Background.

Noel Gallagher first confirmed that he was working on a follow-up to 2011's "Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds" in August 2013 during an interview on sports radio station Talksport, stating: "I've got tons of songs left over from the last one. I'm writing, putting stuff together. Yeah, I'll definitely make another [album], that's for sure". In October he revealed that he was ready to start recording the album, explaining that he was "just waiting now for availabilities of my band and producers" in order to begin.  In February 2014, former Oasis producer Mark Coyle revealed that Gallagher had written between 50 and 60 songs for the new album, which he was in the process of "whittling down into an album". Talking about the songs, he claimed that "Noel's new album is fucking great", comparing it in style to Oasis album "Definitely Maybe" (1994), and describing it as "seismic".  Gallagher officially announced "Chasing Yesterday" on 13 October 2014 at a question-and-answer event hosted by Facebook in London, revealing the album's title, release date, track listing, supporting UK tour, and first two singles.

Recording and production.

Gallagher's regular producer Dave Sardy was unavailable to work on "Chasing Yesterday", so the album was self-produced by the High Flying Birds frontman, who stated that he "enjoyed the freedom of [producing the album] but not the responsibility".  Lead single "In the Heat of the Moment" was the final song recorded for the album. "Chasing Yesterday" was completed by July 2014, but due to touring commitments and the reissues of Oasis albums it was held for release for several months, with Gallagher proclaiming that the wait was "beginning to do [his] head in".  Former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr performed on the album's second single, "Ballad of the Mighty I". Speaking about the collaboration during the initial announcement of the album, Gallagher stated that "He's a very enthusiastic artist and I tried to get him to play on 'What a Life'... He's a truly great guitarist and he has something that nobody else has. He's amazing, a top man." Gallagher has claimed that Marr arrived to record his part for the track without having heard a demo, and that his contribution helped make the song "one of the best" he'd ever written.

Promotion and release.

The first music video from the album, for lead single "In the Heat of the Moment", was released on 23 October 2014. The song was released as the first single from the album on 17 November, and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 26. A music video was also released for the single's B-side, "Do the Damage", the following month. "Ballad of the Mighty I" was released as the second single and third music video from the album, including "Revolution Song", as its B-side the following year. The third single to be released was "Riverman" in May 2015, containing the new song "Leave My Guitar Alone". The fourth single to be released is "Lock All The Doors" and was available on 7" vinyl from 28 August 2015 and was be backed with brand new song "Here's a Candle (for Your Birthday Cake)". Finally, the fifth single to be released from the album was “The Dying Of The Light”, only available in certain regions on 7” vinyl from 11 December 2015 and contained a demo version of the song; “The Girl With X-Ray Eyes”, previously featured on the album itself.  The first concert tour in promotion of "Chasing Yesterday" was detailed during the initial announcement of the album in October 2014, with six shows confirmed in the UK and Ireland between 3 and 10 March 2015, all of which sold out in minutes. The shows saw Gallagher and the band accompanied by a choir and a horn section, and featured setlists including songs from former band Oasis, and both High Flying Birds albums. A North American tour was also scheduled for May and June 2015.

Title.

The title of "Chasing Yesterday" was revealed during the album's official announcement on 13 October 2014. Speaking during the announcement, Gallagher claimed that he "literally came up with it [a week earlier]", adding that "if [he] could change it [he] would change it".  The title "Chasing Yesterday" appears in the lyrics to the track "While the Song Remains the Same."

Composition.

Speaking about "Chasing Yesterday" in January 2015, Gallagher revealed that opening track "Riverman" is his favourite track on the album, and one of his favourite tracks he's written. He also spoke about "The Right Stuff", comparing the style of the song to that of Queens of the Stone Age, The Rolling Stones and T. Rex.  Gallagher told "NME" that "On the original running order 'The Mexican' wasn't on the album, but I felt it needed something there to lighten the mood a bit".

Critical reception.

"Chasing Yesterday" received positive reviews from music critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 68 based on 26 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  "Rolling Stone" gave a positive review stating, "The greater appeal of Chasing Yesterday is in the way Gallagher, 47, now does reflection, loss and persistent optimism, leavening his usual power chords and pub-choir-ready choruses with a dusky, psychedelic churn that exposes the long, hidden thread running from early-Seventies Traffic to The Stone Roses." "Mojo" gave the album a 4/5 rating writing that, "While it may appear to arrive under a typically vague or clanging banner in the tradition of "Dig Out Your Soul" or "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants", Chasing Yesterday is the most fittingly titled album to bear Noel Gallagher's name. The 47-year-old is in reflective lyrical mode, revealing his view from middle age, trying to find peace with the past, or (textbook mid-life crisis material) searching for a spectral, unattainable female."  "NME" awarded the album a score of 7/10 and commended Gallagher for blending his typical style with new influences "what do we expect from Noel Gallagher? Too much, probably, like all the other '90s Britrock titans who've never been adequately replaced. 'Chasing Yesterday' has its flaws, but they're far outnumbered by moments where it succeeds in catching up with its titular quarry. The past will never be a foreign country to Noel Gallagher, but from this vantage point, tomorrow is looking pretty rosy." Helen Brown, writing for "The Telegraph" gave "Chasing Yesterday" a score of 3/5 concluding "The USP of this record is its warmer, looser atmosphere. Songs begin with little studio scuffles, exhalations and murmurs. Then, in the middle there's an unexpectedly trippy little chill out number called The Right Stuff with a bassline that oozes with the retro-gloop of a lava lamp. Nice for Gallagher to stop chasing after yesterday for a while and just enjoy remembering it."  "Chasing Yesterday" won 'Best Album' at the 2015 Q Awards.

Chasing Yesterday is the second studio album by the English rock band Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds. Written and produced by eponymous frontman Noel Gallagher, the album was recorded from 2012 to 2014 at Strangeways and Abbey Road Studios in London. It was released on 2nd March 2015 by Gallagher's record label Sour Mash Records, preceded by the singles "In the Heat of the Moment" and "Ballad of the Mighty I". "Chasing Yesterday" topped the UK Albums Chart in its first week of release.

Chasing Yesterday je druhé studiové album anglické rockové skupiny Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, které bylo vydáno 2. března 2015. Singl „In the Heat of the Moment“ vyšel 17. listopadu 2014 a „Ballad of the Mighty I“ 13. ledna 2015.


Club career.

Aleksandrs Koļinko was born in Riga and started his career in 1994, playing for Skonto Riga reserve team Interskonto, which was renamed Skonto-Metāls in 1995. After two seasons in the reserve team Koļinko broke through to Skonto Riga first team in 1996. In 1997 Koļinko participated in the UEFA Champions League qualification match against FC Barcelona, but eventually he became a first eleven player just in 1999, after the retirement of Oļegs Karavajevs.  Koļinko, a goalkeeper, made his name in the football world during a spell at English club Crystal Palace, where his appearances were limited due to his inconsistent form. He joined the club in 2000 alongside his international teammate Andrejs Rubins. He could make brilliant saves one moment, but terrible blunders the next. Reportedly, he was disciplined by the club after, while on the substitutes' bench, he was accused of laughing at a goal his own team had conceded and punched in the face by manager Trevor Francis. Francis was later fined by the club and the Football Association for his actions.  In 2003 Koļinko was released by Crystal Palace and he joined the Russian Premier League club FC Rostov. Playing there for two seasons, Koļinko showed good performance and transferred to Rubin Kazan in January 2005. At that time he was certainly one of the best goalkeepers in the Russian Premier League. In 2006 Koļinko was named Latvian Footballer of the Year. He was dismissed from Kazan for an unexplained reason before the 2008 season, playing there for 2 years. After his release, Koļinko joined the Latvian Higher League club JFK Olimps, but after just playing 6 matches he left the club, following the interest from several clubs abroad.  In May 2009 he signed a contract for 30 days with Dinamo București. At the end of the season the board announced he would not be offered a new contract. In August 2008 he went on trial with Notts County in England, but didn't stay with the club. In the summer transfer period he signed a contract with the Latvian Higher League club FK Ventspils. In December 2009 he extended his contract with Ventspils for another year. Despite this fact, he was linked with a move to the Russian club FC Sibir Novosibirsk but just after a few days it was announced that he would not go on trial with the team.  In August 2010 Koļinko joined the Russian Premier League club PFC Spartak Nalchik on trial and signed a one-year contract with them on 26 August 2010. He played 8 matches there battling with Otto Fredrikson for the first keeper's role. Despite earning the number 1 role and playing some really good matches, after the season he was released. In February 2011 Koļinko joined the Russian National Football League club Baltika Kaliningrad, signing a contract for one and a half season. His contract was then extended till the end of the 2014–15 Russian National Football League season.  In June 2015 Koļinko returned to the Latvian Higher League, joining Spartaks Jūrmala prior to their Europa League debut. He made his debut as Spartaks beat Mladost Podgorica 3–1 in the first round of the tournament. Koļinko made his Latvian Higher League come-back on 12 July 2015 in a 2–1 loss to Skonto FC.

International career.

Koļinko earned 94 caps for the Latvia national football team, having made his international debut against Estonia on 9 July 1997 at the age of 22. He became the first-choice keeper in 1999 after the retirement of Oļegs Karavajevs. Koļinko was Latvia's first-choice keeper for almost ten years. He was the starting goalkeeper for Latvia at Euro 2004, playing 90 minutes in all matches and keeping a clean sheet against Germany in the second match of the group stages. From 2011 to 2013 Koļinko was temporarily excluded from the national squad with Andris Vaņins filling the first keeper's spot and Deniss Romanovs, Pāvels Doroševs or Germans Māliņš serving as the back-up choice. On 10 September 2013, at the age of 38, Koļinko made his national team comeback, playing a full match away in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Greece. He made a handful of great saves, conceding one goal to the locals. Koļinko played his second international match since returning to the national team on 15 October 2013, helping Latvia secure a point in the last match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, playing a 2–2 draw against Slovakia. All in all Koļinko played 94 international matches for Latvia over the period from 1997 to 2015. He played his last international match on 31 March 2015, as Latvia drew 1–1 against Ukraine in a friendly match.

Coaching career.

In July 2015 Koļinko was appointed as the manager of Spartaks Jūrmala after the departure of Roman Pylypchuk. Failing to impress, he was replaced by Oleg Kubarev in December 2015. Koļinko remained at the club, working as the assistant manager and goalkeeping coach of the first team. In 2017 Koļinko became the goalkeeping coach of the Belarusian Premier League club Shakhtyor Soligorsk. Before the start of the 2018 Latvian Higher League season he returned to Latvia, becoming the goalkeeping coach and assistant manager of FK RFS.

