Early life and expeditions.

Bonington's father, who left the family when Christian was nine months old, was a founding member of L Detachment, Special Air Service. Bonington first began climbing in 1951 at age 16. Educated at University College School in Hampstead, Bonington joined the Royal Fusiliers before attending Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, and on graduation was commissioned in the Royal Tank Regiment in 1956. After serving three years in North Germany, he spent two years at the Army Outward Bound School as a mountaineering instructor.  Bonington was part of the party that made the first British ascent of the South West Pillar (aka Bonatti Pillar) of the Aiguille du Dru in 1958, and the first ascent of the Central Pillar of Freney on the south side of Mont Blanc in 1961 with Don Whillans, Ian Clough and Jan Dlugosz (Poland). In 1960 he was part of the successful joint British-Indian-Nepalese forces expedition to Annapurna II.  On leaving the British Army in 1961, he joined Van den Berghs, a division of Unilever, but he left after nine months, and became a professional mountaineer and explorer. In 1966 he was given his first assignment by "The Daily Telegraph Magazine" to cover other expeditions, including climbing Sangay in Ecuador and hunting caribou with Inuit on Baffin Island. In 1968 he accompanied Captain John Blashford-Snell and his British Army team in the attempt to make the first-ever descent of the Blue Nile.

Writing.

Bonington has written or edited numerous books, made many television appearances, and received many honours, including the chancellorship of Lancaster University from 2005 to 2014. He is honorary president of the Hiking Club and Lancaster University Mountaineering Club and has a boat named after him among Lancaster University Boat Club's fleet. Furthermore, he is the Honorary President of the British Orienteering Federation. He has lived in Cumbria since 1974. He is a patron, and former president (1988–91), of the British Mountaineering Council (BMC). He succeeded Edmund Hillary as the Honorary President of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the preservation of mountain areas, in their natural and cultural aspects.

Personal life.

Bonington was married to Wendy, a freelance illustrator of children's books. She died on 24 July 2014 from motor neuron disease (MND), inspiring Bonington to support MND charities. The couple had three children: Conrad (died 1966), Daniel ("Joe") and Rupert. The family lived at Caldbeck, Cumbria.  Bonington married Loreto McNaught-Davis on Saturday 23 April 2016. McNaught-Davis is the widow of mountaineer and television presenter Ian McNaught-Davis who died in February 2014. The ceremony took place in London in the presence of about 60 friends and family members, including Bonington's son Rupert.

Tributes.

In 1974 Bonington received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1985 he received the Lawrence of Arabia Memorial Medal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs. St. Helen's School, Northwood, England has named one of its four houses after him. Bonington was presented with the Golden Eagle Award for services to the outdoors in 2008 by the Outdoor Writers and Photographers Guild.

Honours.

Bonington was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1976 in recognition of the previous year's successful ascent of Everest and was knighted in 1996 for his services to the sport. He was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2010 Birthday Honours for his services to the Outward Bound Trust. He was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Cumbria in 2004.

Mount Everest record.

Chris Bonington briefly became the oldest known person to summit Mount Everest in April 1985, at the age of 50. He was surpassed by Richard Bass (of Seven Summits fame), who summited later that same season at 55 years old, five years older than Bonington. The record has been surpassed multiple times since.

Sir Christian John Storey Bonington, CVO, CBE, DL (born 6 August 1934) is a British mountaineer. His career has included nineteen expeditions to the Himalayas, including four to Mount Everest.

Sir Chris Bonington (Christian John Storey Bonington, * 6. srpna 1934) je anglický horolezec, cestovatel a mořeplavec, o horolezectví napsal také řadu knih.


Biography.

Delcassé was born at Pamiers, in the Ariège département. He wrote articles on foreign affairs for the "République Française" and Paris, and in 1888 was elected "conseiller général" of his native "département", standing as ""un disciple fidèle de Léon Gambetta"." In the following year he entered the chamber as deputy for Foix.

Colonial affairs.

Delcassé was appointed under-secretary for the colonies in the second Ribot cabinet (January to April 1893), and retained his post in the Dupuy cabinet till its fall in December 1893. It was largely owing to his efforts that the French colonial office was made a separate department with a minister at its head, and to this office he was appointed in the second Dupuy cabinet (May 1894 to January 1895). He gave a great impetus to French colonial enterprise, especially in West Africa, where he organized the newly acquired colony of Dahomey, and despatched the Liotard mission to the upper Ubangi. While in opposition, Delcassé devoted special attention to naval affairs, and in noted speeches he declared that the function of the French navy was to secure and develop colonial enterprise, deprecated all attempts to rival the British fleet, and advocated the construction of commerce destroyers as France's best reply to England.

Foreign Minister.

On the formation of the second Brisson cabinet in June 1898 he succeeded Gabriel Hanotaux as Foreign Minister, and retained that post under the subsequent premierships of Dupuy, Waldeck-Rousseau, Combes and Rouvier. In 1898 Delcassé had to deal with the delicate situation caused by Captain Marchand's occupation of the town of Fashoda in the Sudan (the Fashoda Incident) for which, as he admitted in a speech in the chamber on 23 January 1899, he accepted full responsibility, since it arose directly out of the Liotard expedition; and in March 1899 he concluded an agreement with Britain by which the difficulty was finally adjusted, and France consolidated her vast colonial empire in North-West Africa. In the same year he acted as mediator (with main mediator being J. Cambon, French ambassador in Washington) between the United States of America and Spain, and brought the peace negotiations to a successful conclusion.  Delcassé was originally a moderate willing to find a compromise with Germany, but Berlin ignored his overtures, He then became very anti-German. Kaiser Wilhelm called him "The most dangerous man for Germany in France". Delcassé improved relations between France and Italy: at the same time, he adhered firmly to the alliance with Russia, and in August 1899 made a visit to Saint Petersburg, which he repeated in April 1901. In June 1900 he made an arrangement with Spain, fixing the long-disputed boundaries of the French and Spanish possessions in West Africa. Finally, in his greatest achievement, he concluded the Entente Cordiale with Great Britain, covering colonial and other questions which had long been a matter of dispute, especially concerning Egypt, Newfoundland and Morocco. Suspicion of the growing entente between France and England soon arose in Germany, and in 1905 German assertiveness was shown in a crisis which was forced on in the matter of French policy by Delcassé personally, a sore point with Germany. The situation became acute, and Germany forced Delcassé's resignation in early 1906.

Naval affairs.

In 1909 he was appointed chairman of a commission appointed to investigate the French navy. The report was drawn up on 24 May 1909 and concluded that the French navy was unprepared and the naval administration and organization were in disarray. Delcassé was appointed Minister of Marine on 2 March 1911 in the cabinet of Ernest Monis. Delcassé promulgated closer cooperation between the British and French fleets. This arrangement was an important factor in leading Britain to side with France against Germany when World War I started.  On 25 September 1911, as the battleship "Liberté" was moored in Toulon harbor, an accidental explosion in one of her forward ammunition magazines for the secondary guns destroyed the ship. 210 men died and 136 were seriously injured. The captain, Louis Jaurès, was on leave at the time. After the explosion there was a debate in the Chamber of Deputies in which the honour of Jaurès and the responsibility for the use of unstable powder by the navy was questioned. Jaurès had to face a court martial, but was acquitted unanimously on 21 December 1911. Paul Painlevé, president of the navy committee, appointed a commission of inquiry after the explosion, which followed that of the battleship "Iéna". Captain Antoine Schwerer was a member of the commission of inquiry and wrote a scathing "Report on Naval Powders" (1912). Delcassé ordered that all ammunition made before 1907 be replaced. The older ammunition was removed from the ships, and the remainder was steadily replaced with a new explosive containing the diphenylamine as a stabilizer. Continued efforts were made to improve the powders, and there were no more major disasters. It was not until 1914 that the "powder crisis" was fully resolved.  Delcassé retained his position in the cabinet of Joseph Caillaux. When that fell on 14 January 1912 Raymond Poincaré urged Delcassé to become Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Delcassé declined, but agree to remain Minister of the Navy in Poincaré's cabinet.

Later career.

President Armand Fallières' term in office expired in January 1913, and Delcassé decided to leave the Ministry of Marine and run for the presidency. He did not succeed. After the election, which was won by Poincaré, a new cabinet was formed by Aristide Briand. Briand offered Delcassé the post of Minister of Marine or Minister of War in the new cabinet, but Delcassé declined. He would soon be appointed Ambassador to Russia, and then Minister of War. On 26 August 1914 after the Germans announced successes in the north and east, René Viviani announced the resignation of the cabinet. In the new cabinet, announced within an hour, Viviani retained his post. Delcassé was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aristide Briand was Minister of Justice and Alexandre Millerand was Minister of War.  Delcassé finally retired in 1915.

External links.

Théophile Delcassé (1 March 1852 – 22 February 1923) was a French statesman and foreign minister 1898-1905. He is best known for his hatred of Germany and efforts to secure alliances with Russia and Great Britain that became the Entente Cordiale. He belonged to Radical party and was a protege of Léon Gambetta.

Théophile Delcassé (1. března 1852 Pamiers – 22. února 1923 Nice) byl francouzský politik období třetí francouzské republiky. Byl jedním ze strůjců britsko-francouzského sbližování na přelomu 19. a 20. století, které vyústilo 8. dubna 1904 v podpis Srdečné dohody.


History.

12 July 1849 saw the Dolly's Brae conflict. Up to 1400 armed Orangemen marched from Rathfriland to Tollymore Park near Castlewellan, County Down. On their homeward journey, shots were fired and police were unable to control the situation. None of the Orangemen were harmed, but it was estimated that about 80 Catholics were killed and homes burnt.  According to the "Sunday Times" Insight Team, the entire village (the population then was given as 819) was bound over to keep the peace for a year in 1953 after disorder at an Orange walk.

The Troubles.

For more information see The Troubles in Castlewellan, which includes a list of incidents in Castlewellan during the Troubles resulting in two or more fatalities.  Castlewellan throughout the course of The Troubles, had a significant paramilitary presence in the Village, mostly through the presence of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)  In January 2009 a 300 lb car bomb was abandoned outside Castlewellan. It had been destined for the British Army base at Ballykinler. Óglaigh na hÉireann claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that it had planned to drive the bomb through the gates of the barracks before detonating it.

Transport.

