from the city of Córdoba. The institution is mostly known for its football team, which currently plays in the Argentine Primera División. Talleres' main rival is Belgrano: Their rivalry is known as ""el clásico cordobés"".

Club Atlético Talleres, zkráceně CA Talleres, známý též jako Talleres de Córdoba, je argentinský fotbalový klub se sídlem ve městě Córdoba ve stejnojmenné provincii. Hraje na stadiónu Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes. Barvami jsou tmavě modrá a bílá.


Background.

Marina Bay Sands is one of two winning proposals for Singapore's first integrated resorts, the other being the Resorts World Sentosa, which incorporates a family-friendly Universal Studios Theme Park (Universal Studios Singapore). The two large-scale resorts were conceived to meet Singapore's economic and tourism objectives for the next decade and will have 30-year casino licenses, exclusive for the first ten years. Bidders were assessed based on four criteria: tourism appeal and contribution, architectural concept and design, development investment, and strength of the consortium and partners.  On 27 May 2006, Las Vegas Sands (LVS) was declared the winner with its business-oriented resort. LVS submitted its winning bid on its own. Its original partner City Developments Limited (CDL), with a proposed 15% equity stake, pulled out of the partnership in the second phase of the tender process. CDL's CEO, Kwek Leng Beng said his company's pullout was a combination of factors—such as difficulties in getting numerous companies he owns to comply in time, as well as reluctance of some parties to disclose certain private information in probity checks required by the Singapore government. However, Kwek was retained as an advisor for Sands' bid.

Investment.

Las Vegas Sands initially committed to invest S$3.85 billion in the project, not including the fixed S$1.2 billion cost of the site itself. With the escalating costs of materials, such as sand and steel, and labour shortages owing to other major infrastructure and property development in the country, Sheldon Adelson placed the total cost of the development at S$8.0 billion as of July 2009. Las Vegas Sands declared the undertaking as "one of the world's most challenging construction projects and certainly the most expensive stand-alone integrated resort property ever built". It expects the casino to generate at least $1 billion in annual profit. Two months after the initial phased opening, the casino attracts around 25,000 visitors daily, about a third being Singaporeans and permanent residents who pay a $100 daily entry levy or $2,000 for annual unlimited access. Half a million gamblers passed through the casino in June 2010. In the third quarter of 2012, the revenues of the Marina Bay Sands fell almost 28 per cent from a year earlier.  For the economy, Marina Bay Sands is projected to stimulate an addition of $2.7 billion or 0.8% to Singapore's Gross Domestic Product by 2015, employing 10,000 people directly and 20,000 jobs being created in other industries.  On 3 April 2019, Sands announced a $3.3 billion expansion of its Marina Bay Sands property in Singapore. The expansion will include the construction of a fourth hotel tower containing 1,000 luxury suites and a 15,000-seat arena.  Singaporeans and Permanent Residents (PRs) have to pay a Singapore $100 fee for a one time entry and a S$2000 fee for an annual pass. The fee was changed on 4 April 2019 to S$150 for an one-time visit and S$3000 for yearly visits.

Design and construction.

The resort is designed by Moshe Safdie, who says it was initially inspired by card decks. The prominent feature of the design is the three hotel towers, which has 2,500 rooms and suites, and a continuous lobby at the base links the three towers. The casino has a four-storey central atrium with four levels of gaming and entertainment in one space. In addition to the hotel and the casino, other buildings include a ArtScience Museum, and a convention centre with of space, capable of accommodating up to 45,000 people. The resort's architecture and major design changes along the way were also approved by its feng shui consultants, the late Chong Swan Lek and Louisa Ong-Lee. Aedas were responsible for employing all consultants and for developing, co-ordinating and implementing the design. The structural engineering for the project was handled by Arup with Parsons Brinckerhoff the MEP engineers. The main contractor was Ssangyong Engineering and Construction. The three towers are broader at the base and narrow as they rise. Each tower has two asymmetric legs, with a curved eastern leg leaning against the other, creating a significant technical challenge in its construction. Substantial temporary structures were necessary to support the legs of the tower while they were under construction, and required real-time monitoring for continual assessment and analyses in the course of their erection.  A distinctive feature of the hotel is the SkyPark, a three-acre park on top of the building with swimming pools, gardens, and jogging paths. The structure bridges all three towers with a segment cantilevered off the north tower. The hull of the SkyPark was pre-fabricated off-site in 14 separate steel sections and then assembled on top of the towers. There are four movement joints beneath the main pools, designed to help them withstand the natural motion of the towers, and each joint has a unique range of motion. The total range of motion is. In addition to wind, the hotel towers are also subject to settlement in the earth over time, so engineers built and installed custom jack legs to allow for future adjustment at more than 500 points beneath the pool system. This jacking system is important primarily to ensure the infinity edge of the pool continues to function properly.

Opening.

Marina Bay Sands was originally planned to be completed in a single phase in 2009, but rising construction costs and the financial crisis forced the company to open it in phases. The first phase's preview opening was further delayed until 27 April 2010, and the official opening was pushed back to 23 June 2010. The rest of the complex remained under construction and was opened after a grand opening on 17 February 2011.  On 27 April 2010, Marina Bay Sands had the first of a planned 3 to 4 phase openings. The casino, parts of the conference hall, a segment of the Shoppes, 963 hotel rooms and the event plaza were opened at the auspicious time of 3:18 p.m as part of the "preview opening".  The Inter-Pacific Bar Association (IPBA) held the first conference at Marina Bay Sands Convention Centre on 2–5 May 2010, but the event was marred by uncompleted facilities and power failure during a speech. IPBA withheld payment of S$300,000 and was consequently sued by Marina Bay Sands. In June IPBA counter-sued, describing the venue as a "complete disaster" and that its earlier payments had been imposed by "duress, fear and force". An "amicable settlement" with undisclosed terms was announced in August.  On 23 June 2010, the resort had its official opening with a "2-day celebration"; this includes the Sands SkyPark, the Event Plaza along Marina Bay, more shops, additional dining options and nightlife offerings, and the rest of the hotel rooms. First day events included a "World Championship Climb" on the glass facade of the building to the SkyPark, with seven teams of 21 top rock climbers from around the world competing, and an evening concert for 4,000 invited guests and customers, featuring one international rapper such as Kelly Rowland and one national contemporary R&B such as Sylvia Ratonel. The SkyPark was opened on the second day at 2 p.m., with about 2,000 adult tickets costing S$20 each sold.  The Sands theatre was completed in time for the first performance by Riverdance on 30 November 2010. The ArtScience Museum opened its doors to the public at 10 am on 19 February 2011. The musical "The Lion King" made its debut on 3 March 2011. The floating pavilions were opened when the tenants Louis Vuitton and Pangaea Club finished their refurbishment and opened on 18 September 2011 and 22 September 2011, respectively. "The Lion King" ran its last show on 30 October 2011.

Attractions.

Marina Bay Sands has three 55-storey hotel towers which were topped out in July 2009. The three towers are connected by a 1 hectare roof terrace, Sands SkyPark. The observation deck provides panoramic views across the bay.  In front of the three towers include a Theatre Block, a Convention and Exhibition Facilities Block, as well as the Casino Block, which have up to 1,000 gaming tables and 1,400 slot machines. The ArtScience Museum is constructed next to the three blocks and has the shape of a lotus. Its roof is retractable, providing a waterfall through the roof of collected rainwater when closed in the day and laser shows when opened at night. In front of the Event Plaza is Wonder Full, a light and water show that is the largest in Southeast Asia and was produced by Laservision. The ArtScience Museum and Wonder Full show opened on 17 February 2011.  The SkyPark has the world's longest elevated swimming pool, with a vanishing edge (a concept called an infinity pool) located above ground. The pools are made up of of stainless steel and can hold of water. The SkyPark also has rooftop nightclubs such as Lavo (New York, Vegas) and Cé La Vi, gardens, hundreds of trees and plants, and a public observatory deck on the cantilever with 360-degree views of the Singapore skyline. The SkyPark is accessible only to hotel guests for security reasons. The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands have close to of retail space with over 300 stores and F&B outlets, featuring boutiques such as Ralph Lauren, Chanel, Cartier, Prada, Gucci, Hermès, Emporio Armani, Chopard, REDValentino, Dior, Dunhill, Vertu, Miu Miu, Saint Laurent Paris, Salvatore Ferragamo, Montblanc, Blancpain, Vera Wang Bride, an Hermès watch boutique, and Herve Leger.  A canal runs through the length of the Shoppes, in the same style as The Venetian in Las Vegas. Sampan rides on the canal are available for guests and shoppers at the shopping mall, similar to the gondola rides available in the Venetian. Also housed within the Shoppes are six of the ten Celebrity Chef restaurants—Bread Street Kitchen (by Gordon Ramsay), Cut (by Wolfgang Puck), Waku Ghin (by Tetsuya Wakuda), Pizzeria and Osteria Mozza (by Mario Batali), Long Chim (by David Thompson) and DB Bistro & Oyster Bar (by Daniel Boulud).  There are two Crystal Pavilions. Despite a brief legal dispute in June 2011, it was decided that one of the Pavilions will house two nightclubs—Avalon and Pangaea. In addition, the second Pavilion houses the world's largest Louis Vuitton boutique, in addition to being on a floating island, at, which is connected to the portion of the boutique in the Shoppes via an underwater tunnel. Both Pavilions opened in 2011 just before the 2011 Formula One season came to the Marina Bay Street Circuit. The Pavilion vacant by Avalon and Pangaea will be taken over by Singapore’s third Apple Store.  The Sands Theatre seats 2,155 people, and has hosted shows such as "The Lion King", Cirque Éloize, A. R. Rahman's Jai Ho, and "Wicked". Next to the theatre is a skating rink (synthetic ice) measuring.  Dragonfire boxing is another regular event, which started on 5 May 2012 with the boxers Chris John with Daud Yordan.  Moshe Safdie designed an Art Path within the resort, incorporating installations by five artists including Zheng Chongbin, Antony Gormley and Sol LeWitt. The pieces are meant to play on environmental influences including light, water and wind, integrating art with architecture.

