Life.

Lütfi was an Albanian from Vlora. As a devshirme youth, he was stolen from his Christian parents and put in the Bayazid II's "harem-i hass", where he received a thorough indoctrination in islam.  His first appointment to service outside the palace was as sanjakbey of Kastamuni, and he subsequently became beylerbey of Karaman. Lütfi Pasha himself gave these details of his life in the introduction to his "Asafname". However, he does not give the dates of his appointments and omits all details of his life before entering the Palace. He may also have served as sanjakbey first of Aydin and then of Yanya (Ioannina), since Feridun Bey mentions a Lütfi Bey who served at the siege of Rhodes in 1522 as sanjakbey of Aydin (Feridun Bey, "Münşe'at al-selâtin", İstanbul 1274 AH/1857) and a Lütfi Bey who served at the siege of Vienna in 1529 as sanjakbey of Yanya ("ibid". I, 573). These references may well be to Lütfi Pasha, the future Grand Vizier, since the latter himself stated to have participated in both these campaigns (Lütfi Pasha, "Tevârih-i 'Al-i Osman", ed. Ali, İstanbul 1341/1922–3, 3). In his book he laid stress on the question of whether the Ottoman sultans who were non-Arab could assume the title of caliph or not.  In 941/1534–5 he became Third Vizier. By this time, he had, by his own account, served in Selim I's wars against the Safawids in Eastern Anatolia and against the Mamelukes in Syria and Egypt. Under Suleiman I, he took part in the campaigns of Belgrade in 1521 and Rhodes in 1522.  He became Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1539 after the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha (who held his position for three years following the execution of Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha). In 1541 he beat his wife, Sah-ı Huban Sultan, a sister of Suleiman, following her complaint of the pasha's overly harsh punishment of an adulteress. The princess divorced him with Suleiman's permission, and the sultan deposed him, naming Hadım Suleiman Pasha the new Grand Vizier.

Works.

He wrote 21 works mainly on religious topics but also on history, 13 of them written in Arabic and 8 in Turkish. Two of his works are the "Asafname", a kind of mirror for ministers, and the "Tevâriḫ-i Âl-i ‘Os̱mân", dealing with the Ottoman history and including his own experiences in the reign of the sultans Bayezid II, Selim I and Suleyman I.

Depictions in literature and popular culture.

In the TV series "Muhteşem Yüzyıl", Lütfi Pasha is played by Turkish actor Mehmet Özgür.

Lütfi Pasha (, "Luṭfī Paşa"; Modern Turkish: "Lütfi Paşa", more fully "Damat Çelebi Lütfi Paşa"; 1488 – 27 March 1564, Didymoteicho) was an Ottoman statesman, general, and grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent from 1539 to 1541.

Lütfi Paša, osmanskou turečtinou: لطفى پاشا,(cca 1488 – 27. března 1564) byl osmanský politik a velkovezír říše za vlády sultána Sulejmana I. v letech 1539 až 1541.


Process.

The application of phosphate coatings makes use of phosphoric acid and takes advantage of the low solubility of phosphates in medium or high pH solutions. Iron, zinc or manganese phosphate salts are dissolved in a solution of phosphoric acid. When steel or iron parts are placed in the phosphoric acid, a classic acid and metal reaction takes place which locally depletes the hydronium (HO) ions, raising the pH, and causing the dissolved salt to fall out of solution and be precipitated on the surface. The acid and metal reaction also creates iron phosphate locally which may also be deposited. In the case of depositing zinc phosphate or manganese phosphate the additional iron phosphate is frequently an undesirable addition to the coating.  The acid and metal reaction also generates hydrogen gas in the form of tiny bubbles that adhere to the surface of the metal. These prevent the acid from reaching the metal surface and slow down the reaction. To overcome this, sodium nitrite is frequently added to act as an oxidizing agent that reacts with the hydrogen to form water. This chemistry is known as a nitrate accelerated solution. Hydrogen is prevented from forming a passivating layer on the surface by the oxidant additive.  The following is a typical phosphating procedure:  The performance of the phosphate coating is significantly dependent on the crystal structure as well as the weight. For example, a microcrystalline structure is usually optimal for corrosion resistance or subsequent painting. A coarse grain structure impregnated with oil, however, may be the most desirable for wear resistance. These factors are controlled by selecting the appropriate phosphate solution, using various additives, and controlling bath temperature, concentration, and phosphating time. A widely used additive is to seed the metal surface with tiny particles of titanium salts by adding these to the rinse bath preceding the phosphating. This is known as activation.

Uses.

Phosphate coatings are often used to provide corrosion resistance—however, phosphate coatings alone do not provide this because the coating is porous, so oil or another sealer are used to achieve corrosion resistance. Zinc and manganese coatings are used to help break in components subject to wear and help prevent galling.  Most phosphate coatings serve as a surface preparation for further coating and/or painting, a function they perform effectively, with excellent adhesion and electric isolation. The porosity allows the additional materials to seep into the phosphate coating after drying and become mechanically interlocked. The dielectric nature electrically isolates anodic and cathodic areas on the surface of the part, minimizing underfilm corrosion that sometimes occurs at the interface of the paint/coating and substrate.  Zinc phosphate coatings are frequently used in conjunction with sodium stearate (soap) to form a lubrication layer in cold and hot forging. The sodium stearate reacts with the phosphate crystals which in turn are strongly bonded to the metal surface. The reacted soap layer then forms a base for additional unreacted soap to be deposited on top, so a thick three-part coating of zinc phosphate, reacted soap and unreacted soap builds up which adheres to the metal surface even under extreme deformation. The zinc phosphate is abrasive, and it is the soap which performs the actual lubrication and must be thick enough to prevent substantial contact between the metal forming dies and phosphate crystals.

Phosphate coating is used on steel parts for corrosion resistance, lubrication, or as a foundation for subsequent coatings or painting. It serves as a conversion coating in which a dilute solution of phosphoric acid and phosphate salts is applied via spraying or immersion and chemically reacts with the surface of the part being coated to form a layer of insoluble, crystalline phosphates. Phosphate conversion coatings can also be used on aluminium, zinc, cadmium, silver and tin.

Fosfátování (další názvy parkerizace, parkerizování, bonderizace, bonderizování) je chemická úprava povrchu ocelí za účelem zvýšení korozivzdornosti a zlepšení přilnavosti pro další nátěr. Je to jeden z nejrozšířenějších způsobů chemické úpravy povrchu oceli, při kterém se na povrchu vytvářejí ve vodě nerozpustné krystalické terciární fosforečnany zinku, železa a Manganu. Fosfátová vrstva není sama o sobě dostatečnou ochranou ocelových výrobků proti korozi, a proto se vždy dodatečně upravuje konzervačními prostředky, nátěry, vosky, impregnováním zředěným lakem a podobně, Důležitou vlastností fosfátových vrstev je jejich schopnost vázat na sebe organické látky, například plastická maziva, nebo ve vodě rozpustné oleje, které ji významně chrání proti korozi. Fosfátování vytváří ochrannou vrstvu o tloušťce cca 2 μm. Provádí se ponořením do lázně s následným oplachem, pasivací a dalšími oplachy. Odmašťování se provádí při teplotách od 30 do 60 °C.


History.

The original Utah Grizzlies moved to Utah in 1995 after one IHL season in Denver, Colorado, as the NHL's Quebec Nordiques relocated to Denver to become the Colorado Avalanche. The Grizzlies were admitted to the AHL in 2001 after the IHL folded. They played their home games in the Delta Center until the E Center was built a couple seasons after their arrival in Salt Lake.  While in Denver, the Grizzlies won the 1994–95 Turner Cup, the championship of the IHL. After relocating to the Salt Lake City area, the Utah Grizzlies once again marched to victory in the IHL playoffs. Utah swept the Orlando Solar Bears 4 games to 0 to win the 1995–96 Turner Cup. The fourth (and final) game of the series was played in the Delta Center; 17,381 fans attended, which, at the time, set a national record for largest attendance at a minor league ice hockey game.  The franchise was granted a voluntary suspension for the 2005–06 season and on May 16, 2006 it was sold to an ownership group from Cleveland led by Dan Gilbert, the owner of the Cleveland Cavaliers and Quicken Loans. The franchise was moved to Cleveland to replace the departed Cleveland Barons and resumed play in 2007 as the Lake Erie Monsters.  After the suspension of the IHL/AHL Grizzlies, a new ownership group purchased the Utah Grizzlies identity and resurrected a team of the same name in the ECHL that started playing in the 2005–06 season.

Market facts.

The Salt Lake City market was previously served by:  The franchise was replaced by:

The Utah Grizzlies were an American ice hockey team in the International Hockey League (IHL) and American Hockey League (AHL). They originally played at the Delta Center in Salt Lake City, before relocating to the E Center in the Salt Lake City suburb of West Valley City in 1997. After the 2004–05 season, the franchise was suspended. It was sold in 2006 and moved to Cleveland where it returned to play in 2007 as the Lake Erie Monsters. A new Utah Grizzlies franchise in the ECHL began play in 2005.

Utah Grizzlies byl profesionální americký klub ledního hokeje, který sídlil ve West Valley City v Utahu. V letech 2001–2005 působil v profesionální soutěži American Hockey League. Před AHL působil v International Hockey League. Grizzlies ve své poslední sezóně v AHL skončily v základní části. Své domácí zápasy odehrával v hale Maverik Center s kapacitou 10 100 diváků. Klubové barvy byly kaštanově hnědá a bílá.


History.

Toledo Storm (1991–2007).

The Walleye were founded in 1991 as the Toledo Storm, playing their home games at Toledo Sports Arena across the river from downtown Toledo. The Storm were the first hockey team to play in Toledo since the International Hockey League's Toledo Goaldiggers suspended operations in 1986, eventually moving to Kansas City in 1990. In the Storm's inaugural season, the team won the West Division title and the Henry Brabham Cup after posting the league's best record in the regular season. The following year the Storm won its first Jack Riley Cup, defeating the Wheeling Thunderbirds in six games. The Storm came back the following season and won its second Riley Cup, defeating the Raleigh Icecaps in five games, becoming only the second team in league history to win back-to-back league titles (the first being the Hampton Roads Admirals in 1991 and 1992). The Storm were dominant in its first few years, winning four division titles in their first five seasons and posting a winning record in thirteen of the sixteen seasons the team played. The Storm won its second Brabham Cup in 2003 and made the American Conference finals during the 2005–06 season, ultimately losing to the Gwinnett Gladiators in five games. The Storm's final game came on April 19, 2007 during the 2007 North Division semifinals losing to in-state rival, Cincinnati Cyclones by a score of 4–0 getting swept in the series 3 games to 0. In sixteen seasons in the ECHL, the Storm posted a 610-395-103 record, winning two Riley Cups, two Brabham Cups and six division titles.

