History.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many designs were used by separatists from Crimea. The most commonly used design in public was a white flag with a blue outline map of Crimea, reminiscent of the flag of Cyprus. However, many Supreme Council of Crimea members had supported the version of a white flag with seven rainbow colors at the top. Crimea proclaimed self-government on 5 May 1992, but no official flag was chosen.  On 5 June 1992, five proposals were submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea (Crimean Parliament):  Proposal 5, designed by V. Trusov and A. Malgin, was selected to be the flag of Crimea. The coat of arms of G. Jefetov and V. Jagunov was recommended for display on the flag. The final design for the flag was submitted in the second session of the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea on 24 September 1992. The flag was only officially adopted on 21 April 1999.

Ethnic flags of Crimean Tatars.

Earlier rulers of Crimea, the Crimean Tatars, introduced their own flags under the Crimean People's Republic of 1917–1918. A light blue flag with a golden "tamğa", known as the "Kök Bayraq" "Blue Banner", was used as the state and civil flag, the green colored flag was used for religious purposes, and the red colored flag was used as the Tatar's military flag. The light blue version is now used as ethnic flag.

Historical flags.

Crimean People's Republic (1917-1918).

When Crimean Tatars declared their independence as the Crimean People's Republic from the Russian Empire at the end of 1917, they were seen displaying a light blue and gold triband flag with the golden stripe in the center. The Crimean Tatars' independence was short-lived, and when Russia took control of Crimea in the beginning of 1918, the flag was abolished.

Crimean Regional Government under General Sulkiewicz (1918).

The short-lived Crimean Regional Government (), led by General Maciej (Suleyman) Sulkiewicz (a Lithuanian Tatar by origin), existed during the German occupation of Crimea (25 June–15 November 1918), in which the Crimean government proclaimed a self-rule. Sulkiewicz's government adopted a flag which seemed to be a compromise between Crimean Tatars and the Russians. It was a traditional Crimean Tatar blue-colored banner, but it had the coat of arms of the Russian Empire's Taurida Governorate instead of the Crimean Tatar damğa.

Soviet Union.

When the Crimean ASSR was established as part of the Russian SFSR on 18 October 1921, it received its own flag. The flag was red, and spelled in golden letters were the initials of the name of the republic: in Cyrillic letters "КрССР", and in the local Arabic alphabet (""). The lettering on the flag was changed to include "КрАССР", and "QrMSŞÇ" in the Uniform Turkic Alphabet in 1929 in order to indicate Crimea as an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The flag was amended yet again in 1938 with the lettering Cyrillic "РСФСР" at the top (for Russian SFSR) and "КрАССР" at the bottom. After Crimea was transformed into the Crimean Oblast (region) on 30 June 1945, its flag was abolished.

The flag of Crimea (; ; ) is the flag of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea claimed by Ukraine and the Republic of Crimea claimed by Russia. The flag was officially adopted on 24 September 1992 as the flag of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, readopted on 21 April 1999, then readopted on 4 June 2014 as the flag of the Republic of Crimea, annexed by Russian Federation.

Krymská vlajka (,, ) je po anexi Krymu vlajkou Republiky Krym, jedné z (mezinárodně neuznaných) autonomních republik Ruské federace a zároveň vlajkou Autonomní republiky Krym, kterou si nárokuje Ukrajina. Vlajka se používá od roku 1992 a oficiálně byla přijata dne 21. dubna 1999.


Geography.

Under the name Tserovska River, the Ropotamo originates from the Bosna Ridge in the Strandzha Mountains at some 500 m south-west of the Bosna Peak (454 m) at an altitude of 400 m. Up until the village of Novo Panicharevo it flows in north-eastern direction in a deep and narrow forested valley. Further downstream from the village it leaves the mountains and turns eastwards in a wide valley. The Ropotamo then forms a narrow gorge between the ridges Medni Rid and Uzun Bair and enters a wide marshy valley near its mouth. It empties into the Black Sea in a small homonymous bay to the west of Cape Saint Demetrius. Near its mouth there is a long and wide liman separated from the sea by sandspits, which is navigable for small vessels.  Ropotamo's drainage basin spans a territory of 249 km2. It borders the basins of the rivers Izvorska that empties into Lake Mandrensko to the north-west, Veleka to the south-west and Dyavolska reka to the south and south-east. The river has predominantly rain feed with high water in winter (January–February) and low water in autumn (August). The average annual flow is 1.31 m3/s at the village of Veselie.

Ecology.

Most of the river valley is covered in dense riparian forests of oak, ash, elm, hornbeam, etc. The lower course hosts abundant populations of European white water lily ("Nymphaea alba") and a number of rare plant and animal species. To protect these ecosystems in 1940 the authorities established the Ropotamo Reserve, which was designated a Ramsar site in 1975 as part of the Ropotamo Complex that also includes the swamps Alepu, Arkutino and several smaller protected areas. In the lower course there are rock formations, such as the Lion's Head, small caves, and the highest dune in the Balkans.  The most important mammal species are red deer, fallow deer, roe deer, wild boar, grey wolf, red fox and golden jackal. The largest birds of prey are the white-tailed eagles with a wing-span of over two meters, and the Eurasian eagle-owl. The river is located on the Via Pontica bird migratory route. There are about 50 fish species, such as flathead grey mullet, big-scale sand smelt, European eel, round goby, Caucasian dwarf goby, as well as abundant populations of European pond turtle.

The Ropotamo (, from the Ancient Greek word meaning "border river") is a river in south-eastern Bulgaria. It takes its source from the Bosna Ridge in the Strandzha Mountains, running for 48.5 km to empty into the Black Sea near Cape Saint Demetrius between Dyuni and Primorsko.

Ropotamo ( "Ропотамо", "Ροπόταμος") je řeka na jihovýchodě Bulharska v Burgaské oblasti. Pramení v pohoří Strandža a vlévá se do Černého moře. Podél jejího dolního toku se rozkládá významná přírodní rezervace.


Biography.

She was the daughter of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông and the younger sister of Emperor Trần Anh Tông. There are few details in the historical record about princess Huyền Trân's life. She was born in 1289 but her year of death is unclear. In 1293 Emperor Trần Nhân Tông abdicated in favor of his son, Trần Anh Tông, in order to join a monastery in a pagoda on Mount Yen Tu in what is now Quảng Ninh Province.  In 1301, the Emperor's father, Trần Nhân Tông, visited the Champa kingdom and was given a lavish royal welcome by King Jaya Sinhavarman III. The visit lasted nine months. When Trần Nhân Tông left Champa for Đại Việt (the name of Vietnam at the time), he promised to give his daughter in marriage to king Jaya Sinhavarman III even though the Cham king was already married and that Cham queen was a Javanese named Tapasi. Jaya Sinhavarman III thereafter sent many envoys to Đại Việt to urge the Trần King to carry out the marriage plan as Trần Nhân Tông had promised but the Emperor refused. Among the Emperor's men, only General Văn Túc Đạo Tái and Minister Trần Khắc Chung supported the marriage.  In 1306 Jaya Sinhavarman III offered to cede the two Cham provinces of Chau O and Chau Ly as a dowry and Trần Anh Tông finally agreed to give his sister in marriage to the Cham king. In 1306 Trần Anh Tông married off princess Huyền Trân to the Champa King Jaya Sinhavarman III (Vietnamese: "Chế Mân", 制旻) and as Queen Paramecvariin of Champa, in return for the two provinces of Chau O and Chau Ly (or Chau Ri) (today these provinces are Quảng Bình Province, Quảng Trị Province and Thừa Thiên–Huế Province).  Princess Huyền Trân went to Champa but a year later, in May 1307, Jaya Sinhavarman III died and the crown prince sent an ambassador to Đại Việt to offer white elephants as gifts and announced the death of his king. According to Cham tradition, all of the royal wives would be cremated with the dead king. King Trần Anh Tông ordered a general named Trần Khắc Chung to go to Champa to officially attend the funeral but the real mission was for Trần Khắc Chung to rescue Huyền Trân and take her back to Đại Việt by boat. The trip back took a year. Legends had it that Trần Khắc Chung fell in love with Princess Huyền Trân and the two disappeared from sight together but there is no historical proof to back up this story.

Huyền Trân in art.

The sacrifice of princess Huyền Trân (well known in Vietnamese literature and history as "Huyền Trân Công Chúa") has become an attractive topic for poems and arts and music in Vietnamese chữ Nôm. Her marriage is also proverbial. Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after her.

Princess Huyền Trân (, 玄珍公主) (1289-after 1330?) later Queen Paramecvariin of Champa, was a princess during the Trần Dynasty in the history of Vietnam.

Princezna Huyen Tran 玄珍公主 (1289 – 1340), později jmenována královnou Parameswari z Čampy z dynastie Tran ve Vietnamu. Byla dcerou císaře Tran Nhan Tong a mladší sestrou císaře Tran Anh Tong. V roce 1306 provdal Tran Anh Tong princeznu Huyen Tran do Čampy králi Jaya Sinhavarman III. výměnou za tři provincie (Quảng Bình Province, Quảng Trị Province and Thừa Thiên–Huế Province). Je známo pouze málo údajů o životě Huyen Tran. Narodila se v roce 1289, datum její smrti známo není. Roku 1293 císař Tran Nhan Tong odstoupil ve prospěch svého syna, Tran Nhan Tong, aby mohl vstoupit do kláštera v Pagodě v Mount Yen Tu. V roce 1301 císařův otec Tran Anh Tong navštívil království Čampy a byl štědře přivítán králem Jaya Sinhavarmanem III. Tato návštěva trvala devět měsíců. Když císařův otec opustil Čampu a vracel se do Dai Viet (tehdejší název pro Vietnam), přislíbil svou dceru králi Jaya Sinhavarmanovi III., ten přijal, přesto že byl už ženat s Tapasi z rodu Javanese. Barbarský král Čampy Jaya Sinhavarman poslal mnoho vyslanců k urychlení svatby, jak bylo dohodnuto. Císař však svatbu odmítl. Pouze generál Van Tuc Dao Thai a ministr Minister Trần Khắc Chung podporovali manželství. Roku 1306 nabídl král Jaya Sinhavarman III. tři provincie Quảng Bình Province, Quảng Trị Province and Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, s čímž císař Tran Anh Tong souhlasil a provdal svou sestru do Čampy. Princezna Huyen Tran odjela do Čampy. O rok později král Jaya Sinhavarman III. zemřel a korunovaný princ vyslal velvyslance do Dai Viet nabídnout bíle slony jako dar při oznámení královi smrti. Podle tradice musí být všechny manželky pohřbeny s mrtvým králem. Císař nařídil generálovi Tran Khac Chung, aby navštívil pohřeb jeho sestry v jeho zastoupení. Pravý důvod jeho cesty však bylo zachránit princeznu Huyen Tran odvézt ji zpět do Dat Viet lodí. Cesta zpět trvala rok. Legendy vypráví, že se generál Tran Khac Chung zamiloval do princezny Huyen Tran. Údajně spolu zmizeli a ztrávili zbytek života. Pro tuto teorii však není žádný vědecký důkaz.


