History.

Adelaide Island was discovered in 1832 by a British expedition under John Biscoe. The island was first surveyed by the French Antarctic Expedition (1908–1910) under Jean-Baptiste Charcot.  According to a contemporary source, the island was named by Biscoe himself in honour of Queen Adelaide of the United Kingdom.  The Island has two bases on it. The old Adelaide Island base (also known as Base T) was set up by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), which later became the British Antarctic Survey. The Base was closed due to an unstable skiway and operations were moved to the new Rothera Research Station during 1976-77; this base remains open. The old BAS base was transferred to the Chilean authorities in 1984, when it was renamed Teniente Luis Carvajal Villaroel Antarctic Base. The station was then used as a summer only station by the Chileans. However, the skiway and 'ramp' to the station from the plateau have all become so unstable that the Chilean Air Force (FACh) have ceased operating there. The Chilean Navy has visited the station almost every summer to ensure it is in good keeping. BAS employees also visit the station during the winter when access from the plateau is easier.  Due to the length of time that it has been inhabited the island is well mapped by Antarctic standards.

Geology.

During the Mesozoic, the Antarctic Peninsula was the site of an active volcanic arc, with deposition of a fore-arc basin sequence. Included in that sequence is a 2–3 km succession of turbiditic coarse sandstones and volcanic rocks, exposed on the eastern portion of the Adelaide Island, which correlate with the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Fossil Bluff Group on Alexander Island. The western portion of Adelaide Island is covered by the Fuchs Ice Piedmont. The oldest formation on Adelaide Island is the Late Jurassic Buchia Buttress Formation (149.5 Ma) of volcanic breccias, tuffs, and volcaniclastic rocks interbedded with coarse grained sandstones and pebble conglomerates. The Early Cretaceous Milestone Bluff Formation (113.9 Ma) is a sandstone-conglomerate indicating a shallowing trend. Volcanic formations on Adelaide Island include the Bond Nunatak Formation (75 Ma), which consists of basaltic andesite lavas interbedded with coarse grained volcaniclastics, and overlays the Buchia Buttress Formation. The Mount Leotard Formation (75-65 Ma), has up to 1800 m of basaltic andesite lavas, hyaloclastites and breccias. The Reptile Ridge Formation (67.6 Ma) is a rhyolitic ignimbrite up to 400 m thick. Finally, the Adelaide Island Intrusive Suite (45-52 Ma) are granodiorite-gabbro hybrid plutons with minor dolerite dykes.

Geography.

A number of features on and around Adelaide Island have been charted by various Antarctic expeditions, primarily the French Antarctic Expedition of 1909, under Charcot.  Cape Mascart forms the northernmost extremity of Adelaide Island, Antarctica. It was discovered by Charcot's expedition, and named by him for French physicist Éleuthère Mascart.  On the island's east coast, Landauer Point, marks the west side of the north entrance to Tickle Channel. It was mapped by the FIDS from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, and the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE), 1956–57. The point was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) for Joseph K. Landauer, an American physicist.  To the south is Mothes Point, southwest of The Gullet. It was mapped by FIDS from RARE photos, and FIDASE in 1956–57. It was named by UK-APC for German glaciologist Hans Mothes.  Continuing south, is Mackay Point about to the north-northeast of Rothera Point. It was surveyed by FIDS, 1961–62, and by a Royal Navy Hydrographic Survey Unit from, 1976–77. The point was named by UK-APC in 1978 for BAS builder Donald C. Mackay.  About south is Rothera Point, marking the east side of the Ryder Bay. Rothera Point was named by UK-APC for FIDS surveyor John M. Rothera. The point is protected as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.129 so that it would serve as a biological research site and control area against which the environmental impact of the adjacent Rothera Research Station could be monitored in an Antarctic fellfield ecosystem.  On the southeast coast of the island, east of Mount Gaudry, wide Ryder Bay indents the coast to a depth of. The Leonie Islands lie across the mouth of this bay. The bay was resurveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) under Rymill, and in 1948 by FIDS. The bay is named for Lisle C.D. Ryder, second mate on the "Penola" during the BGLE, 1934–37. Ives Bank is a submarine bank in the Bellingshausen Sea on the southern approaches to Ryder Bay.  The southeast extremity of the island is Cape Alexandra, named by Charcot for Alexandra of Denmark, then Queen consort of England.  Cape Adriasola is a distinctive ice-cliffed cape at the southwest end of Adelaide Island, northwest of Avian Island. Charcot named it for an acquaintance in Punta Arenas.

Adelaide Island is a large, mainly ice-covered island, long and wide, lying at the north side of Marguerite Bay off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Ginger Islands lie off the southern end. Mount Bodys is the easternmost mountain on Adelaide Island, rising to over 1,220 m. The island lies within the Argentine, British and Chilean Antarctic claims.

Adelaidin ostrov je ostrov sopečného původu v západní Antarktidě. Je součástí pásu ostrovů, který se táhne po západní straně Antarktického poloostrova od Viktoriiny země až k Jižním Shetlandám. Jeho rozloha je 4463 čtverečních kilometrů a je tak sedmým největším ostrovem Antarktidy. Nejvyšší bod ostrova, Mount Gaudry, má nadmořskou výšku 2565 metrů nad mořem.


Operations.

In March 1942, Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Main Office, placed a high-ranking SS functionary Paul Blobel in charge of the "Aktion 1005", but its start was delayed after Heydrich was assassinated in June 1942. It was after the end of June that Heinrich Müller, head of the Gestapo, finally gave Blobel his orders. While the principal aim was to erase evidence of Jewish exterminations, the "Aktion" would also include non-Jewish victims of Nazi persecution.  Blobel began his work experimenting at the Chełmno extermination camp (Kulmhof). Attempts to use incendiary bombs to destroy exhumed bodies were unsuccessful, as the weapons set fire to nearby forests. The most effective way was eventually found to be a giant pyres on iron grills. The method involved building alternating layers of corpses and firewood on railway tracks. After the pyre burned down, remaining bone fragments could be crushed by pounding with heavy dowels or in a grinding machine and then re-buried in pits. The operation officially began at Sobibór extermination camp. The "Leichenkommando" exhumed the bodies from mass graves around the camp and then burned them, and task the workers were then executed. The process then moved to Bełżec in November 1942. The Auschwitz and Majdanek camps had crematoria with furnace rooms on site to dispose of the bodies and so the "Aktion 1005" commandos were not needed there. "Surplus" corpses were burned by their own prisoners "(pictured)". The semi-industrial incineration of corpses at the Treblinka extermination camp began as soon as the political danger associated with the earlier burials was realised. In 1943, the 22,000 Polish victims of the Soviet Katyn massacre were discovered near Smolensk and reported to Adolf Hitler. Their remains were well preserved underground, attesting to the Soviet mass murder. By April 1943, Nazi propaganda began to draw attention of the international community to that war crime. The Katyn Commission was formed to make detailed examinations in an effort to drive a wedge between the Allies. Meanwhile, the secret orders to exhume mass graves and instead to burn the hundreds of thousands of victims came directly from the Nazi leadership in April. The corpses that had been buried at Treblinka with the use of a crawler excavator were dug up and cremated on the orders of Heinrich Himmler himself, who visited the camp in March 1943. The instructions to utilise rails as grates came from Herbert Floss, the camp's cremation expert. The bodies were placed on cremation pyres that were up to long, with rails laid across the pits on concrete blocks. They were splashed with petrol over wood and burned in one massive blaze attended by roughly 300 prisoners, who operated the pyres. In Bełżec, the round-the-clock operation lasted until March 1943. In Treblinka, it went on at full speed until the end of July.  The operation also returned to the scenes of earlier mass killings such as Babi Yar, Ponary, the Ninth Fort, as well as Bronna Góra. By 1944, with Soviet armies advancing, Wilhelm Koppe, head of the "Reichsgau Wartheland" ordered that each of the five districts of General Government territory set up its own Aktion 1005 commando to begin "cleaning" mass graves. The operations were not entirely successful, as the advancing Soviet troops reached some of the sites before they could be cleared.

Aftermath.

At the Nuremberg Trials after World War II, a deputy of Adolf Eichmann, Dieter Wisliceny, gave the following testimony on "Aktion 1005":  Blobel was sentenced to death by the US Nuremberg Military Tribunal in the Einsatzgruppen Trial. He was hanged at Landsberg Prison on June 8, 1951. Nearly 60,000 deaths are attributable to Blobel, but during his testimony at Nuremberg, he claimed that he killed only 10,000 to 15,000 people.  The prosecution at the trial of Eichmann in 1961 attempted to prove that Eichmann was Blobel's superior, but the court did not accept it. Blobel's superior was actually Heinrich Müller.

Sonderaktion 1005 (), also called "Aktion 1005", or "Enterdungsaktion" (), began in May 1942 during World War II to hide any evidence that people had been murdered by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland and Soviet Union. The project, which was conducted in secrecy from 1942 to 1944, focused on concealing evidence of mass murder at the Operation Reinhard killing centres, as well as at other sites. Prisoner groups used to exhume mass graves and burn the bodies were officially called "Leichenkommandos" ("corpse units") and were part of "Sonderkommando 1005"; inmates were often put in chains to prevent them from escaping.

Akce 1005 nebo Zvláštní akce 1005 ("Aktion 1005", též "Sonderaktion 1005" nebo "Enterdungsaktion") byl krycí název pro operaci, jejímž cílem bylo zahladit stopy po masových vraždách Operace Reinhard a řádění Einsatzgruppen v okupovaných oblastech na východě. Akce začala v květnu 1942, probíhala až do roku 1944 a prováděly ji zvláštní pracovní jednotky sestávající z vězňů zvané "Leichenkommandos "(Mrtvolová komanda), jenž byly odnoží tzv. "Sonderkommand". Cílem bylo exhumovat těla z masových hrobů a spálit je. Tato akce sestávala z mnoha dílčích nasazení především na území okupovaného Pobaltí, Běloruska, Ukrajiny, Polska a Jugoslávie. Na vězně dohlížely jednotky Sicherheitsdienstu a Ordnungspolizei. Po zahlazení stop byli členové "Leichenkommandos" obvykle popraveni.


