Geography.

The town is located at the foot of the Kočevski Rog karst plateau on the Rinža River in the historic Lower Carniola region. It is now part of the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The Rinža River flows through the town. Lake Kočejve, a former open-pit coal mine, lies northeast of the town center.

Climate.

Kočevje features a humid continental climate.

Name.

Kočevje was attested in written sources in 1363 as "Gotsche" (and as "Gotsew" in 1386, "Kotsche" in 1425, and "propre Koczeuiam" in 1478). The name is derived from "*Hvojčevje" (from "hvoja" 'fir, spruce'), referring to the local vegetation. The initial "hv-" changed to "k-" under the influence of German phonology. Older discredited explanations include derivation from the hypothetical common noun "*kočevje" 'nomadic settlement' and Slovene "koča"'shack'. The former German name was "Gottschee".

History.

In 1247 Berthold, Patriarch of Aquileia, granted the area around Ribnica within the imperial March of Carniola to the Carinthian counts of Ortenburg. When the counts had received further estates in 1336 on the wooded plateau down to Kostel on the Kolpa River from the hands of Patriarch Bertram, they called for German-speaking settlers from Carinthia and Tyrol. In the following decades they established the town of Gottschee, which was first mentioned in a 1363 deed. The settlement received market rights in 1377 and town privileges in 1471.  Until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian Empire (and part of Cisleithania after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867), in the district of the same name, as one of the 11 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in province of Carniola. The German name alone was used by the post office before 1867.  After the Second World War, a Yugoslav labor camp for political prisoners operated in Kočevje until March 1946.

Germans of Kočevje.

They first settled in Carniola around 1330 from the German lands of Tyrol and Carinthia and maintained their German identity and language during their 600 years of isolation. They cleared the vast forests of the region and established villages and towns. In 1809, they resisted French occupation in the 1809 Gottscheer Rebellion. With the end of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, Gottschee became a part of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Gottscheer thus went from being part of the ruling ethnicity of Austria-Hungary (and the ruling group in the estates of the province of Carniola itself) to an ethnic minority in a large Slavic state. With the onset of the Second World War and the Invasion of Yugoslavia their situation was worsened further.

Landmarks.

The parish church in the city is dedicated to Saint Bartholomew () and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It is a Neo-Romanesque building erected between 1887 and 1903 on the site of an earlier church.

Notable people.

Notable people that were born or lived in Kočevje include:

Kočevje (; ; "Göttscheab" or "Gətscheab" in the local Gottscheerish dialect; ) is a city in the Municipality of Kočevje in southern Slovenia. It is the seat of the municipality.

Kočevje je město na řece Rinža v jižním Slovinsku, správní centrum občiny Kočevje. Žije v něm okolo 8 000 obyvatel.


Design and description.

The design of the "Giuseppe Garibaldi"-class cruiser was derived by the naval architect Edoardo Masdea from his earlier design. The "Garibaldi"s were slightly larger and about a knot faster than their predecessors, but the primary improvement was the addition of two gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. These remedied a major weakness of the older ships in that their primary armament, being on the broadside, could not engage targets that were directly in front or behind. The design was so popular that ten cruisers were purchased by four different countries; the Royal Italian Navy, the Argentine Navy, the Imperial Japanese Navy, and the Spanish Navy. As might be expected over a group of ships that was built from 1892 to 1903, design improvements and more modern equipment were incorporated over time so that only the three ships actually accepted by Italy were true sisters.  The first five ships were built to the same measurements, and form the "Garibaldi" sub-class, but the last five were stretched by six frames amidships, and comprise the "Giuseppe Garibaldi" sub-class. The ships of the first group had an overall length of, a beam of and a deep draft (ship) of. They displaced at normal load. The second ship purchased by Argentina,, is reported by some sources to have had a beam of and therefore displaced some more than the others.  The class was unusual in that they did not have a uniform main armament. Some had single Elswick Pattern R guns in gun turrets fore and aft; others (including "Kasuga") had a mixed armament of a single gun in one turret and another turret with twin guns. A third variation (including "Nisshin") was a uniform armament of four guns in twin gun turrets fore and aft. "Cristobal Colon" was fitted with defective 10-inch guns which were removed before it was committed to combat. Therefore, it only went to battle with 10 smokeless powder Armstrong six inch guns mounted in the hull (5 on each side).

Ships.

All ships were built by Gio. Ansaldo & C. in Genoa-Sestri Ponente, except ARA "San Martin" and ARA "Belgrano" which were subcontracted to Orlando in Livorno.

Construction and service.

In addition, Spain was planning to acquire a second "Garibaldi"-class cruiser, to be named "Pedro de Aragon." These plans were shelved after the Spanish–American War and the subsequent downsizing of the Spanish Armada.  Two of the Italian ships ordered in 1902 were sold to the Argentine Navy before completion as the "Mitre" and "Roca"; they were renamed as the "Rivadavia" and the "Mariano Moreno". The Argentines in turn sold them to the Imperial Japanese Navy before final completion in 1904, and they were renamed the and

The "Giuseppe Garibaldi"-class cruisers were a class of ten armoured cruisers built in Italy in the 1890s and the first decade of the 20th century. The ships were built for both the Royal Italian Navy ("Regia Marina") and for export.

Třída Giuseppe Garibaldi byla třída italských pancéřových křižníků. Skládala se z celkem 10 jednotek, které byly postaveny pro námořnictva Itálie, Argentiny, Japonska a Španělska. Tři z nich byly během služby ztraceny v boji.


History.

The North Bay Centennials or "Cents" as they were popularly known, were named after the 100th anniversary of the railroad in North Bay. The team came to the city in 1982 after the new owners of the Niagara Falls Flyers failed to get a deal for a new arena, and chose to relocate to North Bay which already had an adequate facility in operation.  The team can trace its roots back to St. Catharines, Ontario, where it played from 1943–1976, as the Falcons, Teepees and Black Hawks, winning the Memorial Cup in 1954 and 1960.  The Centennials won back-to-back Emms division titles in 1986 and 1987. In 1987 the OHL organized a Super Series for the right to host the Memorial Cup tournament between the Leyden Division champions Oshawa Generals, and the Emms Division champions North Bay Centennials. The super series was played while the first round of the playoffs was taking place (at the time, regular season division champions would receive a bye and advance to the second round of the postseason). North Bay came within one game of hosting the national junior championship, losing game seven to the Oshawa Generals. In the OHL championship series that year the Centennials and Generals faced off again with the same result, Oshawa defeating North Bay 4 games to 3. Since the Oshawa Generals were both host and champion, a revision to the Memorial Cup format was made where it was reduced to a three team tournament and the North Bay Centennials eliminated. It was the first three team tournament since 1982 and to this day it is the last 3-team tournament.  Determined to return to the Memorial Cup, coach and general manager Bert Templeton began building his team for another championship run. In 1991–92 North Bay would return to the OHL finals, losing to their northern counterparts, the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in seven games. Templeton was awarded the OHL Executive of the Year for the 1991–92 season.  Two years later in 1994, North Bay was on top of the league winning the Hamilton Spectator Trophy. They entered the playoffs as the #1 ranked junior team in Canada. This time the Centennials would prevail in the finals by defeating the Detroit Junior Red Wings in seven games. Injuries began to take their toll on the team as they headed to the 1994 Memorial Cup, played in Laval, Quebec. North Bay dropped all three games on the round-robin; losing 5-4 to the Laval Titan, 3-1 to the Chicoutimi Saguenéens, and 5-1 to the Kamloops Blazers.  Templeton was awarded the Ontario Hockey League and Canadian Hockey League Coach of the Year in 1994. He asked for a raise in renegotiating his contract. When the raise was not given, Templeton and the Centennials parted ways. After Bert Templeton was let go, the Centennials fell on hard times with many losing seasons. The Cents never regained their previous form and attendance dropped off yearly.  For the 1999–2000 season, the Centennials released new uniforms with an updated logo to boost retail sales. However, profits were still declining. Combined with an aging facility, the team became unprofitable and was ultimately sold to a group of American investors in 2002, and moved to Saginaw, Michigan to become the Saginaw Spirit.  The community of North Bay went nine years without the OHL until 2012, when the Brampton Battalion announced they were relocating to the city, keeping the Battalion moniker for the franchise.

Championships.

The Centennials best year was 1994, when the team was first overall in the regular season, won the league championship and made the trip to the national championship. North Bay also won three division titles, and made three trips to the OHL championship series.

Coaches.