Aleksandrs Vlādimirovich Koļinko (also written as Koliņko, born 18 June 1975) is a retired Latvian professional footballer, currently the assistant manager and goalkeeping coach of Latvian Higher League club FK RFS.

Aleksandrs Koļinko (* 18. června 1975, Riga, Lotyšská SSR, SSSR) je lotyšský fotbalový brankář a reprezentant, momentálně hráč lotyšského klubu FK Spartaks Jūrmala. Mimo Lotyšsko působil v Rusku, Rumunsku a Anglii. Dlouholetá brankářská jednička lotyšského národního týmu. Zúčastnil se EURA 2004 v Portugalsku.


Early life.

Jonathan Miles was born in Cleveland, Ohio; his family moved to Phoenix, Arizona, but Miles ran away when he was 17, moving to Oxford, Mississippi, eventually attending the University of Mississippi and taking a writing class with Barry Hannah. Finding work as a newspaper reporter and aspiring jazz musician, Miles met novelist Larry Brown. The two became friends, and while Miles didn't graduate "Ole Miss", Brown taught and encouraged Miles to write: "It was an astonishing education. Some people go to the Iowa Writer's Workshop. I had Larry."

Literary career.

While Miles never studied journalism in college, his work soon found publication in a local literary magazine, the "Oxford American", and he continued to contribute essays and critique for several years. A friend suggested Miles apply as a reporter for "The Oxford Eagle", and while the pay wasn't good, being forced to churn out daily copy gradually improved his ability to write more dispassionately about complex and emotional subjects. Miles claims he was fired by the paper years later for writing an obituary about a subject who had admitted regularly providing bootlegged liquor to noted Oxford resident William Faulkner and correctly reporting the fact.  Fortunately, Miles's writing caught the eye of "Esquire" editor Will Blythe, who published an account Miles wrote of an ingenious prison escape he'd investigated while writing for the Oxford paper. Miles soon developed a reputation as a keen observer of Mississippi culture, selling essays to "Food & Wine", "Men's Journal" and "The New York Times Magazine". He credits his early literary voice to his time in Oxford, Mississippi, but when "Men's Journal" offered him an annual contract Miles was already driving a moving van toward New York City in search of such an opportunity.  Miles's novel "Dear American Airlines" received the following honors:

Jonathan Miles (born January 28, 1971) is an American journalist and novelist. His debut novel, "Dear American Airlines", was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2008. The novel, written in the form of a complaint letter to the titular airline, was reviewed by Richard Russo in "The New York Times Book Review". His second novel, "Want Not", was published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2013.

Jonathan Miles (* leden 1971 Cleveland, Ohio) je americký novinář a spisovatel. Jeho první kniha, "Dear American Airlines", vyšla v roce 2008 v nakladatelství Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.


Career.

Playing career.

Bayern Munich.

Born in Munich, Babbel's first professional club was Bayern Munich. He advanced from the youth squad to the first team and was a starting player eight times, and made four appearances as a substitute in league games.

Hamburger SV and return to Bayern Munich.

He moved to Hamburger SV in August 1992 and appeared regularly in the first team, scoring his first league goal in Germany's top-flight. Returning to Bayern Munich in 1994, he started in 167 games, and attracted the attention of Manchester United following UEFA Euro 1996. A £5 million deal was put in place for the German full back, but it never went through. He was signed on a Bosman by Liverpool F.C. manager Gérard Houllier in June 2000, forming part of the back four during Liverpool's successful 2000–01 season.

Liverpool.

He was an integral member of Liverpool's side and his characteristic raiding runs down the right side led to a number of goals, including one in the UEFA Cup final itself. His Liverpool career was forced to a sudden halt when he contracted Guillain–Barré syndrome and was unable to play for a year.

Blackburn Rovers.

He went on loan to Blackburn Rovers in August 2003 after having recovered from Guillain–Barré syndrome, achieving regular first team appearances in the league and scoring three goals in the process.

VfB Stuttgart.

Babbel's last club was VfB Stuttgart, which he joined on a free transfer in July 2004.  In January 2007, Babbel announced that he would retire at the end of the 2006–07 season.

German National Team.

He was capped 51 times, scoring one goal for Germany and was part of the Euro 96 winning team. Babbel also played for his country at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and Euro 2000.

Coaching career.

2007–12: Early career.

Following his retirement from football, Babbel stayed on with his last club, VfB Stuttgart, as an assistant manager.  On 24 November 2008, Babbel became head coach of VfB Stuttgart. Upon Babbel's arrival, VfB Stuttgart were 11th in the table after 14 games. Babbel's first match was a 1–1 draw against Sampdoria on 27 November 2008. They finished the season in third place, five points off league winners VfL Wolfsburg and qualifying for the Champions League. On 6 May 2009, Babbel extended his contract with VfB Stuttgart until the summer of 2011, however, on 6 December 2009 VfB Stuttgart and Babbel parted ways. His final match was a 1–1 draw against VfL Bochum on 5 December 2009. At the time of Babbel's sacking, VfB Stuttgart were in 16th place after 15 games played. Babbel finished with a record of 21 wins, 15 draws, and 14 losses. Under Babbel, VfB Stuttgart finished second in their Champions League group and qualified for the round of 16.  Babbel took over Hertha BSC in the 2nd division in July 2010. His first match was a 2–0 German Cup win. In his first season, he succeeded in returning them to the Bundesliga after winning the 2. Bundesliga during the 2010–11 season. On 18 December 2011, Babbel was sacked as coach of Hertha BSC. Prior to this, he had announced that he wanted to leave the club at the end of the season. His final match was a 1–1 draw against 1899 Hoffenheim on 17 December 2011. Hertha BSC were in 11th place at the time of the sacking. Babbel finished with a record of 30 wins, 13 draws, and 12 losses.  On 10 February 2012, Babbel took over as manager of 1899 Hoffenheim. 1899 Hoffenheim were in eighth place when Babbel took over. His first match was a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen. 1899 Hoffenheim finished the season in 11th place. On 3 December 2012 he was released because of poor results, with the team in 16th place in the Bundesliga. Babbel's final match was a 4–1 loss to Werder Bremen. Babbel finished with a record of seven wins, eight draws, and 15 losses.

2014–2018: FC Luzern.

Babbel became the new head coach of Luzern on 12 October 2014, following the sacking of Carlos Bernegger who failed to win a single league game in 2014–15 season. His first match was a 0–0 draw against Vaduz on 19 October 2014. Luzern finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place.  The 2015–16 season started off with a 2–2 draw against Sion on 18 July 2015. During the 2015–16 season, Luzern got to semi-final of the Swiss Cup and finished 3rd in the league.  The 2016–17 season starts with six matches between 23 July 2016 and 7 August 2016. Luzern won the opening match of the season 2–1 against Lugano on 23 July 2016.

2018: Western Sydney Wanderers.

On 19 May 2018, Babbel was appointed as manager of Western Sydney Wanderers FC in the A-League. The 2018–19 A-League season saw the Wanderers finish eighth out of ten teams, winning only six games, drawing six and losing 15. In the 2019-20 season, after a bright start including a 1-0 win over Sydney FC in the first Sydney Derby at the new Western Sydney Stadium, the team collapsed with just 1 win and only 2 draws in the next 11 games, dropping from first place after 3 rounds to 9th place (out of 11) after 14 matches. Babbel was sacked by the Wanderers on Monday, 20 January 2020 with his assistant coach named as interim replacement.

Honours.

As a player.

Bayern Munich  Liverpool  VfB Stuttgart  International

As a coach.

Hertha BSC

Markus Babbel (; born 8 September 1972) is a former international German football player and coach who last managed the Western Sydney Wanderers FC. He played as a defender for clubs in Germany and England. Babbel won the UEFA Cup twice, in 1996 with Bayern and in 2001 with Liverpool.

Markus Babbel (* 8. září 1972, Mnichov) je bývalý německý fotbalista. Nastupoval na postu obránce. S německou reprezentací získal zlatou medaili na mistrovství Evropy 1996. Hrál též na mistrovství světa ve Francii 1998 a Euru 2000. Celkem za národní tým odehrál 51 utkání, v nichž vstřelil 1 gól.


History.

The U20 team is the de facto under-19 of the previous year, and it acts mainly as a feeder team for the U21s and provides further international development for youth players. The team qualified for its only official match, FIFA U-20 World Cup, depends on U19 result.  Under-20 national team of Croatia was formed in 1994. First match was played against team of Austrian region Styria, and first match against FIFA member was against Italy on 8 February 1995.  Croatia managed to qualify for 1999 FIFA U-20 World Cup. That was second appearance from Croatian football team on FIFA competition, after A-team appeared on FIFA World Cup in France in 1998. They passed the group, and then lost to Brazil by 4-0 in Round of 16.  On 24 July 2010, after trashing Portugal 5-0 in 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship group game, Croatia qualified to semi-final and also secured spot in 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia.  Another good performance by U19 team at 2012 championship saw Croatia qualifying for the World Cup, this time to be held in Turkey in 2013.

Competitive record.

Croatian under-20 team played most of its matches competing in regional cup called Mirop Cup, also known as Cup Alpe-Adria, with teams of Slovenia, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia and teams of some Austrian and Hungarian regions. Croatia won that cup three times in a row, in 1994, 1995 and 1996, and bever after.

Previous squads.

FIFA U-20 World Cu

The Croatia national under-20 football team is the national under-20 football team of Croatia and is controlled by the Croatian Football Federation, the governing body for football in Croatia.

Chorvatská fotbalová reprezentace do 20 let reprezentuje Chorvatsko na mezinárodních turnajích, jako je Mistrovství světa ve fotbale hráčů do 20 let.


History.