Sale to Toledo Arena Sports and Two Year Suspension.

In 2007, Toledo Arena Sports, Inc., an Ohio-Not-For-Profit Corporation, purchased the rights to the Toledo, Ohio Territory from the ECHL. The new ownership group was planning to build a new state-of-the-art arena in downtown Toledo to replace the aging Sports Arena. Shortly after the sale, Toledo Arena Sports announced that after the 2006–07 season, the Storm would not compete again until the arena was completed and the ECHL granted the Storm a two-year voluntary suspension from competition.  In February 2008, General Manager Joe Napoli announced that former Storm goaltender, ECHL Hall of Famer, and head coach from 2003 to 2007, Nick Vitucci would return to coach the franchise when it returned to the ice in 2009. One week after announcing Vitucci as head coach, Toledo Arena Sports Inc. renamed the Storm the "Walleye," in reference to the popular game fish that is abundant in the area.

Toledo Walleye (2009–Present).

At the ECHL Mid-Season Board of Governors meeting, the league announced that the Walleye would be members of the American Conference's North Division along with the Cincinnati Cyclones, Elmira Jackals, Johnstown Chiefs, Wheeling Nailers and Kalamazoo Wings. During the NHL's award ceremonies in Las Vegas, Detroit Red Wings general manager Ken Holland stated that the Walleye would become Detroit's ECHL affiliate for the 2009–10 season and that the Wings would send one of their three goaltender prospects (either Jordan Pearce, Thomas McCollum or Daniel Larsson) to Toledo for the season. On August 5, 2009, the Walleye announced a second affiliation agreement, becoming the ECHL affiliate of the Chicago Blackhawks and Chicago's AHL affiliate the Rockford IceHogs. The Walleye opened their inaugural season on October 16, 2009, hosting the defending Brabham Cup champion Florida Everblades in the first of a three-game series. Prior to the Walleye's home opener, head coach Nick Vitucci named defenseman Ryan Stokes as the team's captain. Despite a strong effort, the Walleye dropped their opener to Florida 1–2 in front of a sell-out crowd of 8,000, the largest crowd to ever watch a pro hockey game in Toledo at the time. The Walleye would return the next night and rookie goaltender Jordan Pearce would stop 35 of 37 shots faced as the Walleye scored three goals in the final period to get past the Everblades for the team's first win, 5–2. On December 31, defenseman J.C. Sawyer and forward Maxime Tanguay were selected to the American Conference All-Star team and played at the All-Star Game at the Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California on January 20. Sawyer was named the captain of the American Conference All-Stars. At the end of the regular season, defenseman J.C. Sawyer was named as a First Team selection to the All-ECHL team and won the Defenseman of the Year award, while center Maxime Tanguay was named to the All-Rookie team. The Walleye would finish the regular season in eighth place in the American Conference leading to a matchup with the American Conference regular season champions, the Charlotte Checkers. Toledo, behind a hat trick from winger Adam Keefe, claimed a 7–2 victory over top-seeded Charlotte in game one of the series, the first playoff game win for the organization since game two of the 2006 American Conference Finals against the Gwinnett Gladiators. However, the Walleye would lose the next three games to Charlotte and were eliminated from the playoffs in four games.

Mascots.

On July 27, 2009, the Walleye introduced Spike, their costumed mascot at a Toledo Mud Hens baseball game. Spike is a yellow anthropomorphic walleye, adorned with a white Walleyes jersey, blue gloves, helmet and shoes and a gap tooth smile. Spike's nemesis is Cat Trick, a fuzzy blue cat, with a fishing vest and bright yellow boots. The two like to take cheap shots at each other during games.

Winterfest.

The first ever ECHL outdoor hockey event was at Fifth Third Field on Saturday, December 27, 2014. The Walleye lost 2-1 to the visiting Kalamazoo Wings. On January 5, the Walleye fell to the Fort Wayne Komets 3-2 in a shootout. In addition to the Walleye games, the annual Battle of the Badges game between the Toledo Police Department and Toledo Fire Department occurred on December 31, the U.S. National Under 18 Team defeated Adrian College 6-1 in an exhibition on January 1, and Bowling Green played Robert Morris to a 2-2 draw on January 4. Anthony Wayne High School, Saint Ignatius High School, Saint John's High School, Whitmer High School, and many other youth and adult teams also participated in the Winterfest. Over 10 days, an estimated 45,000 to 50,000 people attended events at the stadium.

Season-by-season record.

"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL = shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

Players and personnel.

Current roster.

Updated May 14, 2020.

Team records.

Updated July 16, 2019

Awards and honors.

Most Valuable Player  Leading Scorer  All-ECHL First Team  All-ECHL Second Team  All-ECHL Rookie Team  CCM Defenseman of the Year  CCM Rookie of the Year  ECHL All-Star Game Selection  Sportsmanship Award North Division Champions  Central Division Champions  Bruce Taylor Trophy
"ECHL Western Conference Playoff Champion"  Henry Brabham Cup
"ECHL regular season champion"  John Brophy Award
"ECHL Coach of the Year"  Executive of the Year  Reebok Athletic Trainer of the Year  Ticket Executive of the Year  Outstanding Media Award  Team awards

The Toledo Walleye are a professional ice hockey team based in Toledo, Ohio. The Walleye are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the ECHL. The Walleye were founded in 1991 as the Toledo Storm and play their home games at the Huntington Center, which opened in 2009.

Toledo Walleye je profesionální americký klub ledního hokeje, který sídlí v Toledu ve státě Ohio. Do ECHL vstoupil v ročníku 2009/10 a hraje v Centrální divizi v rámci Západní konference. Své domácí zápasy odehrává v hale Huntington Center s kapacitou 7 389 diváků. Klubové barvy jsou křišťálová modř, námořnická modř, zlatá a bílá. Jedná se o farmu klubů Detroit Red Wings (NHL) a Grand Rapids Griffins (AHL).


Early life.

Dunn was born in London and is the eldest son of the late H. P. ("Pat") Dunn, a prominent Auckland obstetrician. Dunn was considerably influenced by his father and his mother, June Dunn, a former school teacher, in later deciding to become a priest and being appointed a bishop. He was educated at St Michael's School, Remuera, Sacred Heart College, Auckland, from 1961 to 1967, and the University of Auckland in 1968. He studied for the Catholic priesthood under the Jesuits at Holy Name Seminary, Christchurch from 1969 to 1970, and under the Vincentians at Holy Cross College, Mosgiel from 1971 to 1976. Beginning in 1988 he studied for a master's degree in theology from the Melbourne College of Divinity, which resulted in the publication of his study: "Priesthood: a re-examination of the Roman Catholic theology of the presbyterate".

Ordinations.

Dunn was ordained a priest at St Michael's Church in Remuera on 24 April 1976. He then carried out pastoral work with Maori in Mangere East and lived at the Auckland Catholic marae Te Unga Waka Marae in Epsom. Later, he served in the Auckland suburbs of Takapuna, Pakuranga and Northcote. In 1986 and 1987 he was Director of Vocations for the Diocese of Auckland. In 1992 he was appointed pastoral assistant to the Bishop of Auckland Denis Browne.

Bishop.

On 24 July 1994, Dunn was ordained to the episcopate as an auxiliary bishop of Auckland.  On 24 December 1994 he was appointed Bishop of Auckland to succeed Browne who had been named Bishop of Hamilton. Dunn was installed as Bishop of Auckland in St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland, on 29 March 1995.  In 2015, Dunn expressed dissatisfaction with the English version of the Mass in use since November 2011. Dunn had served as New Zealand's representative on the International Commission on English in the Liturgy (ICEL), which had produced a translation of the "Roman Missal" in 1998 after 17 years of effort. The Congregation for Divine Worship had rejected that translation, formed its own committee, and produced the translation now in use. Dunn wrote that it was "too often unclear and sometimes verging on the unintelligible", "an accurate English translation of the Latin, but not a clear and beautiful vernacular text". He proposed a new translation be undertaken and has suggested that all the English-speaking bishops' conferences agree to pursue this in concert. New Zealand's bishops first endorsed instead efforts to establish different guidelines for translation rather than a new translation, and in 2017 welcomed Pope Francis' establishment of a commission to review the standards followed in rejecting the 1998 translation. Dunn said the idea was to avoid rules that "impose Latin syntax on contemporary English".  In September 2017, Dunn authored an essay in "NZ Catholic" on the relationship of the Church to LGBT Catholics. He said that communication comes before judgment and instruction: "For Jesus it was most often friendship first, and conversion second. We all listen most intently to those we love and those whose company we enjoy." He recommended the work of Jesuit James Martin as a guide, advocating its inclusive language and sensitivity. He wrote that an attitude of respect requires the Church to call people by the terms they prefer rather than "homosexual" and called the Vatican's use of the phrase "objectively disordered" "needlessly cruel".  In 2018, Dunn is the secretary of the New Zealand Catholic Bishops Conference and the episcopal deputy for Holy Cross Seminary and Good Shepherd College.

Patrick James Dunn (born 5 February 1950) is a Catholic prelate. He has been Bishop of Auckland, New Zealand, since 1994.

Patrick James Dunn (* 5. února 1950, Londýn) je anglický katolický kněz a biskup, od roku 1994 biskup aucklandský na Novém Zélandu.


History.

