History.

Early years.

The first Australia national team was constituted in 1922 for a tour of New Zealand, which included two defeats and a draw. For the next 36 years, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became regular opponents in tour (exhibition) matches. During that period, Australia also competed against Canada and India during their tours of Australia in 1924 and 1938 respectively. Australia recorded their worst ever defeat on 30 June 1951 as they lost 17–0 in a match to a touring England side. Australia had a rare opportunity to compete on the world's stage during the team's first major international tournament as hosts of the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. However, an inexperienced squad proved to be reason for the team's disappointing performance. With the advent of cheap air travel, Australia began to diversify its range of opponents. However, its geographical isolation continued to play a role in its destiny for the next 30 years.  After failing to qualify for the FIFA World Cup in 1966 and 1970, losing in play-offs to North Korea and Israel respectively, Australia finally appeared at their first World Cup in West Germany, 1974. After managing only a draw from Chile and losses from East Germany and West Germany, the team which was made up of mostly amateur players was eliminated at the end of the first round, finishing last in their group without scoring a goal. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team until the World Cup tournament returned to Germany more than three decades later in 2006. Over a 40-year period, the Australian team was known for its near misses in its attempts to qualify for the World Cup; they lost play-offs in 1966 to North Korea, 1970 to Israel, 1986 to Scotland, 1994 to Argentina, 1998 to Iran and 2002 to Uruguay.

First successes and "golden generation".

The team's previously poor record in World Cup competition was not reflected in their reasonable performances against strong European and South American sides. In 1988, Australia defeated reigning world champions Argentina 4–1 in the Australian Bicentennial Gold Cup. In 1997, Australia drew with reigning world champions Brazil 0–0 in the group stage and then defeated Uruguay 1–0 in the semi-finals to reach the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Final. In 2001, after a victory against reigning world champions France in the group stage, Australia finished the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup in third place after defeating Brazil 1–0 in the third-place decider. Australia defeated England 3–1 at West Ham United's Boleyn Ground in 2003 as Wayne Rooney made his international debut.  In early 2005, it was reported that Football Federation Australia had entered into discussions to join the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and end an almost 40-year association with the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC). Many commentators and fans, most notably soccer broadcaster and former Australian captain Johnny Warren, felt that the only way for Australia to progress was to abandon Oceania. On 13 March, the AFC executive committee made a unanimous decision to invite Australia to join the AFC. After the OFC executive committee unanimously endorsed Australia's proposed move, FIFA approved the move on 30 June 2005. Australia joined Asia, with the move taking effect on 1 January 2006, though until then, Australia had to compete for a 2006 World Cup position as an OFC member country.  After a successful campaign, the team took the first steps towards qualification for the 2006 World Cup. After coach Frank Farina stood down from the position after Australia's dismal performance at the 2005 Confederations Cup, Guus Hiddink was announced as the new national coach. Australia, ranked 49th, would then have to play the 18th ranked Uruguay in a rematch of the 2001 qualification play-off for a spot in the 2006 World Cup. After a 5–0 friendly win against Jamaica, the first leg of the play-off tournament was lost (1–0), with the return leg still to be played in Australia four days later in Sydney on 16 November 2005. The second leg of the qualifying play-off was played in front of a crowd of 82,698 at Stadium Australia. Australia led Uruguay 1–0 after 90 minutes following a goal by Mark Bresciano in the first half. The aggregate was tied, and extra time was played. Neither team scored after two periods of extra time, bringing the game to a penalty shootout. Australia won the penalty shootout (4–2), making Australia the first ever team to qualify for a World Cup via a penalty shootout. Australian goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer made two saves, with John Aloisi scoring the winning penalty for a place in the World Cup, Australia's first qualification in 32 years.  Australia went into the 2006 World Cup as the second lowest-ranked side. Although their ranking vastly improved in subsequent months after a series of exhibition matches against high-profile teams, including a 1–1 draw against the Netherlands, and a 1–0 win at the sold-out 100,000 capacity Melbourne Cricket Ground against the then European Champions Greece.  For the 2006 World Cup, Australia was placed into Group F, along with Japan, Croatia and defending champions Brazil. In their opening group game, Australia defeated Japan 3–1, with Tim Cahill scoring two goals (84', 89') and John Aloisi scoring one (90+2') in the last eight minutes. Their goals made history, being the first ever scored by Australia's men's soccer team in a World Cup, as well as all three goals being scored in the last seven minutes of the game, which was never before done in a World Cup match. Australia met Brazil in their second group game, which Australia lost to Brazil 2–0. Australia faced Croatia in their third match. The final score (2–2) was enough to see Australia proceed to the knockout stage, where they were eliminated from the competition after a 1–0 defeat by the eventual champions Italy after conceding a controversial penalty in the 93rd minute. The loss marked the official end of Hiddink's tenure as Australia's national coach. The success achieved at the 2006 World Cup later saw the team named AFC National Team of the Year, as well as being dubbed the "golden generation" in the history of the Socceroos.

Later success.

Led by coach Graham Arnold, Australia went to their first Asian Cup in 2007, sending a strong squad which included 15 players from the previous year's World Cup team. In Group A they played against Oman (1–1 draw), Thailand (4–0 win) and eventual champions Iraq (3–1 loss), assuring Australia's progression to the quarter-final stage of the tournament. Though after drawing 1–1 with Japan after extra time, Australia exited the tournament on penalties at the quarter-final stage. An international friendly on 11 September 2007 against Argentina (1–0 loss) was Graham Arnold's last game as head coach, with the position eventually being filled by Pim Verbeek on 6 December 2007.  Australia began their 2010 World Cup campaign in the third round of qualification, drawn into a group, composed of Qatar, Iraq and China PR, in which Australia finished first. Australia eventually saw progression through to the 2010 World Cup after comfortably winning the fourth round of qualification in a group consisting of Japan, Bahrain, Qatar and Uzbekistan. Australia's qualification was already assured before the final two games, finally topping its group ahead of Japan by five points. Australia was drawn into Group D in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which featured three-time world champion Germany, Ghana and Serbia. On 14 June 2010, Australia faced Germany. Pim Verbeek's surprising decision to play without a recognised striker saw Australia comprehensively defeated 4–0. Verbeek received heavy criticism for his tactics, with SBS (Australia's World Cup broadcaster) chief soccer analyst Craig Foster calling for his immediate sacking. Australia's second group match against Ghana resulted in a draw of 1–1, and their third and final group match against Serbia resulted in a 2–1 win. Ultimately Australia's heavy loss to Germany saw them eliminated in the group stage. Pim Verbeek completed his term as Australian coach at the end of the 2010 World Cup and was soon replaced by Holger Osieck.  In 2010, Australia qualified for their second AFC Asian Cup, topping their qualification group. A successful campaign at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup saw Australia become runners-up to Japan, after losing in the Final 1–0 in extra time.  In 2012, Australia agreed to compete in the East Asian Cup. Australia travelled to Hong Kong to compete in a series of qualification matches with the hopes of qualifying for the 2013 East Asian Cup. Despite handing several debuts and fielding an in-experienced squad, Australia was successful, finishing ahead of Hong Kong, North Korea, Guam and Chinese Taipei to progress to the 2013 East Asian Cup, where Australia eventually finished last behind Japan, South Korea and China PR. On 26 August 2013, Australia became full members of the ASEAN Football Federation but as part of their entrance agreement with the sub-confederation, their national team is barred from participating in the AFF Championship due to their perceived wide gap in football playing standards between Australia and the rest of the region.  Shortly after achieving qualification to the World Cup, Australia played a series of friendly matches against Brazil and France, suffering consecutive 6–0 defeats. This along with previous poor performances during the 2014 World Cup qualification campaign resulted in manager Holger Osieck's sacking, bringing his four-year tenure as Australia's manager to an end.

New generation: the 2015 Asian Cup triumph.