Castlewellan railway station was opened on 24 March 1906 by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland, but closed on 2 May 1955.  Trains used to connect Newcastle and Belfast via Lisburn.

Music.

The Celtic Fusion International Musical Arts Festival has been held annually in the town since 2002.  The Soma Festival is an annual festival held in the town since 2013. Soma is a festival of live music, family, well-being, food and drink and is directed by singer Tíona McSherry.

Demography.

2001 Census.

Castlewellan is classified as an intermediate settlement by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 2,250 and 4,500 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 2,392 people living in Castlewellan. Of these:

Castlewellan () is a small town in County Down, in the north-east of Northern Ireland close to the Irish Sea. It is beside Castlewellan Lake and Slievenaslat mountain, southwest of Downpatrick. It lies between the Mourne Mountains and Slieve Croob. It had a population of 2,392 people in the 2001 Census.

Castlewellan (irsky "Caisleán Uidhilín") je malé venkovské městečko v hrabství Down na jihovýchodě Severního Irska. Severozápadně od města se nachází stejnojmenné jezero a zámek s přilehlým lesoparkem.


Design.

Sea Venom is designed as a successor to the French Navy's AS 15 TT and Royal Navy's Sea Skua missiles. When in service, Sea Venom will equip Panther and NH90 helicopters in the French Navy and Wildcat helicopters in the Royal Navy. Due to shared characteristics with its predecessors, MBDA claims Sea Venom will be able to readily integrate onto platforms already carrying Sea Skua and AS 15 TT.  Much like its predecessors, Sea Venom is designed to attack surface targets, such as fast in-shore attack craft (FIACS) ranging in size of between 50-500 tonnes, as well as larger surface targets of up to corvette size. With its 30 kg warhead, the missile is also capable of inflicting significant damage to larger vessels through precision aim point selection, and can also attack static land-based targets. Whilst its precise range is currently unknown, MBDA has stated that the missile has a "long" stand-off range enabling it to be launched from beyond the reach of most modern air defence systems. The missile is capable of several attack modes including sea skimming and "pop up/top attack." Sea Venom uses an IR Seeker with the option of man in the loop track-via-missile guidance via data-link; the high speed two-way data-link transmits the images "seen" by the seeker back to the operator, enabling them to remain in control of the missile throughout its flight in addition to having an autonomous engagement capability.  MBDA is also working on a surface-launched variant of the missile.

Sea Venom is an Anglo-French lightweight anti-ship missile developed by MBDA to equip the French Navy and the Royal Navy. The missile is known as Anti-Navire Léger (ANL) in France and Sea Venom (formerly "Future Anti-Surface Guided Weapon (Heavy)") in the United Kingdom. Initial operating capability is expected with the Royal Navy in 2022. The first test launch, conducted from an AS365 Dauphin owned by France's DGA defence procurement agency, successfully occurred on 21 June 2017.

Sea Venom je anglo-francouzská vrtulníková lehká podzvuková řízená protizemní a protilodní střela vyvíjená zbrojovkou MBDA pro britské a francouzské námořnictvo. Původní britské označení střely je Anti-Surface Guided Weapon (Heavy) – FASGW(H). Francouzské označení je Anti-Navire Léger (ANL). Střela byla vyvinuta jako náhrada vrtulníkových protizemních střel Sea Skua a AS.15TT. Slouží k vysoce přesným útokům na pozemní cíle a válečné lodě do výtlaku 500 t.


Early life.

Chalke was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and was raised in North Vancouver, British Columbia. She is the middle of three daughters born to Douglas and Angela Chalke. Her mother is from Rostock, Germany. According to a "Scrubs" commentary track, she used to attend the German school in her hometown twice a week. Her first language is English, but she speaks German fluently and French "fairly well". This was incorporated into her "Scrubs" character, Elliot Reid, who spoke German and French at the same levels. Chalke graduated from Handsworth Secondary School in North Vancouver in 1994.

Career.

Chalke's acting career began at age eight when she began appearing in musical theater productions. At 12, she became a reporter on the Canadian children's show "KidZone". In 1993, she took over the role of Rebecca Conner-Healy on "Roseanne" after Lecy Goranson left the series; Chalke made a cameo appearance as a different character in the "Roseanne" episode "Halloween: The Final Chapter" (#178, originally aired October 31, 1995) after Goranson returned. Chalke later returned to the role of Becky after Goranson departed for a second time. After the show ended, Chalke returned briefly to Canada, where she starred in the CBC Television drama "Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy" (1998–1999).  In 2001, she was cast as Dr. Elliot Reid in the NBC comedy series "Scrubs" and she would be a cast member for all nine seasons until the series ended its run in 2010. She has appeared in several feature films, including "Ernest Goes to School" and "Cake". She appeared in Channel 101's "The 'Bu" with The Lonely Island, a parody of the hit show "The O.C.", but was credited as "Pamela Fenton". In 2007, she appeared as a supporting character in "Chaos Theory", which starred fellow Canadian Ryan Reynolds. In 2008, Chalke became the spokesperson for a line of women's underwear by Hanes that included a series of commercials directed by her "Scrubs" co-star Zach Braff. In 2008 and 2009, she made appearances in the CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother" as Stella Zinman. In early 2011, she starred in the CBS television series "Mad Love", a romantic comedy which debuted as a midseason replacement and was cancelled after only one season was produced.  Chalke was signed by former "Scrubs" executive producer Bill Lawrence to play the love interest of Bobby Cobb in the series "Cougar Town". She appeared in multiple episodes in the third season. Chalke starred in the ABC comedy series "How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)", which premiered April 3, 2013, and which was cancelled one month later. She played Polly, a single and very uptight divorced mother who found herself moving back in with her parents (Elizabeth Perkins and Brad Garrett) because of the economic downturn. Also in 2013, she played a frantic mother named Casey Hedges in the "Grey's Anatomy" season 9 episode "Can't Fight This Feeling". Chalke also voices Beth on the show "Rick and Morty".  On April 28, 2017, it was announced that a revival of "Roseanne" was in the works, and that most of the original cast and some of the producers would return for the revival series. On May 16, 2017, it was confirmed that eight episodes of the show were greenlit by ABC and would air mid-season in 2018 with Chalke returning, but playing a role other than Becky Conner. Following its cancellation, she later returned for its spinoff series, "The Conners".

Personal life.

Chalke is engaged to lawyer Jamie Afifi. The couple has a son who was born in December 2009. Her son was diagnosed at age two with Kawasaki disease. Their daughter was born in May 2016.

Activism.

Chalke's aunt and grandmother died from breast cancer that was undiagnosed while in its early stages. She has since encouraged breast cancer detection and prevention, and starred in the Lifetime movie "Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy". She is an ambassador for the Audrey Hepburn Children's Foundation. Chalke also made an appearance in a short video parodying a National Organization for Marriage's advertisement opposing same-sex marriage, "Gathering Storm". She was the 2009 ambassador for the Susan G. Komen Passionately Pink for the Cure program, for which she also designed a T-shirt.

Sarah Chalke (; born August 27, 1976) is a Canadian actress, model and voice artist. She is known for portraying Elliot Reid on the NBC/ABC comedy series "Scrubs", the second Becky Conner on the ABC sitcom "Roseanne", Stella Zinman on the CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", and Beth Smith on Adult Swim's adult animated science-fiction series "Rick and Morty". She also had a recurring role on the third season of the ABC/TBS sitcom "Cougar Town". She guest starred as Melanie Hertzal, a "special needs supermom" on ABC's "Speechless", a recurring character who was at first the nemesis and then business partner of the DiMeo family matriarch.

Steven Robert Guttenberg (* 24. srpen 1958, Brooklyn, New York, USA), známý jako Steve Guttenberg, je americký herec. Pochází ze židovské rodiny a v této víře byl i vychováván.


Geography.

The Gambier Islands include the Mangareva Islands (the Gambier Islands proper), which have an enclosing coral reef which is broken by only three passages to the open sea. Besides Mangareva, the other notable high islands of the group are Akamaru, Angakauitai, Aukena, Kamaka, Kouaku, Makapu, Makaroa, Manui, Mekiro and Taravai. These are primarily of volcanic origin. A number of others are actually coral islands, hence of secondary volcanic origin, including Papuri, Puaumu, Totengengie and the Tokorua group.  The Mangareva Islands are approximately 26.6 km2 in area, with a population in 2016 of 1319. The primary town is Rikitea, located on Mangareva, as is the highest point in the Gambiers, Mt. Duff, rising to along that island's south coast.  The islands of Gambier comprises:

History.

From the 10th to the 15th centuries, the Gambiers hosted a population of several thousand people and traded with other island groups including the Marquesas, the Society Islands and Pitcairn Islands. However, excessive logging by the islanders resulted in almost complete deforestation on Mangareva, with disastrous results for the islands' environment and economy. The folklore of the islands records a slide into civil war and even cannibalism as trade links with the outside world broke down, and archaeological studies have confirmed this. Today, the islands can support a population of only a few hundred.  In 1834, the French Picpus priests Honoré Laval and François Caret with their assistant Columba Murphy founded a Roman Catholic mission in the Gambiers. After their success here, they moved to Tahiti in 1836.  Mangareva along with its dependencies in the Gambier Islands were ruled by a line of kings and later regents that ruled until the French formally annexed the islands in 1881. A French protectorate was requested on 16 February 1844 by King Maputeoa but was never ratified by the French government. On 4 February 1870, Prince Regent Arone Teikatoara and the Mangarevan government formally withdrew the protectorate request and asked the French to not intervene in the kingdom's affairs. After Father Laval was removed to Tahiti, the native government changed their stance and an agreement between the native government and the French colonial authority in Tahiti was signed reaffirming the protectorate status on 30 November 1871. The Gambier Islands were finally annexed on 21 February 1881 under Prince Regent Bernardo Putairi and approved by the President of France on 30 January 1882.

Effects of French nuclear testing.

The Gambiers served as a logistical staging base for French nuclear testing activity in Mururoa, approximately 400 kilometers away. During this time, the French military dragged a chain through some of the coral reef beds to cut a wider and deeper channel for deep draft vessels. Higher rate of infections by ciguatera were subsequently recorded.

The Gambier Islands ( or ) are an archipelago in French Polynesia, located at the southeast terminus of the Tuamotu archipelago. They cover an area of, and are the remnants of a caldera along with islets on the surrounding fringing reef, They are generally considered a separate island group from Tuamotu both because their culture and language (Mangarevan) are much more closely related to those of the Marquesas Islands, and because, while the Tuamotus comprise several chains of coral atolls, the Gambiers are of volcanic origin with central high islands. The population of the archipelago is 1319 people.