Transportation.

By Mass Rapid Transit (MRT):  By public bus: By water taxi:

Response to COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore.

In response to the circuit breaker measures, Marina Bay Sands announced that it would shut down all hotel facilities as well as attractions such as the ArtScience Museum,The Shoppes, food and beverage outlets, and casino.

Controversy.

Marina Bay Sands was reportedly under investigation by the US Department of Justice over whether there were breaches of anti-money laundering regulations.

In popular culture.

The towers of the Marina Bay Sands have made multiple televised appearance on various franchises of "The Amazing Race" including the fourth season of the Asian edition of "The Amazing Race", the first season of the Australian edition of "The Amazing Race", the second season of the Israeli edition of "The Amazing Race", and the twenty-fifth season of the original American edition of "The Amazing Race", all of which featured a tightrope walking task between two of the resort's towers. A partially destroyed version of the structure was featured in the 2015 video game "", which takes place 10 years after a biochemical disaster rendered most of Singapore's eastern half inhospitable. The trailer of the 2016 movie "" has a scene depicting the destruction of the property after being caught in the gravitational pull of a hovering alien spacecraft. It was also featured in the 2018 film "Crazy Rich Asians", both in scenic B-roll of Singapore, as well as a setting towards the end of the film. Both the completed and partially destroyed versions of the structure are featured in the 2019 animated film "", in the opening, various parts of the film, and the end credits.

Marina Bay Sands is an integrated resort fronting Marina Bay in Singapore, owned by the Las Vegas Sands corporation. At its opening in 2010, it was billed as the world's most expensive standalone casino property at S$8 billion ($5.88 billion USD), including the land cost. The resort includes a 2,561-room hotel, a convention-exhibition centre, the The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands mall, a museum, a large theatre, "celebrity chef" restaurants, two floating Crystal Pavilions, art-science exhibits, and the world's largest atrium casino with 500 tables and 1,600 slot machines. The complex is topped by a SkyPark with a capacity of 3,900 people and a infinity swimming pool, set on top of the world's largest public cantilevered platform, which overhangs the north tower by. The 20-hectare resort was designed by Moshe Safdie architects.

Marina Bay Sands je hotelový resort před singapurskou zátokou Marina Bay, vlastněný korporací Las Vegan Sands. Komplex byl otevřen v roce 2010 a v té době šlo o nejdražší samostatně stojící kasinovo-hotelový resort světa. Komplex zahrnuje hotel s 2561 pokoji skládající se ze tří věží, kongresové centrum, obchodní centrum, muzeum, restaurace či kasino. Na špičce věží je objekt zakončen a propojen 340 metrů dlouhou „lávkou", na které jsou zahrady, restaurace, vyhlídka a 150 m dlouhý „nekončený" bazén nacházející se na konzole která vyčnívá 67 metrů mimo věž. Nejvyšší bod celého komplexu dosahuje výšky 206,9 metrů. Za návrhem stojí izraelsko-kanadský architekt Moše Safdie a jeho ateliér.


Common aquarium livebearers.

Species of interest to aquarists are almost always members of the family Poeciliidae, most commonly guppies, mollies, platies, swordtails, Endler's livebearer, and mosquito fish. Most of these are ovoviviparous, with the developing embryos receiving no nourishment from the parent fish, but a few are viviparous, receiving food from the maternal blood supply.  Because the newborn fish are large compared to the fry of oviparous fish (see oviparity), which are those that lay eggs, newborn fish of livebearers are easier to feed than the fry of egg-laying species, such as characins and cichlids. This makes them much easier to raise, and for this reason, aquarists often recommend them for beginning fish breeder hobbyists. The larger size of livebearer fry makes them far less vulnerable to predation, as the parents often eat fry if hungry. With sufficient cover in the way of plants or porous objects, they can sometimes mature in a community tank.

Ovoviviparous and viviparous fish compared.

Most of the Poeciliidae are ovoviviparous, that is, while the eggs are retained inside the body of the female for protection, the eggs are essentially independent of the mother and she does not provide them with any nutrients. In contrast, fish such as splitfins and halfbeaks are viviparous, with the eggs receiving food from the maternal blood supply through structures analogous to the placenta of placental mammals.

Aberrant livebearers and mouthbrooders.

Seahorses and pipefish can be defined as livebearers, although in these cases the males incubate the eggs rather than the females. In many cases, the eggs are dependent on the male for oxygen and nutrition, so these fish can be further defined as viviparous livebearers.  Many cichlids are mouthbrooders, with the female (or more rarely the male) incubating the eggs in the mouth. Compared with other cichlids, these species produce fewer but bigger eggs, and when they emerge, the fry are better developed and have a higher survivability. Because the eggs are protected from the environment but do not absorb nutrients from the parent, this condition is analogous to, though not identical with, ovoviviparity.

Livebearers are aquarium fish that retain the eggs inside the body and give birth to live, free-swimming young. Among aquarium fish, livebearers are nearly all members of the family Poeciliidae and include guppies, mollies, platies and swordtails.

Živorodé ryby, slangově živorodky rodí živá mláďata. Patří mezi tvory živorodé, tedy viviparní. Vědci mezi clživorodé ryby řadí také druhy vejcoživorodé, tedy ovoviviparní ryby. Princip rozmnožování u těchto ryb je, že vajíčka (jikry) jsou oplodněna v těle samičky a následně, v různém stupni vývoje, z těla vypuzena. Do této skupiny patří druhy ryb, kdy samička porodí živého jedince, nikoliv embryo (jikru) ve stádiu vývoje. Skupina ryb vejcoživorodých se též nazývá pseudoviviparními.


Description.

Along with the Muverans, the Wildhorn and the Wildstrubel, the Diablerets are one of the four distinct and glaciated massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie between the Rhone elbow and the Gemmi Pass. The main section of the mountain, between the cantons of Vaud and Valais, is part of the Rhone basin, through the rivers Grande Eau (north) and Lizerne (south). The easternmost part of the massif, that lies in the canton of Bern, is part of the Rhine basin, through the river Sarine (French, "Saane" in German). The Oldehore (Swiss German, Germanized: "Oldenhorn") is the tripoint of the three cantons of Vaud, Valais and Bern, and several of the peaks have a German as well as a French name.  The main peaks of the massif are, from west to east: the Culan (VD, ) at the western end of the massif, the Tête Ronde (VD, ) approximately 800 meters west of the main summit, the "Sommet des Diablerets" (main summit), Le Dôme (VS, ) east of the main summit and between the two glaciers, the Sex Rouge (also called Scex Rouge; VD, ) and the Oldehorn/Becca d'Audon (VD, BE, VS; ) across the Tsanfleuron Glacier, and the Sentschore/Mont Brun (BE, VS; ) further to the northeast. Also notable is the tower-like peak of the Quille du Diable ("devil's skittle," also known as Tour St-Martin; VS, ) that overlooks Derborence from the edge of the Tsanfleuron plateau.  The two largest glaciers on the massif (Tsanfleuron and Diablerets) are both on the Valais side. They form a single inclined plane towards the east, although they are separated by the rocky summit of Le Dôme (2,986 m), which lies just east of the main summit. They are not very steep, especially the Tsanfleuron Glacier, as the rock strata are close to horizontal. The smaller and higher Diablerets Glacier, however, is much wilder than the Tsanfleuron Glacier as it is steeper and more crevassed. The Tsanfleuron plateau, between Le Dôme and the Sanetsch Pass is only partly glaciated. Below 2,600 m is a large karst zone, called Lapis de Tsanfleuron and covering an area of about.  Along with the Culan, the Tête Ronde, and the Scex Rouge, the main summit forms an amphitheatre of limestone cliffs with numerous water falls, surrounding the valley of Creux de Champ and overlooking the village of Les Diablerets from a height of over 2,000 metres. The height of the north wall is about 1,600 metres, its bottom (named "Rochers de Champ") lying at 1,600 metres.  As with other mountains on the crest of the Bernese Alps, the slopes of the Diablerets experience different types of climate depending on their location: the northern slopes are cooler and wetter while the southern slopes are drier and warmer. Forests are found up to 1,900 metres on the north side and up to 2,000 metres on the south side. Further south in Valais, on the slopes of Mont Gond, vineyards are also very common below 1000 metres, but completely absent on the north side. There, alpine pastures dominate the landscape, as in many other areas of the northern Alpine foothills.

Tourism and climbing.

Since 1964, an aerial tramway connects the Scex Rouge from the Col du Pillon, 4 kilometres east of the village of Les Diablerets. The Tsanfleuron Glacier, easily accessible from the Scex Rouge mountain station, has then become part of a large ski area with several ski lifts on it, culminating at nearly 3,000 metres, that goes by the commercial name of Glacier 3000. The area is also popular in summer for the snow hikes on the glacier. The summits of Le Dôme and Oldenhorn can be reached in a few hours from the station. The Peak Walk, a 107m suspension bridge to Scex Rouge from the peak at the top of the lift station, was constructed as a tourist attraction in 2014.  The main summit, although not very distant from the Scex Rouge station, can not be easily reached as it involves the crossing of the much-crevassed Diablerets Glacier, though it is accessible to more intrepid hikers.  Administratively, "le Sommet des Diablerets" is shared between the municipalities of Conthey (VS), Ormont-Dessus and Bex (VD).

