History.

Between 1990 and 2012 Spain had one of the highest rates of motorway growth in Europe..  The first motorways named "autopista" were financed using sovereign debt..  At the end of the 1980s, and before Olympic Games in 1992 in Barcelona, the autonomous Catalan government was interested in increasing the speed limit on new motorways. Between 1987 and 1990, the operations at four new motorways were transferred to private companies, three by the Catalan region and one by the national government.  Building of new sections of "autovia" was increased before the 1992 Olympic Games and the Sevilla World Fair.  The 1984-1992 National Plan built around 3500 kilometers of new "autovia", to reach a network length of 6000 kilometres by 1992, at a cost of 184 million pesetas ( around 1 million euros). At the same time, the new "autovia" standard was closer to the "autopista" standard, as the old "autovia" standard was understood as not providing enough safety. This generated increasing project costs.  Since traffic density is generally lower in Spain than France, it was required that some motorways were to be untolled.Despite a lower traffic density, Spanish motorways remain profitable, because tolls are twice higher in Spain than in France.  Between 2005 and 2014, Spain was the EU country which best performed for decreasing fatalities on motorways, with a decrease score of 66%.

Differences between "autopista" and "autovía".

The distinction between two kinds of high capacity roads is mainly a historical one, seldom with practical consequences for most but the oldest motorways. Both kinds are divided highways with full access control and at least two lanes per direction. General speed limits for both are mandated by the Spanish Traffic Law as, though there are groups that ask for the latter to be raised to. Specific limits may be imposed based on road, meteorologic or traffic conditions.  Autopistas are specifically reserved for automobile travel, so all vehicles not able to sustain at least are banned from them. Thus, they may not be an upgrade to an older road, since the Spanish legislation requires an alternate route to be provided for such vehicles. Many, but not all, autopistas are toll roads, which also mandates an alternate toll-free route (though not necessarily a freeway) under the Spanish laws. An example is the AP-2 toll autopista, which links Zaragoza with Barcelona through the Monegros desert. In this case, the alternative is the N-II, the national road that preceded the A-2 autovía.  On the other hand, autovías are usually (though not always) upgrades from older roads, and always untolled. In general, slow vehicles like bicycles and agricultural machinery are allowed under certain restrictions so as to not disrupt the traffic excessively or cause any danger. Furthermore, an "autovía" will most likely follow the original road very closely, only deviating from it to bypass the towns (which are looped around in "variantes"). Thus, the upgraded road usually serves as the base for one of the two directions of the new autovía, which means the turns can be steeper than in autopistas. All in all, an "autovía": However, most of the situations listed here only apply to the oldest autovías, and mainly to the radial A-1 through A-6 plus the A-42 near their endpoints, which were the first to be twinned in the 60s into dual carriageways (with at-level intersections) and then were upgraded to limited-access freeways in the 70s-80s, keeping most of their old route unchanged except where the old national road ventured into towns. In those cases, the freeway would make a semi-loop called a "variante" around the town, leaving the old national road as the access between the freeway and the town. New autovías usually have perfectly normal acceleration and deceleration lanes, very safe turns and transitable shoulders. Thus, the practical difference between a "new" autovía and a generic autopista is mainly the frequency of exits, which is usually higher in an autovía - upgraded from an old road with many crosses - than in a new, purpose-designed autopista with fewer preconditions imposed on it.

Safety.

It is considered that the construction of motorways has helped to increase safety in Spanish roads, while generating a traffic increase.  Fatalities on motorways have decreased from 776 in 2006 to 277 in 2015.  Spain is one of the countries of the EU with most of road fatalities occurring on motorways rather than other roads: 16% in 2015. But the same year, taking into account the fact that Spain counts a longer distance of road as motorways, Spain is one of the countries with the less motorway fatality rates per 1.000 km of motorways, after Finland, Denmark, Croatia, and Hungary: 18,1 fatalities par 1000 kilometers of motorways.

State-managed motorways.

Most of the high capacity roads in Spain are under the authority of the General Roads Directorate (Sp. "Dirección General de Carreteras") of the Ministry of Public Works, a department of the central Government of Spain, with the exceptions of Navarre and the Basque Country, the only autonomous communities which have been transferred full powers over all roads in their territories. Usually, the DGC manages all road maintenance, but in the case of the tolled "autopistas", the management is commonly delegated to the concessionaire company.  Traditionally, purpose-built autopistas or autovías were assigned names starting with A plus one or two numbers describing their general orientation, while upgraded autovías kept their original names. Thus, the freeway that is currently known as A-5 was still reported as N-V in road signs for years after the upgrade was completed, making it difficult for drivers to know in advance which roads had become autovías. However, in 2003 all Spanish motorways were uniformly renamed with the following criteria: All such names are posted in white letters on blue background, like: A-49 or AP-4. Note that none of these naming and coloring requisites affect roads under the authority of the Autonomous Communities. For example, the A-8 road in the Basque Country is a tolled "autopista", as are the C-16, C-32 and C-33 in Catalonia. Other communities such as Madrid do follow the convention, and have names as MP-203 for a tolled road and M-501 for a free "autovía". Furthermore, roads under the authority of the Andalusian government also start with A, but they have longer numeric codes and different coloring.

Interurban motorways.

The roads listed below form the backbone of the Spanish high capacity network, connecting all provincial capitals and other major towns and destinations. Until recently, the network suffered from a high radiality, which collapsed the several Madrid beltways and the roads into the city and region. Since the 2000s, an effort to improve the situation was made based on two actions:

Beltways, city accesses and urban highways.

Most beltways, full or partial, have originated from the upgrading of one or several roads reaching the town to the autovía level, as the several "variantes" looping around the town were joined in a single beltway that received a new naming such as TO-20 or Z-40. The list below only contains roads that are recognized as autovías or autopistas for at least part of its length, thus disqualifying urban arteries with at-grade intersections or unrestricted direct access to the main lanes, which are better represented by the dual carriageway concept. "*: under construction"

Regional-managed motorways.

The formation of the several Autonomous Communities in the early 1980s led to the transfer of many roads to the new regional authorities. Since then, several of those roads have been upgraded to motorway level in order to ensure the internal vertebration of the region, or to provide alternative high-capacity routes to those managed by the national government when those were inadequate or saturated. All of the old "comarcal" roads (C-nnn) comprising the secondary network were transferred to the Autonomous Communities, splitting them up as necessary; while the "national" roads (N-nnn) that formed the primary network were mostly kept by the State.  The level of control each community has over its road network varies: the Basque Country and Navarre have received the titularity of nearly all roads in their territories, while in other communities the regional network coexists with and complements the national one. Whatever the extension of the road network under its control, all communities have full powers over naming and identification of their roads, provided no name conflicts with a national road or a regional road of a neighbouring community.

Andalusia.

The regional highway network of Andalusia is very extensive, as the territory itself spans nearly a fifth of Spain. There are no special codes for identifying highways: upgraded roads usually keep their name and sign color (orange, green or yellow). However, confusion sometimes arises due to the fact that most regional roads start with the letter A (for "Andalucía"), which is also used by the national government for highways. "*: planned/in construction"

Aragon.

The community of Aragon has only very recently started building its own highway network. The first span was opened to traffic just in 2008, and there are at least three more highways in study. Due to the limited financial capabilities of the Aragon regional government, many of them might be built as toll roads. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Asturias.

The highway network in the mountainous Principality of Asturias is severely limited by the complexity of its relief, with a dense network of river valleys in between ranges such as the Picos de Europa.  Vertebral Asturian motorways have identifiers in the style of national ones, that is, white text on blue background, while roads in process of upgrading keep their old nomenclature until the full route is completed. Such is the case, for example, with the AS-III, which is an upgrade of the AS-17. The prefix is always AS, and Roman numerals are used. "*: planned/in construction"

Balearic Islands.

All of the roads in the Balearic Islands were transferred to the regional government when the Autonomous Community was formed, and several are now under the competence of the several Island Councils ("Consell Insular"). The prefix denotes the island, and the second letter (if any) is lowercase. "Autopista" identifiers are white on blue background, while twinned roads closer to the "autovía" category keep their identifiers.  The lack of highways in several islands should not be taken as a sign of underdevelopment: the road network is well kept, and where highways have not been deemed necessary, expressways are built for an easier upgrade.

Basque Country.

A special case together with Navarre, the Basque Country has received full powers over most roads in its territory, including the "national" roads that comprised the primary network, and nowadays only the AP-1 and the AP-68 are under the direct authority of the Spanish government as part of the "Red de carreteras del Estado" (National Road Network). Currently, roads are managed by the three "Diputaciones Forales" of the Basque provinces.  The fact that such transfer took place before the thorough renaming of national roads and highways in 2003 makes the naming of transferred "national" highways inconsistent with the national network: the A-1 is still called the N-I in the Basque Country, and the same identifier (A-8) applies to the tolled and toll-free parts of the "Autopista del Cantábrico" in Biscay. Furthermore, "new" highways built since then by the provinces have one of the following prefixes: "A" for "Álava-Araba", "BI" for Biscay ("Vizcaya-Bizkaia") or "GI" for "Guipúzcoa-Gipuzkoa". "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Canary Islands.

Following the example of the other insular community in Spain, all roads in the Canary Islands are under the authority of either the regional government or one of the several Island Councils ("cabildo insular"). The prefix denotes the island, and identifiers are usually white on blue background.

Castile-La Mancha.

Another community that has recently started building its own high capacity road network, Castile-La Mancha has completed one "autovía" and has at least five more in varied states of advanced planning and building. In the flat La Mancha, relief does not usually require costly tunnels and bridges, though the region does contain several nature reserves including the Tablas de Daimiel National Park wetlands. Highway identifiers are white on blue background. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Castile and León.

