History.

Toponymy.

Maringá takes its name from a song by Joubert de Carvalho in honour of his great love, Maria do Ingá, later shortened to Maringá. As a result, the city is nicknamed "Song City". At the time the settlement was established, the song was very popular in the media.

Settlement.

In 1925, the Northern Paraná Land Company was established in London, England and was responsible for the management of more than in the northern part of the State, which today contains some of the largest cities in Paraná.  The region's fertile land encouraged São Paulo colonists to move in and acquire new areas for production of coffee beans, an important product for exportation. The northern region of Paraná encloses nearly 100 thousand km2. It is watered by the Rivers Paranapanema, Paraná, Ivaí and Piquiri. The urban project requested by the British Company Improvements North of the Paraná (Melhoramentos Co.) and elaborated by the city planner Jorge Macedo Vieira, defined the outlines of the new city. Maringá received the status of municipality on 14 November 1951.  The Company, worried about deforestation proceeding from the occupation foreseen in the urbanistics projects, reserved three great ecological areas within the urban limits: the Forest Horto, the Park of the Ingá and Forest II and the city was planned as a "garden city" from the beginning.

Media.

Maringá is well served by internet, radio, print newspapers, television, telephone and mobile phone companies. Maringá has 15 TV stations and substations and 14 Radio FM stations.

Geography.

Climate.

Maringá experiences a tropical climate bordering on a humid subtropical climate. It has well distributed rainfall, where the average temperature of the coldest month is around 17.8 °C (64 °F) and average annual temperatures around 21.95 °C (71.51 °F). Because of its location, situated in southern Brazil and crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, the region of Maringá is influenced by several macro-climatic factors caused by migration of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Tropical zone. In the winter the infiltration of cold air from the polar front is relatively common, and frosts can occur.

Flora.

The city, planned from its inception, offers an enviable flora. Maringá is considered one of the greenest cities in the world.  Maringá has a high rate of concentration of green area per capita, there are of native forest on 17 preserved areas.  The city preserves within its limits large areas of native forest in the Horto Florestal, Parque dos Pioneiros (Bosque II) and Parque do Inga, this being open to the public. It also includes smaller preserved areas as the Parque do Cinquentenário, private areas and so on.  Throughout the year it is possible to observe its tree-lined streets that produce a good air to breathe, but especially in the passage from winter to spring, many trees explode in flowers.  Maringá has one of the highest concentration rates of green area, 26.65 m2 per inhabitant, 90 bushels of native forest in 17 forests.

Pollution.

Even with the normal problems of urban centers, Maringá preserves its reputation as a green city, ecologically well cared for. Its origin had planning, urban planning - forest reserves, central construction site, wide avenues, several species of trees that follow a Master Plan  Proportionally, Maringá has one of the largest fleets per capita of vehicles of Paraná State. Because of it, there are some places of the city with pollution levels above the recommended. Two regions in the city are the biggest problems, they are the avenue Duque de Caxias and Colombo. Industries, pesticides, noise pollution and household waste, also contribute very significantly to the pollution of the city. In spite of this, Maringá still preserves a reputation of green city.

Economy.

Maringá is highlighted today by the commercial sector and service delivery. The service sector is Maringá's largest (76,74%), followed by industrial (22,29%) and farming (0,97%). Within industry, the food-processing, chemical and textile sectors predominate.

Agriculture.

The agriculture still is fundamental for Maringá, although its importance has declined in recent years. Farming is diversified, and besides coffee, today are produced corn, wheat, cotton, ramie, beans, peanuts, rice, sugar cane, and especially soybeans.

Industry.

Among the various segments in the industrial sector of Maringá, there are metal-mechanics, agribusiness, textile and food companies. The industrial sector is not as expressive as agriculture, but it's growing. The city has a growing fleet that handles weaving and agribusiness, but mostly clothing. Big industries such as Cocamar, Coca-Cola, Noma, among others, foster job creation in the region, and even other cities. Metalworking industries serving the entire country and also exports to countries in Latin America a very large range of products. Maringá is the fashion hub in the south of Brazil, with the largest wholesale mall in Latin America, the Mercosul. Recently, Maringá also has been highlighted in the software market, with a consolidated APL (Local Productive Arrangements).

Service sector.

Maringá has five shopping malls: Avenida Center Mall, Cidade Mall, Mandacaru Boulevard Mall, Maringá Park Mall (formerly Aspen Park Mall) and Catuaí Maringá Mall, this is the second largest shopping mall in the State of Paraná (behind only Londrina Catuaí Mall). The commercial vocation of Maringá can be proven by dynamism and variety of items offered by companies from the sectors of food products, pharmaceuticals, clothing, appliances, fittings, bookstores, restaurants, snack bars. And for being a polo wholesaler, commodity prices are also competitive. These factors combine to attract consumers from different regions of Paraná, southwest of São Paulo and some cities in Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. The companies act in at least seven segments of the wholesale market: food, dry goods and offal, paper, glass, textiles, wood, auto parts and appliances. Not to mention the many garment industries, which basically sell them at wholesale. The city houses the Maringa and Region Convention & Visitors Bureau, an organization of character and independent nonprofit whose goal is to develop the regional economy by encouraging tourism events. Established and maintained by public and private initiatives related to tourism and events industry, it is responsible for planned development of the same, including the city effectively in the national and international tourist circuits.  Sílvio Name Júnior Regional Airport has scheduled air connections to major centers in Brazil.

Demography.

Ethnicity.

The region of Maringá has a great influence of Japanese immigrants; Maringá also had a great influence of Italian and German immigrants, in which the Germans met and formed an association, the Teutonic-Brazilian association. Then other groups of immigrants were arriving, as the Portuguese, Poles, Spaniards, Ukrainians, Arabs, Jews, Russians, British, among others, forming our present society.  Distribution of the population living in Maringá according to skin color:

Religion.

Maringá is a city where most people are Catholic, but there are other religious denominations in the city, such as Baptists, Pentecoastal, Muslims, Buddhists, Shintoists, Kardecists, and others. Although Catholics are the majority, they have remained stagnant, while Protestants have grown 2.41% and the number of people lacking religion fell to 2.03%.  Source: Observatório das Metrópoles UFRJ.

Sports.

Football.

Maringá currently has two professional football clubs, Grêmio Maringá and Maringá FC, the first play in the 2nd division of the Paranaense Championship and the second play in the 1st division of the Paranaense Championship. Both play their games at the Stadium Willie Davids, with a capacity up to 15,300 fans. The most traditional club is Grêmio Maringá, who has won three State Championships, and has been four times with the vice-championship. Meanwhile, Maringá FC never won titles.

Universities.

Among several private faculties, the ones that usually stand out in terms of number of undergraduates and graduates are:  UEM - Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Paraná State-sponsored Public university)  CESUMAR - Centro de Estudos Superiores de Maringá called Centro Universitario de Maringá  PUC - Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Paraná - Campus Maringá

Twin towns – sister cities.

Maringá is twinned with:

Notable people.

Notable people from Maringá include:

Maringá () is a municipality in southern Brazil founded on 10 May 1947 as a planned urban area. It is the third largest city in the state of Paraná, with 385,753 inhabitants in the city proper, and 764,906 in the metropolitan area (IBGE 2013). Located in northwestern Paraná, and crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn, it is a regional centre for commerce, services, agro-industries, and universities, including the State University of Maringá.

Maringá je město v Brazílii a sídlo stejnojmenné obce. Nachází se v severozápadní části státu Paraná v nadmořské výšce 515 m a prochází jím obratník Kozoroha. Je třetím největším městem státu Paraná; žije v něm přibližně 400 000 obyvatel a jeho aglomerace má okolo 760 000 obyvatel.


Biography.

Björnstrand was born Knut Gunnar Johanson in Stockholm as son of actor Oscar Johanson and Ella Mauléon. After his education at the Royal Dramatic Theatre's acting school, he made several appearances in theatre, film and radio. Björnstrand's first collaboration with Ingmar Bergman was the 1941 theatre production of August Strindberg's "The Ghost Sonata". His first major film role was in Hampe Faustman's "Natt i hamn" in 1943. After signing a contract with Svensk Filmindustri, he was offered mainly parts in comedies, including Bergman's "Smiles of a Summer Night" (1955). In 1957, however, he appeared in two dramatic roles for Bergman, in "The Seventh Seal" and "Wild Strawberries". He regularly starred in other films by Bergman until 1968, when his work for the director became infrequent. He also played major roles at the Stockholm Stadsteater and in private theaters. In later years, due to the consequences of a stroke, Björnstrand avoided long-term contracts, and focused on theatre and television work. His last film was Bergman's "Fanny and Alexander" (1982): since he was suffering from memory loss at the time, the production was a difficult one for him. Björnstrand died in Stockholm in 1986.  In 1983 he won the Ingmar Bergman Award at the 19th Guldbagge Awards ceremony.  Björnstrand was married to actress and writer Lillie Björnstrand. They had three daughters, Kristina, Gabrielle and Veronica Björnstrand. Veronica has also acted on stage and TV. Björnstrand was also politically active and participated in protests against the Vietnam War.

Knut Gunnar Johanson (13 November 1909 – 26 May 1986) was a Swedish actor known for his frequent work with writer and director Ingmar Bergman.

Knut Gunnar Johanson (13. listopadu 1909 - 26. května 1986) byl švédský herec známý častou spoluprací se spisovatelem a režisérem Ingmarem Bergmanem.


Discovery and species.

The fossil remains, a portion of the right lower jaw, were found near Cuckfield in Sussex, and made part of the collection of the British Museum of Natural History. In 1839 Gideon Mantell reported having noticed the fossil during a visit. Mantell soon came to the conclusion that the specimen represented the, until then unknown, lower jaw of his "Iguanodon", probably that of a juvenile. On 8 February 1841 he presented it as such to the Royal Society. This interpretation was immediately challenged by Richard Owen, who felt that any proof of a connection was lacking. In 1848, after several real jaws of "Iguanodon" had been discovered, Mantell changed his position, concluding it was a related but different genus or subgenus, coining the name "Regnosaurus Northamptoni". The generic name is derived from the Regni or Regnenses, a British tribe inhabiting Sussex. The specific name honours Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton, the president of the Royal Society, who was about to resign. By present conventions, the type species is written as "Regnosaurus northamptoni".  "Regnosaurus" is known only from the holotype BMNH 2422, a right mandibular (lower jaw) fragment, consisting of a third of the dentary and a part of the splenial, found in the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation. The specimen is six inches long and shows fifteen tooth sockets. Also some replacement teeth are visible. Other bone fragments have sometimes been referred to "Regnosaurus", such as a fossil pubis recovered on the Isle of Wight, but as these are of other parts of the body and a reasonably complete skeleton is lacking, the identity cannot be proven. The same is true for some dermal spikes reported by William Blows. "Regnosaurus" was probably a rather small animal, about 4 metres (13 feet) long.