Biography.

Guridi was born in Vitoria-Gasteiz into a family of musicians. His mother, Maria Trinidad Bidaola, was a violinist and his father, Lorenzo Guridi, was a pianist. After completing his early studies with the Piarists and the Jesuits of Zaragoza, he moved to Madrid, where he received lessons from Valentín Arín. Later, in Bilbao, he received violin lessons from Lope Alaña, who introduced him to the society called "El Cuartito", and studied harmony with José Sáinz Besabe. On 28 January 1901 he gave his first public concert with the Philharmonic Society of Bilbao. At the age of 18 he enrolled in the Schola Cantorum in Paris, studying organ with Abel Decaux, composition with Auguste Sérieyx, and fugue and counterpoint with Vincent d'Indy. Here he met Jose Maria Usandizaga, with whom he developed a deep friendship.  He then moved to Brussels, where he studied with Joseph Jongen and in Cologne with Otto Neitzel, following the recommendations of Resurrección Maria de Azcue. In June 1912 he was appointed director of the Bilbao Choral Society. In the same year his friend Usandizaga died.  In 1922 he married Julia Ispizua. The couple had six children: Maria Jesus, Luis Fernando, Maria Isabel, Ignacio, Julia, and Javier. In 1944 he began working at the Madrid Conservatory, where, years later, he became director.  He died suddenly on 7 April 1961 at the age of 74 years in his home on Sagasta Street in Madrid.

Musical style.

Strongly influenced by Richard Wagner and other late-Romantic musicians, he found inspiration in the roots of Basque folklore in his first scores, and which later give body and soul to his compositions. Guridi produced copiously in a huge range of genres. From chamber music (string quartets), vocal and choral compositions, orchestral works, liturgical and concert pieces for the organ, operas ("Mirentxu" and "Amaya") and zarzuelas ("El Caserio", "La Meiga", etc.). Among his works are: "El Caserio" (1926), "Diez melodias Vascas" (1940), "Así cantan los chicos" (1909), "Amaya" (1920), "Mirentxu" (1910), "Una aventura de Don Quixote" (1916), "La Meiga" (1929 ) "Seis canciones castellanas" (1939), "Pyrenean" Symphony (1945), and "Homenaje a Walt Disney", for piano and orchestra (1956).

His work.

Despite his intense activity as an organist, choir director and teacher, Guridi was largely devoted to composition. The variety of genres he cultivated is very wide, ranging from symphonic music to film music, operas and operettas, chamber music, choral music, songs and music for children.  Guridi's music writing is characterized by the clarity of its formal organization, by the strength and richness of its harmony and the inspiration of the melodies. He was one of the main creators of the musical nationalism in Euskadi and Spain.  These are some of his most important works:

Opera.

His best known opera is "Amaya" (libretto by Joseph M. Arroita Jáuregui), released at the Coliseo Albia in Bilbao in 1920, and also "Mirentxu" (libretto by Alfred Etxabe), released in Bilbao in 1910.

Zarzuela.

Probably his best known zarzuela and work is "El Caserío" (The farmhouse, libretto by Guillermo Fernández Shaw and Federico Romero), premiered in Madrid in 1926.  It is also worth mentioning "La Meiga" (by the same authors), "La Cautiva" (The Captive, by LF Seville and A. Carreño), released in 1931, "Mandolinata" (A. C. de la Vega, 1934) and "Mari-Eli", Basque operetta (E. Carlos and Arniches Garay, 1936) as well as the lyrical "La bengala" (The flare, by L. Weaver and J. Hollow, 1939), "Peñamariana" (Romero and Fernandez Shaw, 1944), and "Acuarelas vascas" (Basque Watercolours, 1948).

Orchestra.

On orchestral music, his most famous work is "Ten Basque melodies" (1940). He also composed "Basque Legend" in 1915, the symphonic poem "An Adventure of Don Quixote" (1916) and "En un barco fenicio" (In a Phoenician ship), in 1927. In 1945 he composed his "Pyrenean Symphony" and, in 1956, "Tribute to Walt Disney Fantasy" for piano and orchestra.

Choral music.

Vocal music is also present in Guridi’s work. "Six Castilian Songs", composed in 1939, can be highlighted. Other Guridi’s choral works are: "So the children sing" (1915), for chorus and orchestra, "Euskal folkloreko XXII Abesti" (Basque popular songs, 1932), "Basque Songs" (1956), "Boga boga" (Popular Basque, 1913), "Anton Aizkorri" (1913), "Ator, ator mutil" (Christmas Eve Song, 1920), "Mass in honor of the Archangel Gabriel", for chorus and organ (1955), "Mass in honor of San Ignacio de Loyola", (3 voices and organ, 1922), "Requiem Mass" for chorus and organ (1918), "Te Deum", for chorus and organ (1937), "Ave Maria" (1907)," Hail", for gold and organ (1916), "Tantum ergo", for choir and organ (1915) and "Basque Folk Songs", for chorus of mixed voices (1913–1923).

Piano and chamber music.

They are also noteworthy creations of incidental music for film and his work for solo piano, which include "Old Dances" (1939), "8 Notes For Piano" (1954), "Ten Basque melodies, Lamento e imprecación de Agar" (1958), "Piano Pieces" (1905), "Three short pieces" (1910) and "Vasconia" (1924). He also cultivated chamber music, and he wrote two string quartets, "Quartet in G major" (1934) and "Quartet in A minor" (1949; dedicated to the cellist Juan Ruiz Casaux).

Organ.

The organ was probably Guridi’s favourite instrument, in his role as a performer and as a teacher. In fact, he was a master on improvisation and he remained active as an organist until the end of his days.  Guridi was appointed professor of organ and harmony at the Institute of Music of Bizkaia in 1922, and in 1944 he won by opposition the organ national chair of the Royal Conservatory of Music in Madrid, which in 1956 would become director. He served for years as organist of the Church of San Manuel and San Benito, Madrid.  In 1909, when he was still very young, he won the Gold Medal in the Valencia Regional Exhibition, with his "Fantasy for great organ", a piece composed between 1906 and 1907 and premiered by Guridi himself. Also in 1909 he composed an "Interlude" and in 1917 he wrote another Fantasy, that was published under the title "Prelude and Fantasy".  In 1922 he composed "Cuadros vascos" (Basque scenes), for chorus and orchestra, and adapted, for solo organ, the "Espatadantza" (traditional Basque dance) contained in this work. He also adapted for organ "Four Cantigas of Alfonso el Sabio" in 1953.  In 1948 he composed "Variations on a Basque theme", which consists of nine variations on the popular song "Itsasoa laino dago" (There is fog on the sea), contained in Resurrección Ma de Azkue’s Songbook.  In 1951, Guridi grouped twenty short and not difficult of execution pieces for organ teaching approach under the title "Spanish School of Organ (1. Introducción – 2. Capriccio – 3. Cantinela – 4. Himno – 5. Improvisación – 6. Canción vasca – 7. Salida – 8. Interludio – 9. Plegaria – 10. Preludio – 11. Pastorela – 12. Villancico – 13. Glosa (Puer natus est) – 14. Éxtasis – 15. Fuga – 16. Adagio – 17. Ave Maria – 18. Ofertorio I – 19. Ofertorio II – 20. Tocata)".  In 1953 he wrote the beautiful "Triptych of the Good Shepherd ("The Flock ", "The Lost Sheep" and "The Good Shepherd")", surely his masterpiece in this field, which won the first prize in the composition competition organized by Organería Española because of the inauguration of the new organ of the Good Shepherd Cathedral in San Sebastián. Guridi himself premiered his "Triptych" on 20 January 1954 in this temple. The other composers awarded in the competition were Tomás Garbizu, Luis Urteaga and José María Nemesio Otaño. In 2007, the concert offered by these composers, 19 and 20 January 1954, was reproduced, and the concert ended with the work of Guridi.  Shortly before his death in 1961, he composed a "Final for organ", a composition of great character in the line of the French master Louis Vierne.

Jesús Guridi Bidaola (25 September 1886 – 7 April 1961) was a Spanish Basque composer who was a key player in 20th-century Spanish and Basque music. His style fits into the late Romantic idiom, directly inherited from Wagner, and with a strong influence from Basque culture. Among his best-known works are the zarzuela "El Caserío", the opera "Amaya", the orchestral work "Ten Basque Melodies" and his organ works, where the "Triptych of the Good Shepherd" can be highlighted.

Jesús Guridi Bidaola (25. září 1886 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Baskické autonomní společenství – 7. dubna 1961 Madrid) byl španělský baskický hudební skladatel.


History.

Preparations.

The Chinese government approved the resort on November 4, 2009. The Walt Disney Company announced on November 5, 2010 that it had signed an agreement with Shanghai Shendi Group to build the resort and park in Shanghai, with a planned opening in 2015. On April 7, 2011, groundbreaking began at the Shanghai Disneyland Resort site. On June 29, 2013, construction on the Enchanted Storybook Castle began.

Construction.