The Diablerets (; lit. "the abode of devils") are a huge ice-covered mountain massif of the Alps, culminating at the Sommet des Diablerets (VD, VS) at above sea level and straddling the border between the Swiss cantons of Vaud (VD) and Valais (VS). The northeastern part of the massif stretches also into the canton of Bern (BE).

Diablerets je horský masiv ve Švýcarsku, který je součástí Bernských Alp. Nachází se na území kantonů Valais, Vaud a Bern. Nejvyšším vrcholem je Sommet des Diablerets (3210 m, nejvyšší hora Vaudu), následují Oldehore (3123 m) a Tête Ronde (3037 m).


Design and development.

The Ptapta was designed by Jerzy Dabrowski and Antoni Uszacki (hence the design group name D.U.S. or DUS) and was strongly influenced by the Skraba S.T.3, flown in 1927. In that year Dabrowski and Uszacki led a group of employees from the Plage and Laskiewicz factory, who in 1928 formed the Lubelski Klub Lotniczy (Lublian Aviation Club), referring to the Ptapta as the LKL I. The factory allowed use of their workshop and the LOPP provided funding and loaned an engine. It flew for the first time either on 21 September 1928 by Antoni Mroczkowski or 10 October. With a light load it could be flown aerobatically.  The largely aluminium-alloy framed Ptapta was a biplane with a larger span and chord upper wing. Both upper and lower wings were built around two duralumin spars, with wooden ribs and fabric covering. They were rectangular in plan apart from slightly angled tips and mounted with marked stagger. Only the upper wings carried ailerons. The upper and lower wings were braced together with a single interplane strut with flared ends on each side and the upper wing was attached to the fuselage centrally by a pair of transverse cabane inverted V-struts to the spars.  Its Walter NZ 60 five-cylinder radial engine was installed, with its cylinders exposed for cooling, in a pointed nose where the oval section duralumin fuselage structure was covered in dural sheet. A long cut-out in the fuselage with dural decking ahead of it contained the two open tandem cockpits. The forward position was under the wing trailing edge, in which a cut-out provided a better field of view and eased access. Elsewhere the fuselage was fabric covered. The Ptpta's fin was triangular in profile and carried a deep, rectangular rudder. A triangular tailplane carried rectangular elevators with a cut-out for rudder movement; it was placed at the top of the fuselage and braced from below by a single strut on each side.  The Ptapta had conventional, tailskid landing gear of the divided type, with mainwheels on cranked axles from the central fuselage underside, with trailing struts acting as radius arms and vertical main legs equipped with rubber shock absorbers.

Operational history.

Some six weeks after its first flight the Ptapta took part in the Second National Lightplane Contest, again flown by Mroczkowski. It finished in eighth place.  In the summer of 1929 the Ptapta was modified by the removal and covering-over of the front cockpit and its replacement by a large fuel tank to allow an attempt on the lightplane distance record. The extra fuel gave a calculated range of though, as the record was soon broken by others, yet more fuel was required. A newer,, Walter NZ engine was also fitted. Before attempting the record flight the Ptapta took part in October 1929 in the First Tour of Southwestern Poland and then, flown by Władysław Szulczewski, made a trial endurance flight which was curtailed by bad weather. A record attempt was made on 30 April 1930 but ended immediately in the destruction of the very heavily loaded aircraft, which stalled on take-off from Poznań. Other accounts of this loss give different dates and places.

The D.U.S. III Ptapta was a two-seat sports and touring biplane and only the second Polish aircraft using aluminium alloy construction.

DUS-III Ptapta byl dvoumístný sportovní a turistický dvouplošník a druhé polské letadlo, které využívalo v konstrukci hliníkové slitiny (dural). Byl postaven na podzim 1927 a poprvé vzlétl v říjnu 1928.


Career.

Skip Barber.

In 2005, after becoming IKF Grand National Champion in the 100cc Yamaha class, Auburn-born Rossi was semi-finalist in the Red Bull Formula One American Drivers search with a top 5 finish overall out of over 2,000 nationwide candidates.  In 2006 he was awarded the Skip Barber National Scholarship from Skip Barber Racing School to compete in the 2006 Skip Barber National Championship, where he finished third overall, becoming the youngest winner in Skip Barber National Championship history, at age 14.

Formula BMW.

Rossi competed in the Formula BMW USA series in 2007, finishing third overall in the championship, with three wins and five podiums while driving for Team Apex Racing, USA.  For 2008, Rossi returned for his second year with the two-time Formula BMW championship-winning team EuroInternational. He won the overall championship, becoming the first American Formula BMW Champion in the Americas Championship, with ten wins from the fifteen races run.  Rossi completed the season as World Champion, winning the 2008 Formula BMW World Final at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez circuit in Mexico City, beating the rookie Michael Christensen. Rossi was awarded a Formula One test with BMW Sauber F1 Team, along with European champion Esteban Gutiérrez.

International Formula Master.

Rossi decided to move to compete in Europe in 2009. He chose to compete in the International Formula Master with Hitech Racing. After two rounds, Rossi moved over to ISR Racing for the remainder of the season. Rossi won three races over the course of the season, all coming during reverse-grid races. The wins at Brno, Spa and Imola gave Rossi the second-highest tally of victories during the 2009 season, with Fabio Leimer (seven) winning more. Coupled with Pål Varhaug's sixth place in the final race at Imola, Rossi moved up to fourth overall in the championship, and the highest-placed rookie driver.

GP3 Series.

In 2010, Rossi made the move to the new GP3 Series, competing for multiple-championship-winning team ART Grand Prix. He joined Pedro Nunes and Esteban Gutiérrez at the team, winning twice and finishing fourth in the series.

World Series by Renault.

After a season in GP3, Rossi moved on to compete in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series with Fortec Motorsport. He was joined at the team by Brazilian driver and Italian Formula Three Champion César Ramos. He won the opening race of the season in Aragón and the second race at Le Castellet, and eventually placed third in the championship and top rookie driver, finishing behind Carlin drivers Robert Wickens and Jean-Éric Vergne.  Rossi stayed in the series for the 2012 season, but switched to newcomers Arden Caterham Motorsport, partnering Red Bull-backed driver Lewis Williamson.

GP2 Series.

Rossi competed in the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series. Having competed for Ocean Racing Technology at the first Abu Dhabi round, Rossi moved to Team Meritus for the remaining rounds. Rossi made a strong impression immediately finishing fourth in his début race, from thirteenth on the grid. Rossi was only the second American to compete at GP2 level, preceded by Scott Speed who raced in Formula One with Scuderia Toro Rosso in and. Rossi finished ninth in the championship standings.  After his stint at the Formula Renault 3.5, Rossi made his GP2 Series debut in the Bahrain round in 2013 after replacing Chinese driver Ma Qinghua, he finished 3rd in his debut race. On July 16, 2014, Rossi announced he had departed Caterham's GP2 team, and later joined Campos Racing at the Hockenheimring, replacing Kimiya Sato. He joined Racing Engineering for the 2015 season opposite British rookie Jordan King, finishing second in the championship.

Formula One (2012–16).

Rossi was one of three drivers linked to US-based Formula One team US F1 along with José María López and Jonathan Summerton. Rossi was contracted to be the reserve and test driver before the team folded. He has also tested the 2009-spec BMW Sauber F1.09 Formula One car as part of Formula One's young driver test in Jerez. This was earned for winning the Formula BMW World Final. This test earned Rossi his FIA Super License; at the time, he was the only American to hold one.

2012–14: Caterham.

For the 2012 Formula One season, he joined Caterham F1 as a test driver alongside reserve driver Giedo van der Garde. At the Spanish round he drove Heikki Kovalainen's car in the first practice session, becoming the first American to drive in a Formula One session (during a race weekend) since Scott Speed at the 2007 European Grand Prix. In 2013, he drove for Caterham in the first practice session of the Canadian Grand Prix and at Silverstone in July for the young driver test. Later in the season, he again participated in the first practice session at the United States Grand Prix, his home race. In 2014, he drove the Caterham in the first practice session of the Canadian Grand Prix. Rossi departed Caterham following the departure of Tony Fernandes and the entrance of new Swiss and Middle Eastern investors in July 2014.

2014–16: Marussia/Manor.

Following his departure from Caterham, Rossi joined Marussia F1 as reserve driver for the remainder of the 2014 season. He was initially set to make his Formula One debut at the Belgian Grand Prix, replacing British driver Max Chilton, although Marussia later reversed that decision. He later was set to replace the injured Jules Bianchi at the Russian Grand Prix, but Marussia later decided to only run a single car for Chilton.  Rossi continued as a reserve driver into 2015 for the newly formed Manor Marussia F1 Team. He finally made his debut at the Singapore Grand Prix. Rossi chose No. 53 as his career car number in honor of Herbie; his original choice was No. 16, which he used in his karting career, but the number was already claimed as a reserve number by Red Bull Racing. Rossi qualified 20th and last for his debut, but rallied to finish 14th, just ahead of teammate Will Stevens (15th), despite losing radio communication with his crew around the halfway point of the Grand Prix. Rossi would go on to enter five of the final seven races of the 2015 season. At the Japanese Grand Prix, Rossi finished 18th, again one place above Stevens. He would go on to equal Manor Marussia's best result of the season at his home race, the United States Grand Prix, finishing 12th, and becoming the first American driver to race at a track purpose-built for Formula One in the United States. Rossi then took 15th at the Mexican Grand Prix before completing his five-race stint at the Brazilian Grand Prix with a 19th-place finish.  Despite signing for Andretti Autosport in the IndyCar Series, Rossi returned as a reserve driver for the reformed Manor Racing for the 2016 season. After Rio Haryanto lost his ride at Manor following the German Grand Prix, Rossi was offered the opportunity to take his place as a full-time driver; however, he declined the offer, stating: "My management and I are in constant communications with Manor and we knew there might be an opportunity to race for the last half of the 2016 season. We gave it careful thought but declined the race seat due to my IndyCar contract." On October 3, 2016, Rossi confirmed he would give up his reserve driver role at Manor following the 2016 season to focus on the IndyCar Series full-time.