Phylogeny.

First seen as some iguanodontid, "Regnosaurus" was later connected to armoured dinosaurs. In 1888 Richard Lydekker assigned it to the Scelidosauridae. In 1909 Friedrich von Huene classified it in the stegosaurian Omosauridae and in 1911 Alfred von Zittel assigned it to the Stegosauridae but these groups then had a different content and also included armoured forms. In 1956 Alfred Romer synonymised it with "Hylaeosaurus". An entirely different suggestion was made by John Ostrom who surmised it might have been a sauropod.  The first to state that it was a stegosaurian in the modern sense was George Olshevsky in 1993. This was confirmed by Paul Barrett and Paul Upchurch in 1995 who concluded that it is a stegosaur similar to "Huayangosaurus", as the jaws are very similar. As the remains are so limited, many recent researchers have concluded "Regnosaurus" to be a "nomen dubium".

Regnosaurus (meaning "Sussex lizard") is a genus of herbivorous stegosaurian dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous Period in what is now England.

Regnosaurus („vládnoucí ještěr“) je rod stegosaurních dinosaurů z období spodní křídy, žijících na území dnešní Velké Británie (lokalita Tilgate Forest, Cuckfield, hrabství Sussex). Některé objevy naznačují, že se tento druh možná vyskytoval i na území současného ostrova Wight.


Background.

A conference on offender rehabilitation was held on 29 November 2019 in Fishmongers' Hall, at the northern end of London Bridge, in the City of London, to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Learning Together, a programme run by the Cambridge Institute of Criminology to help offenders reintegrate into society following their release from prison. Learning Together was set up in 2014 by University of Cambridge academics Ruth Armstrong and Amy Ludlow from the Faculty of Law and Institute of Criminology to "bring together people in criminal justice and higher education institutions to study alongside each other in inclusive and transformative learning communities" to enable students and prisoners to work together.  Former prisoner Usman Khan had been invited to the conference as a previous participant in the programme, and although banned from entering London under the terms of his release, he was granted a one-day exemption to attend.

Attack.

At 13:58 on 29 November, the police were called to Fishmongers' Hall after Khan, wearing a fake suicide vest, threatened to blow up the hall. Holding two kitchen knives taped to his wrists, he began stabbing people inside the building. Several fought back, including a chef working at Fishmongers' Hall who grabbed a 1.5 metre long narwhal tusk from the wall to use as a weapon, and a convicted murderer attending the conference on day release. Khan fled and began stabbing pedestrians outside on the north side of the bridge.  Several people were injured before members of the public, including a tour guide and a plain-clothes British Transport Police officer, later seen walking away with a knife, restrained and disarmed Khan on the bridge. One of the people who stepped in to fight the attacker drove him back by spraying a fire extinguisher. Armed officers of the City of London Police arrived at 14:03 and surrounded the attacker, who at the time was being restrained by a Ministry of Justice communications worker attending the rehabilitation meeting. The officers pulled this person away to provide a clear shot, before one fired twice. Khan died at the scene.  A Transport for London bus which had stopped adjacent to the site of the shooting was found to have damage to both its front and rear windows, possibly caused, according to the Metropolitan Police, by a ricocheting bullet.

Victims.

Three of the victims were associated with Cambridge University's Learning Together prison-rehabilitation programme; two died and one was injured. The two who died from their stab wounds were Jack Merritt and Saskia Jones. Merritt was a 25-year-old law and criminology graduate and University of Cambridge administration officer from Cottenham. Jones, 23 years old, was a former University of Cambridge student from Stratford-upon-Avon. Merritt was a course coordinator for Learning Together. Funeral services for Merritt and Jones were conducted on 20 December 2019.  Two other women were seriously injured, while the chef who stopped the attacker was stabbed but had less serious injuries.

Attacker.

The attacker was identified as Usman Khan, a 28-year-old British national from Stoke-on-Trent of Pakistani descent. Khan appears to have left school with no qualifications after spending part of his late teens in Pakistan. He was known to police and had links to Islamist extremist groups. In December 2018 he had been automatically released from prison on licence, where he was serving a 16-year sentence for terrorism offences, and was wearing an electronic tag.  Khan had been part of a plot, inspired by Al-Qaeda, to establish a terrorist camp on his family's land in Kashmir and bomb the London Stock Exchange. The plot was disrupted by MI5 and the police, as part of MI5's Operation Guava (police Operation Norbury), and Khan was given an indeterminate sentence. Of the nine men involved, Khan was the youngest at 19 and according to Mr Justice Wilkie, Khan and two others were “more serious jihadis” than the others. In 2013, his sentence was revised after an appeal, and he was ordered to serve at least 8 years of his new 16-year sentence, with a 5-year extended licence allowing recall to prison.  According to the anti-extremism group Hope not Hate, Khan was a supporter of Al-Muhajiroun, an extremist group with which scores of terrorists were involved. He was a student and a personal friend of Anjem Choudary, an Islamist and terrorism supporter. Khan had previously participated in the Learning Together programme.

Aftermath.

The news of the attack was broken live moments after it happened on the BBC News Channel by one of its reporters, John McManus, who witnessed members of the public fighting Khan as he crossed the bridge, and heard two shots being fired by police officers. McManus said that he was certain that more than two shots were fired during the incident. The police, ambulance, and fire services attended the scene and a major incident was declared. A large police cordon was set up in the area and residents were told to stay away. Police closed both Monument Underground station and London Bridge station after the attack. The police reported that there had been no prior intelligence of the attack.  The Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, returned to Downing Street following the incident, after campaigning in his constituency for the forthcoming general election. Johnson commended the "immense bravery" of the emergency services and members of the public, and claimed that anyone involved in the attack would be "hunted down". The Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, thanked the emergency services and members of the public who helped to restrain the attacker, saying they had shown "breathtaking heroism". The Conservative Party, Labour Party and Liberal Democrats temporarily suspended campaigning for the general election in London. A parliamentary election hustings event scheduled to be held at Great St Mary's Church in Cambridge on 30 November was cancelled and replaced by a memorial vigil for the victims of the attack.  Metropolitan Police Commissioner Cressida Dick made a statement following the attack describing events. She said there would be an increased police presence on the streets and that cordons in the London Bridge area would remain in place. An appeal was made for the public to submit any film or picture evidence or information that could assist the investigation.  In Pakistan, publication of Khan's Pakistani origins by the leading newspaper "Dawn" were deemed unpatriotic and defamatory, and led to demonstrations demanding that the publisher and the editor be hanged.  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack. Its news agency, Amaq, claimed Usman Khan was one of its fighters. A janaza prayer for Khan was held at a mosque in Birmingham, and he was buried in his family's ancestral village in Pakistan, following objections to his burial in the UK by local muslims in his native Stoke.

Investigations.

London Bridge was closed until the early hours of the following Monday for forensic investigation of the scene. Two properties, in Stafford, where Khan lived, and in Stoke-on-Trent, were searched by police.  An inquest was opened on 4 December, at the Central Criminal Court in London, and was subsequently adjourned. When it resumes, at a date to be determined, it is due be overseen by the chief coroner for England and Wales. The Independent Office for Police Conduct is holding an investigation into the shooting. In a separate investigation Staffordshire Police are also under IOPC scrutiny.

On 29 November 2019, five people were stabbed, two fatally, in Central London. The attacker, Usman Khan, had been released from prison in 2018 on licence after serving a sentence for terrorist offences.

K teroristickému útoku na London Bridge v Londýně došlo 29. listopadu 2019. Během útoku zemřeli dva lidé, útočník byl zadržen kolemjdoucími a po příjezdu policie byl zastřelen.


Family.

Parents and siblings.

Harrison was born April 5, 1726 in Charles City County, Virginia; he was the oldest of ten children of Benjamin Harrison IV and Anne Carter; Anne was a daughter of Robert Carter I. The first Benjamin Harrison arrived in the colonies around 1630, and by 1633 set a precedent of family public service, when he was recorded as Clerk of the Virginia Governor's Council. Benjamin IV and wife Anne built the family's manor house at Berkeley Plantation; he served as a Justice of the Peace and represented Charles City County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.  Benjamin V in his youth was "tall and powerfully built," with "features that were clearly defined, and a well-shaped mouth above a strong pointed chin." He graduated from the College of William and Mary. His brother Carter Henry became a leader in Cumberland County. Brother Nathaniel was elected to the House of Burgesses, then to the Virginia Senate. Brother Henry fought in the French and Indian War and brother Charles became a brigadier general in the Continental Army.

Inheritance, marriage, and children.

Harrison's father, with a child in hand, was struck by lightning as he shut an upstairs window during a storm on July 12, 1745, at age 51; he and daughter Hannah were killed. Benjamin V inherited the bulk of his father's estate, including Berkeley and a number of surrounding plantations, as well as thousands of acres extending to Surry County and the falls of the James River. Also among his holdings was a fishery on the river and a grist mill in Henrico County. He also assumed ownership and responsibility for the manor house's equipment, stock, and numerous slaves. His siblings inherited another six plantations, possessions, and slaves, as the father chose to depart from the tradition of leaving the entire estate to the eldest son.  Harrison's father prohibited the splitting of slave families in the distribution of his estate. As with all planters, the Harrisons provided for the sustenance of the slaves on their plantations. Nevertheless, according to biographer Clifford Dowdey, "...among the worst aspects of their slaveholding is the presumption that the men in the Harrison family, most likely the younger, unmarried ones, and the overseers, made night trips to the slaves' quarters for carnal purposes." Benjamin Harrison V owned mullatoes, though no record has been revealed as to their parentage.  By 1749, Harrison married Elizabeth Bassett of New Kent County, with whom he had eight children during their 40-year marriage. One son was Benjamin Harrison VI (1755–1799), a successful businessman who served in the Virginia House of Delegates. Another was Carter Bassett Harrison who served in the Virginia House of Delegates and the U. S. House of Representatives. A third son was General William Henry Harrison, a congressional delegate for the Northwest Territory, who also was Governor of the Indiana Territory. In the 1840 presidential election, William Henry defeated incumbent Martin Van Buren, but fell ill and died just one month into his presidency. Vice President John Tyler, a fellow Virginian and Berkeley neighbor, succeeded him. William Henry's grandson, Benjamin Harrison (1833–1901), was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Benjamin also served in the U.S. Senate (1881–1887) and was elected president in 1888 after defeating incumbent Grover Cleveland.