Life.

Hervé was born in Houdain near Arras. Part Spanish by birth, he became a choirboy at the Church of Saint-Roch, Paris. His musical promise was noted, and he was enrolled in the Conservatoire and studied with Daniel Auber, and by the age of fifteen was serving as organist at Bicêtre Hospital and a stage vocalist in provincial theatres, where he trained his fine tenor voice. He won a competition in 1845 for the prestigious Paris post of organist at the Church of Saint-Eustache, while he doubled with his theatrical music career, a situation that he turned to advantage years later, in his most famous work, "Mam'zelle Nitouche".  Before he became musical director of the Théâtre du Palais Royal in 1851, he composed a one-act "tableau grotesque", a burlesque on "Don Quixote" titled "Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança". It was conceived as a vehicle for the actor Desiré, who was short and plump, accompanied by the tall and gangling Hervé, as he was now calling himself, in order to distance his two "personas". It was staged at Adolphe Adam's Opéra-National, and achieved a great success in 1848, in spite of the distracting revolution: furthermore, according to the composer Reynaldo Hahn, the farcical pot-pourri was "simply the first French operetta". He had also composed musical entertainments to keep the patients entertained at the Bicêtre Hospital, and these gained the notice of producers.  Thus Hervé was the founder of a new era of French operettas. Through his Folies-Concertantes, a small theater stage he took over in 1854 and for which he wrote many works, he became the forerunner of the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens of Jacques Offenbach, whose early efforts he produced at his theatre, renovated as the Folies-Nouvelles. Many of Hervé's early one act pieces are topical skits satirizing current events and were never revived. The restrictive license of the Folies-Concertantes permitted only "spectacles-concerts", with no more than two characters, in a single act, stringencies imposed on Offenbach as well, but which encouraged Hervé to experiment with genres, before more flexible rules were established in the following decade. A jealous rivalry soon developed between Hervé and Offenbach, which was only patched up in 1878, when Hervé sang in a revival of Offenbach's "Orphée aux enfers". He died in Paris. Since 2015, a number of his works have been revived by Palazzetto Bru Zane in tours of France and Italy.

Works.

Hervé wrote more than a hundred and twenty operettas, among which were:

Hervé (), real name Louis Auguste Florimond Ronger, (30 June 1825 – 4 November 1892) was a French singer, composer, librettist, conductor and scene painter, whom Ernest Newman, following Reynaldo Hahn, credited with inventing the genre of operetta in Paris.

Hervé (30. června 1825 Houdain, Království francouzské – 3. listopadu 1892 Paříž, Francie), vlastním jménem Florimond Ronger byl herec, spisovatel a operetní skladatel španělsko-francouzského původu. Napsal přes sto různých děl, z toho téměř polovinu tvořily operety, nebo komické opery (opera buffa).


Biography.

Liliencron was the son of Louis (Ludwig) Freiherr von Liliencron and Adeline von Harten. He entered the Prussian army and took part in the campaigns of 1866 and 1870–71 (Franco-Prussian War), in both of which he was wounded. In 1875, he retired with the rank of captain and spent some time in America (1875 to 1877), afterwards settling at Kellinghusen in Holstein, where he remained until 1887. After some time at Munich, he settled in Altona and later at Alt-Rahlstedt, now a part of Hamburg.

Assessment.

Liliencron was one of the most eminent of German lyric poets of his time; his "Adjutantenritte", with its fresh original style, broke with the well-worn literary conventions then prevalent which had been handed down from the middle of the century. Rainer Maria Rilke, among others, was heavily influenced by Liliencron's poems. According to the "Encyclopædia Britannica" Eleventh Edition, Liliencron's work is somewhat uneven, since he lacked the sustained power which makes a prose writer successful.

Music.

His poems were set to music, such as "Auf dem Kirchhofe" by Johannes Brahms as No. 4 of his "Fünf Lieder", Op. 105.

Works.

He first attracted attention by the volume of poems, "Adjutantenritte und andere Gedichte" (1883), which was followed by several unsuccessful dramas, a volume of short stories, "Eine Sommerschlacht" (1886), and a novel "Breide Hummelsbüttel" (1887).  Other collections of short stories appeared under the titles "Unter flatternden Fahnen" (1888). "Der Mäcen" (1889), "Krieg und Frieden" (1891); of lyric poetry in 1889, 1890 ("Der Heidegänger und andere Gedichte"), 1893, and 1903 ("Bunte Beute"). Interesting, too, is the humorous epic "Poggfred" (1896; 2nd ed. 1904).  Liliencron's complete works were published in 14 volumes (1904–1905); his "Gedichte" having been previously collected in four volumes under the titles "Kampf und Spiele", "Kämpfe und Ziele", ""Nebel und Sonne" and "Bunte Beute" (1897–1903).

Baron Detlev von Liliencron born Friedrich Adolf Axel Detlev Liliencron (June 3, 1844 in KielJuly 22, 1909) was a German lyric poet and novelist from Kiel.

Detlev von Liliencron (vlastním jménem Friedrich Adolf Axel Detlev Liliencron, 3. června 1844 Kiel – 22. července 1909 Rahlstedt, dnes součást Hamburku) byl německý básník, dramatik a spisovatel.


History.

The club played in the Cypriot Second Division until 1983 when it was promoted to the Cypriot First Division but was immediately relegated. Ethnikos was promoted to the First Division again in 1986 and stayed there for four seasons. Another two years in the Second Division ended with promotion to the First Division in 1992, where Ethnikos Achna have remained until 2018 when they were relegated again.  The team's best overall national ranking is fourth in the 1994–95, 1997–98 and 2006–07 seasons. The club participated in the Cypriot Cup final once in 2002, where they were beaten by Anorthosis Famagusta 0–1.

European competitions.

Ethnikos Achna played six times in the UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Five times they were eliminated in the first round. However, in 2006 Ethnikos managed to win the UEFA Intertoto Cup and be one of the eleven winners of this year competition. After eliminating the Albanian team Partizani Tirana (winning at home 1–2 and losing away in Albania 2–1), they faced the Croatian team NK Osijek and tied both matches, the first leg in Osijek 2–2 and the second 0–0, becoming the only Cypriot team to advance to the third round of the Intertoto Cup. They exceeded this achievement by beating Maccabi Petah Tikva with a 2–0 victory away and a 2–3 loss at home, becoming one of eleven competition winners and progressing to the UEFA Cup second qualifying round and becoming the first Cypriot team to win a UEFA competition.  In the UEFA Cup, Ethnikos eliminated Roeselare with a 2–1 loss in Belgium and a 5–0 victory in Cyprus, qualifying for the first round. They were eliminated by Lens after drawing the first leg at home (played at GSP Stadium, Nicosia) 0–0 and losing 3–1 in France. Because of the success in Intertoto Cup, Ethnikos was awarded by Sports Journalists Union of Cyprus as the Sports Team of the Year of 2006. At the end of the same season, Ethnikos placed in the fourth position again and returned to the Intertoto Cup.

Current squad.

"For recent transfers, see List of Cypriot football transfers winter 2019–20."

On loan.

Out  ""

Ethnikos Achna () is a Cypriot football club based in the village of Achna. The club was founded in 1968. The club's president is Kikis Philippou. Ethnikos Achnas plays in the Dasaki Stadium, which has a capacity of 7000 seats. It is currently used mostly for football matches and was built in 1997. It is the only Cypriot team to win a UEFA competition.

Ethnikos Achnas (řecky Αθλητικός Σύλλογος Εθνικός Άχνας; Athlitikos Syllogos Ethnikos Achnas – Atletický klub Ethnikos Achnas) je kyperský fotbalový klub z obce Achna, který byl založen v roce 1968. Domácím hřištěm je stadion Dasaki Achnas s kapacitou cca 5 400 míst. Klubové barvy jsou modrá a bílá.


Early life (1893–1915).

Childhood.

Long was born on August 30, 1893, near Winnfield, a small town in the north-central part of Louisiana and the seat of Winn Parish. He was the son of Huey Pierce Long (1852–1937) and the former Caledonia Palestine Tison (1860–1913), and the seventh of the couple's nine surviving children. He would later claim his heritage was a mixture of Dutch, English, French, Scottish, and Welsh. When he was young, Winn Parish was a deeply impoverished region whose people, mostly modest Southern Baptists, were known for their cantankerous stubbornness and for being outsiders in Louisiana's political system.

Education and marriage.

In September 1911, Long attended seminary classes at Oklahoma Baptist University in Shawnee, Oklahoma at the urging of his mother, a devout Baptist. While living with his brother George there, Long attended for only one semester, and rarely appeared at lectures. After deciding he was not suited to preaching, Long instead began to focus on law. Borrowing one hundred dollars from his brother (which he later lost playing roulette in Oklahoma City), he attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law in Norman, Oklahoma for a semester in 1912. To earn money while studying law part-time, he worked as a salesman for the Dawson Produce Company. Of the four classes Long took, he received one incomplete and three C's. He later confessed that he "didn't learn much law there" because there was "too much excitement, all those gambling houses and everything." Long was arrested in 1912, supposedly for creating a disturbance in a brothel. In his version of events, the police mistakenly arrested him after one

Legal career (1915–1923).