Major construction work started in April 8, 2011, targeting a 2016 spring opening. The resort was planned to cover an area of and it was expected to cost (). The project is financed by several large Chinese state-owned enterprises in Shanghai forming a joint venture with the Walt Disney Company. "The first-phase of the project will be to the South of Huanglou Area, an area in Chuansha Town, the southeast suburbs of Shanghai's Pudong area; the second phase will extend further southwest," an urban developer from Shanghai stated. DeSimone Consulting Engineers were the structural engineers behind the construction work.  On March 8, 2013, the company announced that the park would open in late 2015. On February 2, 2015, the opening date was pushed back to early 2016. On January 12, 2016, the park's opening date was announced as June 16, 2016. The final opening date was June 16, 2016.  The cost was initially estimated at 24.5 billion yuan (US$3.7 billion) for the theme park and an additional 4.5 billion yuan (US$700 million). That rose to around US$5.5 billion before delays, which was partly due to more attractions opening to the public on the first day, which added US$800 million to the cost.  In addition to the attractions and two hotels, a high-speed rail system is being built to get visitors to and from the site.  Disney owns 43% of the property, and the state-controlled Shanghai Shendi Group owns the remaining 57%.

Opening.

On May 7, 2016, Shanghai Disneyland Park had started soft openings.  Disney aired the live broadcast of the grand opening show on its Facebook and the Disney TV stations on the night of June 15, 2016. Bob Iger, chairman and chief executive officer of The Walt Disney Company was joined by nearly 3,000 distinguished guests and celebrities for a showcase of choreography, acrobatics, costumes, and technology in grand scale, with dazzling lights, Disney music, pageantry, special effects, and fireworks. The show featured world-renowned pianist Lang Lang, who performed a custom arrangement of the musical sensation “Let It Go” (from Disney's “Frozen“) and China's television and actress Sun Li took center stage. The historic event included the debut of an original song, “Ignite the Dreamer Within,” written especially for the grand opening of Shanghai Disneyland. Acclaimed composer and conductor Tan Dun, widely known for his stirring scores for the films “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon” and “Hero,” led the Shanghai Symphony with an original composition of the new song.

Ticket pricing.

Tickets for the park went on sale on March 28, 2016, with a two-tiered pricing scheme. On most days, day adult tickets will be, while child and elderly one day tickets will cost, roughly 20% cheaper than Hong Kong Disneyland (which charges for a day adult ticket). During busier periods, including the first two weeks of the park's operation, adult day tickets will cost, while child and elderly tickets will cost. The park will be the first Disney park to feature tiered pricing.  According to the International Business Times (IBT), the equivalent of park ticket pricing will cost about US$75 for adults and US$60 for children on holidays and weekends, and around US$60 for adults and US$45 for children on weekdays. IBT notes that "a two-day weekend ticket for two adults and one child comes close to China's average urban monthly wage."  Opening day tickets sold out in a few hours after they had gone on sale at midnight, March 28. However, more tickets were put on sale several days before the official opening day.

Response to COVID-19.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the park temporarily closed from January 25, 2020 following the actions of Ocean Park Hong Kong and Hong Kong Disneyland Park. It remained closed the following three and a half months, reopening to guests on May 11, 2020, becoming the first of the Disney Parks to reopen. It reopened under strict rules that included, but was not limited to, social distancing, reduced capacity, temperature screenings, and mandatory face masks.

Layout.

Upon the company's promise that the Shanghai resort would be "authentically Disney and distinctly Chinese," Chinese architects and designers and teams of researchers were hired to find ways to incorporate Chinese cultural elements. Many usual Disney park features have been redesigned or are absent from Shanghai Disneyland Park to cater for Chinese visitors' preferences. The park does not feature a steam railroad surrounding the park's perimeter and has no earthen berm to obscure the outside world from guest view. As a replacement for a central-spoked/hub, the center of the park features a collection of Chinese zodiac gardens called the Gardens of Imagination. Main Street U.S.A. has given way to Mickey Avenue, which introduces Chinese visitors to Disney characters. Conventional-themed lands such as Adventureland are reimagined into Adventure Isle, and other lands, such as Frontierland, are omitted entirely. Several staple attractions, such as Space Mountain, Jungle Cruise, and It's a Small World, are excluded as Disney wanted to avoid criticism of cultural imperialism. Restaurants seating has been revised upwards after studies found that Chinese guests take longer over meals, and extensive picnic areas are better adapted to extended families with grandparents. Also, there is more live entertainment as many Chinese patrons prefer that to thrill rides.  In regards to the layout of other Magic Kingdom parks, this park's layout is mirrored. Instead of being on the left side of main hub, Adventure Isle (Adventureland) is on the right side; while as Tomorrowland is now on the left side instead of the right. Fantasyland is located in the back behind the castle (Enchanted Storybook Castle).

Mickey Avenue.

Mickey Avenue, the entrance of the park, is the park's equivalent to Main Street, U.S.A.. The area is inspired by the personalities of Disney cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, and Chip 'n' Dale as well as Disney films, including ""Ratatouille"", "The Three Caballeros", and "Lady and the Tramp." Avenue M Arcade, the largest gift shop in the park, is modeled after the Carthay Circle Theater. The "Storytellers" statue, which depicts a young Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse, is at the end of Mickey Avenue and in front of the Gardens of Imagination.

Gardens of Imagination.

The hub of the park, this land features seven Chinese gardens with each of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac represented by Disney characters. Attractions include Dumbo the Flying Elephant, Fantasia Carousel, and Marvel Super Heroes at Marvel Universe, a meet-and-greet pavilion featuring Marvel characters. Entertainment includes castle stage shows as well as the nightly "Ignite the Dream, A Nighttime Spectacular of Magic and Light." Mickey's Storybook Express, a parade with a musical soundtrack and colorful performers, runs on the longest parade route in a Disney park.

Fantasyland.

Fantasyland is the park's largest land themed to Disney animated films. The land features the Enchanted Storybook Castle, themed to Disney princesses. The castle is the largest in any Disney theme park and features the Royal Banquet Hall restaurant, a boutique, and Voyage to the Crystal Grotto, a boat ride around and under the castle that takes guests past scenes from films including "Tangled", "Aladdin", "Mulan", "Fantasia", "The Little Mermaid" and "Beauty and the Beast". Attractions include Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, Peter Pan's Flight, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh,, Alice's Curious Labyrinth, a walk-through hedge maze inspired by the 1951 and 2010 versions film adaptations, and the Hunny Pot Spin, a spinning Teacups-style ride themed to "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh".

Treasure Cove.

Treasure Cove is themed to an 18th-century Spanish harbor town located on a Caribbean island that has been captured by Captain Jack Sparrow from "Pirates of the Caribbean". The land's marquee attraction is, a dark ride based on the films. Guests, riding in magnetically propelled boats, travel past audio-animatronic and projected depictions of Jack Sparrow and Davy Jones as the two battle against each other in attempt to seize the cove's sunken riches.  The land also is home to "Eye of the Storm: Captain Jack’s Stunt Spectacular", a stunt show inspired by the films and Siren's Revenge, a shipwreck-themed three-story interactive play area set aboard a wrecked French galleon. Explorer Canoes are also located in this area.

Adventure Isle.

Adventure Isle is the park's counterpart to Adventureland. Focused around a mysterious lost world full of hidden treasures, the land features Roaring Rapids, a river rapids ride through the land's towering Roaring Mountain and Soaring Over the Horizon, a hang gliding flight experience across the world. Additionally, the land features "Tarzan: Call of the Jungle", a live acrobatic stage show, and Camp Discovery.

Tomorrowland.

Tomorrowland is the park's futuristic-themed land. Unlike the other Tomorrowlands, this version does not have Space Mountain and instead is home to TRON Lightcycle Power Run, an indoor "Tron"-themed roller coaster. Similarly, instead of an Astro Orbiter attraction, Shanghai's park includes a spinning Jet Packs ride. Other attractions include Star Wars Launch Bay, Stitch Encounter, and Buzz Lightyear Planet Rescue, a variant of previous Buzz Lightyear dark rides.

"Toy Story" Land.

This "Toy Story" franchise-themed land, the park's first expansion, opened on April 26, 2018. The original plans for Shanghai Disneyland called for a "Toy Story" area with three rides, two restaurants, a show, and a gift shop. The Celebration Café, a restaurant that opened on opening day, was meant to be in "Toy Story" Land. Additionally, the nearby bathrooms are the same as the "Toy Story" Green Army Men attractions found at the other parks.

Shanghai Disneyland Park () is a theme park located in Pudong, Shanghai, China, that is part of the Shanghai Disney Resort. The park is operated by Disney Parks, Experiences and Products and Shanghai Shendi Group, through a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and Shendi. Construction began on April 8, 2011. The park opened on June 16, 2016. The park operated in its first half-year with a visitor attendance of 5.60 million guests.

Disneyland Šanghaj je tematický park v šanghajské čtvrti Pchu-tung. Stavba byla zahájena v roce 2011, park byl otevřen po pěti letech 16. června 2016. Jde o celkově šestý Disneyland na světě, z toho třetí v Asii (po Tokiu a Hongkongu). Park je součástí rekreační oblasti Shanghai Disney Resort. V té se kromě samotného parku nachází několik hotelů ("Shanghai Disneyland Hotel", "Toy Story Hotel") a areál "Disneytown" s obchody a restauracemi. Součástí resortu je i "Wishing Star Park", parková oblast kolem jezera, o celkové ploše cca 40 hektarů.


Early life.

Zahavi was born in Rishon LeZion, Israel, to Jewish parents. He served as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces.  He also holds a French passport, on account of his French-born father.

Club career.

Youth career.

Zahavi started his youth career with Hapoel Tel Aviv. At the age of 16 he went to Ironi Rishon LeZion, in his hometown. Two years later, in 2005 he returned to Hapoel. He managed to get to the state cup final with his team but lost to Beitar Jerusalem after a penalty shootout; he scored the equaliser that led to extra time.

Hapoel Tel Aviv.

A Hapoel Tel Aviv youth product, Zahavi was promoted to its senior team in 2006, where he won the Israel State Cup, and the championship title after a dramatic match against the fierce rival Beitar Jerusalem in which he scored at the 92nd minute of extra time. Zahavi was reported to have garnered interest from clubs in Belgium during the 2009–10 season.  In the 2010–11 season Zahavi became the top assister of the Israeli Premier League, providing 13 assists during the season.