According to late traditions, Saint Clarus (Saint Clair), first Bishop of Nantes, was a disciple of Saint Peter. De la Borderie, however, has shown that the ritual of the Church of Nantes, drawn up by Helius the precentor in 1263, ignores the apostolic mission of Saint Clarus, and also that Saint Peter's nail in Nantes Cathedral was not brought there by Saint Clarus, but at a time subsequent to the invasions of the Northmen in the 10th century. He showed further that Saint Felix, writing with six other bishops in 567 to Saint Radegund, attributed to Saint Martin of Vertou the chief role in the conversion of the Nantais to Christianity, and that the traditions concerning the mission of Saint Clarus are later than 1400.  The earliest list of the bishops of Nantes (made, according to Louis Duchesne, at the beginning of the 10th century) does not favour the thesis of a bishop of Nantes prior to Constantine I. The author of the "Passion" of the Nantes martyrs, Saints Donatian and Rogatian, places their death in the reign of Constantius Chlorus, and seems to believe that Rogatian could not be baptized, because the bishop was absent. Duchesne believes that the two saints suffered at an earlier date, and disputes the inference of the ancient writer concerning the absence of the bishop. He believes that the first bishop of Nantes, whose date is certain, is Desiderius (453), correspondent of Sulpicius Severus and St. Paulinus of Nola. Several bishops, it is true, occupied the see before him, among others Saint Clarus and Saint Similianus, but their dates are uncertain. Duchesne considers as legendary the Saint Aemilianus supposed to have been Bishop of Nantes in Charlemagne's reign and to have fought the Saracens in Burgundy.  Among the noteworthy bishops are: Saint Felix (550-83), whose municipal improvements at Nantes were praised in the poems of Venantius Fortunatus, and who often mediated between the people of Brittany and the Frankish kings; Saint Pacharius (end of 7th century); Saint Gohard (Gohardus), martyred by the Northmen in 843, with the monks of the monastery of Aindre; Actardus (843–871), during whose time the Breton prince Nominoe, in his conflict with the metropolitan see of Tours, created a see at Guérande, in favour of an ecclesiastic of Vannes, in the heart of the Diocese of Nantes; the preacher Cospeau (1621–36).  The diocese venerates: the monk Saint Hervé (6th century); the hermits Saint Friard and Saint Secondel of Besné (6th century); Saint Victor, hermit at Cambon (6th or 7th century); the English hermit Saint Viaud (7th or 8th century); the Greek Saint Benoît, Abbot of Masserac in Charlemagne's time; Saint Martin of Vertou (d. 601), apostle of the Herbauges district and founder of the Benedictine Vertou Abbey; Saint Hermeland, sent by Lambert, Abbot of Fontenelle, at the end of the 7th century to found on an island in the Loire the great monastery of Aindre (now Indret); the celebrated missionary Saint Amand, Bishop of Maastricht (7th century), a native of the district of Herbauges.  Blessed Françoise d'Amboise (1427–85), who became Duchess of Brittany in 1450, had a great share in the canonization of Saint Vincent Ferrer, rebuilt the choir of the collegiate church of Notre-Dame, and founded at Nantes the monastery of the Poor Clares. Widowed in 1457, she resisted the intrigues of Louis XI, who urged her to contract a second marriage, and in 1468 became a Carmelite nun at Vannes. In 1477, at the request of Sixtus IV, she restored the Benedictine monastery of Couëts, near Nantes. The philosopher Abelard was a native of the diocese. The Abbey of La Meilleraye, founded in 1132, was the beginning of an establishment of Trappist Fathers, who played a part in the agricultural development of the country. The crusades were preached at Nantes by Blessed Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevrault. Charles of Blois won Nantes from his rival Jean de Montfort in 1341. On 8 August 1499, Louis XII married Anne of Brittany at Nantes.  Chateaubriant, a town of the diocese, was a Calvinist centre in the 16th century. The Edict of Nantes (1595), which granted Protestants religious freedom and certain political prerogatives.  In 1665, by order of Louis XIV, Cardinal de Retz was imprisoned in the castle of Nantes, from which he contrived to escape. A college was created at Nantes in 1680 for the education of Irish ecclesiastics. Certain regions of the diocese were, during the Revolution, the scene of the War of La Vendée, waged in defence of religious freedom and to restore royalty. At Savenay in December, 1793, succumbed the remains of the Vendean army, already defeated in the battle of Cholet. The atrocities committed at Nantes by the Terrorist Carrier are well-known.  Four councils were held at Nantes, in 600, 1127, 1264, and 1431. The mausoleum of Francis II, Duke of Brittany, executed in 1507 by Michel Colomb, is one of the finest monuments of the Renaissance. The chief places of pilgrimage of the diocese are: Notre-Dame de Bon Garant at Orvault, a very old pilgrimage, repeatedly made by Francis II, Duke of Brittany; Notre-Dame de Bon Secours at Nantes, a pilgrimage centre which dates back to the 14th century ; Notre-Dame de Toutes Aides. Notre-Dame de Miséricorde became a place of pilgrimage in 1026 in memory of the miracle by which the country is said to have been freed from a dragon; the present seat of the pilgrimage is the Church of St. Similien at Nantes.  The Ursulines, founded by Saint Angela Merici, were established at Nantes in 1640. Among the congregations for women originating in the diocese are: the Sisters of Christian Instruction, a teaching order founded in 1820 at Beignon (Diocese of Vannes) by Abbé Deshayes, of which the mother-house was transferred to St-Gildas des Bois in 1828; Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, a teaching and nursing order, founded in 1853 (mother-house at La Haye Mahéas); Franciscan Sisters, founded in 1871 (mother-house at St-Philbert de Grandlieu); Oblate Franciscan Sisters of the Heart of Jesus, founded in 1875 by Sophie Victorine de Gazeau (mother-house at Nantes).

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Nantes (Latin: "Dioecesis Nannetensis"; French: "Diocèse de Nantes") is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in Nantes, France. The diocese consists of the department of Loire-Atlantique. It has existed since the 4th century. It is now suffragan of the Archdiocese of Rennes, Dol, and Saint-Malo, having previously been suffragan to the Archdiocese of Tours. Its see is Nantes Cathedral in the city of Nantes.

Diecéze nanteská (lat. "Dioecesis Nannetensis", franc. "Diocèse de Nantes") je francouzská římskokatolická diecéze. Leží na území departementu Loire-Atlantique, jehož hranice přesně kopíruje. Sídlo biskupství i katedrála Katedrála svatého Petra a Pavla se nachází v Nantes. Diecéze nanteská je součástí církevní provincie Rennes.


Personal life.

Kokkinakis was born in Adelaide to Greek immigrant parents, Trevor (Tryfon) from Kalamata, Greece and Voula (Paraskevi) from Tripoli, Greece. Kokkinakis also has Greek citizenship. He is a citizen of Perivolakia Pylos. His tennis idol growing up was Marat Safin.

Junior career.

As a junior, Kokkinakis had a breakthrough when in March 2008 he won the 12 year old National Lawn Tennis tournament in Mildura beating Joshua Bray 6–1, 6–2 in the final. This was a big stepping stone after being beaten in the previous 12 year old National Hardcourt Tennis Tournament in January 2008 by Lochlan Greene in straight sets in the round of 16. This tournament was won by Nick Kyrgios. In 2009, Kokkinakis was selected with fellow Australian tennis representatives James Ma, Li Tu and Daniel Talens, on a Tennis Australian European tour. He has repeatedly said that this tour changed the course of his career.  Kokkinakis received a wildcard into the 2013 Australian Open juniors tournament and eventually reached the final taking down the 12th, 2nd and 11th seeds on his way. In the final he faced fellow Australian Nick Kyrgios. After having two set points in the first set he eventually lost 7–6, 6–3.  In June, he returned to competitive play at Wimbledon, and made the third round in the boys' singles and won the boys' doubles with Nick Kyrgios.  Kokkinakis lost the final of US Open Boys' Singles, losing in three sets against Borna Ćorić, 6–3, 3–6, 1–6. Following the result, Kokkinakis reached a career high junior ranking of 10.  Despite still being eligible, Kokkinakis elected not to play junior events in 2014 and instead focused on the men's tour.

Professional career.

2011–2013: Professional tour debut.

Kokkinakis began his professional career in 2011 at the Australia F3 Future's event at the age of 14 where he lost 6–8 in the third set tiebreak to Leon Frost. He recorded his first professional win the following week against Kento Takeuchi at the Australia F4 event. He then lost in the second round to Michael Venus.  In 2012, after playing Futures events in Australia, Slovenia, Germany and the Netherlands, Kokkinakis equaled his best result of the year by reaching the semifinals of the Belgium F4 event. He then returned to play Futures in Australia where he reached back to back quarterfinals in the F5 and F6 events, losing to Luke Saville both times. He finished the year by reaching the semifinals at the Australia F12 event where he lost to Ben Mitchell.  He began 2013 by filling-in on the United States and German teams during the 2013 Hopman Cup as a replacement for injured John Isner and Tommy Haas. Kokkinakis competed in the qualifying competition of the 2013 Australian Open, losing to Steve Johnson 15–17 in the third set. Kokkinakis sustained a stress fracture in his back in the Australian Open boys' final which kept him out of competition until mid 2013. He then returned to competition playing Futures tournaments in the Czech Republic, Canada and the United States with the highlight being a quarterfinal of the Canada F5 event. In September and October, Kokkinakis competed in two Challenger events in the United States. The first was the 2013 Napa Valley Challenger where he qualified and reached the second round, going down to Bradley Klahn despite leading by a set. Then in the 2013 Sacramento Challenger he qualified and made the second round. He again lost despite leading by a set against Nick Kyrgios. As a result of this, his ranking increased to a career best of number 655. In October, Kokkinakis paired up with Benjamin Mitchell and won the Melbourne Challenger defeating Alex Bolt and Andrew Whittington in the final in straight sets. This increased his doubles ranking by 453 places, which put him up to a career high of number 505. He also reached the second round in the singles. He looked like he would cause a big upset after taking the first set against Matt Ebden before losing the next two sets. He finished his year at the 2013 Traralgon Challenger where he lost in the second round to James Duckworth in straight sets.  Despite missing half of the year due to injury, Kokkinakis finished 2013 with a ranking of number 627.

2014: Breakthrough to top 200.

Kokkinakis began 2014 in qualifying at the 2014 Brisbane International after receiving a wildcard. He qualified and drew fellow Australian and eventual tournament champion Lleyton Hewitt in round one where he went down in straight sets. On 8 January, Kokkinakis was awarded a wild card into the 2014 Australian Open. He defeated Igor Sijsling in the first round in four sets despite suffering from cramp. He was defeated in the second round by top seed and world number one Rafael Nadal.  Kokkinakis reached the semis of the 2014 Heilbronner Neckarcup coming through the qualifying and beating Jesse Huta Galung, Michael Russell and Marsel İlhan. He then lost to number 1 seed Jan-Lennard Struff and missed out on a place in his first ATP challenger tour final. Kokkinakis received a wild card in the French Open qualifying rounds, where he made the final, and despite having match point in the third set, he lost to Ante Pavić, 6–4, 6–7, 5–7. This result improved his ranking inside the top 300 for the first time. Kokkinakis won his first singles title in Canada on July 13, defeating Fritz Wolmarans in the final. Kokkinakis then qualified for the 2014 Shenzhen Open. He beat Egor Gerasimov 7–6, 6–1 in the first round for a place in the second round where he got beaten by 6th seed Santiago Giraldo 6–4, 6–3. Kokkinakis qualified for his second career Masters 1000 in Shanghai, but lost to Feliciano López in the 1st round 7–6, 3–6, 4–6.  Kokkinakis finished 2014 with a ranking of number 150.