Virginia delegate.

Benjamin Harrison V in 1749 began following his father in being elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, initially for Surry County; however, he was not then of legal age to take his burgesses seat, which was delayed until 1752. His county representations in the Burgesses were as follows:  In his first year in the House of Burgesses in 1752, Harrison was appointed to the Committee of Propositions and Grievances, and thereby participated in a confrontation with King George and his Parliament and their appointed Governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie. There had developed a dispute with the governor over his levy of a pistole (a Spanish gold coin) upon all land patents that presaged the core issue of the American Revolution two decades later—taxation without representation. Harrison assisted in drafting a complaint to the governor and the Crown, which read that the payment of any such levy would be, "deemed a betrayal of the rights and privileges of the people." When the British Privy Council received the complaint, it replied "that the lower house is a subordinate lawmaking body, and where the King's decisions are concerned, it counts for nothing." On this occasion a compromise was reached, allowing the governor's levy on parcels of less than 100 acres east of the mountains.  Harrison once again joined the fray with Britain after its adoption of the Townsend Acts, formally asserting the Parliament's right to tax the colonies. He was appointed in 1768 to a special committee to draft a response for the colony. A resolution resulted that asserted the right of British subjects to be taxed only by their elected representatives. The American colonies achieved their objective with a repeal of the Townsend Acts, through the action of Lord North, who nevertheless continued the tax on tea.  Harrison was a signer in 1770 of an association of Virginia lawmakers and merchants boycotting British imports until the British Parliament repealed its tea tax. He also joined in sponsoring a bill which declared that Parliament's laws were illegal if passed without the consent of the colonists.  Harrison at this time also served as a justice in Charles City County. When the city of Williamsburg lacked the funds for construction of a courthouse, he and fellow delegate James Littlepage organized a group of "Gentlemen Subscribers" who purchased an unused building and presented it to the city in 1771.  Early in 1772, Harrison was among a group of six delegates assigned to prepare and deliver an address to the King which called for an end to the importation of slaves from Africa. Biographer Howard Smith indicates that the request, racist in tone but unambiguous in its object to close the slave trade, was delivered in vain to the King.

Congressional delegate in Philadelphia.

In 1773, colonists protested the British tax on tea by destroying a shipment during the Boston Tea Party. While all of the colonies were inspired by the news, some patriots, including Harrison, had misgivings, and believed the Bostonians had a duty to reimburse the East India Company for its losses at their hands. The British Parliament responded to the protest by enacting more punitive measures, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. Despite his qualms, Harrison was among 89 members of the Virginia Burgesses who signed a new association on May 24, 1774 condemning Parliament's action. The group also invited other colonies to convene a Continental Congress, and called for a convention to select its Virginia delegates. At the First Virginia Convention, Harrison was selected on August 5, 1774 as one of seven delegates to represent Virginia at the Congress, to be located in Philadelphia.  Harrison set out that month, leaving his home state for the first time. He was armed with a positive reputation built in the House of Burgesses, which Edmund Randolph provided to the Congress, "A favorite of the day was Benjamin Harrison. With strong sense and a temper not disposed to compromise with ministerial power, he scruples not to utter any untruth. During a long service in the House of Burgesses, his frankness, though sometimes tinctured with bitterness, has been the source of considerable attachment."  Harrison arrived in Philadelphia on September 2, 1774 for the First Continental Congress. According to biographer Howard Smith, he gravitated to the older and more conservative delegates in Philadelphia, and was more distant with the New Englanders and the more radical, particularly John and Samuel Adams. The genuine and mutual enmity between the Adams cousins and Harrison also stemmed from their puritan upbringing in aversion to human pleasures and Harrison's appreciation for bold storytelling, fine food, and wine. John Adams described Harrison in his diary as "another Sir John Falstaff," as "obscene," "profane," and "impious." However, he also recalled Harrison's comment that he was so eager to participate in the congress that "...he would have come on foot." Politically, Harrison aligned with John Hancock, and Adams with Richard Henry Lee, whom Harrison had adamantly opposed in the House of Burgesses.  Harrison in October 1774 signed an association with other delegates dictating a boycott of both exports and imports with Britain, effective immediately. The First Congress concluded that month with a Petition to the King, signed by all delegates, requesting the King's attention to the colonies' grievances, and restoration of harmony with the crown. Upon his return home, Harrison received a letter from Thomas Jefferson advising of the latter's order for 14 sash windows in London just prior to the passage of the boycott, and apologizing for his inability to cancel the order.  In March of 1775, Harrison attended a convention at St. John's Parish in Richmond, Virginia, made famous by Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech. A defense resolution was passed by a vote of 65–60 for the raising of a military force. It represented a substantial step for Virginia in its transition from a colony to a commonwealth. Biographer Smith indicates Harrison was probably in the minority, though he was named to a committee to carry the resolution into effect. He was also re-elected as a delegate to the new session of the Continental Congress.

Second Continental Congress and Declaration of Independence.

The Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775. Harrison resided in north Philadelphia during the Congress with two roommates—his brother-in-law Peyton Randolph and George Washington. The two men left him on his own when Randolph suddenly died, and Washington assumed command of the Continental Army. Harrison was kept busy with the issues of funding and supplying Washington's army, and corresponded with Washington at length.  In the spring of 1775 an effort was made in the Congress to seek reconciliation with the King of Britain, through the Olive Branch Petition, authored by John Dickinson. A heated debate resulted when Dickinson remarked that he disapproved of only one word he thought offensive in the petition, and that was the word "Congress." Harrison angrily rose from his seat and replied, "There is but one word in the paper, Mr. President, of which I do approve, and that is the word 'Congress.'" The petition passed and was submitted to the Crown, but remained unread by the King as he formally declared the colonists to be traitors.  In November of 1775, Harrison was appointed to a select committee to review the needs of the army. He went to Cambridge, Massachusetts with Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Lynch to assess the needs, as well as the morale, of the forces. After a 10-day inspection, the committee concluded that the pay for the troops should be improved and the ranks should be increased to over 20,000 men. Harrison then returned to Philadelphia to work closely with fellow delegates for the defense of his state as well as South Carolina, Georgia, and New York. Harrison was in attendance until the session's end in July 1776, serving frequently as Chairman of the Committee of the Whole. As such, he presided over the final debates of the Lee Resolution offered by Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee. This was the Congress' first expression of its objective of freedom from the Crown. Harrison oversaw as well the final debates and amendments of the Declaration of Independence. The Committee of Five presented Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration on June 28, 1776, and the Congress resolved on July 1 that the Committee of the Whole should debate its content. The Committee amended it on July 2 and 3, then adopted it in final form on Thursday, July 4. Harrison duly reported this to the Congress, and gave a final reading of the Declaration. The Congress unanimously resolved to have the Declaration engrossed and signed by those then present. Harrison was known for an audacious sense of humor. Even detractor John Adams conceded in his diary that "Harrison's contributions and many pleasantries steadied rough sessions." Pennsylvania Delegate Benjamin Rush in particular recalled the Congress' atmosphere during a signing of the Declaration on August 2, 1776. He described a scene of "pensive and awful silence," and said that Harrison singularly interrupted "the silence and gloom of the morning," as delegates filed forward to inscribe what they thought was their ensuing death warrant. Rush said that the rotund Harrison leaned over the diminutive Elbridge Gerry, who was about to sign the Declaration, and said, "I shall have a great advantage over you, Mr. Gerry, when we are all hung for what we are now doing. From the size and weight of my body I shall die in a few minutes and be with the Angels, but from the lightness of your body you will dance in the air an hour or two before you are dead."

Revolutionary War.

From December 1775 until March 1777, the Congress was on two occasions threatened by British forces, and forced to remove itself—once to Baltimore, a location that Harrison distinctly disliked. This has been attributed to some unspecified ill-health he was experiencing at the time. On another occasion, the Congress fled to York, Pennsylvania. In 1777 Harrison became a member of the newly-created Committee of Secret Correspondence for the Congress. The committee's primary objective was to establish secure communication with American agents in Britain concerning the interests of the colonies. Harrison was also named as Chairman of the Board of War, whose initial purpose was to review the movements of the army in the north, and the exchange of prisoners.  At that time Harrison found himself at odds with Washington over Marquis de Lafayette's commission, which Harrison insisted was honorary only and without pay. He also stirred controversy by endorsing the rights of Quakers not to bear arms in accordance with their religion. He unsuccessfully argued throughout the formation of the Articles of Confederation that Virginia should be given greater representation than other states, based on its population and land mass. His Congressional membership permanently ended in October 1777; biographer John Sanderson indicates that when Harrison retired from Congress, "his estates had been ravaged" and "his fortune had been impaired."  Harrison returned to Virginia where he quickly renewed his efforts in the Virginia legislature. In May of 1776, the House of Burgesses had ended and was replaced by the House of Delegates, according to Virginia's new constitution. He was elected Speaker in 1777, defeating Thomas Jefferson by a vote of 51–23; he returned to the speakership on several occasions. He concerned himself in the ensuing years with many issues, including Virginia's western land interests, the condition of Continental forces, and the defense of the commonwealth.  In January 1781, a British force of 1,600 was positioned at the mouth of the James River, led by turncoat Benedict Arnold, and Harrison was called upon to return immediately to Philadelphia to request military support for his state. He knew that Berkeley was one of Arnold's primary targets, so he relocated his family before setting out. In Philadelphia, his pleas for Virginia were heard, and he obtained increased gunpowder, supplies, and troops, but only on a delayed basis. Meanwhile, Arnold advanced up the James, wreaking havoc on both sides of the river. The Harrison family avoided capture in Arnold's January raid on Berkeley, but Arnold, intent that no likeness of the family survive, removed and burned all the family portraits there. Most of Harrison's other possessions were destroyed, along with a large portion of the house. Other signers were similarly targeted, with more horrific consequences. Harrison took up the rehabilitation of his home, then returned to his correspondence with Washington and continued efforts to obtain armaments, troops, and clothing supplies for other southern states.