Palermo.

Zahavi signed a five-year deal with the Italian Serie A club, Palermo, before the beginning of the 2011–12 Serie A season. He capped two seasons with 23 appearances in the top league in Italy, scoring two goals versus Bologna and Cagliari.

Maccabi Tel Aviv.

In December 2012, towards the winter transfers window opening, Zahavi showed signs of returning to Israel. Following an agreement made by Palermo and Maccabi Tel Aviv, his former club Hapoel Tel Aviv was given seven days to make a bid on him due to a first-option clause in his contract, but it was not exploited. On 21 January 2013, after over a month of speculation in the media, Maccabi Tel Aviv announced his arrival, signing him on a three-and-a-half year contract for €250,000.  At the Tel Aviv derby on 3 November 2014, Zahavi scored a penalty to equalise the score at 1–1 in the first half but was then attacked by a pitch invader. On retaliating, he was sent off, prompting more pitch invasions which led to the match being abandoned.  In the beginning of the 2015–16 season, Zahavi was appointed as Maccabi's new captain after former captain Sheran Yeini signed at Dutch football club Vitesse. On 5 August 2015, Zahavi scored two goals against Czech team Viktoria Plzeň in a 2–0 away victory in the second leg of the third qualifying round after Maccabi lost at home 2–1. On 19 August 2015, Zahavi scored a brace, including a 96th-minute equaliser, in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Basel at St. Jakob-Park in the first leg of the Champions League playoffs. On 25 August, during the second leg at Bloomfield, he scored a 24th-minute equaliser as the match ended 1–1, a result that sent Maccabi to the Champions League group stage due to the away goals rule. Zahavi finished the Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round as the top goalscorer with 7 goals in 5 games. During the season Zahavi scored 35 league goals, in 36 league games, and set a new Israeli record for league goals in single season. The previous record was set by the striker Nissim Elmaliach, who scored 30 goals in 26 league games during the 1954–55 season.

Guangzhou R&F.

On 29 June 2016, Zahavi joined Guangzhou R&F of the Chinese Football League, making him the second Israeli player in China after Liron Zarko. The transfer deal will pay Zahavi a reported $12.5 million over two-and-a-half years. On 2 July, Zahavi made his debut coming on from the bench at the 60th minute playing against Shijiazhuang Ever Bright with the score a 1–1 draw. 15 minutes later he scored his first goal, and later on, he added an assist to lead his team to a 4–2 victory.  On 13 July, Zahavi scored a hat-trick in 19 minutes in the Chinese FA Cup match against Hebei China Fortune coming on from the bench in the second half and so helping R&F to a 3–0 win. On 18 October, during a league match against Hangzhou Greentown, Zahavi netted his second hat trick in an R&F jersey, propelling them to a 5–2 victory. He found the net in the 33rd, 55th, and 67th minutes of the match. Those goals gave him 16 goals in as many games for R&F, across all competitions. These scoring exploits quickly earned him the nickname "the King of Yuexiushan".  Zahavi finished his first half season for Guangzhou R&F with six goals in four Chinese FA Cup games, and 11 league goals in 15 appearances. In December 2016, according to media reports, Chinese club Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C. offered $20 million for Zahavi, the highest transfer fee ever offered for an Israeli footballer. On 24 January 2017, Zahavi signed a renewed contract with Guangzhou R&F until the end of the 2020 season, for an estimated $7 million per season. On 23 July, in the league match against Yanbian Funde he scored four goals and Guangzhou won 6–2. Zahavi finished the 2017 season with 27 league goals (one short of the league record) to win the CSL Golden Boot Award. He was also named the Most Valuable Player in the Chinese Super League, and selected in the CSL team of the year.  After Shanghai Greenland Shenhua failed to sign Zahavi in September 2017 for a transfer fee of $25 million, Zahavi renewed his contract with Guangzhou R&F in February 2018 for an estimated $10 million per season on a three-year contract. On 2 March, during round 1 of the 2018 CSL season, Zahavi scored a hat-trick and assisted one goal in the 5–4 away win against reigning champions Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao.  In November 2019, Zahavi broke the CSL single season scoring record after scoring his 29th goal of the season, surpassing the previous record set by Elkeson in 2014.

International career.

Zahavi made his international debut on 2 September 2010 against Malta in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match. He scored his first goal for the national team on 10 September 2013 against Russia. On 24 March 2019, he scored a hat-trick against Austria in a 4–2 home win during the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying. On 7 June 2019, Zahavi scored a back-to-back hat-trick against Latvia in a 3–0 away win.  As of November 2019, he has made 52 appearances for Israel, scoring 19 international goals...  אחי שמיני גמר יורו 2021 הוא מודיאל 2022 ישחק עם ישראל בעזרת השם אפוא ישחק Eran Zahavi ****

Honours.

Club.

Hapoel Tel Aviv  Maccabi Tel Aviv

Eran Zahavi (or Zehavi, ; born 25 July 1987) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or as a striker for Guangzhou R&F and the Israel national team.

Eran Zahavi (hebrejsky ערן זהבי; narozen 25. července 1987, Rišon le-Cijon, Izrael) je izraelský fotbalový záložník a reprezentant. V současnosti hraje v čínském klubu Guangzhou R&F.


Biography.

He was born of a distinguished family of Coutances, then under the Frankish realm of Neustria, towards the close of the 6th or the beginning of the 7th century.  After the death of his mother, he entered with his father the abbey of Luxeuil in the Diocese of Besançon, probably about 615. Under the direction of Eustachius, Omer studied the Scriptures, in which he acquired remarkable proficiency.  When King Dagobert requested the appointment of a bishop for the important city of Terouenne, the capital of the ancient territory of the Morini in Neustria, he was appointed and consecrated in 637.  Though the Morini had received Christianity from Saint Fuscian and Saint Victoricus, and later Antmund and Adelbert, nearly every vestige of Christianity had disappeared. When Saint Audomare entered upon his episcopal duties, the Abbot of Luxeuil sent to his assistance several monks, among whom are mentioned Saint Bertin, Saint Mommolin and Saint Ebertran. Saint Omer had the satisfaction of seeing the Catholic religion firmly established in a short time.  He founded the Abbey of Saint Peter (now the Abbey of Saint Bertin) in Sithiu, soon to rival the old monastery of Luxeuil for the number of learned and zealous men educated there. In 649 he erected the Church of Our Lady of Sithiu, with a small monastery adjoining, which he turned over to the monks of Saint Bertin, on condition that he would be buried at the site and that the church would serve as a burial place for the monks.  The exact date of his death is unknown, but he is believed to have died about the year 670.

Veneration.

The place of his burial is uncertain; most probably he was laid to rest in the church of Our Lady, later Saint-Omer Cathedral, where there is a 13th-century cenotaph dedicated to him.  His feast is celebrated on 9 September.

Saint Audomar (died 670), better known as Saint Omer, was a bishop of Thérouanne, after whom nearby Saint-Omer in northern France was named.

Blahoslavený Otmar (též "Audomar", † asi 670) byl misijním biskupem v Thérouanne. Jeho liturgickou památku slaví katolická církev 1. listopadu.


Playing career.

Club career.

Papavasiliou began his pro football career in 1988 with Greek Alpha Ethniki club OFI, having arrived from England nd the youth teams of Oldham Athletic and Arsenal. He spent five years with the Cretan top-tier side during its "golden years", establishing himself as an attacking midfielder under coach Eugène Gerards. In August 1993, Papavasiliou was transferred to Newcastle United for £120,000 signing a two-year contract and thus becoming the first Cypriot to play in the FA Premier League. He made his Newcastle debut against Tottenham on 14 August 1993. He went on to play for two seasons at the club before returning to OFI in 1994.  He returned to Cyprus in 1996 signing for First Division club Apollon Limassol, where he stayed four years. In 2000, Papavasiliou was acquired by Anorthosis Famagusta, but after playing with them through the 2000−01 season, he was subsequently loaned out to Enosis Neon Paralimni and Olympiakos Nicosia. He then moved to APOEL, where he played his final season, opting to retire his playing career in 2003.

International career.

Papavasiliou has represented Cyprus for 9 years during 1990−1999, making a total of 38 national caps and scoring five goals.

Managerial career.

Papavasiliou holds the English UEFA A Licence and also the UEFA Pro Licence. He began his managerial career in Cyprus, first at APE Pitsilia in the 2006–07 Cypriot Second Division and then moving to Olympiakos Nicosia, who had recently been relegated to the Second Division after many decades in the top flight. Papavasiliou led the "Green−Blacks" throughout their 2007–08 campaign, but missed out on promotion in the final match of the competition, in which his side was defeated 2−1 by fellow promotion contenders Nea Salamis, who thus finished in the promotion zone and left Olympiakos in fourth place.  In the summer of 2009, Papavasiliou returned to Greece and the team where he made his name as a player, OFI, where he was paired up with former OFI teammate Myron Sifakis to lead the club during its 2009–10 Beta Ethniki campaign. The duo were however sacked after poor performances at the start of the competition. He returned to Cyprus and Olympiakos Nicosia, this time completing the club's comeback to the First Division after securing third place in the 2009–10 campaign. He left the club in the summer of 2010 and spent the next six months managing Doxa Katokopia until January 2011, and then one year at Enosis Neon Paralimni, whom he led to an all-time best sixth-place finish in the First Division in 2011. In February 2012, Papavasiliou was hired as manager of Olympiakos Nicosia for the third time in his managerial career.  In September 2012, Papavasiliou reached an agreement with Apollon Limassol, for whom he had played from 1996 to 2000, and mutually terminated his contract with Olympiakos to complete the move. He did not manage to finish the season with the club, as he was sacked in March 2013, after a 9−6−6 record. In September 2014, he was appointed manager of Ermis Aradippou, but once again he was fired after several bad results in February 2015.  On 21 August 2015 Papavasiliou was hired as manager of Slovak First Football League side Slovan Bratislava, whom he led to the 2016 Slovak Cup Final. He finished the season in second place behind double-winners AS Trenčín, boasting an impressive.64 win ratio. His second season with the club came to an abrupt end however, as he was fired after the third game of the 2016−17 season  In May 2018, Papavasiliou was appointed manager of Greek Football League side Ergotelis. He managed to lead the club to its first Greek Cup Quarter-finals since 1986 during his first season as club manager. His work did not go unnoticed and in September 2019 he was offered the head coach position of struggling Super League side Panionios. Papavasiliou thus terminated his contract with Ergotelis, accepting the bid and thus making his Super League managerial debut.