In twenty years of operation, the North Bay Centennials had four coaches. The legendary Bert Templeton carried over from Niagara Falls and guided the team for its first twelve years in North Bay. He later became the team's general manager in addition to coaching. He was awarded the OHL Executive of the Year for the 1991–92 season.  When the Centennials won the championship in 1994, Templeton was awarded the Matt Leyden Trophy as OHL Coach of the Year, and the CHL Coach of the Year Award. He asked for a raise in renegotiating his contract. Failing which, Templeton and the Centennials parted ways.  Shane Parker took over for two and a half seasons, replaced by Greg Bignell for a year and a half. Mike Kelly coached the last four years. He resigned when the team departed North Bay.

Uniforms and logos.

The North Bay Centennials logo from 1982 to 1999 used the Centennials name and four wheels to form the shape of a locomotive engine. Home jerseys were white with black and gold trim. Away jerseys were black with white and gold trim. North Bay later wore a third jersey with a gold background with black and white trim. Shoulder patches featured a front view of a locomotive on tracks.  The Centennials new logo from 1999 to 2002 was an angry hockey stick wielding railroad engineer above the name of the team. Home jerseys were white with black and gold trim. Away jerseys were black with white and gold trim. The new jerseys had the previous main logo as shoulder patches. Merchandise done by Carte Blanche Promotional Products.

Arena.

The Centennials played their home games at the North Bay Memorial Gardens. The Gardens was built in 1955 and currently is home to the North Bay Battalion, and also hosted the 1998 OHL All-Star game.

The North Bay Centennials were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League, who played from 1982–2002. The team was based in North Bay, Ontario.

North Bay Centennials byl kanadský juniorský klub ledního hokeje, který sídlil v North Bay v provincii Ontario. V letech 1982–2002 působil v juniorské soutěži Ontario Hockey League (dříve Ontario Hockey Association). Založen byl v roce 1982 po přestěhování týmu Niagara Falls Flyers do North Bay. Zanikl v roce 2002 přestěhováním do Saginawu, kde byl vytvořen tým Saginaw Spirit. Své domácí zápasy odehrával v hale North Bay Memorial Gardens s kapacitou 4 246 diváků. Klubové barvy byly černá, zlatá a bílá.


History.

The first Flyers team relocated to Niagara Falls from Barrie in 1960. The team was affiliated with the Boston Bruins of the NHL. The Flyers appeared in three Memorial Cups in the 1960s, winning in 1965 and 1968.

1963 Memorial Cup.

Niagara Falls won the right to play for the Cup by defeating the Toronto Neil McNeil Maroons for the OHA championship, and the Espanola Eagles to win the George Richardson Memorial Trophy as eastern Canadian representatives.  The Flyers were runners up to the Memorial Cup in 1963 played at Edmonton's Arena Gardens. They lost in six games to the Edmonton Oil Kings in a best-of-seven series. Flyers players Dornhoefer and Harmer both suffered broken legs while on the ice.

1965 Memorial Cup.

Niagara Falls won the right to play for the Cup by defeating the defending champions Toronto Marlboros for the OHA championship. The Memorial Cup in 1965 was again played at Edmonton's Arena Gardens. They defeated the Oil Kings 4 games to 1 in a best-of-seven rematch series from two years previous. The series was filled with brawls and suspensions, as well as a heavy police presence throughout.

1968 Memorial Cup.

Niagara Falls won the right to play for the Cup by defeating the Kitchener Rangers for the OHA championship, and the Verdun Maple Leafs for the eastern championship.  The 1968 Memorial Cup featured two Boston Bruins farm teams playing one another. The Flyers would play the Estevan Bruins on home ice, except for game two at the Montreal Forum. Game 4 was the longest in Memorial Cup history, lasting into five periods. Niagara Falls defeated Estevan in a best-of-seven series in five games.

Second Flyers.

The Emms Family sold the Flyers in 1972 after it played for 12 seasons. The new owners then relocated the team to Sudbury to become the Sudbury Wolves.  Later the same year, after selling the Flyers, the Emms family bought the St. Catharines Black Hawks team who were the OHA champions the previous year. Four years after buying the Black Hawks, the Emms family relocated them to Niagara Falls in 1976, taking the same name as the previous team. The Emms family later sold this version of the Flyers in 1978.  The second Flyers team played for 4 seasons in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1976 to 1980, and 2 years in the Ontario Hockey League from 1980 to 1982. The Flyers appeared in the OHA finals in 1979, losing to Peterborough. Niagara Falls lost its Flyers team a second time in 1982 when they moved to North Bay to become the Centennials, who have subsequently moved to Saginaw in 2002 to become the Saginaw Spirit.

Championships.

The Niagara Falls Flyers are one of a few clubs to win multiple Memorial Cup championships. Also of note, the franchise were repeat champions in different home cities, of Barrie and Niagara Falls. In total, the Flyers won the Memorial Cup twice in Niagara Falls, and twice in Barrie. and the J. Ross Robertson Cup 3 times each in Barrie and Niagara Falls. The Flyers finished first overall in 1963 & 1965 during the regular season to win the Hamilton Spectator Trophy. The second Niagara Falls Flyers team won the western conference Emms Trophy in the 1978–79 playoffs.

Coaches.

The Flyers from 1960 to 1972 were coached by Hap Emms, Bill Long and Paul Emms. The Flyers coaches from 1976 to 1982 are listed below.

Players.

A combined total of 82 players from the Niagara Falls Flyers franchises went on to play in the National Hockey League, and two of those are enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Yearly results.

Regular season 1960–72.

Playoffs

Regular season 1976–82.

Playoffs

Arena.

The Niagara Falls Flyers played home games at Niagara Falls Memorial Arena from 1960 to 1972, and again from 1976 to 1982. The arena hosted Memorial Cup games in 1968.

The Niagara Falls Flyers were two junior ice hockey franchises that played in the top tier in the Ontario Hockey Association. The first, a Junior "A" team existed from 1960 until 1972, and the second in Tier I Junior "A" from 1976 until 1982.

Niagara Falls Flyers byl kanadský juniorský klub ledního hokeje, který sídlil v Niagara Falls v provincii Ontario. V letech 1960–1972 a 1976–1982 působil v juniorské soutěži Ontario Hockey League (dříve Ontario Hockey Association). Zanikl v roce 1982 přestěhováním do North Bay, kde byl vytvořen tým North Bay Centennials. Své domácí zápasy odehrával v hale Niagara Falls Memorial Arena s kapacitou 3 000 diváků. Klubové barvy byly zlatá, bílá a černá.


History.

The Kingston Canadians arrival in the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) for the 1973–74 OHL season, was a result of the Montreal Junior Canadiens switch to the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) in 1972. During the summer of 1972, the QMJHL had threatened a lawsuit against the OHA to force the Junior Canadiens to return to the Quebec-based league. To solve the problem, the OHA granted the Junior Canadiens franchise a "one-year suspension" of operations, while team ownership transferred the team and players into the QMJHL, renaming themselves the Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge in the process.  The OHA then reactivated the suspended franchise after a one-year hiatus, under new ownership and with new players, calling the team the Kingston Canadians. A group of Kingston business and professionals negotiated the purchase from the Montreal Arena Corporation. The new ownership, the Kingston Frontenacs Hockey Ltd. was made up of a combination of the owners of two local organizations, the local OHA Junior 'A' Franchise owners, James W. Magee, George 'Doc' Myles, Dr. William. A. Osborne, and Dr. Wilmer J. Nuttall and a local Minor Hockey Organization operated by Dr. Gerry Wagar, Dr. Michael Simurda, J.Douglas Cunningham Q.C., Peter J. Radley Q.C., Ken Linseman, Hugh Bennett, and Terry French who withdrew from the group shortly after the purchase was completed. The new Kingston team was essentially an expansion franchise promoted from the OHA's Tier II league, that had only common name to share with the old Junior Canadiens. However, in some OHA histories (such as the annual Media Guide) the Kingston team is still shown as the legitimate successors of the Junior Canadiens' legacy.  The Kingston Canadians used the same colours and uniforms as the NHL's Montreal Canadiens and Junior Canadiens. The Kingston logo replaced the "H" with the letter "K" for Kingston. Some sources show the name as "Kingston Canadiens", but the English "Canadians" is correct.  The team played from 1973 to 1980 in the OHA, then from 1980 to 1988 in the OHL. The Kingston Canadians franchise was sold following the 1987–88 season, and the new owner renamed the team Kingston Raiders. The following season they were again sold and renamed Kingston Frontenacs.  The Kingston Canadians are now a minor rep hockey team that represents the KAMHA league in Kingston Ontario and they are named after the old OHL team.

Coaches.

Jim Morrison coached the Canadians for almost half the team's tenure in the OHA & OHL. He was an NHL veteran defenceman of 704 games, as well as being a player coach with the AHL Baltimore Clippers.  Four other Canadians coaches also played in the NHL. They are, Jack Bownass, Rod Graham, Fred O'Donnell & Jim Dorey.  Jack Bownass was the recipient of the Matt Leyden Trophy as OHA Coach of the Year in 1973-1974.  "(Multiple years in parentheses)"

Players.