The largest community in Spain by land area, Castile and León has a dense road network, but until recently most of its highways had been part of the national system. The terrain is varied, from the plains of the "Meseta" to the rugosities of the "Montes de León", and archeological remains abound. Regional highways are renamed to A-nnn, always with three digits to avoid clashes with the national network, but usually keeping the original number of the upgraded regional road CL-nnn. Identifiers are white on blue background.  "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Cantabria.

The only community without a high-capacity network of its own, Cantabria is severely held back in such a development by a highly mountainous terrain that multiplies the cost of building any kind of expressway. Thus, its population is served by the national highway network supplemented by regional conventional roads.

Catalonia.

The second most populated community in Spain, Catalonia has a thorough regional road network, with several highways managed by the Generalitat de Catalunya. Also, the state-owned highways previously known as A-16 through A-19 were transferred to the Catalan government and renamed according to the new regional guidelines enacted in 2004. Highway identifiers are white on blue background. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Extremadura.

A sparsely populated community, Extremadura has a terrain that can be considered favourable for a regional highway plan, as the interior is mostly flat. However, the fact that its northern and north-eastern borders are blocked by mountain ranges with typical elevations of over the main mesa, combined with the mentioned demographics of the territory (Extremadura ranks the 5th community in Spain by land area, but only the 12th by population, and none of its cities reach 200,000 inhabitants) has traditionally limited the penetration of even the national highway network.  Nevertheless, the community is in an excellent position for connections between Spain and Portugal (the national highway A-5 reaches Portugal through Badajoz in Extremadura), and in the last decade, the regional government has revealed an ambitious plan that would create four to six regional highways. In addition to the vertebration of the Extremaduran territory, some of these roads are explicitly meant to provide alternative routes to the two national highways in the region (A-5 and A-66), establishing connections between them and an additional route to Portugal to the north of the current one.  It is the policy of the regional government to avoid twinning existing roads (and thus replacing them with the upgraded "autovía"), so instead all autovías are built from scratch even if they are parallel to the old road. All Extremaduran highways are currently named EX-An, with white identifiers on blue background. Some of them have branches named EX-An-Rm, which also have white-on-blue identifiers, but such branches need not be highways themselves even if they are built concurrently with the main road. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Galicia.

Often compared to Scotland because of its orographic similarities, Galicia is a hilly but not mountainous region with an approximate population of 3M people. Its highway network mainly functions as the terminal part of trips, since the vertebral function is mainly coped by the national system. Identifiers start with AG (for "Autovía/Autoestrada galega") and are white on blue background. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

La Rioja.

The small and mountainous region of La Rioja has just started planning regional highways of its own. After an initial plan to upgrade the LR-134 road (Calahorra—Arnedo) was downgraded to a simple twinning with roundabout intersections, a study is now being drawn to build at least a true highway connecting the national highways AP-68 and A-12, with a possible projection into the south of the community. Another highway would provide access from the regional capital beltway to the tolled AP-68. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Madrid.

The region containing the capital city of Spain, Madrid ranks the 3rd community by population, and is by far the most densely populated. Even though it contains the centre of the national radial highway system, the Madrid regional government (traditionally more committed to the expansion of the Metro system) has dedicated vast resources during the last decade to upgrade the regional road network and, where necessary, create new high-capacity roads that both complement the national system and vertebrate zones of the community not covered by the national network.  Madrid regional highways have codes that are no different from other regional roads, with orange, green and yellow backgrounds, even for newly built highways like the M-45. Usually, the upgrade of long roads, twinned or not, to the motorway level is not undertaken at once, so the list below only contains the itinerary for the spans that actually run as highways or have been planned to. For example, the M-506 is "broken" at its connection with the M-419 and the A-42 by a succession of roundabouts until the link with the R-4, so in the list it is separated in two highway stretches. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Murcia.

The coastal region of Murcia is an important touristic destination in Spain. Its nearly 1.5 million inhabitants are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the community, from Murcia city to the coast, while inland zones of Yecla, Jumilla and Caravaca de la Cruz are more sparsely populated. The national highway network provides good connectivity along the coast, with three highways links with Andalusia (A-91, A-7 and the tolled AP-7) and another three with the Valencian Community (A-7 and the tolled AP-7 and AP-37), but only the A-30 motorway connects Murcia with inland Spain. It is thus the goal of the regional government to provide alternative highway corridors that connect the inland border of Murcia to the coastal zones.  All in all, the autonomous government is investing heavily in its highway network, both for trips along the coast and inland-coast connectivity. Due to the expansion of the regional network that this effort is expected to produce, Murcia has recently implemented a new naming scheme for its regional highways, more in accordance with the national network. When the renaming is complete, all highways will be identified by white-on-blue names that start with RM (for "Región de Murcia"). "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Navarre.

The Foral Community of Navarre is another community with full powers over most roads in its territory. However, in contrast to the neighbouring Basque Country, the regional government has decided to keep the identifiers of some highways — namely, those which were part of a national highway before being transferred — in sync with the national system. The only road in Navarrese territory not under the authority of the regional government is the national toll highway AP-68 ("Autopista Vasco-Aragonesa"), which was kept by the state to avoid a four-pronged management by the concessionaire and the Basque, Navarrese and Spanish governments. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

Valencian Community.

The fourth Spanish autonomous community by population and a preferred tourist destination, the Valencian Community has a varied orography, from great plains to prelitoral mountain ranges, and a territory of generally high ecological value. Nevertheless, the regional government has pushed for a rich and tupid highway network, building connections between the various national highways that serve the Community and beltways for the provincial capitals.  Like highways in Madrid and Andalusia, Valencian regional motorways do not have special identifiers different from other autonomic roads, so orange, green and yellow backgrounds are possible. All identifiers are prefixed with CV for "Comunitat Valenciana", the official name of the region.  The regional highway CV-10 is currently being expanded to the limit with Catalonia and will be transferred to the national Government as a new stretch of the A-7 ("Autovía del Mediterráneo"). The same applies to the CV-40 highway. "*: in construction" — "†: planned"

The Spanish motorway (highway) network is the third largest in the world, by length., there are of High Capacity Roads (Sp. "Vías de Gran Capacidad") in the country. There are two main types of such roads, autopistas and autovías, which historically differed in the strictness of the standards they are held up to.

Dálnice ve Španělsku představují 11. nejdelší dálniční síť na světě. V roce 2016 bylo ve Španělsku 17 109 km dálnic. Ve Španělsku se rozlišují dva typy dálnic: autopista a autovía, které se od sebe liší použitými standardy. Zpoplatnění dálnic zde funguje formou mýtného systému, nicméně většina sítě nepodléhá žádnému zpoplatnění. Maximální povolená rychlost na španělských dálnicích je 120 km/h. Některé dálnice také spadají do správy jednotlivých autonomních společenství případně i měst.


Plot.

In a nursing home in his wheelchair, Frank Sheeran, an elderly World War II veteran, recounts his time as a hitman for a crime syndicate.  In 1950s Philadelphia, Sheeran works as a delivery truck driver and starts to sell some of the contents of his shipments to local gangster Skinny Razor, a member of the Philadelphia crime family headed by Angelo Bruno. After the company Sheeran works for accuses him of theft, union lawyer Bill Bufalino gets the case thrown out after Sheeran refuses to name his customers to the judge. Bill introduces Sheeran to his cousin Russell Bufalino, head of the Northeastern Pennsylvania crime family. Sheeran begins to carry out jobs for Russell, as well as members of the South Philadelphia underworld, including "painting houses," a euphemism for murder or contract killing. Soon, Russell introduces Sheeran to Jimmy Hoffa, head of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, who has financial ties with the Northeastern Pennsylvania crime family and is struggling to deal with fellow rising Teamster Anthony "Tony Pro" Provenzano, as well as mounting pressure from the federal government. Hoffa becomes close with Sheeran and his family, especially his daughter Peggy, and Sheeran becomes Hoffa's chief bodyguard.  After the 1960 election of John F. Kennedy, Russell is thrilled while Hoffa is livid. Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, who was named Attorney General, forms a "Get Hoffa" squad in an effort to bring down Hoffa, who is eventually arrested and convicted in 1964 for jury tampering.  While Hoffa is in prison, his replacement atop the Teamsters, Frank "Fitz" Fitzsimmons, begins overspending the labor union's pension fund and making interest-free loans to the Mafia. Hoffa's relationship with Tony Pro, himself arrested for

Cast.

Additionally, several actors appear in smaller roles, including Aleksa Palladino as Mary Sheeran, Kevin O'Rourke as John McCullough, Bo Dietl as Joey Glimco, Kate Arrington as Older Connie Sheeran, Jordyn DiNatale as Young Connie Sheeran, Jim Norton as Don Rickles, Al Linea as Sam "Momo" Giancana, Garry Pastore as Albert Anastasia, Daniel Jenkins as E. Howard "Big Ears"

Production.

Development.

In an interview with "The Guardian", Scorsese mentioned that the original contemplation of this project started in the 1980s, stating: "Bob [De Niro] and I had tried for many years to come up with a project. This one actually started about 35 years ago with the idea of the remake of "The Bad and the Beautiful" and the sequel "Two Weeks in Another Town". Somehow we exhausted that." Afterwards, Scorsese approached De Niro with an idea to do an aging hitman story, which did not move forward. De Niro then revived that old discussion and "got the project underway" after reading a copy of the 2004 book "I Heard You Paint Houses" written by Charles Brandt, with Scorsese saying that De Niro "became rather emotional" as he told him about the lead character. Scorsese then became interested in

Financing and budget.

In May 2016, Mexican production company Fábrica de Cine had offered $100 million to finance the film, and through that deal Paramount Pictures would retain domestic rights. IM Global was also circling to bid for the film's international sales rights. STX Entertainment bought the international distribution rights to the film for $50 million beating out other studios like Universal Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Lionsgate, while Fábrica de Cine closed the deal and Paramount retained its domestic rights.  By February 2017, Paramount Pictures had dropped domestic distribution rights for "The Irishman" following the announcement that Fábrica de Cine would not be financing the film due to its climbing budget. Netflix then bought the film rights

Writing.

