Reactors.

Forsmark NPP has three Boiling water reactors:

Other facilities.

West of Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant is the static inverter of the Fenno–Skan HVDC connector between Sweden and Finland.

Waste disposal.

Forsmark is the proposed site for the long-term burial of all spent fuel from Swedish nuclear power reactors, using the KBS-3 process. The new site will be located next to the already existing final repository for radioactive operational waste, but the two will not be connected with each other.

Incidents.

July 2006 incident.

On 25 July 2006, one reactor was shut down after an electrical fault. According to the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspection authority SKI, the incident was rated 2 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Initially it was rated 1 since two generators remained online. But once it was discovered that all four generators could have failed due to the same fault, the event was upgraded to 2.  The first proximal cause of the accident was maintenance work in the adjacent high-voltage yard by the Swedish grid operator Svenska Kraftnät. An incorrect interlock procedure caused a disconnector to open which sustained an arc that caused a two-phase short circuit in equipment directly adjacent to the plant. This short caused the station generators to disconnect from the grid and, due to the failure of further safety systems this disconnection, in turn, led to a large overvoltage on various supplies within the station. The overvoltage caused failure of the control circuitry of two of the four redundant UPS systems which supplied the safety critical equipment at the plant, including cooling pumps and control circuitry. Though diesel generators started correctly even on these two systems, the lack of control circuitry led to their being unable to engage with their corresponding circuits. The other two UPS systems functioned correctly, surviving the overvoltage, probably due to an undetermined subtle difference in wiring or equipment between the two pairs of units. The reactor fully and effectively scrammed immediately on detecting these supply failures, however staff relied on neutron detector readings to determine reactor state due to lack of information on control rod state. At all times effective cooling was maintained by the pumps operating on the two functioning circuits. Though a number of options remained to operators had further equipment failed, a single cause (one short-circuit) leading to such a cascade of failures was seen as a challenge to the principle of redundancy and safety in depth.  At the request of the Swedish Government, IAEA launched an OSART mission to Forsmark.  Lars-Olov Höglund, a former construction chief at Vattenfall, claimed it was the most serious nuclear incident in the world since the Chernobyl disaster and it was pure luck that prevented a meltdown. Both the SKI and the safety chief of Forsmark power plant disagree with that opinion and state that the incident was serious but the description provided by Höglund was incorrect and there was no real risk of a meltdown. Höglund has personally been involved in a legal dispute with Forsmark Nuclear powerplant for several years in connection with his private business.  However, Kjell Olsson, a researcher at SKI, later stated in an informal discussion with school children that a meltdown "technically" could have developed from the incident. The agency later stated that the failing safety system proved to be linked together in a delicate, extremely serious way.  On March 14, 2011, Höglund commented that the Fukushima-disaster parallels the Forsmark incident, i.e. failing UPS system backup, and repeated his statement from 2007 that "only luck" prevented a meltdown at the Swedish plant.

February 2007 shutdown.

On February 3, two units at Forsmark were shut down to inspect a rubber seal in one of the safety systems. On Forsmark 1 this seal needed to be replaced, a job that would take approximately one month. Unit 2 was cleared by the regulator SKI and was free to restart.  In January an internal report made by a few employees at Forsmark who were concerned over a "degrading safety culture" was leaked to media who ran an extensive story on it. In the storm following the report the Forsmark CEO chose to resign. Forsmark was already under way to implement a 60-point program designed to improve safety culture, designed shortly after the event in July 2006.

Incursions by activists.

In June 2010, Greenpeace activists invaded Forsmark to protest the then-plan to remove the government prohibition on building new nuclear power plants. In October 2012, 50 anti-nuclear activists used special ladders to scale security fences. Greenpeace said that its non-violent actions were protests against the continuing operation of these reactors, which it says are unsafe in European stress tests, and to emphasise that stress tests did nothing to prepare against threats from outside the plant. A report by the Swedish nuclear regulator said that "the current overall level of protection against sabotage is insufficient". Although Swedish nuclear power plants have security guards, the police are responsible for emergency response. The report criticised the level of cooperation between nuclear site staff and police in the case of sabotage or attack.

Local geology.

The geology around Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant has been investigated in detail by various researchers and research groups. It has been of particular interest to understand the long-term geologic stability of the area. A 2018 study found that the area of Formark, whose surface belong to the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, lost 2 to 3 meters of crystalline bedrock due to erosion during the last glaciation. This erosion consisted mostly of plucking of bedrock sheets and abrasion. The same group of researchers estimates the total erosion in the last million years to be in the order of 20 to 40 m.

Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant in Forsmark, Sweden, and also the site of the Swedish Final repository for radioactive operational waste. It is operated by a company mainly owned by Vattenfall.

Jaderná elektrárna Forsmark (švédsky: "Forsmarks kärnkraftverk") je jaderná elektrárna ve středním Švédsku, na pobřeží Botnického zálivu, jehož vodu využívá na chlazení. Elektrárna má celkem 3 varné reaktory, které mají dohromady výkon 3 320 MW.


Plot.

A man named Vance Connor is inducted into the Springfield Wall of Fame, and Homer recounts how he ran against Vance for class president in high school and lost. Later, at Moe's Tavern, Lenny and Carl confess to Homer that his old high school principal had ordered them to bury the ballot box containing the votes to the election. After they dig up the ballot box, Lisa counts the votes, and Homer is shocked to see that the votes put him as the winner. Outraged, he meets his old principal, Dondelinger, in a retirement center, who explains why he had to hide the ballot box: two students had talked their classmates into voting for Homer so that, after he had lost, they could laugh at him all the way through high school. He revealed it worked out well for them and Vance.  The Simpsons later have dinner at Luigi's Restaurant, where Homer remains miserable. Luigi Risotto introduces him to his saucier, who he claims can tell what someone's life could have been like by stirring tomato sauce in a certain way. By using his magical tomato sauce, he helps Homer see what his life would have been like if he had won the election: Homer would have been rich, he would have had a better position at the nuclear plant, would have lived in a mansion on the site where the Flanders now live, would have been closer to Abe who would live in the house in which the Simpsons currently live, and Homer would not be bald. The kids would not have been born because Homer would have remembered to use protection before sex (apparently, Marge is confused by this).  During that time, she tries to convince Homer that it was the one thing that was missing because their lives would be miserable without Bart, Lisa and Maggie. He remains unconvinced and becomes more depressed after seeing that his life would have been a lot better if he had won, even leaping into the pot to try to "live in the sauce". The saucier bashes him for his foolishness and saying if you could live in the sauce, then he would have jumped in himself. Marge convinces him to take a walk with her to the Springfield Wall of Fame. Eventually, he agrees and learns that his name has been put up. Marge reveals that she confronted Dondelinger and forced him to do the right thing. A boy then has his picture taken with him. Homer, now much happier, goes to a Korean restaurant that Bart says'sells beef that spells the date of your death'.

Production.

"Take My Life, Please" was written by Don Payne and directed by Steven Dean Moore. It was the first episode of "The Simpsons" to air in 720p high-definition television, though not the first time "The Simpsons" appeared in high-definition, as "The Simpsons Movie" was rendered in HD. With the new broadcasting system came a new opening sequence. It was the first major permanent change to the show's introduction since the opening added in season 2; previous changes have included variations in the duration of the intro, and special one-shot introductions for the "Treehouse of Horror" Halloween episodes, as well as a handful of others. This new intro also includes some 3D animation when the camera pans over Springfield. "The Simpsons" creator Matt Groening told the "New York Post": "The clouds at the very beginning of the main title were always unsatisfying to me. My original direction to the animators was to make the clouds as realistic as possible, and as we go through the clouds we enter this cartoon universe of "The Simpsons". Finally, after a couple of decades, they've gotten closer to what I had in my mind. Not perfect, but better."

Cultural references.

When Marge takes Homer to the wall of fame for the second time, Homer says, "Is that why you brought me here, spirits?", a reference to Charles Dickens' novel "A Christmas Carol". In the class presidential election at least one vote is shown to have been cast for Fonzie, a character from the sitcom "Happy Days", while Homer fails to understand that Bruce Wayne is the true identity of the superhero Batman. Additionally, Homer's election poster claims he is endorsed by the films "Star Wars" and "Jaws" and sees him hugging Darth Vader and the shark, respectively, from each. During the episode's couch gag, the Simpsons chase the couch through the streets of San Francisco, mirroring the car chase scene in the 1968 film "Bullitt".  The songs "Rock the Boat" by The Hues Corporation and "Jive Talkin'" by the Bee Gees are played in the episode, while he selects "Colour My World" by Chicago as the class song.

Reception.

6.82 million people watched the episode. Coupled with that night's episode of "King of the Hill", it won its hour in the 18-49 demographic.  Since airing, the episode has received mixed reviews from television critics.  Rene Rosa of UGO wrote: "When the self-referential jokes about the episode’s switch to HD were the things that made me laugh the most, and they last only a few seconds, I realized something was not good. This may be 'The Sharpest. Episode. Ever.' but is definitely not the funniest. Still, there are some genuinely endearing bitter-sweet moments in the episode, [...] but still it’s not enough to drive the show into the un-chartable funny waters that it used to live in."  Steve Heisler of "The A.V. Club" wrote: "If it seems like there's a lot going on, that's because there is. The episode could have easily been just one thing—Homer deals with his Vance inferiority complex, or he sets out to discover the truth of the election from the former principal, or it could have been entirely a flashback episode. But instead, The Simpsons tries to do all three, one for each commercial break. The show has been around for 20 years; I would imagine that there would be plenty to mine from digging deep into a simpler story line for 19 minutes. Instead, 'Take My Life, Please' crushes under the weight of its bloated plot—not to mention that the overexplanation of jokes wasn't helping matters."  IGN's Robert Canning thought it was a fun episode, and said that it "helped that the major flashbacks involved took place in a fantasy world as to not effect the whole of the show. But even in those flashbacks, the jokes stayed true to what we know of the series. Add to that the great new look of the series and you get a memorable episode from season twenty of The Simpsons."  Erich Asperschlager of TV Verdict said he had always liked flashback and alternate future episodes, and he thought "Take My Life, Please" put them together in a "clever way". He added: "Maybe it’s all the shiny newness, but I thought this was one of the best episodes this season. It took full advantage of the new widescreen format to cram in a ton of background detail and blink-and-you’ll-miss-’em jokes. The finale dragged a bit, and they could have spent more time with the surreality of Homer’s almost-the-same alternate past, but those are minor quibbles."  Don Payne was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award in the Animation category in 2010 for writing the episode (alongside other Simpsons episodes "The Burns and the Bees", "Eeny Teeny Maya Moe", "Gone Maggie Gone" and "Wedding for Disaster") but lost to "Wedding for Disaster".