Governor of Virginia.

The nation's Yorktown victory in October 1781 provided only brief respite for Harrison, age 55, who began to serve on November 30 as the fifth Governor of Virginia. He was also the fourth governor to assume the office in that year–the multiple successions were occasioned by wartime events in Virginia. Money was the primary problem that he confronted, as the war had drained the coffers of the Virginia treasury, and the government was plagued by creditors, both domestic and foreign. It was clear that there was no capacity for military action outside of the immediate area, so Harrison steadfastly opposed offensive action against Indians in the Kentucky and Illinois country. He alternatively pursued a policy of treating with the Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creek Indian tribes, which allowed peace to last for the remainder of his term. The situation resulted in some contentious exchanges with General George Rogers Clark who urged offensive operations in the west.  As Harrison's term was ending, Washington accepted an invitation to visit with the Harrisons in Richmond, saying, "And I shall feel an additional pleasure, in offering this tribute of friendship and respect to you, by having the company of Marsqs. de la Fayette..." The general made his visit in November 1784, though Lafayette was unable to accompany him. Harrison's service as governor was lauded, despite his inability to solve the commonwealth's financial problems which plagued his administration.

Return to legislature and death.

In 1786, Harrison and other members of the legislature were deeply divided over the issue of state aid to religion. He joined with his brother and fellow delegate, Carter Henry Harrison, in supporting a measure of Patrick Henry to provide funds for teachers of the Christian religion. The proposal failed, and the assembly instead enacted Thomas Jefferson's famous Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which established a complete separation of church and state.  Harrison participated as a member of the Virginia Ratifying Convention for the United States Constitution in 1788. However, along with Patrick Henry, George Mason, and others, he was skeptical of a large central government and opposed the Constitution because of the absence of a Bill of Rights. He was in the minority when the constitution won ratification with a margin of 5 out of 170 votes cast. He overcame his ill health sufficiently to address those who opposed the result, and implored them to seek redress through the legitimate channels of amendments to the Constitution. Though Washington had promoted the Constitution, he praised Harrison, saying, "Your individual endeavors to prevent inflammatory measures from being adopted redound greatly to your credit."  Despite his chronic gout and weakened financial condition, Harrison continued his work in the House. He died on April 24, 1791 at his home, after celebrating a re-election. His cause of death is unknown, though his persistent corpulence has been documented. His son William Henry, then aged 18, had just begun medical studies in Philadelphia. Necessary monetary support was lacking, so he soon abandoned medicine for military service, and his own ultimate path toward leadership.

Memorials.

A residence hall at the College of William and Mary is named for him. Also, a primary bridge spanning the James River near Hopewell, Va. bears his name.

Benjamin Harrison V (April 5, 1726April 24, 1791) was an American planter, merchant, and legislator in colonial Virginia. He was a Founding Father of the United States and also served as Virginia's governor (1781–1784).

Benjamin Harrison V. (5. dubna 1726, Virginie – 24. dubna 1791, Virginie) byl americký farmář a obchodník. Stal se jedním z revolučních vůdců. Byl jedním z Otců zakladatelů USA. Vysokoškolské vzdělání získal na College of William and Mary ve Williamsburgu ve Virginii. Stal se zástupcem Virginie v House of Burgesses pro kraj Surry County ve Virginii (1756–1758, 1785–1786) a Charles City County (1766–1776, 1787–1790). Od roku 1774 do roku 1777 byl delegátem za stát Virginie na kontinentálním kongresu, působil ve výboru, který vypracoval vzorovou smlouvu – Model Treaty – (také známá jako plán z roku 1776), jenž byl vytvořen během americké revoluce. Spolunavrhoval modelové vzory smluv pro budoucí zahraniční vztahy mezi novou americkou vládou a ostatními národy. Během druhého kontinentálního kongresu podepsal Deklaraci nezávislosti.


Early life.

Taylor-Joy was born in Miami, Florida, the youngest of six children. Her mother worked in photography and interior design and is English of South African and Spanish descent; her father, a former international banker, is Scottish Argentine. Taylor-Joy moved to Buenos Aires as an infant and spoke only Spanish before moving to London at age six. She attended the preparatory school Hill House in Kensington, then Northlands School in Argentina and Queen's Gate School in London. She has trained in ballet dancing.  At the age of 16, she was scouted as a model while walking outside Harrods Department Store by Sarah Doukas of Storm Management. It was through her work as a model that she met and signed with an acting agent.

Career.

Taylor-Joy rose to prominence with the role of Thomasin in Robert Eggers' period horror film "The Witch". The film premiered at Sundance Film Festival in 2015, and had a wide release in 2016. She had declined a simultaneous offer of a part in a Disney Channel show.  In 2016, Taylor-Joy starred in the sci-fi–horror film, "Morgan", directed by Luke Scott. The film was released on 2 September 2016. She played one of Barack Obama's close friends in Vikram Gandhi's film "Barry", which focused on a young Obama in 1981 New York City.  Taylor-Joy's likeness was used for the character Valkyrie Cain on the 10th anniversary cover of "Skulduggery Pleasant", the first book in the series of the same name. In 2017, she headlined the horror–thriller film "Split", written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan, she was seen playing Casey Cooke, a girl abducted by a mysterious man with multiple personalities. In 2019, she reprised her role as Casey in the film "Glass", the last installment in the "Unbreakable" film series.  Taylor-Joy was the lead actress in the music video for Skrillex's remix of GTA's song "Red Lips". She was nominated for the 2017 BAFTA Rising Star Award.  Taylor-Joy also starred as Emma Woodhouse in comedy-drama film "Emma.", a film adaption of the 1815 novel of the same name, directed by Autumn de Wilde and written by Eleanor Catton, which was released on 14 February 2020.  Taylor-Joy will appear in the film "Last Night in Soho", directed by Edgar Wright. Principal production began on 20 May 2019. She is attached to star in "Nosferatu", a remake of the film of the same name, to be directed by Eggers in her second collaboration with him. She will also star in "The Sea Change", as well as in the Netflix miniseries "The Queen's Gambit".

External links.

Anya-Josephine Taylor-Joy (born 16 April 1996) is an American-born English-Argentine actress. After garnering critical acclaim for her debut in the period horror film "The Witch" (2015), she received further recognition for her starring role in the psychological horror film "Split" (2016) and its sequel "Glass" (2019). She also starred in the black comedy "Thoroughbreds" (2017) and as Emma Woodhouse in the comedy-drama "Emma" (2020).

Anya Josephine Taylor-Joy (* 16. dubna 1996 Miami, Florida) je americká herečka a modelka. Od roku 2012 se začala objevovat v menších televizních rolích, např. v seriálu Endeavour a Atlantida nebo ve filmu Cesta vikingů. V roce 2014 se také objevila ve filmu Vampire academy. V roce 2017 byla vítězem trofeje Chopard na filmovém festivalu v Cannes a byla nominována na několik dalších cen.


History.

Lučko dates back to the 18th century, when it was noted as the first local village with a river crossing. The name derives from the Croatian word "luka" which translates to "harbor". The oldest church in the village can be traced back to the year 1779. As of the 2011 census, Lučko had a total population of 3,010. This corresponds to a population increase of 50% when compared to the census held in 1991.

Lučko Airport.

The Lučko airport is one of the oldest facilities in Lučko and one of the main reasons for the establishment of Lučko as a neighborhood. In 1947, it had become Zagreb's main airport, replacing the obsolete Borongaj airport. It remained Zagreb's main airport for a period of 15 years, up to the year 1962, when Zagreb Airport had been completed at its contemporary location near Pleso. Lučko airport includes two parallel, unsurfaced runways with a length of.  Today, Lučko airport is home to the Lučko Anti-Terrorist Unit, Croatia's special police unit. In addition, it serves as a sport airfield and military helicopter airbase.  The airport is maintained by Aeroklub Zagreb, a local airport operator based in Zagreb.

Motorway interchange.

The Croatian A1 motorway passes south of Lučko. The interchange from where the A1 originates is named after Lučko. Nearby Lučko mainline toll plaza consists of 15 lanes. It is the most frequented toll plaza in Croatia. During the tourist season long lines of vehicles form at the toll station. An additional 10-lane toll plaza has been built and opened in Demerje shortly before the 2009 summer season, only away from the Lučko toll plaza.

Lučko is a neighbourhood and part of the Novi Zagreb - zapad borough of Zagreb, located south of the Sava and southwest of the city center, near the Lučko interchange that connects the Zagreb-Karlovac motorway, the Zagreb bypass and the state road towards Karlovac, colloquially called "the old road to Karlovac". The two main economic activities in Lučko are trade in goods, mainly in the retail sector, and the rendering of commercial services.

Lučko je hustě osídlené sídlo v Chorvatsku, nacházející se asi 13 km jihozápadně od centra Záhřebu (v Novém Záhřebu). Je jedním z odlehlých předměstí Záhřebu, ale zároveň i samostatnou vesnicí. V roce 2011 zde žilo celkem 3 010 obyvatel.


Gameplay.