In July 2009, Brandt received a phone call from De Niro that led to a meeting a month later between the two of them, Scorsese and screenwriter Steven Zaillian. The meeting was supposed to last an hour but ended up lasting four hours. Brandt said that "the material was new to them" and Zaillian already had a script ready, but the additions Brandt made required a do-over. To help, Brandt handed over a screenplay of his own. Brandt said, "Zaillian is a great writer, don't get me wrong [...] I wanted to log the material." In the opening credits and as a

Casting.

The casting director for the film was Ellen Lewis, who was also the casting director in four other Scorsese films. In July 2017, Pacino and Pesci officially joined the cast, with Ray Romano also joining and Bobby Cannavale and Harvey Keitel in final negotiations. Pesci was offered his role a reported 50 times before agreeing to take part, at first saying he did not want to do "the gangster thing again", while Scorsese tried to persuade him "The Irishman" would be "different." De Niro played a big part in convincing Pesci to take the role, telling him "We gotta do this. Who knows if there'll be anything after?" In September 2017, Jack Huston, Stephen Graham, Domenick Lombardozzi, Jeremy Luke, Joseph Russo, Kathrine Narducci, Danny Abeckaser, J. C. MacKenzie, and Craig Vincent joined the cast. In October, Gary Basaraba, Anna Paquin, Welker White, and Jesse Plemons joined the cast of the film. Later, Craig Di

Filming.

Principal photography was originally set to start in August 2017, in and around New York City, and would continue through December 2017. Instead, filming began on September 18, 2017 in New York City and in the Mineola and Williston Park sections of Long Island, and wrapped on March 5, 2018, for a total of 108 days. Additional scenes were filmed in the Hudson Valley in Salisbury Mills and Suffern, among other sites, including Paterson, New Jersey. A posture coach was hired to instruct De Niro, Pacino, and Pesci on how to comport themselves like much younger

Visual effects.

Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) and visual effects supervisor Pablo Helman handled the effects for the film. In August 2015, Scorsese and De Niro made a test reel by recreating a scene from "Goodfellas" (1990), to see if the de-aging could work. Scorsese said that "the risk was there, and that was it. We just tried to make the film. After sitting on the couch for ten years [...] we finally had a way." By the time the film was released, Pacino was 79 years old, with De Niro and Pesci both 76 years old. Scorsese and De Niro made the decision not to use motion tracking markers. Helman said, "He's not going to wear a helmet with little cameras in there... He's going to want to be in the moment with Joe Pesci and Al Pacino

Soundtrack.

Robbie Robertson and music supervisor Randall Poster compiled the soundtrack. It features both original and existing music tracks. Speaking to "Rolling Stone", Robertson said, "this is probably the tenth film I've worked on with Marty [Scorsese], and every time we do it, it's a whole new experience [...] the music score for "The Irishman" was an unusual feat. We were trying to discover a sound,

Release.

"The Irishman" had its world premiere at the 57th New York Film Festival on September 27, 2019, and had a limited theatrical release on November 1, 2019, followed by digital streaming on Netflix starting on November 27, 2019.  "The Irishman"s international premiere was at the Closing Night Gala of the BFI London Film Festival on October 13, 2019. The festival's director Tricia Tuttle said it was an "immense cinephile thrill" to close the event with an "epic of breathtakingly audacious scale and complexity" from "one of the true greats of cinema." The film also had screenings at numerous film festivals, including: Mill Valley, Hamptons, Lumière, San Diego, Mumbai, Rome, Philadelphia, Chicago, Tokyo, Camerimage, Los Cabos, Mar del Plata, and Cairo. Additionally, from November 1 to December 1, 2019, "The Irishman" screened at the Belasco Theatre in New York City, making it the first film to ever screen in the Belasco's 112-year history.  A 23-minute featurette of a roundtable discussion with Martin Scorsese, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Joe Pesci titled "The Irishman: In Conversation" was released on Netflix on November 28, 2019. A three-part companion podcast for the film called "Behind The Irishman" was hosted by Sebastian Maniscalco, and published weekly from December 2 to 16, 2019; there were also three bonus episodes released on January 27, 30, and February 3.

Audience viewership.

According to Nielsen, "The Irishman" was watched by 17.1 million people in its first five days of digital release in the United States, including 3.9 million on its debut day. While the overall total was lower than previous Netflix originals such as "Bird Box" (26 million over its first week in December 2018), 751,000 users watched the film in its entirety on its premiere date (18%), which was on par with "Bird Box" and higher than "" (11%). Nielsen also noted that

Limited theatrical release.

United States.

"The Irishman" received a limited theatrical release on November 1, 2019 in the United States. As part of the continuing tensions between the film markets for direct-to-digital streaming and theatrical releases and distribution of films, several theater chains protested the policy of Netflix for the release of Scorsese's "The Irishman". The film did not play at the theaters owned by AMC, Cinemark, Regal or Cineplex, because the "four week progression to SVOD remains unacceptable to those chains." It was previously reported in

Other countries.

In the United Kingdom, Altitude Film Distribution launched the film through the Everyman and Curzon cinema chains, where the film was shown on about 80 screens, while other British cinema chains, including Picturehouse, Vue, and Odeon, turned down the film in order to uphold the 90-day window that was standard practice across much of Europe. In Italy, "The Irishman" played on about 100 screens via Cineteca di Bologna, the same distributor that released "Roma" in 2018 and caused an uproar among Italian exhibitors, but no similar protests have occurred over "The Irishman". The film also received limited releases in Germany, Spain, Ireland, Japan, Brazil, South Korea, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The film did not play in France because of the country's 30-month window between a film's theatrical release and its availability on TV and other outlets. Despite all of this, "The Irishman" became Netflix's biggest theatrical release both in the United States and internationally.

Marketing.

The announcement trailer for the film premiered during the 91st Academy Awards ceremony on February 24, 2019. Netflix then released a teaser trailer on July 31, 2019, while the official trailer debuted on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on September 25, 2019. The final trailer

Home media.

In January 2020, it was announced that "The

Reception.

Box office.

"The Irishman" opened at three theaters in New York City and five in Los Angeles on November 1, 2019; while Netflix does not publicly disclose box office figures for its films, "IndieWire" estimated that it grossed a "strong" $350,000 in its opening weekend, an average $43,750 per venue. "Deadline" noted that numerous showtimes at several theaters, including Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles and the IFC Center in New York, had sold-out showings. The site also argued that had the film gone wide theatrically, it likely would have become a box office bomb given its 209-minute runtime and large budget, noting that another period crime film with a long runtime that opened the same weekend, "Motherless Brooklyn", failed to meet its projections. Conversely, CNBC wrote that Netflix was "leaving millions on the table" by not giving the film a wide theatrical release, and claimed it could have legged out to at least $100 million at the domestic box office, citing the high demand for

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 424 reviews, with an average rating of 8.77/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "An epic gangster drama that earns its extended runtime, "The Irishman" finds Martin Scorsese revisiting familiar themes to poignant, funny, and profound effect." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 94 out of 100 based on 55 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  Writing for "Time", Stephanie Zacharek gave "The Irishman" a perfect score, calling the film "clever and entertaining, to the point where you may think that's all it's going to be" and that "its last half-hour is deeply moving in a way that creeps up on you, and it's then that you see what Scorsese was working toward all along"; she also added that "the de-aging is distracting at first [...] but the special effects are hardly a deal breaker, and in the end they probably add to the movie's mythological vibe." Similarly, Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" called it "a coldly enthralling, long-form knockout — a majestic Mob epic with ice in its veins", particularly praising Pacino's performance as "the film's most extraordinary." "RogerEbert.com"s Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film three and a half stars out of four, defining Scorsese as "one of the greatest living, though still largely unsung, comedy directors" and also praised the editing of Thelma Schoonmaker.  Benjamin Lee of "The Guardian" wrote that in the film "there's an almost meta-maturity, as if Scorsese is also looking back on his own career, the film leaving us with a haunting reminder not to glamorise violent men and the wreckage they leave behind." Mike Ryan of "Uproxx" called it a "phenomenal film", stating that the de-aging is "pretty good" and "the best I've seen so far", but noted that "if you stare at it, yes, you can see the imperfections [...] but you

Accolades.

At the 92nd Academy Awards, "The Irishman" received 10 nominations for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor for Pacino and Pesci, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best

Interpretation.

In his critical comments on the film and after noting Scorsese's many contributions to the mobster and gangster film genre, Nicholas Rapold of the Lincoln Center Film Society interpreted the main themes of the film to deal more with the subject of the remorseless sociopathic and psychopathic killer than with themes directly related to organized crime. After comparing the film to David Cronenberg's "A History of Violence", Rapold stated: "Frank is not psychopathic, but sociopathic. Whichever the case, one might ask how unusual Frank in "The Irishman" is meant to be. Oddly enough, people in recent years have been spending quite a bit of their spare time watching killers, and in situations outside the usual context of law enforcement. Watching or rewatching assorted acclaimed TV series, I couldn't help noticing how many zero in on people for whom killing is routine: "The Sopranos", "The Americans", "Barry", "Mindhunter", "Killing Eve", "Dexter". (There's also the apocalyptic strand in which almost everyone has already died, like "The Leftovers", or everyone is dead, like "The Good Place", or in the niche case of "Russian Doll", one person keeps dying.) Very often these shows return to the hollowing-out that is felt through the destruction of human life and through the maintenance of the double life required to insulate that pursuit".  Richard Brody, writing for "The New Yorker", found the film to be a dark allegory of American politics and American society, stating: "The real-life Hoffa [was] a crucial player in both gangland politics and the actual practical politics of the day, and the movie's key through line is the inseparability of those two realms. "The Irishman" is a sociopolitical horror story that views much of modern American history as a continuous crime in motion, in which every level of society—from domestic life through local business through big business through national and international politics—is poisoned by graft and bribery, shady deals and dirty money, threats of violence and its gruesome enactment, and the hard-baked impunity that keeps the entire system running".  In his extended comments on "The Irishman", Guillermo del Toro found the thematic content of the film and its depiction of character development to be comparable to the films of "Renoir, Bresson, Bergman, Oliveira or Kurosawa." Using cinematic techniques involving interconnected flashbacks and flashforwards, del Toro found Scorsese's juxtaposition of the "ruthless gangster" depicted in Frank Sheeran with his "diminished, elderly self" as compelling depictions of where "oblivion reigns supreme". Del Toro's thematic emphasis, as he attributes it to Scorsese, is the portrayal of the demise of Sheeran in the frailty of his old age as overshadowing the ruthless and relentless accumulation of his criminal activities which defined his more youthful years, with old age transforming Sheeran into a forgotten shadow of his former self.