In 1915, Long began a private practice in Winnfield. Later, in Shreveport, he spent ten years representing small plaintiffs against large businesses. These were typically workers' compensation cases. He often said proudly that he never took a case against a poor man. He was noted for successfully defending a widow against the Winnfield Bank, even though its president was Long's uncle.  In 1918, Long invested $1,050 in an oil well that eventually struck oil. But the well was unable to make any money because the powerful Standard Oil Company refused to accept any of its oil, costing Long his investment. This episode served as the catalyst for Long's lifelong hatred of the Standard Oil Company, which he later called an "Invisible Empire" run by "petroleumites." In 1921, Long waged his first legal battle with Standard Oil when he represented a small oil firm that was suing the giant over a lease dispute.  In 1918, Long entered into the race to serve on the three-seat Louisiana Railroad Commission. According to William Ivy Hair, Long's political message which he used to campaign for a seat on the commission: ... would be repeated until the end of his days: he was a young warrior of and for the plain people, battling the evil giants of Wall Street and their corporations; too much of America's wealth was concentrated in too few hands, and this unfairness was perpetuated by an educational system so stacked against the poor that (according to his statistics) only fourteen out of every thousand children obtained a college education. The way to begin rectifying these wrongs was to turn out of office the corrupt local flunkies of big business... and elect instead true men of the people, such as [himself].  In the Democratic primary, Long came in second

Gubernatorial campaigns (1924–1928).

1924 election.

Long ran for governor of Louisiana in the election of 1924, attacking outgoing Governor Parker, Standard Oil, and the established political hierarchy both locally and statewide. In that campaign, he became one of the first Southern politicians to use radio addresses and sound trucks. Long also began wearing a distinctive white linen suit.  Long came in third, missing the runoff by 7,400 votes. Long still performed well, especially for a man of his age. He polled almost 72,000 votes, around 31% of the electorate. He performed best in the poorer rural north.  Although he and another candidate had opposed

1928 election.

Long spent the intervening four years building his reputation and his political organization, including supporting Roman Catholic candidates to build support in southern Louisiana, which was heavily Catholic due to its French and Spanish heritage. In 1928 he again ran for governor, campaigning with the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown," a phrase adopted from Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. Long's attacks on the utilities industry and corporate privileges were enormously popular, as was his depiction of the wealthy as parasites who grabbed more than their fair share of the public wealth while marginalizing the poor.  Long criss-crossed the state, campaigning in rural areas disenfranchised by the New Orleans-based political establishment, known as the "Old Regulars" or "the Ring." They controlled the state through alliances with sheriffs and other local officials. At the time, the

Louisiana Governorship (1928–32).

First year.

Once in office as governor on May 21, 1928, Long moved quickly to consolidate his power, firing hundreds of opponents in the state bureaucracy, at all ranks from cabinet-level heads of departments and board members to rank-and-file civil servants and state road workers. Like previous governors, he filled the vacancies with patronage appointments from his own network of political supporters. Every state employee who depended on Long for a job was expected to pay a portion of his or her salary at election time directly into Long's political war-chest, which raised $50,000 to $75,000 each election cycle. The funds were kept in a famous locked "deduct box" to

Impeachment (1929).

In 1929, Long called a special session of both houses of the legislature to enact a new five-cent per barrel "occupational license tax" on production of refined oil, to help fund his social programs. The bill was met with fierce opposition from the state's oil interests. Opponents in the legislature, led by freshman lawmakers Cecil Morgan of Shreveport and Ralph Norman Bauer of Franklin in St. Mary Parish, moved to impeach Long on charges ranging from blasphemy to abuses of power, bribery, and the misuse of state funds.  Concerned, Long attempted to shut down the session. Pro-Long Speaker John B. Fournet called for a vote to adjourn; after voting, the board showed 67 ayes and 13 nays. This sparked confusion as one pro-Long congressman rigged the electric

Change of course (1930).

In the 1930 legislative session, Long proposed another major road-building initiative as well as the construction of a new capitol building in Baton Rouge. The State Legislature defeated the bond issue necessary to build the roads, and his other initiatives failed as well.  Long responded by suddenly announcing his intention to run for the U.S. Senate in the Democratic primary of September 9, 1930. He portrayed his campaign as a referendum on his programs: if he won he would take it as a sign that the public supported his programs over the opposition of the legislature, and if he lost he promised to resign. His opponent was incumbent Senator Joseph E. Ransdell. At 72 years old, Ransdell had been in the Senate since Long was four years old. Ransdell was anti-Long, aligned with the Constitutional League and the New Orleans Ring. Ransdell also had the support of all 18 of the state's daily newspapers. Although initially promising into to issue personal attacks, Long seized on the issue of Ransdell's age. He

Renewed strength (1930–32).

Having won the overwhelming support of the Louisiana electorate, Long returned to pushing his legislative program with renewed strength. Bargaining from an advantageous position, Long entered an agreement with his longtime New Orleans rivals, the Regular Democratic Organization and their leader, New Orleans mayor T. Semmes Walmsley. They would support his legislation and candidates in future elections in return for his support of the building of a bridge over the Mississippi River, an airport for New Orleans, and infrastructure improvements in the city. Long continued his intimidating practice of presiding over the legislature. When congressman voiced their concerns, Long would shout "Shut up!" or "Sit down!". In one night, Long was able to pass 44 bills in just two hours, or one every 3 minutes. He later explained his tactics: "The end justifies the means." State Representative Gilbert L. Dupré of Opelousas once complained about a leak in the House roof just over his own desk in the chamber. When he asked Governor Long to repair the leak Long said that he would do so only if Dupré would vote for the planned new state capitol building. When Dupré refused to commit his vote, Long told him, "Die, damn you, in the faith!"  Support from the Old Regulars enabled Long to pass

U.S. Senate (1932–1935).

Senator Long.

Long's three-year tenure in the Senate overlapped an important time in American history as Herbert Hoover and then Franklin Delano Roosevelt attempted to deal with the Great Depression.  In January 1932, Long arrived at the United States Senate in Washington, D.C., where he took his oath and his seat, which once belonged to John C. Calhoun. He was absent for a majority of the days in the 1932 session. With the backdrop of the Depression, he made characteristically fiery speeches that denounced the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. He also criticized the leaders of both parties for failing to address the crisis adequately, most notably attacking conservative Senate Democratic Leader Joseph Robinson of Arkansas for his apparent closeness with President Herbert Hoover and ties to big business. Robinson had been the vice-presidential candidate in 1928 on the Democratic ticket opposite Hoover. Long launched personal attacks, such as mocking Robinson's appearance: "he doesn't look really as well with his hair dyed."  Long earned

Roosevelt and the New Deal.

In the critical 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency in spring 1933, Long was generally a strong supporter of the New Deal, but differed with the president on patronage. Roosevelt wanted control of the patronage, and Long wanted to control it for his state. The two men broke in late 1933. Aware that Roosevelt had no intention to radically redistribute the country's wealth, Long became one of the few national politicians to oppose Roosevelt's New Deal policies from the left. He considered them inadequate in the face of the escalating economic crisis. Long still sometimes supported Roosevelt's programs in the Senate, saying that "Whenever this administration has gone to the left I have voted with it, and whenever it has gone to the

Chaco War.

Until 1934, Long was not known for his opinions on foreign policy. On 30 May 1934, Long took to the Senate floor to debate the abrogation of the Platt amendment. Instead of debating the Platt amendment, Long gave his views on the Chaco War, coming out in support of Paraguay against Bolivia, as he maintained that US President Hayes had awarded the Chaco to Paraguay in 1878. Long blamed the entire war on "the forces of imperialistic finance", claiming that Paraguay was the rightful owner of the Chaco. He said that Standard Oil, whom Long called "promoter of

Share Our Wealth.

Long strongly opposed the Federal Reserve System. Together with a group of House members and senators, Long claimed that the Federal Reserve's policies were the true cause of the Great Depression. Long made speeches denouncing the large banking houses of Morgan and Rockefeller centered in New York City, which owned stock in the Federal Reserve. He believed that these large bankers manipulated the monetary system to their own benefit, instead of that of the general public.  In March 1933, Long offered a series of bills collectively known as "the Long plan" for the redistribution of wealth. The first bill proposed a new progressive tax code designed to cap personal fortunes at $100 million. Fortunes above $1 million would be

Continued control over Louisiana (1932–35).

Long continued to maintain effective control of Louisiana while he was a senator, blurring the boundary between federal and state politics. Though he had no constitutional authority to do so, Long continued to draft and press bills through the Louisiana State Legislature, which remained in the hands of his allies. He made frequent trips to Baton Rouge to pressure the legislature into enacting his legislation. The program included new consumer taxes, elimination of the poll tax, a homestead tax exemption, and increases in the number of state employees. While physically in Louisiana, Long customarily stayed at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans, where he was fond of the Sazerac Bar (see Peychaud's Bitters). According to Thomas M. Mahne in the "New Orleans Times-Picayune", Long had a personal interest in seeing to the quick construction of Airline Highway (US 61) between Baton Rouge and New Orleans as the new road cut 40 miles from the trip.  Long's loyal lieutenant, Governor Oscar K. Allen, dutifully enacted Long's policies. Long berated the governor in public and took over the governor's office in the State Capitol when visiting Baton Rouge. On occasion, he even entered the legislative chambers, going so far as to sit on representatives' and senators' desks and

1935: Long's final year.

Presidential ambitions.

Even during his days as a traveling salesman, Long had confided to his wife that his planned career trajectory would begin with election to a minor state office, then governor, then senator, and ultimately President of the United States. By the mid 1930s, he had greatly risen in stature to become a national figure. By the summer of 1935, Long's Share Our Wealth clubs had 7.5 million members nationwide, he regularly garnered 25 million radio listeners, and he was receiving 60,000 letters a week from supporters (more than the president). In his final months, Long followed up his earlier autobiography, "Every Man a King", with a second book titled "My First Days in the White House", laying out his plans for the presidency after the election of 1936. The book was published posthumously.  Long biographers T. Harry Williams

Increased tensions in Louisiana.