2015: Breakthrough to top 100.

Kokkinakis began 2015 at the Brisbane International where he received a wild card into the main draw. In the first round he defeated 8th seed Julien Benneteau in straight sets. He lost in the second round against compatriot Bernard Tomic. Kokkinakis and Grigor Dimitrov were also awarded a wildcard into the doubles event. They reached the semifinals, where they lost to Kei Nishikori and Alexandr Dolgopolov.  Kokkinakis received a wildcard also into the 2015 Australian Open, where he defeated 11th seed Ernests Gulbis in the first round, and then lost to compatriot Sam Groth in five sets in round 2. In February, Kokkinakis qualified for three ATP World Tour events; Memphis, Delray and Mexican Open. In March, Kokkinakis played his first "live" rubber at the Davis Cup. He defeated Czech, Lukáš Rosol in five sets, 4–6, 2–6, 7–5, 7–5, 6–3. He was awarded a wild card into Indian Wells where he defeated Jan-Lennard Struff, Guillermo García-López and Juan Mónaco before losing to Bernard Tomic in the fourth round. Next, he competed in the Miami Open, where he lost in the first round to Carlos Berlocq. Following, he competed in Istanbul Open where he completed three rounds of qualifying, but losing in the round of 32 to Dusan Lajovic 6–4, 7–5. Following Istanbul, he qualified for the Madrid Open, and he fell in the first round to Sam Querrey in three sets, however, this improved his ranking and broke him into the top 100 for the first time. He won the Challenger BNP Paribas Primrose (Bordeaux) defeating Thiemo de Bakker, then got a wildcard into the French Open, where he defeated Nikoloz Basilashvili and 27th seed Bernard Tomic in the second round before losing to eventual finalist and world number 1 Novak Djokovic.  Kokkinakis began his grass court season at the Queen's Club Championships after being awarded a last minute wildcard following the withdrawal of Kyle Edmund. In his opening match he beat Jérémy Chardy, but lost in the second round to Gilles Simon. Kokkinakis was defeated in round 1 of Wimbledon against 24th seed Leonardo Mayer. He also contested the Men's Doubles with Lleyton Hewitt and the pair reached the 3rd round before losing to eventual champions Rojer/Tecău. Kokkinakis then played for Australia at the Davis Cup quarterfinals where he lost to Mikhail Kukushkin in straight sets. He was then replaced in the reverse singles by Lleyton Hewitt who secured Australia a spot in the semifinals.  On August 12, 2015, Nick Kyrgios revealed that Kokkinakis had previously slept with Donna Vekić, alleged girlfriend of Stan Wawrinka, while playing Wawrinka at the Montreal Masters. Kokkinakis later responded to Kyrgios's comments, saying "I let him know. I made it pretty clear that he can't be doing that. If he's got a problem, he's got to say it in private. The way he went about it definitely wasn't the right thing." In his first match after the incident, he was involved in an altercation with American Ryan Harrison during their qualifying match at the Cincinnati Masters, with one report alleging that Harrison threatened physical violence against Kokkinakis and insulted his crew.  Kokkinakis ended the year with a ranking of 80.

2016: Injury-plagued year.

On December 24, 2015, Kokkinakis announced that he would sit out the entire Australian summer of tennis, including the Australian Open, due to an ongoing left shoulder injury. Kokkinakis also missed the 2016 French Open and 2016 Wimbledon Championships. Kokkinakis' first competitive match in 2016 came at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where he lost in the first round to Gastão Elias. On August 25, Kokkinakis announced he would miss the US Open due to a pulled pectoral muscle. Kokkinakis later announced his injuries were caused by vanity, as he lifted weights to increase his bicep size especially with the news that Nike was bringing out new sleeveless tops.

2017: First ATP final event.

Kokkinakis' made his comeback at the Brisbane International after receiving a wildcard in doubles with Jordan Thompson. The duo made it to the final, defeating the top seeds en route, where they won the title, the first Australian duo to win the Brisbane International, defeating Gilles Müller and Sam Querrey. Kokkinakis was granted a singles wildcard at the Apia International, where he was scheduled to play Thompson in the first round, but withdrew due to injury. He subsequently withdrew from the Australian Open. In May, Kokkinakis returned to competitive play in doubles with Alex Bolt at Bordeaux Challenger where they reached the quarterfinals. Using a protective ranking, Kokkinakis played his first singles match since October 2015 at Lyon losing to Denis Istomin in straight sets. In June, Kokkinakis defeated Mikhail Youzhny at ‘s-Hertogenbosch. This was his first ATP tour win since August 2015. In the second round, he lost to Daniil Medvedev. The following week, Kokkinakis received a wildcard into Queen's where he defeated Milos Raonic in his opening match in straight sets to record his first top 10 victory. He lost to Daniil Medvedev in the second round for the second consecutive week. Entering the Los Cabos Open as a wildcard, Kokkinakis first defeated world no. 60 Frances Tiafoe in straight tie breaker sets. He then followed that with two more wins over Peter Polansky and Taylor Fritz to reach the semifinals. He then upset the first seed and Wimbledon 2017 semifinalist Tomas Berdych to reach his first ATP final, losing to Sam Querrey. In August, Kokkinakis lost in round 1 of the US Open to Janko Tipsarevic. This was his final match of the year and ended 2017 with a singles rank of 209.

2018: Victory over Federer.

Kokkinakis commenced the year at the Australian Open, but lost to Daniil Medvedev in round 1. In March, Kokkinakis lost qualifying for Indian Wells, before qualifying for the 2018 Miami Open where he defeated world No. 1 Roger Federer in the second round in three sets, gaining the biggest victory of his career. He lost to Fernando Verdasco in the third round, in a close third-set tiebreaker. He suffered another setback when cracking a kneecap at the Monte Carlo Masters.  In May, Kokkinakis lost in the second round of qualifying of the French Open and in June, in the third round of qualifying of Wimbledon. In July, Kokkinakis lost in the first round at Atlanta and Los Cabos, but reached the final of the doubles in Los Cabos. In August, Kokkinakis returned the Challenger Tour and won both the single and doubles title at Nordic Naturals; it was Kokkinakis' second singles challenger title and first since 2015.

2019: Injuries.

In January 2019, Kokkinakis qualified for and lost in the first round of the 2019 Brisbane International. Kokkinakis qualified for the 2019 Australian Open, but retired in the first round against Taro Daniel. In April, Kokkinakis returned to the ATP Challenger Tour in Barletta, reaching the second round before withdrawing with an injury. In July, Kokkinakis, returned to the Challenger tour in Winnetka; but withdrew before his semi final match before of an injury. The injury kept him out of the 2019 French Open and Wimbledon.  In July, Kokkinakis was awarded a wildcard into 2019 Los Cabos Open. He defeated Maxime Janvier in the first round to record his first win on the ATP Tour in 492 days; when he defeated Roger Federer at the 2018 Miami Open.  He then backed up that win at the 2019 US Open where he took out Ilya Ivashka in four sets, setting up a second-round meeting with second seed Rafael Nadal. Moments before the match, however, he was forced to withdraw due to a right shoulder injury.  In September, Kokkinakis reached the final of the Tiburon Challenger, where he went on to lose to Tommy Paul in three sets.

National representation.

Davis Cup.

Kokkinakis made his Davis Cup debut for Australia in February 2014 against France at the age of 17. He was selected to play in the fourth rubber, which was a dead rubber. He lost in straight sets to Julien Benneteau. He made his debut in a live rubber in 2015 with a comeback five-set win over Lukáš Rosol.

Record against top-10 players.

Kokkinakis' match record against players who have been ranked in the Top 10, with those who are active in boldface.

Athanasios "Thanasi" Kokkinakis (Greek: Αθανάσιος "Θανάσης" Κοκκινάκης ; born 10 April 1996) is an Australian professional tennis player. In the second round of the 2018 Miami Open, Kokkinakis defeated then World Number 1 Roger Federer.

Thanasi Kokkinakis (* 10. dubna 1996 Adelaide) je australský profesionální tenista řeckého původu. Ve své dosavadní kariéře na okruhu ATP World Tour vyhrál jeden deblový turnaj. Na challengerech ATP a okruhu Futures získal do roku 2017 dva tituly ve dvouhře a dva ve čtyřhře.


Law regarding same-sex sexual activity.

A law prohibiting same-sex sexual activity was abolished in 1791.  The age of consent in Andorra is 14, as specified by Article 147 of the Penal Code, which reads: (1) ""Whoever carries out a sexual act with a person younger than fourteen years... shall be punished with imprisonment for between three months and three years."" Paragraph 2 states that if the sexual act involves sexual penetration the punishment is three to ten years.

Recognition of same-sex relationships.

Since 2005, same-sex couples have been able to register their partnership under the name "stable union of a couple" ("unió estable de parella"). On 2 June 2014, following an earlier announcement, the ruling Democrats for Andorra party introduced a civil union bill to the General Council. The proposed bill would establish civil unions equal to marriage in everything but name as the word "marriage" was one of the biggest reasons why the Democrats for Andorra voting against the failed same-sex marriage bill in May 2014. The bill would also give same-sex couples joint adoption rights. On 27 November 2014, the bill passed on a vote of 20 to 3 with several abstentions. On 24 December, the bill was published in the official journal, following promulgation by co-prince François Hollande as the signature of one of the two co-princes was needed. It took effect on 25 December. Local LGBT rights groups, headed by Carles Perea, have denounced the civil union law as discriminatory and full of legal deficiencies. The groups have proposed legal action to obtain the right to marry.  On 10 March 2020, three parties forming the governing coalition, the Democrats, the Liberal Party and Committed Citizens, presented the draft of a bill to legalize same-sex marriage.

Adoption and family planning.

In Andorra, before 2014, same-sex couples were not allowed to adopt, because the adoption law only recognised this possibility for heterosexual couples. This was changed when the civil union law granting full adoption rights was passed in November 2014 and came into force on 25 December 2014.

Discrimination protections.