The Irishman (titled onscreen as I Heard You Paint Houses) is a 2019 American epic crime film directed and produced by Martin Scorsese and written by Steven Zaillian, based on the 2004 nonfiction book "I Heard You Paint Houses" by Charles Brandt. It stars Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Joe Pesci, with Ray Romano, Bobby Cannavale, Anna Paquin, Stephen Graham, Stephanie Kurtzuba, Jesse Plemons, and Harvey Keitel in supporting roles. The film follows Frank Sheeran (De Niro), a truck driver who becomes a hitman involved with mobster Russell Bufalino (Pesci) and his crime family, including his time working for the powerful Teamster Jimmy Hoffa (Pacino).

Irčan (v anglickém originále The Irishman) je film amerického režiséra Martina Scorseseho. Hrají v něm Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Joe Pesci, Bobby Cannavale, Harvey Keitel a Ray Romano. Scénář napsal režisérův dlouholetý spolupracovník Steven Zaillian podle knihy "Irčan aneb Tak vy malujete kvartýry" (v anglickém originále "I Heard You Paint Houses") od Charlese Brandta. Natáčení filmu začalo v srpnu 2017 v a okolí New Yorku a skončilo na konci prosince 2017. V lednu 2018 bylo oznámeno, že se ve snímku zahraje také rapper Action Bronson. Premiéra filmu proběhla v září 2019 na Newyorském filmovém festivalu. V listopadu 2019 byl zveřejněn na Netflixu.


Plot.

Two years after their final competition, the Bellas have graduated from Barden University, but they all hate their jobs. And to make matters worse, Beca and Jesse's relationship ended in between the second and third film, and Fat Amy and Bumper's relationship didn't last too long either. Beca, Fat Amy, Chloe, Aubrey, Lilly, Stacie, Cynthia Rose, Florencia, Jessica, and Ashley are thrilled when Emily, now a senior and leader of the current Barden Bellas, asks them to sing at an event. Arriving at the reunion, they learn that Emily simply invited them to see the new Bellas.  The Bellas later gather at a bar, disappointed, and express how much they miss each other. Aubrey convinces them to join a USO tour, near her Army officer father. Emily fills in for Stacie, who is eight months pregnant. The Bellas land at a base in Spain, greeted by their liaisons, soldiers Chicago and Zeke. They also meet the other three bands, including the mean-spirited female quartet Evermoist. The others use musical instruments, helping them defeat the Bellas in a riff-off.  Chloe begins to fall for Chicago. Fat Amy learns that Fergus, her estranged father (also a ruthless international crime lord), is staying in their hotel. The Bellas are invited to a party at DJ Khaled's suite. And Fat Amy is invited to a poker tournament. The tournament was a set-up by Fergus, who begs to be in Amy's life, which she agrees to after seeing he has changed. Beca develops a friendship with DJ Khaled's music producer Theo, who is impressed when she easily produces a mix of her own singing on Khaled's editing equipment. Moments later, the party is thrown into chaos when Aubrey accidentally ignites a fire.  While the Bellas are wallowing in disgrace, Stacie calls with news that her daughter, Bella, has been born, reinvigorating the Bellas. Back on the tour, the Bellas perform to adore the crowds. Fergus and Amy are gradually making up, until he accidentally reveals that he is only trying to acquire a US$180 million offshore account created by Amy's mother, causing Amy to disown her father. Meanwhile, DJ Khaled asks Beca to open for him without the other Bellas. Beca politely declines the offer and returns to her room, but still doesn't tell the Bellas she was asked.  The Bellas (besides Beca and Amy) are abducted and taken aboard onto the "Fat Dingo", Fergus' yacht, as an attempt to manipulate Amy. When Amy and Beca learn of the kidnapping, Beca distracts Fergus by leading the Bellas in a performance of "Toxic", while Amy sets up and detonates a bomb. The Bellas escape the yacht, and Fergus is later arrested.  After the Bellas are rescued by the military, Amy reveals DJ Khaled's proposition to Beca to the others. They encourage her to take the chance, agreeing that it is time to move on with their lives. They know they will stay connected to each other as a family. At the USO's final performance, Beca opens for DJ Khaled, then brings the Bellas onstage to sing their final performance – "Freedom! '90".  Gail and John, the public announcers when the Bellas originally competed, have filmed a Bella documentary, only to be appalled when John realizes they didn't record the Bellas' final performance. Now the Bellas' lives are improving: Amy uses her new bankroll for tributes to singers named Amy; Aubrey works as a birthing coach; Flo's juice cart becomes an international brand; Chloe gets into vet school; Cynthia-Rose enlists into USAF flight school; Emily returns to Barden and to her songwriting; Lilly reveals that she was quiet because she was possessed by Satan, the bomb snapped her out of it, and her real name is Esther, and starts a relationship with DJ Dragon Nutz; Aubrey reconnects with her father; Chloe and Chicago become an item; Stacie has her baby (which she names Bella); Beca is now Theo's boss.

Production.

On April 11, 2015, a month before the release of the second film, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would return for a third film, although she stated that she did not know if Anna Kendrick or other cast members would also reprise their roles. She added that she would be "up for a Fat Amy spin-off." Director, star, and producer of the second film Elizabeth Banks acknowledged the possibility of a third film during promotion of "Pitch Perfect 2", saying, "I will say, it would be disingenuous to say that no one’s talking about a "Pitch Perfect 3"; the possibility of it."  On June 10, 2015, a third film was officially confirmed, and Kay Cannon was set to return to write the script. On June 15, 2015, it was announced that Kendrick and Wilson would both reprise their roles, and on July 28, 2015, Brittany Snow signed on to return. Paul Brooks again produced for Gold Circle Films, along with Banks and Max Handelman for Brownstone Productions. On October 27, 2015, Banks was officially announced to return as director for the film, though she exited in that capacity on June 3, 2016. On September 1, 2016, Trish Sie was confirmed to direct the film. On December 13, 2016, it was reported that Ruby Rose was in talks to join the film, while Anna Camp also signed on to return for the sequel. Cannon wrote the script with later drafts by Mike White and Dana Fox; White would eventually receive screenwriting credits alongside Cannon. On January 5, 2017, a table read occurred, with Ester Dean, Hana Mae Lee, Chrissie Fit, Kelley Jakle, and Shelley Regner also being confirmed to reprise their roles, and singer Andy Allo joining as Charity, a rival in a group opposing the Bellas. While it was revealed by vocal director Deke Sharon that Alexis Knapp is returning, she wasn't spotted during the first month of filming, leading fans to show concerns that she might not be returning at all. However, on February 6, she posted a photo on Instagram, confirming her return, and was on set the following day, filming a short cameo performance.

Filming.

Principal photography on the film began on January 5, 2017, and took place in Atlanta, Georgia, and Cádiz, Spain and Nice, France and wrapped on April 3, 2017.  The closing credits included outtakes, rehearsals and behind the scenes footage of the actresses spending time together during production of all three films in the series.

Release.

"Pitch Perfect 3" was initially scheduled for July 21, and August 4, 2017. It had its world premiere in Sydney, Australia, on November 29, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 22, 2017.

Reception.

Box office.

"Pitch Perfect 3" grossed $104.9 million in the United States and Canada and $80.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $184.4 million, against a production budget of $45 million.  In the United States and Canada, "Pitch Perfect 3" was released alongside the openings of "Downsizing" and "Father Figures", as well as the wide expansions of "The Shape of Water" and "Darkest Hour", and was projected to gross $27–35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend. The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews, about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor. Over the three-day weekend, which included Christmas Eve, it grossed $19.9 million (down nearly 70% from the second film's $69.2 million debut), finishing third at the box office, behind "" and "". It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day, for a four-day total of $26.4 million. It dropped 15% the following weekend, grossing $16.8 million, and a total of $21.7 million over the four-day New Year's frame.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 142 reviews, with an average rating of 4.63/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Pitch Perfect 3" strains to recapture the magic that helped the original spawn a franchise, but ends up sending this increasingly unnecessary trilogy out on a low note." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its predecessor.  Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" praised the cast and said, "The new film doesn't add anything revolutionary to the "Pitch Perfect" formula. It still sounds like we're in middle-period "Glee" written by someone who finds Ryan Murphy too solemn. But as directed by Trish Sie, the movie is bubbly, it's fast, it's hella synthetic-clever, and it's an avid showcase for the personalities of its stars."  Frank Scheck for "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote "... what started out as a charmingly offbeat comic premise has inevitably degenerated into the sort of crass commercialism that probably would make the Bellas themselves turn up their noses."

Music.

The official soundtrack was released on December 15, 2017.

Possible sequel.

When asked about a sequel to "Pitch Perfect 3", director Trish Sie said in December 2017: "Of course that's above my pay grade and I have no idea and am not the one making the decisions but as far as I am concerned, I would see these movies on and on and on until they start sucking. I think whether it's these women in the next stage of life or it's a new group of women going through these things, I think there are endless ways to chart the course of the girls' lives and a woman's life." Rebel Wilson posted a picture on social media alongside Brittany Snow, Anna Camp and Chrissie Fit all holding up 4 fingers. This potentially means that Universal might be making a fourth "Pitch Perfect" movie.