On June 2, 2007, the Central Hockey League announced an expansion team for Rapid City, which began play in the 2008–09 season. Two months later, the team named Joe Ferras as their head coach and Director of Hockey Operations, and Jason Rent as General Manager. Jason Rent resigned from the organization and Tim Hill was named General Manager in the spring of 2009. In September 2007, the Rush unveiled their name, colors, and logo. The team is owned in majority by Scott Mueller. Mueller was previously involved in ownership with the Colorado Eagles, also of the Central Hockey League. Barry Petersen and Luke Petersen are combined minority owners.  In their second season (2009–10) the Rapid City Rush defeated the Allen Americans 4 to 3 with 39.3 seconds left in double-overtime in game 6 of the Ray Miron President's Cup Finals at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in Rapid City to win the Ray Miron President's Cup. The Rush lost game one of the series but rebounded to win game 2 in overtime on a Blaine Jarvis goal. The Rush then traveled to Allen for three straight games where Allen won game 3 but the Rush responded to win games 4 and 5. In game six of the series, it returned to Rapid City and looked as if there would be a game 7 when entering the third period with the score 3-1 in favor of the Americans. The Rush's Blaine Jarvis scored with 5:06 remaining in the third to bring the Rush within one. Exactly two minutes later, Brendon Cook scored, evening the score at 3 and forcing overtime. With 39.3 seconds left in the second overtime, a shot by Les Reaney deflected off the Allen goaltender Chris Whitley and the Rush's Scott Wray, rolling into the goal, sealing the win for the Rush and their first President's Cup.  During the 2010–11 season, the Rush were the host to the 2011 Central Hockey League All-Star Game. The Rush ended up losing to the All-Stars 11-6. Also, the Rush made the playoffs for the second straight season. In the first round, the Rush swept the Dayton Gems. During the second round against the Fort Wayne Komets, the Rush's leading scorer, Ryan Menei, was blindsided in game 2 on a dirty hit by the Komets' Sean O'Connor. O'Connor was suspended the rest of the series and the Rush went on to win the series in 7 games. Next, the Rush faced their arch rivals, the Colorado Eagles. The series lasted 7 games but the Eagles came away with the series win.  The 2012–13 season brought new changes to the Rush organization. Assistant coach and former team captain Mark DeSantis accepted the head coaching position with the Fayetteville FireAntz of the Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) and head coach, Joe Ferras, became the lone bench boss for the season. Rush All-Star and fan favorite goalie Danny Battachio was able to return to the team after suffering a serious injury in the 2011–12 season. During the regular season, inconsistent play left the Rush battling for a play-off spot and were plagued with a low-scoring offense (last in the league). The Rush finished the regular season strong, finishing fourth in the regular season standings.  For the 2014–15 season, Rapid City announced that former assistant coach and team captain Mark DeSantis would return as an associate coach. DeSantis had a successful 2013–14 season as the head coach of the expansion Brampton Beast. In addition, several roster changes were made. Goaltender Tim Boron was released and former CHL Rookie of the Year Danny Battochio was signed to replace him. Also, longtime team captain Scott Wray and Konrad Reeder both announced their retirements.  On October 7, 2014, soon before the 2014–15 Central Hockey League season was set to begin, it was announced that the CHL had ceased operations and the Rush, along with the Allen Americans, Brampton Beast, Quad City Mallards, Missouri Mavericks, Tulsa Oilers, and Wichita Thunder, were all approved for membership into the ECHL for the 2014–15 season.  On August 11, 2015, the Rush announced that they had signed a one-year affiliation agreement with the National Hockey League's Arizona Coyotes and the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons. This marks the first time the Rush has ever been affiliated with an NHL team. On February 18, 2016, head coach and general manager, Joe Ferras, announced he was stepping down from his coaching position and promoting Mark DeSantis to head coach. On July 14, 2016, the Rush and the Coyotes organization renewed their affiliation along with the Tucson Roadrunners of the AHL.  After one-and-a-half seasons, DeSantis was fired. He was replaced by former Rush captain Daniel Tetrault for the 2017–18 season as head coach. The Rush also changed their affiliations to the Minnesota Wild (NHL) and the Iowa Wild (AHL) but ended it after one season. The Rush entered the 2018–19 season independent of an affiliate after three seasons of affiliations and missed playoffs.  On January 11, 2019, the Rush announced an ownership change with Luke and Barry Peterson departing and Jeff Dickerson and T.J. Puchyr of Spire Sports + Entertainment joining. Scott Mueller remained the majority owner. On July 25, 2019, the Rush began a two-year affiliation agreement with the Arizona Coyotes and the Tucson Roadrunners.

Season-by-season record.

"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime losses, SOL=Shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalty infraction minutes"

Players.

Current roster.

Updated May 14, 2020.

The Rapid City Rush are a professional ice hockey team in the ECHL based in Rapid City, South Dakota, and play their home games at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center.

Rapid City Rush je profesionální americký klub ledního hokeje, který sídlí v Rapid City v Jižní Dakotě. Do ECHL vstoupil v ročníku 2014/15 a hraje v Horské divizi v rámci Západní konference. Před vstupem do ECHL působil několik let v Central Hockey League. Své domácí zápasy odehrává v hale Rushmore Plaza Civic Center s kapacitou 5 119 diváků. Klubové barvy jsou červená, zlatá, černá a bílá. Jedná se o farmu klubů Minnesota Wild (NHL) a Iowa Wild (AHL).


History.

Foundation.

From 1998 to 2013, Brampton was home to the Ontario Hockey League's Brampton Battalion, a major junior hockey team. The Battalion relocated to North Bay, Ontario, in the 2013 off-season after several years of low attendance and financial struggles. On January 23, 2013, the Central Hockey League announced that it had signed a Letter of Intent with the ownership group led by Gregg Rosen, former Kingston Voyageurs owner, and president of KIMCO Steel in Kingston. Minority owner, Cary Kaplan, would serve as the president and general manager. The lease was officially signed and the agreement executed on March 8, 2013.  On April 22, the Beast announced that Brampton native and former Fayetteville FireAntz coach, the 2012 SPHL coach of the year, Mark DeSantis would serve as the team's first head coach. DeSantis named former Brampton Battalion player and former teammate, Brent Hughes, as Beast assistant coach.  In June 2013, the Beast announced its first player signed was Brett Smith, the former assistant captain of the Fort Wayne Komets and member of the CHL Championship team in 2011. Cal Wild and Jason Pitton were announced on July 9, 2013. Defenceman Michael Couch and right winger Tylor Michel were signed on August 16, 2013. On August 30, 2013 the Beast added two forwards, former New York Islander Rob Collins and defending SPHL League MVP Josh McQuade. On September 28, 2013, the Beast Mascot "Boomer" was born.

First seasons.

The 2013–14 schedule was released on July 26, 2013 and featured the Beast playing the first CHL game on Canadian soil against the Arizona Sundogs on October 18, 2013. The Beast would finish the season with 15 of their final 19 games at home, more than any other team. On August 22, 2013, Tampa Bay Lightning general manager Steve Yzerman announced that the Lightning of the National Hockey League and the Syracuse Crunch of the American Hockey League would affiliate with the Brampton Beast for the 2013–14 season. The Beast retired #7 in honour of the Brampton Beast fans being "the 7th man" during their first home game vs. the Arizona Sundogs.  For the team's second season in 2014, head coach Mark DeSantis was replaced by his assistant Brent Hughes as the team's new head coach and Cal Wild was named the team's second captain. Key signings included former Toronto Maple Leaf, Phil Oreskovic, former ECHL MVP and OHL scoring leader Tyler Donati, 2013 Beast scoring leader Jason Pitton, perennial point a game player Chad Painchaud, former Battalion players Stephon Thorne and Jason Dale, former Kalamazoo Wings Captain Elgin Reid, Florida Everblades goaltender Trevor Cann. Mike MacIsaac, Grant Rollheiser, Brayden Rose and Andrew Darrigo returned for their second season with the Beast.

Move to ECHL.

On October 7, 2014, not long before the 2014–15 season was set to begin, it was announced that the Central Hockey League had ceased operations. The Beast, along with the Allen Americans, Quad City Mallards, Missouri Mavericks, Rapid City Rush, Tulsa Oilers and Wichita Thunder, were all approved for expansion membership into the ECHL for the 2014–15 season.  The Beast finished their inaugural ECHL season on April 12, 2015 against the Wheeling Nailers. Captain Cal Wild was awarded the ECHL Community Player of the Year, one year after winning the Central Hockey League's Man of the Year award. Jason Pitton's second successful season with the Beast made him the all-time franchise scorer, in addition to leader of a number of other statistical categories (all-time goals, assists, points, shots on goal). Chad Painchaud was recognized as February's ECHL Player of the Month after scoring 17 goals - including three hat-tricks and a four-goal game - in addition to three assists for 20 points during the month. However, the team finished 25th out of 28 teams and fired head coach Brent Hughes after the end of the season.  On May 5, 2015, the Beast announced Colin Chaulk, former Kalamazoo Wings assistant coach and former long time captain of the Fort Wayne Komets, had been hired as the new head coach for the 2015–16 season. On May 28, 2015, the Beast announced their affiliation with the National Hockey League's Montreal Canadiens and the American Hockey League's St. John's IceCaps.  For the 2015–16 season, the Beast had a number of major signings. Significant among them former NHLer and prolific Battalion defenceman Mike Vernace, ECHL Scoring Champion (2014) and CHL MVP (2012) Brandon Marino, top ECHL goal scorer and championship winner Chris Auger, AHL veteran and ECHL captain Jordan Henry. Back with the team were captain Cal Wild (until he retired), the league's top rookie scoring defenceman Matthew Maione, and the return of the Beast first season's points per game leader, Scott Howes. Montreal Canadiens provided several players to the Beast team in 2015 during the season, notably veteran standout AHL goalie Eddie Pasquale, and Travis Brown, as well as draft picks Tim Bozon, Dalton Thrower, Josiah Didier, and Stefan Fournier.  After being the only player to appear in all three Beast seasons, as well as being named captain in each season and two-time Brampton Beast's Man of the Year, Cal Wild announced his retirement on November 22, 2015. He retired second in both career and points and games played, behind only Jason Pitton in both categories.

Recent years.

In January 2016, the team asked the Brampton City Council for a financial partnership to operate out of the Powerade Centre for the 2016–17 season noting that the City's lack of ownership stake in the building is a significant impediment to running a viable hockey franchise. General manager Cary Kaplan stated that if the team and city are unable to come to agreement to help offset the team's financial losses, the team would not play the next season. On March 9, 2016, the city council agreed in an 8-2 vote to a 3-year sponsorship agreement of $1.5 million to help mitigate the predicted financial losses. This money will be refunded to the city if the team earns a profit.  The 2016–17 season had the most returning players in Beast history, led by captain Brandon Marino, Jordan Henry, Like Pither, Luc Blain, Chris Auger and Tim Billingsley. Free agent signings included top-ten scorer David Pacan, and former team leaders in scoring David Vallorani and Brandon MacLean. They were joined by several top Montreal Canadiens draft picks, namely Zachary Fucale, Connor Crisp, and Dalton Thrower for much of the season. The season was the most successful of its first four with the team's winning percentage increasing from 0.396 to 0.611. The Beast won 40 games, finished tied for second in Northern Division, and defeated the Reading Royals in six games in the Division Semifinals. David Pacan led the ECHL in goals with 41 while David Vallorani was fifth in the league in scoring with 83 points and named an ECHL second team all-star. The team lost in the Division Finals to the Manchester Monarchs. Off the ice, the Beast's attendance increased 12%, and 21% over two seasons. With an average of 3,106 fans per game, it marked the first time in the 19-year history of Brampton hockey (Battalion for 15 years, and Beast for four), that average attendance exceeded 3,000 fans per game.  The 2017–18 has a league high 17 returning players and is the oldest team in the ECHL with an average age exceeding 27. Returning players were led by all-time scoring leader and team captain Brandon Marino, assistant captains Jordan Henry and Brendan MacLean, and career total games played leader Luc Blain. During the season, scoring leader David Vallorani, former NHL player David Ling, and goalie Zachary Fucale returned to the team. The Montreal Canadiens entered their third season as affiliate, while the Ottawa Senators also occasionally sent players to the Beast due to not having an ECHL affiliate and the proximity of their new AHL team, the Belleville Senators.  The Canadiens did not renew their annual affiliation for 2018–19 and the Beast signed a one-year affiliation with the Ottawa Senators and the Belleville Senators. After the 2018–19 season, head coach Colin Chaulk was promoted to the Belleville Senators as an assistant. Spiros Anastas was hired as the franchise's fourth head coach, spending the previous season as head coach of the South Carolina Stingrays.