Award winners.

Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy
Scoring Champion.  Max Kaminsky Trophy
Most Outstanding Defenceman.  Jack Ferguson Award
First overall draft pick.  William Hanley Trophy
Most Sportsmanlike OHL Player.  Bobby Smith Trophy
Scholastic player of the year.

Retired numbers.

NONE. Four numbers have been "honoured" from the Kingston Canadians, although not retired and still in circulation. (#5 Mike O'Connell, #7 Tony McKegney, #10 Brad Rhiness, #14 Ken Linseman)

NHL alumni.

In 2004 Paul Coffey became the only Kingston Canadian inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame to date. In 1977-1978 Paul was a late season addition from the North York Rangers. He played 8 regular reason games with the Canadians, and 5 playoffs games the same season.

Kingston Memorial Centre.

The home arena of the Canadians was the Kingston Memorial Centre with a seating capacity 3,079 seated, and 3,300 including standing room.

The Kingston Canadians were a junior ice hockey team in the Ontario Hockey League from 1973 to 1988. The team played home games at the Kingston Memorial Centre in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Kingston Canadians byl kanadský juniorský klub ledního hokeje, který sídlil v Kingstonu v provincii Ontario. V letech 1973–1988 působil v juniorské soutěži Ontario Hockey League (dříve Ontario Hockey Association). Zanikl v roce 1988 po přetvoření frančízy v nový tým Kingston Raiders. Své domácí zápasy odehrával v hale Kingston Memorial Centre s kapacitou 3 300 diváků. Klubové barvy byly červená, bílá a modrá.


Early career.

Ibrahim Fejić was born into a prominent Bosniak family in the Herzegovinian town of Mostar, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he attended primary school and madrasah and received his ijazah. He was fluent in Turkish, Arabic and Persian, and had a working command of German language.  Fejić functioned as theology teacher and publicist in his hometown. In 1920 he entered the ulema of the majlis in Sarajevo, and in 1929 he was elected mayor of Mostar, by then part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During the Second World War, following the Nazi occupation of Yugoslavia, Fejić stood with the Yugoslav Partisans, took an active part in the resistance movement and denounced the Holocaust and the persecution of Serbs and the Romani people.

Religious leadership.

The end of the Second World War saw the Partisans as victors in Yugoslavia. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia took power and in 1947 reached an accord with the Islamic Community, requiring the election of reformist leaders. In August a new constitution of the Islamic Community was promulgated, with Fejić being elected the first grand mufti ("reisu-l-ulema") in the "Second Yugoslavia" on 26 August. The ceremonial inauguration took place on 12 September in the Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque rather than the Emperor's Mosque, as had been traditional.  In the year of Fejić's inauguration, with the aim of accelerating the emancipation of women, the Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina launched a campaign against the wearing of hijab () and niqāb ("zar", the face veil). Already in his inaugural address Grand Mufti Fejić voiced his support of the campaign, stating: "One valuable legacy of the liberation war of our peoples is the proclamation of women's equality. But unfortunately women cannot achieve the full expression of that equality, as they are inhibited by wearing the veil and gown." On 1 November the Islamic Community declared that "the veiling of women is not required by religious code. Muslim women, as regards religion, are free to walk about unveiled and tend to their affairs." In 1950, Fejić published a text in which he further explained that veiling the face was not mandated by the religion.

Death.

In November 1957, Fejić requested that he be relieved of his office. He died on 15 December 1962, and was buried two days later in Sarajevo.

Ibrahim Fejić (1879 – 15 December 1962) was a Bosnian Muslim theologian who served as the Mayor of Mostar from 1929 until 1934 and as Grand Mufti of the Yugoslav Islamic Community from 1947 until 1957. He is most remembered for his endorsement of the campaign against the veiling of Muslim women.

Ibrahim-efendija Fejić (1879 Mostar, Bosna a Hercegovina – 15. prosince 1962 Sarajevo, Federativní lidová republika Jugoslávie) byl bosenskohercegovský islámský duchovní a politik bosňáckého původu. V letech 1947–1957 byl reisu-l-ulemou Islámské náboženské společnosti ve Federativní lidové republice Jugoslávii.


Design and description.

The "San Giorgio" class was ordered almost immediately after the preceding ships, and was an improved version of that design. The forecastle was extended to improve seaworthiness, turret armor was increased, habitability was improved and the propulsion machinery was redistributed. "San Marco" was given the first steam turbines fitted in a large Italian ship for comparative purposes with "San Giorgio", which retained the traditional vertical triple-expansion steam engines (VTE). "San Marco" was a very innovative ship as she was the first turbine-powered ship in any navy to have four propeller shafts, the first with a gyroscopic compass, the first with antiroll tanks, and the first not to use wood in any way.  The "San Giorgio"-class ships had a length between perpendiculars of and an overall length of. They had a beam of and a draft of. The ships displaced at normal load, and at deep load. The ships had a complement of 32 officers and 666 to 673 enlisted men.

Propulsion.

The machinery installation of this class was changed in comparison to that of the "Pisa" class, with the engines amidships with the 14 mixed-firing water-tube boilers fore and aft of the engines. Their exhausts were trunked together into two widely spaced pairs of funnels. Designed for a maximum speed of, the two ships were given different types of propulsion machinery for evaluation. "San Giorgio"s two shafts, pair of VTE steam engines and Blechynden boilers differed only slightly from those used by the "Pisa"s. In contrast, "San Marco"s four shafts, each driven by a license-built Parsons steam turbine, was a first for the "Regia Marina". The turbines used steam provided by Babcock & Wilcox boilers at a working pressure of to reach their designed output of. Both ships exceeded their designed speeds, with "San Giorgio" reaching and "San Marco" during their sea trials. The biggest difference between the sisters was that the turbines of "San Marco" proved to be significantly less economical in service (a range of at a speed of and at ) compared to "San Giorgio"s VTE steam engines ( at and at.

Armament.

The main armament of the "San Giorgio"-class ships consisted of four Cannone da 254/45 A Modello 1907 guns in electrically powered, twin-gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure. The turrets had an arc of fire of 260°. The gun fired armor-piercing (AP) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of. At maximum elevation of +25°, the guns had a range of about. The ships mounted eight Cannone da 190/45 A Modello 1908 in four electrically powered twin-gun turrets, two in each side amidships, as their secondary armament. Their arc of fire was 160°. These Armstrong Whitworth guns fired  For defense against torpedo boats, the "San Giorgio"s mounted 18 quick-firing (QF) 40-caliber guns. Eight of these were mounted in embrasures in the sides of the hull and the rest in the superstructure. The ships were also fitted with a pair of QF 40-caliber guns. The "San Giorgio"-class ships were equipped with three submerged torpedo tubes. During World War I, eight of the 76 mm guns were replaced by six 76 mm anti-aircraft (AA) guns and one torpedo tube was removed.

Protection.

The ships were protected by an armored belt that was thick amidships and reduced to at the bow and stern. The belt was high, of which was below the waterline. The armored deck was thick and the conning tower armor was 254 mm thick. The 254 mm gun turrets were protected by 200 mm of armour while the 190 mm turrets had.

Service.

"San Giorgio" ran aground in August 1911 off Naples-Posillipo; heavily damaged, she was under repair until June 1912, missing most of the Italo-Turkish War. "San Marco" supported the occupations of Benghazi and Derna, Libya during the war and bombarded the fortifications defending the entrance to the Dardanelles. She also supported the forces occupying the island of Rhodes in May 1912. In February 1913, "San Giorgio" cruised the Aegean Sea and made a port visit to Salonica, Greece, the next month. She ran aground again on 21 November in the Strait of Messina, but was only slightly damaged.  During World War I, the activities of the ships were restricted by the threat of submarine attack after the armored cruisers and were sunk by submarines shortly after Italy joined the war in May 1915, although the ships did participate in the bombardment of Durazzo, Albania in late 1918.  After the war, "San Giorgio" was deployed to the Far East while "San Marcos" played a minor role in the Corfu incident in 1923. "San Giorgio", escorted by "San Marco", ferried Crown Prince Umberto to South America in July–September 1924, and then supported operations in Italian Somaliland in 1925–1926. The ship was disarmed and converted into a radio-controlled target ship in 1931–1935; her old boilers were replaced by four oil-burning ones which reduced her maximum speed to. She was captured by the Germans when they occupied La Spezia on 9 September 1943; "San Marcos" was found at the end of the war half-sunk in the harbor there and was broken up in 1949.  From 1930 to 1935, "San Giorgio" was based in Pola as a training ship, and was sent to Spain after the Spanish Civil War began in 1936 to protect Italian interests. In 1937–1938 she was reconstructed to serve as a dedicated training ship for naval cadets at the Arsenale di La Spezia: six boilers were removed and the remaining eight were converted to burn fuel oil which reduced her speed to. Each pair of funnels was trunked together and her 76/40 guns were replaced by / 47 caliber guns in four twin turrets abreast the funnels. Her torpedo tubes were also removed while she received a light AA suite for the first time, with the addition of six Breda 54-cal. guns, a dozen Breda Model 35 autocannon and four Breda Model 31 machine guns in two twin mounts. Prior to her being sent to reinforce the defenses of Tobruk in early May 1940, a fifth 100/47 gun turret was added on the forecastle and five more twin machine gun mounts were added to better suit her new role as a floating battery. Two days after Italy declared war on Britain on 10 June, the British light cruisers and bombarded Tobruk and attacked "San Giorgio", which was not hit during the engagement. A British submarine fired two torpedoes at "San Giorgio" on 19 June, but these detonated before reaching the ship. The ship's guns engaged Allied aircraft attacking Tobruk many times, destroying several. She was scuttled in shallow water on 22 January 1941 to prevent her capture during the Battle of Tobruk. "San Giorgio" was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour ("Medaglia d'Oro al Valore Militare") for her performance at Tobruk. Her wreck was refloated in 1952, but sank under tow en route to Italy.