Andorra has prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation since 2005. Hate crimes committed because of the victim's sexual orientation result in additional legal penalties. In addition, in December 2008, the Constitutional Court ruled that sexual orientation is included in the prohibited grounds of discrimination in the Constitution of Andorra under the category "any other ground".  Article 4 of the "Law 35/2008, of 18 November, on professional relations" () forbids employers and workers from discrimating against employees or colleagues on account of sexual orientation, amongst other categories.  Reports of public discrimination against LGBT people are extremely rare. In 2000, a young gay man, 17-year-old Nuno Ribeiro, was murdered in the country due to his sexual orientation, resulting in public outcry. In addition, there are a few cases of parents expelling their children from their homes because of their sexual orientation. However, in general, Andorran society tends to be very tolerant of homosexuality and same-sex relationships, and acceptance is high.  In February 2019, the General Council adopted legislation addressing equal treatment and non-discrimination. The "Llei 13/2019, del 15 de febrer, per a la igualtat de tracte i la no-discriminació" ("Law 13/2019, of 15 February, for equal treatment and non-discrimination"), provides protection for LGBT people, among others, in numerous areas including employment, education, health care, social services, housing, public establishments, etc. Article 4(2) states:

Transgender rights.

Currently, there exists no legal measures allowing transgender people to change their legal gender on official identification documents, such as passports, IDs or driver's licenses.  Discrimination on account of gender identity and expression in areas such as employment, the provision of goods and services, etc., is prohibited. Additionally, the "Llei 14/2019, del 15 de febrer, qualificada dels drets dels infants i els adolescents" ("Law 14/2019, of 15 February, on the rights of children and adolescents") establishes that transgender children must be respected in their gender identity.

Blood donation.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) can donate blood to the "Banc de Sang i Teixits de Catalunya", and to the "Établissement Français du Sang" in France after a one-year deferral period.

Activism.

In 2019, LGBT group DiversAnd was formed. It was established after the association "Som Com Som" (meaning "We Are As We Are" in Catalan) ended its work in 2018. DiversAnd focuses on preventing and addressing bullying and discrimination in schools, advocating for transgender people's rights to change their name and gender, and same-sex marriage. It organised a pride parade in June 2019.  The first LGBT demonstration in Andorra occurred on 6 September 2002. On 23 June 2003, "Som Com Som" organized the first gay pride parade in the country, which took place at the Plaça del Poble in Andorra la Vella.  On 17 May 2019, the International Day Against Homophobia, the Department of Equality launched a short film, entitled "#lovingdiversity", and raised online awareness of LGBT issues.

Public opinion.

According to a 2013 survey by the "Institut d'Estudis Andorrans", 70% of Andorrans were in favour of same-sex marriage, 19% were against and 11% were undecided or had refused to answer.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Andorra may face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Civil unions, which grant all the benefits of marriage including adoption, have been recognized since 2014, and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is constitutionally banned. However, same-sex marriage is currently not recognized in Andorra.

Lesby, gayové, bisexuálové a translidé (LGBT) se v Andoře můžou setkávat s některými právními komplikacemi neznámými pro heterosexuální spoluobčany. Registrované partnerství garantující homosexuálním párům veškerá práva a povinnosti vyplývající z manželství přijala Andorra v roce 2014.


Junior career.

Kontinen won the 2008 French Open boys' doubles title with Christopher Rungkat. He reached the final of the 2008 Wimbledon boys' singles which he lost to Grigor Dimitrov having beaten Bernard Tomic in the semi final. He also reached the final of the 2008 US Open boys' doubles with Rungkat. Subsequently, Kontinen's singles development was hampered by knee injuries, and in 2013 he decided to concentrate on doubles.

Senior career.

In 2014 Kontinen won his first ATP title at the Bet-at-home Cup Kitzbühel with Jarkko Nieminen, he also played two more finals partnering Marin Draganja.  2015 was a breakthrough year for him as he won five titles including title at the Barcelona Open BancSabadell, his first ATP World Tour 500 series title. Together with Zheng Jie he reached semifinals of mixed doubles at the 2015 French Open.  His good results continued in 2016 as he won the title at the Brisbane International in January with John Peers. On April–May they won the BMW Open together. At the 2016 Wimbledon Championships he reached quarterfinals of the men's doubles tournament together with Peers and the final of the mixed doubles with Heather Watson, which they won in straight sets. On July Kontinen and Peers won the German Open Tennis Championships. On August Kontinen won the Winstom-Salem Open playing with Guillermo García-López. It was Kontinen's 10th doubles title in his career. He took the victory of St. Petersburg Open with Dominic Inglot. Kontinen and Peers had a successful end for the year as they won their first Masters title at Paris Masters and the season ending ATP World Tour Finals title. Kontinen reached the top 10 in rankings as a first Finnish tennis player ever.  Kontinen and Peers won the 2017 Australian Open men's doubles championship in January 2017, and on 3 April 2017 Kontinen became world no. 1 doubles player—the first Finnish player, male or female, to do so. At Wimbledon in 2017, Kontinen and Peers lost in the semi-final to Łukasz Kubot and Marcelo Melo, the eventual champions; Kontinen also lost his no. 1 ranking to Melo. In the mixed doubles, Kontinen and Watson reached the final for the second successive year, but lost to Jamie Murray and Martina Hingis.

Doubles performance timeline.

"Current till 2020 Australian Open."

Henri Kontinen (; born 19 June 1990) is a Finnish tennis player. Kontinen has won 21 doubles titles on the ATP Tour in his career. He was formerly ranked as world No. 1 in doubles after winning the 2017 Australian Open men's doubles championship. He reached his best singles rankings of world No. 220 in October 2010. His brother Micke is a retired tennis player.

Henri Kontinen (* 19. června 1990 Helsinky) je finský profesionální tenista, vítěz mužského deblu na Australian Open 2017 a Turnaji mistrů 2016 z Londýna, když v obou případech triumfoval s Australanem Johnem Peersem. Od dubna do listopadu 2017 byl ve dvou oddělených obdobích světovou jedničkou ve čtyřhře, celkově padesátou v pořadí a historicky první v jakékoli tenisové soutěži z Finska. Na čele strávil 26 týdnů.


Terminology and characteristics.

The term electroclash describes a musical movement that combined synthpop, techno, punk and performance art. The genre was in reaction to the rigid formulations of techno music, putting an emphasis on song writing, showmanship and a sense of humour, described by "The Guardian" as one of "the two most significant upheavals in recent dance music history". The visual aesthetic of electroclash has been associated with the 1982 cult film "Liquid Sky". DJ Hell is widely credited as inventor and name giver of the genre, while DJ and promoter Larry Tee later popularized the term in the US by naming the Electroclash 2001 Festival in New York after it.

History.

Electroclash emerged at the end of the 1990s. It was pioneered by I-F with his 1997 track "Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass" (which, "introducing old-fashioned verse-chorus dynamics to burbling electro in a vocodered homage to Atari-era hi-jinks," is the "record widely credited with catalysing" the electroclash movement), as well as French recording duo Miss Kittin & The Hacker who were “setting and defining the electroclash scene” with the two anthems 1982 and Frank Sinatra which were first released in 1998 on DJ Hell's label International DeeJay Gigolo Records, which has been referred to as the "germ cell" and "THE home" of the electroclash sound. Gigolo featured many of the early electroclash songs, such as for example Christopher Just's "I'm a Disco Dancer" from 1997 or Chris Korda's "Save the Planet, Kill Yourself", which originally even had been released as early as 1993. In the widely recognized film documentary "Welcome to the club! 25 years of electronic dance music" by European television network Arte, Miss Kittin describes the origination of the first songs of the new style together with DJ Hell and declares him the inventor of the Electroclash genre. The style was pursued by artists including Felix da Housecat, Peaches, Chicks on Speed, Fischerspooner and Toktok vs. Soffy O. During their early years, Ladytron were sometimes labeled as electroclash, but others stated that they were not entirely electroclash and they also rejected this tag themselves. Goldfrapp's albums "Black Cherry" (2003) and "Supernature" (2005) incorporated electroclash influences.  As its early artists came from many countries, electroclash is a movement that emerged internationally, but was scraped together and mentored by entrepreneurs such as label boss DJ Hell and promoter Larry Tee. Due to its trash and glamour factor it became an urban phenomenon with its centers in Berlin, New York, London and Munich, but the hype of electroclash is said to have been over again by 2003. In the US it came to media attention, when the Electroclash Festival was held in New York in October 2001 to "make a local breakthrough with this scene, presenting a select group of superstar and pioneer artists from Europe and the U. S.". The Electroclash Festival was held again in 2002 with subsequent live tours across the US and Europe in 2003 and then 2004. Other notable artists who performed at the festivals and subsequent tours include: Scissor Sisters, ADULT., Erol Alkan, Princess Superstar, Mignon, Mount Sims, Tiga and Spalding Rockwell.

Criticism.

The electroclash label and the hype around it have been fiercely criticized by some of its acclaimed protagonists in the early 2000s. For example, I-F and other artists signed an "Anti-Electroclash-Manifest" where they complained about the sellout of the style by those who would "rule the media waves" and only "sell the old freshly packaged". In 2002, Toktok vs. Soffy O. stated that when they were first asked about electroclash they just thought that "this is nothing else than what we know for at least five years and what is now reaching the recycling peak for the third or fourth time".

Electroclash (also known as synthcore, retro-electro, tech-pop, nouveau disco, and the new new wave) is a genre of music that fuses 1980s electro, new wave and synth-pop with 1990s techno, retro-style electropop and electronic dance music. It emerged in the later 1990s and is often thought of as reaching its peak circa 2002/2003. It was pioneered by and associated with acts such as I-F, Miss Kittin and The Hacker and Fischerspooner.

Electroclash, také známý jako retro electro, tech pop, nouveau disco, new new wave - a dvojsmyslně také synthcore a electropunk je termín vytvořený Larrym Tee. Je to žánr spojující New Wave a elektronickou taneční hudbu.


Biography.

Pym attended Wesley College (Perth, Australia) and the University of Western Australia, completing his BA (Hons) at Murdoch University in 1981. He held a French government grant for doctoral studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, where he completed his PhD in Sociology in 1985. In 1983–84 he was a Frank Knox Fellow in the Department of Comparative Literature at Harvard University. In 1992–94 he held a post-doctoral grant from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for research on translation history at the University of Göttingen, Germany. In 1994 he gave seminars on the ethics of translation at the Collège International de Philosophie, Paris.  After years as a professional translator, journal editor and organiser of cultural events in France and Spain, he taught in the translation departments of the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. In 1994 he joined the Rovira i Virgili University in Tarragona, Spain, where he set up the Intercultural Studies Group in 2000, postgraduate programs in translation in 2000, and a doctoral program in Translation and Intercultural Studies in 2003. He has been a Visiting Researcher at the Monterey Institute of International Studies since 2006. His permanent residence is in the village of Calaceite, Spain.

