Plot.

Karen Cartwright (Katharine McPhee) and Derek Wills (Jack Davenport) have made it to Karen's apartment and continue drinking wine for several more hours. After they drink the last of the wine, they start to make out. Derek asks her if she's sure she wants to do this and they continue.  Jimmy Collins (Jeremy Jordan) sings "High and Dry" while he walks around sad about his life and being fired from "Hit List". He looks for Kyle, even going to their apartment but doesn't find him. He then goes to Karen's apartment building and goes up the fire escape and raps on Karen's window. She comes to the window and Jimmy tells her he wants to be with her. Derek calls out to her and a hurt Jimmy leaves.  Scott Nichols (Jesse L. Martin) and Julia Houston (Debra Messing) discuss that Tom Levitt (Christian Borle) is dissolving her and Tom's partnership. Scott is upset because he feels he'll lose "The Great Gatsby" that Julia wants to do and he'll end up losing his job. Julia says she'll talk to Tom.  Eileen Rand (Anjelica Huston) gets together with her publicist Agnes (Daphne Rubin-Vega) and Tom, Ivy Lynn (Megan Hilty and Ivy's mom Leigh Conroy (Bernadette Peters) to plan strategy for a Tony nominations campaign for "Bombshell". We learn that Eileen will push for Ivy for lead and Leigh for supporting for "Bombshell" and that Ivy will also be pushed for her supporting role in "Liaisons". Eileen learns that her ex-husband Jerry Rand (Michael Cristofer) has taken out a full page ad to tout "Bombshell". She goes and sees him at a restaurant. He tells her he took out the ad to help her. She tells him to stay out of her life, throwing a martini at him for good measure.  Tom is informed by the police that Kyle Bishop (Andy Mientus) has been hit by a car. He goes and finds Derek and Karen at the "Hit List" theater and tells them that Kyle is dead. Derek and Karen tell a devastated cast. Scott Nichols (Jesse L. Martin) thinks the show should go on that night but Derek nixes the idea.  Ticket holders have been informed that the show that night has been canceled, but many line up anyway because they want to see the show and pay tribute. Derek tells the cast that he thinks they should put on the show as a concert as a way to honor Kyle and the show.  Tom flashes back to one morning with Kyle where he serenades him with "Vienna".  Leigh and a young actress playing a young Marilyn (Sophia Caruso) perform "At Your Feet" during a "Bombshell" show.  Tom and Julia talk about Tom wanting to dissolve their partnership. He says he's doing it so she will have "The Great Gatsby" free and clear to make without any interference from him since she initially optioned the rights as part of their partnership.  Jimmy shows up backstage and learns that Kyle is dead. He leaves upset and Karen goes to find him. She finds him sitting on a ledge at a place that he and Kyle liked. She tells him he should come to the show that night but he doesn't feel he's up to it. She also tells him that nothing happened between her and Derek because she's in love with him.  Julia is angry with Scott after finding out he told the stage manager that she (Julia) said it was ok to call the ticketholders back and let them know the show was still on for that night and it was being done in memory of Kyle. She feels he was being greedy and using Kyle's death for his own means, as he was afraid of getting fired if Hit List didn't do well. She tells him she won't be doing Gatsby with him.  During the concert, Jimmy shows up and steps in and sings an emotional "The Love I Meant to Say" in memory of Kyle.  Ivy meets up with Derek and he asks her why she has been ducking his calls. She tells him that she found out they got together again after he had been rejected by Karen. He tells her that nothing has happened between Karen and him, including last night where he slept on her couch. She tells him there will always be a "Karen" and she's done with him.  Eileen runs into Jerry, who tells her that he no longer has the money available to help with "Bombshell", as he's decided to invest it in "Hit List" and will be taking it to Broadway. He chortles that now he and Eileen will likely be in contention for Tony nominations.  Karen asks Jimmy if he wants to go somewhere and talk, but he tells her he needs to be alone to sort things out. He also indicates that he's no longer drinking.  Julia had wanted as much of Broadway as possible to dim their lights in Kyle's honor but Eileen said that was unlikely as that honor is reserved for Broadway veterans, so after the "Hit List" concert, the cast, with Tom, Julia and Eileen, watch from across the street as the "Bombshell" theater lights are dimmed for Kyle.

Production.

The episode was co-written by executive producer and showrunner Joshua Safran.  In an interview with TVLine.com, Andy Mientus, who plays Kyle, talks about the episode's parallels to the hit musical "Rent", with creator Jonathan Larson dying before that show's opening night and how it affected people and the theater world.  There were five songs featured in the episode, two covers ("High and Dry" by Radiohead and "Vienna" by Billy Joel) and three originals (one reprise). The reprised "Broadway, Here I Come!" was written by Joe Iconis, "At Your Feet" and "The Love I Meant To Say" were written by the show's in-house songwriters Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman.  In an interview with Broadwayworld.com dated April 6, 2013, Jeremy Jordan talks about singing "The Love I Meant to Say" live on the show, as most numbers are pre-recorded and lip-synced.  "High and Dry", "Vienna", and "The Love I Meant to Say" were made available for sale as singles the week the episode aired. "Broadway, Here I Come!" had been released previously as a single. "At Your Feet" is available on the cast album "Bombshell".

Critical reception.

Hillary Busis of "Entertainment Weekly" reviewed the episode. Sara Brady of Television Without Pity reviewed the episode and gave it a C rating.

"The Phenomenon" is the twenty ninth episode of the American television series "Smash". It was written by Jordon Nardino and executive producer and showrunner Joshua Safran and directed by Roxann Dawson. The episode premiered on NBC on May 4, 2013, the fourteenth episode of season 2.

The Phenomenon je čtrnáctá epizoda druhé série amerického televizního seriálu "Smash" a v celkovém pořadí dvacátá devátá epizoda tohoto seriálu. Napsali ji Jordon Nardino a Joshua Safran a režírovala ji Roxann Dawson. Epizoda se poprvé vysílala ve Spojených státech dne 4. května 2013 na televizním kanálu NBC.


Early life and career.

Vogel was born in Abington Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, to Kathy and Jim Vogel, and was raised in Warminster Township, Pennsylvania. He is of German descent. Both of his grandfathers fought in World War II; one was a tank commander who fought in the Battle of the Bulge, and the other was a Seabee in the Navy. Vogel has two younger siblings: a brother, Daniel Aaron, and a sister, Kristin. He attended William Tennent High School, where Vogel was on the freshman wrestling team.  He also attended Cairn University in Langhorne, Pennsylvania in 1998. During the early 2000s, he frequently traveled to New York City in order to audition for acting roles and modeling slots.

Career.