By 1935, Long's most recent consolidation of personal power led to talk of armed opposition from his enemies. Opponents increasingly invoked the memory of the Battle of Liberty Place of 1874, in which the White League staged an uprising against Louisiana's Reconstruction-era government. In January 1935, an anti-Long paramilitary organization called the Square Deal Association was formed. Its members included former governors John M. Parker and Ruffin G. Pleasant and New Orleans Mayor T. Semmes Walmsley.  On January 25, 1935, armed Square Dealers took over the courthouse of East Baton Rouge Parish. Long had Governor Allen call out the National Guard, declare martial law, ban public gatherings of two or more persons, and forbid the publication of criticism of state officials. The Square Dealers left the courthouse, but there was a brief armed skirmish at the Baton Rouge

Assassination.

Shooting.

Long had long acknowledged the possibility of his own death. In a 1935 speech, he claimed that his political enemies had a plot to kill him with "one man, one gun, one bullet." Long had even sensationally claimed that Chicago gangsters were after him.  On Sunday morning, September 8, 1935, Long left his twelfth floor suite at the Roosevelt Hotel. While leaving, the hotel's owner Seymour Weiss asked Long where the deduct box was. Long replied, "I'll tell you later, Seymour." The deduct box was never found. Long travelled to the State Capitol in order to pass House Bill

Countertheory.

Although most believe that Weiss did confront Long, some claim that he only punched Long. Nurse Jewel O’Neal was one of those who helped treat the dying Long. In a 1935 affidavit, she claimed that while treating Long's bruised lip, he told her "That’s where he hit me." Proponents of this theory claim that Long was caught in the cross fire as his bodyguards shot Weiss, and was hit by one of the bullets which ricocheted off the marble walls.  Francis Grevemberg, head of the Louisiana State Police in the 1950s, claimed in an affidavit that during a 1953 gambling raid, he heard three state troopers say that bodyguards Joe Messina and Murphy Roden opened fire on Weiss after he punched Long. He also claimed that one

Social and political positions.

Communism.

During his lifetime, Long's political philosophy, and especially his Share Our Wealth program, was strongly criticized by more conservative politicians. They feared that such a scheme was decidedly communist. The former Louisiana governor Ruffin G. Pleasant, for instance, decried Long as "the 'ultra Socialist' whose views outreached 'Marx, Lenin, and Trotsky.'" Similarly, in 1935, the "New York American" accused Long's Share the Wealth program of being "molded in the criminal brains of the leader of the Paris Commune and sanctified in the brains of an oriental fanatic, Nicolai Lenin." He was jokingly labelled the "Karl Marx of the Hillbillies".  Long also sought to paint Roosevelt as a Communist, suggesting that he "hold the Democratic convention and Communist convention together and save money."  Long's program, however, diverged significantly from Marxist communism.

Fascism.

With the rise of Fascism in 1930s Europe, many noted parallels to Long. General Hugh Johnson described Long as "the Hitler of one of our sovereign states." American fascist Lawrence Dennis described Long as "the nearest approach to a national fascist leader" in the United States. Journalist Raymond Gram Swing claimed that Long wished to "Hitlerize America". In an effort to distance Long from communism, many socialists, such as Norman Thomas, also sought to smear Long as a fascist. Communist writer Sender Garlin labelled him the "personification of the fascist menace in the United States," and noted that his swinging arm gestures were similar to those of Hitler. Newspaper "Daily Worker" ran headlines such as "Huey Long - Louisiana's 'Hitler' Is Sole Lawmaker". Even Long's brother Julius claimed that he was "trying to be a Hitler."  Although often denounced as a fascist, Long was not especially anti-Communist or anti-semitic. When asked about common comparisons between him and Adolf Hitler, Long replied

Race.

For much of the 20th century, most historians considered Long to be an egalitarian in terms of race; Long historian T. Harry Williams, for instance, once wrote that Long was "the first Southern mass leader to leave aside race baiting and appeals to the Southern tradition and the Southern past and address himself to the social and economic problems of the present." Unlike many other southern demagogues, Long resisted associating himself with the Ku Klux Klan. When KKK Imperial Wizard Hiram Evans announced plans to campaign against Long in

Legacy.

Long pioneered important innovations in campaign technique that were adopted nationally, including the use of sound trucks at mass meetings and radio commercials. But his most enduring contributions were to the state of Louisiana rather than to the nation.  In search for the basis of Long's very strong support, V.O. Key, Jr. concluded that Long:  Key adds that the Long organization used:

Politics.

Within the dominant Louisiana Democratic party, Long set in motion two durable factions—"pro-Long" and "anti-Long"—which diverged meaningfully in terms of policies and voter support. A family dynasty emerged: his brother Earl Long was elected lieutenant-governor in 1936, and governor in 1948 and 1956. Typically, anti-Longite candidates would promise to continue popular social services delivered in Long's administration and criticized Longite corruption without directly attacking Long himself.  The political machine Long established was weakened by his death, but it remained

Legacy.

Two bridges crossing the Mississippi River have been named "Huey P. Long Bridge": one in Baton Rouge and one in Jefferson Parish. There are also four bridges named in honor of both Long and his successor and supporter, O.K. Allen: the Long-Allen Bridge over the Atchafalaya River between Morgan City and Berwick, one on US Route 84, one on Highway 4, and the Long-Allen Bridge/Texas Street Bridge over the Red River between Downtown Shreveport and Bossier City. There is also a Huey P. Long Hospital in Pineville across the Red River from Alexandria.  In early 1941, Louisiana donated a statue of Long to the Statuary Hall of the

Popular culture.

In popular culture, Huey Long has served as a template for multiple populist, or fascistic, fictional politicians. Garry Boulard believed him to be the inspiration for Buzz Windrip in Sinclair Lewis' novel "It Can't Happen Here" (1935), calling the work "the most chilling and uncanny treatment of Huey by a writer". The lead character of "It Can't Happen Here" is the populist, big business-bashing senator Buzz Windrip who wins the 1936 election by promising every American family $5,000 per year. Written with the goal of hurting Long's chances in the 1936 election, a stage adaptation was performed in theaters across the country by the WPA, beginning in 1935.  Even after his assassination, Long continued to inspire novelists. John Dos Passos' "Number One" (1943) looks not at the politics of mass brutality whipped up by manipulative demagogues, but at the gradual ebbing away of Long's idealist convictions under the pressure of compromises and betrayals in the name of institutional necessity. Robert Penn Warren's Pulitzer prize-winning novel "All the King's Men" (1946) follows the corruption of an idealistic politician Willie Stark, whom many believe was based on Long. However, Warren did not encourage association of

Discography.

Long also collaborated with composer Castro Carazo on the following songs:

Huey Pierce Long Jr. (August 30, 1893 – September 10, 1935), nicknamed "The Kingfish," was an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a member of the United States Senate from 1932 until his assassination in 1935. A member of the Democratic Party, he rose to national prominence during the Great Depression, attacking the New Deal from the left. As the political leader of Louisiana, he commanded wide networks of supporters and was willing to take forceful action. Celebrated as a populist benefactor or conversely denounced as a fascistic demagogue, Long remains a controversial figure.

Huey Pierce Long, Jr. (30. srpna 1893 Winnfield, Louisiana, USA — 10. září 1935 Baton Rouge) byl americký politik, člen Demokratické strany, guvernér státu Louisiana v letech 1928 až 1932 a senátor v letech 1932 až 1935. Byl známý také pod přezdívkou "Kingfish" (velká ryba) a proslul jako radikální představitel populismu v době Velké hospodářské krize.


Early life.

Eisley was born on October 29, 1993, in Los Angeles, to musician David Glen Eisley and actress Olivia Hussey. Her grandfather was actor Anthony Eisley.

Career.

Eisley and her mother appeared together in the 2005 movie "Headspace". After small roles in various independent films, Eisley gained a major role in 2008 in "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". She played Ashley Juergens, younger sister of teen mother Amy Juergens.  Eisley starred as Sawa in the 2014 action film "Kite", opposite Samuel L. Jackson. At the end of 2014 she filmed "Social Suicide 2015," a modern retelling of "Romeo and Juliet", appearing with her real-life mother Olivia Hussey, who played Mrs. Coulson, with Eisley playing her daughter, Julia.  In the beginning of 2015 she also filmed the dark fantasy film "The Curse of Sleeping Beauty" as Briar Rose. In 2016 Eisley starred in the titular role in the television film adaptation of the V. C. Andrews' book "My Sweet Audrina". In 2017 she starred in the Netflix original film "Clinical". In 2018, Eisley played the lead role of Maria in the psychological thriller film "Look Away" opposite Jason Isaacs.  Author Jessica Brody has expressed a desire for Eisley to portray her character Seraphina in the film adaptation of her novel "Unremembered". Hollywood casting director Michelle Levy was first to recommend Eisley for the role.  In 2019, Eisley stars alongside Chris Pine as Fauna Hodel in the six-part limited series "I Am the Night", which is based on Hodel's memoir ""; the series premiered on January 27, 2019 on TNT.

India Joy Eisley (born October 29, 1993) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Ashley Juergens in the ABC Family television series "The Secret Life of the American Teenager", and her roles as Eve in 2012 film "", Sawa in the 2014 film "Kite", and Audrina in the 2016 television film "My Sweet Audrina". In 2019 she starred as Fauna Hodel on the TNT television series "I Am the Night".

India Joy Eisleyová (* 29. října 1993, Los Angeles, Kalifornie, USA) je americká herečka. Její matkou je herečka Olivia Hussey a otcem David Glen Eisley, zpěvák rockové skupiny Giuffria.


History.