"Take My Life, Please" is the tenth episode of the twentieth season of "The Simpsons". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 15, 2009. In the episode, Homer finds out that the class presidential election he lost in high school was rigged, and he gets the opportunity to find out what his life would have been like if he had become class president.

Jak to vlastně bylo aneb Zfalšované volby (v anglickém originále Take My Life, Please) je 10. díl 20. řady amerického animovaného seriálu Simpsonovi. Ve Spojených státech měl premiéru dne 15. února 2009 a v Česku byl poprvé vysílán 15. listopadu 2009.


Nomenclature.

The comet is formally called "2I/Borisov" by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), with "2I" or "2I/2019 Q4" being its designation and "Borisov" being its name, but is sometimes referred to as "Comet Borisov", especially in the popular press. As the second observed interstellar interloper after 1I/ʻOumuamua, it was given the "2I" designation, where "I" stands for interstellar. The name Borisov follows the tradition of naming comets after their discoverers. Before final designation as 2I/Borisov, the object was referred to by other names:

Characteristics.

Unlike ʻOumuamua, which had an asteroidal appearance, 2I/Borisov's nucleus is surrounded by a coma, a cloud of dust and gas.

Size and shape.

Early estimates of nucleus 2I/Borisov diameter have ranged from. 2I/Borisov has, unlike Solar System comets, noticeably shrunk during Solar System flyby, losing at least 0.4% of its mass before perihelion. Also, the amplitude of non-gravitational acceleration place an upper limit of 0.4 km on nucleus size, consistent with a previous Hubble Space Telescope upper limit of 0.5 km. The comet did not come much closer to Earth than 300 million km, which prevents using radar to directly determine its size and shape. This could be done using the occultation of a star by 2I/Borisov but an occultation would be difficult to predict, requiring a precise determination of its orbit, and the detection would necessitate a network of small telescopes.

Rotation.

A study using observations from Hubble could not find a variation in the light curve. According to this study the rotational period must be larger than 10 hours. A study with CSA's NEOSSat found a period of 13.2 ± 0.2 day, which is unlikely the nuclear spin.

Chemical makeup and nucleus structure.

Dave Jewitt and Jane Luu estimate from the size of its coma the comet is producing 2 kg/s of dust and is losing 60 kg/s of water. They extrapolate that it became active in June 2019 when it was between 4 and 5 au from the Sun. A search of image archives found precovery observations of 2I/Borisov as early as 13 December 2018, but not on 21 November 2018, indicating it became active between these dates.  2I/Borisov's composition appears uncommon yet not unseen in Solar System comets, being relatively depleted in water and diatomic carbon (C), but enriched in carbon monoxide and amines (NH). Molar ratio of carbon monoxide to water in 2I/Borisov tail is 35%-105%, resembling unusual blue-tailed comet C/2016 R2 while average for solar system comets is 4%.

Trajectory.

As seen from Earth, the comet was in the northern sky from September until mid-November. It crossed the ecliptic plane on 26 October near the star Regulus, and the celestial equator on 13 November 2019, entering the southern sky. On 8 December 2019, the comet reached perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) and near the inner edge of the asteroid belt. In late December, it made its closest approach to Earth,, and had a solar elongation of about 80°. Due to its 44° orbital inclination, 2I/Borisov does not make any notable close approaches to the planets. 2I/Borisov entered the Solar System from the direction of Cassiopeia near the border with Perseus. This direction indicates that it originates from the galactic plane, rather than from the galactic halo. It will leave the Solar System in the direction of Telescopium. In interstellar space, 2I/Borisov takes roughly years to travel a light-year relative to the Sun.  2I/Borisov's trajectory is extremely hyperbolic, having an orbital eccentricity of 3.36. This is much higher than the 300+ known weakly hyperbolic comets, with heliocentric eccentricities just over 1, and even ʻOumuamua with an eccentricity of 1.2. 2I/Borisov also has a hyperbolic excess velocity of, much higher than what could be explained by perturbations, which could produce velocities when approaching an infinite distance from the Sun of less than a few km/s. These two parameters are important indicators of 2I/Borisov's interstellar origin. For comparison, the "Voyager 1" spacecraft, which is leaving the Solar System, is traveling at. 2I/Borisov has a much larger eccentricity than ʻOumuamua due to its higher excess velocity and its significantly higher perihelion distance. At this larger distance, the Sun's gravity is less able to alter its path as it passes through the Solar System.

Observation.

Discovery.

The comet was discovered on 30 August 2019 by amateur astronomer Gennadiy Borisov at his personal observatory MARGO in Nauchnyy, Crimea, using a 0.65-meter telescope he designed and built himself. The discovery has been compared to the discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh. Tombaugh was also an amateur astronomer who was building his own telescopes, although he discovered Pluto using Lowell Observatory's astrograph. At discovery, it was inbound from the Sun, from Earth, and had a solar elongation of 38°. Borisov described his discovery thus:  2I/Borisov's interstellar origin required a couple of weeks to confirm. Early orbital solutions based on initial observations included the possibility that the comet could be a near-Earth object from the Sun in an elliptical orbit with an orbital period of less than 1 year. Later using 151 observations over 12 days, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Scout gave an eccentricity range of 2.9–4.5. But with an observation arc of only 12 days, there was still some doubt that it was interstellar because the observations were at a low solar elongation, which could introduce biases in the data such as differential refraction. Using large non-gravitational forces on the highly eccentric orbit, a solution could be generated with an eccentricity of about 1, an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of, and a perihelion at around 30 December 2019. However, based on available observations, the orbit could only be parabolic if non-gravitational forces (thrust due to outgassing) affected its orbit more than any previous comets. Eventually with more observations the orbit converged to the hyperbolic solution that indicated an interstellar origin and non-gravitational forces could not explain the motion.

Observation tools.

Unless the comet fades or disintegrates unexpectedly, it should be observable until at least September 2020. Observation of 2I/Borisov is aided by the fact that the comet was detected while inbound towards the Solar System. ʻOumuamua had been discovered as it was leaving the system, and thus could only be observed for 80 days before it was out of range. Because of its closest approach occurring near traditional year-end holidays, and the capability to have extended observations, some astronomers have called 2I/Borisov a "Christmas comet". Observations using the Hubble Space Telescope began on 12 October, when the comet moved far enough from the Sun to be safely observed by the telescope. Hubble is less affected by the confounding effects of the coma than ground-based telescopes, which will allow it to study the rotational light curve of 2I/Borisov's nucleus. This should facilitate an estimate of its size and shape. The observations will serve as a baseline for possible further observations, as the comet approaches perihelion and then leaves the Solar System.

Comet chemistry.

A preliminary (low-resolution) visible spectrum of 2I/Borisov was similar to typical Oort Cloud comets. Its color indexes also resemble the Solar System's long period comets. Emissions at indicated the presence of cyanide (formula CN), which is typically the first detected in Solar System comets including comet Halley. This was the first detection of gas emissions from an interstellar object. The non-detection of diatomic carbon has also been reported in October 2019, with the ratio C to CN being less than either 0.095 or 0.3. The diatomic carbon was positively detected in November 2019, with measured C to CN ratio of. This resembles a carbon-chain depleted group of comets. These are either Jupiter family comets, or rare blue-colored carbon monoxide comets exemplified by C/2016 R2 comet. By the end of November 2019, C production have dramatically increased, and C to CN ratio have reached 0.61, along with appearance of bright amine (NH) bands. Atomic oxygen has also been detected, from this observers estimated an outgassing of water at a rate similar to Solar System comets. Initially, neither water nor OH lines were directly detected in September 2019. First unambiguous detection of OH lines was done 1 November 2019, and OH production peaked in early December 2019.

Suspected nucleus fragmentation.

The comet did come within about 2 au of the Sun, a distance at which many small comets have been found to disintegrate. The probability that a comet disintegrates strongly depends on the size of its nucleus; Guzik et al. estimated a probability of 10% that this will happen to 2I/Borisov. Jewitt and Luu compared 2I/Borisov to C/2019 J2, another comet of similar size that disintegrated in May 2019 at a distance of 1.9 au from the Sun. In the event that the nucleus disintegrates, as is sometimes seen with small comets, Hubble can be used to study the evolution of the disintegration process.  The severe outburst in February-March 2020, led to suspected "ongoing nucleus fragmentation" from the comet by March 12. Indeed, images from the Hubble Space Telescope taken on March 30, 2020 show a non-stellar core indicating that Comet 2I/Borisov has ejected sunward a large fragment. The ejection is estimated to have begun around March 7, and may have occurred during one of the outbursts that occurred near that time.. The ejected fragment appeared to have vanished by 6 April 2020.  A followup study, reported on 6 April 2020, observed only a single object, and noted that the fragment component had now disappeared. Later analysis of the event showed the ejected dust and fragments have a combined mass of about 0.1% of total mass of nucleus, making event a large outburst rather than fragmentation.

Exploration.

The higher hyperbolic excess velocity of 2I/Borisov of makes it even harder to reach for a spacecraft than 1I/'Oumuamua (). According to a team of the Initiative for Interstellar Studies, a two-ton spacecraft could theoretically have been sent in July 2018 to intercept 2I/Borisov using a Falcon Heavy-class launcher, but only if the object had been discovered much earlier than it was. Launches after the actual discovery date would require a significantly larger launcher such as the Space Launch System (SLS) and Oberth manoeuvres near Jupiter and near the Sun. By September 2019, even an SLS-class launcher would only be able to deliver a payload (such as a CubeSat) into a trajectory that could intercept 2I/Borisov in 2045 at a relative speed of. According to congressional testimony, NASA may need at least five years of preparation to launch such an intercepting mission.

2I/Borisov, originally designated C/2019 Q4 (Borisov), is the first observed interstellar comet and the second observed interstellar interloper after ʻOumuamua. 2I/Borisov has a heliocentric orbital eccentricity of 3.36 and is not bound to the Sun. The comet passed through the ecliptic of the Solar System at the end of October 2019, and made its closest approach to the Sun at just over on 8 December 2019. In November 2019, astronomers from Yale University said that the comet (including coma and tail), was 14 times the size of Earth, and stated, “It’s humbling to realize how small Earth is next to this visitor from another solar system.” In the middle of March, 2020, the comet was observed to fragment; and later, in April, even more evidence of fragmentation was reported.