Gambierovy ostrovy ( "Îles Gambier") je souostroví v jižní části Tichého oceánu, které patří k Francouzské Polynésii. Nachází se asi 1700 kilometrů jihovýchodně od Papeete, mezi Tuamotu a Pitcairnovými ostrovy. Skupina 14 vulkanických ostrůvků má rozlohu 31 km2 a žije na ní okolo 1400 obyvatel, převážně Polynésanů. Největším ostrovem je Mangareva, podle níž bývá někdy nazýváno také celé souostroví.


Computational complexity of mathematical operations

Výpočetní složitost matematických operací

Special functions.

Many of the methods in this section are given in Borwein & Borwein.

Elementary functions.

The elementary functions are constructed by composing arithmetic operations, the exponential function (exp), the natural logarithm (log), trigonometric functions (sin, cos), and their inverses. The complexity of an elementary function is equivalent to that of its inverse, since all elementary functions are analytic and hence invertible by means of Newton's method. In particular, if either exp or log in the complex domain can be computed with some complexity, then that complexity is attainable for all other elementary functions.  Below, the size "n" refers to the number of digits of precision at which the function is to be evaluated.  It is not known whether O("M"("n") log "n") is the optimal complexity for elementary functions. The best known lower bound is the trivial bound Ω("M"("n")).

Mathematical constants.

This table gives the complexity of computing approximations to the given constants to "n" correct digits.

Number theory.

Algorithms for number theoretical calculations are studied in computational number theory.

Matrix algebra.

The following complexity figures assume that arithmetic with individual elements has complexity "O"(1), as is the case with fixed-precision floating-point arithmetic or operations on a finite field.  In 2005, Henry Cohn, Robert Kleinberg, Balázs Szegedy, and Chris Umans showed that either of two different conjectures would imply that the exponent of matrix multiplication is 2.  Because of the possibility of blockwise inverting a matrix, where an inversion of an matrix requires inversion of two half-sized matrices and six multiplications between two half-sized matrices, and since matrix multiplication has a lower bound of operations, it can be shown that a divide and conquer algorithm that uses blockwise inversion to invert a matrix runs with the same time complexity as the matrix multiplication algorithm that is used internally.

Transforms.

Algorithms for computing transforms of functions (particularly integral transforms) are widely used in all areas of mathematics, particularly analysis and signal processing.

The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations. Here, complexity refers to the time complexity of performing computations on a multitape Turing machine. See big O notation for an explanation of the notation used.

Následující tabulky uvádějí časovou složitost matematických operací. S ohledem na to, že efektivita značné části složitějších operací závisí na efektivitě implementace násobení, kterou používají, je v patřičných vzorcích použito formula_1 pro naznačení této skutečnosti.


Discovery and history.

When "A. braziliense" was described by Gomes de Faria in 1910, and "A. ceylanicum" by Arthur Looss in 1911, the two species were regarded as synonymous because of their apparent similarities in almost all respect. Especially in 1913, comparison of specimens from human, dog, cat and lion infections in India led to the conclusion that they were definitely of the same species. In 1915 Gomes de Faria realised that the two were distinct species based on their anatomical structures. Till 1921 the two hookworms were accepted as a two valid species. However, in 1922 Gordon made an exhaustive comparison from specimens collected in Brazil, South Africa and India, and his conclusion was that there were no significant distinction. Other parasitologists were also convinced of this so that the two names were again considered synonymous. In 1951 Biocca made an elaborate study on different hookworms in the collection of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and personal collections. He finally identified the defining characters between the two for classifying them as distinct species, which eventually gained general acceptance.

Distribution.

"A. braziliense" is endemic in the southern United States. It is also found in a number of subtropical regions around the world, including Central and South America, South Africa, and southern Asia. In southern Asia, infection is confined to Indonesia, Borneo, and Malaysia.

Physical description.

Like many other worms, the female worm is larger than the male. Also, the females are more difficult to distinguish because the teeth sizes appear very similar among the various species of "Ancylostoma." Male worms, however, have two broad lateral lobes and a smaller dorsal lobe with rays on the copulatory bursa. These bursal rays' aids in distinguishing the different species of "Ancylostoma."

Life cycle.

"Ancylostoma braziliense" eggs are passed into the environment through the faeces of cats and dogs. The eggs incubate on warm, moist soil, where they hatch into larvae. The infective juvenile penetrate the skin of the host. At this stage, the larvae are present in the epidermis, hair follicles, and glands of the skin, sometimes extending to sebaceous glands where they form coils. Then they migrate to the heart and lung by moving along the blood circulation. In the lungs, the juveniles enter the alveoli and are propelled by cilia up the respiratory tract. From this, the host swallow them and deposit them in the small intestine. They get attached to the intestinal mucosa via the buccal capsule. Here they undergo two successive molts to become sexually mature individuals.

Etymology.

Having an etymology will definitely help in remembering the parasite.  Etymology: "Ancylo" = curved + "stoma" = mouth; "braziliense" for the geographical location where the worms were first found.

Pathology.

It can cause "creeping eruption" or "ground itch". It occurs when the larvae from the faeces of cats and dogs accidentally penetrate the human skin, causing severe itching and skin eruption. It is the most common ailment of tropically acquired dermatitis, particularly along the beaches of the Caribbean. However, humans are not the natural definitive hosts, and are therefore a dead-end for the parasites. In humans, the larvae die after few months without further development.

Symptoms.

Ancylostoma braziliense is a parasite that infects cats and dogs and occasionally humans. And, they survive by eating blood from the intestine of cats and dogs, causing anemia. Pale gums and weakness are common signs of anemia. The infected animals also experience significant weight loss, bloody diarrhea, and are not able to grow up to their right size. Other symptoms like, skin irritation and itching is also caused by the larvae burrowing into the skin.

Diagnosis and treatment.

"A. braziliense" is difficult to differentiate from other hookworms. Microscopic examination of scatological samples can identify the eggs as they are generally smaller than those of other species.  Most benzimidazoles are effective. Mebendazole, triclabendazole and fenbendazole are commonly used. Ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate are also effective. The combination of ivermectin 6 μg/kg and pyrantel pamoate at 5.0 mg/kg is 100% efficacious against adult worms in dogs. Human infection in case of cutaneous larva migrans is treated with oral thiabendazole at 500 mg in 4 daily dose.

Ancylostoma braziliense is a species of hookworm belonging to the genus "Ancylostoma". It is an intestinal parasite of domestic cats and dogs. Severe infection is often fatal to these pets, especially in puppies and kittens. The infection is particularly endemic in the southern United States. It is most often confused with the zoonotic hookworm species "Ancylostoma ceylanicum" because of their uncanny resemblance.

Ancylostoma braziliense je druh měchovce vyskytující se v Brazílii, Oceánii, Indonésii, Indii a na Filipínách. Je to endoparazit žijící v tenkém střevě koček a psů.Je nejčastější příčinou onemocnění larva migrans u člověka.


Background.

Charles Newton designed the 250-3000 Savage case to fit the popular Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle. Newton recommended loading 100 grain (6.5 g) bullets at 2800 ft/s (850 m/s); but Savage Arms reduced bullet weight to obtain a velocity of 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s), making it the first American cartridge capable of that velocity. Achieving that velocity may have been the reason for the choice of the light-for-caliber 87 grain (5.6 g) bullet. Newton questioned if the publicity advantages of velocity compensated for reduced penetration of the lighter bullet in larger game animals.  The cartridge has a pressure limit of 45,000 CUP set by SAAMI. It lacks the power of the bigger.25-06 Remington but provides less noise and less recoil. Performance is very close to the.257 Roberts. Arguably it is a better overall cartridge for hunting than the more popular.30-30, but in recent years has lost ground to the.257 Roberts and flatter-shooting 6mm cartridges such as the.243 Winchester.  Currently there are very few new firearms being made in.250 Savage. It is an excellent cartridge with moderate recoil for hunting small game on up to deer-sized game.

Variants.

Some varmint hunters use the improved version of this cartridge, known as the.250 Ackley,.250 Improved or.250 Ackley Improved as a dual-purpose intermediate-range cartridge. The.250 Ackley is the same basic cartridge with a steeper shoulder and with the sides blown-out or straightened to increase powder space. This provides a velocity improvement of more than 250 ft/s (76.2 m/s) over standard factory loads.

The.250-3000 Savage (also known as the.250 Savage) is a rifle cartridge created by Charles Newton in 1915. It was designed to be used in the Savage Model 99 hammerless lever action rifle. The name comes from its original manufacturer, Savage Arms, and the fact that the original load achieved a 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) velocity with an 87 grain (5.6 g) bullet.

.250-3000 Savage je puškový náboj zavedený firmou Savage v roce 1915 pro kulovnici model 99. Konstruktérem tohoto náboje byl Charles Newton. Náboj.250 Savage je velmi dobrým loveckým nábojem, má plochou dráhu střely, velmi dobrou přesnost a také energii dostačující i při lovu těžší zvěře. Od tohoto náboje je odvozen.220 Swift, který má stažený krček na menší průměr střely.


Early life.

Copley was the son of Sir Godfrey Copley (1623–1677), who was created baronet by King Charles II in 1661, and his first wife Eleanor Walmesley, daughter of Sir Thomas Walmesley, MP, of Dunkenhalgh, Lancashire. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn on 18 November 1674. He succeeded to his father's baronetcy and estates in February 1678 and continued his father's term in office as High Sheriff of Yorkshire from February to November 1678. He became a major landowner in Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire, holding lands in Sprotbrough, Newton, Cusworth, Cadeby, Wildthorpe, Loversall, Doncaster, Bentley and Warmsworth, among other places.

Career.