Vogel began modeling jeans for the iconic Levi Strauss & Company. He was subsequently cast in the television series "Grounded for Life", appearing in a recurring role between 2001 and 2004.  His first film role was in the skateboarding-themed "Grind", which was released on August 15, 2003. The film's co-stars included Adam Brody and Jennifer Morrison. Vogel's next role was in the made-for-television remake of "Wuthering Heights", which premiered on MTV in September 2003. In the film, Vogel played Heath opposite Erika Christensen's Kate. Vogel's last 2003 role was in the remake of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", which was released in October and had high box office performance.  In 2005, after "Grounded for Life" was canceled, Vogel appeared in four film roles. First, he played Eric Richman, the romantic interest of Blake Lively's character in "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants", which had a June release. His next role was the lead in the low-budget film, "Supercross", which was theatrically released in August. Vogel filmed his role in "Havoc", a dark, R-rated drama also starring Anne Hathaway, in 2003, but the film was not released until November 2005. It bypassed theaters and was released directly-to-video. Vogel's final 2005 role was in "Rumor Has It...", starring Jennifer Aniston, in which he had a supporting role as the son of Kevin Costner's character. Vogel's first 2006 role was in the disaster film "Poseidon", a remake of the 1972 film "The Poseidon Adventure"; he plays the fiancé of Emmy Rossum's character. The film, which had a budget of $160m, opened on May 12 and grossed $181,674,817 at the international box office. Vogel was originally offered the role of Angel in "", but backed out to appear in "Poseidon". The same year, he appeared in "Caffeine", a romantic comedy and signed to appear in a horror movie called "Open Graves", shot in Spain.  In 2007, Vogel appeared in the film "The Deaths of Ian Stone", part of the horror film festival 8 Films to Die For. In 2009, Vogel starred in the neo-noir film "Across the Hall" and the horror film "Open Graves". He was part of the 2010 romantic comedy film "She's Out of My League", "Blue Valentine", TV series "Miami Medical", and "Heaven's Rain".  Vogel was part of the 2011 comedy film "What's Your Number?" and plays Johnny Foote in the film adaption "The Help". He most recently played Dean on the short-lived ABC drama "Pan Am" (based on the history of the defunct airline of the same name).  In 2013, he participated in Howard Goldberg's comedy "Jake Squared", where he plays against among others, Elias Koteas, Virginia Madsen and Jane Seymour. He also appeared in "McCanick", and the first six episodes of "Bates Motel". This was A&E's contemporary prequel series to the 1959 novel "Psycho".  BuddyTV ranked him #96 on its list of "TV's Sexiest Men of 2011".  Vogel starred as Dale "Barbie" Barbara on the CBS science fiction drama series "Under the Dome", based on the novel of the same name by Stephen King. The show aired as a summer series on CBS; it ran for three seasons on the network, ending in September 2015.  In 2014, Vogel received a role in the "Hallmark Hall of Fame"'s romantic TV movie "In My Dreams", in which he played opposite, among others, Katharine McPhee and JoBeth Williams. In the same year he played in the drama thriller "The Boy", which tells the story of a 9-year-old sociopath, who was played by Jared Breeze.  In 2015, Vogel starred in the miniseries "Childhood's End", based on the novel of the same name written by Arthur C. Clarke.  In 2017, Vogel starred in the film adaptation of Lee Strobel's "The Case for Christ", portraying the author and teaming up again with co-star Erika Christensen.  On September 25, 2017, NBC debuted "The Brave", for the 2017–18 season. A small team of hardcore military-intelligence agents from varied branches of the service is selected for special, difficult missions. Among the leads is Vogel's character, Capt. Adam Dalton, the team's communications director and a former Delta Force operative. He reports to the character played by series lead Anne Heche. The series was cancelled after one season.  In December 2018, it was announced that Vogel will star in the Netflix psychological thriller "Secret Obsession". The film was released on July 18, 2019.  In February 2019, Vogel will play in the lead role of David Roman in the ABC science-fiction pilot "Triangle" which was written by Jon Feldman and Sonny Postiglione. ABC passed on the project in September 2019.

Personal life.

Vogel married Courtney, a former model, in January 2003. They have three children together: Cassy Renee, born 2007; Charlee B., born 2009; and Gabriel James Vogel, born 2013. The family resides in Nashville, Tennessee. They also have a pug, and two horses.

Michael James Vogel (born July 17, 1979) is an American actor and former model. Vogel began acting in 2001 and has appeared in several films and series, including "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre", "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants", "Grind", "Poseidon", "Blue Valentine", "The Help", "Bates Motel", "Cloverfield", "Under the Dome" and "The Case for Christ". He starred as the lead in the NBC military drama series "The Brave" for the 2017–18 season.

Michael James "Mike" Vogel (* 17. července 1979, Abington, Pensylvánie, Spojené státy americké) je americký herec a bývalý model. S hraním začal v roce 2001 a od té doby se objevil v mnoha filmech a seriálech jako "Texaský masakr motorovou pilou", "Sesterstvo putovních kalhot", "Skřípění", "Poseidon", "Monstrum", "Blue Valentine" a "Černobílý svět". Během let 2013–2015 hrál roli Daleho "Barbie" Barbary v seriálu stanice CBS "Pod kupolí". Během let 2017–2018 hrál roli kapitána Adama Daltona v seriálu "The Brave".


Early life and education.

Shawn Hatosy was born in Ijamsville, Maryland, to Carol Ann (née Owens), a loan officer, and Wayne Thomas Hatosy. He has Hungarian and Irish ancestry. He grew up in the Loch Haven neighborhood of Ijamsville, Maryland, attended New Market Middle School, and graduated from Linganore High School in 1994.

Career.

Since appearing in "Public Enemies" (2009), starring Johnny Depp and Christian Bale, and "" (2009), in which Hatosy portrays Nicolas Cage's partner, Armand Benoit, Hatosy has primarily worked in television.  Earlier films included "Soldier's Girl", "The Faculty", "In & Out", "The Cooler", "Outside Providence", "Anywhere but Here", "John Q", "A Guy Thing", and 2006's "Alpha Dog". Hatosy auditioned for a leading role in the 1999 film "Varsity Blues" but lost it to James Van Der Beek.  Hatosy has appeared in such television shows as "", "The Twilight Zone", "Felicity", "Six Feet Under", "ER", "Law & Order", "Numb3rs", "My Name Is Earl", "Hawaii Five-0", "Criminal Minds", "Fear the Walking Dead", "Flaked", and "Bosch". He portrayed Detective Sammy Bryant in the NBC/TNT television series "Southland". His latest successful roles were serial killer Boyd Fowler on the Showtime television series "Dexter" and police officer Terry McCandless in "Reckless". He is currently starring as Andrew "Pope" Cody on the "TNT" crime drama series "Animal Kingdom".  Hatosy was a singer in his own band and graduated from Linganore High School in 1994. He made an appearance in Wheatus's music video for their single "A Little Respect". He also made an appearance in Justin Timberlake's music video for his single "What Goes Around... Comes Around", alongside Scarlett Johansson as the drunk love interest.  In 2005, Hatosy performed opposite Al Pacino in Lyle Kessler's "Orphans", at the Greenway Court Theatre in Los Angeles. Hatosy also took on the title role in the La Jolla Playhouse production of "The Collected Works of Billy the Kid". Off-Broadway, he starred opposite Anna Paquin in the Paul Weitz comedy "Roulette". He also performed in "Roulette", an Ensemble Studio Theater production directed by Trip Cullman, whose characters include a dizzy, distant dad (Larry Bryggman), a sweet, adulterous, alcoholic mom (Leslie Lyles), a steroid-hyped son (Shawn Hatosy), and a wise-cracking, substance-abusing teenage daughter (the Oscar-winning actress Anna Paquin).

Personal life.

Shawn married Kelly Albanese in December 2010. The couple lives in Los Angeles with their sons, Cassius Hatosy (born June 16, 2006), Leo Hatosy (born November 18, 2012), and Finn Jones Hatosy (born October 29, 2017).

Shawn Wayne Hatosy (born December 29, 1975) is an American film and television actor and director. He is best known for his roles in the films "In & Out", "The Faculty", "Outside Providence", "Anywhere but Here", "The Cooler", and "Alpha Dog". He is also well known for his role as Detective Sammy Bryant on the TNT crime drama series "Southland" and is currently starring as Andrew "Pope" Cody in the TNT crime drama series, "Animal Kingdom", based on the 2010 Australian film of the same name.

Shawn Hatosy (* 29. prosince 1975 Frederick, Maryland, USA) je americký herec. Svou první roli získal v roce 1995 ve filmu "Domů na svátky". První větší roli si zahrál v roce 1997 ve filmu "All Over Me". Později hrál například ve filmech "Zkurvená noc" (2003), "Warholka" (2006), "Alpha Dog" (2006) nebo "Špatnej polda" (2009). Mimo filmy hrál rovněž v různých seriálech, například "Policajti z L. A." nebo "Vražedná čísla"


History.

The first permanent settlement at Braselton was made in 1884. The town is named after Harrison Braselton, a poor dirt farmer who married Susan Hosch, the daughter of a rich plantation owner. Braselton built a home on of land he purchased north of the Hosch Plantation. The land he purchased was later called Braselton. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Braselton as a town in 1916.  In 1989 actress and Georgia native Kim Basinger and other investors bought of the town's 2,000 privately owned acres for $20 million from Braselton Brothers Inc, intending to turn it into a tourist destination. Five years later, on the eve of personal bankruptcy, she and her partners sold the land for $1 million.