The game is presented in a top-down perspective and is set inside a labyrinth of a complex castle. The player has been trapped inside and needs to collect three pieces of the "Golden Key of ACG" in order to escape. They can choose from three different characters; a Wizard, Knight or Serf. Each character has a different weapon to kill common enemies and access to a secret passage unique to them, meaning that navigating the castle is different for each one.  There are a number of items scattered around the castle, of which the player may carry up to three at a time. Some of these are always in the same place at the start of the game, whereas others are distributed randomly. Items include differently-coloured keys which will unlock their respective doors, the three pieces of the ACG key, and other items that affect certain enemies or are mere red herrings. Common enemies appear in each room upon entering and will attack the player on sight. Collision with these enemies destroys them but drains a portion of the player's health. There are also stationary poisonous fungi which will drain health constantly if the player is in contact with them, and enemies that require special items in order to either distract, repel or kill them, otherwise they remain in the room, invulnerable to conventional attacks, and rapidly drain the player's health if touched.  The player has three lives upon starting the game, and should they die a gravestone will appear at their location and stay in place for the remainder of the current game. Health can be replenished by collecting food scattered throughout the castle, however it will constantly drop the more the player moves, thus the player may eventually lose a life from starvation if they have not escaped the castle in time.

Development.

Ultimate Play the Game was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper, along with Tim's wife, Carol, from their headquarters in Ashby-de-la-Zouch in 1982. Under the trading name of Ultimate Play the Game, they began producing multiple video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s. Prior to founding Ultimate, the Stamper brothers had backgrounds in designing arcade machines, but no marketing experience in the video game sector.  The operations of Ultimate were secretive and the Stamper brothers rarely gave interviews. "Computer and Video Games" noted that during development of "Atic Atac", staff would work in "separate teams" to ensure quality control; one team would work on graphics whilst the other would oversee gameplay or sound. The Stamper brothers worked seven days a week with little sleep in order to devote more time into developing video games, and would frequently re-use the same mechanics of their earlier games into newer ZX Spectrum games.

Reception and legacy.

The game received a positive critical reception upon release. "Micro Adventurer" mainly praised Ultimate's capabilities of developing high quality games, saying that "Atic Atac" was "bound to fix their name firmly into the minds of adventurers", further recommending the game "without reservation". "Crash" enjoyed the game's colourful graphics, heralding the detail and objects of the game to be "marvellous". However, they criticised the difficult joystick control and vague instructions, adding that the entire game is a "learning experience". "Computer and Video Games" stated that the game was "the best yet from Ultimate", and later in 1984 described it as "the favourite arcade adventure amongst computer gamesters". "Personal Computer Games" wrote that it was "another blockbuster game", while "Sinclair User" praised both the depth of plot and the advanced graphics, citing them both as "superb".  In 1991, "Atic Atac" was ranked as the 79th best ZX Spectrum game of all time by "Your Sinclair", and was voted the 8th best game of all time by the readers of Retro Gamer Magazine for an article that was scheduled to be in a special Your Sinclair Tribute issue. In 2007, Eurogamer described it as a prime example of "what passion can do when properly digitised". The game was Ultimate's third consecutive number one in the UK Spectrum sales chart, following the first two "Jetman" games. In 2015, the game was included in "Rare Replay", a collection of 30 Rare-designed games released for the Xbox One gaming console.  The game was a major inspiration for the critically acclaimed CITV game show "Knightmare", with producer Tim Child realising that if a ZX Spectrum could run a compelling adventure game, then a television programme with pre-rendered graphics could revolutionise the genre. "Sabre Wulf", which was released for the ZX Spectrum by Ultimate Play the Game later in 1984, was noted for having similar gameplay to "Atic Atac", including its similar themes of a continuous maze. In a retrospective interview with Retro Gamer, Rare designer Greg Mayles asserted that their 2003 game "Grabbed by the Ghoulies" was not inspired by "Atic Atac", despite their similar themes of a haunted mansion.

Atic Atac is an arcade-adventure video game developed and published by Ultimate Play the Game, released for the ZX Spectrum and the BBC Micro in 1983. The game takes place within a castle in which the player must seek out the "Golden Key of ACG" by unlocking doors and avoiding enemies. It was Ultimate's second game to require 48K of RAM; most of their previous games for the Spectrum ran on unexpanded 16K models.

Atic Atac je akční dobrodružná videohra typu arkáda pro počítače ZX Spectrum a BBC Micro vyvinutá a distribuovaná firmou Ultimate Play The Game z roku 1983. Hru napsali bratři Tim a Chris Stamper.


Early life.

Cherry was born on 7 May 1968, in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of American jazz artist Don Cherry and Swedish painter/textile artist Monika Cherry ("née" Karlsson). Of Choctaw descent through his paternal grandmother and African-American through his grandfather, Cherry is the fourth of five siblings. He is the half-brother of singer Neneh Cherry (his mother's daughter). Other half-siblings are violinist Jan Cherry, Christian Cherry, and jazz musician David Ornette Cherry. At the age of 12, Cherry was sent to school in New York City. He remained there to work as an actor and a drummer in various bands. At 16, he enrolled in the High School of Performing Arts in New York in the same class as Jennifer Aniston and Chaz Bono.

Career.

In 1988, he was credited as "Teenager" in the film "". In 1993 he starred on the short-lived NBC action/adventure television show "South Beach".  His father died in 1995. Cherry returned to Stockholm to focus on his music rather than the acting career that had taken precedence in his professional life. He began writing and recording his debut album, "Desireless", in his bedroom studio on an acoustic guitar. According to manager Tommy Manzi, Cherry's perfectionism made him keep the recordings under wraps until the album was virtually complete. The album became a commercial success throughout the world. "Desireless" sold four million copies worldwide and was certified platinum in the United States.  Cherry co-wrote and sang on "Wishing It Was" on Santana's 1999 album "Supernatural", as well as in films such as Wim Wenders' "The Soul of a Man", "Y tu mamá también", "The Love of the Game", "GO", "Best Laid Plans", "Holes", "Billy Elliot" and "Over Her Dead Body". Some of his best known songs include "Save Tonight", "Falling in Love Again", "Are You Still Having Fun", "Long Way Around", "Feels So Right", "Skull Tattoo" and "Don't Give Up".  On 27 November 2012, he appeared as musical guest on "The Voice of Romania". His fifth album, "Streets of You", was released on 26 October 2018.

Eagle-Eye Lanoo Cherry (born 7 May 1968) is a Swedish singer and stage performer from Stockholm, Sweden. His 1997 single "Save Tonight" received commercial success in Ireland, the United States and the United Kingdom, and was voted song of the year in New Zealand.

Eagle-Eye Lanoo Cherry (* 7. května 1968 Stockholm) je švédský muzikant. Eagle-Eye Cherry je syn jazzového hudebníka Dona Cherry a švédské malířky Moniky Karlsson. Má sestru, zpěvačku, Neneh Cherry a nevlastní sestru Titiyo. Vyrůstal ve Švédsku, ve dvanácti letech ho rodiče poslali na hudební školu do New Yorku. Působil v různých kapelách jako bubeník. V roce 1998 vydal své první a nejúspěšnější album Desireless s celosvětovým hitem Save Tonight.


Bidding process.

Gangwon was only preferred host while Brașov, Granada, and Sofia were interested parties, take part in continuous dialogue with IOC and Future Host Commission. Gangwon were officially awarded the Games at the 135th IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 10 January 2020.

Host city selection.

Pyeongchang could be formally elected as host of the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics on 10 January 2020 at the 135th IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland if all the requirements are fulfilled to the satisfaction of the Commission and the Executive Board. The eligible voters are 82.

Development and preparation.

Venues.

Much of the Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics will be used again. Most of the outdoor snow events will be held in the county of Pyeongchang, while the indoor ice events will be held in the nearby city of Gangneung. If the circumstances are allowed, the city of Wonsan, North Korea will be involved, and could be the host of some alpine events.

Pyeongchang (mountain cluster).

The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, will be the main focus of the games, like in 2018.  Additionally, a stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang:  Another stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in neighboring Jeongseon county:

Gangneung (coastal cluster).

The Gangneung Olympic Park, in the neighborhood of Gyo-dong in Gangneung city, includes four indoor sports venues, all in close proximity to one another.

The 2024 Winter Youth Olympics, officially known as the IV Winter Youth Olympic Games (; ) and commonly known as Gangwon 2024, will be the fourth edition of the Winter Youth Olympics, an international sports, education and cultural festival for teenagers, to be held between 19 January and 2 February 2024 in Gangwon, South Korea. The host city was announced at the 135th IOC Session on 10 January 2020 at the SwissTech Convention Center in Lausanne, Switzerland during the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics. This is the first Olympic event with the new bidding process. This will also be the first Winter Youth Olympic Games to be held outside of Europe.

Zimní olympijské hry mládeže 2024, oficiálně IV. zimní olympijské hry mládeže (), se budou konat ve jihokorejské provincii Kangwon. Slavnostní zahájení proběhne a zakončení se uskuteční během začátku roku 2024.


Cast.

Additionally, Gil Perez-Abraham, Charlie Carver, and Max Carver have been cast in undisclosed roles.

Production.

Development.