Copley was returned as Member of Parliament for Aldborough in 1679 and sat to 1685. He was admitted at Inner Temple in 1681. He married Catherine Purcell—a noted beauty—daughter of John Purcell of Natribia, Montgomeryshire by licence dated 15 October 1681. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1691. and regularly met with literary and political figures in London taverns, developing a wide range of interests in political matters. Following Catherine's death, he married again with a settlement dated 31 May 1700, Gertrude Carew, daughter of Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet of Anthony, Cornwall.  Copley was returned as MP for Thirsk at the 1695 English general election and took an interest in matters of money and coinage. He was appointed Commissioner for taking subscriptions to the land bank in 1696. He opposed the attainer against Sir John Fenwick. He turned his attention to local matters and was given leave to bring in a bill for making the River Don navigable on 30 December 1697, but the bill was disrupted and thrown out. He was returned again as MP for Thirsk at the 1698 English general election and was immediately involved in issues relating to the army and the disbanding of soldiers. He was appointed a Commissioner for the Aire and Calder navigation in 1699.  Copley was returned to Parliament again at the two general elections of 1701 and was among those who supported the motion of 26 February 1702 which vindicated the proceedings of the Commons on the impeachments of the King's ministers in the previous Parliament. His long term interest in public finance came to fruition when he was elected as commissioner of public accounts in 1702. He was returned again at the 1702 English general election and was appointed controller of the accounts of the army from April 1704. At the 1705 English general election, he was returned for Thirsk again and voted for the Court candidate for Speaker on 25 October 1705. He was returned again for Thirsk at the 1708 British general election and was appointed to draft the bill to standardize the treason laws within the Union in January 1709, and to prohibit the importation of French wine and other goods more effectively in March 1709.

Death and legacy.

Copley died at his house in Westminster on 9 April 1709 after a few days' sickness, and was buried at Sprotbrough. He had one surviving daughter Catherine by his first wife, but with no male heir the baronetcy became extinct. The estates were left to a distant cousin Lionel Copley after whom they passed in 1766 to Copley's grandson Joseph Moyle, son of his daughter Catherine and her husband Joseph Moyle of Beke, Cornwall. Moyle junior, who was Clerk of the Signet, changed his surname to Copley by Act of Parliament on inheriting the Sprotbrough estate and was created a baronet in 1778.  Copley is noted for making a bequest of £100 to the Royal Society in London in 1709, which provided the funding for an annual award, the Copley Medal, the Society's premier award for scientific achievement. It is Britain's oldest scientific honour, a prestigious forerunner of the Nobel Prize, "in trust for the Royal Society of London for improving natural knowledge."

Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet FRS (; c. 1653 – 9 April 1709) of Sprotbrough House, near Doncaster, South Yorkshire, was an English landowner, art-collector and Tory politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons between 1679 and 1709.

Sir Godfrey Copley (okolo 1653 – 9. dubna 1709 Sprotborough) byl bohatý anglický statkář, který je známý jako zakladatel Copleyho medaile jenž je každoročně udělována Královskou společností v Londýně.


Etymology.

The name originates from a personal name "Siemorad" or according to another sources from old Moravian language ""sim oradz"", meaning "to till a land". It used to be Germanised as "Schimoradz".

History.

The village lies in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia. It was first mentioned in a written document from 1286 as "Semoradz", which recalls the local parson who supposedly read a curse on Henryk IV Probus in the church in Racibórz. Around 1300 the village was recolonised from Polish rights to German rights. It was again mentioned in a Latin document of Diocese of Wrocław called "Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis" from around 1305 as "item in Semoraz debent esse XX mansi, de quibus ad ecclesiam ibidem pertinent V) mansi ab antiquo". It meant that the village was supposed to pay a tithe from 20 greater lans, while 5(6?) where reserved for a local church since a yore.  The village belonged initially to the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz and the Castellany of Cieszyn, which was in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland in 1290 formed into the Duchy of Teschen and was ruled by a local branch of Silesian Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Until the 16th century Simoradz was owned directly by Cieszyn dukes, then it belonged to noble families.  Local Catholic parish, undoubtedly one of the oldest in the region, was again attested in an incomplete register of Peter's Pence payment from 1335 as "Zimoracz". It was again mentioned in the register of Peter's Pence payment from 1447 among 50 parishes of the Teschen deanery as "Schimoradz". The current Saint James church was built in the 15th century. During the Protestant Reformation many of the local citizens changed their denomination to Lutheranism and took over the local church. It was returned to Catholics in 1654. The first school in Simoradz was established in 1763, and waited to 1793 for a dedicated building next to the church.  After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire (which led to abolition of feudalism) a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political district of Bielsko and the legal district of Skoczów. It was ruled by an elected vogt (Polish: wójt), the first being Paweł Ciemała. In 1873 the new vogt was Ludwik Rużiczka, a merchant from Wien, who changed the official language of the "gemeinde" to German. Rużiczka was replaced by Jerzy Raszka in 1888, who made back Polish language official in municipality. He also wrote down a memoir of the municipality. A new school was built in 1903.  According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality grew from 508 in 1880 to 569 in 1910 with a majority being native Polish-speakers (98.8–100%) and at most 6 or 1.2% German-speaking in 1880, in terms of religion the majority were Protestants (62.6% in 1910), followed by Roman Catholics (36.4% in 1910) and Jews (6 or 1% in 1910). The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect.  After World War I, the fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War erupted. In 28 to 30 January 1919 the battle between Polish and Czechoslovak troops took place here. After the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, the village became a part of Poland. In the years 1926-1928 local Lutherans built a cemetery chapel, since 1995 a Holy Spirit Church. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Poland.

Geography.

Simoradz lies in the southern part of Poland, west of Skoczów, north-east of the county seat, Cieszyn, west of Bielsko-Biała, south-west of the regional capital Katowice, and east of the border with the Czech Republic.  The village is situated on one of the hills of the Silesian Foothills, which height is above sea level, north of the Silesian Beskids; It's ensconced in the north and south by two streams, right tributaries of the Knajka stream, in the watershed of the Vistula. The biggest forest, called "Dąbczak", lies in the north-west part of the village.

Simoradz is a village in Gmina Dębowiec, Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland. It has an area of and a population of 996 (2006).

Semorad (řidčeji Šimorad,, ) je vesnice v jižním Polsku ve Slezském vojvodství v okrese Těšín v gmině Dubovec. Leží na území Těšínského Slezska asi dva kilometry sevorozápadně od Skočova, patří k rybníkářské oblasti zvané "Žabí kraj" (rybníky zaujímají 12,7 % území obce). Podle sčítání lidu v roce 2011 zde žilo 1 007 obyvatel, rozloha obce činí 6,95 km2.


History.

Like the rest of Eastern Åland, Sottunga got its first permanent inhabitants sometime in the 11th century, although there is evidence that the island had had inhabitants long before that. The name "Sottunga" itself is thought to predate the 11th century. In the 17th century there were some ten households on the island and about 70 inhabitants.  Sottunga has suffered during many wars, first during the Great Northern War in 1714–22 when all of Åland fled to Sweden and again during the Finnish War of 1808-09 when all the buildings on the island were set on fire in order to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. In 1800, before the Finnish War, the island had been visited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden. Later during the Winter War of 1939–40 the island was bombed by the Soviet Union. The bombs were responsible for the sinking of the cargo ship SS "Notung" in 1940 just northeast of Sottunga.  The population of Sottunga reached its peak in the 1920s with about 400 inhabitants from which it has gradually declined during the 20th century.

Sights.

The church of Sottunga was originally built in 1661. The modern church on the site was built in 1728 after a fire had destroyed the original one. It is the smallest wooden church in Finland. Its clock tower was built in 1770 and the building was renovated in 1802. The painting at the altar was made by P. Berggren in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1845.  Before the church was built Sottunga had a chapel which was built in 1544 and which was approximately one kilometer away from the contemporary church.  On the island of Södö there are old mines dating back to the 19th century. Only 1,700 tons of iron ore were ever mined between the years 1839 and 1847 when the mines were operating.

Economy.

Sottunga does not have many inhabitants and so the island has only one bank, one post office, one primary school and one healthcare center. Only is cultivated and commercial fishing is not practised anymore. The industry of the island is dominated by dairy products and the cultivation of sugar beet.

Sottunga is an island municipality of Åland, an autonomous territory of Finland. The municipality is the smallest when it comes to population in Åland and in Finland, with a population of only () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is. The municipality is unilingually Swedish, with of the inhabitants speaking Swedish as their native language. Sottunga comprises many islands, of which only three, Husö, Finnö and Storsottunga, are inhabited. Storsottunga is usually called Sottunga. There are five villages in the municipality: Finnö, Husö, Hästö, Mosshaga and Sottunga. The highest point of Sottunga is Kasberget (25 m).

Sottunga je nejmenší obec na ostrovech Alandy, autonomním území Finska. Pokud jde o populaci Aland a Finska, obec má nejméně obyvatel, pouze 99. Sottunga má rozlohu 342,46 km2, z nichž 314,41 km2 tvoří vodní plochy. Hustota zalidnění je 3,53 obyvatel na km2.


Olympians.

The Olympians were a race of deities, primarily consisting of a third and fourth generation of immortal beings, worshipped as the principal gods of the Greek pantheon and so named because of their residency atop Mount Olympus. They gained their supremacy in a ten-year-long war of gods, in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the previous generation of ruling gods, the Titans. They were a family of gods, the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians, offspring of the Titans Cronus and Rhea: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia, along with the principal offspring of Zeus: Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, and Dionysus. Although Hades was a major deity in the Greek pantheon, and was the brother of Zeus and the other first generation of Olympians, his realm was far away from Olympus in the underworld, and thus he was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians. Olympic gods can be contrasted to chthonic gods including Hades, by mode of sacrifice, the latter receiving sacrifices in a "bothros" (βόθρος, "pit") or "megaron" (μέγαρον, "sunken chamber") rather than at an altar.  The canonical number of Olympian gods was twelve, but besides the (thirteen) principal Olympians listed above, there were many other residents of Olympus, who thus might be considered to be Olympians. Heracles became a resident of Olympus after his apotheosis and married another Olympian resident Hebe. According to Hesiod, the children of Styx: Zelus (Envy), Nike (Victory), Cratos (Power), and Bia (Force), "have no house apart from Zeus, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus." Some others who might be considered Olympians, include the Muses, the Graces, Iris, Dione, Eileithyia, the Horae, and Ganymede.

Twelve gods.

Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other various cultic groupings of twelve gods throughout ancient Greece. The earliest evidence of Greek religious practice involving twelve gods (Greek: δωδεκάθεον, "dōdekátheon", from δώδεκα "dōdeka", "twelve" and θεοί "theoi", "gods") comes no earlier than the late sixth century BC. According to Thucydides, an altar of the twelve gods was established in the agora of Athens by the archon Pisistratus (son of Hippias, and the grandson of the tyrant Pisistratus), in c. 522 BC. The altar became the central point from which distances from Athens were measured and a place of supplication and refuge.  Olympia apparently also had an early tradition of twelve gods. The "Homeric Hymn to Hermes" (c. 500 BC) has the god Hermes divide a sacrifice of two cows he has stolen from Apollo, into twelve parts, on the banks of the river Alpheius (presumably at Olympia):  Pindar, in an ode written to be sung at Olympia c. 480 BC, has Heracles sacrificing, alongside the Alpheius, to the "twelve ruling gods":  Another of Pindar's Olympian odes mentions "six double altars". Herodorus of Heraclea (c. 400 BC) also has Heracles founding a shrine at Olympia, with six pairs of gods, each pair sharing a single altar.  Many other places had cults of the twelve gods, including Delos, Chalcedon, Magnesia on the Maeander, and Leontinoi in Sicily. As with the twelve Olympians, although the number of gods was fixed at twelve, the membership varied. While the majority of the gods included as members of these other cults of twelve gods were Olympians, non-Olympians were also sometimes included. For example, Herodorus of Heraclea identified the six pairs of gods at Olympia as: Zeus and Poseidon, Hera and Athena, Hermes and Apollo, the Graces and Dionysus, Artemis and Alpheus, and Cronus and Rhea. Thus while this list includes the eight Olympians: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Hermes, Apollo, Artemis, and Dionysus, it also contains three clear non-Olympians: the Titan parents of the first generation of Olympians, Cronus and Rhea, and the river god Alpheius, with the status of the Graces (here apparently counted as one god) being unclear.  Plato connected "twelve gods" with the twelve months, and implies that he considered Pluto one of the twelve in proposing that the final month be devoted to him and the spirits of the dead.  The Roman poet Ennius gives the Roman equivalents (the "Dii Consentes") as six male-female complements, preserving the place of Vesta (Greek Hestia), who played a crucial role in Roman religion as a state goddess maintained by the Vestals.

List.

There is no single canonical list of the twelve Olympian gods. The thirteen gods and goddesses most commonly considered to be one of the twelve Olympians are listed below.

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly considered to be Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus. They were called "Olympians" because, according to tradition, they resided on Mount Olympus.

Olympané nebo olympští bohové nebo dvanáct olympských bohů či dvanáct olympanů (řecky Δωδεκάθεον, Dódekatheon) je název pro dvanáct nejvýznamnějších bohů v řecké mytologii. Jsou tak nazváni podle toho, že sídlí na hoře Olymp. Nejvyšší z těchto bohů je Zeus, pak tam mají své místo Poseidón, Héra, Démétér, Athéna, Artemis, Apollón, Hermés, Héfaistos, Arés, Afrodité a Hestiá. Vedle Dia to jsou tedy čtyři jeho sourozenci a sedm dětí. Héra je současně sestrou i manželkou Diovou.


Production and release.

"Birthday" was written by Perry, Bonnie McKee, Cirkut, Dr. Luke, and Max Martin. The latter three produced the song and contributed to the instrumentation and programmed their respective instruments. The drums were played by Steven Wolf, while the horns were played by the Saturday Night Live Band, arranged by Lenny Pickett and engineered by Dave O'Donnell. Its audio engineering was done by Peter Carlsson, Clint Gibbs, Sam Holland, and Michael Illbert. The track was finally mixed by Serban Ghenea at the MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach, Virginia, accompanied by the mixing engineer, John Hanes. The song itself was recorded at various studios, including Luke's in the Boo in Malibu, California, Conway Recording Studios in Hollywood, California, Playback Recording Studio in Santa Barbara, California, MXM Studios in Stockholm, Sweden and Secret Garden Studios in Montecito, California.  The song surfaced online on October 16, 2013—two days prior to the official release of "Prism". On April 3, 2014, the singer announced on her Twitter account that "Birthday" would be released as the album's fourth single, posting its cover art as well. The art is based on a photograph, taken during a birthday party circa 1990, in which a blonde Perry and her sister Angela Hudson smile toward the camera; "puffy" letter balloons were "photoshopped" onto the cover to spell out Perry's name. The song title appears in candles over a floral cake. To promote the single, a lyric video for "Birthday" was uploaded onto Perry's Vevo account on April 10, 2014. It depicts a variety of cakes and sweets—among other confections—decorated with the song's lyrics and concludes with Perry lighting the last candle of a cake.

Composition.

At the length of three minutes and thirty-five seconds (3:35), "Birthday" is primarily styled in the genre of disco. "Birthday" is composed in the key of B major and follows a progression of E–Cm–E–Cm–B with a tempo of 126 beats per minute. Perry's vocals range from B to F. During a preview event for "Prism", held in New York City, Perry described "Birthday" as her "attempt at writing" a song that American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey would have included in her eponymous debut album. Since its release, its musical composition has been strongly compared to that of other works of Prince and duo Wendy and Lisa.  "Birthday" contains elements of funk-pop, synthpop, and disco house. The song is backed by a "busy but buoyant" instrumentation featuring a "deeply rhythmic impulse". Randall Roberts of the "Los Angeles Times" felt "Birthday" was a musically updated version of disco, achieved by replacing "cheesy strings" with "jerky breaks and synth washes". Its "joyful" lyrics present the commemoration of her partner's birthday as a metaphor for sexual intercourse. The bridge section of "Birthday", which sees Perry singing "Let me get you in your birthday suit / It's time to bring out the big balloons", was found by Ben Rattliff to resemble French duo Daft Punk's works.

Critical reception.

AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine and Kitty Empire from "The Guardian" called "Birthday" one of the best tracks from "Prism": Erlewine described it as a "glorious retro-disco explosion" and Empire found a "girly simpatico" in the song that sustains it. Marah Eakin from "The A.V. Club" felt the track was "pure fun". Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" called it a "stone-cold stunner", going on to say the song "serves as pop music's (superior) answer to Swizz Beatz's "Everyday Birthday". He also felt it was the song with the "most smash potential" included in "Prism". Chris Bosman of Consequence of Sound wrote that the song was a "irrepressible disco jam" and found it superior to Carly Rae Jepsen's album "Kiss" (2012).  Jon Dolan from "Rolling Stone" noted that the "sunny effervescence" from "Teenage Dream" was present on the song. Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine said that the "sexy and playful" song was "offset by brackish fare". Alexis Petridis from "The Guardian" felt that the song resembled a four to the floor remix of a Mariah Carey song, but complimented its melodies for being "significantly stronger" than those of Jessie J's album, "Alive" (2013). Rob Harvilla from "Spin" criticized the song's "sensuality", which he described as being of "an off-kilter, grade-school goofy, beanie-propeller sort of sensuality". Evan Sawdey of "PopMatters" deemed "Birthday" the "catchiest thing" on "Prism", but he also thought it was a "rewrite" of Jessie J's hit "Domino" and Perry's former song "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)". Lewis Corner from Digital Spy classified it as a "flirty pop-gem", while HitFix's Melinda Newman awarded it a B+ grade, calling it a "delectable pop confection". James Reed from "The Boston Globe" called the song's double entendre lyrics "hilarious".

Chart performance.

Upon the release of "Prism", due to strong digital download sales, "Birthday" charted on the singles charts in France and South Korea. It debuted on the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique singles chart at number 160 where it stayed for one week. In South Korea, it peaked at number 51 on the Gaon International Chart with digital downloads of 3,089 copies.  Before being released as a single, the song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart of April 16, 2014, at number 91. One week later, the song jumped to number 83. The following week, it went from 83 to 37. It peaked at 17 on the Hot 100 becoming her 15th entry to reach the top 20 of the chart. The song has peaked at the top of Hot Dance Club Songs chart extending her record for most consecutive dance club no.1 songs to 14.

Music video.

Development and filming.

The official music video for "Birthday" was directed by Marc Klasfeld and Danny Lockwood; Dawn Rose served as a producer, while Nicole Acacio served as executive producer, Richard Alarcón served as the editor, Tony Gardner as the make-up artist, and Joseph Robbins was the director of photography. For the video, which was filmed in April 2014, Perry played the characters of five party entertainers, appearing in five parties. They consisted of a burlesque-like elderly woman named Goldie, a Jewish master of ceremonies named Yosef Shulem, a clown named Kriss, an animal trainer named Ace, and a face-painter named Princess Mandee. In order to transform physically into each character, Perry spent up to seven hours getting prosthetic makeup applied by Tony Gardner.  The parties that Perry attended were real, and its participants were unaware of Perry's presence; the organizers believed they had signed up to star in a reality show called "Birthday Blowouts". Similarly, the majority of events that took place during the visual were staged without the knowledge of the celebrations' organizers and guests. For example, the car crash that occurs in the video left several children who observed it frightened and crying. Perry deemed the video "very intricate to make and shoot" and her "most insane" to date. A teaser for the video which introduced the characters was released on April 22, 2014 whereas the complete video was revealed two days later.

Synopsis.

The music video begins with short introductions to Perry's alter-egos Goldie, Yosef, Kriss, Ace, and Mandee. Perry is then shown entering all of the parties as "five of the world’s worst birthday entertainers" in disguise. At a man's 90th birthday, Goldie emerges from a large birthday cake and begins to give the man a lapdance. At a child's birthday party, Kriss the Clown attempts to create balloon animals, while Ace the Animal Trainer introduces a group of children to a box of mice before appearing to eat one, which makes a child cry. At another child's party, Princess Mandee paints a girl's face incompetently; Goldie begins to suffer from respiratory problems, and Yosef does the worm at a boy's Bar Mitzvah. Goldie pulls a man's prosthetic leg off and proceeds to play air guitar with it, and Kriss crashes into a table before drinking alcohol behind a tree.  At the elderly man's party, Goldie collapses and a woman tries to use a defibrillator on her. While attempting to hit a piñata, Kriss walks onto the road to cause a car crash which shocks the party attendees. At the petting cage, Ace lets a goat run wild which defecates and urinates on the ground; meanwhile Goldie drops a birthday cake on the 90-year-old man, Yosef is then shown beatboxing at the Bar Mitzvah to the disapproval of the guests. Princess Mandee takes off her hat, wig and mask and reveals herself to be Perry, to which the children scream in pleasure. Goldie eats cake with the elderly man, before straddling him on his wheelchair. At the end of the song, Princess Mandee and the children say "happy birthday" to the camera. During the credits, Perry's five alter-egos dance and lip-sync to a remixed version of the song.