After a two-week search for a new manager, Ange Postecoglou was eventually appointed in the position. Postecoglou was tasked with regenerating the Australian national team, which was deemed to have been too reliant on members of their Golden Generation of 2006, subsequently leading to a stagnation of results, culminating in successive 6–0 defeats to Brazil and France. In his first game as Australia's manager, a home friendly match against Costa Rica, Australia won 1–0 courtesy of a goal from Tim Cahill.  For the 2014 World Cup, Australia were drawn in Group B alongside reigning Cup holders Spain, 2010 runners-up Netherlands and Chile. Their first match was off to a lacklustre start, having conceded two goals in the opening 15 minutes from Alexis Sánchez and Jorge Valdivia. Despite a goal from Tim Cahill that inspired a late resurgence from Postecoglou's team, they ultimately lost to Chile 3–1. Their second match against the Netherlands was a close one, but their efforts ended in a 3–2 loss, thus earning their early exit along with the Spanish team. Australian fans praised the team for their outstanding efforts in a tough group. In the end, Australia finished Group B with a third, consecutive defeat to former world champions Spain, 3–0. Australia's competitive World Cup performances in a difficult group lead to believe that a new Golden Generation was about to begin.  In their first international match proceeding the World Cup, Australia played World Cup quarter-finalists Belgium in Liège, with Australia going down 2–0. Four days later, Australia achieved their first international win in ten months, and just their second win under Ange Postecoglou, with a 3–2 victory over Saudi Arabia in London. After drawing against the United Arab Emirates, and suffering successive losses against Qatar and Japan, combined with previous poor results earlier in the year, Australia slipped to 94 and 102 in the FIFA World Rankings, their lowest ever ranking.  The new year saw Australia host the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, with the team making their third consecutive appearance in the tournament. Australia won their first two group matches against Kuwait and Oman comfortably, with scorelines of 4–1 and 4–0 respectively. This guaranteed their qualification for the knockout stage, despite losing their final group match against South Korea in Brisbane 1–0. They faced China PR in the quarter-finals and won 2–0, courtesy of a second-half brace from Tim Cahill. In the semi-finals, Australia won 2–0 over the United Arab Emirates and advanced to the final for the second time in a row. They faced South Korea in the final on 31 January at Stadium Australia, winning 2–1 after extra time to claim their first Asian title and qualify for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.  After Australia qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Ange Postecoglou resigned from his position as coach; and former manager of the Netherlands national team, Bert van Marwijk, was subsequently appointed as his replacement. On 8 March 2018, after van Marwijk's first squad announcement, the FFA announced that Graham Arnold will take the coaching role from after the 2018 FIFA World Cup until the 2022 FIFA World Cup.  With van Marwijk, Australia was grouped with Denmark, France and Peru. The first match of Australia against future world champions France was praised by a valiant effort, in which Australia only lost 1–2 by a virtual own goal from Aziz Behich. After the defeat to France, Australia produced another outstanding performance, drawing Denmark 1–1. However, in the crucial match against already eliminated Peru, Australia lost 0–2 and crashed out from the World Cup with only a point, became the only team from the AFC to be winless in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Subsequently, van Marwijk left his post and Arnold came to replace him as the new coach of the Socceroos.  Under Graham Arnold, Australia started their 2019 AFC Asian Cup in hope to defend the title, being grouped with Jordan, Syria and Palestine, but their hope was shattered by a shocking 0–1 defeat to Jordan. Australia soon returned to the race by beating Palestine 3–0 before won an important encounter with a hard-fought 3–2 win over Syria, eliminating both Palestine and Syria in process. The win gave Australia to qualify for the round of sixteen, where they overcame Uzbekistan after winning penalty 4–2, having drawn 0–0 for 120 minutes. In the quarter-finals, however, in the Hazza bin Zayed Stadium, the place where Australia had lost their opening match against Jordan, Australia once again failed to register any win in the same ground, losing to the host United Arab Emirates 0–1 due to a mistake from Miloš Degenek, eventually failing to defend the title.

Team image.

Media coverage.

Australian matches are broadcast by subscription sports network Fox Sports (including Asian Cup and excluding World Cup Finals matches) until 2022 and World Cup and Asian Cup qualifiers are also broadcast on free-to-air network ABC. Previous coverage has been provided by Ten on its 10 Bold channel from 2018 until 2019, ABC (Asian Cup Finals matches only), SBS until 2016 and Nine on its 9Go! channel from 2016 to 2017. The national team has set multiple ratings records for both subscription and free-to-air television. Australia's final 2006 World Cup qualifying match against Uruguay was the highest rating program in SBS history with an audience of 3.4 million viewers, while a 2010 World Cup qualifying match against Uzbekistan set a record for the highest subscription television audience, with an average of 431,000 viewers. The 2015 Asian Cup Final against South Korea had a total reach of 5.3 million Australians overall.

Kit.

Australia's first kit was sky blue with a maroon hoop on the socks, the colours representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, a look that was reminiscent of the Australian national rugby league team's strips of the period. They wore the predominantly light blue kit until 1924 when they changed to green and gold.  Australia has worn a yellow jersey, usually accompanied by green shorts, and yellow socks since the 1960s. The colour of the socks altered throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s from white to the same green as the shorts to the same yellow colour as the jersey. Their current away kit is a dark green/volt jersey accompanied by dark green shorts and socks. Australia's kits have been produced by manufacturers including Umbro, Adidas, KingRoo, and since 2004 by Nike.  Rather than displaying the logo of Football Federation Australia, Australia's jersey traditionally features the coat of arms of Australia over the left breast. The team first wore the traditional green and yellow colours in 1924. Australia's 1974 World Cup kits were produced by Adidas as were all other national team kits in the tournament, with Adidas sponsoring the event. The kits, however, contained Umbro branding, due to the manufacturer's Australian partnership at the time. Nike renewed the kit manufacturer deal with FFA for another 11 years in 2012, handing them the rights to make national team kits until 2022. In the lead-up to the 2014 World Cup, the new kits to be worn by the team were revealed. The design of the new kits included a plain yellow shirt with a green collar, plain dark green shorts and white socks, a tribute to the 1974 Socceroos. Inside the back of the neck also had woven the quote, "We Socceroos can do the impossible", from Peter Wilson, the captain of the 1974 Australian team. This kit was well received. In March 2016, FFA revealed the new Socceroos kit, which featured a yellow jersey, yellow shorts and green socks. This was reportedly in accordance with a FIFA directive, instructing all national teams to have matching shirts and shorts. This kit was met with wide public contention, primarily due to the colour change of the shorts from the traditional green to yellow.

Nickname.

Australia's nickname, "Socceroos", was coined in 1967 by Sydney journalist Tony Horstead in his coverage of the team on a goodwill tour to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. It is commonly used by both the Australian people and the governing body, the FFA. The nickname represents a cultural propensity for the use of colloquialisms in the country. It also represents the Australian English use of the sport's name.  The name itself is similar to most other Australian national representative sporting team nicknames; used informally when referring to the team, in the media or in conversation. Similarly, the name is derived from a well-known symbol of Australia, in this case, the kangaroo. The words "soccer" and "kangaroo" are combined into a portmanteau word as "soccer-roo"; such as "Olyroos" for the Australia Olympic soccer team.

Rivalries.

Australia's longtime rivals are trans-Tasman neighbours New Zealand. The two teams' history dates back to 1922, where they first met in both their international debuts. The rivalry between the Socceroos and the All Whites (New Zealand) is part of a wider friendly rivalry between the neighbours Australia and New Zealand, which applies not only to sport but to the culture of the two countries. The rivalry was intensified when Australia and New Zealand were both members of the OFC, regularly competing in OFC Nations Cup finals and in FIFA World Cup qualifications, where only one team from the OFC progressed to the World Cup. Since Australia left the OFC to join the AFC in 2006, competition between the two teams has been less frequent. However, the rivalry between the two teams is still strong, with the occasional match receiving much media and public attention.  After joining the AFC, Australia began to develop a fierce rivalry with fellow Asian powerhouse Japan. The rivalry began at the 2006 World Cup, where the two countries were grouped together. The rivalry continued with the two countries meeting regularly in various AFC competitions including the 2011 Asian Cup final and qualification for the 2010, 2014 and 2018 World Cups.

Supporters.

The main supporter group of the Australian national team is Socceroos Active Support (SAS). SAS was founded in January 2015 as an independent group, who uses social media to organise and keep in touch. This replaced the former active support group Terrace Australis, who were founded by Football Federation Australia and fans in 2013, during Australia's 2014 World Cup qualification campaign. Its establishment came in the wake of poor off-field action and minimal community engagement. Previously, the emergence of Terrace Australis saw the Green and Gold Army relinquish its role as a hub for active support, which it had claimed since its establishment in 2001. Since the 2015 AFC Asian Cup triumph, the supporters had encouraged people in Australia to focus more on the national team, and the nation's soccer pride.

Home stadium.

Australia does not have a dedicated national stadium, instead the team plays at different venues throughout the country for exhibition or tournament purposes. In recent years, major international matches have usually been rotated around various large grounds, including Stadium Australia and Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney, Hunter Stadium in Newcastle and Docklands Stadium in Melbourne. International matches have also been played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and Melbourne Rectangular Stadium in Melbourne, Hindmarsh Stadium and Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, Subiaco Oval in Perth, and Canberra Stadium in Canberra.  Australia historically played at the Gabba in Brisbane, which hosted Australia's first international match on home-soil on 9 June 1923. Other historic venues which regularly hosted international home matches include Olympic Park Stadium in Melbourne as well as the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney Sports Ground and Sydney Showground.  In England, the Socceroos have also played several "home" games previously at Craven Cottage in Fulham (Fulham Football Club's home ground), and Loftus Road in Shepherd's Bush (Queens Park Rangers' home ground), owing to the fact there is a large Australian expatriate community in West London, and that a high proportion of the senior team play in European leagues.

Players.

Current squad.

The following 23 players were named in the squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup and AFC Asian Cup qualifiers against Jordan on 14 November 2019. "Caps and goals correct as of 14 November 2019, after the game against Jordan."

Recent call-ups.

The following players have also been called up to the Australia squad within the last 12 months.

Recent results and fixtures.

The following matches were played or are scheduled to be played in the current or upcoming seasons.

Records.

Mark Schwarzer holds the record for most Australia appearances with 109. Tim Cahill is second place with 108 caps, followed by Lucas Neill with 96 caps and Brett Emerton with 95 caps.  Tim Cahill is Australia's highest goalscorer, with 50 goals since his first appearance for Australia in March 2004. Damian Mori (29 goals) and Archie Thompson (28 goals) complete the top three.  Australia currently hold the world record for the largest win and the most goals scored by a player in an international match. Both records were achieved during the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification match against American Samoa on 11 April 2001. Australia won 31–0 with Archie Thompson scoring 13 goals and David Zdrilic scoring 8. Two days before the 31–0 win, Australia broke the record for largest win with a 22–0 win over Tonga. With 13 and 8 goals respectively, both Thompson and Zdrilic broke the previous record jointly held by another Australian, Gary Cole, who scored seven goals against Fiji in 1981, and Iranian Karim Bagheri, who also scored seven goals against Maldives in 1997.

FIFA Rankings.

"Last update was on 9 April 2020" Source:

Competitive record.

Copa América.

Australia has accepted an invitation to participate in the 2021 Copa América. The tournament was originally scheduled for 2020 however was postponed by a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Australia will become the third team from outside the Americas to participate (after Japan and Qatar).