Thought and influence.

Pym was one of the first to move the study of translation away from texts and towards translators as people. According to him, the development of the translation field in the West has been essentially a "history of translation theory", a limitation that he proposed to address by focusing on the translators themselves and the contexts in which they operate.  Pym also conceptualized translating as a form of risk management, rather than a striving for equivalence. He has hypothesized that translators can be members of professional intercultures, operating in the overlaps of cultures, and that their highest ethical goal is the promotion of long-term cross-cultural co-operation. Pym has stressed that the translators' loyalty should be in their profession and that the value of translation efforts lies in its contribution to intercultural relations.  In recent years he has been attracted to the concept of inculturation, through which he sees translation as one of the ways in which minority cultures are absorbed into wider cultural systems and can then modify those wider systems. Pym has also cited the role of technology, particularly the Internet in the translation of materials tailored to a specific local market. According to him, the proliferation of information does not necessarily mean that these will be received, hence, care should be taken so that the translated texts appeal to its target culture.  Pym's ideas have been contrasted with those of the American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti by the Finnish translation scholar Kaisa Koskinen, and his critique of Venuti has been commented on by Jeremy Munday and Mary Snell-Hornby.

Anthony David Pym (born 1956 in Perth, Australia) is a scholar best known for his work in translation studies. Pym is a currently Distinguished Professor of Translation and Intercultural Studies at Rovira i Virgili University in Spain and Professor Extraordinary at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. He was a fellow of the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies from 2010 to 2015, Visiting Researcher at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey from 2008 to 2016, Walter Benjamin Visiting Professor at the University of Vienna in 2015, and President of the European Society for Translation Studies from 2010 to 2016.

Anthony Pym (* 1956, Perth, Austrálie) je nejvíce známý pro svou práci v oblasti translatologie. Má titul profesora překladu a mezikulturních studií na univerzitě Rovira i Virgili ve Španělsku. Je rovněž prezidentem Evropského společenství pro translatologii (EST).


Plot.

The film centers on the experiences of several teenagers at Camp Ovation, a summer theatre camp. The campers are a mishmash of youngsters from different backgrounds, dealing with different issues, but all feel most comfortable while performing. School is out, and the campers reunite as they prepare to board the buses to Camp Ovation. Shy, self-conscious Ellen Lucas happily greets her friends, recovering from an embarrassing situation where she desperately tried to land a prom date, and ended up asking her brother. Nerdy Fritzi Wagner attempts to befriend icy diva Jill Simmons, but ends up toting her luggage instead. Returning camper Jenna Malloran laments that her parents forced her to have her jaw wired shut in order to lose weight. Upon arrival to Camp Ovation, the kids settle in. Ellen converses with her friend Michael Flores, a gay teenager who was violently beaten by his classmates after showing up to his junior prom in drag. The campers are struck dumb with the arrival of Vlad Baumann, a handsome new camper who is, as a staff member marvels, "an honest-to-god straight boy."  Camp Ovation puts on a new play or musical every two weeks. Vlad and Ellen bond after rehearsal one day and flirt a bit. However, soon afterward, Vlad is seduced by the conceited Jill, who later makes cruel cracks at Ellen for her weight and her inexperience with boys. Feeling guilty, Vlad comforts Ellen and the two begin to inch toward a relationship. The camp enlists a guest counselor for the summer: composer Bert Hanley, whose play ""The Children's Crusade"" was a one-hit wonder many years earlier. Frustrated with his lack of recent success, he is now a grumpy alcoholic and shows up two days late at Camp Ovation. He constantly drinks on the camp grounds and is very irritated by Vlad, who idolizes him and attempts to strike up conversation.  Jill shares a cabin with Fritzi, who is still catering to her every whim. However, after Fritzi is caught washing Jill's underwear, Jill expresses her disgust with Fritzi and kicks her out of the cabin. The usually meek Fritzi becomes filled with borderline psychotic rage, and sabotages Jill's next performance in ""Company"" by putting Woolite in her Snapple. As Jill vomits during her performance of "The Ladies Who Lunch," Fritzi shows up in costume and takes her place mid-song. She reveals herself to be a talented and passionate actress.  Michael is rooming with Vlad, on whom he has developed a crush. Vlad convinces Michael to invite his parents to his next play, although his father is incredibly unsupportive of his homosexuality. Though his mother tells him they will come, Michael notices mid-performance that they did not. Crushed, he flees the stage. He is found later by Vlad, who explains that he too has his share of problems. Though Vlad is a seemingly normal, all-American teenager, he reveals to Michael that he suffers from an acute type of OCD, for which he is medicated.  Hanley is angered after hearing Vlad play one of his songs, and begins to tell the campers that theater will only make them bitter and lonely, much like himself. Vlad follows a drunken Hanley back to his room and berates him for his cruel speech. After Hanley throws up and passes out, Vlad finds a trove of music that Hanley has written over the years but not released. During a rehearsal for the camp's benefit performance, Vlad and the campers sing "Century Plant", one of Hanley's songs. Hanley's heart is lifted and his disposition changes. Shortly before the benefit, Michael sleeps with Dee, Ellen's roommate, out of frustration about Vlad. When Vlad hears of this, he immediately asks Dee if it was true. Vlad and Dee end up making out on Dee's bed, and Ellen walks in on them. She runs off, hurt, and refuses to talk to Vlad.  The night of the benefit concert arrives, and the campers are starstruck as famed composer Stephen Sondheim is in attendance. The dressing room atmosphere is tense, and gets even more awkward when Vlad's girlfriend Julie shows up to see him. Meanwhile, in another act of revenge, Fritzi sabotages Jill's makeup, causing her to break out in boils. Jill attacks her, injuring her, and both are unfit to go onstage. To replace her, Bert cuts the wires on Jenna's mouth, allowing her to sing a powerful song directed to her parents in the audience, telling them to accept her as she is.  The benefit is a hit, but Vlad, Michael, and Ellen are still arguing. Vlad and Michael meet up by the lake, where Vlad strips down to gain Michael's attention. After being set straight by Michael, Vlad admits that he is an "attention junkie", and attempts to please everyone in order to gain their good favor. He apologizes to Michael for leading him on. Ellen arrives, and Vlad explains that he still cares about her, and that his girlfriend Julie had just broken up with him. After another apology, Ellen forgives him, and the three go swimming.  During the end credits, the entire cast does an elaborate rendition of Todd Rundgren's "Want of a Nail".

Cast.

The movie is notable as the film debut of future Academy Award nominee Anna Kendrick, future three-time Tony nominee Robin de Jesús, and future "The Voice" contestant Sasha Allen.

Production.

The film was produced by Jersey Films, IFC Films, John Wells Productions, Killer Films, and Laughlin Park Pictures. All production took place in New York.

Reception.

Box office.

In the opening weekend, the film made $54,294. It came in ranking at #45, showing at only 3 theaters in the United States and averaging $18,098. The film's widest release took place in the UK where it showed in 116 theaters. It ran for 12 weeks and closed on October 16, 2003. It has grossed $1,629,862 since 2003. The film also hit several top 100 charts for films in numerous categories. It is number 96 in the genre of gay/lesbian independent films,<ref name="Gay/Lesbian"></ref> 78 for yearly PG-13 movies for 2003, and ranked 198 for the year 2003.

Critical response.

"Camp" has received mixed to positive reviews; on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 64% approval rating, based on 107 reviews with an average rating of 5.93/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Campy comedy that squeaks by on its charms." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average of critics' reviews, the film has a 55/100 rating based on 32 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".  Margaret A. McGurk of "The Cincinnati Enquirer" says "Like the prodigies on screen, Camp powers through its imperfections, with irresistible results." James Sullivan of the "San Francisco Chronicle" said in his review titled ""Camp"," "There is lots of music and a genuine showstopper when Jenna sings "Here's Where I Stand" with such emotion that even her hardheaded dad gets the message."

Award nominations.

"Camp" received nominations for the following awards:

Sequel.

Todd Graff has confirmed a sequel funded through IndieGoGo is in the works and a web site http://www.camp2themovie.com/ has been set up for news about the new film, however the website is not accessible. The sequel will treat the original Camp as a movie filmed at Camp Ovation rather than as the events of a previous year at the camp.

Camp is a 2003 American musical comedy-drama film, written and directed by Todd Graff, about an upstate New York performing arts summer camp. The film is based on Graff's own experiences at a similar camp called Stagedoor Manor, where many scenes of the movie were filmed.

Letní tábor ("Camp") je americký hraný film z roku 2003, který režíroval Todd Graff podle vlastního scénáře. Film se odehrává na letním táboře, kde se dospívající mládež učí hrát divadlo.


Life and career.

Tosi was born in Cesena, Italy in 1653 or 1654. There is a disagreement among sources whether he was the son of composer Giuseppe Felice Tosi. He was castrated before puberty to preserve his high voice. While it is not known where he received his rudimentary music training, he sang at a church in Rome from 1676 to 1677 and at the Milan cathedral from 1681 until 1685, when he was dismissed for “misconduct.” Thereafter, he made his one recorded appearance in opera at Reggio nell’Emilia in 1687 (in Varischino’s "Odoacre") and was based for a time in Genoa. In 1693 Tosi relocated to London where he took on singing students and sang in weekly public concerts. In 1701 he entered into the service of Austrian Emperor Joseph I and Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, whom he served as a musical and diplomatic agent, traveling extensively until 1723. In 1724 he returned to a London ablaze with the works of Handel, where he again taught and was a founding member of the Academy of Ancient Music. He took holy orders sometime before his death in Faenza, Italy in 1732. In addition to being a well-known soprano (of the cantabile style, singing mostly chamber music) and voice teacher, Tosi was a composer of several arias and cantatas.

"Opinioni de' cantori antichi, e moderni..." ["Observations on the Florid Song"].