Sports car racing (2013–14, 2019–present).

2013: Sports car debut at Le Mans.

In 2013, Rossi made his debut at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, driving for Greaves Motorsport in a Zytek Z11SN. He was signed as a replacement for Christian Zugel, who was prevented from participating by family and business matters. He and co-drivers Eric Lux and Tom Kimber-Smith finished 23rd overall.

2014: Daytona with DeltaWing.

Rossi competed in the 2014 24 Hours of Daytona for the DeltaWing team, joining full-time drivers Andy Meyrick and Katherine Legge, along with eventual 2014 Indy Lights champion Gabby Chaves.

2019–present: Return to sports cars with Penske.

On December 7, 2018, Rossi announced that he would be joining Acura Team Penske for both the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring in the 2019 IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Rossi replaced fellow IndyCar driver Graham Rahal after Rahal was unable to get an adequate seat fitting to optimize his performance. Rossi teamed with fellow IndyCar Series driver Hélio Castroneves and sports car driver Ricky Taylor to finish third overall and in class at Daytona. The second half of the race was marred by non-stop rain, with Rossi conceding that the team's rivals were slightly stronger than them in wet conditions.  Rossi returned to Penske's No. 7 Acura for the 2020 24 Hours of Daytona. Rossi's team was compromised less than four hours into the race when Castroneves was involved in an accident with Harry Tincknell.

IndyCar Series (2016–present).

2016: Indianapolis 500 win.

While Rossi grew up watching the IndyCar Series as his favorite form of racing, he had previously claimed to having little interest in racing in it himself, particularly because of hesitance to race on ovals. Nevertheless, after Manor announced Pascal Wehrlein and Rio Haryanto as the team's 2016 drivers, Rossi made the switch to the IndyCar Series with Andretti Autosport for the 2016 season. Because the deal was finalized so late, Rossi missed the majority of preseason testing, only getting to complete one session at Sebring International Raceway. Rossi made his IndyCar debut at the season-opening Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, qualifying in the rear of the field in 19th and finishing as the highest-placed rookie in 12th. Rossi then made his oval debut at the next race in Phoenix, running as high as seventh before brushing the wall in the final laps of the race. The highlight of Rossi's first season with the team was winning the Indianapolis 500 after starting from the 11th position on the grid. Rossi was the top rookie in qualifying for the race and led the final few laps as the cars ahead of him on track ran low on fuel and pitted. Rossi managed his fuel over the final stint to win, then ran dry after the finish and had to be towed to victory lane. Rossi would later earn a second top-five finish at the season finale at Sonoma Raceway. Rossi was named the series' 2016 Rookie of the Year on September 19.

2017: End-of-season breakthrough.

On October 3, Rossi announced he would return to Andretti for the 2017 season, signing a multi-year contract. At Long Beach, Rossi was running in second place when his engine failed. Rossi started the defense of his Indianapolis 500 victory by qualifying on the front row for the race. He spent much of the first half of the race amongst the leaders, but finished seventh after experiencing fueling issues. Later in the season, Rossi drove to a second-place finish in the Honda Indy Toronto after starting in eighth in what he called a "breakthrough" race for his team. It was his first podium of the 2017 season. At Pocono, Rossi earned his third career podium by finishing third despite encountering a problem with his car's fuel-mixture knob. On September 1, Rossi confirmed that he would remain with Andretti through at least the 2019 season; despite having signed a multi-year extension after 2016, Rossi had been considering a move to Schmidt Peterson Motorsports due to his loyalty to Honda, but re-signed with Andretti once the team confirmed they would continue using Honda engines in the future. The next day, Rossi earned his first career pole position at Watkins Glen International; he would go on to win the race as well for his second career victory.

2018: Championship contender.

On December 7, 2017, Andretti Autosport announced plans for Rossi to swap car numbers with teammate Marco Andretti for the 2018 season. Rossi moved to the No. 27 team while Andretti took over the Herta-partnered No. 98.  Rossi's 2018 season began with a controversial third-place finish at the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. Rossi was running in second on the final restart and attempted to pass leader Robert Wickens in the first turn, but got loose and made contact with Wickens, who in turn retired from the race. Rossi argued that while he "[felt] bad" about the contact, he also believed Wickens' defense of the lead forced him into the marbles, causing his car to get loose. Wickens, however, said he "expected more" from Rossi, and proceeded to call his move "desperate." Rossi's driving was further criticized by NBC Sports' Jerry Bonkowski, who opined that he "ruined what was a near-perfect day — make that weekend — for another driver." Ironically, Rossi would again battle with Wickens in the closing stages of the following race at Phoenix, securing another third-place finish behind race winner Josef Newgarden and Wickens. After the podium celebration, both Wickens and Rossi made light of the St. Petersburg clash; Rossi stated that Wickens "should definitely have two podiums right now," to which the Canadian jokingly replied, "About time you said it!" The following week, Rossi qualified on pole position for the Grand Prix of Long Beach. He converted the pole position into his third career win, leading race runner-up and 2014 IndyCar Series champion Will Power to call Rossi "a standout of the field right now in every respect."  Rossi began the Indianapolis 500 from the last row on the grid, starting in 32nd place. He completed a series of impressive overtakes throughout the race, leading him to a fourth-place finish. The following week in Detroit, Rossi finished third in race one. He then qualified on pole for the second race and led 46 of the first 63 laps; however, he was pressured late in the race by teammate Ryan Hunter-Reay. Rossi preceded to lock his brakes, overshooting the upcoming turn and leading to a puncture. He was forced to pit, reentering the track in 13th and finishing in 12th. Rossi rebounded later in the season to win the pole and the race at Mid-Ohio, using a two-stop strategy. The win moved Rossi into second in the Drivers' Championship standings, 46 points behind Scott Dixon. Rossi won the following race at Pocono as well, though the event was overshadowed by a serious accident early in the race involving Wickens (who was injured and airlifted to a local hospital), resulting in a red flag period. At Gateway, Rossi used fuel strategy to finish second, gaining a few points on Dixon. After an eighth-place finish at Portland, Rossi entered the final race at Sonoma 29 points behind Dixon. At the start, he broke his front wing after contact with Andretti, dropping him back in the field. He recovered to place seventh in the race, finishing a total of 57 points behind Dixon in the championship.

2019: Multiple wins and podiums.

Rossi began the new season with a fifth-place finish at St. Petersburg. He scored the first win of his 2019 season at Long Beach, where he repeated his success from the previous season. Rossi's 20-second margin of victory over Newgarden was the largest margin of victory at Long Beach since Al Unser Jr.'s 23-second margin in 1995. He dedicated the victory to his grandfather; the win came on the day Rossi learned of his death.  At the 2019 Indianapolis 500, Rossi was in contention for the win before encountering a fuel pump problem in the pits on lap 137. The delay resulted in a 23-second pit stop, which likely would have taken him out of contention had Marcus Ericsson not spun entering the pit lane, forcing a caution flag. On the ensuing restart, Rossi fell from fifth to sixth place, while also being seventh in line as Oriol Servià, a lapped car, was in front of him. Rossi was then held up and blocked by Servia (he would later call his actions "unacceptable" and "one of the most disrespectful things I've ever seen in a racecar"), eventually shaking his fist at the Spanish driver as he finally passed him. Rossi eventually recovered to pass Simon Pagenaud for the lead and seemed to have the advantage as Pagenaud was in danger of not being able to make it to the end of the race on fuel, but a late caution nullified that advantage. Rossi's Honda lacked the horsepower of Pagenaud's Chevrolet, which was ultimately the deciding factor as he finished the race in second behind Pagenaud.  Rossi's second-place finish at Indianapolis sparked a run of three such finishes in four races as he also finished second at the first Detroit race and at Texas. At Road America in June, Rossi broke through to win with a 28.4-second margin of victory over second-place Will Power. Power stated after the race that he "never actually saw" Rossi due to the length of the gap between the two drivers. At Pocono, Rossi was involved in a first-lap incident with Takuma Sato, with Rossi calling Sato's driving "disgraceful" and saying "I can't even begin to understand after last year how Takuma thinks any sort of driving like that is acceptable." Rossi would go on to enter the final at Laguna Seca race second in points before fading to third behind Newgarden and Pagenaud.

2020: 5th year with Andretti.

The COVID-19 pandemic delayed the start of the season until June 6 at Texas Motor Speedway. Rossi finished 15th in the season opener; his race was compromised before the start when a software communications glitch arose on his car's engine during the startup procedure.

Off-road racing (2018–19).

Rossi competed in his first ever Baja 1000 in 2018, driving with Jeff Proctor in the No. 709 Honda Ridgeline, becoming the fifth Indianapolis 500 winner to participate in the race. Rossi explained that he was eager to try a different racing series, saying, "It's just one of those iconic races. There's a Honda connection, so [when offered the ride] I just figured, 'Why not?' I'm pretty excited about it. It's something new, something different. I'm looking forward to the experience." Rossi nearly collided with a spectator's car that was travelling the wrong way on the course around 33 miles into the race. His team placed second in their class in the final results.  Rossi returned to the Baja 1000 in 2019. Rossi and Proctor's truck was leading when Rossi rolled over the vehicle. The truck was able to continue for about 100 miles after the crash but eventually retired due to mechanical problems.