The history of Novotroitsk goes to the beginning of the 20th century with a small farm in the wilderness. Near it, were the farms Akkermanovsky, Beloshapochny, and the village of Khabarnoye. Several families of peasants/immigrants from Ukraine settled near Silnova and named their settlement Novotroitsk.  The 1930s, large industrial buildings were created. Before Novotroitsk was founded, the villagers heard news of the construction of factories in Orsk, and the finding of minerals. Fersman, a well-known academician, spoke in his writings of the fabulous and wealthy Orsk region, and called Orsk-Khalilovsk area a "true gem of the Urals."  In the fall of 1929, geologist I. L. Rudnitsky opened the Khalilovsky field hematites. Khalilovsk ore was rare in its composition: it contains chromium, nickel, titanium, and manganese. Industrial tests confirmed its quality. In June 1931, the Government adopted a decision to start construction on the Khalilovsk ores and Karaganda coal, both to be big metallurgical plants. The construction schedule which was set to start building the Khalilovo metallurgical plant was scheduled for 1936. During this period, in the village of Novotroitsk, the first construction builders arrived. In 1935, construction was suspended and only in the spring of 1939 in the Resolution XVIII of Congress it had specifically determined: "... To begin construction of new metallurgical plants (at Khalilovsk Bakalskoye and ores).  In the summer of 1939 board Commissariat of the steel industry adopted a resolution, which says: "Accept construction Khalilovo smelter selected Novotroitsky District...".  The modern town was founded on April 13, 1945, as a result of the merger of the villages of Novo-Troitsk and Akkermanovka of Novotroitsky District. The area of Novotroitsk is.

Administrative and municipal status.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with nine rural localities, incorporated as the Town of Novotroitsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the Town of Novotroitsk is incorporated as Novotroitsk Urban Okrug.

Economy.

The town is located in the Orsk-Khalilovo industrial region of the southern Urals. The center of ferrous metallurgy in the area, the town has a major integrated iron and steel plant that was developed in the 1950s on the basis of nearby iron-ore deposits. Chemical production is also of importance to the region.  The town has a well-developed industry, and has twenty large and medium-sized enterprises which are employing more than 30,000 people. The town's economy largely determines the industry, accounting for 95.8% of total manufactured goods and services. Manufacturing firms in 2009 were shipped their own production of clean activities amounting to 54.24 billion rubles. The largest share in the volume of products shipped by type of activity "Manufacturing" fell on the organization of the metallurgical complex. - 75.3%, in the second position - processing of waste and scrap. - 12.7%, on the third - the production of foodstuffs, including beverages - 3.8%.  The main enterprise is the Iron and Steel Works JSC "Ural Steel".  The development of the town, its infrastructure is still determined by the state JSC "Ural Steel", which accounts for almost 90% of the total industrial output. The plant is part of the eight largest steel companies in Russia, and the rating of 200 subsidiaries in terms of sales takes 23rd place. The list of its products is very extensive; it is the only enterprise in the world that produces natural-casting alloy, chrome-nickel iron ore from its own fields.  Small business has become an integral part of modern market economic system. The town recorded 660 small enterprises and about 3000 entrepreneurs without legal entity. As the number of employees - more than 9000 people. Today, every fifth inhabitant of the city lives off of the revenue from small businesses.

Culture.

There are 27 general educational institutions, including gymnasiums and lyceums, totalling 15,200 enrolled students. There are two colleges, three professional colleges; the Novotroitsk branch of the International Institute of Economics and Law, Novotroitsky branch of the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, and an educational and consulting center called the Magnitogorsk State Technical University, a branch of Moscow State Open University. Within the town there are six hospitals, with the number of hospital beds around 1,500 each, and 5 clinics with the capacity for more than 3,460 visits per shift. There are more than 500 physicians and 1,500 people in the nursing industry.  There are three dispensary, music and art schools, a children's arts school, a centralized library system with the book fund of 625,000 copies, a Youth Center, the palace of culture, the center of development of children and teenagers, 2 sports stadiums, a swimming pool, and children's sports schools. In Novotroitsk, there is also a museum and exhibition complex. At the museum there are two art studios, courses in Arabic, literature and culture.  The most notable buildings are the municipal cultural institution "Palace of Culture Industry", built about 50 years ago, the temple of Peter and Paul, built 90 years ago, which is a mosque. A monument landmark - the monument to "live forever", is a monument to soldiers-internationalists. Secondary school No 23 is named after the 850 anniversary of Moscow, a monument to Mary Koretskaya in its place, for the shooting outside the settlement Khabarny. It has an effective movie theater called "Steel".  General Plan of development provides for construction of residential houses in the southwest of the town. The town has five tram routes.

Sports.

FC Nosta plays in Second Division (Ural-Volga area) of the Russian Premier League. In January 2010, the dissolution of the club was announced for financial reasons, but it is still playing in the second division.

Novotroitsk () is a town in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of and along the Ural River, from Orenburg, on the border with Kazakhstan. In the east Novotroitsk almost borders Orsk: the distance between the two cities is less than. Population:

Novotroick () je město v Orenburské oblasti Ruské federace. Při sčítání lidu v roce 2010 měl bezmála sto tisíc obyvatel.


Involved parties.

Let's Encrypt is a service provided by the Internet Security Research Group (ISRG), a public benefit organization. Major sponsors are the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Mozilla Foundation, OVH, Cisco Systems, Facebook, Google Chrome, and Internet Society. Other partners include the certificate authority IdenTrust, the University of Michigan (U-M), the Stanford Law School, and the Linux Foundation, as well as Stephen Kent from Raytheon/BBN Technologies and Alex Polvi from CoreOS.

Technology.

In June 2015, Let's Encrypt announced the generation of their first RSA root certificate, ISRG Root X1. The root certificate was used to sign two intermediate certificates, which are also cross-signed by the certificate authority IdenTrust. One of the intermediate certificates is used to sign issued certificates, while the other is kept offline as a backup in case of problems with the first intermediate certificate. Because the IdenTrust certificate is preinstalled in major Web browsers, Let's Encrypt certificates can normally be validated and are accepted upon installation even before browser vendors include the ISRG root certificate as a trust anchor.  The Let's Encrypt developers planned to generate an ECDSA root certificate as well later in 2015, which was pushed back to early 2016, then to 2019, and is still not available.

ACME protocol.

The challenge–response protocol used to automate enrolling with the certificate authority is called Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME). It involves various requests to the Web server on the domain that is covered by the certificate. Based on whether the resulting responses match the expectations, control of the enrollee over the domain is assured (domain validation). In order to do that, the ACME client software sets up a special TLS server on the server system that gets queried by the ACME certificate authority server with special requests using Server Name Indication (Domain Validation using Server Name Indication, DVSNI).  The validation processes are run multiple times over separate network paths. Checking DNS entries is provisioned to be done from multiple geographically diverse locations to make DNS spoofing attacks harder to do.  ACME interactions are based on exchanging JSON documents over HTTPS connections. A draft specification is available on GitHub, and a version has been submitted to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a proposal for an Internet standard.  Let's Encrypt implemented its own draft of the ACME protocol. At the same time, they pushed for standardization. This led to a "proposed standard" (RFC8555) in May 2019. It introduced breaking changes and as such it has been dubbed ACMEv2. Let's Encrypt implemented the new version and started pushing existing clients into upgrades. The nudging was implemented with intermittent down-times of the ACMEv1 API. The end-of-lifetime was announced with dates and phases in "End of Life Plan for ACMEv1".

ACMEv1 end of life.

New account registrations.

Staging environment:  Production environment:

New domain validation.

2020 June – new domain validations will be disabled

Certificate renewal validations.

24-hour brownouts will start in January 2021  2021 June – ACMEv1 will be completely disabled

Software implementation.

The certificate authority consists of a piece of software called Boulder, written in Go, that implements the server side of the ACME protocol. It is published as free software with source code under the terms of version 2 of the Mozilla Public License (MPL). It provides a RESTful API that can be accessed over a TLS-encrypted channel. Boulder uses cfssl, a CloudFlare PKI/TLS toolkit, internally.  An Apache-licensed Python certificate management program called "certbot" (formerly "letsencrypt") gets installed on the client side (the Web server of an enrollee). This is used to order the certificate, to conduct the domain validation process, to install the certificate, to configure the HTTPS encryption in the HTTP server, and later to regularly renew the certificate. After installation and agreeing to the user license, executing a single command is enough to get a valid certificate installed. Additional options like OCSP stapling or HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) can also be enabled. Automatic setup initially only works with Apache and nginx.  Let's Encrypt issues certificates valid for 90 days. The reason given is that these certificates "limit damage from key compromise and mis-issuance" and encourage automation.  Initially, Let's Encrypt developed its own ACME client - "Certbot" - as an official implementation. This has been transferred to Electronic Frontier Foundation and its name "letsencrypt" has been changed to "certbot". There is a large selection of ACME Clients and Projects for a number of environments developed by the community.

History.

The Let's Encrypt project was started in 2012 by two Mozilla employees, Josh Aas and Eric Rescorla, together with Peter Eckersley at the Electronic Frontier Foundation and J. Alex Halderman at the University of Michigan. Internet Security Research Group, the company behind Let's Encrypt, was incorporated in May 2013.  Let's Encrypt was announced publicly on November 18, 2014.  On January 28, 2015, the ACME protocol was officially submitted to the IETF for standardization. On April 9, 2015, the ISRG and the Linux Foundation declared their collaboration. The root and intermediate certificates were generated in the beginning of June. On June 16, 2015, the final launch schedule for the service was announced, with the first certificate expected to be issued sometime in the week of July 27, 2015, followed by a limited issuance period to test security and scalability. General availability of the service was originally planned to begin sometime in the week of September 14, 2015. On August 7, 2015, the launch schedule was amended to provide more time for ensuring system security and stability, with the first certificate to be issued in the week of September 7, 2015 followed by general availability in the week of November 16, 2015. The cross-signature from IdenTrust is planned to be available when Let's Encrypt opens for the public.  On September 14, 2015, Let's Encrypt issued its first certificate, which was for the domain. On the same day, ISRG submitted its root program applications to Mozilla, Microsoft, Google and Apple.  On October 19, 2015, the intermediate certificates became cross-signed by IdenTrust, causing all certificates issued by Let's Encrypt to be trusted by all major browsers.  On November 12, 2015, Let's Encrypt announced that general availability would be pushed back and that the first public beta would commence on December 3, 2015. The public beta ran from December 3, 2015 to April 12, 2016.  On March 3, 2020, Let's Encrypt announced that it would have to revoke over 3 million certificates on March 4, due to a flaw in its Certificate Authority software. Through working with software vendors and contacting site operators, Let's Encrypt was able to get 1.7 million of the affected certificates renewed before the deadline. They ultimately decided not to revoke the remaining affected certificates, as the security risk was low and the certificates were to expire within the next 90 days.  In March 2020, Let's Encrypt was awarded the Free Software Foundation's annual Award for Projects of Social Benefit.