"Opinioni" is primarily directed to the singing teacher, laying out what and how they must teach their pupils. It also includes a chapter and several passages addressed to the future professional singer with advice on good taste, ornaments, performance skills and the life and business of singing professionally. Tosi stresses the need for a long period of student training in reading and composing music, singing and constructing ornamentation, as well as in grammar, diction, social decorum and acting. All the standard ornaments of the time are thoroughly presented: "appoggiatura," "messa di voce," eight kinds of trills, "passaggi (divisions)," and "portamento". Tosi also dedicates a chapter each to recitative and aria singing, preaching throughout the necessity of improvising one's own graces and divisions on the spot in performances.  There are a few teachings of Tosi's in his "Opinioni" that have been particularly interesting to singers and scholars over the years. Tosi clearly advocates uniting and blending the chest and head registers, the first recorded vocal pedagogue to do so. While earlier writers such as Zacconi and Caccini stated that singers ought to only sing in their “natural voice,” Tosi went so far as to say “[I]f [the chest and head register] do not perfectly unite, the Voice will be of divers Registers, and must consequently lose its Beauty.” Tosi's is also the first recorded encouragement of the use of "rubato" as an embellishment. While he again and again rails on singers who accidentally sing out of tempo or self-aggrandizingly hold out notes as in the modern "fermata," he encourages “[t]he stealing of Time [...], provided he makes a Restitution with Ingenuity”; meaning, provided the singer catches back up the accompaniment, allowing them to keep tempo.  Another interesting element of "Opinioni" is Tosi's discussions on intonation and "sol-fa-ing." During a period in which various methods of temperament were used by keyboards, strings and even singers, Tosi laments that “except in some few Professors, that modern Intonation is very bad.” He speaks of a differing “Semitone Major and Minor” (or a larger and a smaller semitone) whose “[d]ifference cannot be known by an Organ or Harpsichord, if the Keys of the Instrument are not split.” Consequentially, he warns that “if a Soprano was to sing D sharp, like E flat, a nice Ear will find he is out of Tune, because this last rises.” Tosi's remedy to poor intonation is to begin the singer young on "solfege," using the traditional gamut created by Guido. While both the Guidonian hexachord system and meantone temperament were becoming antiquated at the time Tosi wrote his treatise, he nevertheless insisted on their use.  "Opinioni" was in fact a watershed for much more than just early Baroque music theory and tuning. Tosi spends a considerable amount of time in his treatise praising the “ancient” cantabile (or “Pathetick,” as the original translator put it) style of his generation, around the start of the 18th century. He cannot seem to understand why “the Mode” has moved to the rapid, highly ornate “Allegro” style popular at the time of his writing, which he lumps with insufficient singer training, ignoring the traditional Church modes and “tasteless” virtuosic displays as the great sin of the “modern” music generation. Being a pragmaticist, however, he still encourages “it will be of Use to a prudent Scholar, who is desirous to be expert in both Manners.”

Pier Francesco Tosi (c. 16531732) was a castrato singer, composer, and writer on music. His "Opinoni de' cantori antichi e moderni..." was the first full-length treatise on singing and provides a unique glimpse into the technical and social aspects of Baroque vocal music.

Pier Francesco Tosi (13. srpna 1654 Cesena – 16. července 1732 Faenza) byl italský zpěvák-kastrát, hudební skladatel a autor významné školy zpěvu, která poskytuje jedinečný pohled do technických a sociálních aspektů barokní vokální hudby.


History.

In principle, any arbitrary boolean function, including those of addition, multiplication and other mathematical functions can be built-up from a functionally complete set of logic operators. In 1987, Conway's Game of Life became one of the first examples of general purpose computing using an early stream processor called a blitter to invoke a special sequence of logical operations on bit vectors.  General-purpose computing on GPUs became more practical and popular after about 2001, with the advent of both programmable shaders and floating point support on graphics processors. Notably, problems involving matrices and/or vectors especially two-, three-, or four-dimensional vectors were easy to translate to a GPU, which acts with native speed and support on those types. The scientific computing community's experiments with the new hardware began with a matrix multiplication routine (2001); one of the first common scientific programs to run faster on GPUs than CPUs was an implementation of LU factorization (2005).  These early efforts to use GPUs as general-purpose processors required reformulating computational problems in terms of graphics primitives, as supported by the two major APIs for graphics processors, OpenGL and DirectX. This cumbersome translation was obviated by the advent of general-purpose programming languages and APIs such as Sh/RapidMind, Brook and Accelerator.  These were followed by Nvidia's CUDA, which allowed programmers to ignore the underlying graphical concepts in favor of more common high-performance computing concepts. Newer, hardware vendor-independent offerings include Microsoft's DirectCompute and Apple/Khronos Group's OpenCL. This means that modern GPGPU pipelines can leverage the speed of a GPU without requiring full and explicit conversion of the data to a graphical form.

Implementations.

Any language that allows the code running on the CPU to poll a GPU shader for return values, can create a GPGPU framework. , OpenCL is the dominant open general-purpose GPU computing language, and is an open standard defined by the Khronos Group. OpenCL provides a cross-platform GPGPU platform that additionally supports data parallel compute on CPUs. OpenCL is actively supported on Intel, AMD, Nvidia, and ARM platforms. The Khronos Group has also standardised and implemented SYCL, a higher-level programming model for OpenCL as a single-source domain specific embedded language based on pure C++11.  The dominant proprietary framework is Nvidia CUDA. Nvidia launched CUDA in 2006, a software development kit (SDK) and application programming interface (API) that allows using the programming language C to code algorithms for execution on GeForce 8 series and later GPUs.  Programming standards for parallel computing include OpenCL (vendor-independent), OpenACC, and OpenHMPP. Mark Harris, the founder of GPGPU.org, coined the term "GPGPU".  The ", created by Xcelerit, is designed to accelerate large existing C++ or C# code-bases on GPUs with minimal effort. It provides a simplified programming model, automates parallelisation, manages devices and memory, and compiles to CUDA binaries. Additionally, multi-core CPUs and other accelerators can be targeted from the same source code.  OpenVIDIA was developed at University of Toronto between 2003–2005, in collaboration with Nvidia.  " created by Altimesh compiles Common Intermediate Language to CUDA binaries. It supports generics and virtual functions. Debugging and profiling is integrated with Visual Studio and Nsight. It is available as a Visual Studio extension on Visual Studio Marketplace.  Microsoft introduced the DirectCompute GPU computing API, released with the DirectX 11 API.  "" created by QuantAlea introduces native GPU computing capabilities for the Microsoft.NET language F# and C#. Alea GPU also provides a simplified GPU programming model based on GPU parallel-for and parallel aggregate using delegates and automatic memory management.  MATLAB supports GPGPU acceleration using the "Parallel Computing Toolbox" and "MATLAB Distributed Computing Server", and third-party packages like Jacket.  GPGPU processing is also used to simulate Newtonian physics by physics engines, and commercial implementations include Havok Physics, FX and PhysX, both of which are typically used for computer and video games.  Close to Metal, now called Stream, is AMD's GPGPU technology for ATI Radeon-based GPUs.  C++ Accelerated Massive Parallelism (C++ AMP) is a library that accelerates execution of C++ code by exploiting the data-parallel hardware on GPUs.

Mobile computers.

Due to a trend of increasing power of mobile GPUs, general-purpose programming became available also on the mobile devices running major mobile operating systems.  Google Android 4.2 enabled running RenderScript code on the mobile device GPU. Apple introduced the proprietary Metal API for iOS applications, able to execute arbitrary code through Apple's GPU compute shaders.

Hardware support.

Computer video cards are produced by various vendors, such as Nvidia, AMD, and ATI. Cards from such vendors differ on implementing data-format support, such as integer and floating-point formats (32-bit and 64-bit). Microsoft introduced a "Shader Model" standard, to help rank the various features of graphic cards into a simple Shader Model version number (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, etc.).

Integer numbers.

Pre-DirectX 9 video cards only supported paletted or integer color types. Various formats are available, each containing a red element, a green element, and a blue element. Sometimes another alpha value is added, to be used for transparency. Common formats are:

Floating-point numbers.

For early fixed-function or limited programmability graphics (i.e., up to and including DirectX 8.1-compliant GPUs) this was sufficient because this is also the representation used in displays. It is important to note that this representation does have certain limitations. Given sufficient graphics processing power even graphics programmers would like to use better formats, such as floating point data formats, to obtain effects such as high dynamic range imaging. Many GPGPU applications require floating point accuracy, which came with video cards conforming to the DirectX 9 specification.  DirectX 9 Shader Model 2.x suggested the support of two precision types: full and partial precision. Full precision support could either be FP32 or FP24 (floating point 32- or 24-bit per component) or greater, while partial precision was FP16. ATI's Radeon R300 series of GPUs supported FP24 precision only in the programmable fragment pipeline (although FP32 was supported in the vertex processors) while Nvidia's NV30 series supported both FP16 and FP32; other vendors such as S3 Graphics and XGI supported a mixture of formats up to FP24.  The implementations of floating point on Nvidia GPUs are mostly IEEE compliant; however, this is not true across all vendors. This has implications for correctness which are considered important to some scientific applications. While 64-bit floating point values (double precision float) are commonly available on CPUs, these are not universally supported on GPUs. Some GPU architectures sacrifice IEEE compliance, while others lack double-precision. Efforts have occurred to emulate double-precision floating point values on GPUs; however, the speed tradeoff negates any benefit to offloading the computing onto the GPU in the first place.

Vectorization.

Most operations on the GPU operate in a vectorized fashion: one operation can be performed on up to four values at once. For example, if one color <R1, G1, B1> is to be modulated by another color <R2, G2, B2>, the GPU can produce the resulting color <R1*R2, G1*G2, B1*B2> in one operation. This functionality is useful in graphics because almost every basic data type is a vector (either 2-, 3-, or 4-dimensional). Examples include vertices, colors, normal vectors, and texture coordinates. Many other applications can put this to good use, and because of their higher performance, vector instructions, termed single instruction, multiple data (SIMD), have long been available on CPUs.

GPU vs. CPU.