Supercars (2019).

On August 15, 2019, Rossi announced plans to make his debut in the Bathurst 1000 in October, competing with fellow IndyCar Series driver James Hinchcliffe as a wildcard entry for Walkinshaw Andretti United, a partnership between Andretti Autosport and United Autosports. The pair started the race on the back row of the grid in 25th, finishing 19th before being promoted to 18th after a penalty demoted DJR Team Penske's Fabian Coulthard from sixth to 21st.

Personal life.

Rossi was born in Auburn, California and raised in Nevada City, often waking up at 4 a.m. local time on Sunday mornings to watch the Formula One races in Europe. He graduated from Auburn's Forest Lake Christian High School at the age of 16 in order to begin pursuing his European racing career. He is a fan of the National Football League's New England Patriots; despite not growing up in Boston, Rossi explains, "I've been a Patriots fan really since 2009, solely because of when I was living in Europe, the only NFL games I could watch on the television package they had at the time was Patriots or Green Bay Packers games. I was originally a San Francisco 49ers fan, but then considering I didn't watch any of the games for about seven years, I switched to being a Patriots fan despite not being from Boston." Rossi serves as a TAG Heuer ambassador alongside Patriots quarterback Tom Brady.  Rossi is a Protestant Christian. He cites his two most important life influences as God and his parents, adding, "I believe there's always a greater plan. I feel that driving race cars and being involved in Formula One and motorsports is my opportunity to share my beliefs." Rossi describes having his faith while growing up as "something that was hugely important to me. That carried all the way through my entire childhood. I was very fortunate to be a product of a Christian family with my mom and dad and grandmother." He was a speaker at the Fellowship of Christian Athletes' "Nights of Champions" program in 2017. When asked in mid-2019 about his status at Andretti Autosport beyond the end of that season, Rossi replied that his career path was "in God's hands."

Media appearances.

Rossi's 2016 Indianapolis 500 win earned him a nomination at the 2016 ESPY Awards for Best Driver. He attended the awards ceremony on July 13, though the award went to NASCAR's 2015 Sprint Cup Series champion, Kyle Busch.  In March 2017, Rossi was a guest on an episode of Harry Connick Jr.'s eponymous talk show, "Harry". He has appeared on "The Rich Eisen Show" on two occasions, in July 2016 after winning the Indianapolis 500 and again in January 2018.  Rossi appeared on the 30th season of CBS' "The Amazing Race" with fellow IndyCar driver Conor Daly as his teammate. The pair won the fourth leg of the race, though they were eventually eliminated, finishing in fourth place. On April 19, 2018, he appeared on the season four premiere of CNBC's "Jay Leno's Garage" alongside Tanner Foust.

Helmet.

Rossi's Manor Marussia F1 helmet featured a red, white, and blue design with prominent sponsorship placement for Alaska Coffee Roasting, one of his longtime personal sponsors. He also ran a "#JB17" decal on his visor honoring his former teammate Bianchi. Since moving to IndyCar with Andretti, Rossi has continued running the #JB17 decal, though it has since been moved to an area just below the visor on either side of the helmet. The basic design remains similar to his helmet from his brief Formula One career, though the blue background has changed to a combination of black and gray, and additional sponsorship placements have been added to represent his partnerships with TAG Heuer and Honda. For the 2018 Indianapolis 500, TAG Heuer tapped street artist Alec Monopoly to design Rossi's helmet for the race. The helmet featured a more colorful design with graphics meant to resemble street art.  After his Bathurst 1000 debut, Rossi auctioned off his helmet, donating the proceeds to Wires Wildlife Rescue in aid of the Australian bushfires.

Racing record.

Career summary.

† – As Rossi was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.
 * - Season still in progress.

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results.

Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

Complete GP2 Series results.

) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in "italics" indicate fastest lap)

American open–wheel racing.

IndyCar Series.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Season still in progress.

Alexander Michael Rossi (born September 25, 1991) is an American professional racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the IndyCar Series, driving the No. 27 Honda for Andretti Autosport. Rossi is best known for winning the Indianapolis 500 as a rookie in 2016.

Alexander Rossi (* 25. září 1991 Nevada City) je americký bývalý pilot Formule 1. Závodil v roce 2015 za tým Manor s vozem Marussia MR03. Je vicemistrem GP2 Series pro rok 2015 a vítězem legendárního závodu 500 mil Indianapolis, který vyhrál v roce 2016. Momentálně závodí v IndyCar Series.


Implementation.

The Proclamation of Rebellion was drafted before Colonial Secretary Lord Dartmouth had been given a copy of the Second Continental Congress's Olive Branch Petition. Because King George III refused to receive the colonial petition, the Proclamation of Rebellion of 23 August 1775 effectively served as an answer to it.  On 27 October, North’s Cabinet expanded on the proclamation in the Speech from the Throne read by King George III at the opening of Parliament. The King's speech insisted that rebellion was being fomented by a "desperate conspiracy" of leaders whose claims of allegiance to the King were insincere; what the rebels really wanted, he said, was to create an "independent empire". The speech indicated that King George intended to deal with the crisis with armed force and was even considering "friendly offers of foreign assistance" to suppress the rebellion without pitting Briton against Briton. A pro-American minority of members within Parliament at the time warned the government was driving the colonists towards independence, something many colonial leaders insisted they did not desire.

American response.

On 6 December 1775, the Continental Congress issued a response to the Proclamation of Rebellion saying that, while they had always been loyal to the King, Parliament never had legitimate claim to authority over them, because the colonies were not democratically represented. Congress argued it was their duty to continue resisting Parliament's violations of the British Constitution, and that they would retaliate if any supporters in Great Britain were punished for "favouring, aiding, or abetting the cause of American liberty". America still hoped to avoid the "calamities" of a "civil war". The King's proclamation and the speech from the throne undermined moderates in Congress like John Dickinson, who had been arguing the King would find a way to resolve the dispute between colonies and Parliament. When it became clear George III was not inclined to act as a conciliator, attachment to empire was weakened, and a movement towards independence became a reality, culminating in America's Declaration of Independence on the 4th of July 1776.

Revocation.

King George III addressed the opening session of Parliament on December 5, 1782 in a Speech from the Throne. It was his first address since the resignation of Lord North as his wartime Prime Minister, which was delivered in the last session at Parliament's resolution to end offensive war in North America. In the intervening time the King assured his Lords and Gentlemen that he had lost no time ordering the end of “the further prosecution of offensive war upon the continent of North America”.  After considering his option to renounce the British crown and retire to his German estates as Prince of Brunswick in the Holy Roman Empire, George III reassured Parliament that he would follow the wishes of “my Parliament and my people” as he had promised at his coronation Speech from the Throne. George III then reported to the joint session that he had offered the US Congress his declaration of the rebelling North American colonies as “free and independent states” in the final treaty of peace. The King gave notice to Parliament that had been agreed upon, as well as other preliminary terms.  His closing remark on American independence was, "Religion, language, interest, affections may, and I hope will, yet prove a bond of permanent union between the two countries. To this end, neither attention nor disposition shall be wanting on my part."

The Proclamation of Rebellion, officially titled A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, was the response of George III to the news of the Battle of Bunker Hill at the outset of the American Revolution. Issued on 23 August 1775, it declared elements of the American colonies in a state of "open and avowed rebellion". It ordered officials of the empire "to use their utmost endeavours to withstand and suppress such rebellion". The 1775 proclamation of rebellion also encouraged subjects throughout the empire, including those in Britain, to report anyone carrying on "traitorous correspondence" with the rebels to be punished.

Proclamation of Rebellion bylo prohlášení britského parlamentu o potlačení povstání amerických kolonií, oficiálně nazvané "Prohlášení o potlačení povstání a pobuřování." Byla to reakce Jiřího III.na zprávy o bitvě na Bunker Hill na začátku americké revoluční války.


History.

The GAZ M13, debuted in 1958. It was produced from 1959 to 1981, with 3,179 built in all. The M13 was powered by a 195-hp SAE gross 5.5 L V8 and driven through a push-button automatic transmission of a similar design to the Chrysler PowerFlite unit. It was offered as a saloon (GAZ 13), limousine (GAZ 13A), and four-door cabriolet (GAZ 13B) with an electrohydraulic top. The cabriolet was made in 1961 and 1962 for official parades.  RAF in Riga produced the GAZ 13A Universal, an estate, in the 1960s in Riga; this was also built as the GAZ 13C ambulance, as well as a hearse. Produced for a few years in the 1960s, it is the lowest-volume Chaika variant. Small numbers were also built for Mosfilm. As a limousine-class car, Chaikas were available only to the Soviet government, and could not be purchased by average citizens. However, citizens were allowed to rent Chaikas for weddings. Chaikas were used by Soviet ambassadors and Communist Party First Secretaries in East Germany, North Korea, Bulgaria, Hungary, Mongolia, and Finland, among others; Fidel Castro was given one by General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, who himself preferred the Chaika to his ZIL, and kept one at his summer dacha. He also presented one limousine version each to both King Sisavang Vatthana of Laos and Prime Minister, Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia on their visits to the Soviet Union. For their larger size and more powerful V8, Chaikas were also ordered in some quantity by the KGB. Top speed was.  Most Chaikas were saloons. The M13B was built for only two years 1961 and 1962. The GAZ 13 was discontinued in 1981. The M14 debuted in 1977, and ran to the end of Chaika production in 1988. Enthusiasts often point to the 1955-56 U.S. Packards as the inspiration for the early Chaika's styling.