The Australia national soccer team represents Australia in international men's soccer. Officially nicknamed the Socceroos, the team is controlled by the governing body for soccer in Australia, Football Federation Australia (FFA), which is currently a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and the regional ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) since leaving the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) in 2006.

Australská fotbalová reprezentace reprezentuje Austrálii na mezinárodních fotbalových akcích, jako je mistrovství světa nebo Mistrovství Asie ve fotbale (do roku 2006 Oceánský pohár národů).


Life.

Petr was born into the family of Otto Ginz, a manager of the export department of a textile company from Prague and notable Esperantist, and Marie Ginz (née Dolanská). Petr's father was Jewish, and his mother was not. His parents met at an Esperantist congress. His mother was from Hradec Králové where her father was a village teacher. Petr got frequent visits from his relatives during Christmas including his grandfather who owned an antique shop in Jungmann Square where he sold rare books. Petr was a very intelligent boy; between the ages of 8 and 14 he wrote 5 novels: "From Prague to China", "The Wizard from Altay Mountains", "Around the World in One Second" and "A Visit from Prehistory" — the only surviving novel today. The novels, including "Návštěva z pravěku" (), were written in the style of Jules Verne and illustrated with his own paintings. He was interested in the sciences and yearned for knowledge. Because of his parents' interest in Esperanto, this was one of the native languages of Petr (the other one being Czech).  According to the anti-Jewish laws of the Third Reich, children from mixed marriages were to be deported to a concentration camp at the age of 14. Young Petr was transported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in October 1942. His efforts in sciences and thirst for knowledge remained and he tried to study even in the concentration camp. He often read from the library full of confiscated books to which he had access. He was placed in the "Domov č.1" (Home No. 1, building L417). He became one of the most significant individuals of the community. He established and prepared for publication the periodical magazine "Vedem" which means "We Lead." He also wrote an Esperanto–Czech dictionary as well as several other short novels that have been lost. One such piece of writing is called 'The Rambles through Theresienstadt' where he interviews and comments on people, buildings and even the crematorium.  The breadth of his interests, abilities and character are determined from his writings that remain and from the testimonials of friends who survived. He was interested in literature, history, paintings, geography, sociology and also in the technical fields. The magazine "Vedem" was published every Friday for two years.  Petr was assigned to one of the last transports to Auschwitz concentration camp from Terezín, where he died in the gas chambers in 1944. His diary has been published in English under the name: "The Diary of Petr Ginz 1941–1942".

"Vedem".

The magazine was founded shortly after his arrival at Terezín in 1942. Besides Ginz, several other boys from the "Domov č.1." also contributed. Petr Ginz became a chief editor and he contributed under the code name "nz" or "Akademie" (Academy). One of his closest collaborators was Hanuš Hachenburg who wrote many poems. Ginz gave most of his writings and paintings to his sister before his transport, so a majority have survived to today. His sister was also deported to Terezín in 1944, but she survived.

Diary.

Before his transport, Ginz wrote a diary between 1941 and 1942 about his life. This diary, written in a matter-of-fact way, has been compared to Anne Frank's diary. This diary was lost for a long time but was later found and published by his sister Eva (now Chava Pressburger) as "Diary of My Brother". The diary was published in Spanish, Catalan, and Esperanto, as well as the original Czech. It was published in English in April 2007 as "The Diary of Petr Ginz 1941–1942". It was reviewed in "The New York Times" on Tuesday 10 April 2007.

Drawing.

Israeli astronaut Ilan Ramon, whose mother and grandmother were survivors of Auschwitz, was asked by S. Isaac Mekel, director of development at the American Society for Yad Vashem, to take an item from Yad Vashem onto the American Space Shuttle "Columbia". Ramon carried with him a copy of a drawing by Ginz of the planet Earth as seen from the Moon. The shuttle, while reentering Earth's atmosphere, broke apart on 1 February 2003, destroying the copy of Ginz's drawing on what would have been his 75th birthday. In 2018, 15 years after the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, another copy was given by Yad Vashem to Ilan's widow, Rona, to give to astronaut Andrew Feustel. Feustel carried it to space during Expedition 56 in memory of Ginz and Ramon. Feustel's video message commemorating Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah) 2018/5778 featured the astronaut displaying Ginz's depiction of a view of Earth from the Moon.  Petr Ginz's drawing and its fateful history have inspired other pieces of art. One example is the painting "Variation on Petr Ginz's Moon Landscape" (2008) by Panamanian artist Roberto Perez-Franco.

Legacy.

The asteroid 50413 Petrginz was named in his honour.  In 2005 the Czech Post edited a 31 KČ stamp with the Moon drawing and a portrait in remembrance of Petr Ginz.  In Prague a Stolperstein by German artist Gunter Demnig was installed.  His life was commemorated in a 2012 documentary film, "The Last Flight of Petr Ginz", directed by Sandra Dickson and Churchill Roberts.

Petr Ginz (1 February 1928 – 28 September 1944) was a Czechoslovak boy of partial Jewish background who was deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp (also known as Terezín, in Czech) during the Holocaust. He died at the age of sixteen when he was transferred to Auschwitz concentration camp and gassed to death upon arrival. His diary was posthumously published.

Petr Ginz (1. února 1928 Praha – 28. září 1944 Auschwitz-Birkenau) byl chlapec částečně židovského původu, autor a kreslíř, který byl v roce 1942 internován v Terezínském ghettu, kde se proslavil tvorbou časopisu Vedem.


Family.

Elizabeth was the older one of six children, being born sometime in the 1260s. Elizabeth's mother had come from the Cumans, who followed the Shamanist religion, and was converted to Christianity in childhood. Although her parents took baptism in 1250s, they were considered Pagans by some contemporary Christians of Europe. She had been obliged to convert to the Roman Catholic faith to marry Elizabeth's father, Stephen.

Life.

First marriage.

Elizabeth married 4 May 1288 to Záviš, Lord of Falkenstejn. Elizabeth was an attractive bride, being the older daughter of the King of Hungary. Elizabeth's brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary agreed to the marriage. Záviš was quite wealthy; his previous wife had been Kunigunda of Slavonia, Dowager Queen of Bohemia who died and left him an inheritance. Záviš also acted as regent for his stepson, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia.  After the wedding, the couple retired to Svojanov. In December 1288, Elizabeth gave birth to a son, although nothing further is mentioned of the child. Záviš was still however only interested in his step-son, Wenceslaus.  Many people at the Prague court hated Záviš, including Wenceslaus' wife, Judith of Habsburg. Eventually, Záviš was captured and imprisoned. During this time, Elizabeth left the family home with her son and went to stay at the court of her sister, Maria and her brother-in-law, Charles II of Naples. Záviš was executed 24 August 1290.

Second marriage.

Soon after the death of her husband, Elisabeth became a nun but she escaped.  Elizabeth travelled to Serbia to visit her sister Catherine. Elizabeth was seduced there by Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia (Catherine's brother-in-law). Stefan Uroš divorced his first wife, Helena Doukaina Angelina, and married Elizabeth, though he bypassed church rules in order to marry her. They could not marry because Elizabeth's sister Catherine was married to Stefan Uroš' brother, Stephen Dragutin of Serbia. By the rules of the Serbian Orthodox Church Stefan Uroš and Elizabeth were unable to marry because there was a union between their siblings - while the Roman Catholic Church had (under Pope Innocentius III) specifically decreed that affinity does not produce further affinity and thus, marriages of siblings were immaterial to canonical obstacles.  Some believe that Elizabeth was the mother of Anna Neda, one of Stefan Uroš' daughters.  The marriage did not last long; and as a result of increasing pressure from the Church, Stefan Uroš was forced to dissolve his marriage to Elizabeth, who was then sent back to her native country of Hungary, while Stefan Uroš married Anna Terter of Bulgaria. Elizabeth died in 1313.

Elizabeth of Hungary the widow (, "/Jelisaveta"; c. 1255–1313) was one of the daughters of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman. She was a member of the House of Arpad and later became Queen consort of Serbia by her marriage to Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia.

Alžběta Kumánka či Alžběta Uherská (snad 1255 – 1313) byla dcera uherského krále Štěpána V. a jeho kumánské choti Alžběty a třetí manželka Záviše z Falkenštejna.


Background.

A gTLD (generic top-level domain) for sexually explicit material was proposed as one tool for dealing with the conflict between those who wish to provide and access such material through the Internet, and those who wish to prevent access to it, either by children and adolescents, or by employees at their workplaces.  Advocates of the idea argue that it will be easier for parents and employers to block the entire TLD, rather than using more complex and error-prone content-based filtering, without imposing any restrictions on those who wish to access it. Editors of explicit content sites, however, were afraid that the use of a single TLD like codice_1 would also make it easier for search engines to block all of their content.  Critics of the idea argue that because there is no requirement for providers of explicit content to use the TLD, sexually explicit material will still be commonplace in other domains, making it ineffectual at restricting access, and simply creating a new "landrush" as registrants of.com domains hosting explicit material attempt to duplicate their registrations in the codice_1 domain, competing with operators who hope to register desirable names unavailable in other TLDs. There is also concern that the existence of codice_1 will lead to legislation making its use "mandatory" for sexually explicit material, leading to legal conflicts over the definition of "sexually explicit", free speech rights, and jurisdiction.  There were also early indications that codice_1 domain names will be registered not with the intent to focus on pornographic content, but to use the adult connotations as a benefit to a marketing strategy. An example is the registration of codice_5, which is aimed at the extreme sport of kitesurfing, thus benefiting from sexual connotations and innuendo for humor and promotional purposes. Another example of a codice_6 domain name being registered without a focus on pornographic content was the registration of codice_7, which contained pro-Islamic content despite being named after Pope Benedict XVI.