Geography.

Braselton is located at (34.098764, -83.797814).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.79%, is water. Braselton has seen its growth from to its current size from annexations into surrounding areas.  Braselton borders the mailing addresses (not city limits) of Gainesville (Candler), Flowery Branch, Oakwood (Chestnut Mountain side), and Pendergrass.  The town borders the city limits and shares a ZIP code with Hoschton.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, 7,511 people and 2,833 households resided in the town. The population density was 605.0 people per square mile (1,210.0/km2). There were 2,833 housing units at an average density of 605.0 per square mile (1,210.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 82.9% White, 8.8% African American, 3.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 8.2% of the population.  Of the 2,833 households, 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.6 were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were not families. About 18.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.60 and the average family size was 3.16.  In the town, the population was distributed as 30.2% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $65,521 and for a family was $64,667. The median value for a housing unit was $267,100. Males had a median income of $46,477 versus $27,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $35,921. About 4.1% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 12.6% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure.

The town operates a police department, a Hall County Sheriff's Office location, post office, and one fire station. Northeast Georgia Health System built a new hospital in the Central/ Greater Braselton area that opened in Spring 2015. It's the first net-new hospital in Georgia in 20 years.

Braselton ( ) is a town in Barrow, Gwinnett, Hall, and Jackson counties in the U.S. state of Georgia, approximately northeast of Atlanta. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 7,511, and in 2018 the estimated population was 11,652.

Braselton je město v Barrow County, Gwinnett County, Hall County a v Jackson County v Georgii ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2011 žilo ve městě 7539 obyvatel.


History.

Buchanan was founded in 1856 as seat of the newly formed Haralson County. It was named for United States President James Buchanan. Buchanan was incorporated as a town in 1857 and as a city in 1902.  In 2015, an on-duty Georgia State Trooper, Anthony James Scott, crashed into a car while driving his police car at 91 mph in a 55 mph zone, killing two of the occupants and injuring two others. Scott was not responding to any crime or emergency, and was not charged with any crimes. Scott was fired from his job as a state trooper, and was later elected mayor of Buchanan.

Geography.

Buchanan is located just east of the center of Haralson County at (33.801726, -85.183506). U.S. Route 27 bypasses the city to the east, leading north to Cedartown and south to Bremen.  According to the United States Census Bureau, Buchanan has a total area of, of which are land and, or 12.42%, are water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 941 people, 345 households, and 221 families residing in the city. The population density was 638.6 people per square mile (247.2/km). There were 380 housing units at an average density of 257.9 per square mile (99.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.14% White, 11.37% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population.  There were 345 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.7% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.02.  In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $23,269, and the median income for a family was $26,964. Males had a median income of $24,205 versus $16,458 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,821. About 20.5% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 19.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Haralson County School District.

The Haralson County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of four elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. The district has 231 full-time teachers and over 3,766 students.

Buchanan is a city in Haralson County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,104 at the 2010 census, up from 941 at the 2000 census. The city is the county seat of Haralson County.

Buchanan je město v Haralson County, v Georgii, ve Spojených státech amerických. V roce 2011 žilo ve městě 1104 obyvatel.


Definitions.

Since the late 1980s cyberattacks have evolved several times to use innovations in information technology as vectors for committing cybercrimes. In recent years, the scale and robustness of cyberattacks has increased rapidly, as observed by the World Economic Forum in its 2018 report: "Offensive cyber capabilities are developing more rapidly than our ability to deal with hostile incidents."  In May 2000, the Internet Engineering Task Force defined attack in RFC 2828 as:  CNSS Instruction No. 4009 dated 26 April 2010 by Committee on National Security Systems of the United States of America defines an attack as:  The increasing dependency of modern society on information and computer networks (both in private and public sectors, including the military) has led to new terms like cyber attack and cyberwarfare.  CNSS Instruction No. 4009 define a cyber attack as:  As cars begin to adopt more technology, cyber attacks are becoming a security threat to automobiles.

Prevalence.

In the first six months of 2017, two billion data records were stolen or impacted by cyberattacks, and ransomware payments reached, double that in 2016.

Cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism.

Cyberwarfare utilizes techniques of defending and attacking information and computer networks that inhabit cyberspace, often through a prolonged cyber campaign or series of related campaigns. It denies an opponent's ability to do the same, while employing technological instruments of war to attack an opponent's critical computer systems. Cyberterrorism, on the other hand, is "the use of computer network tools to shut down critical national infrastructures (such as energy, transportation, government operations) or to coerce or intimidate a government or civilian population". That means the end result of both cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism is the same, to damage critical infrastructures and computer systems linked together within the confines of cyberspace.  The financial crime expert Veit Buetterlin explained that organizations, including state actors, which cannot finance themselves through trade because of imposed sanctions, conduct cyber attacks on banks to generate funds.

Factors.

Three factors contribute to why cyber-attacks are launched against a state or an individual: the fear factor, spectacularity factor, and vulnerability factor.

Spectacularity factor.

The spectacularity factor is a measure of the actual damage achieved by an attack, meaning that the attack creates direct losses (usually loss of availability or loss of income) and garners negative publicity. On 8 February 2000, a Denial of Service attack severely reduced traffic to many major sites, including Amazon, Buy.com, CNN, and eBay (the attack continued to affect still other sites the next day). Amazon reportedly estimated the loss of business at $600,000.

Vulnerability factor.

Vulnerability factor exploits how vulnerable an organization or government establishment is to cyber-attacks. Organizations without maintenance systems might be running on old servers which are more vulnerable than updated systems. An organization can be vulnerable to a denial of service attack and a government establishment can be defaced on a web page. A computer network attack disrupts the integrity or authenticity of data, usually through malicious code that alters program logic that controls data, leading to errors in output.

Professional hackers to cyberterrorists.

Professional hackers, either working on their own or employed by government agencies or the military, can find computer systems with vulnerabilities lacking the appropriate security software. Once those vulnerabilities are found, they can infect systems with malicious code and then remotely control the system or computer by sending commands to view content or to disrupt other computers. There needs to be a pre-existing system flaw within the computer such as no antivirus protection or faulty system configuration for the viral code to work.  Many professional hackers will promote themselves to cyberterrorists, where a new set of rules govern their actions. Cyberterrorists have premeditated plans and their attacks are not born of rage. They need to develop their plans step-by-step and acquire the appropriate software to carry out an attack. They usually have political agendas, targeting political structures. Cyberterrorists are hackers with a political motivation, their attacks can impact political structure through this corruption and destruction. They also target civilians, civilian interests and civilian installations. As previously stated cyberterrorists attack persons or property and cause enough harm to generate fear.

Types of attack.