Other.

Papavasiliou has accumulated substantial experience and expertise in scouting, and Academy management, having worked as a scout for FA Premier League clubs Bolton Wanderers and Newcastle United. He is also the owner of Nikki Football Academy in Cyprus.

Nikodimos "Nikki" Papavasiliou (; born 31 August 1970) is a Cypriot football manager and former international midfielder. He was the manager of Greek Super League club Panionios. Aside from playing and managing, Papavasiliou's background includes scouting and Academy management. He was the first Cypriot to play in the FA Premier League.

Nikodemos Papavasiliou uváděný i jako Nikodimos Papavasiliou (řecky Νικόδημος Παπαβασιλείου; * 31. srpna 1970, Limassol, Kypr) je bývalý kyperský fotbalový záložník a reprezentant. Po ukončení hráčské kariéry se stal trenérem. Do srpna 2016 vedl slovenský tým ŠK Slovan Bratislava.


Episodes.

Season 1 (1966).

Season 1 aired two episodes per week, on Wednesdays and Thursdays, and followed a single storyline per week.

The Movie (1966).

A couple of months after Season 1 finished airing, a cinematic feature film of Batman premiered in theaters on July 30, 1966, featuring four of the most prominent villains, and new Bat Gadgets that were enabled by the bigger budget of the film. Julie Newmar, who had played The Catwoman in Season 1, was unavailable to act in the film due to a back injury, and was replaced in the role by Lee Meriwether.

Season 2 (1966–67).

Season 2 aired two episodes per week, on Wednesdays and Thursdays. The two episodes in a given week were a single storyline in 26 of the 30 weeks that made up Season 2. The four weeks that were the exception to this were during weeks 19-22 of the season, with three storylines that each crossed over into the following week; a three-parter, followed by a two-parter, followed by another three-parter.<br>  Despite being the most prominent villain during Season 1, Frank Gorshin was completely absent as The Riddler during Season 2, as Gorshin was holding out for a salary increase for continuing on in the role, which the studio refused to comply with. As a result, a storyline in Season 2 that was originally intended for the Riddler was instead given to a character called The Puzzler, while another storyline later on in Season 2 saw John Astin replace Gorshin in the role of the Riddler.  After her absence in the 1966 film, Julie Newmar returned to the role of The Catwoman in Season 2, becoming the most prominent villain during the season. And although Barbara Gordon / Batgirl would not be depicted until Season 3, Barbara is discussed in the late Season 2 episodes "Batman's Waterloo" and "The Duo Defy", foreshadowing her debut months later.  Mr. Freeze was portrayed by George Sanders in Season 1, but Sanders was unavailable to reprise the role. As a result, Otto Preminger was cast to portray Mr. Freeze in Season 2, where Mr. Freeze was going to appear in 4 episodes. Due to tensions and difficulties on set in Preminger's two-part storyline, Eli Wallach replaced Preminger in the role of Mr. Freeze for the final two-part storyline of Season 2.  Episode 39 sees the first use of the "Batdrone", used to fly over Gotham City looking for an unauthorized TV broadcast location, long before unarmed drones became common in the Gulf War.

Season 3 (1967–68).

In Season 3, the format of the storylines were somewhat at variance with previous seasons. Season 3 aired just one episode per week, on Thursdays, and true multi-part stories were the exception rather than the norm. At the conclusion of each story, the guest villains of the next story would usually make an uncredited appearance in the final scene. For example, Egghead is seen riding into town, literally, at the end of "Louie the Lilac". A notable "spin" on this idea were the "linked" episodes "Ring Around the Riddler" and "The Wail of the Siren". In "Ring Around the Riddler", the Siren has an "introductory" scene assisting the Riddler in his criminal caper and briefly mentioning having her own plans for Commissioner Gordon. Batman subsequently defeats the Riddler, and the Siren returns in the tag to start her own caper, which is the basis of "The Wail of the Siren", really a separate story altogether.  Major cast changes during Season 3 included Yvonne Craig joining as Batgirl, Frank Gorshin returning as The Riddler as a one-episode storyline meant that Gorshin's salary demands could now be met, and Eartha Kitt replacing Julie Newmar as The Catwoman, as Newmar was working on the film "Mackenna's Gold". Curiously, a body double (Marilyn Watson) in the penultimate episode "The Entrancing Dr. Cassandra" returned the Catwoman to being Caucasian. Meanwhile, ill-health reduced Madge Blake's role as Aunt Harriet Cooper to just a couple of cameo appearances during Season 3.

The following is an episode list for the 1960s "Batman" television series. It also provides the main cast members, production notes and a list of notable guest stars.

Toto je seznam dílů seriálu "Batman". V letech 1966–1968 vzniklo ve třech řadách celkem 120 dílů seriálu "Batman". V Česku vysílán nebyl.


Biography.

Early life.

Born in Zug, Sommaruga grew up with two brothers and a sister in Sins, Aargau. She attended the gymnasium at Immensee, Schwyz and trained as a pianist at the Lucerne School of Music of Lucerne University. From 1988 to 1991, she attended English and Romance studies at the University of Fribourg, but did not graduate.

Professional career.

Sommaruga held the directorship of the Swiss Consumer Protection Foundation (Stiftung für Konsumentenschutz) from 1993 to 1999, which earned her public recognition in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. She has held the presidency of that foundation since 1999 and that of the aid organisation Swissaid since 2003. She is also patron of "SAFFA 2020", alongside then-federal councillors Doris Leuthard and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, as well as former federal councillor Micheline Calmy-Rey.

Political career.

Sommaruga's political career began as a member of the Grand Council of Bern from 1981 to 1990. She served in the municipal government of Köniz from 1997 to 2005. In 1999, she was elected to the National Council; in 2003 she became a member of the Federal Assembly's upper chamber, the Council of States, representing the canton of Bern.  On 11 August 2010, she announced her candidacy to succeed Moritz Leuenberger in the 2010 Federal Council election. She was elected on 22 September 2010.  She was elected as Vice President of the Federal Council for 2014 alongside President Didier Burkhalter. On 3 December 2014, she was elected as President of the Swiss Confederation for 2015, with Johann Schneider-Ammann as Vice President of the Federal Council. She served until 31 December 2015, when Schneider-Ammann succeeded her. Sommaruga became President of the Federal Council again in 2020.

Personal life.

Sommaruga is married to the writer Lukas Hartmann and lives in Spiegel near Bern. She is a distant relative of Cornelio Sommaruga and fellow politician of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Carlo Sommaruga.

Simonetta Myriam Sommaruga (born 14 May 1960) is a Swiss politician serving as President of the Swiss Confederation for 2020. A member of the Social Democratic Party, she has been a Member of the Federal Council since 2010. Sommaruga has served as head of the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications since 2019 and previously was head of the Federal Department of Justice and Police. She served as Vice President of the Federal Council for the year 2014; in 2015 Sommaruga assumed the role of President of the Swiss Confederation. Subsequently, she returned to the council's presidency in 2020.

Simonetta Sommarugaová (* 14. května 1960, Zug) je švýcarská sociálně demokratická politička, která roku 2015 zastávala funkci prezidentky Švýcarska a zastává ji znovu v roce 2020.


Early life.

Charlotte Emma Aitchison was born on 2 August 1992, in Cambridge, England. Her father, Jon Aitchison, is a Scottish entrepreneur and former show-booker, and her mother, Shameera, is a Gujarati Indian former nurse and flight attendant who was born and raised in Uganda. Charli was raised in Start Hill, Essex, and attended Bishop's Stortford College in nearby Bishop's Stortford. While her parents were not very musical, she demonstrated an affinity for music from an early age, being interested in pop stars such as Spice Girls and Britney Spears. She began writing songs when she was fourteen years old, writing a song called "Fish and Chips Shop".  At fourteen, she convinced her parents to grant her a loan to record her first album, "14", and in early 2008, began posting songs from the album, as well as numerous other demos, on her official Myspace page. This caught the attention of a promoter running numerous illegal warehouse raves and parties in east London, who invited her to perform. She was billed on flyers under the stage name Charli XCX, which was her MSN Messenger display name when she was younger. Despite the illicit nature of the gigs, her parents were supportive of her career and attended several raves with her. In late 2008, while "14" was never commercially released, she released the two singles "!Franchesckaar!" and double A-side "Emelline"/"Art Bitch", under Orgy Music. She has since frequently expressed her distaste for her music of the time, going as far to call it "gimmicky dance tracks" and "fucking terrible Myspace music". At age eighteen, Charli moved to London to study for a fine art degree at UCL's Slade School of Fine Art but dropped out in her second year.

Career.

2009–2013: Career beginnings and "True Romance".