Let's Encrypt is a non-profit certificate authority run by Internet Security Research Group (ISRG) that provides X.509 certificates for Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption at no charge. The certificate is valid for 90 days, during which renewal can take place at any time. The offer is accompanied by an automated process designed to overcome manual creation, validation, signing, installation, and renewal of certificates for secure websites. It launched on April 12, 2016.

Let's Encrypt je certifikační autorita. Za pomoci automatizovaného procesu, navrženého tak, aby odstranil složitý proces manuální tvorby, ověřování, podepisování, instalace a obnovování certifikátu. Zdarma poskytuje doménově ověřené certifikáty (DV, ) typu X.509 pro šifrování protokolu TLS.


Geography.

Graham Bell Island is one of the largest islands of the group. It lies east of Wilczek Land, separated from it by a narrow sound known as Morgan Sound (Пролив Моргана; Proliv Morgana). It is also the easternmost island of Franz Josef Land. Cape Kohlsaat, the easternmost point of the archipelago at 81°14′N, 65°10′E, lies on Graham Bell Island's eastern shore. Cape Kohlsaat marks the northwestern-most corner of the Kara Sea and is a significant geographical landmark, and it is partly glacierized.  The highest point of Graham Bell Island,, is the summit of "Kupol Vetrenyy" (Купол Ветреный) "Windy Dome", a large ice dome covering the western part of the island.  This island was named after inventor Alexander Graham Bell. Graham Bell Island should not be confused with the smaller Bell Island which is also part of the Franz Josef Archipelago and which named after the shape, not the person.

History.

Graham Bell Island is home to a Cold War outpost and to the airfield Greem Bell () on the Northeastern end of the island. It is the largest airfield in the archipelago. It has a runway 2,100 m (7,000 ft) long. Russian cargo and fighter aircraft have regularly landed here since the 1950s. The runway was usable only in the 8 months with sufficiently frozen ground. Before it was shut down it was also used for tourist helicopter trips around the Russian arctic as a stopover and refueling base. The base was shut down completely in 1994. It began falling into ruins and was subsequently closed to normal visitors. In 2012, the Russian Air Force decided to reopen Graham Bell Airfield as part of a series of reopenings of air bases in the Arctic.

Graham Bell Island (, "Ostrov Greem-Bell") is an island in the Franz Josef Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, and is administratively part of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.

Ostrov Grahama Bella (, ) je nejvýchodnější ostrov v souostroví Země Františka Josefa v Severním ledovém oceánu. Ostrov byl pojmenován na počest vynálezce Grahama Bella. Ve stejném souostroví po něm byl pojmenován také mnohem menší "Bellův ostrov".


Plot.

Angela de Marco is the wife of mafia up-and-comer Frank "The Cucumber" de Marco, who gets violently dispatched by Mob boss Tony "The Tiger" Russo when he is discovered in a compromising situation with the latter's mistress Karen. Angela wants to escape the mafia scene with her son, but is harassed by Tony who puts the moves on her at Frank's funeral. This clinch earns her the suspicion of FBI agents Mike Downey and Ed Benitez, who are conducting surveillance, and also of Tony's wife Connie, who repeatedly confronts Angela with accusations of stealing her husband. To further complicate things, Mike Downey is assigned to monitor all of Angela's movements as part of an undercover surveillance operation, but cannot resist becoming romantically involved with Angela himself. Angela's attempts to break away from the Mob result in comic mayhem and a climactic showdown in a honeymoon suite in Miami Beach.

Cast.

In addition, short cameo appearances include the film's director, Jonathan Demme, as a man getting off an elevator in Miami, and the film's music supervisor, Gary Goetzman, as the guy playing piano when the mobsters gather at the "King's Roost" restaurant.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Married to the Mob" received a largely positive response from critics, and holds a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 39 reviews and a score of 71 on Metacritic.  Janet Maslin in "The New York Times" wrote that ""Married to the Mob" works best as a wildly overdecorated screwball farce... it also plays as a gentle romance, and as the story of a woman trying to re-invent her life." "The Washington Post" described the film as "all decked out in "Godfather" kitsch, but underneath its loud exterior, a complex heroine struggles for freedom." "Variety" called the film "fresh, colorful and inventive." "Time Out" wrote that although the film was "relentlessly shallow, the performances, music and gaudy visuals provide a fizzy vitality for which many other directors would give their right arm." Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave a more lukewarm review, but ended positively: "Still, "Married to the Mob" is loaded with wonderful offbeat touches... [and] most assuredly doesn't lack soul."  Jonathan Demme's direction was praised for its idiosyncrasy. "The New York Times" called him "American cinema's king of amusing artifacts: blinding bric-a-brac, the junkiest of jewelry, costumes so frightening they take your breath away." "The Washington Post" wrote that "Jonathan Demme has nailed one with this playful, but dangerous, gangster farce."  The acting performances were widely acclaimed, especially that of Michelle Pfeiffer in a star-making turn, "her best performance to date." Richard Corliss in "Time" wrote that Pfeiffer was the "emotional anchor to his [Demme's] vertiginous sight gags." "Variety" claimed the "enormous cast is a total delight, starting with Pfeiffer." The "Washington Post" called Pfeiffer a "deft comedian... It's her movie, and she graces it." Matthew Modine was "winning," according to "Variety".  Supporting players Dean Stockwell and Mercedes Ruehl also received praise for their performances. The "Washington Post" described Ruehl's character as "majestic in her jealousy, stealing scenes but never the show from the sweetly determined Pfeiffer." Maslin in the "New York Times" thought that Pfeiffer and Modine were "readily upstaged by Miss Ruehl and, especially, by Mr. Stockwell. His shoulder-rolling caricature of this suave, foppish and thoroughly henpecked kingpin is the film's biggest treat." "Variety" described Stockwell as "a hoot."

Accolades.

Michelle Pfeiffer was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.  Dean Stockwell was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and won awards in the same category from the National Society of Film Critics and the New York Film Critics Circle, both of which were also in honor of his work in "" (1988). He also shared the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor in a three-way tie with Martin Landau for "Tucker: The Man and His Dream" and Tom Cruise for "Rain Man" (1988).  Mercedes Ruehl won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Married to the Mob is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Jonathan Demme, starring Michelle Pfeiffer and Matthew Modine.

Manželství s mafií (v anglickém originále "") je americká filmová komedie z roku 1988. Natočil jej režisér Jonathan Demme a na scénáři spolupracovali Barry Strugatz a Mark R. Burns. Hlavní role ve filmu hráli Michelle Pfeiffer, Dean Stockwell a Matthew Modine. Stockwell byl za svou roli neúspěšně nominován na Oscara a Pfeiffer na Zlatý glóbus. Autorem hudby k filmu byl David Byrne. Dále se zde nachází například coververze písně „You Don't Miss Your Water“ v podání Briana Ena. Převážná část filmu byla natočena v New Yorku, část děje se odehrávala i v Miami.


Geography.

The municipality is located in north-eastern Italy on the right bank of the Isonzo River, about southwest of Gorizia. It received town privileges on 14 July 1936. As of 2011, the population of Gradisca is about 6,580.  The town is an important centre of the Friulian culture in the Julian Venetia region.

History.

The town's name is a Slavic toponym: in archaic Slovene, "gradišče" (cf. gord) was a term indicating a fortified site or a ruin and is a widespread toponym in the Slovene Lands. The strategic important area on the Isonzo River was probably already settled in Roman times and under the Lombard kingdom, later exposed to the attacks by Hungarian forces on Northern Italy.  The rural settlement of Gradisca is mentioned for the first time in 1176, when it had a mixed population of Slavic and Latin origin. It then belonged to the estate of Farra, held by the Patriarchs of Aquileia. From 1420 onwards their lands were gradually conquered by the Republic of Venice, annexed and incorporated into the Venetian "Domini di Terraferma" in 1473. The Venetians fortified Gradisca as a bastion against Ottoman raids, then part of a massive defence line along the Isonzo River relying on plans designed by Leonardo da Vinci.  During the War of the League of Cambrai against Venice, Gradisca was conquered by Emperor Maximilian I in 1511, and thenceforth it was a Habsburg possession ruled within the County of Gorizia as part of the Inner Austrian lands. In 1615 a Venetian attempt to reconquer it initiated the War of Gradisca. The town was however kept by the Imperial House of Habsburg; in 1647 Emperor Ferdinand III made it the capital of an autonomous County of Gradisca and sold the territory to his confident John Anthony of Eggenberg. The Eggenberg dynasty, formally elevated to Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1654, held Gradisca until 1717, enlarging and enriching it constantly as a princely residence.  With the extinction of the Eggenbergs, the county returned to the House of Habsburg, being re-united with the remaining County of Gorizia. The union resulted in the creation of the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca in 1754, which existed until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918. The town remained in the Cisleithanian side after the Compromise of 1867 as head of the district of the same name (GRADISCA), one of the 11 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in the Austrian Littoral province.  During Austrian domination, the town retained its predominantly Italian character. According to the last Austrian census of 1910, 60.0% of the population of the town spoke Italian or Friulian, 13.8% spoke Slovene, and a mere 2.3% spoke German as their first language.  In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, the population of Gradisca fought under Austria-Hungary. In 1921 the town became part of Italy.

Gradisca d'Isonzo ( or "Gardiscje",, archaic ) is a town and "comune" of the Province of Gorizia in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, north-eastern Italy. The lawyer, linguist, philologist Philippe Sarchi was born in Gradisca d'Isonzo.

Gradisca d'Isonzo (slovinsky "Gradišče ob Soči", v běžné furlanštině Gardiscje, Gardiscja v gorické furlanštině) je italská obec se 6580 obyvateli v bývalé provincii Gorizia v italské oblasti Furlánsko-Julské Benátsko. Je možné se setkat se starším českým označením "Hradiště na Soči".


Vedic version.