An attack can be "active" or "passive".  An attack can be perpetrated by an "insider" or from" outside" the organization;  The term "attack" relates to some other basic security terms as shown in the following diagram:  A resource (both physical or logical), called an asset, can have one or more vulnerabilities that can be exploited by a threat agent in a threat action. As a result, the confidentiality, integrity or availability of resources may be compromised. Potentially, the damage may extend to resources in addition to the one initially identified as vulnerable, including further resources of the organization, and the resources of other involved parties (customers, suppliers).  The so-called CIA triad is the basis of information security.  The attack can be "active" when it attempts to alter system resources or affect their operation: so it compromises integrity or availability. A ""passive attack"" attempts to learn or make use of information from the system but does not affect system resources: so it compromises confidentiality.  A threat is a potential for violation of security, which exists when there is a circumstance, capability, action or event that could breach security and cause harm. That is, a threat is a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability. A threat can be either "intentional" (i.e., intelligent; e.g., an individual cracker or a criminal organization) or "accidental" (e.g., the possibility of a computer malfunctioning, or the possibility of an "act of God" such as an earthquake, a fire, or a tornado).  A set of policies concerned with information security management, the information security management systems (ISMS), has been developed to manage, according to risk management principles, the countermeasures in order to accomplish to a security strategy set up following rules and regulations applicable in a country.  An attack should led to a "security incident" i.e. a "security event" that involves a "security violation". In other words, a security-relevant system event in which the system's security policy is disobeyed or otherwise breached.  The overall picture represents the risk factors of the risk scenario.  An organization should make steps to detect, classify and manage security incidents. The first logical step is to set up an incident response plan and eventually a computer emergency response team.  In order to detect attacks, a number of countermeasures can be set up at organizational, procedural and technical levels. Computer emergency response team, information technology security audit and intrusion detection system are examples of these.  An attack usually is perpetrated by someone with bad intentions: black hatted attacks falls in this category, while other perform penetration testing on an organization information system to find out if all foreseen controls are in place.  The attacks can be classified according to their origin: i.e. if it is conducted using one or more computers: in the last case is called a distributed attack. Botnets are used to conduct distributed attacks.  Other classifications are according to the procedures used or the type of vulnerabilities exploited: attacks can be concentrated on network mechanisms or host features.  Some attacks are physical: i.e. theft or damage of computers and other equipment. Others are attempts to force changes in the logic used by computers or network protocols in order to achieve unforeseen (by the original designer) result but useful for the attacker. Software used to for logical attacks on computers is called malware.  The following is a partial short list of attacks:  In detail, there are a number of techniques to utilize in cyber-attacks and a variety of ways to administer them to individuals or establishments on a broader scale. Attacks are broken down into two categories: syntactic attacks and semantic attacks. Syntactic attacks are straightforward; it is considered malicious software which includes viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.

Syntactic attacks.

Viruses.

A virus is a self-replicating program that can attach itself to another program or file in order to reproduce. The virus can hide in unlikely locations in the memory of a computer system and attach itself to whatever file it sees fit to execute its code. It can also change its digital footprint each time it replicates making it harder to track down in the computer.

Worms.

A worm does not need another file or program to copy itself; it is a self-sustaining running program. Worms replicate over a network using protocols. The latest incarnation of worms make use of known vulnerabilities in systems to penetrate, execute their code, and replicate to other systems such as the Code Red II worm that infected more than 259 000 systems in less than 14 hours. On a much larger scale, worms can be designed for industrial espionage to monitor and collect server and traffic activities then transmit it back to its creator.

Trojan horses.

A Trojan horse is designed to perform legitimate tasks but it also performs unknown and unwanted activity. It can be the basis of many viruses and worms installing onto the computer as keyboard loggers and backdoor software. In a commercial sense, Trojans can be imbedded in trial versions of software and can gather additional intelligence about the target without the person even knowing it happening. All three of these are likely to attack an individual and establishment through emails, web browsers, chat clients, remote software, and updates.

Semantic attacks.

Semantic attack is the modification and dissemination of correct and incorrect information. Information modified could have been done without the use of computers even though new opportunities can be found by using them. To set someone into the wrong direction or to cover your tracks, the dissemination of incorrect information can be utilized.

India and Pakistan.

There were two such instances between India and Pakistan that involved cyberspace conflicts, started in 1990s. Earlier cyber attacks came to known as early as in 1999. Since then, India and Pakistan were engaged in a long-term dispute over Kashmir which moved into cyberspace. Historical accounts indicated that each country's hackers have been repeatedly involved in attacking each other's computing database system. The number of attacks has grown yearly: 45 in 1999, 133 in 2000, 275 by the end of August 2001. In 2010, Indian hackers laid a cyber attack at least 36 government database websites going by the name "Indian Cyber Army". In 2013, Indian hackers hacked the official website of Election Commission of Pakistan in an attempt to retrieve sensitive database information. In retaliation, Pakistani hackers, calling themselves "True Cyber Army" hacked and defaced ~1,059 websites of Indian election bodies.  According to the media, Pakistan's has been working on effective cyber security system, in a program called the "Cyber Secure Pakistan" (CSP). The program was launched in April 2013 by Pakistan Information Security Association and the program has expanded to country's universities.

Cyberattacks by and against countries.

Within cyberwarfare, the individual must recognize the state actors involved in committing these cyber-attacks against one another. The two predominant players that will be discussed is the age-old comparison of East versus West, China's cyber capabilities compared to United States' capabilities. There are many other state and non-state actors involved in cyberwarfare, such as Russia, Iran, Iraq, and Al Qaeda; since China and the U.S. are leading the foreground in cyberwarfare capabilities, they will be the only two state actors discussed.  But in Q2 2013, Akamai Technologies reported that Indonesia toppled China with portion 38 percent of cyber attack, a high increase from 21 percent portion in previous quarter. China set 33 percent and US set at 6.9 percent. 79 percent of attack came from Asia Pacific region. Indonesia dominated the attacking to ports 80 and 443 by about 90 percent.

China.

China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) has developed a strategy called "Integrated Network Electronic Warfare" which guides computer network operations and cyberwarfare tools. This strategy helps link together network warfare tools and electronic warfare weapons against an opponent's information systems during conflict. They believe the fundamentals for achieving success is about seizing control of an opponent's information flow and establishing information dominance. "The Science of Military" and "The Science of Campaigns" both identify enemy logistics systems networks as the highest priority for cyber-attacks and states that cyberwarfare must mark the start if a campaign, used properly, can enable overall operational success. Focusing on attacking the opponent's infrastructure to disrupt transmissions and processes of information that dictate decision-making operations, the PLA would secure cyber dominance over their adversary. The predominant techniques that would be utilized during a conflict to gain the upper hand are as follows, the PLA would strike with electronic jammers, electronic deception and suppression techniques to interrupt the transfer processes of information. They would launch virus attacks or hacking techniques to sabotage information processes, all in the hopes of destroying enemy information platforms and facilities. The PLA's "Science of Campaigns" noted that one role for cyberwarfare is to create windows of opportunity for other forces to operate without detection or with a lowered risk of counterattack by exploiting the enemy's periods of "blindness", "deafness" or "paralysis" created by cyber-attacks. That is one of the main focal points of cyberwarefare, to be able to weaken your enemy to the full extent possible so that your physical offensive will have a higher percentage of success.  The PLA conduct regular training exercises in a variety of environments emphasizing the use of cyberwarfare tactics and techniques in countering such tactics if it is employed against them. Faculty research has been focusing on designs for rootkit usage and detection for their Kylin Operating System which helps to further train these individuals' cyberwarfare techniques. China perceives cyberwarfare as a deterrent to nuclear weapons, possessing the ability for greater precision, leaving fewer casualties, and allowing for long ranged attacks.

United States.

In the West, the United States provides a different "tone of voice" when cyberwarfare is on the tip of everyone's tongue. The United States provides security plans strictly in the response to cyberwarfare, basically going on the defensive when they are being attacked by devious cyber methods. In the U.S., the responsibility of cybersecurity is divided between the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Department of Defense. In recent years, a new department was created to specifically tend to cyber threats, this department is known as Cyber Command. Cyber Command is a military subcommand under US Strategic Command and is responsible for dealing with threats to the military cyber infrastructure. Cyber Command's service elements include Army Forces Cyber Command, the Twenty-fourth Air Force, Fleet Cyber Command and Marine Forces Cyber Command. It ensures that the President can navigate and control information systems and that he also has military options available when defense of the nation needs to be enacted in cyberspace. Individuals at Cyber Command must pay attention to state and non-state actors who are developing cyberwarfare capabilities in conducting cyber espionage and other cyber-attacks against the nation and its allies. Cyber Command seeks to be a deterrence factor to dissuade potential adversaries from attacking the U.S., while being a multi-faceted department in conducting cyber operations of its own.  Three prominent events took place which may have been catalysts in the creation of the idea of Cyber Command. There was a failure of critical infrastructure reported by the CIA where malicious activities against information technology systems disrupted electrical power capabilities overseas. This resulted in multi-city power outages across multiple regions. The second event was the exploitation of global financial services. In November 2008, an international bank had a compromised payment processor that allowed fraudulent transactions to be made at more than 130 automated teller machines in 49 cities within a 30-minute period. The last event was the systemic loss of U.S. economic value when an industry in 2008 estimated $1 trillion in losses of intellectual property to data theft. Even though all these events were internal catastrophes, they were very real in nature, meaning nothing can stop state or non-state actors to do the same thing on an even grander scale. Other initiatives like the Cyber Training Advisory Council were created to improve the quality, efficiency, and sufficiency of training for computer network defense, attack, and exploitation of enemy cyber operations.  On both ends of the spectrum, East and West nations show a "sword and shield" contrast in ideals. The Chinese have a more offensive minded idea for cyberwarfare, trying to get the pre-emptive strike in the early stages of conflict to gain the upper-hand. In the U.S. there are more reactionary measures being taken at creating systems with impenetrable barriers to protect the nation and its civilians from cyber-attacks.  According to "Homeland Preparedness News", many mid-sized U.S. companies have a difficult time defending their systems against cyber attacks. Around 80 percent of assets vulnerable to a cyber attack are owned by private companies and organizations. Former New York State Deputy Secretary for Public Safety Michael Balboni said that private entities "do not have the type of capability, bandwidth, interest or experience to develop a proactive cyber analysis."  In response to cyber-attacks on 1 April 2015, President Obama issued an Executive Order establishing the first-ever economic sanctions. The Executive Order will impact individuals and entities ("designees") responsible for cyber-attacks that threaten the national security, foreign policy, economic health, or financial stability of the US. Specifically, the Executive Order authorizes the Treasury Department to freeze designees' assets.  According to Ted Koppel's book, in 2008, the United States in collaboration with Israel, ran a cyberattack on Iran's nuclear program, becoming "the first to use a digital weapon as an instrument of policy".