In August 2013, Ben Affleck was cast as Bruce Wayne / Batman in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), with plans to play the role in at least three films. He made his debut in "" (2016), and later appeared in "Suicide Squad" (2016) and "Justice League" (2017). In October 2014, Warner Bros. revealed plans for a standalone Batman film starring Affleck, and by July 2015, he was in negotiations to direct and co-write the screenplay with Geoff Johns. According to "Deadline Hollywood", Affleck and Johns were expected to turn in a draft by October 2015, and that production would begin after Affleck finished work on "Live by Night". The plot was to be set after the events of "Batman v Superman" and "Justice League"; Affleck stated that the film would feature a "mostly original" story that used elements of comic books for inspiration, like what director Zack Snyder did with "Batman v Superman". According to Robert Richardson, who was attached as cinematographer early in development, Affleck's script was set in Arkham Asylum and dealt with insanity.  Affleck and Johns finished the first draft in March 2016, with Johns implying that the film would explore the death of Robin which was hinted at in "Batman v Superman". At CinemaCon in April, Warner Bros. CEO Kevin Tsujihara confirmed the film was moving forward, with Affleck directing. In the following months, Jeremy Irons and Joe Manganiello were confirmed to appear—with Manganiello playing Deathstroke—and Jared Leto expressed interest in reprising his role as the Joker from "Suicide Squad". Affleck revealed the title of the film was "The Batman" in October, and in December he said filming was on track to begin in mid-2017 for a release date in 2018. That month, a planned "Justice League" sequel was delayed to accommodate "The Batman". However, in January 2017, Affleck said the film had no script and that he may end up not directing it. While Affleck reaffirmed his commitment to direct in an appearance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", by the end of the month he decided to step down; nonetheless, he stated he would still star and produce. By this point, Chris Terrio had turned in a rewrite of the script.  Affleck initially cited his intentions to step down as director were to focus more on starring as Batman, later acknowledging that after various attempts to get the script where he wanted it, it simply became "time to let someone else have a shot at it". Borys Kit of "The Hollywood Reporter" added that Affleck's film was "sidelined" after Warner Bros. began re-evaluating its approach to superhero films. Matt Ross, Ridley Scott, and Fede Álvarez were considered to replace Affleck, before Matt Reeves joined to direct and produce in February 2017, and production was delayed until 2018 so he could complete "War for the Planet of the Apes". By March, Reeves had begun working on a completely new script, and would not meet potential actors until at least July. Reeves stated in an interview that the film would feature "an almost-noir driven, detective version of Batman" emphasizing the heart and mind of the character and taking inspiration from Alfred Hitchcock. Reeves also reworked the story to focus on Batman earlier in his career as a vigilante, and said it would explore the detective aspect of the character to a greater extent than previous films. In August, Reeves said the film would still take place within the DCEU, but that "it wouldn't be filled with cameos servicing other stories". After Reeves began rewriting the script, Manganiello said he was unsure if Deathstroke would still appear.  In August 2018, Reeves appeared on a Television Critics Association panel and revealed many details about the film. He confirmed that "The Batman" would be an original, noir-driven story and not an origin story. He also revealed that the script was nearing completion and that the film's connections to the DCEU would be minimal but present. Reeves said that he was "working on getting our draft in the next couple of weeks and things are progressing," hoping to begin production in early-to-mid 2019. Reeves submitted his first draft to Warner Bros. the following month. Affleck's involvement was in doubt; Kim Masters of "The Hollywood Reporter" reported in July 2017 that Warner Bros. was looking to replace him. This was strengthened by further reports indicating that Reeves wanted a younger actor to play Batman. In August 2018, Affleck went to rehabilitation for alcohol abuse, casting further doubt that he would be reprising his role. In January 2019, Warner Bros. set a June 25, 2021 release date for "The Batman", and Affleck confirmed that he was departing. Affleck revealed in 2020 that he stepped down due to a combination of factors, including his divorce from Jennifer Garner, the tumultuous production of "Justice League", his personal lack of enjoyment in the role, and his alcohol problems. "I showed [my friend] the "Batman" script," he recalled. "They said, 'I think the script is good. I also think you'll drink yourself to death if you go through what you just went through again."

Pre-production.

By May 2019, Robert Pattinson, Nicholas Hoult, Armie Hammer, and Aaron Taylor-Johnson were on the shortlist to replace Affleck as Batman, Pattinson being the frontrunner. Reeves began to consider Pattinson early in development, but was unsure if he would want to take the part and did not contact him. Pattinson's avoidance of "big studio franchise films" meant he had not appeared in any of rival Marvel Studios' projects, something that made him desirable to Warner Bros. Hoult was the other major contender for the role. While Hoult had appeared in the Marvel Comics-based "X-Men" films, those did not take place in Marvel Studios' Marvel Cinematic Universe, and, as Kit noted, "Hoult spent large chunks of those movies unrecognizable" due to his makeup.  Reeves "spent hours poring over the two actors' work", and in April met with them both. By May 20, they were the only contenders, and both flew to Burbank, California for a screen test. Reeves, who "wanted very specific things" for the role, chose Pattinson, and on May 31 Pattinson was cast. News of Pattinson's casting leaked shortly before he screen-tested, with Pattinson recalling: "I was fucking furious. Everyone was so upset. Everyone was panicking from my team. I sort of thought that had blown up the whole thing." The casting was also met with backlash from Batman fans—with some setting up a Change.org petition to have it reversed—but Pattinson said he found responses "less vitriolic than I was expecting [...] it's much more fun when you're an underdog. There's no expectation of you."  Jeffrey Wright entered negotiations to play James Gordon in September, and Jonah Hill entered negotiations to play either the Riddler or the Penguin. In October, Wright was cast, but Hill exited negotiations. According to "Variety" Justin Kroll, Hill wanted to be paid $10 million—more than double the amount that Pattinson would make—while Kit wrote that Warner Bros. and Hill could not decide which role he would take. Additionally, Zoë Kravitz was cast as Selina Kyle / Catwoman (reprising her role from 2017's "The Lego Batman Movie") following a screen test with Pattinson; Ana de Armas, Ella Balinska, and Eiza González also auditioned for the role. Paul Dano was cast as the Riddler shortly afterward. In November, Andy Serkis, Colin Farrell, and John Turturro were cast as Alfred Pennyworth, the Penguin, and Carmine Falcone, respectively. Jayme Lawson also joined the cast as a politician, while Peter Sarsgaard was cast in December.

Filming.

Principal photography began in January 2020 in London, under the working title "Vengeance". Later in the month, Warner Bros. confirmed the main cast; Gil Perez-Abraham was revealed to have a role in February, as were Charlie and Max Carver in March. Greig Fraser is serving as cinematographer, reuniting with Reeves after they worked together on "Let Me In" (2010). Scenes at a cemetery were filmed at the Glasgow Necropolis in mid-February. In March, Warner Bros. decided to move production to Liverpool due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Unlike other studios with films in production, Warner Bros. did not plan to suspend shooting on "The Batman", but eventually did so for two weeks on March 14.  On March 25, Reeves announced that filming had been suspended indefinitely, with plans to resume once it was safe to do so. Shortly afterward, the production's dialect coach, Andrew Jack, died from COVID-19. "Variety" reported that production was unlikely to restart until around mid-May, and that the release date was expected to be delayed as a result. In April, Warner Bros. pushed the release date back until October 1, 2021. Reeves stated that around a quarter of the film had been shot prior to suspension and that he had been taking time to look over what had already been shot as well as thinking about "what's to come." Reeves said that he was not planning to perform script rewrites in the meantime, but was using the opportunity to explore the film's tone. On May 12, the British government gave the green light for high-end TV and film productions to resume shooting, as soon as employers put coronavirus safety measures in place.

Music.

In October 2019, Reeves announced that his frequent collaborator Michael Giacchino would be composing the film's score. Later that month, Giacchino confirmed that he had already finished writing the main theme because he was so excited to do so. In film production, the music is not written until later, but since Giacchino wrote the music early on, he and Reeves were able to use it in promotional materials. Giacchino said he "felt total freedom to do whatever I want. Matt always agreed, this is our Batman, this is our vision. In the same way that I always loved, what I still do about Batman comics and graphic novels is that each of these artists, each of these authors, they take their own crack at what they want this to be. It's their version of Batman."

Marketing.

On February 13, 2020, Reeves released "moody, red-saturated" test footage revealing Pattinson in his Batman costume and Giacchino's theme. The one-minute video generated a great deal of speculation and discussion of what approach the film would take in depicting Batman's world. Chris Evangelista of "/Film" thought Pattinson "looks much different than any onscreen Batman we’ve seen before", while Richard Newby of "The Hollywood Reporter" identified the Batsuit's various references to previous incarnations. Newby also noted that the bat emblem on the costume's chest bore a resemblance to a pistol, and wondered if it was the pistol used to kill Batman's parents in his origin story. The footage's use of the color red also led to discussion of how "The Batman" would differ tonally from previous Batman adaptations. On March 4, 2020, Reeves released an image of the film's Batmobile. Dino-Ray Ramos of "Deadline Hollywood" opined that it "seems sexier and more streamlined than Batmobiles from the past" and "gives off some serious James Bond-meets-"Fast and Furious" energy and seems right on point for Pattinson."

Release.

"The Batman" is scheduled to be released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on October 1, 2021. It was originally scheduled to be released on June 25, 2021, but was pushed back due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Future.

"The Batman" is intended to be the first of a Batman film trilogy. In November 2019, Kroll and Brent Lang of "Variety" reported that key cast members are signed on to reprise their roles in future DC films.

The Batman is an upcoming American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name. Produced by DC Films and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, it was developed as the eleventh film in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) and a reboot of the "Batman" film franchise. The film is directed by Matt Reeves, who wrote the screenplay with Mattson Tomlin. It stars Robert Pattinson as Bruce Wayne / Batman, with Zoë Kravitz, Paul Dano, Jeffrey Wright, John Turturro, Peter Sarsgaard, Jayme Lawson, Andy Serkis, and Colin Farrell rounding out the ensemble cast.

The Batman je připravovaný americký akční film z roku 2021 režiséra Matta Reevese, natočený na motivy komiksů z vydavatelství DC Comics o stejnojmenném superhrdinovi. V titulní roli se představí Robert Pattinson, v dalších rolích se objeví Jeffrey Wright, Zoë Kravitz, Paul Dano, Andy Serkis, Colin Farrell a John Turturro. Bude se jednat o reboot snímků o Batmanovi a celkově o desátý snímek filmové série DC Extended Universe.


Volby do Evropského parlamentu ve Francii 2019

Background.

Electoral system.

Starting from the 2004 elections, France was divided into eight large regional electoral constituencies for the purposes of European Parliament elections with members elected by proportional representation. The electoral system changed ahead of the 2019 election, with broad support in the French political class for a return to a national vote. On 29 November, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe announced that all parties consulted except for The Republicans supported returning to national lists, and confirmed the intention of the government to prepare a bill

Dates.

As the European elections are scheduled from 23 to 26 May 2019 and French votes are traditionally held on Sundays, the date of the 2019 European election in France

Number of seats.

On 23 January 2018, the European Parliament Committee on Constitutional Affairs adopted a proposal to reduce the size of the hemicycle from 751 to 705, splitting 27 former British seats between 14 underrepresented member states of which France was set to gain 5, increasing its representation from 74 to 79. On 7 February, the European Parliament voted 368 to 274 against the principle of reallocating British seats to transnational lists, though the idea's fate

Broadcast campaign.