Proposal by ICM Registry.

The.XXX TLD was first proposed in 2000 by ICM Registry and resubmitted in 2004, but it faced strong opposition from politicians and conservative groups.  ICANN announced on 1 June 2005 a preliminary approval of codice_1 as an sTLD similar to codice_9, codice_10, etc. ICM said it would charge $60/year for domains. In December 2005, discussions about the implementation of codice_1 were taken off the agenda of ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), placing its future in doubt. In its March 2006 meeting, the GAC formulated a letter of concern to the ICANN board about codice_1. On 10 May 2006, ICANN reversed the approval. On 6 January 2007, ICANN put up for public comment a revised proposal following changes to the policy of the ICM registry including the policing of any site that signs up to use the codice_1 registry. On 30 March 2007, the ICANN board again rejected the codice_1 proposal for the third time.  On 6 June 2008, in accordance with ICANN bylaws, ICM filed an application with the International Centre for Dispute Resolution for an independent review challenging ICANN's decision. The filing became ICDR Case No. 50 117 T 00224 08, and in September 2009, a live hearing was held in Washington, DC, where both sides submitted documentary evidence and witness testimony. on 19 February 2010, the ICDR's independent review panel – consisting of Stephen M. Schwebel, Jan Paulsson and Dickran Tevrizian – issued its declaration. The panel found that the application for the ".XXX sTLD met the required sponsorship criteria," and that "the Board’s reconsideration of that finding was not consistent with the application of neutral, objective and fair documented policy". At the ICANN meeting in Nairobi in March 2010 the board resolved to consider "process options". A 45-day public comment was opened on 26 March 2010. At the Brussels ICANN meeting in June 2010, the ICANN board resolved to restart the process, including renewed due diligence and GAC consultations.  On 18 March 2011, ICANN's board approved the execution of the registry agreement with ICM for the codice_1 sponsored top level domain. The vote was nine in favor, four against, with three abstentions.  ICM is expected to make over $200 million a year, with 3 to 5 million domain registrations, as companies are anticipated to defensively register their domains.

Opposition.

Manwin suits.

On 16 November 2011, Manwin International, a pornography company that operates a large number of popular adult websites including YouPorn, filed a request for a second ICANN Independent Review Proceeding. In the request, Manwin asks that the.xxx delegation be voided, or, if not, put up to competition on renewal.  On the same day Manwin, together with adult film studio Digital Playground, filed a suit in the Central District of California against ICM alleging antitrust and competition violations. Among the claims in the suit are that ICANN provided "no competitive process for the award of the.XXX registry contract" and that ICM CEO Stuart Lawley "has announced that he expects to be able (and intends) to prevent the establishment of any other (potentially competing) adult-content TLDs, including through a contractual promise by ICANN not to approve such TLDs".  On 14 August 2012, Judge Philip S. Gutierrez granted in part and denied in part ICANN's motion to dismiss Manwin's claims and allowed the case against ICANN to move forward. On 10 May 2013, the case was voluntarily dismissed by the parties, likely due to private settlement.

Free Speech Coalition.

The Free Speech Coalition opposed the domain, arguing it would "harm the adult entertainment business" by inviting censorship and blocking, while raising money for ICM without considering the "best interests of the industry".

Alternative implementations.

Starting in 2005, there was an alternative implementation of codice_1 by New.net, a private domain registration service unaffiliated with ICANN, via an alternative DNS root. New.net no longer offers domain names under this unofficial TLD.  Another unofficial codice_1 TLD was previously available through the alternative DNS root system administered by the now-defunct AlterNIC.

.xxx (pronounced "dot triple-ecks" or "dot ecks ecks ecks") is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) intended as a voluntary option for pornographic sites on the Internet. The sponsoring organization is the International Foundation for Online Responsibility (IFFOR). The registry is operated by ICM Registry LLC. The ICANN Board voted to approve the sTLD on 18 March 2011. It went into operation on 15 April 2011.

.xxx je internetová generická doména nejvyššího řádu vyhrazená pro erotický a pornografický obsah. Byla navržena mj. pro snadnější ochranu dětí před pornografií.


Life before the revolution.

Petliura was born on May 22 (Gregorian calendar, 10 May on Julian calendar), 1879, in a suburb of Poltava (then part of the Russian Empire), the son of Vasyl Pavlovych Petliura and Olha Oleksiyivna (née Marchenko), of Cossack background. His father Vasyl Pavlovych was a Poltava city resident and had owned a transportation business. Petliura's mother was a daughter of an Orthodox hieromonk (priest-monk). Petliura's initial education was obtained in parochial schools, and he planned to become an Orthodox priest.  During his years (1895–1901) in the Russian Orthodox Seminary in Poltava, Petliura joined the Hromada society in 1898. When his membership in Hromada was discovered in 1901, he was expelled from the seminary. In 1900 Petliura joined the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party. In 1902, under threat of arrest, he moved to Yekaterinodar in the Kuban where he worked for two years initially as a schoolteacher and later as an archivist for the Kuban Cossack Host where he helped organize over 200,000 documents. In December 1903, he was arrested for organizing a RUP branch in Yekaterinodar and for publishing inflammatory anti-tsarist articles in the Ukrainian press outside of Imperial Russia (in Lviv). He was released on bail in March 1904, moving briefly to Kiev and then emigrating to the Western Ukrainian city of Lviv then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.  In Lviv, Petliura lived under the name of Sviatoslav Tagon working alongside Ivan Franko and Volodymyr Hnatiuk, as an editor for the journal'("Literary Scientific Herald"), the Shevchenko Scientific Society and as a co-editor of'newspaper. He also contributed numerous articles to the Ukrainian language press in Galicia.  At the end of 1905, after amnesty was declared, Petliura returned briefly to Kiev but soon moved to the Russian capital of Petersburg in order to publish the socialist-democratic monthly magazine "Vil’na Ukrayina" ("Free Ukraine") along with and Mykola Porsh. After Russian censors closed this magazine in July 1905, he moved back to Kiev where he worked for the newspaper "" ("The Council"). In 1907–09 he became the editor of the literary magazine "Slovo" (, "The Word") and co-editor of "Ukrayina" (, "Ukraine").  Because of the closure of these publications by the Russian Imperial authorities, Petliura was forced to once again move from Kiev to Moscow in 1909, where he worked briefly as an accountant. There, he married Olha Bilska (1885–1959), with whom he had a daughter, Lesia (1911–42). From 1912 he was a co-editor of the influential Russian-language journal "" (Ukrainian Life) until May 1917.

Journalism and publications.

As the editor of numerous journals and newspapers, Petliura published over 15,000 critical articles, reviews, stories and poems under an estimated 120 nom-de-plumes. His prolific work in both the Russian and Ukrainian languages helped shape the mindset of the Ukrainian population in the years leading up to the Revolution in both Eastern and Western Ukraine. His prolific correspondence was of great benefit when the Revolution broke out in 1917, as he had contacts throughout Ukraine.

Publications before 1914.

As the Ukrainian language had been outlawed in the Russian Empire by the Ems Ukaz of 1876, Petliura found more freedom to publish Ukraine oriented articles in Saint Petersburg than in Ukraine. There, he published the magazine "Vilna Ukrayina" (, "Independent Ukraine") until July 1905. Tsarist censors, however, closed this magazine, and Petliura moved back to Kiev.  In Kiev, Petliura first worked for "Rada". In 1907 he became editor of the literary magazine "Slovo". Also, he co-edited the magazine "Ukrayina".  In 1909, these publications were closed by Russian imperial police, and Petliura moved back to Moscow to publish. There, he was co-editor of the Russian language journal "Ukrayinskaya Zhizn" to familiarize the local population with news and culture of what was known as Malorossia. He was chief editor with this publication from 1912 to 1914. In Moscow he married his wife Olha Bilska in 1915 (later she was also known as her husband under the surname of Marchenko). There, in Moscow was born the daughter of Petliura, Lesia (Olesia).

Publications after emigration.

In Paris, Petliura continued the struggle for Ukrainian independence as a publicist. In 1924, Petliura became the editor and publisher of the weekly journal ("Trident"). He contributed to this journal using various pen names, including V. Marchenko, and V. Salevsky.

Revolution in Ukraine.

Rise to power.

In May 1917 Petliura attended the First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soldier Deputies held in Kiev as a delegate. On May 18 he was elected head of the Ukrainian General Military Committee, the ultimate progenitor of the modern Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. With the proclamation of the Central Council of Ukraine on June 28, 1917, Petliura became the first Secretary (Minister) for Military Affairs.  Disagreeing with the politics of the then chairman of the General Secretariat Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Petliura left the government and became the head of the Haidamaka Kish, a military formation of Sloboda Ukraine (in Kharkiv). In January–February 1918 the Haidamaka Kish was forced back to protect Kiev during the Uprising at the Kiev Arsenal Plant and to prevent the capture of the capital by the Bolshevik Red Guard.  After the Hetmanate Putsch (April 28, 1918), the Skoropadsky administration arrested Petliura and incarcerated him for four months in Bila Tserkva.  After his release, Petliura participated in the anti-Hetmanate putsch of November 1918 and became a member of the Directorate of Ukraine as the Chief of Military Forces. Following the fall of Kiev (February 1919) and the emigration of Vynnychenko from Ukraine, Petliura became the leader of the Directorate on 11 February 1919. In his capacity as head of the Army and State, he continued to fight both Bolshevik and White forces in Ukraine for the next ten months.

1919.