The GAZ-13 is an automobile manufactured by the Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod (GAZ, Gorky Automobile Plant) from 1959 to 1981 as a generation of its Chaika marque.

GAZ-13 Čajka nebo též GAZ-M13 Čajka je luxusní automobil vyráběný jako sedan, limuzína a v omezeném počtu též jako kabriolet v továrně GAZ (zkratka názvu Gorkovskij Avtomobilnyj Zavod) od roku 1959 do roku 1981 jako první generace automobilů v řadě "Čajka".


Early life.

Judith Katrijntje Oosterhuis was born on 5 February 1973 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. She is the daughter of theologian and former Catholic priest Huub Oosterhuis and violinist Jozefien Melief of the Amsterdam Promenade Orchestra. Her older brother is Tjeerd Oosterhuis (born 1971).

Total Touch.

In 1990, she formed the band Total Touch with her brother Tjeerd and, in 1991, they participated in the Grote Prijs van Nederland, the most important amateur musician contest in the Netherlands. Trijntje got the opportunity to tour with Candy Dulfer in 1994 after collaborating with her on the album "Big Girl". Originally the tour was supposed to last six weeks; however, it became a two-year tour around the world.  Total Touch was offered a record deal in 1995 and their debut album "Total Touch" was released in 1996. The first single, "Touch Me There", became a summer hit and went Platinum, selling over 100,000 copies in its first month - despite only peaking the Dutch charts at number 14. The next album "This Way" became their first number-one album and was equally successful, although the album was not well known internationally. In 1999, they took a small break, and Trijntje Oosterhuis released a live album with covers of Stevie Wonder.

Solo career.

In 2001, Total Touch decided to go their separate ways, with Tjeerd wanting to focus on production and songwriting and Trijntje wanting to launch her solo career.  Oosterhuis's debut solo album, "Trijntje Oosterhuis", consisted mainly of ballads and presented her as a diva. Trijntje personally has a fondness for Jazz instead of pop ballads, and, in 2004, she therefore signed a record deal with Blue Note and released the live album "Strange Fruit", consisting of Billie Holiday and George Gershwin covers. The album received critical acclaim, and Trijntje finally managed to achieve fame beyond her home country.  In September 2004, Trijntje gave birth to her son Jonas. On 31 July 2006, she gave birth to a second son, Marijn Benjamin van den Eeden. Her second jazz album called "The Look of Love (Burt Bacharach Songbook)" was recorded with Burt Bacharach, who plays the piano on two tracks and was released on 20 November 2006. The new album was certified Platinum on the day of release, for having shipped more than 70,000 copies. In December 2006 Trijntje toured with the Metropole Orchestra performing covers of Burt Bacharach and Christmas songs.  In 2007, she released a second volume of her collaboration with Burt Bacharach entitled "Who'll Speak for Love", with Bacharach again playing piano on three tracks. In 2008, she released a CD and DVD of an acoustic concert performance with guitarist Leonardo Amuedo, entitled "Ken Je Mij" ("Do You Know Me").  In September 2008, she was one of the special guests at the Symphonica in Rosso concert in Arnhem, starring Lionel Richie. During this concert she sang the duet "Face in the Crowd" with Richie, which performance is included in Richie's album "Just Go".  In 2009 and 2010, her song "What the World Needs Now" was the theme for Brazilian soap opera "Viver a Vida" made by Rede Globo. In early 2011, Oosterhuis released the album "Sundays in New York". The CD was given away free to lucky readers of the Saturday 15 January 2011 edition of the Dutch newspaper "AD".  A year later, in January 2012, Dutch singer Anouk made two videos of her and Trijntje working together in a studio, available through Twitter and Facebook. Initial assumptions were made that Anouk and Trijntje were recording a duet for Trijntje's next album. Soon after, it was announced that Anouk was writing songs for the album and producing it. The new album, named "Wrecks We Adore", was officially released on 13 April 2012. In 2012, Oosterhuis replaced Angela Groothuizen as a coach on the third season of "The Voice of Holland" alongside Nick & Simon, Roel van Velzen and Marco Borsato. Her final contestant, Leona Philippo, reached the final and won. Oosterhuis remained on the show until the end of the fifth season in 2014.  Trijntje Oosterhuis represented the Netherlands at the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Walk Along". However, Oosterhuis failed to qualify for the final.  On 8 December 2015 she gave birth to her third child, a baby girl named Maël Joni.  Between 2012 and 2017 Oosterhuis was a member of Ladies of Soul, a supergroup completed by Candy Dulfer, Glennis Grace, Berget Lewis and sister-in-law Edsilia Rombley. They staged annual arena-shows since February 2014 performing collective and solo-tracks as well as cover-versions. In June 2017 Oosterhuis announced her departure from the Ladies of Soul to focus on her solo-career; she did return as a special guest during the 5th anniversary-shows on March 23 and 24, 2018.  In September 2017, Oosterhuis released the Dutch-language covers-album "Leven van de liefde" ("Living off love").  In September 2018, Oosterhuis was part of the Dutch television programm "Beste Zangers".  In March 2019, Oosterhuis released the first single from her forthcoming album "Dit is voor mij" ("This is for me"); the same month she played a 25th anniversary-concert in a sold out Ziggo Dome. Amidst a summer-tour of festivals and special concerts, Oosterhuis appeared at North Sea Jazz Festival. These dates were followed by a club tour.

Discography.

As solo artist  With Total Touch

Judith Katrijntje "Trijntje" Oosterhuis (; born 5 February 1973) is a Dutch singer and songwriter. She formed the band Total Touch in 1990 with her brother Tjeerd Oosterhuis before she started as a solo singer. She represented the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Walk Along", placing fourteen in the first semi-final with 33 points and winning the Barbara Dex Award of the year.

Trijntje Oosterhuis, celým jménem Judith Katrijntje Oosterhuis (* 5. února 1973 Amsterdam) je nizozemská popová a jazzová zpěvačka. V letech 1990–2001 zpívala ve skupině Total Touch, kterou založila spolu se starším bratrem Tjeerdem Oosterhuisem, od té doby vystupuje jako sólistka. V roce 2012 byla porotkyní soutěže The Voice of Holland. Reprezentovala Nizozemsko na soutěži Eurovision Song Contest 2015, kde nepostoupila do finále a byla jí udělena Barbara Dex Award. V letech 2012–2017 byla členkou superskupiny Ladies of Soul.


Background and education.

Born in London on 4 May 1822, Peel was the eldest son of Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, the statesman, and Julia, daughter of Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet. He went to Harrow School in February 1835. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford on 26 May 1841, but did not take a degree.

Diplomatic career.

Entering the diplomatic service, he became an attaché to the British legation at Madrid on 18 June 1844. He was promoted to be secretary of legation in Switzerland on 2 May 1846, and was chargé d'affaires there in November 1846. On his father's death, on 2 July 1850, and his own succession to the baronetcy, he resigned his office at Bern(e).

Political career.

Entering the House of Commons as the 'Liberal-Conservative' (i.e. as one of the Peelites) member for his father's former constituency, Tamworth, on 19 July 1850, he had every opportunity open to him of taking a distinguished place in public life. He had a fine presence and gaiety of manner, and was popular in social life; while his oratorical gifts – a rich ringing voice, a perfect command of language, rare powers of irony, a capacity for producing unexpected rhetorical effects – ought to have rendered his success in parliament a certainty. But he used his abilities fitfully. The want of moral fibre in his volatile character, an absence of dignity, and an inability to accept a fixed political creed, prevented him from acquiring the confidence of his associates or of the public.  On 24 April 1854 he was shipwrecked off the coast of Genoa in the "SS Ercolano", and only saved his life by swimming ashore on some portion of the wreck. From 29 March 1854 to 1859 he served as a captain in the Staffordshire Yeomanry. In March 1855 Lord Palmerston, who had been Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs while Peel was in the diplomatic service, appointed him a junior Civil Lord of the Admiralty. Henceforth he was regarded as a Liberal, and his persistent advocacy of the liberation of Italy fully justified this view of his political opinions.  In July 1856 he acted as secretary to Lord Granville's special mission to Russia at the coronation of Alexander II. On 5 January 1857, during a lecture delivered at the opening of the new library at Adderley Park, near Birmingham, he spoke discourteously of the Russian court and the court officials. The lecture was severely commented on by the Russian and French press, was the subject of a parliamentary debate, and caused great annoyance to the English court.  Nevertheless, on Palmerston's return to power, he, on 26 July 1861, made Peel Chief Secretary for Ireland and a privy councillor. In this position his careless good humour pleased the Irish and the prime minister, and he almost thought he had solved the Irish question when he made excursions incognito through the country on a jaunting-car and interviewed the peasants. His speeches were very optimistic; but, before his connection with the castle ended, fenianism came to a head. Irish debates became more embittered, and his replies and speeches in parliament lacked discretion and were not calculated to promote peace. In February 1862 he received a challenge from the O'Donoghue, but the matter was brought before the commons on 25 February and was adjusted. Although he took a warm interest in some Irish questions, especially higher education, which he had aided by a handsome contribution to the Queen's Colleges founded by his father, his career in Ireland was a failure. When the Liberal government was reconstituted, after the death of Lord Palmerston, by Lord John Russell, to whom Peel's failings were peculiarly obnoxious his post was filled by Chichester Fortescue and he did not again hold office. On 5 January 1866 he was created G.C.B.. He continued to sit for Tamworth as a Liberal, but was often a severe critic of Mr. Gladstone's policy. In 1871 he gave a remarkable proof of his eloquence by describing to the House the rout, which he had himself witnessed, of the French army of General Bourbaki, and its flight over the Swiss frontier in the depth of winter during the Franco-Prussian War. In 1874 he for a second time christened himself a Liberal-Conservative; and when the eastern question, during Lord Beaconsfield's administration, came to the front, he wholly separated himself from the followers of Mr. Gladstone. He did not stand for Tamworth at the general election in 1880, but unsuccessfully contested Gravesend in the conservative interest; and his voice was often heard on Conservative platforms, denouncing the action of the Liberal administration in Egypt and Ireland. In "The Times" of 8 May 1880 he published a letter, in which he recounted the offers from various governments of honours and offices which he had refused. On 21 March 1884 he was returned as a Conservative member for Huntingdon. When that borough was disfranchised, he was, in November 1885, returned for Blackburn.  On the critical division on the second reading of the Home Rule Bill, on 7 June 1886, he abstained from voting. At the general election in the following July Peel contested the Inverness Burghs for the Liberal party against a Liberal Unionist who had broken with his party on the issue of Home Rule. Peel was not successful. Subsequently, with characteristic impetuosity, he threw himself into the home rule agitation as a supporter of the Irish demands, and at a by-election in 1889 was the Liberal candidate for Brighton, duly advocating (Irish) home rule. Neither of the incumbents returned had been Liberals since the election of 1880 but the by-election was expected to be a closer affair, and polling 39.3% of the vote, he decided not to stand again to be an MP.