The "San Giorgio" class consisted of two armored cruisers built for the Royal Italian Navy ("Regia Marina") in the first decade of the 20th century. The second ship,, was used to evaluate recently invented steam turbines in a large ship and incorporated a number of other technological advances. The ships participated in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, although was under repair for most of the war. "San Marco" supported ground forces in Libya with naval gunfire and helped them to occupy towns in Libya and islands in the Dodecanese. During World War I, the ships' activities were limited by the threat of Austro-Hungarian submarines, although they did bombard Durazzo, Albania in 1918.

Třída San Giorgio byla třída pancéřových křižníků italského královského námořnictva. Byly to největší a nejsilnější pancéřové křižníky italského námořnictva. Zatímco prototypový "San Giorgio" poháněly parní stroje, jeho sesterská loď "San Marco" byla první italskou válečnou lodí poháněnou parními turbínami. Celkem byly postaveny dvě jednotky této třídy. Byly nasazeny za první světové války a za druhé světové války plnily pomocné úkoly, přičemž byly oba potopeny.


History.

In 1963, the new independent city of Chesapeake was created when the former independent city of South Norfolk consolidated with Norfolk County. The consolidation was approved and the new name selected by the voters of each community by referendum, and authorized by the Virginia General Assembly.  Formed in 1691 in the Virginia Colony, Norfolk County had originally included essentially all the area which became the towns and later cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, and South Norfolk. Its area was reduced after 1871 as these cities added territory through annexations. Becoming an independent city was a method for the former county to stabilize borders with neighbors, as cities could not annex territory from each other.  The relatively small city of South Norfolk had become an incorporated town within Norfolk County in 1919, and became an independent city in 1922. Its residents wanted to make a change to put their jurisdiction on a more equal footing in other aspects with the much larger cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth. In addition, by the late 1950s, although immune from annexation by the bigger cities, South Norfolk was close to losing all the county land adjoining it to the city of Norfolk in another annexation suit.  The consolidation that resulted in the city of Chesapeake was part of a wave of changes in the structure of local government in southeastern Virginia which took place between 1952 and 1975.  The Chesapeake region was among the first areas settled in the state's colonial era, when settlement started from the coast. Along Chesapeake's segment of the Intracoastal Waterway, where the Great Bridge locks marks the transition between the Southern Branch Elizabeth River and the Chesapeake and Albemarle Canal, lies the site of the Battle of Great Bridge. Fought on December 9, 1775, in the early days of the American Revolutionary War, the battle resulted in the removal of Lord Dunmore and all vestiges of English Government from the Colony and Dominion of Virginia. Until the late 1980s and early 1990s, much of Chesapeake was either suburban or rural, serving as a bedroom community of the adjacent cities of Norfolk and Virginia Beach with residents commuting to these locations. Beginning in the late 1980s and accelerating in the 1990s, however, Chesapeake saw significant growth, attracting numerous and significant industries and businesses of its own. This explosive growth quickly led to strains on the municipal infrastructure, ranging from intrusion of saltwater into the city's water supply to congested roads and schools.  Chesapeake made national headlines in 2003 when, under a court-ordered change of venue, the community hosted the first trial of alleged Beltway sniper Lee Boyd Malvo for shootings in 2002. A jury convicted him of murder but spared him a potential death sentence; it chose a sentence of "life in prison without parole" for the young man, who was 17 years old at the time of the crime spree. A jury in neighboring Virginia Beach convicted his older partner John Allen Muhammad and sentenced him to death for another of the attacks.

Geography.

Chesapeake is located at (36.767398, -76.287405).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, of which is land and (2.9%) is water.  The northeastern part of the Great Dismal Swamp is located in Chesapeake.

Diverse environment.

Chesapeake is one of the larger cities in Virginia and the nation in terms of land area. This poses challenges to city leaders in supporting infrastructure to serve this area. In addition, the city has many historically and geographically distinct communities. City leaders are faced with conflicts between development of residential, commercial and industrial areas and preservation of virgin forest and wetlands. Within the city limits in the southwestern section is a large portion of the Great Dismal Swamp.

Communities.

Chesapeake consists of eight informal boroughs: South Norfolk, Greenbrier, Hickory, Deep Creek, Grassfield, Great Bridge, Indian River, and Western Branch. One of the boroughs, South Norfolk, used to be its own independent city.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chesapeake has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 222,209 people, 69,900 households, and 54,172 families residing in the city. The population density was 584.6 people per square mile (225.7/km2). There were 72,672 housing units at an average density of 213.3 per square mile (82.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 62.6% White, 29.8% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. 4.4% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. According to 2012 estimates 59.7% of the population is non-Hispanic white.  There were 69,900 households out of which 41.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.17.  The age distribution was: 28.8% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $50,743, and the median income for a family was $56,302. Males had a median income of $39,204 versus $26,391 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,949. About 6.1% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Top employers.

According to Chesapeake's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report and other sources (as indicated), the top employers in the city are:

Military.

Chesapeake is home to two Navy bases:

Media.

Chesapeake's daily newspaper is "The Virginian-Pilot". Other papers include the "Port Folio Weekly", the "New Journal and Guide", and the "Hampton Roads Business Journal". "Hampton Roads Magazine" serves as a bi-monthly regional magazine for Chesapeake and the Hampton Roads area. "Hampton Roads Times" serves as an online magazine for all the Hampton Roads cities and counties. Chesapeake is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM dials, with towers located around the Hampton Roads area. Chesapeake is also served by several television stations. The Hampton Roads designated market area (DMA) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes (0.64% of the total U.S.). The major network television affiliates are WTKR-TV 3 (CBS), WAVY 10 (NBC), WVEC-TV 13 (ABC), WGNT 27 (CW), WTVZ 33 (MyNetworkTV), WVBT 43 (Fox), and WPXV 49 (ION Television). The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO-TV 15. Chesapeake residents also can receive independent stations, such as WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from the Outer Banks of North Carolina and WGBS-LD broadcasting on channel 11 from Hampton. Chesapeake is served by Cox Communications which provides LNC 5, a local 24-hour cable news television network.

Infrastructure.

Transportation.

Toll Road.

Tolls in Chesapeake are currently limited to the Chesapeake Expressway, Veterans Bridge and the Jordan Bridge, but new ones may be imposed on some existing facilities to help generate revenue for transportation projects in the region.

Airports.

Chesapeake is served by the nearby Norfolk International Airport in the City of Norfolk with commercial airline passenger service.  Within the city limits, Chesapeake Regional Airport is a general aviation facility located just south of Great Bridge. Also within the city, is the Hampton Roads Executive Airport located near Bowers Hill and the Hampton Roads Beltway. This airport caters to private airplane owners and enthusiasts. South of there, NALF Fentress is facility of the U.S. Navy and is an auxiliary landing field which is part of the large facility at NAS Oceana in neighboring Virginia Beach.

River and Ports.

The Intracoastal Waterway passes through Chesapeake. Chesapeake also has extensive frontage and port facilities on the navigable portions of the Western and Southern Branches of the Elizabeth River.  The Dismal Swamp Canal runs through Chesapeake as well. The site of this canal was surveyed by George Washington, among others, and is known as "Washington's Ditch". It is the oldest continuously used man made canal in the United States today and has been in service for over 230 years. The canal begins in the Deep Creek section of the city branching off from the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River. The canal runs through Chesapeake paralleling U.S. Highway 17 into North Carolina and connects to Elizabeth City, North Carolina.