With the outbreak of hostilities between Ukraine and Soviet Russia in January 1919, and with Vynnychenko's emigration, Petliura ultimately became the leading figure in the Directorate. During the winter of 1919 the Petliura army lost most of Ukraine (including Kiev) to Bolsheviks and by March 6 relocated to Podolia. In the spring of 1919 he managed to extinguish a coup-d'etat led by Volodymyr Oskilko who saw Petliura cooperating with socialists such as Borys Martos. During the course of the year, Petliura continued to defend the fledgling republic against incursions by the Bolsheviks, Anton Denikin's White Russians, and the Romanian-Polish troops. By autumn of 1919, most of Denikin's White Russian forces were defeated — in the meantime, however, the Bolsheviks had grown to become the dominant force in Ukraine.

1920.

Petliura withdrew to Poland December 5, 1919, which had previously recognized him as the head of the legal government of Ukraine. In April 1920, as head of the Ukrainian People's Republic, he signed an alliance in Warsaw with the Polish government, agreeing to a border on the River Zbruch and recognizing Poland's right to Galicia in exchange for military aid in overthrowing the Bolshevik regime. Polish forces, reinforced by Petliura's remaining troops (some two divisions), attacked Kiev on May 7, 1920 in what became a turning point of the 1919–21 Polish-Bolshevik war. Following initial successes, Piłsudski's and Petliura's forces were pushed back to the Vistula River and the Polish capital, Warsaw. The Polish Army defeated the Bolshevik Russians in the end, but the Red Army was never cleared from all of the Ukraine and therefore Ukrainians were unable to secure independence. Petliura directed the affairs of the Ukrainian government-in-exile from Tarnów and when the Soviet Union requested Petliura's extradition from Poland, the Poles engineered his "disappearance", secretly moving him from Tarnów to Warsaw.

After the revolution.

Bolshevik Russia persistently demanded that Petliura be handed over. Protected by several Polish friends and colleagues, such as Henryk Józewski, with the establishment of the Soviet Union on December 30, 1922, Petliura, in late 1923 left Poland for Budapest, then Vienna, Geneva and finally settled in Paris in early 1924. Here he established and edited the Ukrainian language newspaper "Tryzub".

Promoting a Ukrainian cultural identity.

During his time as leader of the Directorate, Petliura was active in supporting Ukrainian culture both in Ukraine and abroad.

Supporting culture in Ukraine.

Petliura introduced the awarding of the title "People's Artist of Ukraine" to artists who had made significant contributions to Ukrainian culture. A similar title award was continued after a significant break under the Soviet regime. Among those who had received this award was blind kobza player Ivan Kuchuhura-Kucherenko.

Promoting Ukrainian culture abroad.

He also saw the value in gaining international support and recognition of Ukrainian arts through cultural exchanges. Most notably, Petliura actively supported the work of cultural leaders such as the choreographer Vasyl Avramenko, conductor Oleksander Koshetz and bandurist Vasyl Yemetz, to allow them to travel internationally and promote an awareness of Ukrainian culture. Koshetz created the Ukrainian Republic Capella and took it on tour internationally, giving concerts in Europe and the Americas. One of the concerts by the Capella inspired George Gershwin to write "Summertime", based on the lullaby "Oi Khodyt Son Kolo Vikon" All three musicians later emigrated to the United States.

Life in exile (Paris).

In Paris, Petliura directed the activities of the government of the Ukrainian National Republic in exile. He launched the weekly "Tryzub", and continued to edit and write numerous articles under various pen names with an emphasis on questions dealing with national oppression in Ukraine. These articles were written with a literary flair. The question of national awareness was often of significance in his literary work.  Petliura's articles had a significant impact on the shaping of Ukrainian national awareness in the early 20th century. He published articles and brochures under a variety of noms de plume, including V. Marchenko, V. Salevsky, I. Rokytsky, and O. Riastr.

Role in pogroms.

Petliura is considered a controversial figure connected with the pogroms of Jews during his rule of the Ukrainian National Republic. According to Peter Kenez, "before the advent of Hitler, the greatest mass murder of Jews occurs in the Ukraine in the course of the Civil War. All participants in the conflict were guilty of murdering Jews, even the Bolsheviks; however the Volunteer Army had the largest number of victims." The number of Jews killed during the period is estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. A total of 1,236 violent attacks on Jews had been recorded between 1918 and 1921 in Ukraine. Among them, 493 were carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers under the command of Symon Petliura, 307 by independent Ukrainian warlords, 213 by Denikin's army, 106 by the Red Army, and 32 by the Polish Army.  The newly formed Ukrainian state (Ukrainian People's Republic) promised Jews full equality and autonomy. Arnold Margolin, a Jewish assistant minister in Petliura's UPR government, declared in May 1919 that the Ukrainian government had given Jews more rights than they enjoyed in any other European government. However, after 1918, Petliura gradually lost control over most of his military units, with some of the breakaway units getting involved in pogroms against Jews. During Petliura's term as Head of State (1919–20), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory.  Petliura's role in the pogroms has been a topic of dispute since his assassination in 1926 and the succeeding Schwartzbard's trial. In 1969, the journal of "Jewish Social Studies" published two opposing views regarding Petliura's responsibility in pogroms against Jews during his reign over Ukraine, by scholars Taras Hunczak and Zosa Szajkowski, which are still frequently cited. Later the "Journal" published letters from the two authors.  It has been documented that Petliura actively sought to halt anti-Jewish violence on numerous occasions, introducing capital punishment for the crime of pogroming. Conversely, he is also accused of not having done enough to stop the pogroms and being afraid to punish officers and soldiers engaged in crimes against Jews for fear of losing their support.

Assassination.

On May 25, 1926, at 14:12, by the Gibert bookstore, Petliura was walking on Rue Racine near Boulevard Saint-Michel of the Latin Quarter in Paris and was approached by Sholom Schwartzbard. Schwartzbard asked him in Ukrainian, "Are you Mr. Petliura?" Petliura did not answer but raised his walking cane. Then, as Schwartzbard claimed in court, he pulled out a gun and shot him five times.  Schwartzbard was an anarchist of Jewish descent, born in Ukraine. He participated in the Jewish self-defense of Balta in 1905. The Russian Tsarist government sentenced him to 3 months in prison for "provoking" the Balta pogrom. He was twice convicted of taking part in anarchist "expropriation" (burglary) and bank robbery in Austria-Hungary. He later joined the French Foreign Legion (1914–1917) and was wounded in the Battle of the Somme. It is reported that Schwartzbard told famous fellow anarchist leader Nestor Makhno in Paris that he was terminally ill and expected to die and that he would take Petliura with him; Makhno forbade Schwartzbard to do so.  According to a defected KGB operative Peter Deriabin, Schwartzbard was a Soviet (NKVD) agent and acted on the order from a former chairman of the Soviet Ukrainian government and current Soviet Ambassador to France, Christian Rakovsky. The special operation of the GPU was consolidated by GPU agent Mikhail Volodin, who arrived in France August 8, 1925 and who had been in close contact with Schwartzbard.  Schwartzbard's parents were among fifteen members of his family murdered in the pogroms in Odessa. The core defense at the Schwartzbard trial was — as presented by the noted jurist Henri Torres — that he was avenging the deaths of more than 50,000 Jewish victims of the pogroms, whereas the prosecution (both criminal and civil) tried to show that Petliura was not responsible for the pogroms and that Schwartzbard was a Soviet agent. After a trial lasting eight days the jury acquitted Schwartzbard.  Petliura was buried alongside his wife and daughter in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris, France.  Petliura's two sisters, Orthodox nuns who had remained in Poltava, were arrested and shot in 1928 by the NKVD (the Soviet secret police). It is claimed that in March 1926, Vlas Chubar (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukraine), in a speech given in Kharkiv and repeated in Moscow, warned of the danger Petliura represented to Soviet power. It was after this speech that the command had allegedly been given to assassinate Petliura.

Petliura's latter legacy.

Ukraine.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, previously restricted Soviet archives have allowed numerous politicians and historians to review Petliura's role in Ukrainian history. Some consider him a national hero who strove for the independence of Ukraine. Several cities, including Kiev, the Ukrainian capital and Poltava, the city of his birth, have erected monuments to Petliura, with a museum complex also being planned in Poltava. Petliura's statue, unveiled in Vinnytsia in October 2017, was denounced as disgraceful and deplorable by the World Jewish Congress. To mark the 80th anniversary of his assassination, a twelve-volume edition of his writings, including articles, letters and historic documents, has been published in Kiev by the Taras Shevchenko University and the State Archive of Ukraine. In 1992 in Poltava a series of readings known as "Petlurivski chytannia" have become an annual event, and since 1993 these take place annually at Kiev University.  In June 2009 the Kiev city council renamed Komintern's Street (located in the Shevchenkivskyi District) into to commemorate the occasion of his 130th birthday anniversary.  In current Ukraine Petliura has not been as lionized as Mykhailo Hrushevsky (who played a much smaller role in the Ukrainian People's Republic) since Petliura was too closely associated with violence to make a good symbolic figure. In a 2008 poll of "Famous Ukrainians of all times" (in which respondents did not receive any lists or tips) Petliura was not mentioned (Hrushevsky came in sixth place in this poll). In the 2008 TV project "Velyki Ukraïntsi" ("Greatest Ukrainians") he placed 26th.  A nephew of Symon Petliura, Stepan Skrypnyk became the Patriarch Mstyslav of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church on 6 June 1990.

Ukrainian diaspora.

For part of the Western Ukrainian diaspora, Petliura is remembered as a national hero, a fighter for Ukrainian independence, a martyr, who inspired hundreds of thousands to fight for an independent Ukrainian state. He has inspired original music, and youth organizations.