2I/Borisov, původně C/2019 Q4 (Borisov), je první objevená mezihvězdná kometa, která prolétá naší Sluneční soustavou. Objevil ji 30. srpna 2019 ukrajinský amatérský astronom Gennadij Borisov dalekohledem o průměru 0,6 m na observatoři MARGO na Krymu. Její velikost nebyla přesně určena, ale její průměr je menší než 0,5 km.


Early life.

Pill was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Her father, a professional engineer, is Estonian. Pill attended Vaughan Road Academy, where she was in its Interact program, designed for students interested in dance, music, athletics, and theatre.

Career.

1997–2007.

Pill decided to become an actor when she was 10 years old. As a member of the Toronto Children's Chorus, she was chosen to narrate one of their performances. Her mother tried to discourage Pill by getting her a job as a background performer on the series "". By the time she was 11, she'd played a guest role on an episode of the kids' series "The New Ghostwriter Mysteries". At 12, she landed roles in two TV movies and a mini-series, a guest appearance on the TV series "PSI Factor" and voiced a character on an animated series. After roles in two more television movies, she landed her first feature film role, a small budget Canadian movie called "The Life Before This" in 1999, followed by the role of Jacob's older sister Marfa in "Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang". Pill played roles in four more TV movies before the age of fourteen. The next year, she landed a small role in "Skipped Parts" in 2000 starring Drew Barrymore and Mischa Barton, then appeared in four more TV movies and features that year, including playing Farrah Fawcett's daughter in the TNT network movie "Baby" and a lead role in the Canadian film "The Dinosaur Hunter", which was originally intended to be shown at a dinosaur museum and on a provincial education channel, but which made its way to the Burbank International Film Festival, winning Pill an award for "Best Child Actress". She landed the role of young Lorna in the ABC-TV biopic "" in 2001, based on the memoir by Garland's daughter, Lorna Luft. That year, Pill also played Sissy Spacek's daughter in the TV flick "Midwives".  In 2003, she played Katie Holmes' sister in the indie feature "Pieces of April". Pill won the lead in the CTV-TV movie "Fast Food High", about a teenager who gets a job at a fast food restaurant and tries to set up a union. She also landed a supporting role in "Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen" in 2003, starring Lindsay Lohan. Pill ventured off into stage acting, with the New York City staging of "None of the Above" as the first item in her theatre credentials. This was followed by "The Distance From Here", "On the Mountain", "Blackbird", and "Mauritius". In 2006, she starred as Grace Webster in the short-lived NBC drama "The Book of Daniel". That same year, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance as Mairead in Martin McDonagh's "The Lieutenant of Inishmore". Because of her busy work schedule, Pill's schooling was done through a program for youngsters in the business. Since graduating from high school, Pill moved to New York to pursue a career in theatre, but continued to work in movies such as "Dan in Real Life" in 2007.

2008–present.

Pill had a major supporting role as campaign manager Anne Kronenberg in the Oscar-winning 2008 film "Milk". In 2009, she performed with Erin Hill & her Psychedelic Harp playing the "Twilight Zone"-inspired "Meredith Moon" and "The Real North Pole" sci-fi Christmas Harp. Pill was cast as April on "In Treatment". She later played Kim Pine in the movie "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World", as well as in "Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation". She portrayed Empress Maud in the miniseries "The Pillars of the Earth". In theatre, Pill starred with Abigail Breslin in Broadway's "The Miracle Worker". She has worked with Woody Allen twice, as Zelda Fitzgerald in "Midnight in Paris" and as Hayley in "To Rome with Love".  She has starred in short films including "Denise" in 2012 with Chris Messina and "Santa Baby;" she sang and danced in Santa Baby. In 2016, she appeared in "Cover Up" by Satya Bhabha with Jason Ritter, to be released at the LA Shorts Fest, and "Woman in Deep", where she played a woman who calls a suicide prevention hot line and is put on hold, directed by Janicza Bravo. In a new theatre production of "Wait Until Dark", Pill starred as a blind woman who must fend for her life. She also starred in the film "Snowpiercer", alongside Chris Evans and Tilda Swinton, which was released in 2013. From 2012 until its ending in 2014, she appeared in Aaron Sorkin's HBO series "The Newsroom" as Maggie Jordan. Pill appeared in "Cooties" starring Elijah Wood. In "Zoom", Pill played Emma, an aspiring comic book artist. She had a part in "Hail, Caesar!" as Eddie Mannix's wife. Pill is attached to star in Sook-Yin Lee's Canadian indie "Octavio is Dead", a role that will chase her late father's ghost in Mexico City. Pill starred in "" as Eva Glatt, Glatt's love interest in first movie "Goon", now married to Glatt. Pill was part of the cast of "The Family" as Willa Warren. In 2016, Pill co-starred with Jessica Chastain in the EuropaCorp thriller "Miss Sloane". In 2017, she joined "", starring as Ivy Mayfair-Richards, one of the main characters of the storyline.  She is currently playing Dr. Agnes Jurati in CBS All Access's Star Trek series, "", centered on an older Jean-Luc Picard, the Starfleet captain from "".

Personal life.

Pill was engaged to actor Jay Baruchel from 2011 to 2013. Baruchel made their engagement public when he thanked Pill as his fiancée during an acceptance speech at the Genie Awards in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Baruchel alluded to their break-up in a Twitter posting on February 16, 2013.  Pill became engaged to actor Joshua Leonard in January 2015. They were married on May 24, 2015 after a four month long engagement. They have a daughter, Wilder.

Alison Pill (born November 27, 1985) is a Canadian actress. A former child actress, Pill began her career at age 12, appearing in numerous films and television series. She transitioned to adult roles and her breakthrough came with the television series "The Book of Daniel" (2006). That same year, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in "The Lieutenant of Inishmore" (2006). Pill had prominent roles in the films "Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen" (2004), "Plain Truth" (2004), "Milk" (2008), "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" (2010), "Midnight in Paris" (2011), "Zoom" (2015), "Vice" (2018), the television series "In Treatment" (2009), "The Pillars of the Earth" (2010), "The Newsroom" (2012–14), "" (2017), "" (2020) and "Devs" (2020).

Alison Pill (* 27. listopadu 1985 Toronto, Ontario, Kanada) je kanadská herečka. Herectví se věnuje již od dětství, v televizi debutovala roku 1997 ve věku 12 let v epizodní roli v seriálu "The New Ghostwriter Mysteries". O dva roky později se poprvé objevila ve filmu, ve snímku "The Life Before This". Působila v animovaných televizních seriálech "Anatole" (1998) a "Redwall" (1999), významné role ztvárnila v seriálech "The Book of Daniel" (2006), "V odborné péči" (2009), "Newsroom" (2012–2014), "The Family" (2016), "American Horror Story" (7. řada "Cult", 2017) a "" (od 2020). Představila se také v různých filmech, např. "Zpověď královny střední školy" (2004), "Můj miláček ráže 6,65" (2005), "Milk" (2008), "Půlnoc v Paříži" (2011), "Do Říma s láskou" (2012), "Ledová archa" (2013), "Ave, Caesar!" (2016), "Případ Sloane" (2016), "Ideal Home" (2018) či "Vice" (2018). Věnuje se rovněž divadlu, za svůj výkon ve hře "The Lieutenant of Inishmore" od Martina McDonagha (divadlo Lyceum Theatre na Broadwayi, 2006) byla nominovaná na cenu Tony.


Publication history.

Tarkan was created by Sezgin Burak while he was resident in Milan, working for the Italian art agency "Studio D'Ami". The first adventure of Tarkan, "Mars'ın Kılıcı" (The Sword of Mars) was serialised in 1967 as a comic strip on the pages of daily "Hürriyet". From 1970, adventures of Tarkan had been published in an eponymous magazine. The last Tarkan adventure, "Milano'ya Giden Yol" (The Road to Milan) was left unfinished due to the artist's demise in 1978, only to be completed by cartoonist Özcan Alper (i.e. Özcan Eralp) in 1983.  The comics are being reprinted.

Fictional character biography.

Tarkan's background is revealed in the adventure "Gümüş Eyer" (The Silver Saddle). He is born as the son of Hunnic warlord Altar in the Caucasus Mountains. As an infant, he is orphaned after an Alan raid and raised by wild grey wolves, a process that makes him overwhelmingly powerful and courageous. Later, he becomes a warrior in the service of Attila the Hun.  Tarkan's sole companion is his grey wolf named simply "Kurt" (Turkish for wolf) and he is occasionally helped by Kulke, a cunning and skilful warrior of short stature, and Bige, a bold and chaste girl with romantic interest in him.

Film adaptations.

All Tarkan adaptations - except two - feature Kartal Tibet as the protagonist, in a series that ran from 1969 to 1973. However, the first Tarkan film is "Tarkan: Canavarlı Kule" (Tarkan: The Monster Tower), which was shot and released separately from the first Tibet Tarkan ("Tarkan: Mars'ın Kılıcı"), following a dispute about the casting of the lead actor. Another film, made in 1971, is "Tarkan Viking Kanı" (Tarkan: The Viking Blood). An earlier film inspired by Tarkan is "Bozkırlar Şahini Targan" (Targan: The Falcon of the Steppes) directed in 1968 by Mehmet Aslan who would also be the director of four Tarkan titles.

Legacy.

Although the name of the character is claimed to be styled as a compound word referring to Tatar ethnic origin of the artist himself, actually the word Tarkhan is a title in Turkic and Monogolian nobility that was used in Turkish language as a title and as a given name millennia before publication of the comic series.  Following Tarkan's great success, it became a popular given name in Turkey.

Tarkan is a fictional Hunnic warrior created by Turkish cartoonist Sezgin Burak. To note, official Turkish historiography considers Huns as ancestral to modern Turks. Earlier Turkish cartoon depictions that heroised Huns were "Atilla Geliyor" and "Atilla'nın Ölümü", created collectively by Şahap Ayhan and Ayhan Erer in late 1940s.

Tarkan je fiktivní postava hunského bojovníka vytvořená tureckým komiksovým kreslířem Sezginem Burakem. Oficiální turecká historiografie považuje Huny za předchůdce moderních Turků. Námět Hunů jako hlavních komiksových hrdinů byl tureckému trhu představen již na konci 40. let 20.století v komiksech s názvem "Atilla Geliyor" (Atilla přichází) a "Atilla’nın Ölümü" (Atillova smrt) vytvořených známými komiksovými kreslíři Şahapem Ayhanem a Ayhanem Ererem.