Rail.

Five railroads currently pass through portions of Chesapeake, and handle some intermodal traffic at port facilities on Hampton Roads and navigable portions of several of its tributary rivers. The two major Class 1 railroads are CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern, joined by three short line railroads.  Chesapeake is located on a potential line for high speed passenger rail service between Richmond and South Hampton Roads which is being studied by the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation. A new suburban passenger station near Bowers Hill would potentially be included to supplement a terminal in downtown Norfolk.  Chesapeake is served by U.S. Highways 13, 17, 58, and 460. Interstate 64, part of the Hampton Roads Beltway, crosses through the city, Interstate 464 is a spur which connects it with downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth at the Berkley Bridge, and Interstate 664, which completes the Interstate loop from the Western Branch section of Chesapeake through the city of Newport News and into the city of Hampton.

Highways.

State Route 168 is also a major highway in the area. It includes the Chesapeake Expressway toll road.  Chesapeake is the only locality in the Hampton Roads area with a separate bridge division. The city's Department of Public Works, Bridges and Structures division has 51 full-time workers. The city maintains 90 bridges and overpasses. Included are five movable span (draw) bridges which open an estimated 30,000 times a year for water vessels.

Bus.

Hampton Roads Transit buses serve the city of Chesapeake as well as other cities in the Hampton Roads Area.

Utilities.

Water and sewer services are provided by the city's Department of Utilities. Chesapeake receives its electricity from Dominion Virginia Power which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center (a coal-fired and gas power plant), coal-fired plants in the city and Southampton County, and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant. Norfolk headquartered Virginia Natural Gas, a subsidiary of AGL Resources, distributes natural gas to the city from storage plants in James City County and in the city.  The Virginia tidewater area has grown faster than the local freshwater supply. Chesapeake receives the majority of its water from the Northwest River in the southeastern part of the city. To deal with intermittent high salt content, Chesapeake implemented an advanced reverse osmosis system at its Northwest River water treatment plant in the late 1990s. The river water has always been salty, and the fresh groundwater is no longer available in most areas. Currently, additional freshwater for the South Hampton Roads area is pumped from Lake Gaston, about west, which straddles the Virginia-North Carolina border along with the Blackwater and Nottaway rivers. The pipeline is long and in diameter. Much of its follows the former right-of-way of an abandoned portion of the Virginian Railway. It is capable of pumping of water per day. The cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach are partners in the project.  The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants.

In popular culture.

In 2015, in honor of the game's 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Monopoly Here and Now: The US Edition of the game. Chesapeake, Virginia won the wildcard round, earning it a brown spot.

Chesapeake is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 222,209; in 2019, the population was estimated to be 244,835, making it the second-most populous city in Virginia.

Chesapeake je město ve státě Virginie ve Spojených státech amerických. Je nezávislým městem, a nepatří tedy do žádného okresu. Žije zde 235 429 obyvatel (2015), což z něj činí třetí nejlidnatější město ve Virginii.


Biography.

Lamantia was born in San Francisco to Sicilian immigrants, and was raised in the city's Excelsior neighborhood. His poetry was first published in "View magazine" in 1943, when he was fifteen, and in the final issue of the Surrealist magazine "VVV" the following year. In 1944 he dropped out of Balboa High School to pursue poetry in New York City. He returned to the Bay Area in 1945 and his first book, "Erotic Poems", was published a year later.  Lamantia was one of the post World War II poets now sometimes referred to as the San Francisco Renaissance, and later became involved with the San Francisco Beat Generation poets and the Surrealist Movement in the United States. He was on the bill at San Francisco's Six Gallery on October 7, 1955, when poet Allen Ginsberg read his poem "Howl" for the first time. At this event Lamantia chose to read the poems of John Hoffman, a friend who had recently died. Hoffman's poetry collection "Journey to the End" (which includes the poems that Lamantia read at the Six Gallery) was published by City Lights Bookstore in 2008, bound together with Lamantia's own "Tau," a poem-cycle also dating from the mid-fifties. "Tau" remained unpublished during Lamantia's lifetime.  Lamantia was also known for his journeys with native peoples in the United States and Mexico in the 1950s, participating in the peyote-eating rituals of the Washo Indians of Nevada which often inspired his poems. In later life, he embraced Catholicism, the religion of his childhood, and wrote many poems on Catholic themes.  Nancy Peters, his wife and literary editor, said of Lamantia, "He found in the narcotic night world a kind of modern counterpart to the Gothic castle -- a zone of peril to be symbolically or existentially crossed."

Philip Lamantia (October 23, 1927 – March 7, 2005) was an American poet and lecturer. His poems were often visionary, ecstatic, terror-filled, and erotic, exploring the subconscious world of dreams and linking it to daily experiences, while sometimes incorporating typographical arrangements a la concrete poetry. He has posthumously been regarded as "the most visionary poet of the American postwar generation".

Philip Lamantia (23. října 1927 – 7. března 2005) byl americký básník, redaktor a pedagog. Na jeho tvorbu měly vliv surrealismus a bítníci, čímž se zařadil i do širšího uměleckého hnutí San Francisco Renaissance.


2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

Mistrovství světa v atletice 2017 – Muži 4 × 100 metrů

Summary.

As the final was billed as Usain Bolt's final race, many eyes were on the Jamaican team, which put their hurdle gold medalist Omar McLeod on leadoff. Their main challenger was expected to be USA which put their 2015 anchor, Mike Rodgers on leadoff, and scheduled the fastest starter in the championships, Christian Coleman to run against Bolt on anchor. Earlier in the day, Bolt did anchor the team to qualify, minus McLeod.  Out of the blocks, USA and Jamaica were out about even, making up the stagger on Stuart Dutamby for France to their outside. Great Britain with Chijindu Ujah and on the far outside, Shuhei Tada for Japan were also out with them. A good British handoff to Adam Gemili had them passing China on their outside, while USA's 100 metre champion Justin Gatlin gained a step on Julian Forte for Jamaica. Into the third leg around the turn, USA's Jaylen Bacon maintained the lead against Jamaica's Yohan Blake, with Britain's Danny Talbot also ahead of Jamaica. Britain made a smooth blind handoff to Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake while Coleman took the baton off Bacon, Britain leaving the zone with a slight advantage, while Bolt had two metres to make up for Jamaica. Such a gain was expected to be within Bolt's ability but four steps into the straightaway, Bolt flinched in pain, hopping then somersaulting to the track. Mitchell-Blake and Coleman raced almost even until the last 20 metres when Mitchell-Blake pulled ahead and dipped at the finish line for an unexpected British win on home soil. 8 metres back, Japan came home with bronze, backing up their Olympic silver.  Medical aid with a wheelchair and his Jamaican teammates surrounded Bolt on the ground. While the British men's and women's relay teams celebrated together, Bolt lay on the ground in pain for a couple of minutes then refused the wheelchair and was helped to his feet by his teammates. With them by his side he limped across the finish line for the final time then went back to the ground wincing in pain. 100 Metre Champion Justin Gatlin blamed Bolt's injury on the poor planning and the teams being sent out forty-five minutes late.  During the final, the Chinese third leg runner Su Bingtian was accidentally hit on the head by Britain's second leg runner Adam Gemili as the former started his run. The Chinese side later decided not to make a post-race appeal and thus no further action was taken.

Records.

Before the competition records were as follows:  The following records were set at the competition:

Qualification criteria.

The first eight placed teams at the 2017 IAAF World Relays and the host country qualify automatically for entry with remaining places being filled by teams with the fastest performances during the qualification period.

Schedule.

The event schedule, in local time (UTC+1), is as follows:

Results.

Heats.

The first round took place on 12 August in two heats as follows:  The first three in each heat ( Q ) and the next two fastest ( q ) qualified for the final. The overall results were as follows:

Final.

The final took place on 12 August at 22:01. The results were as follows (photo finish):

The men's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics was held at the United kingdom,London Olympic Stadium on 12 August.

Běh na 4 × 100 m mužů na Mistrovství světa v atletice 2017 se uskutečnil 12. srpna. Zvítězilo Spojené království.


History.

The Kingdom of Fiji became a crown colony of the British Empire on 10 October 1874. About 34 years later, the islands were accorded with their own coat of arms through a royal warrant issued on 4 July 1908. Although its design was "intended to be British", the arms did incorporate symbols of Fiji – it was eventually used on the flag of the territory. When it was granted independence on 10 October 1970, Fiji decided to retain its coat of arms from the colonial era. This was partly because of its links to Seru Epenisa Cakobau, the first and last King of Fiji () who relinquished control of the country to Britain. However, the coat of arms featured on the flag was modified, which involved removing the crest, supporters, and motto, thus leaving only the escutcheon untouched. This was done in order to enlarge the shield and make it more prominent. This has led to calls from several Fijian chiefs for the restoration of the full, official coat of arms to the national flag.