Ukraine.

A series of powerful cyber attacks began 27 June 2017 that swamped websites of Ukrainian organizations, including banks, ministries, newspapers and electricity firms.

Russia.

During the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Russia countered and stopped around 25 million cyber attacks on IT Infrastructure.  In June 2019, Russia has conceded that it is "possible" its electrical grid is under cyberattack by the United States. The "New York Times" reported that American hackers from the United States Cyber Command planted malware potentially capable of disrupting the Russian electrical grid.

Estonia.

The 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia were a series of cyberattacks which began on 27 April 2007 and targeted websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the country's disagreement with Russia about the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an elaborate Soviet-era grave marker, as well as war graves in Tallinn. The attacks triggered a number of military organizations around the world to reconsider the importance of network security to modern military doctrine. The direct result of the cyberattacks was the creation of the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence in Tallinn.

United Arab Emirates.

In 2019, Reuters reported that United Arab Emirates launched a series of cyberattacks on its political opponents, journalists, and human rights activists under Project Raven, on an espionage platform namely Karma. The team included ex-US intelligence agents. Project Raven commenced in 2009 and was planned to be continued for the coming ten years.

Iran.

On 8 February 2020, the telecommunication network of Iran witnessed extensive disruptions at 11:44 a.m. local time, which lasted for about an hour. The Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran confirmed it as a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The Iranian authorities activated the "Digital Fortress" cyber-defense mechanism to repel. Also known as DZHAFA, it led to a drop of 75 percent in the national internet connectivity.

Consequence of a potential attack.

A whole industry is working trying to minimize the likelihood and the consequence of an information attack.  For a partial list see:.  They offer different products and services, aimed at:  Many organizations are trying to classify vulnerability and their consequence: the most famous vulnerability database is the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures.  Computer emergency response teams are set up by government and large organization to handle computer security incidents.

Infrastructures as targets.

Once a cyber-attack has been initiated, there are certain targets that need to be attacked to cripple the opponent. Certain infrastructures as targets have been highlighted as critical infrastructures in times of conflict that can severely cripple a nation. Control systems, energy resources, finance, telecommunications, transportation, and water facilities are seen as critical infrastructure targets during conflict. A new report on the industrial cybersecurity problems, produced by the British Columbia Institute of Technology, and the PA Consulting Group, using data from as far back as 1981, reportedly has found a 10-fold increase in the number of successful cyber-attacks on infrastructure Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems since 2000. Cyberattacks that have an adverse physical effect are known as cyber-physical attacks.

Control systems.

Control systems are responsible for activating and monitoring industrial or mechanical controls. Many devices are integrated with computer platforms to control valves and gates to certain physical infrastructures. Control systems are usually designed as remote telemetry devices that link to other physical devices through internet access or modems. Little security can be offered when dealing with these devices, enabling many hackers or cyberterrorists to seek out systematic vulnerabilities. Paul Blomgren, manager of sales engineering at cybersecurity firm explained how his people drove to a remote substation, saw a wireless network antenna and immediately plugged in their wireless LAN cards. They took out their laptops and connected to the system because it wasn't using passwords. "Within 10 minutes, they had mapped every piece of equipment in the facility," Blomgren said. "Within 15 minutes, they mapped every piece of equipment in the operational control network. Within 20 minutes, they were talking to the business network and had pulled off several business reports. They never even left the vehicle."

Energy.

Energy is seen as the second infrastructure that could be attacked. It is broken down into two categories, electricity and natural gas. Electricity also known as electric grids power cities, regions, and households; it powers machines and other mechanisms used in day-to-day life. Using US as an example, in a conflict cyberterrorists can access data through the Daily Report of System Status that shows power flows throughout the system and can pinpoint the busiest sections of the grid. By shutting those grids down, they can cause mass hysteria, backlog, and confusion; also being able to locate critical areas of operation to further attacks in a more direct method. Cyberterrorists can access instructions on how to connect to the Bonneville Power Administration which helps direct them on how to not fault the system in the process. This is a major advantage that can be utilized when cyber-attacks are being made because foreign attackers with no prior knowledge of the system can attack with the highest accuracy without drawbacks. Cyberattacks on natural gas installations go much the same way as it would with attacks on electrical grids. Cyberterrorists can shutdown these installations stopping the flow or they can even reroute gas flows to another section that can be occupied by one of their allies. There was a case in Russia with a gas supplier known as Gazprom, they lost control of their central switchboard which routes gas flow, after an inside operator and Trojan horse program bypassed security.

Finance.

Financial infrastructures could be hit hard by cyber-attacks as the financial system is linked by computer systems. Money is constantly being exchanged in these institutions and if cyberterrorists were to attack and if transactions were rerouted and large amounts of money stolen, financial industries would collapse and civilians would be without jobs and security. Operations would stall from region to region causing nationwide economic degradation. In the U.S. alone, the average daily volume of transactions hit $3 trillion and 99% of it is non-cash flow. To be able to disrupt that amount of money for one day or for a period of days can cause lasting damage making investors pull out of funding and erode public confidence.  A cyberattack on a financial institution or transactions may be referred to as a cyberheist. These attacks may start with phishing that targets employees, using social engineering to coax information from them. They may allow attackers to hack into the network and put keyloggers on the accounting systems. In time, the cybercriminals are able to obtain password and keys information. An organization's bank accounts can then be accessed via the information they have stolen using the keyloggers. In May 2013, a gang carried out a US$40 million cyberheist from the Bank of Muscat.

Telecommunications.

Cyberattacking telecommunication infrastructures have straightforward results. Telecommunication integration is becoming common practice, systems such as voice and IP networks are merging. Everything is being run through the internet because the speeds and storage capabilities are endless. Denial-of-service attacks can be administered as previously mentioned, but more complex attacks can be made on BGP routing protocols or DNS infrastructures. It is less likely that an attack would target or compromise the traditional telephony network of SS7 switches, or an attempted attack on physical devices such as microwave stations or satellite facilities. The ability would still be there to shut down those physical facilities to disrupt telephony networks. The whole idea on these cyber-attacks is to cut people off from one another, to disrupt communication, and by doing so, to impede critical information being sent and received. In cyberwarfare, this is a critical way of gaining the upper-hand in a conflict. By controlling the flow of information and communication, a nation can plan more accurate strikes and enact better counter-attack measures on their enemies.

Transportation.