Louis Philogène Brûlart, vicomte de Puisieulx

Life.

Louis Philogène Brulart was born 12 May 1702, only son of Carloman Philogène Brulart, Comte de Sillery (ca. 1663–1727) and his wife Mary-Louise Bigot (1662-1746); he also had a sister, Marie (1707-1771). His father commanded the Regiment de Conti but his career ended after he was badly wounded at Landen in 1693.  He married Charlotte Félicité Le Tellier (1708–1783), on 19 July 1722 and they had a daughter, Adelaide Felicite (1725-1785). He was also godfather to Charles-Alexis Brûlart (1737-1793), Comte de Genlis and acted as his guardian following the death of his parents. In 1762, Charles-Alexis married the author Stéphanie Félicité (1746-1830); elected to the National Convention in 1792 as a member of the Girondins faction, he was executed with many of his colleagues in 1793.

Career.

De Puysieux came from a family with a long and distinguished record of service to the French Crown, going back to the 14th century; his relatives included Pierre Brûlart (1583-1640), joint Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and War from 1617 to 1626, while his uncle Roger Brûlart (1640-1719) was Ambassador to Switzerland.  Like his uncle, he became a diplomat and as was then common, also held a military commission. He was promoted Brigadier general in 1734 but France was mostly at peace from 1714 to 1733 and he saw little if any active service. In 1735, he was appointed French Ambassador to the Kingdom of Naples in 1735; lost in 1713 after the Treaty of Utrecht, Bourbon Spain regained it after the 1733 to 1735 War of the Polish Succession.  Although the War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, Britain and France only formally became adversaries in 1744. Despite a series of victories in Flanders won by Marshall de Saxe, by 1746 France was close to bankruptcy. De Puysieux was appointed French plenipotentiary to the Congress of Breda, a bilateral negotiation with Britain to end the war. The French terms had been drawn up by Gabriel de Mably, who shortly afterwards fell from favour. This meant negotiations proceeded slowly, especially since the British envoy Lord Sandwich was instructed to delay, in the hope their position in Flanders would improve.  In the January 1747 Hague Convention, Britain agreed to fund Austrian and Sardinian forces in Italy and an Allied army of 140,000 in Flanders, increasing to 192,000 in 1748. The British were well aware of France's desperate financial state and although their economy was also impacted, they were far better equipped to finance it. The British Prime Minister Newcastle hoped the death of Philip V in July 1746 would tempt Spain to end their alliance with France, an assumption that proved incorrect.  De Puisieux was withdrawn, allegedly for failing to reach agreement but it was only after their defeat at Lauffeld in July 1747 that Britain proved willing to negotiate seriously. In the end, this was beneficial to his career, since no one was happy with the eventual 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. France seemed to have gained very little in return for its expenditure of money and men; the saying "as stupid as the peace" became a popular phrase in France, expressing contempt for the terms agreed at Breda and Aix-la-Chapelle.

Louis Philogène Brulart, Comte de Sillery and Marquis de Puysieux (or Puysieulx) (1702-1770) was a French diplomat and nobleman who served as Foreign Minister from 1747 to 1751 but was forced to retire due to ill-health.

Louis Philogène Brulart de Sillery, vikomt de Puisieux, zvaný též jako markýz de Sillery ("Louis Philogène Brûlart de Sillery, vicomte de Puisieux") (12. května 1702, Paříž, Francie – 8. prosince 1770, Paříž, Francie) byl francouzský generál, diplomat a státník. Od mládí sloužil v armádě, souběžně se uplatnil také v diplomacii. Jako voják a diplomat byl významnou osobností za války o rakouské dědictví. V letech 1747–1751 byl francouzským ministrem zahraničí.


Physical features.

Bulusan is classified by volcanologists as a stratovolcano (or a composite cone) and covers the northeast rim of Irosin caldera that was formed about 40,000 years ago. It has a peak elevation of above sea level with a base diameter of.  Located around the mountain are four craters and four hot springs. The first crater, called Blackbird Lake, is in diameter and deep. The second crater is oval, with dimensions of and. The third crater is about in diameter and deep, while the fourth, which is near the northeastern rim opened during the 1981 eruption. There is also a fissure measuring wide below this crater.  Its hot springs are San Benon Springs, Mapaso Springs, San Vicente Springs, Masacrot Springs.  Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binitacan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Calungalan, Mt. Calaunan, Mt. Tabon-Tabon, Mt. Juban, and Mt. Jormajan.

Eruptions.

Bulusan is generally known for its sudden steam-driven or phreatic explosions. It has erupted 15 times since 1885 and is considered as the 4th most active volcano in the Philippines after Mayon, Taal, and Kanlaon.

Evacuation procedures.

There are evacuation procedures in place for parts of the peninsula; the farms nearest the volcano are to be evacuated, and many of the village schools will be closed if it is considered possible that a more destructive eruption could occur.

Recent activities.

March – June 2006.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) declared Alert Level 1 on March 19, 2006 after it recorded increased seismic unrest. On June 8, 2006, volcanologists raised the Alert Level to 2 (moderate level of seismic unrest) after it spewed ash. On June 9, the resulting ash cloud damaged a number of houses in the nearby town of Casiguran, north of the volcano, and reached Sorsogon City, about north of Bulusan.  On June 13, 2006, volcanologists said new craters were created by the mild explosions of Mount Bulusan. Aside from the new craters, two of the volcano's four craters appeared to have merged and cracks were observed on the crater on the western side of the summit. Another eruption took place on April 8, 2007

July – October 2007.

Following some signs of volcanic activity, on the morning of July 31, 2007, 9.37 AM (local time), there was a loud explosion described by locals as "like a bomb going off". A cloud of steam and ash shot into the air from Mount Bulusan to a height of, drifted and deposited over the surrounding countryside. The eruption lasted for 20 minutes.  On October 4, 2007, two episodes of ash explosions occurred as recorded by the seismic network. The explosions were not visually observed due to thick clouds covering the volcano's summit. The events were recorded as explosion type-earthquakes at 1:34 AM and 1:39 AM. The seismic network recorded 40 volcanic earthquakes and 8 short duration harmonic tremors during the previous 24 hours. Ground deformation surveys along the Inlagadian leveling line at the northeast flank indicated a slight inflation of the volcano's edifice. Field investigation conducted showed trace to light ashfalls affecting barangays San Roque, San Rafael, Sitio Tawog of Porog, Porog proper and Bulusan town proper, all in the municipality of Bulusan.  The October 2007 ash explosions at Bulusan Volcano were preceded by sporadic swarms of small to moderate-sized amplitude earthquakes, which began occurring in the last week of September 2007. Evacuations took place during the July–August episodes of activity.

November 2010.

On November 7, 2010, PHIVOLCS recorded increased seismic activity at Bulusan Volcano, 24 hours after the active volcano spewed a ash column and grayish steam on November 5, 2010. State volcanologists noted that at least 10 volcanic earthquakes and four explosion-type events have been documented subsequent to the emission of ash and steam at 8 a.m. on Saturday (November 5, 2010). PHIVOLCS also noted that steaming activity was characterized by strong emission of white steam column that reached a maximum height of 200 meters above the crater rim. It warned the public not to enter the four-kilometer permanent danger zone from the volcano. People residing near the valleys and streams were also advised to be "extra alert" against sediment-laden stream flows in the event of heavy rains. More ash ejection were reported on November 8–9, 2010 with ash fall on areas in Juban and Irosin towns in Sorsogon province. A PHIVOLCS bulletin on November 9, 2010 stated that eight volcanic earthquakes were recorded from the volcano during the past 24 hours and weak to moderate emission of ash explosion was observed. PHIVOLCS also warned residents near valleys and streams against sediment-laden stream flows in the event of heavy and continuous rainfall.

February 2011.

After months of little activity, the volcano suddenly erupted and sent a plume of ash high, after water reacted with the hot magma. PHIVOLCS has said such explosions are likely to continue for the coming weeks. Initially, hundreds of nearby residents evacuated on their own, but the government has stepped in to evacuate thousands more, and imposed a travel ban around the crater. They also advised aeroplanes to avoid the immediate perimeter due to ash and debris in the air.

July 2014.

In July 13, 2014, during the 24-hour observation period, the seismic network detected thirteen volcanic earthquakes.

May–June 2015.

Mount Bulusan ejected a ash plume in May 1, 2015 at around 9:46 PM, lasting for 3.5 minutes. The incident is classified as a "minor explosion event" by PHIVOLCS leading to the raising of Alert Level 1 (abnormal activity) for the surrounding area. A second ash explosion lasting for five minutes also occurred on the same day. PHIVOLCS determined the cause of the eruptions to be hydrothermal activity beneath the volcano. People were advised not to enter the Permanent Danger Zone. Further advisories were given to low-flying aircraft against the dangers of sudden phreatic eruptions, and to local residents near rivers and streams in case of lahar flows. There were also concerns that rains from Typhoon Noul could trigger lahars and mudslides near the mountain. However, after Noul recurved to the north, the threat did not materialize and the evacuees were permitted to return to their homes.  On June 16, Mount Bulusan generated two volcanic eruptions with the first one recorded at 11:02 AM which lasted for 10 minutes producing a one kilometer high grayish steam and ash plume and accompanied by rumbling sounds. The second one was recorded at 11:20 AM which lasted for a minute producing only a small ash plume. On June 18, the volcano once again erupted but was not observed visually due to thick clouds covering the summit. Prior to the eruption, rumbling sounds was heard between 5:00 AM to 7:00 AM by residents of the village of Monbon in Irosin town. The next day, June 19, Bulusan erupted yet again at around 2:55 PM producing a 1.5 kilometer high ash plume.

June 2016.

On June 10, almost a year after its last eruption, Mount Bulusan erupted again at 11:35 AM. The eruption lasted for five minutes and generated an ash plume measuring 6,562 feet or some 2,000 meters. According to PHIVOLCS, the eruption was phreatic in nature and had a shallow source, with the ash drifting northwest to the direction of Juban town. While the PHIVOLCS did not raise the alert level 1 in the volcano, it advised residents not to enter the four-kilometer Permanent Danger Zone and warned pilots not to fly near the volcano.

December 2016.

On December 29, Mount Bulusan had a phreatic eruption, shooting a plume of ash about two kilometers high. It happened 2:40 pm local time and lasted for about 16-minutes. The eruption prompted PHILVOLCS to raise Alert level 1 for the surrounding areas and remind the public not to enter the 4-kilometer radius Permanent Danger Zone.