Design.

Symbolism.

The colors and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The Cross of St. George—which divides the shield quarterly—and the golden lion at the top represent the United Kingdom, the former colonial power that ruled over Fiji. The cacao pod held in the lion's paw, along with the sugarcane, coconut palm and bananas occupying three of the four quadrants, represent the country's natural resources, since these are key agricultural crops in Fiji. The bottom left quadrant contains a dove that symbolizes peace – this was utilized on the country's flag during the reign of King Cakobau, whose government was the last before the commencement of British rule.  The crest at the top depicts a "takia"—a traditional Fijian canoe—while the supporters grasping the shield on both sides are Fijian warriors. According to legend, they are twins; the older brother is clutching a spear, while the younger one holds a totokia club. At the bottom is the country's motto: Fear God and honour the Queen ().

The coat of arms of Fiji is the heraldic device consisting of a shield divided quarterly by Cross of St. George and charged with a gold lion at the top, supported by two Fijian warriors, one on each side, and topped with a canoe as the crest. Adopted in 1908 by a Royal Warrant, it has been the coat of arms of Fiji since that year, having been retained after independence in 1970. The escutcheon from the arms is featured on the flag of Fiji.

Státní znak Fidži je tvořen stříbrným štítem, rozděleným červeným svatojiřským křížem na čtyři pole. V prvním poli jsou tři zelené stvoly cukrové třtiny, ve druhém zelená kokosová palma, ve třetím stříbrná holubice se zelenou olivovou snítkou v zobáku a ve čtvrtém zlatý trs banánů. V červené hlavě štítu je zlatý anglický lev s hnědým kakaovým bobem v tlapách. Nad štítem je stříbrnočervená točenice, nad ní místní loď s plachtou. Štítonoši jsou dva melanéští bojovníci v suknicích a s tradičními zbraněmi. Pod štítem je růžovostříbrná (zlatě podšitá) stuha s nápisem Rerevaka na Kalou ka doka na Tui (). Ve zdroji je nápis mírně pozměněný: Rere vaka na kalou ka doka na Tui.


Organization.

The Chinese Academy originated in the Academia Sinica founded, in 1928, by the Republic of China. After the Communist Party took control of mainland China, the residual of Academia Sinica was renamed "Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)",while others relocated to Taiwan.  The Chinese Academy of Sciences has six academic divisions:  The CAS has thirteen regional branches, in Beijing, Shenyang, Changchun, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Hefei and Xinjiang. It has over one hundred institutes and two universities (the University of Science and Technology of China at Hefei, Anhui and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing). Backed by the institutes of CAS, UCAS is headquartered in Beijing, with graduate education bases in Shanghai, Chengdu, [Wuhan, Guangzhou and Lanzhou, four Science Libraries of Chinese Academy of Sciences, three technology support centers and two news and publishing units. These CAS branches and offices are located in 20 provinces and municipalities throughout China. CAS has invested in or created over 430 science- and technology-based enterprises in eleven industries including eight companies listed on stock exchanges.  Being granted a Fellowship of the Academy represents the highest level of national honor for Chinese scientists. The CAS membership system includes Academicians (), Emeritus Academicians () and Foreign Academicians ().

Research reputation and ranking.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences was ranked #1 in the 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 Nature Index Annual Tables, which measure the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.

Academy members.

Membership of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (also known by the title Academician (CAS), ) is a lifelong honour given to Chinese scientists who have made significant achievements in various fields. According to "Bylaws for Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" adopted in 1992 and recently amended in 2014, it is the highest academic title in China. A formal CAS member must hold Chinese citizenship, although foreigners can be elected as foreign members of CAS. Members older than 80 are designated as "senior members", and may no longer hold leading positions in the organization. Academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences carry an obligation to advance science and technology, to advocate and uphold scientific spirit, to develop a scientific and technological workforce, to attend member meetings and receive consultation and evaluation tasks, and to promote international exchanges and cooperation. Academicians can give suggestions and influence Chinese state policy related to science and technology.

Scientific integrity.

On 26 February 2007, CAS published a "Declaration of Scientific Ideology" and set up a commission for scientific integrity to promote transparency, autonomy and accountability of scientific research in the country. The Ministry of Science and Technology had at the same time also initiated measures to address misconduct in state-funded programs.

Publications.

Together with the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the academy publishes the peer-reviewed academic journal, "Science China" (also known as "Science in China"). "Science China" comprises seven series:  CAS also promotes the "China Open Access Journals" (COAJ) platform, a national variant of the international Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).

Awards.

Since 1999 the CAS has issued the annual State Preeminent Science and Technology Award, presented by the President of China to the recipient.

The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; ) is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It has historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republican era and was formerly also known by that name. Collectively known as the "Two Academies (两院)" along with the Chinese Academy of Engineering, it functions as the national scientific think tank and academic governing body, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, social development, and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in Xicheng District, Beijing, with branch institutes all over mainland China. It has also created hundreds of commercial enterprises, Lenovo being one of the most famous.

Čínská akademie věd () je akademie věd pro přírodní vědy v Čínské lidové republice. Hlavní sídlo má v pekinském obvodě Si-čcheng, ale má řadu ústavů po celé Číně. Vznikla v roce 1949 odštěpením od staršího Centrálního výzkumného institutu, který se stal akademií věd pro Čínskou republiku a přesídlil do Tchaj-peje na Tchaj-wanu.


State Council of the People's Republic of China

Organization.

The State Council meets every six months. Between meetings it is guided by a Standing Committee that meets weekly. The standing committee includes the premier, one executive vice premier, three vice premiers, and five other state councilors (normally one of whom serves as Secretary-General of the State Council, and two of whom concurrently serve as ministers).  The vice-premiers and state councilors are nominated by the premier, and appointed by the president with National People's Congress' (NPC) approval. Incumbents may serve two successive five-year terms.  Each vice premier oversees certain areas of administration. Each State Councilor performs duties as designated by the Premier. The secretary-general heads the General Office which handles the day-to-day work of the State Council. The secretary-general has relatively little power and should not be confused with the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.  Each ministry supervises one sector. Commissions outrank ministries and set policies for and coordinate the related activities of different administrative organs. Offices deal with matters of ongoing concern. Bureaus and administrations rank below ministries.  In addition to the 25 ministries, there are 38 centrally administered government organizations that report directly to the state council. The heads of these organizations attend full meetings of the state committee on an irregular basis.  In practice, the vice premiers and State Councilors assume responsibility for one or more sectors or issues, and remain in contact with the various bodies responsible for policy related to that area. This allows the Standing Committee to oversee a wide range of government functions.  The State Council, like all other governmental bodies, is nominally responsible to the NPC and its Standing Committee in conducting a wide range of government functions both at the national and at the local levels, and nominally acts by virtue of the NPC's authority. In practice, however, the NPC had historically done little more than ratify decisions already made by the State Council. More recently, however, the NPC has taken on a more independent role. There has been at least one case where the NPC has outright rejected an initiative of the State Council and a few cases where the State Council has withdrawn or greatly modified a proposal in response to NPC opposition.  The State Council and the Communist Party of China are also tightly interlocked. With rare exceptions, State Councilors are high-ranking members of the CPC. Although, as Party members, they are supposed to follow Party instructions, because they tend to be senior members of the Party they also have substantial influence over what those instructions are. This results in a system which is unlike the Soviet practice in which the Party effectively controlled the State. Rather, the Party and State are fused at this level of government. The members of the State Council derive their authority from being members of the state, while as members of the Party they coordinate their activities and determine key decisions such as the naming of personnel.  There were attempts to separate the party and state in the late 1980s under Deng Xiaoping and Zhao Ziyang and have the Party in charge of formulating policy and the State Council executing policy, but these efforts were largely abandoned in the early 1990s.  As the chief administrative organ of government, its main functions are to formulate administrative measures, issue decisions and orders, and monitor their implementation; draft legislative bills for submission to the NPC or its Standing Committee; and prepare the economic plan and the state budget for deliberation and approval by the NPC. The State Council is the functional center of state power and clearinghouse for government initiatives at all levels. With the government's emphasis on economic modernization, the State Council clearly acquired additional importance and influence.  The State Council controls the Ministry for National Defense but does not control the People's Liberation Army, which is instead controlled by the Central Military Commission.

Members.

Plenary Meeting.

The Plenary Meeting of State Council is hosted by the Premier, joined by Vice Premiers, State Councilor, Ministers (of Ministry), Ministers (in charge of Commissions), the Governor of People's Bank, the Auditor-General and the Secretary General. It usually runs bi-annually and when necessary, non-members can be invited to participate.