Reception.

Christina Garibaldi of MTV News wrote that Perry "continues to top herself" with the video and billed the video's "approach" as "creative, fun and pretty hysterical". Salon's Daniel D'Addario was critical of character Yosef Shulem, denouncing it as a "Jewish stereotype". He noted that Perry had already been the center of controversy due to being dressed as a geisha for a 2013 performance of "Unconditionally", and questioned her decision to portray Yosef. Writing for "Time", Nolan Feeman quipped, "Jewish people aren't costumes" and found the video distracting from the song. Ariana Bacle from "Entertainment Weekly" dubbed the character "anti-Semitic" and suggested that Perry should stop impersonating members of other cultures. For "Consequence of Sound", Chris Coplan called the visual "incredible" and described it as a "less grating and tiresome" version of "The Master of Disguise". "Complex" writer Zach Frydenlund positively remarked that the video "deliver[ed]" and regarded the Goldie character look as "quite nice".

Live performance.

"Birthday" was performed as the first encore at the Prismatic World Tour, Perry's third concert tour. The performance of the song at the Newcastle upon Tyne date was boradcasted live during the 2014 Billboard Music Awards.

Credits and personnel.

Song credits adapted from the liner notes of "Prism", Capitol Records.

Music video.

Credits of the video production adapted from the visual.

"Birthday" is a disco song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her fourth studio album, "Prism" (2013). She co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its producers Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. Critics, as well as Perry herself, have compared the track to the music of Prince and Mariah Carey. Through double entendres in the lyrics of "Birthday", Perry makes sexual references while celebrating a partner's birthday. Capitol Records sent the track to mainstream and rhythmic radio on April 21, 2014 as the album's fourth single.

„Birthday“ je disco píseň americké zpěvačky Katy Perry z jejího čtvrtého studiového alba "Prism" (2013). Píseň napsala s Bonniem McKeem a jeho producenty Dr. Lukem, Maxem Martinem a Cirkutem. Vydavatelství Capitol Records vydalo tuto píseň dne 21. dubna 2014 jako čtvrtou píseň alba.


Biography.

Early life.

Aaquil Iben Shamon Brown (also known as Slim Jxmmi) and his little brother Khalif Malik Ibn Shaman Brown (also known as Swae Lee) were born in Whittier, California. They grew up with their mother, Bernadette Walker, and their brother, Michael, their father having abandoned his family a few years after the birth of his sons.  Their mother worked for the Army and was regularly moved around to different states. The family moved several times, leaving California for Mississippi and Maryland and finally settling in the military post of Fort Hood in Texas. The two brothers started practicing, dancing and writing music together at an early age. In Texas, around his 10th birthday, Khalif learned to produce music using Fruity Loops.  While the two boys were in middle school, the family left Texas and moved back to Mississippi to join Bernadette's new companion, Floyd Sullivan, after she left the army. They settled in the city of Tupelo, Mississippi, in the notorious Ida Street housing projects, where their stepfather lived. The young couple had a son named Floyd Jr. Sullivan. To support the family and to keep the boys in school, their stepfather sold drugs.

2008–12: Career beginnings and Dem Outta ST8 Boyz.

The Brown brothers met Jemiah Middlebrooks in Tupelo while he was playing basketball at a local park. They decided to found a hip hop band called "Dem Outta St8 Boyz" with him. Aaquil took the stage name "CaliBoy," Khalif "Kid Krunk," and Jemiah "Lil Pantz." They used money from their part-time jobs to buy equipment and to produce music at home. The two brothers were composing their own beats and the trio were rapping. Visibly inspired by Soulja Boy Tell'Em, the boys released songs and dance videos on social media. It was at the same time that the group first met, and then later became friends with Jermarcus Jackson, aka JJ (today known as Jay Sremm), a young disc jockey, who was studying at Tupelo High School with the two brothers. He since became the DJ of the group.  Shortly after, Bernadette Walker and her companion split up. Following the breakup, the two brothers started skipping school and working more seriously on music. They would return home at late hours, even when they had school the next morning. Their mother, fed up with their schedules, eventually kicked them out of her house, leaving them homeless. They began squatting in an abandoned house in the city with a friend of their stepfather's. They took advantage of the opportunity and organized parties in their new home in order to spread their music.  At the beginning of 2010, the group released the single "Party Animal", which gave them a local fame, allowing them to perform at these local festivals and to broadcast their tracks on local radios. Thanks to their savings, the group took part in the auditions of the "Wild Out Wednesday" segment on BET's show "106 & Park" in Memphis, Tennessee and succeeded to qualify. They participated on the show of December 8 in New York City and performed "Party Animal". Later, the group met a young rapper, named Andre "King Dre" Harris (today known as BoBo Swae), while he was freestyling in the high school courtyard. Andre, originally from West Point, Mississippi, started collaborating with the trio. Months later, the group finally released their first project, distributed locally.  In the middle of 2011, Lil Pantz left the group due to legal problems and was replaced by Andre. Aaquil and Khalif took the opportunity to change their stage names from "CaliBoy" and "King Krunk" to "Weirdo" and "Kid The Great," respectively. In August 2011, the trio once again participated in "106 & Park" and performed an original song "My Diddy". They finished second place overall in the competition, and arranged meetings with representatives from record labels Def Jam Recordings and Sony Music. However, they did not sign any record deals at that time.  Around this time, Jemarcus put the group in touch with producer Pierre "P-Nazty" Slaughter, a cousin of his, who had grown up in Tupelo but had moved to Atlanta to work with Mike Will Made-It's record label EarDrummers. P-Nazty appreciated the teenagers' music and decided to work with them. Thereby, the three rappers left Tupelo and spent a few months with P-Nazty and Marquel "Marz" Middlebrooks (another EarDrummers producer) in Georgia. They took the opportunity to perform in talent shows and recorded the track "I Dip", produced by Marz, and which increased their popularity a little more. They released their second project ""Three Stooges Mixtape"" at the beginning of 2012.  Unfortunately, due to financial problems, the boys had to return to their hometown, causing the group to temporarily dissolve. The brothers began working to save money; Aaquil worked at a mattress factory, and Khalif worked at a fast food restaurant where he served burgers. They were working about 12 hours per day. When Aaquil turned 21, he rented an apartment into which Khalif and Andre moved. They began recording music and organizing parties on weekends again. Despite this, the rappers had problems with the police due to noise complaints and with their landlord when they stopped mowing their lawn. Meanwhile, P-Nazty and Marz, aware of the potential and motivation of the trio, tried to convince the rappers to leave their work and to return to Atlanta to try again to succeed in music. After that Aaquil resigned, anticipating that he wouldn't pass a drug test, the trio decided to return to Atlanta thanks to Andre, who had a car.

2013–15: Early success and "SremmLife".

Back in Georgia, the group worked a lot, performed in local shows, and got attention in the Atlanta indie hip hop scene. P-Nazty, introduced them to Mike Will Made-It, who decided to sign them on his indie label, Made-It Mafia. In the meantime, King Dre decided to leave the group due to familial reasons and moved to Florida to focus on his studies. The now-duo decided to change their stage names again. The group took as their new name "Rae Sremmurd", derived from Mike Will's production team "EarDrummers" by spelling both words backwards. Aaquil chose the name of "Slim Jimmy" (later stylized as "Slim Jxmmi"), and Khalif opted for first "iHipster Lee" then a few months later "Swae Lee." When Mike Will Made-It finalized the creation of his major label "EarDrummers Entertainment" in partnership with Interscope Records, the two brothers became the first artists to sign.  Rae Sremmurd was discovered by the Hip Hop audience in December 2013, due to their appearance on Mike Will's mixtape ""#MikeWiLLBeenTriLL"" on the track "We". The track was released as the duo's first promotional single two months later. They also released their second single, "Throw Sum Mo" in the same period. These two songs gave them the opportunity to perform at local clubs and to appear to radio.  In March, they participated in the South by Southwest music festival with Mike Will Made-It and performed their first official single, "No Flex Zone", for the first time. At the end of the month, the track was releasing to digital retailers and progressively became popular. The music video of the song was released on August 11, with a guest appearance by American comedian Mike Epps. Finally, the single entered the Billboard Hot 100 on the chart issue dated August 16 and peaked at number 36 on September 20. They also released a remix of the track featuring American rappers Pusha T and Nicki Minaj which helped to increase its popularity. The group was invited to perform the hit single during 2014 BET Hip Hop Awards ceremony, their first performance at a major event.  In the middle of September, they released their second single "No Type" along with his music video shot in Venice beach. The Mike Will and Swae Lee-produced track quickly became more popular than "No Flex Zone" and entered the U.S. Hot 100 on the chart issue dated October 11 and climbed to number 16 at the beginning of December. It is also the duo's first single to chart outside the US, charting in numerous European countries. Both singles were certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 28, 2015. In October, Brooklyn music producer Baauer released the track "One Touch" featuring AlunaGeorge and Rae Sremmurd as lead single from his EP "ß". The song failed to chart but was the first collaboration of major artists with the Tupeloan brothers.  In early December, the duo announced the release of their debut album, "SremmLife" (an EP) on January 6, 2015. and re-released "Throw Sum Mo" as third single, adding guest vocals of Young Thug and Nicki Minaj to promote the project. The new single debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 17 and peaked at number 30 in its fifteenth week of gradually climbing up the chart.  2015 was the breakthrough year for Rae Sremmurd. "SremmLife" was welcomed with surprise and enthusiasm from public and music critics. Pushed by the success of the two first singles, the album debuted at number five on the "Billboard" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 49,000 copies, powered by 34,000 in traditional album sales. It received positive reviews from music journalism praising the energy and the cleverness of the duo. At the same time, Swae and Jxmmi received their first certifications with the platinum certifications of the two first singles of the album by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 28, 2015.  In May, they released "This Could Be Us" as the fourth single off their project with a music video shot during a trip in South Africa. The track peaked at number 49 on the Hot 100 in September. In June, Ty Dolla Sign teamed up with the duo and Future on his DJ Spinz produced single "Blasé" which peaked at number 63 in November. In July, they participated to their first concert tour as opening acts to Nicki Minaj's North American leg of "The Pinkprint Tour" along with Meek Mill, Dej Loaf and Tinashe. Shortly after Minaj's tour, they debuted their own first worldwide concert tour, "SremmLife Tour". The tour began in September and brought them to Oceania, American colleges and finally Europe at the end of the year. During the Oceanian leg of the tour, they released the fifth and last single off ""SremmLife"", "Come Get Her" along with its music video. It peaking at number 56 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in November.  Increasingly popular, the duo had been nominated for numerous musical awards ceremonies during the year, as BET Awards, "Billboard" Music Award or BET Hip Hop Awards and even won their first award, the BET Award for Best Group in June.  At the end of 2015, ""SremmLife"" had been nominated by numerous magazine as one of the best albums of the year. "Complex" even ranked the album as the third best of the year. This decision will cause a feud between the duo and Hot 97 radio presenter Ebro Darden, who considered that the album should not appear in this list.  "SremmLife" was finally certified platinum in June 2016, along with the three last singles of the album.