Pitch Perfect 3 is a 2017 American musical comedy film directed by Trish Sie and written by Kay Cannon and Mike White. A sequel to "Pitch Perfect 2" (2015) and the third installment in the "Pitch Perfect" series, the film stars Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Hana Mae Lee, Ester Dean, Chrissie Fit, Alexis Knapp, John Lithgow, Matt Lanter, Ruby Rose, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, John Michael Higgins, and Elizabeth Banks. The film follows the Bellas, now graduated from college, reuniting for one final performance together during an overseas USO tour.

Ladíme 3 (v anglickém originále Pitch Perfect 3) je americký muzikálový komediální film z roku 2017. Režie se ujala Trish Sie a scénáře Kay Cannon. Ve snímku hrají hlavní role Anna Kendrick, Anna Camp, Rebel Wilson, Brittany Snow, Hailee Steinfeld, Alexis Knapp, Ester Dean, Hana Mae Lee, Chrissie Fit, Kelley Jakle, Shelley Regner, Elizabeth Banks a John Michael Higgins.


Education.

There are primary and secondary schools in KiraKira. There is compulsory Primary School Education in Kirakira. There is a large Government Boarding School on Makira Island that takes students to year 12 from all over Solomon Islands. Students sleep in bunk beds in dormitories that hold about 40 students. The fees at Government funded boarding schools are modest but still a challenge for Solomon Islanders. Approximately $2000SBD(Approximately US$250) for Board and Tuition for a year at a public Boarding School in Solomon Islands. There is no formal tertiary or trade education in Kirakira. Students must leave the Island to gain further qualifications after leaving school.

Economy.

Government Salaries for positions in Solomon Islands are very low in comparison to advanced economies. A School Principal or Medical Doctor are likely to be earning around $80,000 SBD per annum(About US$10,000)and the nursing and other staff in the hospital are earning much less. The cost of living however is very high compared to the Salaries earned. In Kirakira a Can of soft drink will cost $8–10 SBD and a 1.5-litre bottle of water will cost $12 SBD. Petrol is very expensive in Solomon Islands. It Costs around $90 SBD($11 USD) per US Gallon. The average person in Solomon Islands will not have many possessions-car ownership is an impossible aspiration. The majority of the economy is non-monetary with approximately 80% of the population engaged in subsistence farming. Fishing is another industry. Fresh fish can be found each morning, along with fruit and vegetables, which are sold from the markets which are located on the bay in the center of KiraKira. The diet available in KiraKira is traditional and this may have ensured that the problem of obesity, that is very common in other Melanesian communities, is not as big a problem yet. There is concern that the diet is changing, with more cheap processed foods, such as "two-minute noodles" becoming available in the stores, and this might lead to the diabetic epidemic that is present across much of the Western Pacific, reaching and affecting the people of Kira Kira.  Logging has been a controversial industry on KiraKira, with concerns expressed in the local community, that natural resources were being harvested without any demonstrable benefit being returned to the local community. RAMSI(Regional Assistance Mission for Solomon Islands) have built a number of new homes for the resident police force near the airport. The roads are not sealed and found only along the northern coastline of Makira Island on either side of KiraKira. The aid money from RAMSI has seen the construction of several new bridges which has made transport to KiraKira more accessible. There are only government owned motor vehicles on Makira Island. There is a "bus" service which consists of a flat top truck, that travels back and forth along the road from dawn to dusk, which will stop and give passengers a lift(As long as they are willing to hang on tight for the roads are bumpy!). The cost of a bus ride is $10SBD, but if you are not a local, they may charge you a little bit more.  Kirakira is most known within Solomon Islands for its bananas. There are over 100 different varieties of banana. There are cooking, eating, green, yellow, fat, short and skinny bananas. A brief walk around any market place will give the chance to try and taste a wonderful fresh banana. The community is recognising the importance of the banana to Makira Island by holding the first banana festival.

Tourism.

Kirakira is "Off the beaten track" and receives very few visitors. There is a strong desire to develop tourism as a much need source of sustainable revenue for the Kirakira community. There are unique surfing breaks on Makira Island with its black beaches and wonderful snorkelling particularly in the Islands of just off Kirakira. There are sandy beaches surrounded by opalescent waters at the "Three Sisters" Island group and Ugi Island. These waters are dotted with coral reefs where one can spend hours exploring and finding an exhilarating variety and species of tropical fish. The Islands can be accessed by an outboard motor boat that takes about 45–60 minutes to reach from Kirakira harbour. It makes a perfect day trip for a group of 3–6 people. The cost of Boat Hire, A couple of Guides and Petrol for a Day Trip is around $1500–1800 SBD. If you have a group of 4–6 people and take along some fresh fruit and coconuts for lunch, this can make for an amazing daytrip for about US$50 per person. If you are interested in flora and fauna then there are many exciting bird-watching trails that you can find. There are also some very interesting villages to visit. Perhaps most interesting of all is the fact that in the 21st century people are still living a traditional village based life. In this remote province people still predominantly live in houses built with thatched palm fronds. The society is filled with local "Kastoms" that is refreshingly untouched by the busyness of the rest of the world.  If you are visiting Kirakira you do need to take some precautions to minimise the risk of catching Malaria. These include taking appropriate chemoprophylaxis(Either daily doxycycline or weekly Chloroquinine) and reducing your risk of being bitten by mosquitoes by wearing long sleeves shirts, using insect repellant at dusk and sleeping under a mosquito net wherever possible. You should be wary about swimming in inland river systems as there are saltwater crocodiles and there have been many instances of swimmers being bitten. Tourists and visiting students need to know that there is no TV, no Facebook and for those who are workaholics; no email access. There is reasonable mobile phone access in Kirakira and you can send a short SMS. The most relaxing part of any visit to Kirakira is that you are free from the continuous cycle of news and being accessible to your work that invades all aspects of life in the more developed world. A few weeks spent in Kirakira will do wonders for your conversation skills at night time with your fellow travellers or hosts and you just might manage to read a book or two and lower you blood pressure!  In an exciting development for the local community, Kirakira is going to hold the first banana festival in the first week of June. It is hoped the publicity from this event might encourage more people to be brave enough to travel and experience the unique community in Kirakira.

Health Care.

There is a small 30 bed hospital in KiraKira. There is only one full-time government employed doctor based at the hospital, Dr Arnold Nguduame. He is supported by a team of about 40 dedicated nursing staff. There are two staff on a 2-year exchange program from Japan, that includes, Yasuko Chiba a registered nurse and Takuya Shizume, a physiotherapist. With very limited resources the hospital provides very effective health care to the community. Children have access to a comprehensive immunisation schedule and there are midwives who provide antenatal care and assist with deliveries. There is the capacity to manage infectious diseases such as TB and Malaria, which are common in KiraKira, with access to the appropriate medications to treat these infectious illnesses. Malaria remains an endemic problem on Kira Kira. Over the summer of 2013/2014, approximately 75% of confirmed malaria cases were due to "Plasmodium vivax" and 25% of cases were due to the more dangerous "Plasmodium falciparum".  The hospital does have plain radiography and an ultrasound machine and there is access to a very limited number of blood tests. The hospital's pharmacy has good supplies of antibiotics, anti-malarials and a limited supply of analgesics and cardiorespiratory medications. There are oxygen cylinders. Ketamine sedation is available and allows for the doctor on the Island to do quite a range of minor procedures such as drainage of abscesses and setting of simple fractures is available in KiraKira. There is an operating theatre. Complex cases are referred on to the National Referral Hospital in Honiara and can be transported on one of the four commercial flights that leaves the island each week. The Patients that present for care will often have been bought by their family for a medical consultation after trekking for two or three days to see the doctor. The most common cause of trauma in Kirakira is falling from a Coconut tree. From a young age children and men climb coconut trees to try and harvest a few coconuts or simply because they are thirsty and would like a drink. They are often 5 or 6 metres above the ground and when they fall unfortunately it is the cause of many broken bones.  The population of Makira province is growing rapidly because of a very high birth rate. Each woman usually has an average of 6 children with a very high teenage pregnancy rate. There are efforts by the Health Service to encourage women after their 4th child to consider having a tubal ligation or for their husbands to have a vasectomy. There are also efforts to try and provide better sec education for the young girls to try and reduce the number of teenage pregnancies. There is still much to be done to try to help the people of Makira province make progress towards the Millennium Goals for Maternal and Child Health. Recently, a grant from AusAide allowed for completion of an eye clinic facility at the hospital. It was opened by Mr Andrew Byrnes, the Australian High Commissioner to Solomon Islands, on 28 February 2014.  Sadly there are some conditions, readily treated in developed nations, such as renal failure and cancer, for which there is no treatment available in KiraKira.

Bond University in Kirakira.

Since the beginning of 2013, Australian final year medical students have been completing placements on KiraKira from Bond University. In 2014 Bond University received funding from the Australian Government, through Health workforce Australia to allow Physiotherapy, Urban Design and Nutrition Students to also complete work placements in Kirakira. The project has been very successful and for the last four years has continued to receive support from the Australian Government through the New Colombo Plan. In 2018 the project is to be expanded to included Law Students. The project received a Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine award for making an outstanding contribution to student learning in 2017. Over the last five years there have been almost 200 students from across the University and 50 academic supervisors involved in a project that has provided direct aid and support to the community.  The students and Bond University staff have stayed at the Freshwinds GuestHaus in KiraKira. This place provides single rooms with an ensuite and Dinner and Breakfast for about $90 AUD per night and is very comfortable. Most recently students from other faculties of Bond University have visited KiraKira and completed repairs of the Hospital's pharmacy and repainted the birthing suite, with a plan that further aide efforts and improvements will follow in 2014. A group of Bond University students have formed a charity called, "The Strong Island Foundation". The group have already raised several thousand dollars for the community of KiraKira and plan to expand on the good work that has been done by the students to date.  Several research papers have now been published from the work conducted in Kirakira. These include a paper describing peer to peer supervision as a novel way of students being able to academically and practically support one another in this remote community. There have also been papers published on antenatal care, an audit of the obstetric ward, on Coconut Tree Injuries sustained by Children in Kirakira and most recently a paper that highlights the high perinatal mortality rate of 31 per 1000 live born deliveries that is an ongoing health problem in the remote provinces of Kirakira.