May 2019.

On May 6, PHIVOLCS reported that two volcanic earthquakes were recorded during the past 24 hours. Wispy emission of white steam-laden plumes from the active vents was observed. Alert Level 1 (abnormal) status remains in effect.

Mount Bulusan, or Bulusan Volcano, is the southernmost volcano on Luzon Island in the Republic of the Philippines. It is situated in the province of Sorsogon in the Bicol region, southeast of Mayon Volcano and approximately southeast of the Philippine capital of Manila.

Bulusan je činná sopka na Filipínách. Nachází se v provincii Sorsogon na jihovýchodě ostrova Luzon, od hlavního města Manily je vzdálena přibližně 250 km.


History.

Tartan Films, established in 1984, was a UK-based film distributor. Founder Hamish McAlpine (not to be confused with the Hamish McAlpine that played football for Dundee United) is credited with creating the term "Asia Extreme" and making such films accessible to the masses. It also owned the US-based Tartan USA and Tartan Video. It has distributed East Asian films under the brand "Tartan Asia Extreme". Between 1992-2003 Tartan Films operated under the name Metro-Tartan Distribution before reverting to Tartan Films. More recently, it has released similar films of other origins, under its Tartan Terror brand. Such films include "Battle Royale", the "Whispering Corridors" series "A Tale of Two Sisters", "The Last Horror Movie" and "Oldboy".  Tartan Films USA released various internationally acclaimed films for the US market, including "Oldboy", "Triad Election", "The Page Turner", "", ""Red Road"", "9 Songs", "The Death of Mr. Lazarescu", "The Cave of the Yellow Dog", and "Battle in Heaven". Tartan USA's DVD catalogue was released through Genius Products, which was 70% owned by The Weinstein Company.  In June 2008, Tartan went into administration, laid off its employees, and ceased operations. The US branch was shuttered a month earlier and its library of films was sold to the Palisades Media Group. Shortly after the sale, a representative of the Bryanston Distributing Company made a seven-figure cash offer to buy the company’s film library, but the offer was rejected by Palisades Media.

Releases.

Palisades Tartan.

On September 28, 2008, the newly named Palisades Tartan label released its first UK DVD title (cat. no. PAL001DVD), the film ""P2"", directed by Franck Khalfoun. On January 7, 2009, Palisades Tartan released "Silent Light" in the United States theatrically; it was the first US theatrical release for the company.

Tartan Films.

Prior to the take-over, Tartan had originally released all of its films, including its Asia Extreme and Tartan Terror labels on VHS. As DVD became more popular, the company chose to release solely on this format and deleted the VHS back catalogue. The Metro Tartan branch of the company dealt with theatrical distribution.

Palisades Tartan is a British/American film distribution company, founded by US-based Palisades Media Group to take over the film library of film distributor Tartan Films after it folded in Summer 2008.

Palisades Tartan je britsko-americká firma, specializující se na filmovou distribuci. Vznikla v roce 1984 pod názvem Tartan Films v Anglii, kde ji založil Hamish McAlpine. Později vznikly americké pobočky Tartan USA a Tartan Video. Východoasijské filmy byly distribuovány pod značkou Tartan Asia Extreme. V roce 2008 původní společnost zkrachovala. Téhož roku získala práva na její filmy americká firma Palisades Media Group a od té doby společnost působí pod názvem Palisades Tartan.


Biography.

The younger brother of André Chénier, Joseph Chénier was born at Constantinople, but brought up at Carcassonne. He was educated in Paris at the Collège de Navarre. Entering the army at seventeen, he left it two years afterwards; and at nineteen he produced "Azémire", a two-act drama (acted in 1786), and "Edgar, ou le page supposé", a comedy (acted in 1785), which both failed. His "Charles IX" was kept back for nearly two years by the censor. Chénier attacked the censorship in three pamphlets, and the commotion aroused by the controversy raised keen interest in the piece. When it was at last produced on 4 November 1789 it was an immense success, due in part to its political suggestion, and in part to François Joseph Talma's magnificent portrayal of King Charles IX of France.  Camille Desmoulins said that the piece had done more for the French Revolution than the days of October, and a contemporary memoir-writer, the marquis de Ferrire, says that the audience came away "ivre de vengeance et du tourment d'un soir de sang" ("drunk with the vengeance and torment of an evening of blood"). The performance was the occasion of a split among the actors of the Comédie-Française, and the new theatre in the Palais Royal, established by the dissidents, was inaugurated with "Henri VIII" (1791), generally recognized as Chénier's masterpiece; "Jean Calas, ou l'école des juges" ("Jean Calas, or the judges' school") followed in the same year.  In 1792 he produced his "Caïus Gracchus", which was even more revolutionary in tone than its predecessors. It was nevertheless proscribed in the next year at the instance of the Montagnard deputy Albitte, for the anti-anarchical hemistich "Des lois et non du sang" ("Laws, and not blood"); "Fénelon" (1793) was suspended after a few representations; and in 1794 "Timoléon", set to Etienne Méhul's music, was also proscribed. This piece was played after the Reign of Terror, but the fratricide of "Timoléon" became the text for insinuations to the effect that by his silence Joseph Chénier had connived at the judicial murder of his brother, André, whom Joseph's enemies alluded to as Abel.  In fact, after some fruitless attempts to save his brother, variously related by his biographers, Joseph became aware that André's only chance of safety lay in being forgotten by the authorities, and that ill-advised intervention would only hasten the end. Joseph Chénier had been a member of the National Convention and had voted for the death of Louis XVI; he belonged to the committees of general security, and of public safety. He was, nevertheless, suspected of moderate sentiments, and before the end of the Terror had become a marked man.  He had a seat in the Council of Five Hundred, and the tribunat. In 1801 he was one of the educational jury for the Seine "département". His political career ended in 1802, when he was eliminated with others from the tribunate for his opposition to Napoleon Bonaparte. From 1803 to 1806 he was inspector-general of public instruction. He had allowed himself to be reconciled with Napoleon's government, and "Cyrus", represented in 1804, was written in his honour, but he was temporarily disgraced in 1806 for his "Épître à Voltaire". In 1806 and 1807 he delivered a course of lectures at the Athéne on the language and literature of France from the earliest years; and in 1808 at the emperor's request, he prepared his "Tableau historique de l'état et du progrés de la littérature française depuis 1789 jusqu'à 1808" ("Historical view of the state and progress of French literature from 1789 to 1808"), a book containing some good criticism, though marred by the violent prejudices of its author.  The list of his works includes hymns and national songs among others, the famous "Chant du départ"; odes, "Sur la mort de Mirabeau", "Sur l'oligarchie de Robespierre", etc.; tragedies which never reached the stage, "Brutus et Cassius", "Philippe deux", "Tibre"; translations from Sophocles and Lessing, from Thomas Gray and Horace, from Tacitus and Aristotle; with elegies, dithyrambics and Ossianic rhapsodies. As a satirist he possessed great merit, though he sins from an excess of severity, and is sometimes malignant and unjust. He is the chief tragic poet of the revolutionary period, and as Camille Desmoulins expressed it, he decorated Melpomene with the tricolour cockade.

Marie-Joseph Blaise de Chénier (11 February 1764 – 10 January 1811) was a French poet, dramatist and politician of French and Greek origin.

Marie-Joseph Chénier (11. února 1764 Konstantinopol – 10. ledna 1811 Paříž) byl francouzský básník, dramatik a politik s řeckými kořeny. Je znám mimo jiné jako autor slov písně Le Chant du départ, hymny Francouzského císařství. Byl členem Francouzské akademie. Jeho bratr André Chénier byl rovněž významným básníkem.


Synopsis.

The main characters are Adam, Eve and Lucifer. As God creates the universe, Lucifer decries it as futile, stating that man will soon aspire to be gods and demanding their own right of the world, because God was forced to create with then, "the ancient spirit of denial". God casts him out of Heaven, but grants his wish: the two cursed trees in Eden, the Tree of Knowledge and the Tree of Immortality. Playing on Eve's vanity and Adam's pride, Lucifer tempts both into sin. After the Fall and expulsion from Eden, Adam is still too proud to admit that he acted wrongly. Instead, he recounts his dreams of human progress and achievement; he feels that now, unencumbered by God's rules, he is ready to pursue his own glory. Lucifer puts Adam to sleep, and the two begin to travel through history. The first period they visit, ancient Egypt, is the realization of Adam's dream of immense human achievements. However, his joy is abruptly cut off when he finds that the pyramids are being built on the backs of slaves (as a later-executed slave points out, "millions for one"). Adam, in the role of a pharaoh, falls in love with Eve, a slave-girl; with renewed hope, he now tells Lucifer to take him to a world where all men live in equality, and Lucifer transports him to democratic Greece. In each period, Adam's previous dreams are exposed as futile, flawed, or unattainable, and Eve appears just in time to refresh Adam's spirit, and the cycle repeats.  Adam and Lucifer are introduced at the beginning of each scene, with Adam assuming various important historical roles and Lucifer usually acting as a servant or confidant. Eve enters only later in each scene, usually as a historical character. Adam is usually engrossed in his role at the beginning of each scene, and only becomes self-aware and aware of Lucifer as his guide near the end. Eve never breaks out of character. From the 19th century period on, Adam is no longer a leader, but retreats into an observer role, his political and historical enthusiasm having disappeared. Likewise, throughout the dream, Adam is older and older with each passing scene, representing not only his increasing wisdom but also the increasing burden of hopelessness.  The final dream scene is in an ice age in the far future. The Sun is dying, civilization has disappeared, and mankind has been reduced to a few scattered savages trying to eke out a living. It is never addressed whether this is truly the future Madách foresaw, or whether this is an elaborate illusion on the part of Lucifer to make Adam lose hope once and for all. Awaking from his dream, Adam declares that the future is hopeless, and that the only course of action now open to him is to kill himself, thereby ending the human race before it begins and preventing all the meaningless suffering the future holds. As he is poised to throw himself from a cliff, Eve finds him, and happily announces that she is pregnant. Adam falls to his knees and declares that God has vanquished him. God rebukes Satan, and tells Adam that regardless of whether he sees hope or not, his task is only to "strive on, and have faith."

Sequence of scenes.