According to the Rig Veda, Vritra kept the waters of the world captive until he was killed by Indra, who destroyed all the 99 fortresses of Vritra (although the fortresses are sometimes attributed to Sambara) before liberating the imprisoned rivers. The combat began soon after Indra was born, and he had drunk a large volume of Soma at Tvashtri's house to empower him before facing Vritra. Tvashtri fashioned the thunderbolt (Vajrayudha) for Indra, and Vishnu, when asked to do so by Indra, made space for the battle by taking the three great strides for which Vishnu became famous. Vritra broke Indra's two jaws during the battle, but was then thrown down by Indra and, in falling, crushed the fortresses that had already been shattered. For this feat, Indra became known as "Vṛtrahan" (lit. "Slayer of Vritra" and also as "slayer of the first-born of dragons"). Vritra's mother, Danu, who was also the mother of the Dānava race of Asuras, was then attacked and defeated by Indra with his thunderbolt. In one of the versions of the story, three Devas – Varuna, Soma and Agni – were coaxed by Indra into aiding him in the fight against Vritra, whereas before they had been on the side of Vritra (whom they called "Father").  In one verse of a Rig-Vedic hymn eulogising Sarasvati, she is portrayed as the one who slayed Vritra. Mention of this occurs nowhere else.  Hymn 18 of Mandala IV provides the most elaborate account of the Vedic version. The verses describe the events and circumstances leading up to the battle between Indra and Vritra, the battle itself, and the outcome of the battle.

Puranic and later versions.

As told in the narration given to King Yudhishthira in the Mahabharata, Vritra was a demon created by artisan god Tvashta to avenge the killing of his son by Indra, known as Triśiras or Viśvarūpa. Vritra won the battle and swallowed Indra, but the other gods forced him to vomit Indra out. The battle continued and Indra was eventually forced to flee. Vishnu and the rishis (sages) brokered a truce, with Indra swearing that he would not attack Vritra with anything made of metal, wood or stone, nor anything that was dry or wet, or during the day or the night. Indra used the foam (which Vishnu had entered to ensure victory) from the waves of the ocean to kill him at twilight.  Srimad Bhagavatam recognizes Vritra as a bhakta (devotee) of Vishnu who was slain only due to his failure to live piously and without aggression. This story runs thus:  SB 6.9.11: After Visvarupa was killed, his father, Tvashta, performed ritualistic ceremonies to kill Indra. He offered oblations in the sacrificial fire, saying, "O enemy of Indra, flourish to kill your enemy without delay."  SB 6.9.12: Thereafter, from the southern side of the sacrificial fire known as Anvaharya came a fearful personality who looked like the destroyer of the entire creation at the end of the millennium.  SB 6.9.13-17: Like arrows released in the four directions, the demon's body grew, day after day. Tall and blackish, he appeared like a burnt hill and was as lustrous as a bright array of clouds in the evening. The hair on the demon's body and his beard and moustache were the color of melted copper, and his eyes were piercing like the midday sun. He appeared unconquerable, as if holding the three worlds on the points of his blazing trident. Dancing and shouting with a loud voice, he made the entire surface of the earth tremble as if from an earthquake. As he yawned again and again, he seemed to be trying to swallow the whole sky with his mouth, which was as deep as a cave. He seemed to be licking up all the stars in the sky with his tongue and eating the entire universe with his long, sharp teeth. Seeing this gigantic demon, everyone, in great fear, ran here and there in all directions.  SB 6.9.18: That very fearful demon, who was actually the son of Tvashta, covered all the planetary systems by dint of austerity. Therefore, he was named Vritra, or one who covers everything.  Vritra became the head of the Asuras (portrayed as inherently demonic here, as opposed to the Vedic version in which they can be gods or demons). He renounced his dharma – duty – to do good unto others and turned to violence, battling with the Devas. Eventually, he gained the upper hand and the Devas were frightened of his evil might. Led by Indra, they approached Lord Vishnu for help. He told them that Vritra could not be destroyed by ordinary means, revealing that only a weapon made from the bones of a sage could slay him. When the deities revealed their doubts about the likelihood of any ascetic donating his body, Vishnu directed them to approach the rishi Dadhichi. When approached by the gods, Dadhichi gladly gave up his bones for the cause of the good, stating that it would be better for his bones to help them attain victory than to rot in the ground. The Devas collected the bones and Indra crafted the Vajrayudha from them. When they engaged Vritra again, the battle lasted for 360 days before Vritra breathed his last.  As per the Puranic (Mahabharat) references, the terrible anthropomorphic personification of Brāhmanahatya (Brahmanicide) chased Indra and forced him into hiding for his sin, and Nahusha was invited to take his place.

Buddhism.

In the Pali Canon, Vritra is alluded to when the Buddha addresses Śakra with the title "Vatrabhū."

Vritra (Sanskrit:, ', lit. "enveloper") is a Vedic serpent or dragon in Hinduism, the personification of drought and adversary of Indra. Vritra is identified as an Asura. Vritra was also known in the Vedas as Ahi (Sanskrit: ', lit. "snake"). He appears as a dragon blocking the course of the rivers and is heroically slain by Indra.

Vrtra, též Triširas či Višvarúpa, je védském náboženství a hinduismu démonický had či drak, protivník hromovládného boha Indry. Podobá se mu démon Vala, též poražený Indrou. Vrtra má řadu paralel v dračích či hadích protivnících indoevropských bohů a hrdinů jako je zarathuštrický Apaoša, řečtí Týfón, Pýthón a Hydra, severský Jormungand nebo albánský Kulšedra. Vrtra představuje personifikované sucho poražené Indrou jako bohem pastevců a zemědělců aby se mohly nebeské i pozemské vody dát do pohybu. Vládne magickou silou májá umožňující měnit vzhled věcí a tedy i klamat.


First generation (2002–2009).

2002–2009.

Debuted in February 2002, the first generation Sorento was a traditional truck-based body-on-frame SUV. All American Sorentos also came with dual front airbags and dual side-curtain airbags in the front and rear. An optional four-wheel drive system with low range received praise for adding to the vehicle's off-road ability.  It had two transmission options, a 5-speed manual or 4/5-speed automatic (pre-2005 models have a 4-speed automatic, whilst 2005 Sorentos came with a 5-speed tip-tronic style automatic). First generation Sorentos are equipped with a Hyundai-manufactured 3.5L 24-valve DOHC V6 engine producing at 5500 rpm, and of torque at 3,000 rpm. Common features of the first generation Sorento were 4-wheel disc brakes (standard on all models), optional anti-lock braking system (ABS), and a 21.1-gallon (79.9 litres) fuel tank. There were two trim levels available for the Sorento: either the base LX or the up-level EX. Both models included an AM/FM stereo with a single-disc CD player and an eight-speaker audio system, dual front airbags and front and rear side-impact SRS airbags (side-impact front and rear SRS airbags for North American-market models ONLY), cloth seating surfaces, a power-adjustable front driver's seat, air conditioning, power door locks and windows, tinted windows, aluminum-alloy wheels, keyless entry, wood interior trim accents, a split-folding second-row rear bench seat, and monotone exterior paint as standard equipment. Features such as satellite radio (on later models), leather-trimmed seating surfaces, heated front seats, a ten-speaker premium audio system, cassette and CD players, an in-dash CD changer, power front bucket seats, seventeen-inch (17") aluminum-alloy wheels, a power sunroof, two-tone exterior paint, and a security system were available regardless of trim level choice.

2007–2008.

The 2007 Sorento received upgrades, such as the transition from the 3.5L Sigma to the 3.3L with and, and the 3.8L Lambda, with and and increased tow capacity from to. Projector beam head lamps were added, along with new tail lamps. The 5-speed manual transmission was no longer available; the 5-speed Sportmatic tip-tronic automatic transmission was made standard for all vehicles. The EX trim had full-time AWD and 4x4 Low modes; The LX had a part-time system with 2WD High (rear wheel drive), 4WD High (not for dry pavement) and 4WD Low modes. The 2007 Kia Sorento earned a five-star crash safety rating, the highest rating possible, for all seating positions in frontal and side impact crash tests conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The tail lights and front end were upgraded, but the two-box design stayed.

2009.

The Kia Sorento received another grille facelift, and went on sale in August 2008 in Canada. The facelifted 2009 model did not begin American sales until April 2009.

Safety.

The 2003 Sorento received Poor to Average ratings from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). The 2007 facelifted version had improved safety ratings for moderate overlap front crashes and head restraints & seats, but retained its Poor side impact rating.

Second generation (2010–2015).

A redesigned Sorento (codename XMA) was launched in South Korea in April 2009 as a 2010 model. The second generation was Kia's first model to be manufactured in the United States, in Kia's new US$1 billion West Point, Georgia, factory (which also builds the sister vehicle to the Sorento, the Hyundai Santa Fe). The second generation used Kia's corporate Tiger Nose grille, and was the first Kia vehicle to offer Kia UVO. The vice president of marketing for Kia Motors America said that Kia initially considered changing the name due to the radical change in the Sorento's body style.  The second-generation Sorento introduced Kia's new design language, and introduced new features and technology that would later become available on other Kia models.  The four-cylinder model returned to the lineup for North American models after being absent between 2007 and 2010. The engine was transverse, and the suspension all-independent. The change in body construction as well as the loss of a low-ratio transfer case made the Sorento 475 pounds less than the old one model for model, to gain in performance and economy.  The second generation Sorento was originally available in 4 models, the Base, LX, EX and top of the line SX models. The SX is only available with the 3.5L V6. The Base and LX both come standard with the 2.4L straight-4 and EX has the GDI version of the same engine which is rated 191 hp. The V6 is available as an upgrade for both the LX and EX. The SX Limited model became available in 2012.  The Sorento received a mid-cycle refresh for the 2014 model year, unveiled in 2012 at the Los Angeles International Auto Show, and went on sale in first quarter of 2013. Major changes included a revised instrument panel, front and rear end with new tail lights modeled after the Optima, as well as several other mechanical and interior changes.  For 2015, the six-speed manual transmission option, previously only available on the Base and LX models, was discontinued, leaving the six-speed automatic transmission as the only transmission option for the Sorento.

Trim levels.