Petliura in Ukrainian folk songs.

During the revolution Petliura became the subject of numerous folk songs, primarily as a hero calling for his people to unite against foreign oppression. His name became synonymous with the call for freedom. 15 songs were recorded by the ethnographer rev. prof. K. Danylevsky. In the songs Petliura is depicted as a soldier, in a manner similar to Robin Hood, mocking Skoropadsky and the Bolshevik Red Guard.  News of Petliura’s assassination in the summer of 1926 was marked by numerous revolts in eastern Ukraine particularly in Boromlia, Zhehailivtsi, (Sumy province), Velyka Rublivka, Myloradov (Poltava province), Hnylsk, Bilsk, Kuzemyn and all along the Vorskla River from Okhtyrka to Poltava, Burynia, Nizhyn (Chernihiv province) and other cities. These revolts were brutally pacified by the Soviet administration. The blind kobzars Pavlo Hashchenko and Ivan Kuchuhura Kucherenko composed a "duma" (epic poem) in memory of Symon Petliura. To date Petliura is the only modern Ukrainian politician to have a duma created and sung in his memory. This duma became popular among the kobzars of left-bank Ukraine and was sung also by Stepan Pasiuha, Petro Drevchenko, Bohushchenko, and Chumak.  The Soviets also tried their hand at portraying Petliura through the arts in order to discredit the Ukrainian national leader. A number of humorous songs appeared in which Petliura is portrayed as a traveling beggar whose only territory is that which is under his train carriage. A number of plays such as "The Republic on Wheels" by Yakov Mamontov and the opera "Shchors" by Boris Liatoshinsky and "Arsenal" by Georgy Maiboroda portray Petliura in a negative light, as a lackey who sold out Western Ukraine to Poland, often using the very same melodies which had become popular during the fight for Ukrainian Independence in 1918.  Petliura continues to be portrayed by the Ukrainian people in its folk songs in a manner similar to Taras Shevchenko and Bohdan Khmelnytsky. He is likened to the sun which suddenly stopped shining.

Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (; May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic during Ukraine's short-lived sovereignty in 1918–1921, leading Ukraine's struggle for independence following the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.

Symon Vasyl’ovyč Petljura (; Poltava – 25. května 1926 Paříž) byl ukrajinský politik, jeden z vůdců ukrajinského boje za nezávislost a krátce i hlava Direktoriátu Ukrajinské lidové republiky.


Lattices as partially ordered sets.

If is a partially ordered set (poset), and is an arbitrary subset, then an element is said to be an upper bound of "S" if for each. A set may have many upper bounds, or none at all. An upper bound "u" of "S" is said to be its least upper bound, or join, or supremum, if for each upper bound "x" of "S". A set need not have a least upper bound, but it cannot have more than one. Dually, is said to be a lower bound of "S" if for each. A lower bound "l" of "S" is said to be its greatest lower bound, or meet, or infimum, if for each lower bound "x" of "S". A set may have many lower bounds, or none at all, but can have at most one greatest lower bound.  A partially ordered set is called a join-semilattice if each two-element subset has a join (i.e. least upper bound), and is called a meet-semilattice if each two-element subset has a meet (i.e. greatest lower bound), denoted by and respectively. is called a lattice if it is both a join- and a meet-semilattice. This definition makes ∨ and ∧ binary operations. Both operations are monotone with respect to the given order: and implies that and.  It follows by an induction argument that every non-empty finite subset of a lattice has a least upper bound and a greatest lower bound. With additional assumptions, further conclusions may be possible; "see" Completeness (order theory) for more discussion of this subject. That article also discusses how one may rephrase the above definition in terms of the existence of suitable Galois connections between related partially ordered sets—an approach of special interest for the category theoretic approach to lattices, and for formal concept analysis.  A bounded lattice is a lattice that additionally has a greatest element (also called maximum, or top element, and denoted by 1, or by formula_1) and a least element (also called minimum, or bottom, denoted by 0 or by formula_2), which satisfy Every lattice can be embedded into a bounded lattice by adding an artificial greatest and least element, and every non-empty finite lattice is bounded, by taking the join (respectively, meet) of all elements, denoted by formula_3 (respectively formula_4) where formula_5.  A partially ordered set is a bounded lattice if and only if every finite set of elements (including the empty set) has a join and a meet. For every element "x" of a poset it is trivially true (it is a vacuous truth) that formula_6 and formula_7, and therefore every element of a poset is both an upper bound and a lower bound of the empty set. This implies that the join of an empty set is the least element formula_8, and the meet of the empty set is the greatest element formula_9. This is consistent with the associativity and commutativity of meet and join: the join of a union of finite sets is equal to the join of the joins of the sets, and dually, the meet of a union of finite sets is equal to the meet of the meets of the sets, i.e., for finite subsets "A" and "B" of a poset "L",  and  hold. Taking "B" to be the empty set,  and  which is consistent with the fact that formula_14.  A lattice element "y" is said to cover another element "x", if, but there does not exist a "z" such that. Here, means and.  A lattice is called graded, sometimes ranked (but see Ranked poset for an alternative meaning), if it can be equipped with a rank function "r" from "L" to N, sometimes to Z, compatible with the ordering (so whenever ) such that whenever "y" covers "x", then. The value of the rank function for a lattice element is called its rank.  Given a subset of a lattice,, meet and join restrict to partial functions – they are undefined if their value is not in the subset "H". The resulting structure on "H" is called a. In addition to this extrinsic definition as a subset of some other algebraic structure (a lattice), a partial lattice can also be intrinsically defined as a set with two partial binary operations satisfying certain axioms.

Lattices as algebraic structures.

General lattice.

An algebraic structure, consisting of a set "L" and two binary operations ∨, and ∧, on "L" is a lattice if the following axiomatic identities hold for all elements "a", "b", "c" of "L".  The following two identities are also usually regarded as axioms, even though they follow from the two absorption laws taken together.  These axioms assert that both and are semilattices. The absorption laws, the only axioms above in which both meet and join appear, distinguish a lattice from an arbitrary pair of semilattice structures and assure that the two semilattices interact appropriately. In particular, each semilattice is the dual of the other.

Bounded lattice.

A bounded lattice is an algebraic structure of the form such that is a lattice, 0 (the lattice's bottom) is the identity element for the join operation ∨, and 1 (the lattice's top) is the identity element for the meet operation ∧.  See semilattice for further details.

Connection to other algebraic structures.

Lattices have some connections to the family of group-like algebraic structures. Because meet and join both commute and associate, a lattice can be viewed as consisting of two commutative semigroups having the same domain. For a bounded lattice, these semigroups are in fact commutative monoids. The absorption law is the only defining identity that is peculiar to lattice theory.  By commutativity and associativity one can think of join and meet as operations on non-empty finite sets, rather than on pairs of elements. In a bounded lattice the join and meet of the empty set can also be defined (as 0 and 1, respectively). This makes bounded lattices somewhat more natural than general lattices, and many authors require all lattices to be bounded.  The algebraic interpretation of lattices plays an essential role in universal algebra.

Connection between the two definitions.

An order-theoretic lattice gives rise to the two binary operations ∨ and ∧. Since the commutative, associative and absorption laws can easily be verified for these operations, they make into a lattice in the algebraic sense.  The converse is also true. Given an algebraically defined lattice, one can define a partial order ≤ on "L" by setting for all elements "a" and "b" from "L". The laws of absorption ensure that both definitions are equivalent:  "a" = "a" ∧ "b" implies "b" = "b" ∨ ("b" ∧ "a") = ("a" ∧ "b") ∨ "b" = "a" ∨ "b"  and dually for the other direction.  One can now check that the relation ≤ introduced in this way defines a partial ordering within which binary meets and joins are given through the original operations ∨ and ∧.  Since the two definitions of a lattice are equivalent, one may freely invoke aspects of either definition in any way that suits the purpose at hand.

Examples.

Further examples of lattices are given for each of the additional properties discussed below.

Examples of non-lattices.

Most partially ordered sets are not lattices, including the following.

Morphisms of lattices.

The appropriate notion of a morphism between two lattices flows easily from the above algebraic definition. Given two lattices and, a lattice homomorphism from "L" to "M" is a function such that for all :  Thus "f" is a homomorphism of the two underlying semilattices. When lattices with more structure are considered, the morphisms should "respect" the extra structure, too. In particular, a bounded-lattice homomorphism (usually called just "lattice homomorphism") "f" between two bounded lattices "L" and "M" should also have the following property:  In the order-theoretic formulation, these conditions just state that a homomorphism of lattices is a function preserving binary meets and joins. For bounded lattices, preservation of least and greatest elements is just preservation of join and meet of the empty set.  Any homomorphism of lattices is necessarily monotone with respect to the associated ordering relation; see Limit preserving function. The converse is not true: monotonicity by no means implies the required preservation of meets and joins (see Pic. 9), although an order-preserving bijection is a homomorphism if its inverse is also order-preserving.  Given the standard definition of isomorphisms as invertible morphisms, a "lattice isomorphism" is just a bijective lattice homomorphism. Similarly, a "lattice endomorphism" is a lattice homomorphism from a lattice to itself, and a "lattice automorphism" is a bijective lattice endomorphism. Lattices and their homomorphisms form a category.

Sublattices.

A "sublattice" of a lattice "L" is a subset of "L" that is a lattice with the same meet and join operations as "L". That is, if "L" is a lattice and "M" is a subset of "L" such that for every pair of elements "a", "b" in "M" both and are in "M", then "M" is a sublattice of "L".  A sublattice "M" of a lattice "L" is a "convex sublattice" of "L", if and "x", "y" in "M" implies that "z" belongs to "M", for all elements "x", "y", "z" in "L".