Team name.

On January 30, the team officially announced a name-the-team contest, with the final ten names being announced on March 19, 2013. The final two of ten finalists were Brampton Beast and Brampton Bandits, (eliminated April 10, 2013). The other finalists were Arrows (eliminated March 27), Bengals (eliminated March 22), Blizzard (eliminated April 3), North Stars (eliminated April 4), Renegades (eliminated March 28), Smash (eliminated March 21), Vipers (eliminated April 5), and Wolverines (eliminated March 29).  The Brampton Beast name was announced as the winner on April 10. The name was submitted by four fans including Joseph Stephen and his son Alexander. The team logo and colours were released at City Hall in front of 350 fans on Saturday April 27. The team colours are silver, black, red, & white.

Players and personnel.

Current roster.

Updated January 21, 2020.

Retired numbers.

7 - Fans (In honour of the fans of Brampton - being the "7th Man").

The Brampton Beast are a professional ice hockey team based in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. An affiliate of the National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators and the American Hockey League's Belleville Senators, the team originally played in the Central Hockey League for one year during the 2013–14 season prior to the league's folding. The Beast play their home games at the CAA Centre on Kennedy Road. The team is one of only two active Canadian teams in the ECHL along with the Newfoundland Growlers.

Brampton Beast je profesionální kanadský klub ledního hokeje, který sídlí v Bramptonu v provincii Ontario. Do ECHL vstoupil v ročníku 2014/15 a hraje v Severní divizi v rámci Východní konference. Před vstupem do ECHL působil v Central Hockey League. Své domácí zápasy odehrává v hale Powerade Centre s kapacitou 5 000 diváků. Klubové barvy jsou černá, stříbrná, červená a bílá. Jedná se o farmu klubů Montreal Canadiens (NHL) a Laval Rocket (AHL).


History.

Birth of the Gladiators.

The franchise originated as the Mobile Mysticks who played in Mobile, Alabama, from 1995 to 2002. It suspended operations in 2002 due to declining attendance. After a year off, Toby Jeffreys, the owner of the Mysticks, relocated his franchise to Gwinnett County, Georgia, in 2003 and was rebranded the Gwinnett Gladiators. He then sold minority stakes of the franchise to local business owners to create Gwinnett County Hockey, LLC. Jeff Pyle—who served as the Mysticks' head coach starting in 1998—returned to the franchise for their first season.  The Gladiators made an appearance in the 2006 Kelly Cup Finals, losing to the Alaska Aces in five games.  On July 13, 2011, Pyle was named head coach of the American Hockey League's Texas Stars. The Gladiators announced on August 3, 2011, that John Wroblewski, former assistant coach for the Wheeling Nailers, had been selected to take Pyle's place as the team's head coach. The Gladiators won the ECHL South Division in the two years of Wrobelski's tenure.  On August 7, 2013, Wroblewski was hired by the AHL's Rochester Americans as an assistant coach. Rick Emmett, a former defenseman for the Gladiators, took over as head coach.  Emmett was relieved of his duties as head coach on December 2, 2014. At the time, assistant coach, and former Gladiator captain, Andy Brandt was named the interim head coach. Brandt would remain the interim head coach through the remainder of the 2014–15 season before being named to head coach on March 21, 2015. Former Valpellice Bulldogs head coach Mike Flanagan also joined the coaching staff in December 2014, serving as the team's assistant coach.

Rebranding as Atlanta Gladiators.

On September 9, 2015, the Gladiators organization announced that they would be known as the Atlanta Gladiators to expand their brand to include the entire Atlanta metropolitan area. As part of the name change, the Gladiators updated their “primary” and “wordmark” logos to reflect the Atlanta designation. The rest of the Gladiators logos remained the same, as did the team colors.  After two seasons as head coach, Andy Brandt left to take the associate coaching position with St. Norbert College in 2017. The Gladiators would then hire two-time Kelly Cup winning coach Chuck Weber as his replacement.  During the 2017–18 season, the franchise was purchased by Virginia-based ownership group called Danor Vienna LLC, headed by real estate developer P. Daniel Orlich. Head coach Weber left after one season to take an assistant coaching position with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) NCAA Div. I men's team in order to be closer to home. Jeff Pyle was then brought back as head coach and general manager after leaving for the AHL in 2011.  In 2019, the Gladiators updated their primary colors from garnet and black to navy blue and gold.

Affiliations.

The Gladiators served as the ECHL affiliate of the NHL's Atlanta Thrashers and their AHL affiliate Chicago Wolves from their inception in 2003 until 2011, when the Thrashers franchise moved to Winnipeg and the Gladiators ended their affiliation with the franchise. The team also served as an affiliate for the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2008–09 season and for the Columbus Blue Jackets during the 2009–10 season.  On August 17, 2011, the Gladiators announced their affiliation with the Phoenix Coyotes and the Portland Pirates for the 2011–12 season. They later announced an affiliation agreement with the Buffalo Sabres, and their AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. That affiliation lapsed at the end of the 2011–12 season, leaving the Gladiators affiliated exclusively with Phoenix for the 2012–13 season. The Gladiators would carry that affiliation through the end of the 2014–15 season.  On August 6, 2015, the Gladiators announced a two-year affiliation deal with the Boston Bruins and their AHL affiliate, the Providence Bruins. In February 2017, the Gladiators and Bruins extended their affiliation for another two seasons and then added fifth season for 2019–20.

Players.

Current roster.

Updated May 14, 2020.

The Atlanta Gladiators are a professional minor league ice hockey team based in Duluth, Georgia, in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The Gladiators play in the South Division of the ECHL's Eastern Conference. The Gladiators play their home games at Infinite Energy Arena.

Atlanta Gladiators je profesionální americký klub ledního hokeje, který sídlí v Duluthu (nedaleko Atlanty) ve státě Georgie. Do ECHL vstoupil v ročníku 2003/04 a hraje v Jižní divizi v rámci Východní konference. Své domácí zápasy odehrává v hale Infinite Energy Arena s kapacitou 11 355 diváků. Klubové barvy jsou bordó, černá, zlatá a bílá. Jedná se o farmu klubů Boston Bruins (NHL) a Providence Bruins (AHL).


Life.

Born in Paris, he studied under Jacques-François Blondel, Germain Boffrand and Jean-Laurent Le Geay, from whom he learned the mainstream French Classical architecture in the 17th and 18th century and the Neoclassicism that evolved after the mid century. He was elected to the Académie Royale d'Architecture in 1762 and became chief architect to Frederick II of Prussia, a largely honorary title. He designed a number of private houses from 1762 to 1778, though most of these no longer exist; notable survivors into the modern era include the Hôtel de Brunoy (demolished in 1930) and the Hôtel Alexandre, both in Paris. His work for François Racine de Monville has apparently also vanished but his probable influence on Monville's own architectural works as seen at the Désert de Retz speaks for itself. Together with Claude Nicolas Ledoux, he was one of the most influential figures of French neoclassical architecture.

Geometric style.

It was as a teacher and theorist at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées between 1778 and 1788 that Boullée made his biggest impact, developing a distinctive abstract geometric style inspired by Classical forms. His work was characterised by the removal of all unnecessary ornamentation, inflating geometric forms to a huge scale and repeating elements such as columns in huge ranges.  For Boullée regularity, symmetry and variety were the golden rules of architecture.

Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton.

Boullée promoted the idea of making architecture expressive of its purpose, a doctrine that his detractors termed "architecture parlante" ("talking architecture"), which was an essential element in Beaux-Arts architectural training in the later 19th century. His style was most notably exemplified in his proposal for a cenotaph (a funerary monument celebrating a figure interred elsewhere) for the English scientist Isaac Newton, who 50 years after his death became a symbol of Enlightenment ideas. The building itself was a 150 m (500 ft) tall sphere, taller than the Great Pyramids of Giza, encompassed by two large barriers circled by hundreds of cypress trees. The massive and spheric shape of the building was inspired by Boullée's own study called "theory of bodies" where he claims that the most beautiful and perfect natural body is the sphere, which is the most prominent element of the Newton Memorial. Though the structure was never built, Boullée had many ink and wash drawings engraved and circulated widely in the professional circles in 1784. The small sarcophagus for Newton is placed at the lower pole of the sphere. The design of the memorial is intended to create the effect of day and night. The night effect occurs when the sarcophagus is illuminated by the sunlight coming through the holes in the vaulting, giving the illusion of stars in the night sky. The day effect is an armillary sphere hanging in the center that gives off a mysterious glow. Thus, the use of light in the building's design causes the building's interior to change its appearance.

Salon for the Hôtel de Tourolles.

The boiseries, still often dated in the mid-1760s, were discussed in the issue of "L'Avant-coureur" for 21 January 1761, and so must have been carried out about 1758-59 (Eriksen 1974:298 and pl. 35). The Hôtel in the Marais district remodelled for Claude-Charles-Dominique Tourolle survives (the rue d'Orléans is now the rue Charlot) but the salon's "boiseries" and chimneypieces were removed in the mid-nineteenth century to a house in the rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré now in the possession of the Cercle Interallié. Round-arched mirrors over the chimneypieces and centering the long wall in a shallow recess are disposed in a system of stop-fluted Ionic pilasters. White marble draped caryatid therm figures support the chimneypiece's "tablette". There is a full architrave under a dentilled cornice. The white-and-gold ensemble would still have been fully in style in 1790.

Hôtel Alexandre.

The Hôtel Alexandre or Hôtel Soult, rue de la Ville l'Évêque, Paris (1763–1766), is the sole survivor of Boullée's residential work in Paris. It was built for the financier André-Claude-Nicolas Alexandre. In its "cour d'honneur" four Ionic columns embedded against a recess in the wall plane create an entry (now glazed). Flanking doors in the corners of the courtyard have isolated architraves embedded in the wall above their plain openings, while above oval bull's-eye windows are draped with the swags of husks that became a common feature of the neoclassical manner. The garden front has a colossal order of pilasters raised on the high basement occupied by the full height of the ground floor.