Kirakira the provincial capital of the Makira-Ulawa Province in Solomon Islands. Kirakira is located on the north coast of Makira (formerly San Cristobal), the largest island of the province. It has roads running east to the Warihito River and west to Maro'u Bay.

Kirakira je hlavní město provincie Makira a Ulawa na Šalomounových ostrovech. Kirakira se nachází při severním pobřeží ostrova Makira, (dříve San Cristobal), největším ostrově v provincii. V roce 2013 zde žilo 2461 obyvatel.


Sovereign rule.

Princes Troubetzkoy descend from Demetrius I Starshy, one of Algirdas's sons, who ruled the towns of Bryansk and Starodub. He was killed together with his elder sons in the Battle of the Vorskla River (1399). Demetrius's descendants continued to rule the town of Trubetsk (Troubchevsk) until the 1530s, when they had to convert to Roman Catholicism or leave their patrimony and settle in Moscow. They chose the latter, and were accepted with great ceremony at the court of Vasili III of Russia.

Time of Troubles.

Undoubtedly the most prominent of early Troubetzkoys was Prince Dmitry Timofeievich Troubetzkoy, who helped Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to raise a volunteer army and deliver Moscow from the Poles in 1612. The Time of Troubles over, Dmitry was addressed by people as "Liberator of the Motherland" and asked to accept the Tsar's throne. He contented himself, however, with the governorship of Siberia and the title of the Duke ("derzhavets") of Shenkursk. Prince Dmitry died on May 24, 1625 and was interred in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius.  Quite different was a stance of his first cousin, Prince Wigund-Jeronym Troubetzkoy. He supported the Poles and followed them to Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Time of Troubles. Here his descendants were given enviable positions at the court and married into other princely families of Poland. By the 1660s, however, the only Troubetzkoy left, Prince Yuriy Troubetzkoy, returned to Moscow and was given a boyar title by Tsar Alexis of Russia. All the branches of the family descend from his marriage to Princess Irina Galitzina.

The Trubetskoy family (English), Трубецкой (Russian), Трубяцкі (Belarusian), "Trubecki" (Polish), "Trubetsky" (Ruthenian), Трубецький (Ukrainian), "Troubetzkoy" (French), "Trubezkoi" or "Trubetzkoy" (German), is a Ruthenian Gediminid gentry family of Black Ruthenian stock, like many other princely houses of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later prominent in Russian history, science, and arts. They are descended from Algirdas's son Demetrius I Starshy (1327 – 12 August 1399 Battle of the Vorskla River). They used the Pogoń Litewska coat of arms and the Trubetsky coat of arms.

Trubečtí () je rod litevských a ruských knížat z původní dynastie Gediminovců. Rod Trubeckých odvozuje svůj název od Trubeckého knížectví. Do současnosti se zachovala pouze linie společného předka, generálporučíka Jurije Jurjeviče Trubeckého (1668—1739).


Premise.

In a post-apocalyptic future, thousands of special operatives are tasked with preventing the collapse of society. These operatives, known as "travelers", have their consciousnesses sent back in time and transferred into the "host" body of present-day individuals who would otherwise be moments from death, to minimize unexpected impact on the time line. The transfer requires the exact location of the target, made possible by 21st century smartphones and GPS, providing time, elevation, latitude, and longitude (TELL) coordinates that are archived for use in the future.  Trained using social media and public records concerning their hosts, each traveler must maintain the host's pre-existing life as cover for the rest of their lives, while carrying out missions in teams of five. These missions are dictated by the Director in the future who monitors the timeline. Travelers aim to save the world from a series of catastrophic events. One method by which the Director communicates with travelers is via prepubescent children used as messengers; unlike adults, any child can safely be animated for a few minutes by the Director and then released from control without risk of killing them.  Travelers are required to behave according to certain protocols to protect the timeline:  The Director can invoke three other protocols in special situations:

Episodes.

Season 1 (2016–17).

The first season premiered on Netflix on December 23, 2016, before its final two episodes aired on Showcase.

Critical reception.

The first season of "Travelers" received a score of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes based on nine reviews with an average rating of 8.0/10. Neil Genzlinger, writing for "The New York Times", described the first season as "tasty", and "enjoyable science fiction", with "some attention-grabbing flourishes and fine acting". Hanh Nguyen, writing for IndieWire, described the series as "fun and freaky", finding the series' appeal "in how the core group of five travelers adjust to life in our present", noting the "human nature in the travelers". Lawrence Devoe, of TheaterByte.com, called the series "tautly paced and suspenseful" with "well-developed characters", declaring that "Brad Wright has a real knack for creating futuristic series". Evan Narcisse, reviewing the first five episodes of the first season for io9, appreciated the moral dilemmas offered by the series premise and the awkwardness presented by the characters' interactions with their hosts' friends, colleagues, lovers, or caretakers: "This is a superhero show in double disguise, offering up clever explorations of the secret identity concept that touch on the guilt and contortions that come with living a double life." Netflix announced that the series was one of its "most devoured" series in 2017.  Writing in "Forbes", Merrill Barr said of the second season: "There's a lot to love about what "Travelers" brings to the table this season. The show has truly come into its own." In reviewing the first two episodes of the second season, Nguyen of Indiewire called "Travelers" "an exploration of the human condition in all of its messy glory, [with] depictions of the most ingenious, yet disturbing means of time travel on screen".  Barr of "Forbes" said the third season brought "a mixed approach as the show returns to its mission-of-the-week roots of season one, but this time while remixing the format with episodes of different substance from chapter to chapter.... What we get this year from the show is the best example of what a television series should be."

Travelers is a Canadian-American science fiction television series created by Brad Wright, starring Eric McCormack, Mackenzie Porter, Jared Abrahamson, Nesta Cooper, Reilly Dolman, and Patrick Gilmore. The series was an international co-production between streaming service Netflix and Canadian specialty channel Showcase for its first two seasons, after which Netflix took over as its sole production company and exclusive worldwide distributor. The show premiered in Canada on October 17, 2016, and worldwide on December 23, 2016. A second season followed in 2017, and a third season was released on December 14, 2018. In February 2019, McCormack said that the series had been cancelled.

Cestovatelé časem nebo též Cestovatelé (v anglickém originále Travelers) je kanadsko-americký sci-fi televizní seriál vytvořený Bradem Wrightem, v němž ztvárnil hlavní roli Eric McCormack. Seriál vznikl jako koprodukce mezi americkou společností Netflix a kanadskou stanicí Showcase. První řada měla 12 dílů a první díl byl na kanálu Showcase odvysílán 17. října 2016. Celosvětová premiéra proběhla na Netflixu 23. prosince téhož roku. Dne 8. února 2017 byla Netflixem a Showcase objednána druhá řada. Její produkce započala v březnu 2017. Kanadská premiéra druhé řady je naplánována na 16. října 2017. Vzápětí má následovat i premiéra na Netflixu.


Examples.

The following polynomials in two variables "X" and "X" are symmetric: as is the following polynomial in three variables "X", "X", "X": There are many ways to make specific symmetric polynomials in any number of variables (see the various types below). An example of a somewhat different flavor is where first a polynomial is constructed that changes sign under every exchange of variables, and taking the square renders it completely symmetric (if the variables represent the roots of a monic polynomial, this polynomial gives its discriminant).  On the other hand, the polynomial in two variables is not symmetric, since if one exchanges formula_6 and formula_7 one gets a different polynomial, formula_8. Similarly in three variables has only symmetry under cyclic permutations of the three variables, which is not sufficient to be a symmetric polynomial. However, the following is symmetric:

Applications.

Galois theory.

One context in which symmetric polynomial functions occur is in the study of monic univariate polynomials of degree "n" having "n" roots in a given field. These "n" roots determine the polynomial, and when they are considered as independent variables, the coefficients of the polynomial are symmetric polynomial functions of the roots. Moreover the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials implies that a polynomial function "f" of the "n" roots can be expressed as (another) polynomial function of the coefficients of the polynomial determined by the roots if and only if "f" is given by a symmetric polynomial.  This yields the approach to solving polynomial equations by inverting this map, "breaking" the symmetry – given the coefficients of the polynomial (the elementary symmetric polynomials in the roots), how can one recover the roots? This leads to studying solutions of polynomials using the permutation group of the roots, originally in the form of Lagrange resolvents, later developed in Galois theory.

Relation with the roots of a monic univariate polynomial.

Consider a monic polynomial in "t" of degree "n"  with coefficients "a" in some field "k". There exist "n" roots "x",...,"x" of "P" in some possibly larger field (for instance if "k" is the field of real numbers, the roots will exist in the field of complex numbers); some of the roots might be equal, but the fact that one has "all" roots is expressed by the relation  By comparison of the coefficients one finds that  These are in fact just instances of Viète's formulas. They show that all coefficients of the polynomial are given in terms of the roots by a symmetric polynomial expression: although for a given polynomial "P" there may be qualitative differences between the roots (like lying in the base field "k" or not, being simple or multiple roots), none of this affects the way the roots occur in these expressions.  Now one may change the point of view, by taking the roots rather than the coefficients as basic parameters for describing "P", and considering them as indeterminates rather than as constants in an appropriate field; the coefficients "a" then become just the particular symmetric polynomials given by the above equations. Those polynomials, without the sign formula_14, are known as the elementary symmetric polynomials in "x",...,"x". A basic fact, known as the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials states that "any" symmetric polynomial in "n" variables can be given by a polynomial expression in terms of these elementary symmetric polynomials. It follows that any symmetric polynomial expression in the roots of a monic polynomial can be expressed as a polynomial in the "coefficients" of the polynomial, and in particular that its value lies in the base field "k" that contains those coefficients. Thus, when working only with such symmetric polynomial expressions in the roots, it is unnecessary to know anything particular about those roots, or to compute in any larger field than "k" in which those roots may lie. In fact the values of the roots themselves become rather irrelevant, and the necessary relations between coefficients and symmetric polynomial expressions can be found by computations in terms of symmetric polynomials only. An example of such relations are Newton's identities, which express the sum of any fixed power of the roots in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials.