Transportation infrastructure mirrors telecommunication facilities; by impeding transportation for individuals in a city or region, the economy will slightly degrade over time. Successful cyber-attacks can impact scheduling and accessibility, creating a disruption in the economic chain. Carrying methods will be impacted, making it hard for cargo to be sent from one place to another. In January 2003 during the "slammer" virus, Continental Airlines was forced to shut down flights due to computer problems. Cyberterrorists can target railroads by disrupting switches, target flight software to impede airplanes, and target road usage to impede more conventional transportation methods. In May 2015, a man, Chris Roberts, who was a cyberconsultant, revealed to the FBI that he had repeatedly, from 2011 to 2014, managed to hack into Boeing and Airbus flights' controls via the onboard entertainment system, allegedly, and had at least once ordered a flight to climb. The FBI, after detaining him in April 2015 in Syracuse, had interviewed him about the allegations.

Water.

Water as an infrastructure could be one of the most critical infrastructures to be attacked. It is seen as one of the greatest security hazards among all of the computer-controlled systems. There is the potential to have massive amounts of water unleashed into an area which could be unprotected causing loss of life and property damage. It is not even water supplies that could be attacked; sewer systems can be compromised too. There was no calculation given to the cost of damages, but the estimated cost to replace critical water systems could be in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Most of these water infrastructures are well developed making it hard for cyber-attacks to cause any significant damage, at most, equipment failure can occur causing power outlets to be disrupted for a short time.

Hospitals.

Hospital as an infrastructure is one of the major assets to have been impacted by cyberattacks. These attacks could "directly lead to deaths." The cyberattacks are designed to deny hospital workers access to critical care systems. Recently, there has been a major increase of cyberattacks against hospitals amid covid-19 pandemic. Hackers lock up a network and demand ransom to return access to these systems. The ICRC and other human rights group have urged law enforcement to take “immediate and decisive action” to punish such cyberattackers.

In computers and computer networks an attack is any attempt to expose, alter, disable, destroy, steal or gain unauthorized access to or make unauthorized use of an asset. A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices. An attacker is a person or process that attempts to access data, functions or other restricted areas of the system without authorization, potentially with malicious intent. Depending on context, cyberattacks can be part of cyberwarfare or cyberterrorism. A cyberattack can be employed by sovereign states, individuals, groups, society or organizations, and it may originate from an anonymous source.

Kybernetický útok (Cyber Attack) je možné definovat jako jakékoli úmyslné jednání útočníka v kyberprostoru, které směřuje proti zájmům jiné osoby.


Life.

Elisabeth was the second child and oldest daughter of her father; she had an elder brother named Hugh from his first marriage to Eleanor of Champagne. Therefore Elisabeth was second in line to inherit the county. When Elisabeth was aged two, she was joined by a brother also named Ralph; this pushed Elisabeth back to third in line. Around three years later, Elisabeth gained a further sister, Eleonore.  Elisabeth's mother Petronilla was the sister of the much-celebrated Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen consort of both France and England in her lifetime, this made Elisabeth first cousin to both Richard I of England and John of England.  Ralph had divorced his first wife Eleonore, however his marriage to Petronilla had been viewed as illegitimate by Pope Innocent II, the marriage was later legitimized by Pope Celestine II thus allowing Isabelle Mabile to possibly inherit. However, Ralph divorced Petronilla in 1151 then remarried the following year to Laurette, daughter of Thierry, Count of Flanders.

Marriage.

On 14 October 1152, Elisabeth's father died and Hugh was made Count of Vermandois; therefore, Elisabeth returned to second-in-line. In 1159, sixteen-year-old Elisabeth married Philip I, Count of Flanders. The following year, Elisabeth's brother Ralph married Philip's sister Margaret. In the same year, Hugh abdicated from his position as count to become a monk; therefore, Ralph succeeded as count, Elisabeth was then promoted to first in line, her sister Eleonore in second.

Rule.

In 1167, Elisabeth's brother Ralph died of leprosy. As his marriage to Margaret had proved childless, Elisabeth inherited the County of Vermandois, which she ruled over jointly with her husband; this pushed Flemish authority further south, to its greatest extent thus far, and threatened to completely alter the balance of power in northern France.  Philip and Elisabeth were childless. In 1175, Philip discovered that Elisabeth was committing adultery and had her lover, Walter de Fontaines, beaten to death. Philip then obtained complete control of her lands in Vermandois from King Louis VII of France. In 1177, when Philip left for the Holy Land, he designated his sister Margaret and her second husband, Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, as his heirs.  Elisabeth died at Arras on 28 March 1183 aged thirty-nine or forty, prompting King Philip II of France to seize Vermandois on behalf of her sister, Eleonore, who succeeded her. Elisabeth was buried at Amiens Cathedral.

Elisabeth (French: "Élisabeth"), also known as Isabelle Mabille (1143 – Arras, 28 March 1183), was ruling Countess of Vermandois from 1168 to 1183, and also Countess of Flanders by marriage to Philip I, Count of Flanders. She was the eldest daughter of Ralph I, Count of Vermandois and his second spouse, Petronilla of Aquitaine.

Alžběta z Vermandois ("francouzsky" "Élisabeth de Vermandois", 1143 - 1183) byla hraběnka z Flander, Amiensu, Valois a Vermandois, dcera královského senešala a sestřenice anglických králů. Shodou okolností se stala dědičkou hrabství Vermandois.


Mistrovství Evropy v basketbalu žen 2009

Squads.

At the start of tournament, all 16 participating countries had 12 players on their roster.

Venues.

The tournament will be held in three cities. The Preliminary Round will be played at Liepāja and Valmiera, while the Qualifying and Final Round will be played at Riga.

Competition System.

Preliminary Round (June 7 – June 9).

The 16 participants will be divided into four groups of four teams each. The top three teams in each group will advance to the Qualifying Round. The last team will be eliminated.

Qualifying Round (June 11 – June 16).

There will be two groups of six teams, each composed of the qualifiers from two Preliminary Round groups. The results in the Preliminary Round will be taken into account. Each team will play the teams that qualified from the other group. The top four teams will advance to the Quarterfinals. The bottom two teams will be eliminated.

Final Round (June 18 – June 20).

This stage will be played in a knock-out system. In the quarterfinals, the first team in one group will play the fourth team in the other group, while the second place team will play against the third team in the opposite group. The winners of the quarterfinals will advance to the semifinals, and the winners of the semis will progress to the Finals. The losers in the quarterfinals will play for fifth to eighth places.

Knockout stage.

Final.

All EuroBasket Women 2009 team:

World championship qualification.

The teams qualified to 2010 FIBA World Championship for Women in the Czech Republic are:

The 2009 European Women Basketball Championship, commonly called EuroBasket Women 2009, was the 32nd regional championship held by FIBA Europe. The competition was held in Latvia from June 7 to June 20, 2009.

32. mistrovství Evropy v basketbalu žen proběhlo v dnech 7. – 20. června v Lotyšsku v městech Liepāja, Riga, Valmiera.


Formation.

C3 convertase formation can occur in three different pathways: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways.

Alternative pathway.

Cleavage of complement C3 by a free floating convertase, thrombin, plasmin or even a bacterial enzyme leads to formation of C3a and C3b fragments. C3b, the larger fragment, becomes covalently attached to the microbial surface or to the antibody molecules through the thioester domain at the site of complement activation. After cleavage and binding to cell surface, the C3b fragment is ready to bind a plasma protein called Factor B. The Factor B (a zymogen) is cleaved by a plasma serine protease Factor D releasing a small fragment called Ba and generating a larger fragment called Bb that remains attached to C3b. Also Mg2+ ions are necessary for forming a functional C3 convertase. Thus, the alternative C3 convertase (C3bBb) is formed and is able to cleave C3 via its dimeric Bb subunit.  Since C3 convertases cleave C3 to produce C3b which can then form an additional C3 convertase through the alternative pathway, this is a potential mechanism of signal amplification in the complement cascade resulting in the deposition of large numbers of C3b molecules on the surface of activating particles, enabling opsonisation and acute local inflammation.

Classical and lectin pathways.