Legacy.

Boullée's ideas had a major influence on his contemporaries, not least because of his role in teaching other important architects such as Jean Chalgrin, Alexandre-Théodore Brongniart, and Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand. Some of his work only saw the light of day in the 20th century; his book "Architecture, essai sur l'art" ("Essay on the Art of Architecture), arguing for an emotionally committed Neoclassicism, was only published in 1953. The volume contained his work from 1778 to 1788, which mostly comprised designs for public buildings on a wholly impractical grand scale.  Boullée's fondness for grandiose designs has caused him to be characterized as both a megalomaniac and a visionary. His focus on polarity (offsetting opposite design elements) and the use of light and shadow was highly innovative, and continues to influence architects to this day. He was "rediscovered" in the 20th century and has influenced recent architects such as Aldo Rossi.  Peter Greenaway's film "The Belly of an Architect" (1987) concerns a fictitious architect who is staging an exhibition devoted to Boullée's work. The film contains many visual references to Boullée.

Étienne-Louis Boullée (12 February 1728 – 4 February 1799) was a visionary French neoclassical architect whose work greatly influenced contemporary architects.

Étienne-Louis Boullée (12. února 1728 Paříž – 4. února 1799 tamtéž) byl francouzský neoklasický architekt, jenž svými vizionářskými pracemi výrazně ovlivnil dobovou architekturu. Jeho učiteli byli Jacques-François Blondel, Germain Boffrand a Jean-Laurent Le Geay. Největší vliv měl jako učitel a teoretik na škole École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées v letech 1778 až 1788, kde vytvořil svérázný geometrický styl inspirovaný klasickými formami; byl charakteristický oproštěností od ozdob, obřími geometrickými tvary a opakováním prvků jako sloupů ve velkých počtech. Slavný je jeho návrh kenotafu Isaaka Newtona, který se 50 let po své smrti stal symbolem osvícenství. Budova ve tvaru obří sféry měla být se svými 150 metry vyšší než pyramidy v Gíze; Newtonův hrob měl být na „jižním pólu“ koule a promyšlené osvětlení mělo vytvářet ve dne i v noci zajímavé vizuální efekty. Třebaže kenotaf nebyl nikdy postaven, jeho plány a náčrty široce kolovaly v kruzích architektů.


History.

Chiribiquete National Natural Park was established on 21 September 1989, as the region is incredibly biodiverse and hosts a diverse array of rock art. More than 600,000 traces of over 75,000 petroglyphs and pictographs have been discovered on the walls of 60 rocks shelters in Serranía de Chiribiquete, the oldest of which could date back to about 20,000 years BP. The rock art was produced until the 16th century, and was first reported by American biologist Richard Evans Schultes during the first botanical collections of Chiribiquete in May 1943. Some of the paintings were first photographed by geologist Jaime Galvis between 1986 and 1987. Further research was carried out by Carlos Castaños, former director of the National Natural Parks System of Colombia, and Dutch geologist and paleontologist Thomas van der Hammen from 1990 to 1992.  The park was expanded from the previous to on 21 August 2013. British wildlife filmmaker Mike Slee and Colombian photographer and explorer Francisco Forero Bonell photographed and filmed the rock paintings on the vertical rock faces within the park in 2014.  Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos announced that Chiribiquete National Park would be expanded by on 21 February 2018. The park was expanded to and declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO on 2 July 2018.

Geography.

Chiribiquete National Park is located in the northwest of the Colombian Amazon in the departments of Caquetá and Guaviare. It is in the jurisdictions of the municipalities of Solano, Cartagena del Chairá and San Vicente del Caguán in Caquetá, and Calamar and San José del Guaviare in Guaviare. It is bordered by the Tunia River (Macaya River) in the northeast, which forms the Apaporís River after its confluence with the Ajaju River at a point called Dos Ríos. The park's boundaries are formed by the Apaporís, Gunaré and Amú Rivers in the east, the Mesay and Yari Rivers in the south, and the Hiutoto, Tajisa, Ajaju and Ayaya Rivers in the west.  Chiribiquete National Park is situated in the western region of the Guiana Shield, east of the Eastern Cordillera, north of the Amazonian plains, west of the Upper Río Negro, and south of the savannas of the Orinoquía. Elevations in the park range from about 200 to 1,000 metres above sea level. It contains geological formations that are made up of plateaus and steep rocky structures. The formations are divided into three different sections: the Northern Massif, the Central Massif and Iguaje Messas. The park is well known for its tepuis, table-top mountains that abruptly rise from the forest. The mountain ridge of Chiribiquete is an important remnant of the rocky chain belonging to the Precambrian and Paleozoic formations that make up the Guiana Shield.  Biogeographically, Chiribiquete is located in the Guyanas. It contains many different biomes, including flooded savannas and forests, tropical savannas, shrublands and tropical moist forests.

Hydrology.

Chiribiquete National Park contains the drainage basins of the Mesay, Cuñare, San Jorge and Amú Rivers. Most of the rivers in the park are tributaries of the Caquetá River, which is in turn a tributary of the Amazon River. Many of the rivers are called blackwater rivers because their waters have a dark colour due to the leeching of sediments from the surrounding soil.

Climate.

Chiribiquete National Natural Park has a tropical climate and gets about 4,500 mm of precipitation per year. The park has high levels of cloud cover due to the geographic orientation of the Serranía de Chiribiquete mountains. Rainfall is lowest between December and February, and highest between April and July. The annual average temperature is with strong fluctuations between day and night. During the dry months, temperatures can rise to during the day, and fall to at night. The temperature difference between the lower and higher altitudes of the park is also very high. Temperatures can reach in the lower altitudes and drop to in the higher altitudes. The average humidity is 40% at daytime and rises to 100% at nighttime.

Flora.

Chiribiquete is home to 30% of the ecosystems and flora of the Colombian Amazon, and researchers have discovered 1,801 plant species in the park to date. The tropical moist forests of Chiribiquete are highly developed and can reach great heights, with certain trees growing up to. The most common trees are the Amazon tree-grape ("Pourouma cecropiifolia"), ("Inga acrocephala"), ucuuba ("Virola sebifera"), syringe tree ("Hevea guianensis") and capinuri ("Pseudolmedia laevis"). The undergrowth is very dense and host to a wide variety of parasitic and epiphytic plants. In the mountains, thickets of shrubs measuring between can be found growing on sandy soil. Places with sparse soil cover, like waterfalls and rocky surfaces, are home to many endemic plants, including the monotypic genus "Senefelderopsis", "Hevea nitida" var. "toxicodendroides", "Graffenrieda fantastica" and "Vellozia tubiflora".

Fauna.

Researchers have discovered 209 butterfly species, 238 fish species, 57 amphibian species, 60 reptile species, over 410 bird species and 82 mammal species in Chiribiquete to date, many of which are threatened and endemic to the region. The region is known for hosting high levels of endemism of amphibians and freshwater fish. It also hosts about 30% of the Colombian Amazon's bat diversity and 10% of the country's butterfly diversity.

Birds.

The most notable birds in Chiribiquete are the Guianan cock-of-the-rock, scarlet macaw, green-and-rufous kingfisher, Amazon kingfisher, ringed kingfisher, rufous-capped motmot, oilbird, and the endemic Chiribiquete emerald hummingbird. Other notable birds in the park are several species of tinamous, curassows in the genus Crax, and motmots in the genus Momotus. The harpy eagle and speckled chachalaca can also be commonly seen in the park.

Mammals.

Researchers have discovered 52 species of bats in Chiribiquete to date, which represents about 30% of the Colombia Amazon's bat diversity. Notable bats include dog-like bats, mouse-eared bats, bulldog bats, short-tailed fruit bats, and the Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat. Some of the carnivorans in the park are the giant otter, neotropical otter, ocelot, cougar and jaguar. The park is home to 8 species of primates, including the white-fronted capuchin, tufted capuchin, common squirrel monkey, Spix's night monkey, brown woolly monkey and Venezuelan red howler monkey. It is also home to armadillos in the genus Dasypus, the giant anteater, black agouti, lowland paca, Amazon river dolphin, white-lipped peccary and Brazilian tapir.

Chiribiquete National Natural Park () is the largest national park in Colombia and the largest tropical rainforest national park in the world. It was established on 21 September 1989 and has been expanded twice, first in August 2013 and then in July 2018. The park occupies about and includes the Serranía de Chiribiquete mountains and the surrounding lowlands, which are covered by tropical moist forests, savannas and rivers.

Národní park Serranía de Chiribiquete je rozsáhlé chráněné území v Kolumbii. Nachází se na území departementů Guaviare a Caquetá. Je největším kolumbijským národním parkem, jeho rozloha je po jeho rozšíření v roce 2013 celkem 27 853 km2. Rozprostírá se v povodí řek Apaporis a Caquetá. Průměrná roční teplota je 24 °C, nadmořská výška se pohybuje od 200 do 1000 m n. m. Zdejší vysoká biodiverzita souvisí s lokalizací parku – severně od parku se rozléhá oblast Orinoquía, jižně Amazonská nížina, západně Východní Kordillery, východně Guyanská vysočina, což z parku dělá jedinečný biogeografický prostor pro přirozenou evoluci a interakci mezi druhy spojenými s těmito různými bioregiony. Na území parku byly nalezeny malby jeskynního malířství.


Origins.

The Swedish Warmblood originated from the imports of horses into Sweden around the 17th century. Spanish and Friesian imports produced active and strong horses when crossed with the local mares who were small and rough. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Thoroughbred, Arabian, Hanoverian, and Trakehner blood was introduced to the horses. They used the best Thoroughbred horses available. By using these bloodlines, large and powerful horses were created. The decade from 1920 to 1930 was an important decade in the development of the breed. The three most noticeable influences on the breed were Tribun, Hamlet, and Thoroughbred Hamplemann, all Hanoverians Schwabliso. After 1945, the Trakehners Heristal, Heinfried, Anno, and Polarstern had a dominant effect upon the breed. Heristal was a descendant of the English racehorse Hyperion. He produced 15 stallions and 44 mares that were entered in the studbook.

Uses.

The Swedish Warmblood is used as a riding horse, a job it is suitable for because of its easy, straight paces. It is also handsome, sound, tractable, and definitely versatile. Swedish Warmbloods are commonly used as dressage horses, jumpers, and in three-day event. Swedish Warmbloods are good driving horses as well and are exported in large amounts across Europe and the United States.

Characteristics.