2016–present: "SremmLife 2" and "SR3MM".

On June 16, 2016, Rae Sremmurd announced that their next album, "SremmLife 2", would be released on August 12, 2016. The album includes their first "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one song "Black Beatles", which topped the chart in the issue dated November 26, 2016. It also gave Gucci Mane his first number one.  Today, the two brothers appear to be working on their own solo albums. On August 12, 2016, Swae Lee announced his debut solo album, "Swaecation". Slim Jxmmi announced he is actually working on his "Uncle Jxm" project. Swae Lee also announced that the two brothers were working on a new album, called "SremmLife 3". On August 4, 2017, the duo released a new single titled "Perplexing Pegasus".  In early 2018, Rae Sremmurd and Mike WiLL announced that Swae Lee and Slim Jxmmi would release their solo albums - "Swaecation" and "Jxmtroduction" - in the same package as "SremmLife 3", as a triple album package called "SR3MM". The duo released "T'd Up" as "SremmLife 3"'s second single on February 5, 2018, and released three singles from "SR3MM" on March 1, 2018 - Swae Lee's "Hurt to Look", Slim Jxmmi's "Brxnks Truck", and the duo's "Powerglide" featuring previous collaborator Juicy J. On May 4, 2018, the duo released "SR3MM", a triple disc set that included solo projects for each of the members. Overall, "SR3MM" received mainly positive reviews from critics.

SremmLife Crew Records.

SremmLife Crew Records is a record label founded by Rae Sremmurd in 2016. They signed Mississippi native rappers with whom they worked before their major success. The label's first official release was the collective project "Trail Mix" in March 2016, introducing all members of the crew.

Artists.

In-house disc jockeys

Releases.

The following is the list of all albums released through SremmLife Crew Records.

Awards and nominations.

BET Awards.

The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network to celebrate African Americans in music, acting, sports and other fields of entertainment. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on BET. Rae Sremmurd had won one award from seven nominations.

BET Hip Hop Awards.

The BET Hip Hop Awards are hosted annually by BET for hip hop performers, producers and music video directors.

"Billboard" Music Awards.

The "Billboard" Music Award is an honor given by "Billboard", a publication and music popularity chart covering the music business. Rae Sremmurd had won one award from five nominations.

MTVU Woodie Awards.

The MTVU Woodie Awards are semi-annual awards presented by MTVU which it states recognizes "the music voted best by college students."

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.

The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, is an annual awards show that airs on the Nickelodeon cable channel, that honors the year's biggest television, movie, and music acts, as voted by Nickelodeon viewers.

Rae Sremmurd (; "Ear Drummers" spelled backwards) is an American hip hop duo originating from Tupelo, Mississippi formed by two brothers, Slim Jxmmi and Swae Lee. In 2013, they signed a record deal with Mike Will Made It's EarDrummers imprint. In January 2015, the duo released their debut album "SremmLife", which was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In August 2016, the duo released their second album, "SremmLife 2". During that same year, the duo also created their own record label, called SremmLife Crew Records. The duo is best known for their single "Black Beatles" from "SremmLife 2", which topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100, while also charting internationally in the top ten in many countries. The duo also released other platinum-certified singles such as "No Type", "No Flex Zone" and "Swang". Their third studio album, "SR3MM" was released on May 4, 2018, and served as a triple-album.

Rae Sremmurd je americké hip-hopové duo, které bylo založeno v roce 2013 v Atlantě, stát Georgie. Skupinu tvoří dva bratři Khalif "Swae Lee" Brown (narozen 7. června 1995) a Aaquil "Slim Jxmmi" Brown (narozen 29. prosince 1993), oba původem z města Tupelo, stát Mississippi. Název Rae Sremmurd tvoří pozpátku psaná slova Ear Drummers, což je název jejich domovského labelu. Duo je nejvíce známe pro svůj hit "Black Beatles" (ft. Gucci Mane) z roku 2016, který se v USA umístil na vrcholu žebříčku Billboard Hot 100. Singl pochází z jejich druhého alba "SremmLife 2", které bylo vydáno v roce 2016. Duo je rovněž známo pro svůj hit "No Type" (16. příčka) z roku 2014, z debutového alba "SremmLife" (2015).


Background and release.

"Part of Me" was written by Perry herself, Dr. Luke, Brian E. Smith, Bonnie McKee, and Max Martin during the 2010 "Teenage Dream" writing sessions, which also produced the Hot 100 number-one singles "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream" and "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)." Perry and McKee had been casual friends prior to Perry's request for her help with a song that Perry had been writing called "Part of Me". According to "Rolling Stone", McKee stayed up all night writing the lyrics. When Perry was presented the song, she shouted "We're buying you a car!" by the time she heard the third line.  Perry recorded a demo of the track that leaked in full on December 30, 2010. The song was rumored to be a leftover cut from her "Teenage Dream" recording sessions, and fans speculated that the track might be included in an as-yet-unconfirmed re-release of the LP. This re-release was confirmed in January 2012, when Perry announced through her official website that the album would contain all twelve songs from the original album, plus three new songs and a remix, and would be released on March 26, 2012. Perry's press release stated: "This is the complete story of Teenage Dream. It was an incredible honor to tie the King of Pop's "Billboard" Hot 100 record, but I'm moving forward and had a few things left to get off my chest. So this is the complete special edition of my album for my fans."  On February 13, 2012, "Part of Me" received an official release as the lead single from the album's re-release. Perry had planned all along to release the song on the deluxe edition of the album rather than the original, as it did not fit that album's composition. On February 11, two days before its worldwide premiere, the song was leaked for a second time with a reworked production and slightly changed lyrics. "Part of Me" was released to most iTunes stores worldwide on February 18, 2012, following her performance at the 54th Grammy Awards. In the United States, "Part of Me" was sent to contemporary radio playlists on February 21, 2012. The song was released in England, Scotland, Wales, France, and Ireland on March 18, 2012 under the digital download and CD single formats. Perry revealed via Twitter that all profits raised from the sales of the single would be donated to MusiCares. The photograph by Mary Ellen Matthews that was used on the single cover was part of a photographic essay for Perry's appearance in episode 710 of the television program "Saturday Night Live".

Composition and lyrical interpretation.

"Part of Me" is a dance-pop and power pop song set to a house beat. It is composed in the key of D minor and set in a 4/4 time signature at a tempo of 130 beats per minute. The melody spans the tonal range of D to D, while the music follows the chord progression of Dm–F–Bb-C. Production was done by Perry's frequent collaborator, Dr. Luke. The song begins with Perry's somber and emotional delivery of the line, "Days like this I want to drive away/ Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade." At the bridge, the beat amplifies and Perry's lyrics become more aggressive as she commands "Now Look at Me!", signalling to her ex that she is still strong, regardless of what he tries to do to bring her down. The beat reaches a peak at the chorus, and Perry's tone and the song's lyrics become more aggressive and prominent as she sings, "This is the Part of me that you're never gonna ever take away from me." As the song continues, Perry's lyrics become strong and empowered: "So you can keep the diamond ring/ It don't mean nothing anyway/ In fact you can keep everything Yeah/ Yeah Except for me". Perry repeats the ending chorus as the beat fades.  James Dinh of MTV noted that "the pop star appears strong, bold and just a tad resentful after a breakup" on the track. His analysis of the lyrics observed that "The singer declares herself unbreakable after a breakup, evident in lines such as "Days like this I want to drive away/ Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade/ 'Cause you chewed me up and spit me out/ Like I was poison in your mouth/ You took my light, you drained me down/ But that was then and this is now, now look at me." Dinh pointed out similarities between "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single "California Gurls", noting that "the tune's steady beat amplifies" as the chorus starts. Andrew Hampp of "Billboard" described the song as a "dance-floor rave up", and compared the song's composition to Jessie J's "Domino". Edna Gundersen from" USA Today" stated: "Katy Perry could be addressing her ex or her detractors on this defiant slapdown, a gleaming "Firework"-like pop torpedo propelled by slick beats and a brazen chorus." Chris Ryan, also of MTV, inferred that the song was aimed at Perry's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy, while "New York" magazine journalist Amanda Dobbis described it as "another break-up anthem". Fans and media noted differences in the lyrics between the demo and the single, and claimed that the changes redirected the song's subject from McCoy to Perry's ex-husband Russell Brand, from whom she had recently divorced. Perry declared it was not about Brand, stating:  I wrote it two years ago, which is funny because everybody is like "God, it sounds so current," and some people that I work with were like "You should just say you wrote it a couple of weeks ago." I'm like "I'm not a dick, I'm going to tell the truth." I wrote it two years ago when I was writing and recording Teenage Dream, [but] it didn't feel right on the record. I would've had to take out one of my other songs that [made the album] a nice, complete package.

Critical reception.

Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" gave the song three stars out of five, calling it "just plain predictable." Steven Hyden and Genevieve Koski of "The A.V. Club" were positive of the song, with Hyden, giving it a B+, noted that, although the lyrics seemed "dopey", the production and the chorus are "pretty damn sticky", while Koski, giving the song a B, noted that the song follows a similar formula to several of Perry's previous singles but went on to say that "the template works well in the context of a break-up anthem" and positively remarked that it comes off as "a chintzier, 2012 version of 'Since U Been Gone.'"  A reviewer from "Plugged In" criticized Perry's decision to create an uplifting song about such a serious subject matter as divorce: "Framing the song in terms of her divorce from Brand, though 'Part of Me', puts a much more somber and serious spin on things. This is no mere breakup. It's the demolition of a marital covenant. So no matter how bad things were in her relationship, no matter how much better she feels now, no matter how cathartic the pulsing beats (courtesy of hitmeisters Max Martin and Dr. Luke) might feel, the ultimate end here is a very sad one indeed." Priya Elan of "NME" panned the song: 'This is the part of me, that you're never going to take away from me,' "she sings in that strange angry robot voice of hers. The sentiment, as ever, is punch you in face crystal clear and probably meant something to one of the (probably) 17 writers who wrote the song. As it stands, it's another de-humanised slab of radio pop from Perry INC."