The length of campaign clips for each list was determined by its declared support among national parliamentarians (senators, deputies, and MEPs), a change largely to the benefit of the governing majority at the expense of opposition parties.  From 15 April 2019, the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) ensured that all candidates receive a fair distribution of time in broadcast media, with the exact timing monitored by stations themselves and speaking time relayed every Monday until the elections. The campaign officially commenced on 13 May.

Televised debates.

Hamon appealed against his exclusion from the France 2 debate on 4 April on 27 March, questioning the choice not to invite him given the inclusion of other lead candidates; this came after the earlier non-invitation of Brossat and Lagarde. He was joined in his case by Philippot and Asselineau, with the Paris administrative court subsequently ordering France 2 to invite the three to its debate, judging France Télévisions's excuse that Hamon's views were sufficiently represented by the invitation of Glucksmann to have been insufficient.  France Télévisions contested this decision, and although the Conseil d'État ultimately ruled that France 2 was not obligated to invite the three, France 2 maintained its invitation out of courtesy. This first debate was watched by only 1.62 million viewers, representing an audience share of 9.8%.  On 9 April, just before the debate hosted by RFI and France 24, the RN announced Bardella would not participate in the debate, taking issue with its format and apparent lack of preparedness on the part of the hosts. As Mélenchon was

Other events.

On 23 September 2018, the national congress of the Association of Rural Mayors of France ("Association des maires ruraux de France", or AMRF) announced that they would refuse to directly transmit the results of the elections to the state on the night of the election to voice their discontent with the lack of attention given by the government

Outgoing delegation.

The table below shows the composition of the delegation of France to the European Parliament as of 3 May 2019. MEPs

Electoral lists.

Summary.

The table below is a summary

Lutte Ouvrière.

The leadership of the New Anticapitalist Party (NPA) initially voted in favor of a common list with Lutte Ouvrière (LO), with its national political council on 6 and 7 October 2018 voting 37–22 (with 5 abstentions and 10 non-participants) in favor of an alliance in the 2019 European elections; however, in November 2018, the parties acknowledged the failure

French Communist Party.

On 1 December 2017, Pierre Laurent, national secretary of the French Communist Party (PCF), stated that he wanted to gather "the strongest possible left group" for the 2019 European elections, launching an appeal to Jean-Luc Mélenchon of La France Insoumise and Benoît Hamon of Génération.s. The national council of the PCF on 30 and 31 March approved the principle of a "common platform" including various left-wing groups as well as members of civil society and intellectuals, postponing discussion of electoral strategy. On 3 June, Ian Brossat, deputy for housing to Socialist mayor of

La France Insoumise.

At the convention of his movement on 25 November 2017, Jean-Luc Mélenchon announced that La France Insoumise would present a list in 2019, considering the elections a "referendum on the European question" to "break the chains, exit the European budgetary treaties". The movement negotiating an alliance with the Spanish party Podemos and the Portuguese Left Bloc in Lisbon on 12 April 2018. At the national level, Mélenchon continued to refuse any alliance with either Hamon's movement or the French Communist Party (PCF). He announced on 11 March 2018 that he himself would not be

Génération.s.

On 21 January 2018, Benoît Hamon announced alongside former Greek finance minister Yanis Varoufakis of DiEM25 that Génération.s would contest the 2019 European elections. On 10 March, Hamon called for the creation of the "first pan-European transnational list" alongside Razem in Poland, The Alternative in Denmark, and LIVRE in Portugal, publishing a common manifesto in June.  Hamon sought to invite Élise Lucet, host of "Cash Investigation" on France 2, as a lead candidate, but was rebuffed. Audrey Pulvar was also contacted, but indicated that she was not interested, as was the case with Christiane Taubira. The movement communicated with the Greens and PCF, even if the possibility of an alliance between the three was unlikely, and Noël Mamère remained a possible "consensus candidate" in an alliance with the Greens, given his membership of both formations, but ruled out running on 25 June

Socialist Party, Place Publique, and Nouvelle Donne.

Early on, a number of PS heavyweights declined to lead the list, including Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, Pierre Moscovici, Stéphane Le Foll, Olivier Faure, Christiane Taubira, Paul Magnette, François Hollande, Bernard Cazeneuve, Ségolène Royal, Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, and Christian Eckert. Julien Dray declared his candidacy, and Emmanuel Maurel was also reportedly approached to lead the list, and did not rule out the possibility at the time. On 8 October, "Le Figaro" reported that outgoing MEP Éric Andrieu was a candidate to lead the PS list, as was, who announced her candidacy on 11 October. Gabrielle Siry,, and Sylvie Guillaume were also considered

Europe Ecology – The Greens.

On 27 February 2018, MEP Yannick Jadot stated that EELV would seek to present an independent list in 2019. Both Jadot and fellow MEP Michèle Rivasi opposed a rapprochement with Hamon like that in the 2017 presidential election. Among outgoing MEPs, José Bové, Eva Joly, and Pascal Durand did not intend to seek a third mandate. Durand, a supporter of Nicolas Hulot, was seen as open to working with La République En Marche!, as was Karima Delli, despite her denial of any such intentions, and on

La République En Marche and allies.

In March 2019, "Les Échos" reported that the choice of lead candidate was to be made internally between either health minister Agnès Buzyn or European affairs minister Nathalie Loiseau. Loiseau officially announced she would seek the nomination for lead candidate following her debate with Marine Le Pen on the set of "L'Émission politique" on 14 March, while "Les Échos" and "Le Parisien" later reported that Buzyn withdrew her name from consideration. Loiseau was officially designated as lead candidate on 26 March as the list of the first 30 candidates was unveiled. Alain Juppé was the subject of early speculation regarding his potential candidacy to lead the list, though confirmed on 19 March 2018 that he would not stand, and his appointment to the Constitutional Council precluded his participation

Union of Democrats and Independents.

On 15 December 2018, Lagarde launched the party's campaign at its extraordinary congress, hoping to gain the support of pro-European voters who were not necessarily in favor of Macron's ideas on Europe. The party is also seeking to gain support from LR voters disillusioned by the hard-right political line of Wauquiez. Former LR vice president Virginie Calmels as well as general Pierre de Villiers were approached as potential candidates. However, Calmels later denied she was contacted and ruled out

The Republicans.

On 18 November, "Le Journal du Dimanche" reported that LR leader Laurent Wauquiez was considering 33-year-old Catholic philosopher François-Xavier Bellamy as a candidate to lead the LR list in 2019, though his political inexperience and conservative profile initially raised concerns. Wauquiez decided to submit three names to the CNI on 29 January, naming not only Bellamy but Agnès Evren and Arnaud Danjean as top candidates for the list, balancing the various strands of the party, with Evren close to Valérie Pécresse and Danjean a committed pro-European close to Alain Juppé. On 29 January, the CNI validated the nominations of Bellamy, Evren, and Danjean with 38 out of 40 votes. Other potential list leaders included Laurent Wauquiez, who declined, Virginie Calmels, Damien Abad, Nadine Morano, Jean Leonetti, Arnaud Danjean, Luc Ferry, Brice Hortefeux, Pierre de Villiers, Éric Woerth, Christian Jacob, Geoffroy Didier, Philippe Juvin, Michel Dantin, and Arnaud Danjean, though Leonetti declined, Ferry was uninterested, and Dantin decided instead to seek another term as mayor of Chambéry in 2020. Pécresse, Rachida Dati, and Michel Barnier also declined to lead the LR list.  In an interview published on

Debout la France.

On 19 January 2018, Europe 1 revealed that Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, leader of Debout la France, appeared to close the door to an alliance with the National Rally (RN) while still appealing for a "union of patriots" that could yet include members of the National Rally. On 20 March, the National Centre of Independents and Peasants (CNIP) voted unanimously to join Dupont-Aignan's "The Lovers of France" ("Les Amoureux de la France"), a political formation including the Christian Democratic Party of Jean-Frédéric Poisson and mayor of Béziers Robert Ménard. On 31 May, the three figures of "The Lovers of France" presented a "common program" with president of the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group Ryszard Legutko in attendance, coinciding with the defection of FN MEP Bernard Monot to join DLF and the publication of an open letter from Le Pen inviting Dupont-Aignan to form a common list, which the latter subsequently rejected publicly. On 23 September, Dupont-Aignan officially announced that he intended to lead a "union list" of the right in the 2019 European elections, and DLF officially concluded its alliance with the ECR on 21 December.  RN MEP Sylvie Goddyn, who was expelled from the party

National Rally.

According to a report in "L'Obs" on 22 November 2018, Jordan Bardella, the 23-year-old head of the party's youth wing Génération Nation, was favored by Le Pen to lead the list. and on 7 January 2019, Louis Aliot confirmed that Bardella would lead the party's list in the European elections after being confirmed unanimously by the members of the RN's leadership. Two LR members, former minister Thierry Mariani and Jean-Paul Garraud, as well as economist Hervé Juvin, appeared on the party's list. In addition, André Rougé, who advised Le Pen during the presidential campaign and another ex-UMP member, employed in the mayoral office of Jacques Chirac until 1995, was also on the list. A number of other lead candidates were considered but did not ultimately run. On 1 December 2017, Nicolas Bay announced that Marine Le Pen would not lead the party's list in 2019. Juvin was also considered a possibility, and on 12 October 2018, Aliot confirmed said he would seek

The Patriots.

On 23 November 2017, Florian Philippot announced that his movement, The Patriots ("Les Patriotes"), would present candidates in the 2019 European elections, fighting for the French exit from the European Union. The party had three MEPs, including Sophie Montel and Mireille d'Ornano, though Montel quit the party on 5 July 2018. Philippot launched the party's campaign for the European elections with the publication of his book "Frexit", setting out his vision of Europe, in September 2018. Despite his hopes to build a cross-party list, his appeals to Henri Guaino, François Asselineau, and Jean Lassalle went unreciprocated. Lacking public financing, Philippot called for donations to help fund the party's campaign. As with other parties, the

Popular Republican Union.

On 18 November 2017, François Asselineau, founder of the Popular Republican Union (UPR), said at the party congress in Tours that

Gilets jaunes.

Present lists.