The Swedish Warmblood may be any solid colour (although certain colors associated with lethal factors will exclude a stallion from breeding approval). Most common colors are chestnut, bay or seal brown. True blacks are rare. Swedish Warmbloods are also seen in gray and roan. They generally stand, and have a reputation as strong, athletic animals with flowing gaits.

The Swedish Warmblood is a horse breed that was developed at Strömsholm and Flyinge in Sweden. It descends from imported stock in the 17th century. The horses imported to Sweden were from Denmark, Germany, England, Hungary, France, Russia, Spain, and Turkey. These horses were extraordinarily varied, but along the way became the Swedish Warmblood.

Švédský teplokrevník je plemeno koní, které bylo vyšlechtěno ve Strömsholmu a Flyinge ve Švédsku. Vyšlechtěno bylo z koní dovezených v 17. století z Dánska, Německa, Anglie, Maďarska, Francie, Ruska, Španělska a Turecka.Tito koně byli velmi rozmanití, ale po vyšlechtění se stali teplokrevnými.


History.

The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani, was a scholar and preacher. Having been a pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak, he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh, he and his large family lived in the "madrasa" until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul Razzaq, succeeded his father as sheikh. Abdul Razzaq published a hagiography of his father, emphasizing his reputation as founder of a distinct and prestigious Sufi order.  The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving the Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258, and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate, the legend of Gilani was further spread by a text entitled "The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds" ("Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir") attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who depicted Gilani as the ultimate channel of divine grace and helped the Qadiri order to spread far beyond the region of Baghdad.  By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco, Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Somalia, and present-day Mali. Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During the Safavid dynasty's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and the surrounding lands. Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq.  Khawaja Abdul-Allah, a sheikh of the Qadiriyya and a descendant of Muhammad, is reported to have entered China in 1674 and traveled the country preaching until his death in 1689. One of Abdul-Allah's students, Qi Jingyi Hilal al-Din, is said to have permanently rooted Qadiri Sufism in China. He was buried in Linxia City, which became the center of the Qadiriyya in China. By the seventeenth century, the Qadiriyya had reached Ottoman-occupied areas of Europe.  Sultan Bahu contributed to the spread of Qadiriyya in western India. His method of spreading the teachings of the Sufi doctrine of Faqr was through his Punjabi couplets and other writings, which numbered more than 140. He granted the method of dhikr and stressed that the way to reach divinity was not through asceticism or excessive or lengthy prayers but through selfless love carved out of annihilation in God, which he called "fana".  Sheikh Sidi Ahmad al-Bakka'i ( of the Kunta family, born in the region of the Noun river, d.1504 in Akka) established a Qadiri "zawiya" (Sufi residence) in Walata. In the sixteenth century the family spread across the Sahara to Timbuktu, Agades, Bornu, Hausaland, and other places, and in the eighteenth century large numbers of Kunta moved to the region of the middle Niger where they established the village of Mabruk. Sidi Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti (1728–1811) united the Kunta factions by successful negotiation, and established an extensive confederation. Under his influence the Maliki school of Islamic law was reinvigorated and the Qadiriyyah order spread throughout Mauritania, the middle Niger region, Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Futa Toro, and Futa Jallon. Kunta colonies in the Senegambian region became centers of Muslim teaching.

Spiritual chain.

The spiritual chain (silsila) is listed as follows: Another version is as follows:

Offshoots.

Halisa – Halisiyya.

The Halisa offshoot was founded by Abdurrahman Halis Talabani (12121275 Hijra) in Kerkuk, Iraq. Hungry and miserable people were fed all day in his Tekke without regard for religion. Dawlati Osmaniyya donated money and gifts to his Tekke in Kerkuk. Sultan Abdul-Majid Khan's (Khalife of İslam, Sultan of Ottoman Empire) wife Sultana Hatun sent many gifts and donations to his Tekke as a follower. Among his followers were many leaders, rulers, and military and government officials. It was known to everyone that he lived in complete conviction. Because of the example Talibani set as a religious figure, the people's ties to him were solid and strong.  After his death, his branch was populated in Turkey, and he was followed by Dede Osman Avni Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Ömer Hüdai Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Muhammed Baba, Sheikh Al-Haj Mustafa Hayri Baba, and Sheikh Al-Haj Mehmet Baba.

Qadri Noshahi.

The Qadri Noshahi silsila (offshoot) was established by Syed Muhammad Naushah Ganj Bakhsh of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan, in the late sixteenth century.

Sarwari Qadiri.

Also known as Qadiriya Sultaniya, the order was started by Sultan Bahu in the seventeenth century and spread in the western part of Indian Subcontinent. Hence, it follows most of the Qadiriyya approach. In contrast, it does not follow a specific dress code or require seclusion or other lengthy exercises. Its mainstream philosophy is contemplation of belovedness towards God.

The Qadiriyya–Mukhtariyya Brotherhood.

This branch of the Qadiriyya came into being in the eighteenth century resulting from a revivalist movement led by Al-Mukhtar al-Kunti, a Sufi of the western Sahara who wished to establish Qadiri Sufism as the dominant religion in the region. In contrast to other branches of the Qadiriyya that do not have a centralized authority, the Mukhtariyya brotherhood was highly centralized. Its leaders focused on economic prosperity as well as spiritual well-being, sending their disciples on trade caravans as far away as Europe.

The Qadiriyya Harariya.

The Qadiriyah order was introduced to Harar, Ethiopia in the 15th century. In the 18th century it spread among the Oromo and Somalis, often under the tutelage of Somali sheikhs. The earliest advocate in northern Somalia was Sheikh Abdirahman al Zeilawi who passed in 1883. In separate fashion, the order also spread to the southern port cities of Barawe and Mogadishu.

Qadriyyah Razaviya.

Founded by AlaHazrat Imam Ahmad Raza Khan. The current leader and successor is Taajusharia Mufti Akhtar Raza Khan Barelvi. With million of followers around the world, the current successor also is listed 25th among the most influential Muslim leaders around the world.

The Qadiriyya (, also transliterated "Qadri", "Qadriya", "Kadri", "Elkadri", "Elkadry", "Aladray", "Alkadrie", "Adray", "Kadray", "Kadiri", "Qadiri", "Quadri" or "Qadri") are members of the Qadiri tariqa (Sufi order). The tariqa got its name from Abdul Qadir Gilani (1077–1166, also transliterated "Jilani"), who was from Gilan. The order relies strongly upon adherence to the fundamentals of Islam.

Kádiríja (arabsky: القادريه, persky: قادریه ) je súfijský řád pojmenovaný po Abdalqádirovi al-Džíláním z Gílánu. Kádiríja byla založena Abdalqádirovými syny. Přežila plenění Bagdádu Mongoly roku 1258. Poté se rychle šířila do arabsky mluvících zemí. Hlavní řádovou autoritou je kurátor Abdalqádirovy hrobky v Bagdádu jemuž věřící posílají dary. Centralizace je ale spíše symbolická, což je patrné z rozmanitosti používaných symbolů a praktik. V Turecku se symbolem kádiríje stala zelená růže.


Similar "deus absconditus".

A similar concept is that of the "deus absconditus" or "hidden god" of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) and Nicolaus Cusanus. Although Aquinas was a Catholic and not a deist, the concept of the "idle god" refers to a deity whose existence is not readily knowable by humans solely through contemplation or through the examination of divine actions.  The concept of "deus otiosus" often suggests a god who has grown weary from involvement in this world and who has been replaced by younger, more active gods, whereas "deus absconditus" suggests a god who has consciously left this world to hide elsewhere.

Examples.

Ishvara in Vaisheshika Hinduism.

In Vaiśeṣika school of Hinduism, early theories were atheistic / non-theistic, with universe explained as composed of eternal "paramanu" (atoms) of substances whose combinations and interactions explained the nature of universe. In 1st millennium AD, the school added the concept of "Ishvara" to its atomistic naturalism. These later Vaiśeṣika scholars retained their belief that substances are eternal, included "Ishvara" as another eternal who is also omniscient and omnipresent.  "Ishvara" (or "Deva") did not create the world, according to this school of Hindu scholars, but only created the hidden universal laws that operate the world, and then withdrew to let those laws operate on their own. Thus, Vaisheshika's "Ishvara" mirrors "Deus otiosus", as a God who retires after he has created the laws that govern nature.  Klostermaier states "Ishvara" can be understood as an eternal God who co-exists in the universe with eternal substances and atoms, who "winds up the clock, and lets it run its course".

In theology, a deus otiosus or "idle god" is a creator god who largely retires from the world and is no longer involved in its daily operation, a central tenet of Deism.

Deus otiosus „nečinný bůh“ je v dějinách náboženství bůh, zpravidla stvořitel a vládce nebes, který je pasivní a přenechává vládu nad světem a komunikaci s lidmi nižším božstvům, předkům či přírodním duchům. Z toho důvodu má zpravidla malý či žádný kult. Koncept nečinného boha je častý především v Africe, Jižní Americe a Melanésii, ale objevuje se také ve folklóru jihovýchodní Evropy, například v Rumunsku.


Wavefunction ansatz.

Coupled-cluster theory provides the exact solution to the time-independent Schrödinger equation  where formula_2 is the Hamiltonian of the system, formula_3 the exact wavefunction, and "E" the exact energy of the ground state. Coupled-cluster theory can also be used to obtain solutions for excited states using, for example, linear-response, equation-of-motion, state-universal multi-reference coupled cluster, or valence-universal multi-reference coupled cluster approaches.  The wavefunction of the coupled-cluster theory is written as an exponential ansatz:  where formula_5, the reference wave function, which is typically a Slater determinant constructed from Hartree–Fock molecular orbitals, though other wave functions such as configuration interaction, multi-configurational self-consistent field, or Brueckner orbitals can also be used. formula_6 is the cluster operator which, when acting on formula_5, produces a linear combination of excited determinants from the reference wave function (see section below for greater detail).  The choice of the exponential ansatz is opportune because (unlike other ansatzes, for example, configuration interaction) it guarantees the size extensivity of the solution. Size consistency in CC theory, also unlike other theories, does not depend on the size consistency of the reference wave function. This is easily seen, for example, in the single bond breaking of Fformula_8 when using a restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) reference, which is not size consistent, at the CCSDT (Coupled Cluster Single Double Triple) level of theory which provides an almost exact, full CI-quality, potential energy surface and does not dissociate the molecule into Fformula_9 and Fformula_10 ions, like the RHF wave function, but rather into two neutral F atoms. If one were to use, for example, the CCSD, or CCSD(T) levels of theory, they would not provide reasonable results for the bond breaking of Fformula_8, with the latter one approaches unphysical potential energy surfaces, though this is for reasons other than just size consistency.  A criticism of the method is that the conventional implementation employing the similarity-transformed Hamiltonian (see below) is not variational, though there are bi-variational and quasi-variational approaches that have been developed since the first implementations of the theory. While the above ansatz for the wave function itself has no natural truncation, however, for other properties, such as energy, there is a natural truncation when examining expectation values, which has its basis in the linked- and connected-cluster theorems, and thus does not suffer from issues such as lack of size extensivity, like the variational configuration interaction approach.