Properties of lattices.

We now introduce a number of important properties that lead to interesting special classes of lattices. One, boundedness, has already been discussed.

Completeness.

A poset is called a complete lattice if "all" its subsets have both a join and a meet. In particular, every complete lattice is a bounded lattice. While bounded lattice homomorphisms in general preserve only finite joins and meets, complete lattice homomorphisms are required to preserve arbitrary joins and meets.  Every poset that is a complete semilattice is also a complete lattice. Related to this result is the interesting phenomenon that there are various competing notions of homomorphism for this class of posets, depending on whether they are seen as complete lattices, complete join-semilattices, complete meet-semilattices, or as join-complete or meet-complete lattices.  Note that "partial lattice" is not the opposite of "complete lattice" – rather, "partial lattice", "lattice", and "complete lattice" are increasingly restrictive definitions.

Conditional completeness.

A conditionally complete lattice is a lattice in which every "nonempty" subset "that has an upper bound" has a join (i.e., a least upper bound). Such lattices provide the most direct generalization of the completeness axiom of the real numbers. A conditionally complete lattice is either a complete lattice, or a complete lattice without its maximum element 1, its minimum element 0, or both.

Distributivity.

Since lattices come with two binary operations, it is natural to ask whether one of them distributes over the other, i.e. whether one or the other of the following dual laws holds for every three elements "a", "b", "c" of "L":  A lattice that satisfies the first or, equivalently (as it turns out), the second axiom, is called a distributive lattice. The only non-distributive lattices with fewer than 6 elements are called M and N; they are shown in Pictures 10 and 11, respectively. A lattice is distributive if and only if it doesn't have a sublattice isomorphic to M or N. Each distributive lattice is isomorphic to a lattice of sets (with union and intersection as join and meet, respectively).  For an overview of stronger notions of distributivity that are appropriate for complete lattices and that are used to define more special classes of lattices such as frames and completely distributive lattices, see distributivity in order theory.

Modularity.

For some applications the distributivity condition is too strong, and the following weaker property is often useful. A lattice is modular if, for all elements "a", "b", "c" of "L", the following identity holds. This condition is equivalent to the following axiom. A lattice is modular if and only if it doesn't have a sublattice isomorphic to N (shown in Pic. 11). Besides distributive lattices, examples of modular lattices are the lattice of two-sided ideals of a ring, the lattice of submodules of a module, and the lattice of normal subgroups of a group. The set of first-order terms with the ordering ""is more specific than"" is a non-modular lattice used in automated reasoning.

Semimodularity.

A finite lattice is modular if and only if it is both upper and lower semimodular. For a graded lattice, (upper) semimodularity is equivalent to the following condition on the rank function "r": Another equivalent (for graded lattices) condition is Birkhoff's condition:  A lattice is called lower semimodular if its dual is semimodular. For finite lattices this means that the previous conditions hold with ∨ and ∧ exchanged, "covers" exchanged with "is covered by", and inequalities reversed.

Continuity and algebraicity.

In domain theory, it is natural to seek to approximate the elements in a partial order by "much simpler" elements. This leads to the class of continuous posets, consisting of posets where every element can be obtained as the supremum of a directed set of elements that are way-below the element. If one can additionally restrict these to the compact elements of a poset for obtaining these directed sets, then the poset is even algebraic. Both concepts can be applied to lattices as follows:  Both of these classes have interesting properties. For example, continuous lattices can be characterized as algebraic structures (with infinitary operations) satisfying certain identities. While such a characterization is not known for algebraic lattices, they can be described "syntactically" via Scott information systems.

Complements and pseudo-complements.

Let "L" be a bounded lattice with greatest element 1 and least element 0. Two elements "x" and "y" of "L" are complements of each other if and only if:  In general, some elements of a bounded lattice might not have a complement, and others might have more than one complement. For example, the set {0, 1⁄2, 1} with its usual ordering is a bounded lattice, and 1⁄2 does not have a complement. In the bounded lattice N, the element "a" has two complements, viz. "b" and "c" (see Pic. 11). A bounded lattice for which every element has a complement is called a complemented lattice.  A complemented lattice that is also distributive is a Boolean algebra. For a distributive lattice, the complement of "x", when it exists, is unique.  In the case the complement is unique, we write and equivalently,. The corresponding unary operation over "L", called complementation, introduces an analogue of logical negation into lattice theory.  Heyting algebras are an example of distributive lattices where some members might be lacking complements. Every element "x" of a Heyting algebra has, on the other hand, a pseudo-complement, also denoted ¬"x". The pseudo-complement is the greatest element "y" such that. If the pseudo-complement of every element of a Heyting algebra is in fact a complement, then the Heyting algebra is in fact a Boolean algebra.

Jordan–Dedekind chain condition.

A chain from "x" to "x" is a set formula_15, where formula_16. The length of this chain is "n", or one less than its number of elements. A chain is maximal if "x" covers "x" for all.  If for any pair, "x" and "y", where, all maximal chains from "x" to "y" have the same length, then the lattice is said to satisfy the Jordan–Dedekind chain condition.

Free lattices.

Any set "X" may be used to generate the free semilattice "FX". The free semilattice is defined to consist of all of the finite subsets of "X", with the semilattice operation given by ordinary set union. The free semilattice has the universal property. For the free lattice over a set "X", Whitman gave a construction based on polynomials over "X"s members.

Important lattice-theoretic notions.

We now define some order-theoretic notions of importance to lattice theory. In the following, let "x" be an element of some lattice "L". If "L" has a bottom element 0, is sometimes required. "x" is called:  Let "L" have a bottom element 0. An element "x" of "L" is an atom if and there exists no element "y" of "L" such that. Then "L" is called:  The notions of ideals and the dual notion of filters refer to particular kinds of subsets of a partially ordered set, and are therefore important for lattice theory. Details can be found in the respective entries.

See also.

Applications that use lattice theory.

"Note that in many applications the sets are only partial lattices: not every pair of elements has a meet or join."

References.

Monographs available free online:  Elementary texts recommended for those with limited mathematical maturity:  The standard contemporary introductory text, somewhat harder than the above:  Advanced monographs:  On free lattices:  On the history of lattice theory:  On applications of lattice theory:

A lattice is an abstract structure studied in the mathematical subdisciplines of order theory and abstract algebra. It consists of a partially ordered set in which every two elements have a unique supremum (also called a least upper bound or join) and a unique infimum (also called a greatest lower bound or meet). An example is given by the natural numbers, partially ordered by divisibility, for which the unique supremum is the least common multiple and the unique infimum is the greatest common divisor.

Svaz je matematický pojem z algebry, konkrétněji z oboru teorie uspořádání, který vymezuje mezi uspořádanými množinami ty, které jsou uspořádány „rozumně“ (to znamená, že zachovávají suprema a infima).


History.

Formation and early years: 1981–1984.

Neil Tennant (27) and Chris Lowe (21) met in a hi-fi shop on King's Road in Chelsea, London, in 1981. Tennant had purchased a Korg MS-10 synthesizer which sparked a conversation with Lowe. Discovering that they had a mutual interest in dance and electronic music, they began to work together on material, first in Tennant's flat in Chelsea, then, from 1982, in a small studio in Camden Town. They say their band name was taken from friends who worked in a pet shop in Ealing, and were known as the "pet shop boys". In August 1983, Tennant, who was an

"Please" and remix album "Disco": 1984–1986.

In March 1985, after long negotiations, Pet Shop Boys cut their contractual ties with Bobby O, with a settlement giving Bobby O significant royalties for future sales. Hiring manager Tom Watkins, they signed with the London-based Parlophone label. In April, Tennant left "Smash Hits" magazine - where he had progressed to the position of deputy editor - and in July, a new single, "Opportunities (Let's Make Lots of Money)", was released, reaching number 116 in the UK. The B-side to this single, "In the Night", later resurfaced, in a longer remixed version, as the opening track to the duo's first remix album, "Disco", in 1986. This version was also used as the theme for the UK television series "The Clothes Show". Unperturbed by the low chart position, the band returned to the studio in August to re-record "West End Girls" with producer Stephen Hague. Released in October

"Actually" and "It Couldn't Happen Here": 1987–1988.

1987 started with Pet Shop Boys receiving both a BRIT Award and Ivor Novello Award for "West End Girls". Later, on 15 June, they released what became their second number one single, "It's a Sin". The single caused some controversy: Tennant's school, St. Cuthbert's Grammar School, in Newcastle upon Tyne, chastised him in the press, while pop impresario Jonathan King accused them of plagiarising the Cat Stevens song "Wild World". Pet Shop Boys later sued King and won damages, which were donated to charity. The video to "It's a Sin" also saw their first collaboration with director Derek Jarman. The continued success of "It's a Sin" was followed by the release of "What Have I Done to Deserve This?" on 10 August. Co-written with Allee Willis and also featuring Dusty Springfield on vocals, the

"Introspective", "Results", "Behaviour", "Performance tour" and "Discography": 1988–1992.

In the 1996 BBC Radio 1 documentary "About Pet Shop Boys", Neil Tennant noted that their "Imperial Phase" ended in 1988. On 12 September 1988, Pet Shop Boys released a brand new single, "Domino Dancing" and in the documentary Neil recounts his disappointment when hearing the news that the single had reached number 7 in the UK Singles Chart. He felt that their major success was now over and that it was going to be a challenge to maintain their level of success in the future.  The duo's third studio album, "Introspective", was released on. Unusually, this was a six-track album of previously unheard remixes and new tracks in extended form. It was followed by the Trevor Horn-produced top-five single "Left to My Own Devices", and a cover version of the Sterling Void single "It's Alright", in 1989. 1989 also saw the start

"Very", "Disco 2", "Discovery tour" and "Alternative": 1993–1995.