The "Tragedy of Man" contains fifteen scenes, with ten historical periods represented. The scenes, their locations, and the identity of the main protagonists in each are as follows.  SCENE 1 – In Heaven, immediately following the creation.
 SCENE 2 – In the Garden of Eden at the Beginning of Human History, likely around 50,000 BC.
 SCENE 3 – Outside the Garden of Eden at the Beginning of Human History.
 SCENE 4 – Egypt, c. 2650 BC. Adam is a Pharaoh, most likely Djoser; Lucifer his Vizier Imhotep; Eve is the widow of a slave.
 SCENE 5 – Athens, 490-489 BC. Adam is Miltiades the Younger; Lucifer is a city guard; Eve is Miltiades' wife.
 SCENE 6 – Rome, c. 67 AD. Adam is a wealthy Roman; Lucifer is his friend, Eve is a prostitute.
 SCENE 7 – Constantinople, 1096 AD. Adam is Tancred, Prince of Galilee; Lucifer is his squire; Eve is a noble maiden forced to become a nun.
 SCENE 8 – Prague, c. 1612-15. Adam is Johannes Kepler; Lucifer is his pupil; Eve is his wife, Barbara.
 SCENE 9 – Paris, 1793-94 (in a dream of Kepler). Adam is Georges Danton; Lucifer is an executioner; Eve appears in two forms, first as an aristocrat about to be executed, then immediately following as a bloodthirsty poor woman.
 SCENE 10 – Prague, c. 1615. Adam is Johannes Kepler; Lucifer is his pupil; Eve is his wife, Barbara.
 SCENE 11 – London, 19th century. Adam and Lucifer are nameless Englishmen; Eve is a young woman of the middle class.
 SCENE 12 – A Communist/Technocratic Phalanstery, in the future. Adam and Lucifer masquerade as traveling chemists; Eve is a worker who protests when she is separated from her child.
 SCENE 13 – Space. Adam and Lucifer are themselves, Eve does not appear in this scene.
 SCENE 14 – An ice age in the distant future, at least 6000 AD. Adam is a broken old man; Lucifer is himself; Eve is an Eskimo's wife.
 SCENE 15 – Outside Eden at the Beginning of Human History.

Interpretation.

The play is invariably compared to John Milton's "Paradise Lost", as the two deal with the same subject matter—the creation and fall of Man, and the devil's role in it. As in "Paradise Lost", some critics maintain that the true protagonist of the "Tragedy" is Lucifer himself, being more active than Adam and God combined. Milton offers a more well-rounded Lucifer, however; he is motivated chiefly by a desire for power, and all his actions stem from that, rather than from any specifically malicious drive. Madách's version is significantly more one-sidedly villainous, seeking to destroy mankind simply to prove God's creation experiment a failure. This spite, combined with his charisma in dealing with Adam and Eve, make him a decidedly sinister character, more so than Milton's.  Some critics suggest that the unique portrayal of Eve, the first woman, was prompted by Madách's own unhappy marriage. Eve is both the vehicle of Adam's fall, offering him the apple, but through her appearance in each scene, is also usually the means by which Adam regains his hope for the future. In the end, she is the force which prevents his demise. The relationship between man and woman is indeed at the heart of the play, portrayed as being both deeply flawed on the one hand, yet still affirmed as "the" basic human relationship.  While these interpretations may be up for discussion, the role of Hegelian dialectic in the sequencing of scenes is an established fact. Each scene, each historical period, is the realization of some ideal of Adam ("thesis"), which Lucifer then exposes as being deeply flawed ("antithesis"). Adam, on the verge of losing hope, comes into contact with Eve, and decides upon a new ideal ("synthesis") which would cure the worst problems of his present reality. The cycle then repeats. But each time Lucifer shows an age to Adam, he deceives Adam: Lucifer always shows the age not when the new ideal was ascending and contributed to the well-being of the human race. Instead, Lucifer and Adam experience the declining phase of the ages. Thus, contrary to Hegel's philosophy, what Adam sees is that humanity does not constantly build towards a glorious future, but is slowly sinking into worse and worse depravity.  This leads to the most famous and one of the most controversial elements of the play. Adam cannot understand what the purpose of his existence is if mankind's future is so bleak. The last line is spoken by God: ""Mondottam, ember, küzdj és bízva bízzál!"" ("I have told you, Man: strive on, and trust!") Depending on the interpretation, this can either be seen cynically as the words of a capricious deity, or else pointing to a "hope beyond all hope," that God has a purpose for all things which man may not necessarily comprehend. This is markedly different from "Paradise Lost", where the Christian hope is explicitly spelled out.  It may therefore be tempting to suggest that "The Tragedy of Man" is not really a Christian play. It is, in fact, rather critical of historical Christianity. However, it is really only the institutional Roman Catholic Church that comes under direct attack. His brief portrayal of the early church, and St. Peter specifically, is also completely positive. It is certain that Madách's contemporaries likewise saw the play as unquestionably Christian in character. János Arany, who proofread Madách's poetry, was at first so disgusted by Lucifer's apparent blasphemous behaviour in the first scene that he refused to read further; however, once Madách begged him to read it to the end, he felt that the rest of the play's Christianity justified and explained what he had at first misinterpreted. Therefore, the interpretation of God as a capricious and arbitrary deity who wants to see his creations toil and suffer for no purpose does not seem to fit with Madách's probable intentions.  Literary influence, notably from Milton's "Paradise Lost" and Goethe's "Faust", cannot be overlooked. Both notably contributed to the representation of the Lucifer, that takes characteristics from both Milton's Satan and Goethe's Mephistopheles. Likewise, existentialist themes reflecting on the apparent absurdity of existence are present throughout; Kierkegaard's influence can also be inferred, especially in the ending, which affirms both the world's meaninglessness and the meaningfulness of striving for God.

Adaptations.

Stage.

The poem is quite suitable for the stage, but a bit lengthy. German, Czech and Polish theaters have staged adaptations.

Opera.

There are also two operas based on the play: a two-act mystery opera ("Az ember tragédiája") by the Hungarian composer György Ránki and a very large-scale work by the English composer Clive Strutt ("The Tragedy of Man").

Animation.

Marcell Jankovics has directed the animated film "The Tragedy of Man", produced from 1988 to 2011 at Pannonia Film Studio. Some of the segments were showcased individually over the years, and the finished 160-minute feature film was finally released in 2011.

Cinema.

Directed by András Jeles, "Angyali üdvözlet" ("The Annunciation") was released in 1984, in which children play all the characters.

External links.

Translations:  Illustrations:  Adaptations:

The Tragedy of Man () is a play written by the Hungarian author Imre Madách. It was first published in 1861. The play is considered to be one of the major works of Hungarian literature and is one of the most often staged Hungarian plays today. Many lines have become common quotations in Hungary. The 1984 film "The Annunciation" ("Angyali üdvözlet") was based on the play, as was the 2011 animated film "The Tragedy of Man".

Tragédie člověka ("Az ember tragédiája") je romantická veršovaná divadelní hra maďarského dramatika a básníka Imreho Madácha, jedno z nejvýznamnějších dramat maďarské literatury.


Aspects.

A multitude of reactions can occur during a psychedelic crisis. Some users may experience a general sense of fear, panic, or anxiety. A user may be overwhelmed with the disconnection many psychedelics cause, and fear that they are going insane or will never return to reality. The fear that is felt during a bad trip has a psychotic character, coming as it does from within the mind of the tripper and not from the external environment. For example, during Albert Hoffman's first acid trip, he hallucinated that his neighbour had turned into a malignant demon, when in fact she was only a friendly woman trying to help him.  A person having a bad trip might try to harm themselves or others around them. They may experience suicidal ideation, or make full-blown suicide attempts. Because of the magnification of emotions they induce, many psychedelics could possibly cause thoughts of death and intensely adverse reactions in some users. Users can believe that their death is imminent or that the very universe itself is collapsing. Rapid "aging" of other people may be observed by the user, perpetuating the aforementioned fears to an even greater degree.  Some users may experience disorientation. The normal views of time, space, and person can be substantially altered, causing fear. Some can worsen their condition by trying to fight the psychedelic experience after embarkment. There can be illusions of insects crawling over or into one's self, or of being in dirty places such as sewers. Some users may experience a feeling of losing control of their minds due to persistent racing thoughts.  In rare cases an apparent complete loss of control can be observed, with an individual's behavior tending to exhibit a temporary loss of normal understanding of navigation of one's physical environment. An individual in such a state can cause accidental harm to themselves and to others, and can include behavior such as flailing about or even running into traffic, or, as such a state may not necessarily involve physical movement, may involve induction of a catatonic state or the expression of seemingly random vocalizations i.e. not limited to true speech. This may be caused by a failure to recognize external stimuli for what it is. Stanislav Grof explains this feature:

Unpredictability of the experience.

The effects of psychedelics vary widely from one individual to the next, and from one experience to the next. Sometimes individuals under the influence of such drugs do not understand that they have taken a drug and believe that they will never return to their ordinary, sober perception, though some can be reminded verbally. In cases where the individual cannot be kept safe, hospitalization may be useful, though the value of this practice for individuals not mentally ill is disputed by proponents of the investigative or recreational use of psychoactive compounds. Psychosis is exacerbated in individuals already suffering from this condition.

Transition from hallucinogen-induced psychosis to schizophrenia.

A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis by Murrie et al found that the transition rate from a diagnosis of hallucinogen-induced psychosis to that of schizophrenia was 26% (CI 14%-43%), which was lower than cannabis-induced psychosis (34%) but higher than amphetamine (22%), opioid (12%), alcohol (10%) and sedative (9%) induced psychoses. Transition rates were not affected by sex, country of the study, hospital or community location, urban or rural setting, diagnostic methods, or duration of follow-up.

Intervention.

Generally, a person experiencing a psychedelic crisis can be helped either to resolve the impasse, to bypass it, or, failing that, to terminate the experience. A person's thoughts before taking or while under the influence of the psychedelic, often greatly influence the trip.  Medical treatment consists of supportive therapy and minimization of external stimuli. In some cases, sedation is used when necessary to control self-destructive behavior, or when hyperthermia occurs. Diazepam is the most frequently used sedative for such treatment, but other benzodiazepines such as lorazepam are also effective. Such sedatives will only decrease fear and anxiety, but will not subdue hallucinations. In severe cases, antipsychotics such as haloperidol can reduce or stop hallucinations. Haloperidol is effective against drug-induced psychosis caused by LSD and other tryptamines, amphetamines, ketamine, and phencyclidine.

Potential causes.