The State Council, constitutionally synonymous with the Central People's Government since 1954 (particularly in relation to local governments), is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China. It is chaired by the premier and includes the heads of each of the cabinet-level executive departments. Currently, the council has 35 members: the premier, one executive vice premier, three other vice premiers, five state councillors (of whom two are also ministers), and 25 ministers in charge of the Council's constituent departments. In the politics of the People's Republic of China, the Central People's Government forms one of three interlocking branches of power, the others being the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate People's Governments in the provinces, and in practice maintains membership with the top levels of the Communist Party of China.

Státní rada Čínské lidové republiky () je součástí Ústřední lidové vlády Čínské lidové republiky. Je nejvyšším orgánem výkonné moci a vrcholným státním správním orgánem. V jejím čele stojí premiér Čínské lidové republiky (k roku 2018 Li Kche-čchiang), který je navržen prezidentem Čínské lidové republiky (k roku 2018 Si Ťin-pching) a schválen Všečínským shromážděním lidových zástupců; následně on sám navrhuje zbytek členů, které rovněž schválí Všečínské shromáždění lidových zástupců.


Geography and history.

Knowledge of Manchuria, Siberia and Central Asia in Europe prior to the 18th century was limited. The entire area was known simply as "Tartary" and its inhabitants "Tartars". In the Early modern period, as understanding of the geography increased, Europeans began to subdivide Tartary into sections with prefixes denoting the name of the ruling power or the geographical location. Thus, Siberia was "Great Tartary" or "Russian Tartary", the Crimean Khanate was "Little Tartary", Manchuria was "Chinese Tartary", and western Central Asia (prior to becoming Russian Central Asia) was known as "Independent Tartary".  European opinions of the area were often negative, and reflected the legacy of the Mongol invasions that originated from this region. The term originated in the wake of the widespread devastation spread by the Mongol Empire. The adding of an extra "r" to "Tatar" was suggestive of Tartarus, a Hell-like realm in Greek mythology. In the 18th century, conceptions of Siberia or Tartary and its inhabitants as "barbarous" by Enlightenment-era writers tied into contemporary concepts of civilization, savagery and racism.

Decline.

The usage of "Tartary" declined as the region became more known to European geographers; however, the term was still used long into the 19th century. Ethnographical data collected by Jesuit missionaries in China contributed to the replacement of "Chinese Tartary" with Manchuria in European geography by the early 18th century. The voyages of and Alexander von Humboldt into this region gave rise to the term Central Asia in the early 19th century as well as supplementary terms such as Inner Asia, and Russian expansionism led to the term "Siberia" being coined for the Asian half of the Russian Empire.  By the 20th century, Tartary as a term for Siberia and Central Asia was obsolete. However, it lent the title to Peter Fleming's book "News from Tartary", which detailed his travels in Central Asia.

Tartary in art.

In the novel "" by Vladimir Nabokov, Tartary is the name of a large country on the fictional planet of Antiterra. Russia is Tartary's approximate geographic counterpart on Terra, Antiterra's twin world apparently identical to "our" Earth, but doubly fictional in the context of the novel.  "The Squire's Tale" from Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" is set in the royal court of Tartary.  In Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels", the eponymous hero refers to his travels in Tartary on two occasions, and suggests that the then modern geographers of Europe were "in a great error, by supposing nothing but sea between Japan and California; for it was ever my opinion, that there must be a balance of earth to counterpoise the great continent of Tartary".  A main character, Calaf, in the opera "Turandot" by Giacomo Puccini is the Prince of Tartary.  L. Frank Baum's origin story of Santa Claus, "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus", features mythical antagonists from Tartary who oppose Santa's compassionate gift giving practices. They are described as the Three-Eyed Giants of Tartary.  In Walter de la Mare's poem "If I were lord of Tartary", Tartary is a land full of happiness.  Priest Évariste Régis Huc wrote several books chronicling his journeys the region, collectively known as "Remembrances of a Journey in Tartary, Tibet, and China during the Years 1844, 1845, and 1846".

Tartary () or Great Tartary (Latin: "Tartaria Magna") was a historical region in Asia located between the Caspian Sea-Ural Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Tartary was a blanket term used by Europeans for the areas of Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia unknown to European geography. It encompassed the vast region of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, the Volga-Urals, the Caucasus, Siberia, Inner Asia, Mongolia and Manchuria.

Tartárie nebo Velká Tartárie byl název používaný od středověku do dvacátého století pro rozlehlou oblast severní a střední Asie rozkládající se od Kaspického moře a Uralu k Tichému oceánu, po mongolské invazi a následné turkické migraci obývanou především Turko-mongoly.


History.

The "Quilmes" were a native tribe who lived in the surroundings of Tucumán. In the 17th century, after repeated attempts by the Spanish invaders to control their lands, the Quilmes were defeated and were forced to settle in a restricted colony ("reducción") near Buenos Aires, where the authorities could control them. The settlement was thus established in 1666 as "Exaltación de la Santa Cruz de los Kilme". The journey from Tucumán was made on foot, causing hundreds of Quilmes to die in the process. The colony had been abandoned by 1810 and had become a ghost town. The land was divided in parcels and the town of Quilmes was established in 1818. During the first British invasion, lasting 46 days in 1806, the British arrived from Montevideo through Quilmes and went to Buenos Aires from there. Quilmes was also inhabited by British immigrants. Juan Clark, born in Yorkshire, England, was president of the municipality in 1855. The Clark' were owners of land in Quilmes, and were linked to the Irish and Scottish community, established in the area since 1830s.  In 1898 was established in the area the St. George's College, a private educational institution run by the Reverend Joseph Thomas Stevenson.  The town's development accelerated during the wave of immigration in Argentina during the late 19th century, and Quilmes was considered as the location for a new provincial capital during the Federalization of Buenos Aires of 1880 (ultimately established in La Plata). The Argentine Air Force established a 220 ha (540 acre) base in East Quilmes in 1943. In 1944, Impa (Industria Metalurgica y Plastica Argentina) opened Argentina's first airplane plant at Quilmes. Impa had been blacklisted by the United States government due to its connections to Nazi-occupied Austria and fascist figures within Argentina itself. The airplanes were considered of "antiquated design" according to the New York Times.  Quilmes proper consists of two main parts, east and west, which are divided by the tracks of the Metropolitano passenger train line. East Quilmes has several relatively wealthy areas and a large shopping district. As one travels east toward the Río de la Plata, neighborhoods become increasingly poor, and two large "villas miseria" (slums) are found close to the river. These areas often experience severe flooding.  Quilmes is the home of two football teams: Quilmes Atlético Club and Club Atlético Argentino de Quilmes. The first was founded in the 19th century by Cannon J. T. Stevenson, and the second one was founded later, by Argentines who were not allowed to play for the QAC. They are two of the oldest Argentine football teams. The city has been chosen by FIH to host the 2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy.  The city also gives its name to the "Cerveza Quilmes" beer company, as this is where it was first brewed in 1888 where the brewery was started by Otto Bemberg; the establishment remains a leading employer in the city. Other significant manufacturers in Quilmes include textile maker La Bernalesa, glass maker Cattorini, construction materials maker Cerámica Quilmes, and climate control equipment maker Rheem.  Famous "Quilmeños" include television variety show host Susana Giménez, football forward Sergio Agüero, painter Carlos Morel, sculptor Victor de Pol, boxer Sergio Martínez, and the rock band Vox Dei. Aníbal Fernández, who was born in Quilmes, served as mayor from 1991 to 1995, and from 2003 as Minister of Interior, of Justice, as Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers, and Senator.

Quilmes () is a city in the, on the coast of the Rio de la Plata on the south east of the Greater Buenos Aires. It is the seat of the eponymous county, and has a population of 230,810. It is located south of the capital of Argentina, the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.

Quilmes je město v Argentině na území provincie Buenos Aires. Je sídlem stejnojmenného partida. V roce 2001 v něm žilo 230 810 obyvatel. Je součástí aglomerace Velkého Buenos Aires, přičemž se nachází ve vzdálenosti 17 km jihovýchodně od centra vlastního Buenos Aires na pobřeží zálivu Rio de la Plata.


Plot.