In June 1993, Pet Shop Boys re-invented their image and made a strong return to the UK Singles Chart with "Can You Forgive Her?". Taking its title from the Anthony Trollope novel of the same name, the single reached number 7 on the UK Singles Chart, while its iconic music video featured the duo in orange body suits and tall dunce caps, in a world of computer-generated imagery. The theme was continued with the follow-up single, often considered as their signature song, a cover of the Village People single

"Bilingual", "Nightlife" and the musical "Closer to Heaven": 1996–2001.

The Pet Shop Boys remix of the David Bowie song "Hallo Spaceboy" (co-written by Brian Eno), from the album "Outside", featured Tennant on backing vocals and was released in the UK on 19 February 1996. The Pet Shop Boys then joined Bowie during his performance of the song at the 1996 BRIT Awards ceremony, as well as an appearance on the "Top of the Pops" television program.  In April, Pet Shop Boys released a new single, "Before", leading up to their forthcoming album; the single reached number 7 in the UK Singles Chart. That same month, Tina Turner also released her "Wildest Dreams" album, which featured the Pet Shop Boys-produced track "Confidential". In August, Pet Shop Boys released a follow-up single, "Se a vida é (That's the Way Life Is)", a Latin American music-inspired track, featuring a drum sample from a track called "Estrada

"Release", "Disco 3", "PopArt", Live 8, "Back to Mine" and "Battleship Potemkin" OST: 2002–2005.

After the mixed fortunes of "Closer to Heaven", Pet Shop Boys returned to the studio to start work on their eighth album. After toying with genres including hip hop, they went for a stripped back acoustic sound as a complete change from the over-the-top dance music of the musical. In 2002, they released the modestly successful album "Release". Most of the tracks were produced by the duo themselves and many featured Johnny Marr on guitar. The first single, "Home and Dry", featured a very peculiar video, directed by Wolfgang Tillmans, mostly consisting of raw camcorder footage of mice filmed in the London Underground. The follow-up single "I Get Along" had a video filmed by Bruce Weber,

"Fundamental", touring, "Disco 4", "Catalogue", "Concrete" and "Cubism": 2006–2008.

Pet Shop Boys began 2006 remixing Madonna's single "Sorry", for release in February. The single reached number one in the UK and the Pet Shop Boys remix included new backing vocals performed by Tennant. Madonna subsequently used the Pet Shop Boys remix, including Tennant's vocals, on her 2006 Confessions Tour. In April, Pet Shop Boys released a new single that reached No. 8 in the UK, "I'm with Stupid", a commentary on the relationship between George W. Bush and Tony Blair. The promo video featured Matt Lucas and David Walliams, better known as the team behind "Little Britain". Lucas and Walliams portray Tennant and Lowe, parodying two of the duo's previous videos, "Go West", and "Can You Forgive Her?". The ninth Pet Shop Boys studio album, "Fundamental", followed in May, reaching a strong No. 5 in their home country. The album was produced by Trevor Horn, who Pet Shop Boys had previously worked with on "Left to My Own Devices", in 1988. The album was also released with a limited edition remix album called "Fundamentalism", which included a version of "In Private" as a duet with Elton John and "Fugitive", a new track produced by Richard X.  The week that "Fundamental"

"Yes", Pandemonium Tour, "Ultimate" and Ballet: 2009–2011.

Pet Shop Boys completed their next album in late 2008. Recorded with Xenomania and released in UK on 23 March 2009, "Yes" was a critical success and hit No. 4 in the UK, their highest album chart position in more than a decade. Pet Shop Boys also appeared on Girls Aloud's new album "Out of Control", collaborating on the Top-10 track "The Loving Kind", released on 12 January 2009 as a single.  In February 2009, Pet Shop Boys received the British Phonographic Industry's most prestigious accolade, the award for outstanding contribution to British music, at the 2009 Brit Awards ceremony held at the Earls Court Arena in London. During the performance at this show, Pet Shop Boys collaborated with Lady Gaga and Brandon Flowers (of The Killers). This led to their collection album "PopArt" charting at number 18 on the UK albums

"Format", "Elysium", "Electric", leaving Parlophone, and "A Man from the Future": 2011–2015.

On 28 September 2011, Pet Shop Boys announced that they had written 16 songs for their next studio album and expected to start recording the new songs in November 2011 for release in Autumn 2012. In the meantime, "Format", an album of the duo's B-sides from 1996 to 2009 was released on 6 February 2012 as a sequel to their earlier B-side collection "Alternative". "Format" entered the UK charts at No.26 on 12 February 2012.  On 21 November 2011, the Beyond Theatre Award, was presented to Pet Shop Boys and the director of "The Most Incredible Thing", Javier de Frutos. The award was introduced and presented by the artist, film director and occasional PSB collaborator Sam Taylor-Wood.  In January 2012, Pet Shop Boys announced on their official website that they had started recording their new album

"Super" and "Catalogue": 2016–2018.

On 21 January 2016, Pet Shop Boys announced that their thirteenth album, "Super", would be released on 1 April. The announcement was accompanied by the release of an album teaser track, "Inner Sanctum". The lead single from the new album, entitled "The Pop Kids", was released on 18 March 2016. "The Pop Kids" was the duo's eleventh number one on the US Dance Club Songs chart. The album debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart, selling 16,953 copies in its first week, becoming their 13th consecutive top 10 studio album. In the United States, Super debuted at number 58 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 10,000 copies. It also debuted at number one on Billboard's Dance/Electronic Albums chart, becoming Pet

"Inner Sanctum DVD", "Agenda", "Hotspot", and touring: 2019–present.

On 29 January 2019, Pet Shop Boys announced a live album/DVD/Blu-ray release called "Inner Sanctum". It contains the soundtrack and footage recorded from their July 2018 four-date residency at London's Royal Opera House, as well as the duo's 17 September 2017 show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil. It was released on 12 April 2019.  On 5 February 2019, Pet Shop Boys announced a new EP called "Agenda". It contained four new songs with a political and pop culture angle that has been produced by Tim Powell (Xenomania) and Pet Shop Boys, and was released on 8 February

Style and image.

The duo have been seen as wilfully contrary in terms of commercial image, self-promotion and the nature of their own music, defying the expectations of record labels and the music industry. In 2020, BBC journalist Nick Levine noted that they still maintain a somewhat "detached and ambivalent approach" to their success, which also shows in their low profile on social media. In their early years, the two Pet Shop Boys seemed to be mostly defined by the things they refused to do. Lowe stated in a 1986 "Entertainment Tonight" interview:  The quote was subsequently sampled in the song "Paninaro", and further established the band's early reputation of being anti-rock'n'roll and aligned with disco and dance music culture. The 1997 B-side "How I Learned to Hate Rock and Roll", and their 1991 songs "DJ Culture", "Can you forgive her?" and "How can you expect to be taken seriously?" continued this sentiment. Lowe and Tennant have since refuted this claim by mentioning since the rise of House, Rave and Disco, they are not so against rock as stated in multiple interviews when asked about it. However, they are still known for openly criticising trends in the music business, such as casting shows in 2010 or a pop climate obsessed with authenticity ("authenticity is a style and it's always the same style") in 2020.  Music journalist Steve Harnell describes them as having both an "ear for commerciality" and the desire to create "something more highbrow". He also described Tennant's lyrics as showing a "love for language", which Tennant sparkles with sometimes quite-obscure cultural references. Their music in the 1980s was inspired by dance music in gay clubs but transformed into a "very British and brainy brand of pop music, shot through with a streak of social comment so subtly done that people frequently missed the point entirely."  Their band dynamic has played a role in their public image as well. Early in their career, the duo were frequently accused of lacking stage presence, said to be a deliberate reaction to the hyper-cheerful music of the time, demonstrated by bands such as Wham!. A typical early performance featured Lowe in the background playing the bassline on a Fairlight synthesiser keyboard and Tennant singing, but otherwise passive, in the foreground. Tennant and Lowe both became well known for standing still throughout performances. In a 2016 interview, Chris Lowe said the duo's live performances was a response to the music scene in the 1980s: "Everyone was so active. It was a big party where everyone was having a great time and smiling at the camera. Thumbs aloft! We just didn't want to do that. So we ignored

Influence.

As of 2003, Pet Shop Boys were ranked by Billboard's Joel Whitburn (in his book "Billboard's Hot Dance/Disco 1974–2003") as the fourth most successful act on the U.S. Dance/Club Play charts, behind only Madonna, Janet Jackson and Donna Summer.  The history between Madonna and Pet Shop Boys goes back to 1988, with the song "Heart". In the liner notes to their 1991 greatest hits album, "", the band states that: "When we wrote this song ("Heart") we wanted to submit it to Madonna but didn't dare risk disappointment." Pet Shop Boys kept the song for themselves and it ended up going to number one in the UK. Later, in 1991, Madonna was referenced in a tongue-in-cheek lyric, in

Sexuality.

Neil Tennant, who neither denied nor confirmed gay rumours throughout the 1980s, "came out" in a 1994 interview for "Attitude", a

Awards and nominations.

Billboard Music Awards.

Other Awards.

! Year!! Awards

Pet Shop Boys are an English synth-pop duo, formed in London in 1981 and consisting of Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe.

Pet Shop Boys je britská hudební skupina. Tvoří ji Neil Francis Tennant (* 10. července 1954) a Christopher Sean Lowe (* 4. října 1959). Neil se věnuje především textům a zpěvu, Chris skládání hudby.