In 2010, Charli XCX was signed to Asylum Records. She later described herself as being "lost". In an interview with "The Guardian", Charli XCX said: "I was still in school, I'd just come out of this weird rave scene, and I wasn't really sure what to make of that. And when I got signed I hated pop music; I wanted to make bad rap music. I didn't know who I was. I didn't know what I liked. Even though I was signed, I was still figuring it out." She eventually flew out to Los Angeles to meet producers, and found it "wasn't working out for me" until she met with American producer Ariel Rechtshaid. They had a two-hour session and wrote the song "Stay Away". She stated that's "when things started to come together". Early in 2011, she was featured on the Alex Metric single "End of the World". She left during the second year of her degree course at the Slade School of Fine Art to focus on her music career, and in May and November 2011, she released the singles "Stay Away" and "Nuclear Seasons" respectively, and gained attention from music website Pitchfork, where she earned "Best New Track" accolades for both; the former was eventually named to the site's "Best Tracks of 2011" list.  In addition to Rechtshaid, she began working with Swedish producer Patrik Berger. He sent her two beats, and she quickly wrote songs for each, one of which became "I Love It" and the other of which became "You're the One". She stated she didn't end up releasing "I Love It" herself as she could not reconcile it with her sound, but in 2012, Swedish duo Icona Pop re-recorded the song and released it as a single featuring her vocals. The song became an international hit, hitting number 1 in Charli's home country and climbing to number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2013. In June, she released "You're the One" as a single from her EP of the same name, followed by her debut mixtape "Heartbreaks and Earthquakes", a one-track file consisting of eight songs including a cover of the Blood Orange song "Champagne Coast" and Odd Future's remix of "You're the One". In September, she released a video for "So Far Away", and on Halloween, she released a new song called "Cloud Aura" featuring Brooke Candy, followed by her second mixtape "Super Ultra", released exclusively through her website in November. In early 2013, she released "You (Ha Ha Ha)" and announced her debut album, followed by "What I Like" in March.  "True Romance" was released in April 2013. It peaked at number 85 on the UK Albums Chart, at number five on the US "Billboard" Top Heatseekers, and at number 11 on the Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart. The album was received well by music critics, earning a 76/100 on Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". In May, she released a song with Welsh singer-songwriter Marina and the Diamonds, called "Just Desserts", followed by the video for "Take My Hand" later that month.

2013–2015: Breakthrough and "Sucker".

Charli XCX began writing her second album in mid-2013, saying she initially wanted to go to India to record, but later decided she wanted to record in France, she said: "Two months ago, I wanted to go to India and record it, and now I want to record it in France. So I feel like nothing is definite – like, I feel very all-over-the-place at the moment. But at the moment, my heart's set on going to France and recording it, but that was different two months ago, so who knows what's going to happen?" Frustrated with the music industry, she ended up going to Sweden, isolating herself from her record label, and made a punk-inspired album over a month. Working on the album with Patrik Berger, they made it at a fast pace, saying that it is "not thought-about, everything really spontaneous [...] We don't think — it's like the first thing that comes out of my mouth is the cut on the record," however it was eventually scrapped for a more "pop"-oriented album. The album included a song called "Mow That Lawn", which was debuted live a year later at Ilosaarirock Festival in Finland.  In late 2013, "SuperLove" was released as the lead single from the album, and reached number sixty-two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Charli's first solo entry on the chart. In January 2014, she released a song called "Allergic to Love" on her SoundCloud. While writing the album, she did further sessions with Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo, Rostam Batmanglij from Vampire Weekend, production duo Stargate, John Hill, and a session with Dr. Luke which she said "wasn't for me”. In an interview with "DIY" magazine, she stated that she wrote the record for girls and wants them to feel "a sense of empowerment". Charli explained in her tour diary with Replay Laserblast that the record's genre is still pop, but has "a very shouty, girl-power, girl-gang, Bow Wow Wow" feel to it at the same time. She also said in an interview with Idolator that the album would be influenced by the Hives, Weezer, the Ramones and 1960s yé-yé music. "SuperLove" was eventually scrapped from the album.  In early 2014, she was featured on Australian rapper Iggy Azalea's single "Fancy"; the track topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming both artists' first number-one single on the chart. Charli XCX expanded her portfolio of songwriting for other artists during this period, with credits on Azalea's 2014 single "Beg for It", Ryn Weaver's debut single "OctaHate", and material for acts including Sky Ferreira, Neon Jungle, Rihanna, and Gwen Stefani. In mid-2014, Charli XCX contributed the song "Boom Clap" to the soundtrack of the film "The Fault in Our Stars". "Boom Clap" peaked at number eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number six in the UK, and was certified platinum in Australia. In an interview with Popjustice in June, she stated she had finished writing sessions and expected the album to be finished by the end of July. In August, "Sucker" was announced to be released in October, along with the lead single "Break the Rules". She said the song came out about after she had made her punk album in Sweden, when she "came out of the other side of that punk phase and translated it into something more pop." She stated that the album was "obviously, [...] about not giving a fuck." The album was pushed back the next month due to the success of "Boom Clap", and was officially released in December 2014 in North America and February 2015 in Europe. It debuted at number 28 on the US "Billboard" 200, making it Charli's first album to enter the chart, and number 15 on the UK Albums Chart. The album's third single, "Doing It", featuring fellow British singer Rita Ora, was released in February, and peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.  Charli XCX opened for Katy Perry on the European leg of her Prismatic World Tour in early 2015, headlined her own UK tour, and featured alongside R&B artist Tinashe on rapper Ty Dolla Sign's single "Drop That Kitty". In May 2015, Charli XCX released "Famous", as the fourth single taken from "Sucker". A music video was released in March, and was ranked by "Time" and "Pitchfork" as the 5th and 19th best pop music video of the year, respectively. In July and August 2015, Charli XCX co-headlined a US tour with Jack Antonoff. She announced on 21 August that, for "personal reasons", a planned second leg of the tour would not go ahead.

2015–2018: "Vroom Vroom", "Number 1 Angel" and "Pop 2".

In a July 2015 interview, Charli XCX said that she was working on her third album and described it as "the most pop thing, and the most electronic thing" she had ever done. Scottish producer Sophie, along with BloodPop and Stargate, were confirmed to be involved in the album's production. In October 2015, she premiered new song "Vroom Vroom" on the Beats 1 Radio Show, then claiming it would be the first song released from her third studio album. On 23 February 2016, it was announced that she had set up a new experimental pop record label, Vroom Vroom Recordings, and that she would release an EP titled "Vroom Vroom" on 26 February 2016. The title song was officially released that day. The second song released from the EP, titled "Trophy", received its first play on Zane Lowe's Beats 1 show on that night. It was also announced that she would also host her own Beats 1 show fortnightly. Vroom Vroom was produced mainly by Sophie as a teaser for her third studio album. The avant-pop EP marked a sharp shift in tone from her previous album, and was released to polarising reviews. A music video for the song "Vroom Vroom" was released on 22 April 2016 via Apple Music.  In July 2016, it was announced that British producer A.G. Cook, founder of record label PC Music, had signed on as Charli's creative director. On 28 October 2016, the then lead single from her third album, "After the Afterparty", was released. A music video was released two days later. It charted at 29 in the UK Singles Chart, and was certified silver by the BPI. On 8 February 2017, she performed it on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", along with a new song titled "Bounce", featuring Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. She said in an interview that month that her album was finished and to be released in September. On 10 March 2017, Charli XCX released the mixtape, "Number 1 Angel", which featured a line-up of all female guest appearances from MØ, Raye, Starrah, Uffie, Abra, and Cupcakke and was produced largely by PC Music members including A.G. Cook, EasyFun as well as Sophie.  On 17 March 2017, Mura Masa released his single "1 Night", which featured vocals from Charli XCX. On 26 July 2017, Charli XCX released "Boys", along with a self-directed music video featuring an ensemble cast of male celebrities, including Joe Jonas and Brendon Urie, among others; it peaked at number 2 on the Top 25 YouTube list on 27 July, receiving almost two millions views in under 24 hours. On 6 August, Charli XCX performed at Lollapalooza music festival 2017. On 20 August 2017, the majority of Charli XCX's third studio album was leaked with the remainder of the tracks leaking in the following year. The leak of the album featuring the then-lead single "After the Afterparty" led to the album being cancelled and Charli deciding to remake an entirely new third studio album.  The "Number 1 Angel" follow-up mixtape, "Pop 2", was released on 15 December 2017, featuring collaborations with Carly Rae Jepsen, Tove Lo, Alma, Caroline Polachek, Brooke Candy, Cupcakke, Pabllo Vittar, Dorian Electra, Mykki Blanco, Tommy Cash, Kim Petras, Jay Park and MØ. On 15 March 2018, Charli XCX performed to promote her mixtape "Pop 2" at El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles.  From May 2018, Charli XCX started performing on Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour as an opening act alongside Camila Cabello. Since then, she released several singles. On 31 May, she released "5 in the Morning", which was debuted on the first date of Swift's tour. On 29 June, she released the singles "Focus" and "No Angel". On 27 July, she released the single "Girls Night Out", which had previously been performed live and leaked in 2017.

2018–present: "Charli" and "How I'm Feeling Now".