The C3 convertase formed in the classical or lectin pathways is formed of C4b and C2b instead (NB: C2b, the larger fragment of C2 cleavage, was formerly known as C2a). The cleavage of C4 and C2 is mediated by serine proteases. In the classical pathway, this is by sequential proteolytic activation of proteins within the C1 complex (C1q, C1r, C1s) in response to binding to CRP or immunoglobulin, and in the lectin pathway it is driven by mannose binding lectin and its associated serine proteases (MASPs, particularly MASP2 but also MASP1).  C4 is homologous to C3 in that it contains an internal thioester bond that ends up on C4b. Thus it can form covalent amide or ester linkages with the plasma membrane of the pathogen and any associated antibodies, where it then behaves as an opsonin. The larger C2b produced by C2 hydrolysis attaches to the C4b to form the classical C3 convertase, C4b2b (formerly called C4b2a).  The smaller fragments of proteolysis, C4a and C2a are released. C4a is an anaphylatoxin.

Regulation.

Nevertheless, this positive feedback mechanism can be regulated by binding of the control protein, nonproteolytic glycoprotein β1H (factor H), to C3b, which prevents association of factor B, and facilitates the decay-dissociation of Bb in the C3bBb complex, in addition to enhancing proteolytic inactivation of C3b by C3b inactivator (C3bINA – endopeptidase).  Membrane-associated sialic acid promotes high-affinity binding of β1H to C3b without influencing the affinity of B for C3b.  Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is another negative regulator of C3 convertase. It is a membrane protein and regulates also C5 convertase of the classical and alternative pathway. DAF protects host cells from damage by autologous complement. DAF acts on C2b and Bb and dissociates them rapidly from C4b and C3b – thereby preventing the assembly of the C3 convertase.  C4 binding protein (C4BP) interferes with the assembly of the membrane-bound C3 convertase of the classical pathway. C4BP is a cofactor for the enzyme C3bINA. C4b-binding protein inhibits the haemolytic function of cell-bound C4b. C4b-binding protein and C3b inactivator control the C3 convertase of the classical pathway in a similar way to that described for β1H and C3b inactivator in the alternative pathway.  C3b has different binding site for C3bINA, β1H, factor B and properdin. Binding β1H to C3b increases C3bINA binding, while factor B binding prevents C3bINA binding and is competitive with β1H binding.  Regulation of the amplification phase of the alternative pathway is exerted by multiple mechanisms:

Location on chromosome.

The genes encoding C2, C4 and factor B are located on chromosome 6 between the B locus of class I products and the D locus of class II products in the MHC.

C3 convertase ("C4bC2b", formerly "C4bC2a") belongs to family of serine proteases and is necessary in innate immunity as a part of the complement system which eventuate in opsonisation of particles, release of inflammatory peptides, C5 convertase formation and cell lysis.

C3 konvertasa patří mezi serinové proteasy. Jako součást komplementového systému se podílí na přirozené imunitě. C3 konvertasa neboli C4bC2a. Komplementový systém může být aktivován 3 cestami – "klasickou", "lektinovou" a "alternativní". Všechny aktivační cesty vedou k enzymatickému štěpení C3 proteinu. Štěpením vzniká menší C3a a větší C3b fragment, které se uplatňují v dalších krocích komplementové kaskády. Uvolňovaný C3a působí jako chemoatraktant, a tím aktivuje zánětlivou reakci. Mezitím se C3b prostřednictvím své thiolesterové vazby kovalentně váže na mikrobiální povrch či na protilátky. C3 protein podléhá spontánnímu štěpení, tzn. i za nepřítomnosti patogena je štěpen, ale poté je jeho reaktivní vazba neutralizována molekulami vody.


Music career.

Bellson was born in Rock Falls, Illinois in 1924, where his father owned a music store. He started playing drums at three years of age. While still a young child, Bellson's father moved the family and music store to Moline, Illinois. At 15, he pioneered using two bass drums at the same time, a technique he invented in his high school art class. At age 17, he triumphed over 40,000 drummers to win the Slingerland National Gene Krupa contest.  After graduating from Moline High School in 1942, he worked with big bands throughout the 1940s, with Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Harry James, and Duke Ellington. In 1952, he married jazz singer Pearl Bailey. During the 1950s, he played with the Dorsey Brothers, Jazz at the Philharmonic, acted as Bailey's music director, and recorded as a leader for Norgran Records and Verve Records.  Over the years, his sidemen included Ray Brown, Pete and Conte Candoli, Chuck Findley, John Heard, Roger Ingram, Don Menza, Blue Mitchell, Larry Novak, Nat Pierce, Frank Rosolino, Bobby Shew, Clark Terry, and Snooky Young.  In an interview in 2005 with "Jazz Connection" magazine, he cited as influences Jo Jones, Sid Catlett, and Chick Webb. "I have to give just dues to two guys who really got me off on the drums – Big Sid Catlett and Jo Jones. They were my influences. All three of us realized what Jo Jones did and it influenced a lot of us. We all three looked to Jo as the 'Papa' who really did it. Gene helped bring the drums to the foreground as a solo instrument. Buddy was a great natural player. But we also have to look back at Chick Webb's contributions, too."  During the 1960s, he returned to Ellington's orchestra for Emancipation Proclamation Centennial stage production, "My People" in and for A Concert of Sacred Music, which is sometimes called The First Sacred Concert. Ellington called these concerts "the most important thing I have ever done."  Bellson's album "The Sacred Music of Louie Bellson and the Jazz Ballet" appeared in 2006. In May 2009, Francine Bellson told "The Jazz Joy and Roy" syndicated radio show, "I like to call (Sacred) 'how the Master used two maestros,'" adding, "When (Ellington) did his sacred concert back in 1965 with Louie on drums, he told Louie that the sacred concerts were based on 'in-the-beginning,' the first three words of the bible." She recalled how Ellington explained to Louie that "in the beginning there was lightning and thunder and that's you!" Ellington exclaimed, pointing out that Louie's drums were the thunder. Both Ellington and Louie, says Mrs. Bellson, were deeply religious. "Ellington told Louie, 'You ought to do a sacred concert of your own' and so it was," said Bellson, adding, "'The Sacred Music of Louie Bellson' combines symphony, big band and choir, while 'The Jazz Ballet' is based on the vows of Holy Matrimony..."  On December 5, 1971 he took part in a memorial concert at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall for drummer Frank King. This tribute show also featured Buddy Rich and British drummer Kenny Clare. The orchestra was led by Irish trombonist Bobby Lamb and American trombonist Raymond Premru. A few years later, Rich (often called the world's greatest drummer) paid Bellson a compliment by asking him to lead his band on tour while he (Rich) was temporarily disabled by a back injury. Bellson accepted.  On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times Magazine" listed Louie Bellson among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Compositions and arrangements.

As a prolific creator of music, both written and improvised, his compositions and arrangements (in the hundreds) embrace jazz, jazz/rock/fusion, romantic orchestral suites, symphonic works and a ballet. Bellson was also a poet and a lyricist. His only Broadway venture, "Portofino" (1958), was a resounding flop that closed after three performances.  As an author, he published more than a dozen books on drums and percussion. He was at work with his biographer on a book chronicling his career and bearing the same name as one of his compositions, "Skin Deep". In addition, "The London Suite" (recorded on his album "Louie in London") was performed at the Hollywood Pilgrimage Bowl before a record-breaking audience. The three-part work includes a choral section in which a 12-voice choir sings lyrics penned by Bellson. Part One is the band's rousing "Carnaby Street", a collaboration with Jack Hayes.  In 1987, at the Percussive Arts Society convention in Washington, D.C., Bellson and Harold Farberman performed a major orchestral work titled "Concerto for Jazz Drummer and Full Orchestra", the first piece ever written specifically for jazz drummer and full symphony orchestra. This work was recorded by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra in England, and was released by the Swedish label BIS.

Drum tutoring.