According to Timothy Leary, a crisis can be a result of wrong set and setting. Leary advised that users of psychedelics be sure that they are comfortable before taking the drugs. Leary claimed that the frequency of difficult trips was highly exaggerated by anecdotes and fabrications in the popular press.  Alternatively, psychiatrist R. D. Laing held that psychedelic crises and other such extreme experiences, drug-induced or not, were not necessarily artificial terrors to be suppressed but rather signs of internal conflict and opportunities for self-healing. The greater the pain and pathos of an experience, the greater the urgency to explore and resolve it, rather than attempt to cover it up or dismiss it.  Likewise, Stanislav Grof suggested that painful and difficult experiences during a trip could be a result of the mind reliving experiences associated with birth, and that experiences of imprisonment, eschatological terror, or suffering far beyond anything imaginable in a normal state, if seen through to conclusion, often resolve into emotional, intellectual and spiritual breakthroughs. From this perspective, interrupting a bad trip, while initially seen as beneficial, can trap the tripper in unresolved psychological states. Grof also suggests that many cathartic experiences within psychedelic states, while not necessarily crises, may be the effects of consciousness entering a perinatal space.

A bad trip (acute intoxication from hallucinogens, drug-induced temporary psychosis, psychedelic crisis, or emergence phenomenon) is a frightening and unpleasant experience triggered by psychoactive drugs, especially psychedelic drugs such as LSD and magic mushrooms.

Bad trip je psychedelický stav, kdy člověk po užití halucinogenu zažívá nepříjemné vjemy. Bad trip se dá předejít správnou přípravou na psychedelický trip (set and setting).


History.

Šoštanj was first mentioned in written documents dating to around 1200 as "Schönstein" in relation to its castle. As a market town it was first mentioned in 1348. It was given town status in 1919 and until the 1960s was the center of the Šalek Valley (). In 1963 nearby Velenje became the administrative center. Šoštanj again became a municipal center in the late 1990s. The town has a long leather-working history, with industrial-scale activity going back to 1788. The factory was owned by the Woschnagg family, a Germanized branch of the Vošnjak family, until it was nationalized in 1945. The processing factory was closed down in 1999. A leather industry museum is now open in the town.

Mass graves.

Šoštanj is the site of four known mass graves and one unmarked grave from the period immediately after the Second World War. The Gorica 1–4 mass graves () all lie north of Lake Šoštanj. The first grave is also known as the Čebul Meadow Mass Grave (). The second grave is also known as the Stvarnik Meadow Mass Grave () or the Bodjan Meadow Mass Grave (). The four graves contain the remains of Slovene, Croatian, and German civilians that were murdered on the Gorica Ridge northeast of the town in late May 1945 as they were fleeing to Carinthia. The victims include a group of wealthy Šoštanj residents murdered on 23 May 1945. The graves are part of the same set as the Družmirje 1 and 2 mass graves. The Janez Pirmanšek Grave () lies in a meadow west of the town, at Primorska Cesta no. 7, above the sawmill and log storage area. A memorial to Šoštanj residents that fell while serving in the German army formerly stood at the site. The grave contained the remains of the Slovene civilian Janez Pirmanšek, who was liquidated on 20 May 1945.

Power plant.

The Šoštanj Power Plant began producing electricity in 1956. The plant is partly sponsored by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Investment Bank, and is highly controversial.

Description.

There are currently five units in the TEŠ ("Termoelektrarna Šoštanj") power plant, which is owned by Holding Slovenske Elektrarne (HSE). Units 1 and 2 have closed down, and units 3, 4, and 5 were planned to be shut down around 2016. The TEŠ6 is the newest unit of the project, made to replace the old technology of the previous units. The newest edition is said to increase the power generated by 30%. This new unit will hold around 600 megawatts of electricity. The plant's operations will last for 40 years, 6650 hours annually, and will consume 440 metric tonnes of lignite per hour.  The TEŠ6 was proposed in 2003 and was included in the Slovenian government's agenda around 2007. The cost of TEŠ6 has climbed to around 1.5 billion euros due to the 50 million euro annual losses. The European Investment Bank (EIB) has given 550 million euros, the European Bank for Research and Development (EBRD) has given approximately 200 million euros, 515 million euros from the owner's capital, 83 million euros from HSE, and 80 million euros from a commercial loan.

Protests and disagreements regarding the project.

Organizations such as CEE Bankwatch are not content with the construction of the TEŠ6 and the way the project has been running. There are claims by the Slovenian media that there is evidence of corruption in the project regarding the involvement of Alstom, the main equipment contractor. Ten people were charged with destruction of business documentation and abuse of office and forgery; Alstom is said to have changed certain terms of its contract, thus causing the project's costs to increase. Alstom could have also gained information on competing companies and offers.  Environmentalists do not support the project due to the harmful effects that the project may lead to in terms of carbon emissions. Lignite emits carbon dioxide at a high rate, and is not an eco-friendly source of energy.  There is opposition regarding the construction of the plant because of future financial losses which Slovenia would incur. For a number of years, the plant could be responsible for 70 to 80 million euros in losses; considering the amount of loans towards the EIB, taxpayers in Slovenia would have to pay more money to support this project.

Church.

The parish church in the town is dedicated to Michael the Archangel and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Celje. A second church in town was built in 1776 on the site of a 13th-century predecessor and is dedicated to Saints Hermagoras and Fortunatus.

Šoštanj (; ) is a town in northern Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Šoštanj. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

Šoštanj () je město a správní středisko stejnojmenné občiny ve Slovinsku v Savinjském regionu. Nachází se u řeky Paky, asi 5 km severozápadně od Velenje a asi 70 km severovýchodně od Lublaně. V roce 2019 zde trvale žilo 2 893 obyvatel. Ve městě se nachází tepelná elektrárna.


History.

Early history.

Elector John Frederick of Saxony first thought of a plan to establish a university at Jena upon Saale in 1547 while he was being held captive by emperor Charles V. The plan was put into motion by his three sons and, after having obtained a charter from the Emperor Ferdinand I, the university was established on 2 February 1558. The university, jointly maintained by the Saxon Duchies who derived from partitioning of John Frederick's duchy, was thus named Ducal Pan-Saxon University () or Salana (after the river Saale).  Prior to the 20th century, University enrollment peaked in the 18th century. The university's reputation peaked under the auspices of Duke Charles Augustus, Goethe's patron (1787–1806), when Gottlieb Fichte, G. W. F. Hegel, Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich von Schlegel and Friedrich Schiller were on its teaching staff.  Founded as a home for the new religious opinions of the sixteenth century, it has since been one of the most politically radical universities in Germany. Jena was noted among other German universities at the time for allowing students to duel and to have a passion for "Freiheit", which were popularly regarded as the necessary characteristics of German student life. The University of Jena has preserved a historical detention room or Karzer with famous caricatures by Swiss painter Martin Disteli.  In the latter 19th century, the department of zoology taught evolutionary theory, with Carl Gegenbaur, Ernst Haeckel and others publishing detailed theories at the time of Darwin's ""Origin of Species"" (1858). The later fame of Ernst Haeckel eclipsed Darwin in some European countries, as the term "Haeckelism" was more common than Darwinism.  In 1905, Jena had 1,100 students enrolled and its teaching staff (including "Privatdozenten") numbered 112. Amongst its numerous auxiliaries then were the library, with 200,000 volumes; the observatory; the meteorological institute; the botanical garden; the seminaries of theology, philology, and education; and the well-equipped clinical, anatomical, and physical institutes.  After the end of the Saxon duchies in 1918, and their merger with further principalities into the Free State of Thuringia in 1920, the university was renamed as the Thuringian State University (Thüringische Landesuniversität) in 1921. In 1934 the university was renamed again, receiving its present name of Friedrich Schiller University. During the 20th century, the cooperation between Zeiss corporation and the university brought new prosperity and attention to Jena, resulting in a dramatic increase in funding and enrollment.

Nazi period.

During the Third Reich, staunch Nazis moved into leading positions at the university. The racial researcher and SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Astel was appointed professor in 1933, bypassing traditional qualifications and process; he later became rector of the University in 1939. Also in 1933, many professors had to leave the university as a consequence of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. Student fraternities - in particular the Burschenschaften - were dissolved and incorporated into the Nazi student federation. The Nazi student federation enjoyed before the transfer of power and won great support among the student body elections in January 1933, achieving 49.3% of the vote, which represents the second best result. Between the Jena connections and the NS students wide-ranging human and ideological connections were recorded.  When the Allied air raids to Jena in February and March struck in 1945, the University Library, the University main building and several clinics in the Bachstraße received total or significant physical damage. Completely destroyed were the Botanical Garden, the psychological and the physiological institute and three chemical Institutes. An important event for the National Socialist period was the investigation of the pediatrician Yusuf Ibrahim. A Senate Commission noted the participation of the physician to the "euthanasia" murders of physically or mentally disabled children.

Present.

In the 20th century the university was promoted through cooperation with Carl Zeiss (company) and also became thereby a mass university. In 1905 the university had 1,100 students and 112 university teachers, so this figure has since been almost twenty-fold. The Friedrich-Schiller University is the only comprehensive university in Thuringia.  Since 1995, there is a university association with the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg and the University of Leipzig. The aim is firstly to give the students the opportunity to visit with relatively few problems at the partner universities and events in order to broaden the range of subjects and topics. Currently e. g. has joined a cooperation in teaching in the field of bioinformatics. In addition, the cooperation provides the university management the opportunity to share experiences with their regular meetings and initiate common projects. So z. B. went from the successful bid to the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) from the University network. The co-operation continues at other levels: for example in a joint mentoring program for female postdocs or in the central German archives network. And last but not least, there are common sports activities.  Since October 2014, the pharmacologist Walter Rosenthal is the president of the University; Chancellor is since 2007 the mathematician Klaus Bartholmé.

Organization.

The university is organized in 10 schools:

Research.

Research at Friedrich Schiller University traditionally focusses on both humanities and sciences. In addition to the faculties the following "Collaborative Research Centers" (German "Sonderforschungsbereich", short: "SFB") operate at the university:  Participations in DFG-Collaborative Research Centres:  In 2006 the research center, Jena Center - History of the 20th century, was founded. In 2007 the graduate school "Jena School for Microbial Communication" (JSMC) was established within the German Universities Excellence Initiative. In 2008 the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB) and the interdisciplinary research center Laboratory of the Enlightenment were developed as research institutions. 2014 the "Center of Advanced Research" (ZAF) was established.  Jena University is one of the founder of The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, that was founded in 2013. It is a research centre of the German Research Foundation (DFG).  Friedrich Schiller University is the only German University with a chair for gravitational theory and one for Caucasus Studies.

Museums and collections at the University.