On 5 October 2018, Charli XCX released the single "1999" with South African–Australian artist Troye Sivan, as the lead single from her third album "Charli". The single reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and became Charli XCX's tenth Top 40 single and also her first Top 15 single since 2015. The music video for “1999” was released on 11 October and starred Charli XCX and Sivan, featuring various references to 1990's pop culture. Charli XCX was featured on MØ‘s album "Forever Neverland" with the song “If It’s Over”.  On 16 May 2019, Charli XCX released the second single from "Charli", "Blame It on Your Love", featuring American singer and rapper Lizzo. The track was written in Los Angeles and produced by long standing collaborators Stargate with additional production by A. G. Cook and EasyFun. Elements from "Blame It on Your Love" were taken from a previous release, "Track 10", from her 2017 mixtape "Pop 2". On 25 May, Charli XCX performed at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend. On 30 May, she performed a new song from "Charli" with Christine and the Queens titled "Gone" at Primavera Sound in Barcelona. On 30 May, Charli XCX collaborated with Diplo and Herve Pagez on the song “Spicy”. On 3 June, she revealed that she recorded another song for "Charli" with Troye Sivan, marking their second collaboration after "1999". This song, later revealed to be named "2099", was performed live for the first time at Go West Fest on 6 June at the Wiltern in Los Angeles. On 7 June, Charli XCX released a collaboration track titled "Dream Glow" with Jin, Jimin and Jungkook of the South Korean boy band BTS for the soundtrack to their upcoming Netmarble game, "BTS World".  Details of "Charli" were revealed on Amazon on 13 June. On 17 July, "Gone" was released as the third single from the album. The first promotional single, "Cross You Out" featuring Sky Ferreira, was released on 16 August, followed by the second to fourth promotional singles: "Warm", featuring HAIM, on 30 August; “February 2017”, featuring Clairo and Yaeji, on 6 September; and "2099", featuring Troye Sivan, on 10 September. The album was released on 13 September by Asylum and Atlantic Records. The album has 15 tracks and features collaborations with Troye Sivan, Lizzo, Christine and the Queens, Sky Ferreira, Kim Petras, Haim, Cupcakke, Brooke Candy, Pabllo Vittar, Big Freedia, Tommy Cash, Clairo, and Yaeji.  Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Charli XCX announced a new album titled "How I'm Feeling Now" in April 2020. She subsequently released the singles "Forever", "Claws" and "I Finally Understand". "How I'm Feeling Now" was released on 15 May 2020. The album was written and recorded in the span of six weeks during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. According to Metacritic, the album currently ties with "Pop 2" as Charli XCX’s most acclaimed project to date, with Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" describing it as "a work of its time."

Artistry.

Musical style.

Music critics have described Charli XCX's music in a variety of terms including dance-pop, electropop, pop punk and alternative pop. Her early recordings were described as a blend of dark wave and witch house. As her career progressed, she showcased several other musical styles such as gothic pop and synth-pop in her debut album, her second album was described as pop punk containing elements of punk rock, new wave and power pop. Her latest projects explored an avant-pop direction, "Vroom Vroom" contained elements of Eurodance, meanwhile "Number 1 Angel" showed influences of trap, R&B, electropop, synth-pop and experimental pop. Charli XCX's voice has been compared to that of Gwen Stefani and Marina and the Diamonds.

Influences.

Charli XCX's influences include Britney Spears, Shampoo, No Doubt, t.A.T.u., the Donnas, Bikini Kill, Martika, Belinda Carlisle, the Cure, the Feminine Complex, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Donna Summer, Marilyn Manson, Bread, the Spice Girls, All Saints, Uffie, Brooke Candy, Lil Wayne, Kate Bush, "Twin Peaks", Paris Hilton, Justice, Crystal Castles, Calvin Harris, Björk, Quentin Tarantino and Siouxsie Sioux. She has named singer Siouxsie Sioux as her "hero" and Rihanna as her "favorite pop girl." The Hives, Weezer, Ramones and 1960s yé-yé music all influenced her second album. She has said that "the best artists are the ones who constantly change—Madonna, [David] Bowie" and that her "dream collaboration would be with someone like Björk, Kate Bush, or even Dionne Warwick".

Personal life.

Charli XCX says she experiences sound-to-colour synesthesia. She states, "I see music in colours. I love music that's black, pink, purple or red—but I hate music that's green, yellow or brown." She considers herself a feminist and wrote her song "Body of My Own" as a feminist statement. She also appeared in the 2015 documentary about gender equality, "The F Word and Me", which premiered on BBC Three.  Charli XCX previously dated filmmaker Ryan Andrews, who directed numerous music videos at the start of her career, notably "Nuclear Seasons" (2011), "You (Ha Ha Ha)" (2013) and "Super Love" (2013). Since circa 2019, Charli has been in a longterm partnernship with Huck Kwong, whom she's dated before in 2014, but has been friends with since 2012. Kwong used to work as an A&R and they share Emmie Lichtenberg as mutual friends. She divides her time between London and Los Angeles, California.

Tours.

Headlining  Supporting

Charlotte Emma Aitchison (born 2 August 1992), known professionally as Charli XCX, is an English singer, songwriter, music video director, and record producer. Born in Cambridge and raised in Start Hill, Essex, she began posting songs on Myspace in 2008, which led to her discovery by a promoter who invited her to perform at warehouse raves and parties. In 2010 she signed a recording contract with Asylum Records, releasing a series of singles and mixtapes throughout 2011 and 2012.

Charli XCX, vlastním jménem Charlotte Emma Aitchison (* 2. srpna 1992), je anglická zpěvačka. Narodila se v Cambridge skotskému otci a ugandské matce. Studovala na Bishop's Stortford College a později na Slade School of Fine Art, avšak obě školy opustila před dokončením. V roce 2008 začala své písně publikovat na internetu a téhož roku vydala své první album. Předtím, než začala pořádat vlastní koncertní turné, dělala předskokana hudebníkům, jako byli například Katy Perry, Ellie Goulding nebo Coldplay.


Background.

On October 31, 2008, Ellison's mother died of complications from diabetes, 21 months after his great-aunt Alice Coltrane's death. Ellison said, "I decided that if I was going to speak after that experience [the death of his mother], it better be something honest, and deeper than a record that was just made for the times. I wanted to do something that made her proud."  The title is an obstruction of "cosmic drama". Ellison said:

Recording and production.

The recording sessions began in October 2008, immediately following his sophomore album "Los Angeles", and while grieving his mother's death. Following a session for the track "Computer Face", he had found the energy and theme for "Cosmogramma". The album was fully recorded in Ellison's apartment in Los Angeles, California. During the album's recording, Ellison developed a creative relationship with Thundercat, a member of his Brainfeeder record label.  While his mother was in the hospital, Ellison brought in a mobile recording rig and set microphones around her room to gather audio samples, such as a respirator and vital-sign monitors. The samples were also used in the closing track "Galaxy in Janaki", a tribute to his mother. On the process of recording his mother's respirator, Ellison said: "I know it was a weird thing to do. I'm not the type to go out recording things like that. But I didn't want to forget that space." When asked where the title came from, he said: "that's the term my aunt gave my mother. It means mother as well." He also used other samples, such as video game sounds.  Ellison said the process of recording was "quite DIY". He also said the mixing was "the hard part", but a "cathartic" and "fun" process. Daddy Kev, of Low End Theory and Alpha Pup Records, handled mastering, which was overseen by Ellison. Daddy Kev said that it lasted four months, when it usually takes a few days.

Collaborations.

The album features Ravi Coltrane, Miguel Atwood-Ferguson, Thundercat and Rebekah Raff, who later formed the live band Infinity. It also features guest vocals by Laura Darlington, Niki Randa and Thom Yorke of Radiohead.  For the track "...And the World Laughs with You", Ellison was put in contact with Yorke by Mary Anne Hobbs, and they started conversing the same day. After trading a series of emails, he received Yorke's vocals by email. The track was titled before Yorke had written lyrics. Yorke kept the original title, which Ellison appreciated, saying: "He also kept the same name I had for it, which really meant a lot to me. All of the song titles mean something, and that one does for sure."

Composition.

Compared to earlier releases, which were primarily based on electronic and digital mediums, "Cosmogramma" marks a change for Flying Lotus. He started to use live performances, including harp, bass, strings, live drums, saxophone, keyboard and trumpet. However, he also used a laptop, a sampler and a drum machine to produce and to manipulate samples.  "Cosmogramma" is described as electronica, experimental, left-field hip hop, nu jazz, psychedelic hip hop and IDM. The album includes elements of ambient, chiptune, digital glitch, dubstep, drum and bass, free jazz, house, P-Funk, soul and techno.  "Cosmogramma" has a dense, Afrofuturist and maximalist style. It is multi-layered and subtly orchestral, with variations in depth and timbre, and production techniques such as ducking, pumping, real inputting and tempo misalignment. The album drew comparisons with DJ Shadow's "Endtroducing".

Concept.

"Cosmogramma" was conceived by Ellison as a "map of the universe" and a "space opera," fusing 20th- and 21st- century music. It was inspired by lucid dreaming, out-of-body experiences and daydreams, as well as psychoactive drugs like mescaline and DMT. The first two themes were also featured on his next album, "Until the Quiet Comes".

Songs.

"Clock Catcher" has fast, "fierce, off-kilter" hi-hats. "Pickled!" was described as a "basstronica odyssey". "Nose Art" combines "raygun squiggles" and "grinding mechanical noises", with "woozy", "symphonic" synths. "Intro//A Cosmic Drama" has "cinematic depth". "Zodiac Shit" has a "heavy, loping" bass thump, vintage synths, syncopated drum solos, and "spooky" strings. "Computer Face//Pure Being" is a "track of almost heavy metal proportions". "...And the World Laughs with You" is a glitchy song, with Yorke's vocals chopped and resampled. "Arkestry" is a jazz composition, which was compared to Sun Ra.  "Mmmhmm" has a main melody with "a breezy tropical air" and a "machine-like" beat. Its outro contains a transition to "Do the Astral Plane", a "Theo Parrish–styled" house song which features "spaced-out" scat singing from Thundercat. The distorted vocal samples and arrangement of "Satelllliiiiiiite" were compared to Burial; the song leads to "German Haircut", which features a "jazzy octave" bass and "sax 'n' drums noodling". "Recoiled" was described as a collision of "Whinnying Baltimore, helium-vocalled UK hardcore and harp". "Dance of the Pseudo Nymph" is a "funky" dubstep song. The "percolating" strings of "Drips//Auntie's Harp" lead into "Table Tennis", which contains Laura Darlington's "breathy", "Astrud Gilberto-esque" vocals. The last track, "Galaxy in Janaki", has horn stabs, strings, "stuttering" rimshots and "rapid-fire" bass scales.

Artwork.