Bellson was known throughout his career to conduct drum and band clinics at high schools, colleges and music stores.  Bellson maintained a tight schedule of clinics and performances of both big bands and small bands in colleges, clubs and concert halls. In between, he continued to record and compose, resulting in more than 100 albums and more than 300 compositions. Bellson's Telarc debut recording, "Louie Bellson And His Big Band: Live From New York", was released in June 1994. He also created new drum technology for Remo, of which he was vice-president.  Bellson received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in 1985 at Northern Illinois University. As of 2005, among other performing activities, Bellson had visited his home town of Rock Falls, Illinois every July for Louie Bellson Heritage Days, a weekend in his honor close to his July 6 birthday, with receptions, music clinics and other performances by Bellson. At the 2004 event celebrating his 80th birthday, Bellson said, "I'm not that old; I'm 40 in this leg, and 40 in the other leg." He celebrated his birthday every year at the River Music Experience in Davenport, Iowa.

Awards and honors.

Bellson was voted into the Halls of Fame for "Modern Drummer" magazine, in 1985, and the Percussive Arts Society, in 1978. Yale University named him a Duke Ellington Fellow in 1977. He received an honorary Doctorate from Northern Illinois University in 1985. He performed his original concert – Tomus I, II, III – with the Washington Civic Symphony in historic Constitution Hall in 1993. A combination of full symphony orchestra, big-band ensemble and 80-voice choir, "Tomus" was a collaboration of music by Bellson and lyrics by his late wife, Pearl Bailey. Bellson was a nine-time Grammy Award nominee.  In January 1994, Bellson received the NEA Jazz Masters Award from the National Endowment for the Arts. As one of three recipients, he was lauded by NEA chair Jane Alexander, who said, "These colossal talents have helped write the history of jazz in America."

Personal life.

On November 19, 1952, Bellson married an American actress and singer, Pearl Bailey, in London. Bellson and Bailey adopted a son, Tony, in the mid-1950s, and a daughter, Dee Dee (born April 20, 1960). Tony Bellson died in 2004, and Dee Dee Bellson died on July 4, 2009 at age 49, within five months of her father. After Bailey's death in 1990, Bellson married Francine Wright in September 1992.  Trained as a physicist and engineer at MIT, Wright became his manager. The union lasted until his death in 2009.  On February 14, 2009, Bellson died at age 84 from complications of a broken hip suffered in December 2008 and Parkinson's disease. He is buried next to his father in Riverside Cemetery, Moline, Illinois.

Discography.

As sideman.

With Count Basie With James Brown With Benny Carter With Buddy Collette With Duke Ellington With Dizzy Gillespie With Stephane Grappelli With Johnny Hodges With Harry James With Oscar Peterson With Mel Powell With Sonny Stitt With The Trumpet Kings With Sarah Vaughan With Ben Webster

Louis Bellson (born Luigi Paulino Alfredo Francesco Antonio Balassoni on July 6, 1924 – February 14, 2009), known by the stage name Louie Bellson (his own preferred spelling, although he is often seen in sources as Louis Bellson), was an American jazz drummer. He was a composer, arranger, bandleader, and jazz educator, and is credited with pioneering the use of two bass drums.

Louie Bellson celým jménem Luigi Paulino Alfredo Francesco Antonio Balassoni (6. července 1924 Rock Falls, Illinois, USA − 14. února 2009 Los Angeles, Kalifornie, USA) byl americký jazzový bubeník a hudební skladatel s italskými předky. Hrál na soupravu s dvěma basovými bubny.


History.

Origins.

Nanzhao was overthrown in 902 and three dynasties followed in quick succession before Duan Siping seized power in 937, establishing himself at Dali. The Duan clan professed to have Han ancestry. The Yuan dynasty records said the Duan family came from Wuwei in Gansu.

Relations with the Song dynasty.

Dali's relationship with the Song was cordial throughout its entire existence. Dali congratulated the Song dynasty on the conquest of Later Shu in 965 and voluntarily established tribute relations in 982. It was however essentially an independent state. At times the Song even declined offers of tribute. The Song founder Song Taizu declared all land south of the Dadu River to be Dali territory and did not desire to pursue any further claims to avoid the Tang dynasty's disastrous efforts against Nanzhao.  Dali's primary importance to the Song dynasty was its horses, which were highly prized and sought after as military assets, especially after the fall of the Northern Song. They were described by a Song official in the following passage:

Dazhong Kingdom (1094-1096).

In 1094, the former prime minister Gao Shengtai forced King Duan Zhengming to relinquish the throne to him and renamed the Dali Kingdom to "Dazhong Kingdom". Gao Shengtai ruled briefly until his death in 1096, after which the throne was returned to the Duan family. Duan Zhengming's younger brother, Duan Zhengchun, became the new ruler and restored the kingdom's former name.

Fall.

In 1252 Möngke Khan placed his brother Kublai in charge of invading Dali. In 1253 Kublai's army crossed the Jinsha River and received the surrender of Duan Xingzhi, who presented to Möngke in 1256 maps of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi of Dali was enfeoffed as Maharaja (摩诃罗嵯) by Kublai Khan, and the Duan royal family continued to hold the title of Maharaja in Yunnan as vassals to the Mongols under the supervision of Mongolian imperial princes and Muslim governors. The Duan family reigned in Dali while the governors served in Kunming. After the Ming conquest of Yunnan, The Duan royals were scattered in various distant areas of China by the Hongwu Emperor.

Yunnan under the Mongols.

The Duan family governed Yunnan's various indigenous peoples for eleven generations until the end of Mongol rule. They willingly contributed soldiers to the Mongol campaign against the Song dynasty. In 1271, they aided the Yuan dynasty in putting down a Mongol rebellion in Yunnan.  In 1274, Ajall Shams al-Din Omar was assigned by Kublai to stabilize Yunnan. He instituted a native chieftain system that came to be known as tusi which assigned ranks and posts to native chieftains. Under this institution of "rule based on native customs" the locals retained much of their autonomy with the exception of three obligations. One, they would provide surrendered troops to the Yuan government. Two, local chieftains would provide tribute to the Yuan court. Three, they would follow the rules of appointment, succession, promotion, degradation, reward, and punishment of native chieftains created by the Yuan court.  Yuan rule also introduced a significant Muslim influence into Yunnan.  The King of Dali Duan Gong was married to the Mongol Borjigin princess Agai, daughter of the Yuan dynasty Mongol Prince of Liang, Basalawarmi. They had a son and a daughter, Duan Sengnu. their children were also called Duan Qiangna amd Duan Bao. Duan Sengnu raised Duan Bao to take revenge against Basalawarmi for the killing of Duan Gong. A play was made based on these events. According to Yuan documents, the Duan family were originally Han Chinese from Wuwei commamdery, Gansu. Other Duan families also originated from Wuwei.

Conquest by Ming.

In 1381, the Ming dynasty dispatched 300,000 troops to crush the Yuan remnants in Yunnan.  The House of Duan, who helped the Mongols against a Red Turban Rebellion attack from Sichuan, also fought against the Ming army. The ruler Duan Gong refused to surrender by writing to Fu Youde, making it clear that Dali could only be a tributary to the Ming. Fu Youdei attacked and crushed Duan Gong's realm after a fierce battle. The Duan brothers were taken captive and escorted back to the Ming capital.

Religion.

A version of Buddhism known as Azhali existed in Yunnan since the 9th century. The last king of Nanzhao established Buddhism as a state religion and many Dali kings continued the tradition. Ten of Dali's 22 kings retired to become monks.

Governance.

Under the influence of Chinese officials present from early times, the Dali elite used Chinese script supplemented by Bai characters that were constructed based on Chinese characters. The Dali court granted hereditary fiefs to pre-existing clan chiefs to win over support, as well as autonomous military divisions. Similarly to the Nanzhao military, the Dali military consisted of a standing army, townsfolk peasant-soldiers and indigenous militia.

The Dali Kingdom, also known as the Dali State (; Bai: Dablit Guaif), was a kingdom situated in modern Yunnan province, China from 937 until 1253 when it was conquered by the Mongols. Its kings continued to administer the area as Mongol vassals until the Ming conquest of Yunnan.

Kralovství Ta-li neboli Velké Li () byl pajský stát v dnešní čínské provincii Jün-nan s hlavním městem Ta-li. Království založil Tuan S'-pching roku 937, zaniklo roku 1253, kdy bylo dobyto armádou Mongolské říše.