Horse racing.

From about 1856 he was extensively engaged in racing under the name of Mr. F. Robinson; and later on had an establishment at Bonehill, near Tamworth, where he bred horses.

Later life.

His father's fine collection of 77 pictures and 18 drawings, including "Chapeau de Poil" by Rubens, he sold to the National Gallery in March 1871 for. Per "The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland" (1883) he owned across Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Lancashire yielding an annual rent of £24532. However, in later life his private circumstances, a reckless extravagance and rift from his wife, meant he ceased to live at Drayton Manor, Staffordshire. These circumstances made him a stranger there in his final years. His last public appearance was the week before his death, attending St James's Hall to protest atrocities in Armenia. "The Times" wrote his obituary to include a statement that his death "left no gap in English public life...his career has closed in disappointment and futility." It added "he had much of his great father's impressive dignity, though without any of his stiffness, for which, indeed, he substituted a Bohemian easiness of manner."

Family.

Peel married Lady Emily Hay, seventh daughter of George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale, on 13 January 1856. Twin daughters Gwendolin Cecilia and Agnes Helen (1860-1964) were born in 1860 followed by Victoria Alexandrina Julia (1865-1935), Robert (1867-1925) and Evelyn Emily (1869-1960). On 9 May 1895, aged 73, Peel was found dead, from hæmorrhage on the brain, in his bedroom at 12 Stratton Street, London. His valet had to enter his room via a window and summoned his doctor from Harley Street. He was buried at Drayton Bassett's Anglican church on 16 May. His probate was sworn that year at. His son Robert succeeded in the baronetcy, and he left three daughters. Lady Peel died in April 1924 in Florence at the age of 88.

Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet, GCB, PC (4 May 1822 – 9 May 1895) was a British Peelite, Liberal and for 1884-1886 Conservative Member of Parliament (MP).

Sir Robert Peel, 3. baronet Peel z Clanfieldu ("Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet Peel of Clanfield") (4. května 1822, Londýn, Anglie – 9. května 1895, Londýn, Anglie) byl britský politik, nejstarší syn premiéra Roberta Peela. Byl dlouholetým členem Dolní sněmovny, působil jako diplomat a v letech 1861–1865 byl ministrem pro Irsko. Po otci byl jedním z nejbohatších velkostatkářů v Anglii.


Background.

The book was rejected for publication in 1925, due in part to the influence of Lev Kamenev, then a leading Party official. Bulgakov subsequently wrote a play based on the story in 1926 for the Moscow Art Theater. However, the play was cancelled after the manuscript and copies were confiscated by the secret police, or OGPU. Eventually, Maxim Gorky intervened to get the manuscript returned.  The story was published in the Soviet Union only in 1987, more than 60 years after its completion, but was made known to Russian readers via "samizdat." In 1968, it was published in English by Harvill Press, translated by Michael Glenny.  One suggestion for the real life prototype for Professor Preobrazhensky is a Russian surgeon Serge Voronoff who was famous for his experiments on implanting humans with animal's testicles and thyroid glands, though there were others who did similar work. Another suggestion is professor Vasily Preobrazhensky, who headed the St. Petersburg Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the time the novella was written. His first scientific publication was about the transplantation of ovaries to males. Like the fictional professor, he "did not like the proletariat", and possibly for this he was banished to Arkhangelsk, where he continued his work, including transplants of ovaries, with a hearsay report of short-term rejuvenation effect.

Plot.

Moscow, 1924. While foraging for trash one winter day, a stray dog is found by a cook and scalded with boiling water. Lying forlorn in a doorway, the dog awaits his end awash in self-pity. To his surprise, a successful surgeon, Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky (whose name is derived from 'transformation' or 'transfiguration'), arrives and offers the dog a piece of sausage. Overjoyed, the dog follows Filip back to his flat, where he's given the name of Sharik. The dog finds it ironic, as he sees 'Sharik' fit for a pampered fat dog (it means 'little ball').  At the house, Sharik gets to know Dr. Preobrazhensky's household, which includes Doctor Ivan Arnoldovich Bormenthal (the professor's student and protegé) and two female servants: Zinaida Prokofievna Bunina and Darya Petrovna Ivanova. Despite the Professor's vocal anti-communism, his frequent medical treatment of the RCP(b) leadership makes him untouchable. As a result, he refuses to decrease his seven-room flat and treats the Bolsheviks on the housing committee, led by Schwonder, with unveiled contempt. Impressed by his new master, Sharik slips easily into the role of "a gentleman's dog".  After several days, one of the servants begins taking Sharik for walks through Moscow. Preening in his new collar, Sharik is unmoved by the taunts of a passing stray. After his health improves, the Professor at last reveals his real intentions for taking in Sharik. As Filip's laboratory is prepared, he locks Sharik in the bathroom.  As a seething Sharik plots to again destroy Filip's stuffed owl, the door opens and he is dragged by the skin of his neck into the lab. There, he is sedated and an operation begins. As Bormenthal assists, the Professor trepans Sharik's skull and gives him a human pituitary gland. Sharik's torso is also opened and he is given human testicles. These organs were cut from Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin – killed in a brawl – thief-recidivist, an alcoholic and a bully. Only repeated injections of adrenaline prevent the dog from dying on the operating table.  It's after this point that the story shifts from being told from the perspective of Sharik to being told from the perspective of Bormenthal, via his notes on the case, and then finally to a third person perspective.  During the weeks after the operation, the household is stunned as Sharik begins transforming into an incredibly unkempt and, at first, primitive human. After building an alliance with Schwonder, the former canine is granted papers under the absurd name "Poligraf Poligrafovich Sharikov". Preobrazhensky wanted to pick a name from his Orthodox Christian calendar and Sharik instead picked the publisher name – "Poligraf" (which in Russian is the root of several words related to printing art and technology).  In the aftermath, the Professor and Bormenthal patiently attempt to teach Sharikov basic etiquette. Instead, Sharikov mocks manners as a relic of Tsarism. He insists that it's better to behave "naturally". As a result, Sharikov curses in front of women, refuses to shave, dresses in unwashed clothing, and eats like a complete slob.  Meanwhile, Sharikov progressively turns the Professor's life into a living hell. One day, he accidentally turns on the spigot while chasing a cat. With the bathroom door locked and Sharikov unable to unlock it, the entire apartment is flooded. Later, he is caught attempting to sexually assault one of the female servants. Enraged, Bormenthal repeatedly hits Sharikov and forces him to apologize. Infuriated, Sharikov leaves the apartment and remains gone for several days.  Later, Bormenthal begs the Professor for permission to dose and kill Sharikov with arsenic, calling him a "man with the heart of a dog". The Professor is horrified and orders Bormenthal not to "slander the dog". He explains that the human body parts, which came from a homeless drunkard with Bolshevik sympathies, are responsible for all of Sharikov's defects. Bormenthal then suggests that they redo the operation, using the body of a genius. Again the Professor refuses, explaining that the operation was meant to improve the Human race. Breaking with his former beliefs, the Professor admits that any peasant woman could give birth to a genius and that eugenics are therefore a waste of time. In conclusion, the Professor refuses to permit Sharikov's murder or to undo the operation, which could easily kill him as well.  Soon after, Sharikov returns, explaining that he has been granted a job by the Soviet State. He now spends his work-day catching and strangling stray cats. The Party, he says, is turning them into cheap fur coats for the working class. Soon after, Sharikov brings home a female co-worker, whom he introduces to the Professor as his common law wife.  Instead of giving them their own room as Sharikov demands, the Professor takes the woman aside and explains that Sharikov is the product of a lab experiment gone horribly wrong. The woman has been told that Sharikov was maimed fighting Admiral Alexander Kolchak's White Army in Siberia. Upon learning the truth, she leaves the apartment in tears. Seething with hatred, Sharikov vows to have her fired. Again Bormenthal beats up Sharikov and makes him promise not to do anything of the sort.  The following day, a senior Party official, patient and good friend of Professor Preobrazhensky, Pyotr Alexandrovich, arrives and informs the Professor that Sharikov has denounced him to the secret police or CHEKA. Explaining that nothing is going to happen to him due to the State's distrust of Sharikov, the Party official departs. When Sharikov returns, the Professor and Bormenthal order him to leave the flat permanently. Instead, Sharikov refuses and draws a revolver. Enraged, the Professor and Bormenthal pounce upon him.  That night, an ominous silence reigns in the flat and the lights are left on for many hours after bedtime. Over the days that follow, the Professor and Bormenthal look far more relaxed than at any time before Sharikov's arrival. Eventually, the police arrive escorted by a beaming Schwonder.  Bearing a search warrant, they demand that the Professor and Bormenthal produce Sharikov on pain of immediate arrest. Unintimidated, the Professor orders Bormenthal to summon Sharikov, who is changing back into a dog. The Professor explains the change as a natural phenomenon, although it's obvious to the reader that he and Bormenthal have simply reversed the operation. Followed by the now apoplectic Schwonder, the police depart.  In the aftermath, the fully canine Sharik blissfully resumes his status as a gentleman's dog. However, in the ending of the book, he describes the Professor bringing home a human brain and removing the pituitary gland. This perhaps shows that Sharik retains some memories of his time as a human, or that Filip intends to carry out a similar experiment.