The Kia Sorento was available in several different trim levels during its production run between 2011 and 2015, and each offered its own level of standard and optional equipment:  Base: The Base was the least expensive model of the Sorento. It offered the following standard features: a 2.4L Theta II Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine, a six-speed manual transmission, cloth seating surfaces, an AM-FM stereo with SiriusXM Satellite Radio, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, Bluetooth for hands-free phone and wireless stereo audio streaming, iPod/USB and auxiliary inputs, manually-adjustable dual front bucket seats, five-passenger seating, seventeen-inch (17") aluminum-alloy wheels, keyless entry, and power windows and door locks. There were no additional options for this trim level, and this trim level was available exclusively with Front Wheel Drive.  LX: The LX was the "value-oriented" model of the Sorento. It added the following standard features to the Base: a six-speed automatic transmission (standard for 2015 models ONLY) and tinted windows. Additional features for this trim level included the Kia UVO touch-screen infotainment system with 4.3-inch color touch-screen display, a power-adjustable front driver's bucket seat, seven-passenger seating, a 3.3L Lambda II V6 gasoline engines, heated front seats and steering wheel, and a rear-view backup camera system. This trim level was available with either Front Wheel Drive or All Wheel Drive.  EX: The EX was the luxury model of the Sorento. It added the following standard features to the LX: a six-speed automatic transmission, the Kia UVO touch-screen infotainment system with 4.3-inch color touch-screen display, eighteen-inch (18") aluminum-alloy wheels, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, dual power-adjustable front bucket seats, security system, and heated front seats and steering wheel. Additional options on this trim level included a 3.3L Lambda II V6 gasoline engine, heated second-row seats, a power sunroof, third-row seating, a rear-view backup camera system, a GPS navigation system, an Infinity premium amplified audio system with subwoofer, and keyless access with push-button start. This trim level was available with either Front Wheel Drive or All Wheel Drive.  SX: The SX was the top-of-the-line model of the Sorento. It added the following standard features to the EX: eighteen-inch (18") polished aluminum-alloy wheels, perforated leather-trimmed seating surfaces, third-row seating, a 3.3L Lambda II V6 gasoline engine, a GPS navigation system, an Infinity premium amplified audio system with subwoofer, keyless access with push-button start, a power sunroof, and a rear-view backup camera system. There were few options available on this trim level, except for the buyer's choice of either Front Wheel Drive or All Wheel Drive.  SX Limited: The SX Limited model became available in 2013, adding more luxury features to the SX, such as: memory seating, remote start, unique perforated leather-trimmed seating surfaces, unique polished aluminum-alloy wheels, exterior color-keyed lower body accents, a 3.5L Lambda II V6 gasoline engine, and unique exterior and interior color options. This trim level was only available with All Wheel Drive.

Safety.

The 2011 Sorento received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).

Awards.

The 2011 Sorento was awarded the maximum five-star safety rating from the crash safety experts, European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) and Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP). The XM Sorento awarded 'Top Safety Pick' from Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the United States.  The second generation Sorento was awarded New Zealand Autocar magazine SUV of the Year, "great looker, does absolutely everything as it should. Engine is world class". The Kia Sorento EX V6 model earned an “Excellent” overall score by American magazine Consumer Reports’ July 2010 issue.

Marketing.

As part of 2014 Sorento market launch in the US, a campaign titled "It has an answer for everything" was unveiled during Super Bowl XLVII. "Space Babies" (directed by Jake Scott) commercial was premiered in the fourth quarter, featuring the existence of a faraway planet known as "Babylandia" and follows infant boys, girls, dogs, pandas and more on their journey to Earth to join their new families. After taking it all in, the curious child begins to offer an alternative theory passed on by a friend but his quick-thinking father calls upon UVO's voice-activated jukebox feature to hurriedly change the subject and survive another day in the adventures of parenthood. "Tight Space" (directed by Peter Darley Miller and Colin Jeffery) showed two of the CUV's available features – power-folding mirrors and power liftgate – help a determined father make the slimmest parking garage space manageable while his skeptical wife and children look on.

Gallery.

Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling

Third generation (2015–2020).

Kia Motors revealed the third generation Sorento in South Korea on August 28, 2014. The vehicle later made its European debut at the 2014 Paris Motor Show. The third generation Sorento shares a platform with the 2015 Kia Carnival, and is available in either 5-seater or 7-seater, depending on configuration. It is 95mm longer than the previous generation, but lower for better handling. Kia claims a rigidity strengthening of 14% on its high tensile steel and the Sorento scored good evaluation in small overlap crash test by IIHS. In the U.S., the Sorento continues to be produced at the West Point, Georgia, assembly plant.  Available engines are a 290 horsepower 3.3L "Lambda II" V6, the existing 190 horsepower 2.4L GDi I4 that will make the same output as the outgoing engine, and the new 240 horsepower 2.0 turbo I4. A 2.2L CRDi diesel engine with variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) is also available.  The third generation Sorento comes equipped with a six-speed manual transmission or six-speed automatic transmission. Drivetrains are front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive.

Models.

In the United States, the 2016 Kia Sorento is offered in five models and four models within the United Kingdom. KX-1 base model, KX-2, KX-3 and KX4 with the GT-Line from late 2018 onwards replacing the KX-4.  The L is a new model and base model, for 2016. It offers a 2.4L GDi I4 engine that makes 190 HP with a six-speed automatic transmission, and is only available with front-wheel-drive. Standard features include an A/M-F/M radio with single-disc CD player and six speakers, and input jacks for an auxiliary audio device, as well as an iPod or other USB device, and can be controlled from the Sorento's radio, and Sirius XM Satellite Radio is also standard, as is Bluetooth and A2DP stereo audio streaming. Also included are alloy wheels, cloth seating surfaces, and keyless entry.  The LX was previously the base model, and is now an upgrade from the base model for 2016. It builds off of the L model, and also offers a 3.3L Lambda V6 engine that makes 290 HP, and is available with front-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive. A Popular Package is offered that adds a touchscreen Kia Uvo radio, heated front seats, a sunroof, and front fog lamps.  The EX is the mid-level model and offers a standard 2.0L turbocharged I4 engine that makes 240 HP (the V6 engine is also available). The UVO radio comes standard, and there are leather seats as standard equipment. Third-row seating is also available. Alloy wheels with black-finished inserts are standard equipment, as are fog lamps and heated seats. An EX Premium Package adds such features as an Infinity sound system, navigation system, HD Radio, and more.  The SX begins the upper range and comes with the V6 engine as standard. The navigation system comes standard, as does HD Radio and the Infinity sound system. Push-button start with a smart key comes standard.  The Limited, previously known as the SX Limited, offers the same I4 engine as standard and the V6 engine as optional in the EX and SX models. Nappa leather seating surfaces are standard equipment, as are heated and ventilated front seats, and heated rear seats. A panoramic sunroof is also standard, as are chrome alloy wheels. For 2017 the 5 passenger SX Limited is discontinued.  The SXL is the top-of-the-line model and offers the V6 engine as the only option. Loaded with Autonomous Braking, heated and cooled seats, Lane Departure Warning, HID Headlights, LED Front Fog Lights. 19" Alloy Wheels, UVO eServices with Navigation, 8" Color Touch-Screen Display, SiriusXM® Traffic, HD RadioTM, Android AutoTM and Apple CarPlayTM, Infinity® 10-Speaker Audio w/ Clari-FiTM, External Amplifier & Subwoofer, HD Radio all as standard. Rear-Camera Display, Rear Parking Assist System (RPAS), Surround View Monitor (SVM), Blind-Spot Detection (BSD), System Rear Cross Traffic Alert (RCTA), Advanced Smart Cruise Control (ASCC), Forward Collision Warning System (FCWS)

2018 facelift.

The Kia Sorento received a new front grille with refreshed headlamps and tail lamps with similar design cues derived from the 2019 Kia Forte and the 2018 Kia Cadenza for the 2019 model year. The L, LX, EX and SX trim levels received refreshed projector beam headlamps with LED positioning lights. The SXL trim received new LED headlamps with LED daytime running lights, LED amber turn signal and positioning lights, and LED tail lamps.  Other changes include new exterior colors, new wheels, third row seating now standard on all trim levels with all engine types, driver attention warning system added to all trim levels, and a 2.4-liter engine will replace the 2.0-liter engine on lower trim levels. The 2019 Kia Sorento features a 3.3-liter V6 engine on higher trim levels. The trim levels are available with all-wheel drive, except for the base L trim, which is only available with front-wheel drive.

Safety.

The 2017 Sorento received a "Top Safety Pick" rating from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS).

Marketing.

In November 2014, Kia Motors collaborated with 20th Century Fox to create a Wolverine-themed Sorento to promote the home media release of "". The custom Sorento made its debut at the 2015 Australian Open, with a series of videos featuring Rafael Nadal teaming up with the X-Men to save the tennis event from the Sentinels.  In January 2015, Kia Motors released their Sorento Super Bowl XLIX commercial featuring Pierce Brosnan.

Fourth generation (2020–present).

The fourth generation Sorento was officially unveiled through a series of images on February 17, 2020. The physical production was supposed to be unveiled at the March 2020 Geneva Motor Show, but it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 virus outbreak. The updated Sorento will sport a more larger design with a extended wheelbase (1.4 inches longer) while the vehicle’s overall length is extended by 0.4 inch, two engine options: a hybrid (a 1.6-liter turbocharged four-cylinder and single electric motor, amounting to 227 horsepower and 258 pound-feet of torque) and a traditional gasoline-only engine (a 2.5-liter turbocharged four-cylinder, matched with an eight-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, output at 277 horsepower and 310 pound-feet of torque). A plug-in variation and additional gasoline options is also being planned, along with a multi-collision brake system and a remote smartphone surround view monitor. Kia will debut the fourth generation Sorento during the third quarter of 2020.

The Kia Sorento (Korean: 기아 쏘렌토 "Gia Solento") is a mid-size crossover SUV (compact SUV until 2009) produced since 2002 by South Korean manufacturer Kia Motors.

Kia Sorento je střední městské SUV, které vyrábí jihokorejská automobilka KIA. Vůz se od začátku výroby v roce 2003 dočkal třech generací.