In a press release on 29 April, Francis Lalanne announced that he would present a list under the banner of "Alliance jaune" on 30 April, having allied with the abortive RIC list now led by Jérémy Clément, with a financial guarantee of 800,000 euros from Jean-Marc Governatori, co-secretary of the Independent Ecological Alliance (AEI) – allied with the Greens – in order to ensure the list would be able to contest the elections. The list was led by Lalanne, with Sophia Albert-Salmeron in second and Clément in third position. This effort began following the publication of an open letter signed by Lalanne and Governatori, co-secretary of the Independent Ecological Alliance (AEI), on 7 December 2018 supporting the principle of a "gilets jaunes" list. On 17 December, Lalanne announced the launch of the "Rassemblement gilet jaune citoyen" list, though was opposed by many gilets jaunes who felt that he did not represent them. According to "Le Figaro", Jean-François Barnaba was

Abortive lists.

On 4 December 2018, amid the gilets jaunes protests, Jean-François Barnaba announced that he intended to prepare a list of gilets jaunes to contest the European elections in 2019. On 10 December, Hayk Shahinyan announced that he would also attempt to constitute a list. Christophe Chalençon, one of the leaders of the "free" gilets jaunes, also supported the ambition of presenting a list in the European elections. Shahinyan's association, "Gilets Jaunes, le mouvement", was the best-organized group, with 85,000 euros and 14,000 members.  On 23 January, the group announced in a press release that they would present a list called "Ralliement d'initiative citoyenne" (RIC, or Citizens' Initiative Rally, referencing the acronym of the proposed referendum desired by many gilets jaunes) led by Ingrid Levavasseur, a 31-year old nurse assistant, and also revealed the first 10 names on the list, with the remaining spots open to applications. Shahinyan was chosen as campaign director. The announcement of a list provoked largely negative reactions among other gilets jaunes, many of whom were skeptical and considered them opportunists. Marc Doyer, eighth on the list, was revealed to have previously supported Macron, and withdrew from the list on 28 January. Shahinyan also stepped down as campaign director, citing doubts. On 31 January, Brigitte Lapeyronie, ex-UDI member and trade unionist, also announced that she would not stand as a candidate due to personal reasons. Barnaba, who hoped to lead his

Absent lists.

New Anticapitalist Party.

While the New Anticapitalist Party (NPA) initially sought to ally with Lutte Ouvrière (LO), with its national political council of 6 and 7 October 2018 approving of the principle of an alliance by a 37–22 vote (with 5 abstentions and 10 non-participants), talks broke down in November 2018. On 28 January, the NPA indicated that it would

Résistons!

In an interview published in "Valeurs actuelles" on 3 May 2018, former presidential candidate Jean Lassalle announced his intention to present a list under the banner of his movement Résistons! in the European elections, hoping to defend the "territories and rurality" from the "European supranationalism, globalization and hypercapitalism". He voted "no" in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty referendum as well as the 2005 referendum on the European Constitution and opposed the Treaty of Lisbon in 2008. He intended to create a list composed of local mayors, farmers, business executives, and professionals inadequately represented in politics. On 6 March 2019, Lassalle indicated he had about a "quarter" of the 800,000 to 1 million euros needed to finance the campaign, and ultimately announced on 11 April 2019 that he would not present a list in the European elections, lacking sufficient funding.

Other electoral lists.

On 23 November 2018, Delphine Batho of Ecology Generation confirmed that she intended to present a list, and on 18 March 2019, she confirmed alongside Antoine Waechter of the Independent Ecological Movement (MEI) that Dominique Bourg would lead their "Urgence Écologie" list, also supported by the Movement of Progressives (MdP), as well as a significant contingent of the Union of Democrats and Ecologists (UDE).  The Animalist Party presented a list in the elections led by Hélène Thouy, with several notable candidates including journalist Henry-Jean Servat and Sylvie Rocard, wife of the late former prime minister Michel Rocard, as well as backing from numerous film and television personalities, and former MEP Michèle Striffler in 11th position.  Other lists include the monarchist and anti-EU Alliance Royale list led by Robert de Prévoisin; "La ligne claire", a far-right identitarian list led by Renaud Camus, known for promoting the Great Replacement conspiracy theory, with Karim Ouchikh, president of Souveraineté, Identité et Libertés (SIEL), in third position; the list of the Pirate Party, a pro-transparency pirate party led by Florie Marie; "Démocratie

Election platforms.

The table below is a summary of

Results.

On 4 May 2019, the names of 33 official electoral lists, validated by the Ministry of the Interior, were published in the "Journal officiel de la République française", with their order determined by drawing lots. A 34th list entitled "Une Europe au service des peuples", representing the "Union des démocrates musulmans français" (Union of French Muslim Democrats, UDMF) led by Najib Azergui, was later validated by the Ministry of the Interior after an initial delay, due to a lack of written consent from several candidates on the list. In all, a total of 2,686 candidates were represented on these 34 lists, the number of which surpasses the previous record of 20 at the national level in the 1999 elections and the average of 24 lists per constituency in the 2014 elections. Lacking the financial means to do so, most minor electoral lists were unable to distribute ballot papers at every polling site, instead requiring voters to print their own ballots published online; others, like the Pirate Party, only printed a fraction of ballots for each polling station, with those in particularly favorable areas targeted for ballots, to cut costs. Due to the Article 50 extension granted to the United Kingdom, 79 MEPs will be considered to have been officially elected, but only 74 will initially take their seats, with 5 "virtual" MEPs to take their seats upon the departure of the UK from the EU.  Comparisons for 2019 results for Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV) are made with the combined score it received in 2014 of 8.95%, the Independent Ecological Alliance (AEI) with 1.12%, and Régions et Peuples Solidaires (R&PS) with 0.34% (representing 10.41% in total); for the Socialist Party (PS) common list including Place Publique and New Deal, with its score in 13.98% as well as that of New Deal with 2.90% (representing 16.88% in total); the score of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) is compared to his number of seats in The Alternative in 2014; and for the French Communist Party (PCF), his number of seats within the Left Front electoral alliance (including the Union for the Overseas).

Elected MEPs.

Five MEPs were formally considered to have been elected in the

Aftermath and analysis.

Turnout, up by 7.7 points compared to the previous European elections, was the highest since the 1994 elections. The results of the election were a confirmation of the establishment of the National Rally and La Republique En Marche as the two strongest political forces, between them leading in every single department. Although it fell relative to 2014, elevated turnout also meant the RN also attained a new record vote total in the European elections. Pre-election polls failed to capture both the rise of the Greens and abysmal result of The Republicans. Even if surveys in the closing weeks uniformly reflected an increase in estimated turnout, that alone did not explain the discrepancy between polls and the final result. Frédéric Dabi, deputy director general of the polling institute Ifop, admitted that pollsters missed the result, while Brice Teinturier, deputy managing director at Ipsos, suggested that the LR vote was more fragile than immediately visible, with their electorate less firm and many placing Loiseau's list as their second choice; the same was true for La Republique En Marche, with 17% of its backers then considering a vote for the Greens. Teinturier suggested that there had been a "double transfer" in votes in the closing weekend during the polling ban, with LR supporters moving Loiseau's list to prevent the RN from a first-place finish, the Greens depriving votes from the En Marche list, and a porous Socialist electorate compatible with both. Surveys indicated that nearly a quarter of voters made their choice only in the weekend before, with over half of EELV voters deciding within the last week alone, while retirees, who traditionally make up the LR vote, instead voted for the Renaissance list.  The results of the European elections in France were also viewed with interest for their potential implications in the upcoming municipal elections in 2020. In Paris, the Renaissance list came first with 33% of the vote, followed by the Greens with just under 20%, LR with a catastrophic score of just 10%, the Socialists on 8%, RN on 7%, and Mélenchon's France Insoumise on only 5%. Despite the overall vote share of the LREM list remaining relatively stable compared to Macron's result in 2017, the massive increase in support in the wealthier western arrondissements and decrease in support everywhere else in the city reflected the changing nature of its electoral base with the loss of its left flank. Even in Marseille, a stronghold of the right, the LR list received only 8% of the vote, whereas the National Rally led with just over 26% and the list backed by Mélenchon with just over 8% in his electoral fief.  In reaction to the results, the Élysée claimed that it perceived the outcome as a "disappointment", but "not a defeat", while pointing to EELV's strong showing as reflecting strong support for ecological issues which it had made central to the campaign, with no change in direction expected from the government. Interpretations of the RN's score were also qualified, described as a "victory but not a triumph", falling short of the 25% mark in late polls, matching its usual electoral results and marking a slight decrease from its share of the vote from 2014. Speaking after the RN's victory, Le Pen called for the immediate dissolution of the National Assembly after the "democratic rejection" of Macron with his list's second-place finish. For his part, Benoît Hamon decided to take time to reflect upon his next steps and to try to assist in uniting the left after his movement, Génération.s, fell short and failed to secure any seats. Despite implicit pressure on him to step down after overseeing the worst result for the right in its history, Laurent Wauquiez initially sought to remain at the helm of The Republicans, proposing an "Estates General" to update the party's strategy and propositions. The results were also a major disappointment for Mélenchon's France Insoumise with a score just over 6%, only narrowly ahead of the PS/Place Publique list, cut in third compared to the 2017 presidential election; like LR, it was also potentially a victim of tactical voting, potentially due to a strategic failure in framing the election as an anti-Macron referendum. Wauquiez ultimately announced his resignation as president of The Republicans a week later, on 2 June.

The 2019 European Parliament election in France were held on 26 May 2019 (and on 25 May in parts of overseas France and for some nationals abroad), electing members of the 9th French delegation to the European Parliament as part of the elections held across the European Union. The election featured two major changes since the 2014 election: the return to a single national constituency and the increase in the number of French seats from 74 to 79 upon the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Officially, 79 MEPs were considered to have been elected, including five "virtual" MEPs who will not take their seats until the UK formally leaves the EU. The election featured 34 separate electoral lists, a record number at the national level.

Volby do Evropského parlamentu 2019 ve Francii proběhly 25. a 26. května 2019 v rámci celoevropských voleb do Evropského parlamentu (první den však hlasovaly pouze zámořské departmenty). Kvůli plánovanému odchodu Velké Británie z EU bylo zvoleno 79 poslanců (o pět více než v roce 2014)– pět z nich ovšem nenastoupí do úřadu, dokud Velká Británie skutečně neopustí EU.