Cluster operator.

The cluster operator is written in the form,  where formula_13 is the operator of all single excitations, formula_14 is the operator of all double excitations and so forth. In the formalism of second quantization these excitation operators are expressed as  and for the general n-fold cluster operator  In the above formulae formula_18 and formula_19 denote the creation and annihilation operators, respectively, and "i, j" stand for occupied (hole) and "a, b" for unoccupied (particle) orbitals (states). The creation and annihilation operators in the coupled cluster terms above are written in canonical form, where each term is in the normal order form, with respect to the Fermi vacuum, formula_5. Being the one-particle cluster operator and the two-particle cluster operator, formula_13 and formula_14 convert the reference function formula_5 into a linear combination of the singly and doubly excited Slater determinants, respectively, if applied without the exponential (such as in CI where a linear excitation operator is applied to the wave function). Applying the exponential cluster operator to the wave function, one can then generate more than doubly excited determinants due to the various powers of formula_13 and formula_14 that appear in the resulting expressions (see below). Solving for the unknown coefficients formula_26 and formula_27 is necessary for finding the approximate solution formula_3.  The exponential operator formula_29 may be expanded as a Taylor series and if we consider only the formula_13 and formula_14 cluster operators of formula_6, we can write:  Though this series is finite in practice because the number of occupied molecular orbitals is finite, as is the number of excitations, it is still very large, to the extent that even modern day massively parallel computers are inadequate, except for problems of a dozen or so electrons and very small basis sets, when considering all contributions to the cluster operator and not just formula_13 and formula_14. Often, as was done above, the cluster operator includes only singles and doubles (see CCSD below) as this offers a computationally affordable method that performs better than MP2 and CISD, but is not very accurate usually. For accurate results some form of triples (approximate or full) are needed, even near the equilibrium geometry (in the Franck-Condon region), and especially when breaking single-bonds or describing diradical species (these latter examples are often what is referred to as multi-reference problems, since more than one determinant has a significant contribution to the resulting wave function). For double bond breaking, and more complicated problems in chemistry, quadruple excitations often become important as well, though usually they are small for most problems, and as such, the contribution of formula_36, formula_37 etc. to the operator formula_6 is typically small. Furthermore, if the highest excitation level in the formula_6 operator is "n",  then Slater determinants for an "N"-electron system excited more than formula_41 (formula_42) times may still contribute to the coupled cluster wave function formula_3 because of the non-linear nature of the exponential ansatz, and therefore, coupled cluster terminated at formula_44 usually recovers more correlation energy than CI with maximum "n" excitations.

Coupled-cluster equations.

The Schrödinger equation can be written, using the coupled-cluster wave function, as  where there are a total of "q" coefficients ("t"-amplitudes) to solve for. To obtain the "q" equations, first, we multiply the above Schrödinger equation on the left by formula_46 and then project onto the entire set of up to "m"-tuply excited determinants, where "m" is the highest order excitation included in formula_6, that can be constructed from the reference wave function formula_5, denoted by formula_49, and individually, formula_50 are singly excited determinants where the electron in orbital "i" has been excited to orbital "a"; formula_51 are doubly excited determinants where the electron in orbital "i" has been excited to orbital "a" and the electron in orbital "j" has been excited to orbital "b", etc. In this way we generate a set of coupled energy-independent non-linear algebraic equations needed to determine the "t"-amplitudes.  (note, we have made use of formula_54, the identity operator, and we are also assuming that we are using orthogonal orbitals, though this does not necessarily have to be true, e.g., valence bond orbitals, and in such cases the last set of equations are not necessarily equal to zero) the latter being the equations to be solved and the former the equation for the evaluation of the energy.  Considering the basic CCSD method:  in which the similarity transformed Hamiltonian, formula_58, can be explicitly written down using Hadamard's formula in Lie algebra, also called Hadamard's lemma (see also Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula (BCH formula), though note they are different, in that Hadamard's formula is a lemma of the BCH formula):  The subscript "C" designates the connected part of the corresponding operator expression.  The resulting similarity transformed Hamiltonian is non-Hermitian, resulting in different left- and right-handed vectors (wave functions) for the same state of interest (this is what is often referred to in coupled cluster theory as the biorthogonality of the solution, or wave function, though it also applies to other non-Hermitian theories as well). The resulting equations are a set of non-linear equations which are solved in an iterative manner. Standard quantum chemistry packages ([[GAMESS (US)]], [[NWChem]], [[ACES (computational chemistry)|ACES II]], etc.) solve the coupled cluster equations using the [[Jacobi method]] and [[DIIS|direct inversion of the iterative subspace (DIIS)]] extrapolation of the t-amplitudes to accelerate convergence.

Types of coupled-cluster methods.

The classification of traditional coupled-cluster methods rests on the highest number of excitations allowed in the definition of formula_6. The abbreviations for coupled-cluster methods usually begin with the letters "CC" (for coupled cluster) followed by  Thus, the formula_6 operator in CCSDT has the form  Terms in round brackets indicate that these terms are calculated based on [[perturbation theory]]. For example, the CCSD(T) method means:

General description of the theory.

The complexity of equations and the corresponding computer codes, as well as the cost of the computation increases sharply with the highest level of excitation. For many applications CCSD, while relatively inexpensive, does not provide sufficient accuracy except for the smallest systems (approximately 2 to 4 electrons), and often an approximate treatment of triples is needed. The most well known coupled cluster method that provides an estimate of connected triples is CCSD(T), which provides a good description of closed-shell molecules near the equilibrium geometry, but breaks down in more complicated situations such as bond breaking and diradicals. Another popular method that makes up for the failings of the standard CCSD(T) approach is CR-CC(2,3), where the triples contribution to the energy is computed from the difference between the exact solution and the CCSD energy, and is not based on perturbation theory arguments. More complicated coupled-cluster methods such as CCSDT and CCSDTQ are used only for high-accuracy calculations of small molecules. The inclusion of all "n" levels of excitation for the "n"-electron system gives the exact solution of the [[Schrödinger equation]] within the given [[basis set (chemistry)|basis set]], within the [[Born–Oppenheimer]] approximation (although schemes have also been drawn up to work without the BO approximation).  One possible improvement to the standard coupled-cluster approach is to add terms linear in the interelectronic distances through methods such as CCSD-R12. This improves the treatment of dynamical electron correlation by satisfying the [[Kato cusp]] condition and accelerates convergence with respect to the orbital basis set. Unfortunately, R12 methods invoke the [[resolution of the identity]] which requires a relatively large basis set in order to be a good approximation.  The coupled-cluster method described above is also known as the "[[single-reference]]" (SR) coupled-cluster method because the exponential ansatz involves only one reference function formula_5. The standard generalizations of the SR-CC method are the "[[multi-reference]]" (MR) approaches: [[state-universal coupled cluster]] (also known as [[Hilbert space]] coupled cluster), [[valence-universal coupled cluster]] (or [[Fock space]] coupled cluster) and [[state-selective coupled cluster]] (or state-specific coupled cluster).

Historical accounts.

In the first reference below, Kümmel comments:  [[Josef Paldus]] also wrote his first-hand account of the origins of coupled-cluster theory, its implementation, and exploitation in electronic wave function determination; his account is primarily about the making of coupled-cluster theory rather than about the theory itself.

Relation to other theories.

Configuration interaction.

The C excitation operators defining the CI expansion of an N-electron system for the wave function formula_64,  are related to the cluster operators formula_6, since in the limit of including up to formula_68 in the cluster operator the CC theory must be equal to full CI, we obtain the following relationships  etc. For general relationships see J. Paldus, in "Methods in Computational Molecular Physics", Vol. 293 of "Nato Advanced Study Institute Series B: Physics", edited by S. Wilson and G.H.F. Diercksen (Plenum, New York, 1992), pp. 99–194.

Symmetry adapted cluster.

The symmetry adapted cluster (SAC) approach determines the (spin and) symmetry adapted cluster operator by solving the following system of energy dependent equations,  where formula_79 are the "n"-tuply excited determinants relative to formula_80 (usually they are the spin- and symmetry-adapted configuration state functions, in practical implementations), and formula_81 is the highest-order of excitation included in the SAC operator. If all of the nonlinear terms in formula_82 are included then the SAC equations become equivalent to the standard coupled-cluster equations of Jiří Čížek. This is due to the cancellation of the energy-dependent terms with the disconnected terms contributing to the product of formula_83, resulting in the same set of nonlinear energy-independent equations. Typically, all nonlinear terms, except formula_84 are dropped, as higher-order nonlinear terms are usually small.

Use in nuclear physics.

In nuclear physics, coupled cluster saw significantly less use than in quantum chemistry during the 1980s and 1990s. More powerful computers as well as advances in theory (such as the inclusion of [[three-body force|three-nucleon interactions]]) have spawned renewed interest in the method since then, and it has been successfully applied to neutron-rich and medium mass nuclei. Coupled cluster is one of several [[ab initio methods (nuclear physics)|ab initio methods]] in nuclear physics, and is specifically suitable for nuclei having closed or nearly closed [[nuclear shell model|shells]].

External resources.

[[Category:Quantum chemistry]] [[Category:Electronic structure methods]] [[Category:Post-Hartree–Fock methods]]

Coupled cluster (CC) is a numerical technique used for describing many-body systems. Its most common use is as one of several post-Hartree–Fock ab initio quantum chemistry methods in the field of computational chemistry, but it is also used in nuclear physics. Coupled cluster essentially takes the basic Hartree–Fock molecular orbital method and constructs multi-electron wavefunctions using the exponential cluster operator to account for electron correlation. Some of the most accurate calculations for small to medium-sized molecules use this method.

Metoda vázaných klastrů nebo spřažených klastrů (CC, z angl. Coupled Cluster) je jedna z "ab initio" metod pro odhad elektronové korelační energie. Tato metoda byla vytvořena v padesátých letech 20. století původně pro potřeby jaderné fyziky. Po jejím přeformulování Jiřím Čížkem se stala více využívanou pro elektronovou korelaci v atomech a molekulách.


Atomic and molecular systems.