Among the collections which are open to the public are the ("Phyletisches Museum"), an institution which is unique in Europe for illustrating the history of evolution, the Ernst-Haeckel-Memorialmuseum, the Mineralogical Collection which traces its roots back to Goethe and the second oldest Botanical Garden of Middle Europe. The ("Schillers Gartenhaus") and the Goethe Memorial at the Botanical Garden are reminders of the two towering geniuses of Jena. Both buildings are also open to the public.  Oriental Collections / Papyrus Collection Archaeological Collections Natural Sciences and Natural History Mineralogy & Geology History of Sciences Medicine

The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena (, abbreviated FSU, shortened form "Uni Jena") is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany.

Univerzita Jena, oficiálně Univerzita Friedricha Schillera Jena (německy "Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena", zkratkou "FSU", neoficiální zkrácená podoba "Uni Jena"), je veřejná výzkumná univerzita se sídlem v Jeně v Německu. Je to jediná plnohodnotná univerzita v Durynsku. Byla založena v roce 1558 a patří mezi deset nejstarších univerzit v Německu. Je spojena se šesti nositeli Nobelovy ceny, naposledy v roce 2000, kdy její absolvent Herbert Kroemer získal Nobelovu cenu za fyziku. Básník Friedrich Schiller, jehož jméno roku 1934 přijala do názvu, zde učil jako profesor filozofie.


Early life and education.

Born in Munich, Bavaria, Hohlmeier is the daughter of former German politician Franz Josef Strauß. She completed a training as a hotel manager.  In Brussels, Hohlmeier has been sharing an apartment with fellow parliamentarian Sabine Verheyen since 2009.

Political career.

Bavarian State Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs, 1998–2005.

Between 1998 and 2005, Hohlmeier served as Bavarian State Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs in the government of Minister-President Edmund Stoiber. In 2005, she decided to step down from her office, amid accusations she allowed party votes to be falsified and got jobs for friends; she was replaced by Siegfried Schneider. Already in 2004, Hohlmeier had resigned as head of the Munich branch of the Christian Social Union after she reportedly threatened critics within the party with unspecified revelations about their personal lives. Between 2006 and 2008, she served on the state parliament’s Committee on Budget and Finance.  Hohlmeier was a CSU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in May 2004.

Member of the European Parliament, 2009–present.

Hohlmeier has been a Member of the European Parliament since the 2009 European elections. She has since been serving on the Committee on Budgets and the parliament’s delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China. In addition, she has been chairing the Committee on Budgetary Control since 2019.  On the Budget Committee, Hohlmeier serves as the European Parliament’s buildings rapporteur. In 2011, she drafted the relevant reports for a Budget Committee decision on a controversial €38 million purchase of three buildings – one in Strasbourg and two in Brussels – so as to increase office space for MEPs and their staff in the light of the 2013 enlargement of the European Union. On the recommendation of Hohlmeier, the committee in 2013 approved signing a 12-year lease on a German-owned 40,000 square meters office building at Brussels’ Square de Meeûs. She has also served as the parliament’s rapporteur on the budget of the European Union in 2015 (along with Eider Gardiazabal Rubial) and in 2020.  In previous terms, Hohlmeier was a member of the Special Committee on Organized Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering (2012-2013) and the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (2014-2019). On the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, she served as the EPP group's spokesperson from 2014 until 2019. In 2012, she also served as rapporteur on the Directive on Attacks against Information Systems.  In early 2014, the CSU chose Hohlmeier to be the party list’s number 3 for the 2014 European elections, following Markus Ferber and Angelika Niebler.  In addition to her committee assignments, Hohlmeier has been a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Biodiversity, Countryside, Hunting and Recreational Fisheries (since 2014) and the MEPs Against Cancer group (since 2019).

Controversy.

In early 2020, Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš personally attacked Hohlmeier when she led a six-member delegation of the European Parliament’s Committee on Budgetary Control to Prague and investigated possible irregularities and conflicts of interest in the distribution of European Union funding in the Czech Republic.

Monika Hohlmeier (née Strauß, born 2 July 1962) is a German politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2009. She is a member of the Christian Social Union, part of the European People's Party. Between 1998 and 2005 she served as Bavarian State Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs.

Monika Hohlmeierová (nepřechýleně Monika Hohlmeier, rodným jménem Monika Strauß, * 2. července 1962 Mnichov) je německá politička za stranu CSU. V letech 1998–2005 byla bavorskou státní ministryní vyučování a kultury. Od roku 2009 je poslankyní Evropského parlamentu, kde působí od července roku 2019 jako předsedkyně Výboru pro rozpočtovou kontrolu.


Operating modes.

HP’s Universal Print Driver is based on Microsoft’s universal core drivers UNIDRV and PSCRIPT. These core drivers are not usable until device specific information is used to inform the core driver of the actual device settings and capabilities. To accomplish this task, a universal printing dialog box is inserted before the standard print setup dialog box. The universal printing dialog box allows users to choose a recently used device, enter a device IP address, search for local print devices, or choose a device from a predefined list. Regardless of the device discovery method used, the Microsoft core driver is updated accordingly and the new device information is then reflected in the normal print driver user interface.  HP provides three different Universal Print Drivers: PCL5, PCL6 and emulation PostScript. Custom default values can be assigned with the HP Driver Configuration Utility. HP UPD is available as a Microsoft Windows 32-bit or 64-bit driver and automatically configures itself to one of 35 currently supported languages based upon the language of the host system.

Dynamic mode.

In dynamic mode, searching for devices is accomplished using the mDNS discovery protocol (aka Bonjour). The mDNS protocol performs satisfactorily for devices residing on the same subnet only. Users will need to enter IP addresses for remote devices unless they have been previously discovered or are available on a managed printers list. Whether discovered, entered, or chosen, the HP universal printing dialog box submits SNMP requests to the target device’s IP address.  Using enterprise auto configuration (EAC) and a bidirectional communications port, SNMP requests ascertain a device’s configurations and capabilities. The results are used by HP UPD to update the print driver table in the Windows registry to accurately reflect the target device’s capabilities. The results are also cached (CREG) and the recently discovered device list is updated to provide an easy method for future selection. In dynamic mode, HP UPD is considered to be a virtual device. Therefore, the new device instances do not appear in the Printers folder.

Traditional mode.

In traditional mode HP UPD is bound to a print queue and behaves like a normal printer driver with the addition of bi-directional communications for device queries and real time print job status. This mode can be chosen during driver installation, or on the dynamic mode universal printing dialog box. The traditional mode bypasses the universal printing dialog box and goes directly into the typical print setup dialog box.  Automatic configuration does not occur in traditional mode; but, users can select manual updates to ensure the device’s capabilities are properly represented. The HP UPD can be installed either in dynamic mode, traditional mode, or both, depending on user requirements.

Management features.

HP UPD includes driver management features allowing IT administrators to pre-configure, deploy, and manage the HP driver software. Management tools within the HP UPD include INSTALL.EXE with command line options, the HP MPA Tool, Active Directory Templates, Driver Configuration Utility, Driver Deployment Utility and HP Web Jetadmin.  "INSTALL.EXE"  HP UPD installer allows some driver default settings to be modified via command line options. Some of these switches will change the system-wide behavior of the HP UPD, while other changes are specific to a single print queue.  "HP MPA Utility"  The HP MPA utility pre-configures some driver default settings in a managed HP UPD environment. Settings made within the HP MPA utility control the HP UPD at a user level. The resulting policies are maintained for every printer attached to the HP UPD. They are global user policies that affect HP UPD users.  "HP UPD Active Directory Templates"  An HP UPD Administrative Template(an Active Directory Template) can be added to create a Group Policy Object to manage the user UPD capabilities. The settings apply to any queue that uses the HP UPD. Care should be taken when locking configuration settings as the user is unable to change a locked setting.  "HP Driver Configuration Utility"  The HP Driver Configuration Utility (DCU) is a Windows application used to edit the configuration file associated with a particular driver. The configuration file controls the print driver settings and takes effect when the driver is installed.  "HP Driver Deployment Utility"  DDU is used to pre-configure a print driver for deployment. When the package is run on the client computer, the new configuration file configures the printer driver after it is installed, and does not interfere with WHQL certification. DDU contains the standalone DCU utility inside the package and is launched when Pre-configure driver is selected from the DDU tool.  Beyond driver configuration, HP UPD also employs managed printer lists (MPLs) and managed print policies (MPP) to control access to devices and capabilities. These technologies are used with HP UPD in dynamic mode. If MPLs are used, then searching for devices is unnecessary. Users are presented with a predefined list of devices from which to choose. MPLs are XML files that can be created manually, with the HP MPA utility, or exported from HP Web Jetadmin. When the HP UPD is activated, it begins by searching the network for the MPL file as shown in Figure 6. MPPs are used to control which users have access to device features like color, duplex, etc. By default, HP UPD assumes that the HP MPA is installed on a server named managed-print. As a result, HP UPD searches the network for this server to find HP Managed Print Policies or HP Managed Printer Lists.

Status Notification Popups (SNPs).

The driver also includes status notification pop-ups during print submission that inform the user on device status, print job status, and consumable levels. This is a graphical popup window that displays a dashboard of toner supply levels, links for reordering consumables, and an instant support landing page for that particular HP device model. When the HP UPD is selected for printing, it will attempt to communicate directly with the printer to gather status and job information during printing. By querying the printer through SNMP get commands, network traffic is kept to a minimum and is only present during printing. If desired, the SNPs can be disabled.

HP Universal Print Driver (UPD) is an intelligent print driver that supports a broad range of HP LaserJet printers and MFPs. Developed by Hewlett-Packard, it combines a general purpose driver (UNIDRV or PSCRIPT) and HP proprietary extensions. HP UPD simplifies driver deployment and management. This advanced print driver has the ability to discover HP printing devices and automatically configure itself to the device capabilities (e.g., duplex, color, finishing, etc.).

HP Universal Print Driver (UPD), česky Univerzální tiskový ovladač HP je konfigurovatelný univerzální ovladač pro tiskárny HP a multifunkční zařízení HP. Ovladač podporuje především laserové tiskárny (HP Color LaserJet a HP LaserJet) a také některé inkoustové modely pro firemní účely (modely řady HP Business Inkjet, HP Officejet Pro a HP Officejet Enterprise). Ovladač je vyvíjen společností HP a je určen pouze pro její zařízení. Univerzální ovladač zjednodušuje správu tiskových zařízení, díky možnosti použít pro různá zařízení jediný ovladač.