Themes.

The novella has been interpreted both as a satire on the Bolshevism and as a criticism of eugenics. One commonly accepted interpretation is that Bulgakov was trying to show all the inconsistencies of the system in which Sharikov, a man with a dog's intelligence, could become an important part. Sharik is seen as "a reincarnation of the repellent proletarian", and the professor represents a "hyperbolic vision of the bourgeois dream", according to J. A. E. Curtis.  Names figure prominently in the story. Preobrazhensky's name is derived from the Russian word for "transfiguration". "Sharik" is a common name for dogs in Russia meaning "little ball".  The name and patronymic "Poligraf Poligrafovich" echoes a tradition of nonsense double names in Russian literature that goes back to Nikolai Gogol's heroes Akakii Akakievich in "The Overcoat" and Pifagor Pifagorovich in "The Carriage". The name is also a satire on new naming conventions in the early Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the name was chosen following the Russian tradition of "consulting the calendar," with Poligraf's name day being March 4. The name Poligraf has many possible meanings, including a printing process used for calendars.  The name of the donor of the human implants, an alcoholic and bum, is Chugunkin ("chugun" is cast iron) which can be seen as parody on the name of Stalin ("stal" is steel).

In popular culture.

A comic opera, "The Murder of Comrade Sharik" by William Bergsma (1973), is based on the plot of the story. The story was filmed in Italian in 1976 as "Cuore di cane" and starred Max von Sydow as Preobrazhensky.  A 1988 Soviet movie, "Sobachye Serdtse", was made (in sepia) by Vladimir Bortko. A number of sequences in the movie were shot from an unusually low dog's point of view.  In 2007, Guerilla Opera staged the premiere of "Heart of a Dog", an opera by Rudolf Rojahn, directed by Sally Stunkel. In 2010, the second production was directed by Copeland Woodruff.  In 2010 De Nederlandse Opera staged the premiere of "A Dog's Heart", an opera composed by Alexander Raskatov, directed by Simon McBurney. This was staged again by the Opéra de Lyon in January 2014.  In March 2011, "Heart of a Dog" was staged at the University of Leeds, directed by James Ahearne and Matthew Beaumont.  A new musical adaptation of "Heart of a Dog" was developed in Australia and was to premiere in May 2013, written by Jim McGrath, composed by Marc Robertson and directed by Nick Byrne.

Heart of a Dog (, "Sobachye syerdtsye") is a novella by Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov. A biting satire of Bolshevism, it was written in 1925 at the height of the NEP period, when communism appeared to be relaxing in the Soviet Union. It is generally interpreted as an allegory of the Communist revolution and "the revolution's misguided attempt to radically transform mankind." Its publication was initially prohibited in the Soviet Union, but it circulated in samizdat until it was officially released in the country in 1987. The novella has become a cultural phenomenon in Russia, known and discussed by people "from schoolchildren to politicians." It has become a subject of critical argument, was filmed in Russian and Italian-language versions, and was adapted in English as a play and an opera.

Psí srdce () je novela ruského autora Michaila Bulgakova. Jedná se o kousavou satiru bolševismu, která byla napsána v roce 1925, kdy vrcholilo období NEPu a zdálo se, že komunismus v Sovětském svazu ztrácí sílu. Všeobecně se toto dílo považuje za alegorii socialistické revoluce a „pomýleného pokusu revoluce radikálně proměnit lidstvo.“ V Sovětském svazu bylo jeho vydání původně zakázáno, ale kolovalo v samizdatu. V Rusku bylo oficiálně vydáno roce 1987. Novela se v Rusku stala kulturním fenoménem, vzbudila rozruch a diskuzi mezi lidmi všech generací, „od školáků až po politiky.“ Vznikly i filmové adaptace, které byly natočeny v ruštině a italštině, v anglickém jazyce vznikla hra a opera. V českém prostředí vzniklo několik divadelních adaptací a rozhlasová inscenace.


Colour polymorphism.

"Poecilia parae" are known to have a number of colour morphs in the males, at least five distinct morphs are known, while there is a single female colour form. The colour of the male is linked to the Y-chromosome. Some of the morphs are always abundant in the wild, and others are invariably rare leading to the conclusion that the colour of the males has implications for their fitness. Laboratory work has shown that the most frequent morph is also the most reproductively successful morph. However, when the females were given the choice between two different males they preferred the rare morph males over the common morph males. This suggests that there are alternative male mating strategies involved such as sperm competition and overt male-male competition, among other possible factors, which override the preferences of the female fishes.

Habitat and biology.

"Poecilia parae" is found in estuaries in areas of both fresh and brackish water. It inhabits small swamps and shallow, slow-flowing creeks located inland with very fresh water. It is also found along riverine vegetation where there is clear water and a bed of mixed sand and mud. They are an ovoviviparous species and the females give birth to 5 to 15 live young after a gestation period of 24 days.

Species description and taxonomy.

"Poecilia parae" was described by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1894 as "Poecilia vivipara parae" with the type locality given as "Ditches of Rua das Mongubas of Pará, Brazil". Carl Leavitt Hubbs used this species as the type species of the subgenus "Micropoecilia", which Fishbase recognises as a genus but does not include this species in it. Other workers support the monophyly of the genus "Poecilia" "sensu lato" with a number of subgenera, including "Micropoecilia" with "P. (Micropoecilia) parae" as the type species. Eigenmann used the specific name "parae" in reference to the Brazilian state of Pará, where the type was collected.

Aquaria.

"Poecilia parae", especially the form "melanozona", is a popular fish in the aquarium trade.

Poecilia parae is a species of fish from the family Poeciliidae which is found in northern South America from Guyana to the mouth of the Amazon River.

Pecilka pobřežní (latinsky: "Micropoecilia parae", slovensky: "Pecilka pobrežná", anglicky: "Swamp guppy, Rivulines, Killifishes, Live bearers") je ryba z čeledi Poeciliidae, která se vyskytuje v severní části Jižní Ameriky od Guyany až po ústí řeky Amazonky. Rybu poprvé popsal v roce 1894 německo-americký ichtyolog Carl H. Eigenmann. Rybu našel v odvodňovacích příkopech Rua das Mongubas v Pará v Brazílii.


Root test explanation.

The root test was developed first by Augustin-Louis Cauchy who published it in his textbook Cours d'analyse (1821). Thus, it is sometimes known as the Cauchy root test or Cauchy's radical test. For a series  the root test uses the number  where "lim sup" denotes the limit superior, possibly ∞+. Note that if  converges then it equals "C" and may be used in the root test instead.  The root test states that:  There are some series for which "C" = 1 and the series converges, e.g. formula_6, and there are others for which "C" = 1 and the series diverges, e.g. formula_7.

Application to power series.

This test can be used with a power series  where the coefficients "c", and the center "p" are complex numbers and the argument "z" is a complex variable.  The terms of this series would then be given by "a" = "c"("z" − "p"). One then applies the root test to the "a" as above. Note that sometimes a series like this is called a power series "around "p"", because the radius of convergence is the radius "R" of the largest interval or disc centred at "p" such that the series will converge for all points "z" strictly in the interior (convergence on the boundary of the interval or disc generally has to be checked separately). A corollary of the root test applied to such a power series is the Cauchy–Hadamard theorem: the radius of convergence is exactly formula_9 taking care that we really mean ∞ if the denominator is 0.

Proof.

The proof of the convergence of a series Σ"a" is an application of the comparison test. If for all "n" ≥ "N" ("N" some fixed natural number) we have formula_10 then formula_11. Since the geometric series formula_12 converges so does formula_13 by the comparison test. Hence Σ"a" converges absolutely.  If formula_14 for infinitely many "n", then "a" fails to converge to 0, hence the series is divergent.  Proof of corollary: For a power series Σ"a" = Σ"c"("z" − "p"), we see by the above that the series converges if there exists an "N" such that for all "n" ≥ "N" we have  equivalent to  for all "n" ≥ "N", which implies that in order for the series to converge we must have formula_17 for all sufficiently large "n". This is equivalent to saying  so formula_19 Now the only other place where convergence is possible is when  (since points > 1 will diverge) and this will not change the radius of convergence since these are just the points lying on the boundary of the interval or disc, so

In mathematics, the root test is a criterion for the convergence (a convergence test) of an infinite series. It depends on the quantity where formula_2 are the terms of the series, and states that the series converges absolutely if this quantity is less than one, but diverges if it is greater than one. It is particularly useful in connection with power series.

Cauchyovo limitní odmocninové kritérium je v matematice kritérium konvergence nekonečné řady. Závisí na hodnotě kde formula_2 jsou členy řady a říká, že řada konverguje absolutně, jestliže tato hodnota je menší než jedna, a diverguje, pokud je větší než jedna. Limitní odmocninové kritérium je obzvláště užitečné pro mocninné řady.