Within the Hartree–Fock method of quantum chemistry, the antisymmetric wave function is approximated by a single Slater determinant. Exact wave functions, however, cannot generally be expressed as single determinants. The single-determinant approximation does not take into account Coulomb correlation, leading to a total electronic energy different from the exact solution of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Therefore, the Hartree–Fock limit is always above this exact energy. The difference is called the "correlation energy", a term coined by Löwdin. The concept of the correlation energy was studied earlier by Wigner.  A certain amount of electron correlation is already considered within the HF approximation, found in the electron exchange term describing the correlation between electrons with parallel spin. This basic correlation prevents two parallel-spin electrons from being found at the same point in space and is often called Fermi correlation. Coulomb correlation, on the other hand, describes the correlation between the spatial position of electrons due to their Coulomb repulsion, and is responsible for chemically important effects such as London dispersion. There is also a correlation related to the overall symmetry or total spin of the considered system.  The word correlation energy has to be used with caution. First it is usually defined as the energy difference of a correlated method relative to the Hartree–Fock energy. But this is not the full correlation energy because some correlation is already included in HF. Secondly the correlation energy is highly dependent on the basis set used. The "exact" energy is the energy with full correlation and full basis set.  Electron correlation is sometimes divided into dynamical and non-dynamical (static) correlation. Dynamical correlation is the correlation of the movement of electrons and is described under electron correlation dynamics and also with the configuration interaction (CI) method. Static correlation is important for molecules where the ground state is well described only with more than one (nearly-)degenerate determinant. In this case the Hartree–Fock wavefunction (only one determinant) is qualitatively wrong. The multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) method takes account of this static correlation, but not dynamical correlation.  If one wants to calculate excitation energies (energy differences between the ground and excited states) one has to be careful that both states are equally balanced (e.g., Multireference configuration interaction).

Methods.

In simple terms the molecular orbitals of the Hartree–Fock method are optimized by evaluating the energy of an electron in each molecular orbital moving in the mean field of all other electrons, rather than including the instantaneous repulsion between electrons.  To account for electron correlation there are many post-Hartree–Fock methods, including:  One of the most important methods for correcting for the missing correlation is the configuration interaction (CI) method. Starting with the Hartree–Fock wavefunction as the ground determinant, one takes a linear combination of the ground and excited determinants formula_1 as the correlated wavefunction and optimizes the weighting factors formula_2 according to the Variational Principle. When taking all possible excited determinants one speaks of Full-CI. In a Full-CI wavefunction all electrons are fully correlated. For non-small molecules Full-CI is much too computationally expensive. One truncates the CI expansion and gets well-correlated wavefunctions and well-correlated energies according to the level of truncation.  Perturbation theory gives correlated energies, but no new wavefunctions. PT is not variational. This means the calculated energy is not an upper bound for the exact energy. It is possible to partition Møller–Plesset perturbation theory energies via Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) energy partitioning (although most commonly the correlation energy is not partitioned). This is an extension to the theory of Atoms in Molecules. IQA energy partitioning enables one to look in detail at the correlation energy contributions from individual atoms and atomic interactions. IQA correlation energy partitioning has also been shown to be possible with coupled cluster methods.  There are also combinations possible. E.g. one can have some nearly degenerate determinants for the multi-configurational self-consistent field method to account for static correlation and/or some truncated CI method for the biggest part of dynamical correlation and/or on top some perturbational ansatz for small perturbing (unimportant) determinants. Examples for those combinations are CASPT2 and SORCI.

Crystalline systems.

In condensed matter physics, electrons are typically described with reference to a periodic lattice of atomic nuclei. Non-interacting electrons are therefore typically described by Bloch waves, which correspond to the delocalized, symmetry adapted molecular orbitals used in molecules (while Wannier functions correspond to localized molecular orbitals). A number of important theoretical approximations have been proposed to explain electron correlations in these crystalline systems.  The Fermi liquid model of correlated electrons in metals is able to explain the temperature dependence of resistivity by electron-electron interactions. It also forms the basis for the BCS theory of superconductivity, which is the result of phonon-mediated electron-electron interactions.  Systems that escape a Fermi liquid description are said to be strongly-correlated. In them, interactions plays such an important role that qualitatively new phenomena emerge. This is the case, for example, when the electrons are close to a metal-insulator transition. The Hubbard model is based on the tight-binding approximation, and can explain conductor-insulator transitions in Mott insulators such as transition metal oxides by the presence of repulsive Coulombic interactions between electrons. Its one-dimensional version is considered an archetype of the strong-correlations problem and displays many dramatic manifestations such as quasi-particle fractionalization. However, there is no exact solution of the Hubbard model in more than one dimension.  The RKKY interaction can explain electron spin correlations between unpaired inner shell electrons in different atoms in a conducting crystal by a second-order interaction that is mediated by conduction electrons.  The Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid model approximates second order electron-electron interactions as bosonic interactions.

Mathematical viewpoint.

For two independent electrons "a" and "b",  where represents the joint electronic density, or the probability density of finding electron "a" at and electron "b" at. Within this notation, represents the probability of finding the two electrons in their respective volume elements and.  If these two electrons are correlated, then the probability of finding electron "a" at a certain position in space depends on the position of electron "b", and vice versa. In other words, the product of their independent density functions does not adequately describe the real situation. At small distances, the uncorrelated pair density is too large; at large distances, the uncorrelated pair density is too small (i.e. the electrons tend to "avoid each other").

Electronic correlation is the interaction between electrons in the electronic structure of a quantum system. The correlation energy is a measure of how much the movement of one electron is influenced by the presence of all other electrons.

Elektronová korelace je interakce mezi elektrony v elektronové struktuře kvantového systému. Korelační energie je měřítkem toho, jak moc pohyb jednoho elektronu je ovlivněn přítomností všech ostatních elektronů.


History.

Romania was a founding member of the WOSM, having formally had Scouts between 1913 and 1937. Influenced by reading Baden-Powell's "Scouting for Boys", the first informal patrol of Boy Scouts was established in Romania in 1913 at Gheorghe Lazăr High School by Dimitrie Dimăncescu, his brother, Ioan, and classmates. Prince Carol would become the first formal troop leader. Others joined in broadening awareness of the Scout movement (Gheorghe Munteanu-Murgoci, Alexandru Borza, Vladimir Ghidionescu, Constantin Costa-Foru, Nicolae Iorga, Ion G. Duca and Colonel Grigore Berindei) who became familiar with the Scout movements in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and Germany.  The translation of Baden-Powell's book "Scouting for Boys" into Romanian was published in 1915. That same year saw the official founding of the "Cercetaşii României"; on the occasion, Lord Baden-Powell sent a message of congratulations, with the admonition that Scouting should be adapted to the local situation. Membership grew quickly across Romania.  During World War I, Romanian Scouts were very active in defense activities. Ecaterina Teodoroiu guided a patrol of Scouts and Guides and was employed as a nurse, before joining the Romanian Army and dying a heroine. Many Scouts who helped the transporting of the wounded were killed during the air attacks. On September 29, 1916, Baden-Powell sent a message expressing regret to the Scouts for the death of their fellows. At the end of the war, the Boy Scouts marched in the front of the Victory Train, under the Triumphal Arch in Bucharest.  In 1920, 67 Romanian Boy Scouts and their leaders were present at the first World Jamboree in London, England. Before World War II, the Scout Movement developed further: many patrols were formed in towns and in villages, many camps, socials, expeditions and spectacles were organized, and a great number of magazines, literary writings and pedagogical studies were published for Scouts and their Chiefs. At the time, one of the devoted Boy Scouts was the philosopher Mircea Eliade. In 1930, the first Romanian Scout Jamboree took place, in the presence of Hubert Martin and many delegations of Scouts and Guides from other countries. "Cercetașii României" had 45,000 members at that point, and the Guides Movement had 14,000. The organizer and Chief of the Guides Movement was Princess Ileana, the daughter of Queen Marie.  With the growing influenced of fascism in the 1930s, Romanian Scouting officially preserved its apolitical character, only to be replaced in 1937 by a totalitarian organization, "Străjeria (Straja Țării)", as part of the dictatorial measures initiated by King Carol II (alongside the creation of the National Renaissance Front). Straja Țării withdrew from the International Scout Conference the same year. John S. Wilson signed and agreement in March 1939 of interchange of visits and permit the "Straja Țării" participate in Scout Conferences as observers and to attend courses at Gilwell Park but subsequent events cancelled this agreement.  After World War II, there were attempts to restore the Scout Movement in Romania, but the emergence of the communist regime brought a ban on all alternative youth movements, replaced by the Pioneer Organization and Union of Communist Youth.  After the Revolution of 1989, former Scouts and others acted for the revival of Scouting in Romania. "Cercetașii României" was again established in 1991, and in 1993 gained recognition by the World Bureau of the WOSM. But in 2006, there are only 2,000 registered Scouts.

Program and ideals.

The Scout Motto is "Gata Oricând", translated as "Always Ready" in English; the Romanian noun for a single Scout is "Cercetaș".  The membership badge of Cercetașii României features stylized fir branches.

Scout Oath.

"Promit pe onoarea mea să fac tot ce este posibil pentru: a servi patria mea România și credința mea, a ajuta pe aproapele meu în orice moment, a mă supune Legii Cercetașului."

Scout Law.

"Cercetașul își iubește patria sa, România și pe toți cei care trăiesc in ea"
 "Cercetașul este loial, își respectă cuvântul dat, nu minte, este curat în gând, în vorbă și în faptă"
 "Cercetașul este util și își ajută semenii în orice situație, este un prieten pentru toți și frate cu toți Cercetașii"
 "Cercetașul este econom și cumpătat, este îngăduitor cu alții și sever cu sine, își îngrijește corpul și duce o viață sănătoasă"
 "Cercetașul iubește și ocrotește natura și este bun cu animalele"
 "Cercetașul își respectă și ascultă părinții, șefii si profesorii și este disciplinat în tot ceea ce face"
 "Cercetașul este credincios şi respectă credinţa celorlalţi"
 "Cercetașul este curajos și încrezător în puterile sale, vioi și plin de însuflețire"
 "Cercetașul se străduiește să facă în fiecare zi o faptă bună, oricât de neînsemnată ar părea ea"

Cercetașii României (Romanian for "Romania's Scouts" or "Romanian Scouts"; in full Organizația Națională Cercetașii României - "National Organization of Romanian Scouts") is the primary national Scouting organization of Romania. Founded in 1913, it became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) in 1993.

Cercetaşii României (rumunsky "Rumunští skauti", v plném znění Organizaţia Naţională Cercetării României - "Národní organizace rumunských skautů") je primární národní skautská organizace v Rumunsku. Založena byl v roce 1913, stala se členem Světové organizace skautského hnutí (WOSM) v roce 1993.