Special kinds of symmetric polynomials.

There are a few types of symmetric polynomials in the variables "X", "X",..., "X" that are fundamental.

Elementary symmetric polynomials.

For each nonnegative integer "k", the elementary symmetric polynomial "e"("X",..., "X") is the sum of all distinct products of "k" distinct variables. (Some authors denote it by σ instead.) For "k" = 0 there is only the empty product so "e"("X",..., "X") = 1, while for "k" > "n", no products at all can be formed, so "e"("X", "X",..., "X") = 0 in these cases. The remaining "n" elementary symmetric polynomials are building blocks for all symmetric polynomials in these variables: as mentioned above, any symmetric polynomial in the variables considered can be obtained from these elementary symmetric polynomials using multiplications and additions only. In fact one has the following more detailed facts: For example, for "n" = 2, the relevant elementary symmetric polynomials are "e"("X", "X") = "X"+"X", and "e"("X", "X") = "X""X". The first polynomial in the list of examples above can then be written as (for a proof that this is always possible see the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials).

Monomial symmetric polynomials.

Powers and products of elementary symmetric polynomials work out to rather complicated expressions. If one seeks basic "additive" building blocks for symmetric polynomials, a more natural choice is to take those symmetric polynomials that contain only one type of monomial, with only those copies required to obtain symmetry. Any monomial in "X",..., "X" can be written as "X"..."X" where the exponents α are natural numbers (possibly zero); writing α = (α,...,α) this can be abbreviated to "X". The monomial symmetric polynomial "m"("X",..., "X") is defined as the sum of all monomials "x" where β ranges over all "distinct" permutations of (α,...,α). For instance one has Clearly "m" = "m" when β is a permutation of α, so one usually considers only those "m" for which α ≥ α ≥... ≥ α, in other words for which α is a partition of an integer. These monomial symmetric polynomials form a vector space basis: every symmetric polynomial "P" can be written as a linear combination of the monomial symmetric polynomials. To do this it suffices to separate the different types of monomial occurring in "P". In particular if "P" has integer coefficients, then so will the linear combination.  The elementary symmetric polynomials are particular cases of monomial symmetric polynomials: for 0 ≤ "k" ≤ "n" one has

Power-sum symmetric polynomials.

For each integer "k" ≥ 1, the monomial symmetric polynomial "m"("X",..., "X") is of special interest. It is the power sum symmetric polynomial, defined as All symmetric polynomials can be obtained from the first "n" power sum symmetric polynomials by additions and multiplications, possibly involving rational coefficients. More precisely, In particular, the remaining power sum polynomials "p"("X",..., "X") for "k" > "n" can be so expressed in the first "n" power sum polynomials; for example  In contrast to the situation for the elementary and complete homogeneous polynomials, a symmetric polynomial in "n" variables with "integral" coefficients need not be a polynomial function with integral coefficients of the power sum symmetric polynomials. For an example, for "n" = 2, the symmetric polynomial has the expression Using three variables one gets a different expression The corresponding expression was valid for two variables as well (it suffices to set "X" to zero), but since it involves "p", it could not be used to illustrate the statement for "n" = 2. The example shows that whether or not the expression for a given monomial symmetric polynomial in terms of the first "n" power sum polynomials involves rational coefficients may depend on "n". But rational coefficients are "always" needed to express elementary symmetric polynomials (except the constant ones, and "e" which coincides with the first power sum) in terms of power sum polynomials. The Newton identities provide an explicit method to do this; it involves division by integers up to "n", which explains the rational coefficients. Because of these divisions, the mentioned statement fails in general when coefficients are taken in a field of finite characteristic; however it is valid with coefficients in any ring containing the rational numbers.

Complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials.

For each nonnegative integer "k", the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial "h"("X",..., "X") is the sum of all distinct monomials of degree "k" in the variables "X",..., "X". For instance The polynomial "h"("X",..., "X") is also the sum of all distinct monomial symmetric polynomials of degree "k" in "X",..., "X", for instance for the given example  All symmetric polynomials in these variables can be built up from complete homogeneous ones: any symmetric polynomial in "X",..., "X" can be obtained from the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials "h"("X",..., "X"),..., "h"("X",..., "X") via multiplications and additions. More precisely: For example, for "n" = 2, the relevant complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials are and. The first polynomial in the list of examples above can then be written as As in the case of power sums, the given statement applies in particular to the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials beyond "h"("X",..., "X"), allowing them to be expressed in terms of the ones up to that point; again the resulting identities become invalid when the number of variables is increased.  An important aspect of complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials is their relation to elementary symmetric polynomials, which can be expressed as the identities Since "e"("X",..., "X") and "h"("X",..., "X") are both equal to 1, one can isolate either the first or the last term of these summations; the former gives a set of equations that allows one to recursively express the successive complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials, and the latter gives a set of equations that allows doing the inverse. This implicitly shows that any symmetric polynomial can be expressed in terms of the "h"("X",..., "X") with 1 ≤ "k" ≤ "n": one first expresses the symmetric polynomial in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials, and then expresses those in terms of the mentioned complete homogeneous ones.

Schur polynomials.

Another class of symmetric polynomials is that of the Schur polynomials, which are of fundamental importance in the applications of symmetric polynomials to representation theory. They are however not as easy to describe as the other kinds of special symmetric polynomials; see the main article for details.

Symmetric polynomials in algebra.

Symmetric polynomials are important to linear algebra, representation theory, and Galois theory. They are also important in combinatorics, where they are mostly studied through the ring of symmetric functions, which avoids having to carry around a fixed number of variables all the time.

Alternating polynomials.

Analogous to symmetric polynomials are alternating polynomials: polynomials that, rather than being "invariant" under permutation of the entries, change according to the sign of the permutation.  These are all products of the Vandermonde polynomial and a symmetric polynomial, and form a quadratic extension of the ring of symmetric polynomials: the Vandermonde polynomial is a square root of the discriminant.

In mathematics, a symmetric polynomial is a polynomial in variables, such that if any of the variables are interchanged, one obtains the same polynomial. Formally, is a "symmetric polynomial" if for any permutation of the subscripts one has.

Symetrický polynom je v algebře označení pro takový polynom, ve kterém hrají všechny jeho proměnné stejnou úlohu a jejich libovolnou permutací tedy vznikne stejný polynom.


In human institutions.

Cognitive bias is inherent in the experiences, loyalties, and relationships of people in their daily lives, and new biases are constantly being discovered and addressed on both an ethical and political level. For example, the goal of affirmative action in the United States is to counter biases concerning gender, race, and ethnicity, by opening up institutional participation to people with a wider range of backgrounds, and hence a wider range of points of view. In India, the system of scheduled castes and tribes intends to address systemic bias caused by the controversial caste system, a system centered on organized discrimination based upon one's ancestry, not unlike the system that affirmative action aims to counter. Both the scheduling system and affirmative action mandate the hiring of citizens from within designated groups. However, without sufficient restrictions based upon the actual socio-economic standing of the recipients of the aid provided, these types of system can allegedly result in the unintentional institutionalization of a reversed form of the same systemic bias, which works against the goal of rendering institutional participation open to people with a wider range of backgrounds.

Major causes.

The study of systemic bias as part of the field titled organizational behavior in industrial organization economics is studied in several principle modalities in both non-profit and for-profit institutions. The issue of concern is that patterns of behavior may develop within large institutions which become harmful to the productivity and viability of the larger institutions from which they develop. The three major categories of study for maladaptive organizational behavior and systemic bias are counterproductive work behavior, human resource mistreatment, and the amelioration of stress-inducing behavior.

Counterproductive work behavior.

Counterproductive work behavior, or CWB, consists of behavior by employees that harms or intends to harm organizations and people in organizations.

Mistreatment of human resources.

There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations.

Abusive supervision.

Abusive supervision is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates.

Bullying.

Although definitions of bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual.

Incivility.

Incivility consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates norms for appropriate behavior in the workplace.

Sexual harassment.

Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do their job.

Stress.

Occupational stress concerns the imbalance between the demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help cope with these demands.

Examples.

"Financial Week" reported May 5, 2008 ("emphasis added"):

Versus systematic bias.

The difference between the words "systemic" and "systematic" is somewhat ambiguous.  "Systemic bias" and the older, more common expression "systematic bias" are often used to refer to the same thing; some users seek to draw a distinction between them, suggesting that systemic bias is most frequently associated with human systems, and related to favoritism.  In engineering and computational mechanics, the word "bias" is sometimes used as a synonym of systematic error. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method.  Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, "systemic" biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas "systematic" biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic).

Systemic bias, also called institutional bias, is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes. The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions; the equivalent bias in non-human systems (such as measurement instruments or mathematical models used to estimate physical quantities) is often called systematic bias, and leads to systematic error in measurements or estimates. The issues of systemic bias are dealt with extensively in the field of industrial organization economics.

Systémová podjatost nebo zaujatost, instituční předpojatost nebo systematické zkreslení (anglicky "systemic bias") je sociologický a organizační fenomén, který popisuje inherentní tendenci procesu podporovat určité výsledky. Jedná se o kognitivní zkreslení a následnou podjatost na úrovni člověkem vytvořených systémů, jako jsou instituce a organizace.