Chart performance.

In the United States, "Part of Me" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and the U.S. Hot Digital Songs chart, with 411,000 copies sold in its first week. It was the twentieth song to debut atop the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Part of Me" became Perry's seventh number-one song, and her sixth in the 2010s. The single debuted at number 36 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart, with 35 million radio impressions in its first week, and was Perry's ninth song to top the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It is Perry's tenth single to be certified Platinum by the RIAA, for sales of over 1 million copies. As of January 2015, the single has sold 2,780,000 copies in the US.  "Part of Me" debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100. In Brazil, it reached the top spot on the Brazil Pop 100. In Mexico, the song peaked in the top 10 of the Mexican Hot 100. It also peaked at number 1 in Venezuela. The song was Perry's first single to debut at number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart, and as her seventh to reach that spot, tied her with Mariah Carey as the artist with the most number-one hits in New Zealand. It has received a Platinum certification by the RIANZ, with over 15,000 copies sold. In Australia, "Part of Me" debuted at number 22 on the chart, and peaked at number 5. The recording has been certified 2× platinum by the ARIA, with 140,000 copies sold.  In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart on March 25, 2012 ― for the week ending date March 31, 2012 ― selling 79,079 copies in its first week and becoming Perry's third number-one single in Britain, following "I Kissed a Girl" in 2008 and "California Gurls" in 2010. "Part of Me" was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for sales of over 400,000. In the Republic of Ireland, "Part of Me" peaked at number five on the Irish Singles Chart and was Perry's twelfth single to reach the top ten in the Irish Republic. In Italy, the song was certified Gold for sales of over 15,000.

Music video.

Background and development.

The music video for "Part of Me" was directed by Ben Mor. Filming began on February 16, 2012, and took place over the course of three days at USMC Camp Pendleton in Oceanside, California. Perry announced the video shortly after the song's release, tweeting, "Holy power of the Grammy's, Part Of Me is already top 10 on itunes! U guys are killing it! NICE! Can't wait to shoot this video! #grateful." Her preparation for the video shoot included vigorous training in military basics, including firepower, military etiquette, and combat training.  As filming began, pictures from the video set surfaced online, showing Perry with short hair and dressed in military clothing. The music video premiered on March 21, 2012 during the program "MTV First: Katy Perry", in which Perry discussed her experiences filming the video and the background of the video's plot:  Well, I actually had the idea, I wrote the story about what it is actually like to be in the Service, and it does take a lot of physical strength, but now that I've been through it – and even just for the three days I was there, [it's] a lot of mental strength. We used only Marines, no actors or actresses. We used all of the Marine's equipment and they were so lovely to us, I always have fun even though it's a lot of work. Even though I was sore and exhausted, I was so educated on people in the service, who I've always respected but the stuff they go through, and the kind of loyalty they possess, it's very communal, and community. Not to sound weird, but it seems like the heart of America. Seriously, the heart.

Synopsis.

As Perry sits in her car outside of the office where Jason (Lucas Kerr), her boyfriend is working at, she sees him interacting flirtatiously with a woman (Ashley Tisdale of "High School Musical" fame). Perry confronts him in his office, slams down her heart pendant on the desk and ends their relationship before Jason, can get a chance to talk to her as we see Perry, storming out the door. The title track begins as we see Perry driving to a gas station, where she buys a can of tea. After paying for her items, she sees a moto-sticker on a notice board which reads, "All women are created equal, then some become Marines". The increasingly emotional Perry gathers her possessions, from her car trunk, enters a nearby restroom, and begins her change of identity. She cuts her hair short (at this point bursting into tears), removes her bracelets, flattens her breasts, and changes into a hoodie and jeans.  Perry enlists in the United States Marine Corps, and after a brief scene of recruit training, reports to the School of Infantry for the Marine Corps' rigorous basic combat instruction course. She reminisces over her experiences with her ex-boyfriend, yet remains spiteful towards him. She then burns a love note from him (as opposed to a Dear John letter) and vents her frustration through the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program. The remainder of the video depicts Perry's training, and shows her dancing beneath a large garrison flag. Perry ultimately transforms into a trained warrior, clad in Marine Pattern (MARPAT) camouflage utilities, body armor and camouflage face paint.

Reception.

The video garnered positive reviews from critics, who praised its self-empowerment theme and its different approach in comparison to Perry's previous music videos. Bruno Nessif of E! Online compared the video to Demi Moore's role in "G.I. Jane". Ray Rahman from "Entertainment Weekly" echoed the similarity of the "G.I. Jane" influence in the video, and called it an "intense ride". MTV's James Montgomery praised the video and Perry's role, saying:  "Over the years, Perry has been a California Gurl, a nerdy teenager, an alien and just about everything in between, but up until now, she's never really been an actual person." He went on to praise the video stating: "Part of Me" is unlike any pop video in recent memory. Rihanna did military chic in her "Hard" video (she even straddled a tank), and just about every one of Perry's pop contemporaries have ventured down the same path. But they were never really in the military; they were just making it more fabulous. Perry takes the opposite tact: She cuts off her hair, she eschews makeup, she fights, crawls, suffers. It's a commendable level of commitment. Your move, everybody else." Feminist author Naomi Wolf criticized the video as propaganda for the Marine Corps, stating "I really want to find out if she was paid by them for making it... it is truly shameful. I would suggest a boycott of this singer whom I really liked if you are as offended at this glorification of violence as I am." Glenn Selig, founder of The Publicity Agency, responded to these claims on "Fox News Live", stating, "In her efforts to boycott the video, Naomi Wolf has brought more attention to it, without her comments, most people would clearly have seen the military simply as a metaphor and not as an attempt by Katy Perry to glamorize the military or war." Perry told MTV that she chose the military plot because it represented the song, saying, "It's an affirmation of strength, so I wanted to go the strongest route I ever could."

Live performances.

"Part of Me" was given its first live performance on February 12, 2012, at the 54th Grammy Awards. The performance began with "E.T." with dancers and a singer who appeared to be Perry on a darkened stage. It ended partway through the chorus as electronic sound effects and the lights and sound suddenly went out, implying technical difficulties. Wearing sunglasses and a metallic bodysuit with the appearance of golden armor, a blue-haired Perry, slowly singing the first part of "Part of Me," descended from the roof of the venue in a transparent cube, revealing the singer on the stage below to be a body double. Perry shattered the cube, fireworks went off around the stage, and Perry began "Part of Me" as the dancers present during "E.T." reappeared, lifted her up, and performed a routine behind her.  On March 19, 2012, Perry performed "Part of Me" as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1, along with "The One That Got Away" (2011), "Firework" (2011), "Thinking of You" (2009) and a censored version of "Niggas in Paris" (2011). The performances were closely similar, through their depiction of Perry as a superhero and their theme of self-empowerment. Katie Brine of MTV commented that "Even when Katy is getting serious, there's always fun to be had."  On April 26, 2012, Perry performed the track on season 11 of "American Idol". This was similar to her previous performances and the video, but was pre-taped due to illness. After a short, introductory military-style video, Perry made a simulated airdrop onto a military base peopled by female background dancers, all clad in military clothing. The complexity and originality of the performance were praised. Brian Mansfield, of "USA Today", called it a "pretty impressive production", but criticized Perry's vocal abilities.  Perry included the song in the set list of her June 9, 2012 performance at Capital FM's Summertime Ball festival. DJ Earworm had also made a mashup called "Fly" for the Summertime Ball and included "Part of Me" and Perry's previous single, "The One That Got Away" in the mashup. On June 26, 2012 Perry performed "Part of Me" in her set list at the premiere for her July 2012 3D autobiographical documentary-concert film "" on Hollywood Boulevard as part of Pepsi's "Summer Beats" concert series. During the performance, Perry emerged from a large box of popcorn, wearing a shirt that resembled a film reel with the stage decorated with life-sized lollipops and neon lights. This was Perry's final performance prior to her taking a musical hiatus after two years of continuous promotion for "Teenage Dream".  The song is a regular part of the setlist for Perry's Prismatic World Tour and.  On June 4, 2017, Perry performed an acoustic rendition of "Part of Me" at the "One Love Manchester" benefit concert for the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing.

Usage in media.

"Part of Me" was used in a national marketing campaign for "The Sims 3" limited-edition expansion pack, "". Perry filmed a 30-second commercial, in which she performed the song onstage as a Sim version of herself. The expansion pack includes Katy Perry-themed items, inspired by the concept and artwork of her album "Teenage Dream" (2010), that players can use on their own Sims. In May 2012, Perry signed a deal with Pepsi to promote "Katy Perry: Part of Me". This deal was a part of Pepsi's first global campaign titled, "Live For Now" which partners with entertainment artists and properties to promote their work. "Part of Me" was used in a series of trailers as part of this deal as well as various other media related campaigns to promote the film. The track is available as downloadable content for the video game Just Dance 2014.

Charts and certifications.

Certifications.

!scope="row"| South Korea

"Part of Me" is a song by American singer Katy Perry, released as the lead single from "". It was written by Perry, and Bonnie McKee, with production and additional writing by Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Cirkut. The song was not included on the original edition of "Teenage Dream" because Perry felt that it did not fit the composition of the album. A demo of the song leaked online in late 2010, amid speculation that the lyrics were directed to the singer's ex-boyfriend Travie McCoy. "Part of Me" was re-worked and officially released on February 13, 2012, through Capitol Records with artwork by art director Gavin Taylor and photography by Mary Ellen Matthews.

„Part of Me“ je píseň americké zpěvačky Katy Perry, vydaná jako singl z Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection. Píseň byla napsána Katy Perry, Bonnie McKee a producenty Dr. Luke, Max Martin a Cirkut. Nebyla zařazena do původního alba Teenage Dream. Demo písně unikly on-line na konci roku 2010. "Part of Me" byla oficiálně vydána dne 13. února 2012 pod Capitol Records.