The artwork is an excerpt of "Codex Tor", a series of books of compiled illustrations by Leigh McCloskey, Ellison's art mentor. It features "lots of circles and intricate lines, matching Flying Lotus' throbbing, more-is-more music". Warp also released other versions of the cover art.

Promotion and release.

"Cosmogramma" was advertised through an application called "Cosmogramma Fieldlines", an augmented reality app released free of charge. This app was controlled using a webcam or a mouse, and was developed by Aaron Meyers and Warp. The application was built on openFrameworks.  In February 2010, Ellison started a tour through Canada, Europe and the United States. The album release party was held on May 14, 2010, over two nights at The Echoplex, in Los Angeles. The show had opening performances from Infinity, Low End resident DJ The Gaslamp Killer, Gonjasufi, and sound artist Matthewdavid.  The album was released on May 3, 2010, through Warp Records. Limited pressings with a golden slipcase were also released. On April 16, 2011, Ellison released the album's B-side EP, "Cosmogramma Alt Takes".

Reception.

At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, "Cosmogramma" received an average score of 86, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 26 reviews. Chris Martins of "The A.V. Club" praised the album as "one of the most musical and inventive to fly the electronica banner in years," and a "hybridized work that challenges others to follow its dazzling blueprint". Robert Christgau, writing for "MSN Music", wrote that "part of its delight is how naturally the disparate parts fit together, but another part is how they add up to phantasmagoria if you let your attention wander (and don't be a tight-ass—you should)". William Rauscher of "Resident Advisor" noted that the album's "sheer amount of diversity" makes it a "much more challenging affair" than its predecessor, "Los Angeles".  Simon Reynolds cited "Cosmogramma" as an example of what he describes as a "hyper-eclectic approach" to production that can be "rich and potent on some levels, but ultimately fatiguing and bewildering for most listeners", further characterizing the album as "hip-hop jazz for the ADHD generation". In a mixed to positive review, Jon Dolan of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "There's some info overload, but Ellison is an ace with pacing, and a distracted soulfulness guides the frantic laptop science."  "Cosmogramma" sold 12,000 copies in its first two weeks of release. In January 2011, it had sold 33,574 copies.

Accolades.

"Cosmogramma" appeared in numerous year-end lists. According to Metacritic, "Cosmogramma" was the 13th most acclaimed album of the year, and the "year's best-reviewed electronica album". According to Acclaimed Music, it is the 52nd most acclaimed album of the decade.  "Cosmogramma" was awarded the top spot in "Exclaim!" magazine's annual ranking of electronic albums, with "Exclaim!"s Dimitri Nasrallah writing of Ellison: "In the five years since he first appeared on the scene, the Los Angeles native's talents have grown in such leaps and bounds that he now finds himself pioneering a full-blown West-Coast beats renaissance." It was later ranked the fourteenth best album of 2010 by "Pitchfork," and named the best album of the year at British radio DJ Gilles Peterson's 2011 Worldwide Winners awards ceremony.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from digital booklet.

Cosmogramma is the third studio album by American music producer Steven Ellison as Flying Lotus, released by Warp Records on May 3, 2010.

Cosmogramma je třetí studiové album amerického hudebníka Flying Lotuse, které vydalo v dubnu roku 2010 hudební vydavatelství Warp Records. Coby hostující zpěváci se na albu představili například Thom Yorke a Laura Darlington. V hitparádě Billboard 200 se album umístilo na 88. příčce.


Speakers.

Today, estimates of the number of speakers vary slightly. Saterland Frisian is spoken by about 2,250 people, out of a total population in Saterland of some 10,000; an estimated 2,000 people (of whom, slightly fewer than half are native speakers) speak the language well. The great majority of native speakers belong to the older generation; Saterland Frisian is thus a seriously endangered language. It might, however, no longer be moribund, as several reports suggest that the number of speakers is rising among the younger generation, some of whom raise their children in Saterlandic.

Dialects.

There are three fully mutually intelligible dialects, corresponding to the three main villages of the municipality of Saterland: Ramsloh (Saterlandic: Roomelse), Scharrel (Schäddel), and Strücklingen (Strukelje). The Ramsloh dialect now somewhat enjoys a status as a standard language, since a grammar and a word list were based on it.

Status.

The German government has not committed significant resources to the preservation of Sater Frisian. Most of the work to secure the endurance of this language is therefore done by the "Seelter Buund" ("Saterlandic Alliance"). Along with North Frisian and five other languages, Sater Frisian was included in Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages by Germany in 1998. Since about 1800, Sater Frisian has attracted the interest of a growing number of linguists. During the last century, a small literature developed in it. Also the New Testament of the Bible has been translated into Sater Frisian.

Phonology.

The phonology of Saterland Frisian is regarded as very conservative linguistically, as the entire East Frisian language group was conservative with regards to Old Frisian. The following tables are based on studies by Marron C. Fort.

Vowels.

Monophthongs.

The consonant is often realised as a vowel in the syllable coda.  Short vowels: Semi-long vowels: Long vowels:

Consonants.

Plosives.

Today, voiced plosives in the syllable coda are usually terminally devoiced. Older speakers and a few others may use voiced codas.

Morphology.

Personal pronouns.

The subject pronouns of Saterland Frisian are as follows: The numbers 1-10 in Saterland Frisian are as follows:  Numbers one through three in Saterland Frisian vary in form based on the gender of the noun they occur with. In the table, "m." stands for masculine, "f." for feminine, and "n." for neuter.  For the purposes of comparison, here is a table with numbers 1-10 in 4 West Germanic languages:

Sample text.

See Frisian languages#Comparative sentence.

In the media.

Newspaper.

"Nordwest-Zeitung", a German-language regional daily newspaper based in Oldenburg, Germany, publishes occasional articles in Saterland Frisian. The articles are also made available on the newspaper's Internet page, under the headline "Seeltersk".

Radio.

As of 2004, the regional radio station "Ems-Vechte-Welle" broadcasts a 2-hour program in Saterland Frisian and Low German entitled "Middeeges". The program is aired every other Sunday from 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. The first hour of the program is usually reserved for Saterland Frisian. The program usually consists of interviews about local issues between music. The station can be streamed live though the station's Internet page.

Current revitalization efforts.

Children's books in Saterlandic are few, compared to those in German. Margaretha (Gretchen) Grosser, a retired member of the community of Saterland, has translated many children's books from German into Saterlandic. A full list of the books and the time of their publication can be seen on the German Wikipedia page of.  Recent efforts to revitalize Saterlandic include the creation of an app called "Kleine Saterfriesen" (Little Sater Frisians) on Google Play. According to the app's description, it aims at making the language fun for children to learn teaches them Saterlandic vocabulary in many different domains (the supermarket, the farm, the church). There have been 100-500 downloads of the app since its release in December 2016, according to statistics on Google Play.

Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian or Saterlandic ("Seeltersk"), is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language. It is closely related to the other Frisian languages: North Frisian, spoken in Germany as well, and West Frisian, spoken in the Dutch province of Friesland.

Sater-fríština (vlastním názvem "Seeltersk") je západogermánský jazyk, který je posledním dosud živým dialektem východofríštiny. Hovoří se jím v oblasti Saterland nedaleko města Cloppenburg v německé spolkové zemi Dolní Sasko.


Early life.

Leopold Infeld was born into a family of Polish Jews in Kraków, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (it rejoined an independent Poland in 1918). He studied physics at Kraków's Jagiellonian University and from 1920 in Berlin, where he had engaged Albert Einstein's help to gain admission to the University of Berlin. He obtained a doctorate in 1921. In 1933 he left for England, then for the United States and Canada after the death of his second wife, Halina.

Work.

Infeld was interested in the theory of relativity. He was awarded a doctorate at the Jagiellonian University(1921), worked as an assistant and a docent at the University of Lwów(1930–1933) and then as a professor at the University of Toronto between 1939 and 1950. He collaborated with Albert Einstein at Princeton University(1936–1938). The two scientists jointly formulated the equation describing star movements as well as concurrently writing the book The Evolution of Physics.  After the first use of nuclear weapons in 1945, Infeld, like Einstein, became a peace activist. Because of his activities, he was unjustly accused of having communist sympathies. In 1950 he left Canada and returned to communist Poland. He felt he had an obligation to help science in Poland recover from the ravages of the Second World War. He served as President of the Polish Physical Society between 1955–1957. In the staunchly anti-communist climate of the time, many in the Canadian government and media feared that working in a communist country; he would betray nuclear weapons secrets. He was stripped of his Canadian citizenship and was widely denounced as a traitor. In actuality, Infeld's field was the theory of relativity—not directly linked to nuclear weapons research. After Infeld's return to Poland, he requested a leave of absence from the University of Toronto. His request was denied, and Infeld resigned his post. In 1995 the University of Toronto made amends and granted Infeld the posthumous title of professor emeritus. Upon his return to Poland, Infeld became a professor at the University of Warsaw, a post he held until his death.  The Born–Infeld model was named after Max Born and Leopold Infeld, who first proposed it. The Infeld-Hull Factorization Method describing general sets of solutions to the Schrödinger equation.  Infeld was one of the 11 signatories to the Russell–Einstein Manifestoin 1955 and is the only signatory never to receive a Nobel Prize.  In 1964 he was one of the signatories of the so-called Letter of 34 to Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz regarding freedom of culture.  Infeld is the author of "Quest: ""An Autobiography" and the biography "Whom the Gods Love: The Story of Évariste Galois."  In 1939 he married Helen Schlauch, an American mathematician.

Leopold Infeld (20 August 1898 – 15 January 1968) was a Polish physicist who worked mainly in Poland and Canada (1938–1950). He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University (1933–1934) and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Leopold Infeld (20. srpna 1898 Krakov – 15. ledna 1968 Varšava) byl polský teoretický fyzik, autor výzkumu z oblasti obecné teorie relativity, teorie pole a elektrodynamiky.