Locrian tribe.

The city of Locri in Calabria (Italy), also known in antiquity as "Epizephyrian Locris", was a colony founded by the Locrians in Magna Graecia. There is some disagreement over whether it was those from Opuntian Locris or from Ozolian Locris who were responsible.

Ancient Locris.

The territory of the Locrians was divided into three by Doris and Phocis, perhaps due to an early invasion of a contiguous Locrian state. This fact, combined with the region's infertility, meant that the Locrians tended to be dominated by their neighbours, and played little part in Greek history.  To the south-west of Phocis was Ozolian Locris, situated on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, between Naupactus and Crisa. The main cities of Ozolian Locris were Amphissa and Naupactus which was its seaport. To the north east of Phocis was Opuntian Locris, named after its main city, Opus. Finally, to the north of Phocis was Epicnemidian Locris, situated near the pass of Thermopylae.  The Opuntian Locris and the Epicnemidian Locris are often regarded as one people, separate in customs and integration to the Hellenic culture from the Ozolian Locris, considered as the less civilised of the two. The territories of the Opuntian Locris and the Epicnemidian Locris were not a continuous unit but were separated from one another by Phocis

Ozolian Locris.

The main towns of Ozolian Locris were Amphissa and Naupactus. Today, the area is part of Aetolia-Acarnania and Phocis.

Opuntian Locris.

The main towns of Opuntia Locris were Opus and Larymna. Today, Opuntian Locris is part of modern Phthiotis.

Epicnemidian Locris.

The main towns of Epicnemidian Locris were Nicaea and Thronium. Today, Epicnemidian Locris is part of modern Phthiotis.

Province.

The province of Locris () was one of the provinces of the Phthiotis Prefecture. Its capital was the town Atalanti. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Amfikleia-Elateia, Lokroi, and Molos-Agios Konstantinos. It was abolished in 2006.

Locris (; ; ) was a region of ancient Greece, the homeland of the Locrians, made up of three distinct districts.

Lokris nebo Lokrida (starořecky Λοκρίς, novořecky Λοκρίδα) je historický region ve středním Řecku. Původními obyvateli byli Lelegové, na konci 2. tisíciletí př. n. l. přišli ze severu Lokrové, patřící mezi dórské kmeny. Jejich eponymním hrdinou byl Lokros, údajný pravnuk Deukalióna. Podle starořeckých legend pocházeli z národa Lokrů král Oileus, jeden z Argonautů, a Patroklos, hrdina trojské války. V antice byla Lokris rozdělena na tři územně nesouvisející státy.


Films.

"Transformers" (2007).

For the first film, producer Don Murphy was planning a, but when the U.S. launched the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Hasbro suggested adapting the Transformers franchise instead. Tom DeSanto joined Murphy because he was a fan of the series. They met with comic book writer Simon Furman, and cited the cartoon and comics as their main influence. They made the Creation Matrix their plot device, though Murphy had it renamed because of the film series "The Matrix". DeSanto chose to write the treatment from a human point of view to engage the audience, while Murphy wanted it to have a realistic tone,

"Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen" (2009).

In September 2007, Paramount announced a late June 2009 release date for the sequel to "Transformers". A major hurdle that was overcome during the film's production was the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, as well as possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild. Bay began creating animatics of action sequences featuring characters rejected for the 2007 film; this would allow animators to complete sequences if the Directors Guild of America went on strike in July 2008, which ultimately did not happen. The director considered making a small project in between "Transformers" and its sequel, but knew "you have your baby and you

"Transformers: Dark of the Moon" (2011).

For the third film, as a preemptive measure before the release of "Revenge of the Fallen", Michael Lucchi and Paramount announced on March 16, 2009, that a third film would be released in IMAX 3D on July 1, 2011, which earned a surprised response from director Bay: Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman, who had worked on the two previous "Transformers" films, declined to return for the third film, with Kurtzman declaring that "the franchise is so wonderful that it deserves to

"Transformers: Age of Extinction" (2014).

In February 2012, producer di Bonaventura stated that a fourth film was in the works, aiming for a 2014 release, with Michael Bay to direct and produce. On the same day, Paramount Pictures and Michael Bay announced a June 27, 2014 release date for a fourth film. Ehren Kruger would pen the script and Steve Jablonsky would score the film, as each had for the previous film. The film is set five years after the events in "Transformers: Dark of the Moon". Shia LaBeouf

"Transformers: The Last Knight" (2017).

In March 2015, Deadline Hollywood reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Akiva Goldsman to pitch new ideas for the "Transformers" franchise's future installments. The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three "Avatar" sequels, and what Disney has done to revive "Star Wars", with sequels and spin-offs. Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for "Transformers", similar to Marvel's/Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe (which had been one of Paramount's previous film series), and DC Comics/Warner Bros.' DC Extended Universe. Goldsman is the head of the future projects, and worked with franchise director Michael Bay, executive producer Steven Spielberg, and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a "writers' room" that incubates ideas for potential "Transformers" sequels, prequels and spin-offs. The writers' room members include: Christina Hodson, Lindsey Beer, Andrew Barrer, and Gabriel Ferrari ("Ant-Man"), Robert Kirkman ("The Walking Dead"), Art Marcum & Matt Holloway, Zak Penn ("Pacific Rim Uprising"), Jeff Pinkner ("The Amazing Spider-Man 2"), Ken Nolan,

"Bumblebee" (2018).

"Bumblebee" is a spin-off film centered on the "Transformers" character of the same name. It was intended to be a prequel to the film series, and later declared to be a reboot of the franchise. Following the film's critical success, Hasbro intends to continue and evolve the franchise similar to "Bumblebee".  The film was directed

Future.

Shared universe.

In March 2013, during the release of "", producer di Bonaventura announced the studio's plans to develop a "G.I. Joe/Transformers" crossover. On July 26, 2013, "G.I. Joe: Retaliation" director Jon M. Chu stated that he is also interested in directing a "Transformers/G.I. Joe" crossover film. Despite di Bonaventura stating that a crossover was not in the immediate plans for the franchises, he acknowledged that it is something they intend to do.  In March 2015, Akiva Goldsman was tasked with creating a plan for a "Transformers Cinematic Universe", including development of multiple films in a "writer’s room" style brain trust. In May of the same year, it

Other projects in development.

In June 2017, "Transformers: The Last Knight" was released. The film was universally panned by film critics and performed less successfully at the box-office than each of the previous films in the series. In May 2018, the planned sequel was removed from Paramount's release schedule. By December 2018, di Bonaventura stated that there would still be further films in the series, while also acknowledging that the franchise will make some changes in tone and style due to the success of "Bumblebee". By March 2019, di Bonaventura stated that the studio was developing sequels to "Bumblebee" and "The Last

Reception.

Critical and public response.

With the exception of "Bumblebee", the common elements of the original film series that received negative reception include the often-repeated formulaic plots, the acting, dialogue, filming, Transformer redesigns, sophomoric/toilet humor, objectification of female characters, the Transformers being reduced to secondary characters, clichéd and controversial characterizations, aimless story arcs, lack of character development, dark tone, incoherent action, questionable marketing, poor writing, racial and cultural stereotypes, overuse of MacGuffins, product placement, CGI, long running times and excessive retconning.  The first "Transformers" film received mixed to positive reviews, with praise for the groundbreaking visual effects, musical score, action sequences, Labeouf's performance and Peter Cullen's return as Optimus Prime but criticized the transformer redesigns, the screen time for certain characters and product placement. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three stars, writing: "It's goofy fun with a lot of stuff that blows up real good, and it has the grace not only to realize how preposterous it is, but to make that into an asset."  The second film, "Revenge of the Fallen", received mostly negative reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film one star, calling it "a horrible experience of unbearable length, punctuated by three or four amusing moments." The characterization of the Autobot twins, Skids and Mudflap, was heavily criticized. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" magazine labeled them: "two of the most offensive bots in screen history...who do black stereotypes in ways that would shame Jar Jar Binks", and concluded the film "has a shot at the title Worst Movie of the Decade." Others described them as "something out of an old minstrel show" with "conspicuously cartoonish, so-called black voices that indicate that

Accolades.

The franchise has been frequently praised and won awards for its sound design. Michael Bay praised the crew and highlighted the importance of sound

Other media.

In addition to the films, the film series has a promotional expanded series that is set both before and after the events of the films. This includes comic books, video games, and novels. While the novels are partially based on the films themselves, and the video games aren't in the same continuity as the films, the comic books and graphic novels are in the same continuity and fill in several parts of the stories from the films.

Transformers is a series of American science fiction action films based on the Transformers franchise which began in the 1980s. Michael Bay has directed the first five films: "Transformers" (2007), "" (2009), "" (2011), "" (2014) and "" (2017). A spin-off film, "Bumblebee", directed by Travis Knight and produced by Bay, was released on December 21, 2018. The series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks Pictures. The "Transformers" series has received negative to mixed reception, except for "Bumblebee" which received positive reviews. It is the 13th-highest-grossing film series, with a total of $4.8 billion; two films in the series have grossed over $1 billion each.

Transformers je filmová série amerických sci-fi akčních filmů založených na hračkách Transformers od společnosti Hasbro. Michael Bay režíroval prvních pět filmů: "Transformers" (2007), "" (2009), "Transformers 3" (2011), "" (2014) a "" (2017). Filmový spin-off "Bumblebee", režírovaný Travisem Knightem a produkovaný Michaelem Bayem, byl vydán 21. prosince 2018. Distributory série jsou společnosti Paramount Pictures a DreamWorks Pictures. Většina filmů série "Transformers" obdržela negativní a smíšenou kritiku, přičemž "Bumblebee" byl kritiky přijat pozitivně. Jedná se o třináctou nejvýdělečnější filmovou sérii na světě s celkovými tržbami 4,3 miliardy dolarů, z toho dva filmy série vydělaly po jedné miliardě.