Originally, data was simply passed one-way from a central processing unit (CPU) to a graphics processing unit (GPU), then to a display device. As time progressed, however, it became valuable for GPUs to store at first simple, then complex structures of data to be passed back to the CPU that analyzed an image, or a set of scientific-data represented as a 2D or 3D format that a video card can understand. Because the GPU has access to every draw operation, it can analyze data in these forms quickly, whereas a CPU must poll every pixel or data element much more slowly, as the speed of access between a CPU and its larger pool of random-access memory (or in an even worse case, a hard drive) is slower than GPUs and video cards, which typically contain smaller amounts of more expensive memory that is much faster to access. Transferring the portion of the data set to be actively analyzed to that GPU memory in the form of textures or other easily readable GPU forms results in speed increase. The distinguishing feature of a GPGPU design is the ability to transfer information bidirectionally back from the GPU to the CPU; generally the data throughput in both directions is ideally high, resulting in a multiplier effect on the speed of a specific high-use algorithm. GPGPU pipelines may improve efficiency on especially large data sets and/or data containing 2D or 3D imagery. It is used in complex graphics pipelines as well as scientific computing; more so in fields with large data sets like genome mapping, or where two- or three-dimensional analysis is useful especially at present biomolecule analysis, protein study, and other complex organic chemistry. Such pipelines can also vastly improve efficiency in image processing and computer vision, among other fields; as well as parallel processing generally. Some very heavily optimized pipelines have yielded speed increases of several hundred times the original CPU-based pipeline on one high-use task.  A simple example would be a GPU program that collects data about average lighting values as it renders some view from either a camera or a computer graphics program back to the main program on the CPU, so that the CPU can then make adjustments to the overall screen view. A more advanced example might use edge detection to return both numerical information and a processed image representing outlines to a computer vision program controlling, say, a mobile robot. Because the GPU has fast and local hardware access to every pixel or other picture element in an image, it can analyze and average it (for the first example) or apply a Sobel edge filter or other convolution filter (for the second) with much greater speed than a CPU, which typically must access slower random-access memory copies of the graphic in question.  GPGPU is fundamentally a software concept, not a hardware concept; it is a type of algorithm, not a piece of equipment. Specialized equipment designs may, however, even further enhance the efficiency of GPGPU pipelines, which traditionally perform relatively few algorithms on very large amounts of data. Massively parallelized, gigantic-data-level tasks thus may be parallelized even further via specialized setups such as rack computing (many similar, highly tailored machines built into a "rack"), which adds a third layer many computing units each using many CPUs to correspond to many GPUs. Some Bitcoin "miners" used such setups for high-quantity processing.

Caches.

Historically, CPUs have used hardware-managed caches, but the earlier GPUs only provided software-managed local memories. However, as GPUs are being increasingly used for general-purpose applications, state-of-the-art GPUs are being designed with hardware-managed multi-level caches which have helped the GPUs to move towards mainstream computing. For example, GeForce 200 series GT200 architecture GPUs did not feature an L2 cache, the Fermi GPU has 768 KiB last-level cache, the Kepler GPU has 1.5 MiB last-level cache, the Maxwell GPU has 2 MiB last-level cache, and the Pascal GPU has 4 MiB last-level cache.

Register file.

GPUs have very large register files, which allow them to reduce context-switching latency. Register file size is also increasing over different GPU generations, e.g., the total register file size on Maxwell (GM200), Pascal and Volta GPUs are 6 MiB, 14 MiB and 20 MiB, respectively. By comparison, the size of a register file on CPUs is small, typically tens or hundreds of kilobytes.

Energy efficiency.

The high performance of GPUs comes at the cost of high power consumption, which under full load is in fact as much power as the rest of the PC system combined. The maximum power consumption of the Pascal series GPU (Tesla P100) was specified to be 250W. Several research projects have compared the energy efficiency of GPUs with that of CPUs and FPGAs.

Stream processing.

GPUs are designed specifically for graphics and thus are very restrictive in operations and programming. Due to their design, GPUs are only effective for problems that can be solved using stream processing and the hardware can only be used in certain ways.  The following discussion referring to vertices, fragments and textures concerns mainly the legacy model of GPGPU programming, where graphics APIs (OpenGL or DirectX) were used to perform general-purpose computation. With the introduction of the CUDA (Nvidia, 2007) and OpenCL (vendor-independent, 2008) general-purpose computing APIs, in new GPGPU codes it is no longer necessary to map the computation to graphics primitives. The stream processing nature of GPUs remains valid regardless of the APIs used. (See e.g.,)  GPUs can only process independent vertices and fragments, but can process many of them in parallel. This is especially effective when the programmer wants to process many vertices or fragments in the same way. In this sense, GPUs are stream processors processors that can operate in parallel by running one kernel on many records in a stream at once.  A "stream" is simply a set of records that require similar computation. Streams provide data parallelism. "Kernels" are the functions that are applied to each element in the stream. In the GPUs, "vertices" and "fragments" are the elements in streams and vertex and fragment shaders are the kernels to be run on them. For each element we can only read from the input, perform operations on it, and write to the output. It is permissible to have multiple inputs and multiple outputs, but never a piece of memory that is both readable and writable.  Arithmetic intensity is defined as the number of operations performed per word of memory transferred. It is important for GPGPU applications to have high arithmetic intensity else the memory access latency will limit computational speedup.  Ideal GPGPU applications have large data sets, high parallelism, and minimal dependency between data elements.

GPU programming concepts.

Computational resources.

There are a variety of computational resources available on the GPU:  In fact, a program can substitute a write only texture for output instead of the framebuffer. This is done either through Render to Texture (RTT), Render-To-Backbuffer-Copy-To-Texture (RTBCTT), or the more recent stream-out.

Textures as stream.

The most common form for a stream to take in GPGPU is a 2D grid because this fits naturally with the rendering model built into GPUs. Many computations naturally map into grids: matrix algebra, image processing, physically based simulation, and so on. Since textures are used as memory, texture lookups are then used as memory reads. Certain operations can be done automatically by the GPU because of this.

Kernels.

Compute kernels can be thought of as the body of loops. For example, a programmer operating on a grid on the CPU might have code that looks like this:  // Input and output grids have 10000 x 10000 or 100 million elements.  void transform_10k_by_10k_grid(float in[10000][10000], float out[10000][10000])  On the GPU, the programmer only specifies the body of the loop as the kernel and what data to loop over by invoking geometry processing.

Flow control.

In sequential code it is possible to control the flow of the program using if-then-else statements and various forms of loops. Such flow control structures have only recently been added to GPUs. Conditional writes could be performed using a properly crafted series of arithmetic/bit operations, but looping and conditional branching were not possible.  Recent GPUs allow branching, but usually with a performance penalty. Branching should generally be avoided in inner loops, whether in CPU or GPU code, and various methods, such as static branch resolution, pre-computation, predication, loop splitting, and Z-cull can be used to achieve branching when hardware support does not exist.

GPU methods.

Map.

The map operation simply applies the given function (the kernel) to every element in the stream. A simple example is multiplying each value in the stream by a constant (increasing the brightness of an image). The map operation is simple to implement on the GPU. The programmer generates a fragment for each pixel on screen and applies a fragment program to each one. The result stream of the same size is stored in the output buffer.

Reduce.

Some computations require calculating a smaller stream (possibly a stream of only one element) from a larger stream. This is called a reduction of the stream. Generally, a reduction can be performed in multiple steps. The results from the prior step are used as the input for the current step and the range over which the operation is applied is reduced until only one stream element remains.

Stream filtering.

Stream filtering is essentially a non-uniform reduction. Filtering involves removing items from the stream based on some criteria.

Scan.

The scan operation, also termed "parallel prefix sum", takes in a vector (stream) of data elements and an (arbitrary) associative binary function '+' with an identity element 'i'. If the input is [a0, a1, a2, a3,...], an "exclusive scan" produces the output [i, a0, a0 + a1, a0 + a1 + a2,...], while an "inclusive scan" produces the output [a0, a0 + a1, a0 + a1 + a2, a0 + a1 + a2 + a3,...] and does not require an identity to exist. While at first glance the operation may seem inherently serial, efficient parallel scan algorithms are possible and have been implemented on graphics processing units. The scan operation has uses in e.g., quicksort and sparse matrix-vector multiplication.

Scatter.

The scatter operation is most naturally defined on the vertex processor. The vertex processor is able to adjust the position of the vertex, which allows the programmer to control where information is deposited on the grid. Other extensions are also possible, such as controlling how large an area the vertex affects.  The fragment processor cannot perform a direct scatter operation because the location of each fragment on the grid is fixed at the time of the fragment's creation and cannot be altered by the programmer. However, a logical scatter operation may sometimes be recast or implemented with another gather step. A scatter implementation would first emit both an output value and an output address. An immediately following gather operation uses address comparisons to see whether the output value maps to the current output slot.  In dedicated compute kernels, scatter can be performed by indexed writes.

Gather.

Gather is the reverse of scatter. After scatter reorders elements according to a map, gather can restore the order of the elements according to the map scatter used. In dedicated compute kernels, gather may be performed by indexed reads. In other shaders, it is performed with texture-lookups.

Sort.

The sort operation transforms an unordered set of elements into an ordered set of elements. The most common implementation on GPUs is using radix sort for integer and floating point data and coarse-grained merge sort and fine-grained sorting networks for general comparable data.

Search.

The search operation allows the programmer to find a given element within the stream, or possibly find neighbors of a specified element. The GPU is not used to speed up the search for an individual element, but instead is used to run multiple searches in parallel. Mostly the search method used is binary search on sorted elements.

Data structures.

A variety of data structures can be represented on the GPU:

Applications.

The following are some of the areas where GPUs have been used for general purpose computing:

Bioinformatics.

GPGPU usage in Bioinformatics:

Molecular dynamics.

† Expected speedups are highly dependent on system configuration. GPU performance compared against multi-core x86 CPU socket. GPU performance benchmarked on GPU supported features and may be a kernel to kernel performance comparison. For details on configuration used, view application website. Speedups as per Nvidia in-house testing or ISV's documentation.  ‡ Q=Quadro GPU, T=Tesla GPU. Nvidia recommended GPUs for this application. Check with developer or ISV to obtain certification information.

General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, rarely GPGP) is the use of a graphics processing unit (GPU), which typically handles computation only for computer graphics, to perform computation in applications traditionally handled by the central processing unit (CPU). The use of multiple video cards in one computer, or large numbers of graphics chips, further parallelizes the already parallel nature of graphics processing. In addition, even a single GPU-CPU framework provides advantages that multiple CPUs on their own do not offer due to the specialization in each chip.

General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (zkratka GPGPU) je způsob využití paralelizace na grafické kartě k výpočtu obecných algoritmů. Grafické karty dříve obsahovaly pouze "fixní" vykreslovací řetězec, který sloužil výhradně ke zpracování grafických primitiv a prezentaci na obrazovce. S příchodem programovatelných shaderů se však vyskytla možnost získat "výstup operací" prováděných grafickou kartou. Výpočty na grafické kartě jsou vhodné u algoritmů, které mají podobný formát jako grafická primitiva a obsahují mezi sebou "minimální nebo žádné vazby" (taková operace může být například převod pixelů barevného obrazu do šedotónového).