Harper Moore is the 25-year-old assistant to Kirsten Stevens, a former journalist and now editor of an online sports journalism empire. Charlie Young is a 28-year-old assistant to the high-strung venture capitalist Rick Otis. Both work in the same building and meet one night when their bosses need dinner. Harper has ordered dinner for herself and Kirsten but has no cash on her to pay for it and Charlie, who was not able to order dinner for his boss, pays for it to give to Rick. After Harper tells him she will be fired if she does not return with food Charlie reluctantly allows her to take one of the meals.  Meeting Charlie the next day to reimburse him for the cost of the food, Harper expresses surprise that Charlie would work for such an abrasive and demanding boss. Charlie reveals that Rick is well-connected and a recommendation from him would guarantee his financial success. Harper expresses her deep admiration of Kirsten and her desire to write the sort of sports journalism that would make people cry. After complaining that they have no time for personal lives, Harper jokes that both of their bosses need to get laid. Charlie is initially disgusted by the comment, but after some thought plans to get their bosses together, reasoning if they are dating each other they would have less time to overwork them. Charlie reluctantly joins in on the plan.  Their initial plot to have Rick and Kirsten "meet-cute" in a stalled elevator goes awry when they are joined by a delivery man suffering from claustrophobia who starts stripping. Charlie and Harper then arrange for their bosses to sit beside each other at a baseball game, bribing the operator of the kiss-cam to pressure them into kissing. After three attempts, Rick and Kirsten kiss. They begin dating, leaving Charlie time to spend with his model girlfriend Suze, and Harper time to date.  However things between Rick and Kirsten quickly become bumpy causing Harper and Charlie to realize they must work hard to keep their bosses together. They manipulate their bosses into staying together with notes, planning dates, gifts, etc. and also organizing a weekend getaway for them. Harper is able to attend her best friend Becca's engagement party. When her date ditches her, Charlie accompanies her and the two have an enjoyable night.  After their vacation, Rick and Kirsten return and inform their assistants they are engaged. Harper and Charlie are thrilled by the news, but Charlie quickly learns that Rick proposed to Kirsten to aggravate his ex-wife, who he is still sleeping with. Charlie doesn't share the news with Harper, but she discovers it after accidentally hearing Rick having phone sex with his ex. She confronts Charlie and is disappointed to learn that he knew about it and still helped to manage Kirsten and Rick's marriage.  Harper goes to Kirsten and explains that she and Charlie manipulated them into dating and as soon as she is about to tell her about Rick, Kirsten fires her and plans to go on with the wedding.  Charlie realizing he doesn't love Suze, breaks up with her and runs to the airport where he quits his job and tells Kirsten that Rick doesn't love her and doesn't know her at all. Kirsten realizes it's true and breaks up with Rick.  Harper goes through a crisis but eventually decides to start writing again. Charlie is approached by Rick who asks for his help reuniting with his ex-wife whom he actually still cares for. Charlie turns over a folder he has on Rick's ex-wife.  Harper goes to her office to pick up her tthings and ran into Kirsten who tried to hire her back, but Harper refuses, telling her she needs to focus on her writing. Kirsten offers to help edit her article.  As she is leaving, Harper sees Charlie who has been called there by Kirsten. They realize that Kirsten is attempting to set them up. Charlie reveals that he quit his job and now works as a temp. The film ends with the two sharing a kiss realizing that they care for each other despite having many reasons to dislike each other.

Production.

In February 2016, it was announced Emilia Clarke had been cast in the film, with Katie Silberman writing the film, while Justin Nappi and Juliet Berman producing the film under their TreeHouse Pictures banner, while Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was originally set to distribute the film. In March 2017, it was announced Zoey Deutch and Glen Powell had joined the cast of the film, with Deutch replacing Clarke, Claire Scanlon directing from a screenplay written by Katie Silberman. Netflix eventually replaced Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as the film's distributor. In June 2017, Taye Diggs, Lucy Liu, and Joan Smalls joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began in June 2017 in New York City.

Release.

The film was released on June 15, 2018.

Reception.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film is "certified fresh" with an approval rating of 92% based on 59 formal reviews, and an average rating of 6.99/10 from the site's users. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Set It Up" follows the long-established outlines of the rom-com template – and in the process, proves there's still substantial pleasure to be wrought from familiar formulas." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Possible sequel.

Scanlon has said in interviews that she has ideas for a possible sequel should Netflix schedule one.

Set It Up is a 2018 American romantic comedy film directed by Claire Scanlon, written by Katie Silberman, and starring Zoey Deutch, Glen Powell, Taye Diggs, and Lucy Liu. The plot follows two overworked assistants who try to set up their demanding bosses on dates in New York City. The film was released on June 15, 2018, by Netflix, to favorable reviews.

To zařídíme (v anglickém originále Set It Up) je americká romantická komedie z roku 2018, kterou režírovala Claire Scanlon a napsala Katie Silberman. V hlavních rolích se objevili Zoey Deutch, Glen Powell, Taye Diggs a Lucy Liu. Příběh filmu se soustředí na dva přepracované asistenty, kteří se snaží dát dohromady své náročné nadřízené. Film měl premiéru 15. června 2018 na Netflixu.


Plot.

Annie Graham is a miniatures artist who lives in Utah with her husband, Steve, their 16-year-old son, Peter, and their eccentric and reserved 13-year-old daughter, Charlie, who occasionally will make a single clicking noise with her tongue. At the funeral of her secretive mother, Ellen Leigh, Annie delivers a eulogy explaining their fraught relationship and her mother's extremely private life. A week later, Steve is informed that Ellen's grave has been desecrated, while Annie thinks she sees an apparition of Ellen in her workshop. At a support group for the bereaved, Annie reveals that the rest of her male family members suffered from mental illness that resulted in their deaths and how Ellen was a significant figure in raising Charlie.  To attend a party, Peter lies that he is going to a school event, and Annie forces him to take Charlie with him. Unsupervised, Charlie eats cake containing nuts, which she is allergic to, and falls into anaphylactic shock. As Peter drives her to a hospital, Charlie leans out of the window for air. Peter swerves to avoid a dead deer and Charlie is decapitated by a telephone pole. In shock, Peter silently drives home and leaves his sister's headless corpse in the car for their mother to discover the next morning. The family grieves following Charlie's funeral, heightening tensions between Annie and Peter and causing Annie to behave coldly towards Steve. Peter is plagued by Charlie's presence around the house.  Annie is befriended by a support group member, Joan. Annie tells her she used to sleepwalk and recounts an incident in which she woke up in Peter's bedroom to find herself, Peter, and Charlie covered in paint thinner with a lit match in her hand. Joan teaches Annie to perform a séance to communicate with Charlie. Annie convinces her family to attempt the séance. Objects begin to move and break, terrifying Peter, and Charlie seemingly possesses Annie until Steve douses her with water. Annie suspects that Charlie's spirit has become malevolent. She throws Charlie's sketchbook into the fireplace but her sleeve also begins to burn. She retrieves it, after which the fire on her sleeve dissipates, and heads to Joan's apartment for advice, but Joan is nowhere to be found.  Annie notices that Joan's welcome mat resembles her mother's craftwork. She goes through her mother's possessions and finds a photo album linking Joan to Ellen, and a book with information about a demon named Paimon, who wishes to inhabit the body of a male host. In the attic, Annie finds Ellen's decapitated body with strange symbols on the wall written in blood. At school, Peter sees his reflection in a glass cupboard door smiling at him, and inexplicably slams his head against his desk, breaking his nose and is brought home. Annie shows Steve her mother's body and the sketchbook. Annie begs Steve to burn the sketchbook so she can sacrifice herself to stop the haunting, but Steve assumes she has gone mad, accusing her of desecrating Ellen's grave herself. When Annie throws the book into the fireplace, Steve bursts into flames and burns to death. An ethereal light goes into a horrified Annie, possessing her.  Peter awakens in his bed and travels downstairs to find his father's body. A possessed Annie then chases him into the attic, which is decorated with occult imagery. Levitating, Annie beheads herself with a piano wire as naked coven members look on. In fright, Peter jumps out the window and falls to the ground outside. Shortly after, the light that had entered Annie now enters Peter, waking him. He follows Annie's levitating corpse into Charlie's treehouse, where Charlie's crowned, severed head rests atop a mannequin. Joan, other coven members, and the headless corpses of Peter’s mother and grandmother bow to him. Joan, addressing Peter as Charlie, swears an oath to him as Paimon, stating that he has been liberated from his female host, and is free to rule over them. The coven members bow to Paimon in the treehouse, resembling one of Annie's miniature replicas, and Peter clicks his tongue.

Cast.

Ari Aster has an uncredited voice cameo as Annie's boss, who calls to offer support after the tragedy she has been experiencing.  Kathleen Chalfant makes an uncredited appearance as Ellen Taper Leigh, Annie's mother. Aster refers to her as "the sweetest person in the world".

Production.

Background and development.

Writer-director Ari Aster embarked on a career in the film industry while a student at the American Film Institute; he scripted and directed two provocative short films, "The Strange Thing About the Johnsons" and "Munchausen", bringing him under the scope of A24. Aster originally pitched "Hereditary" as a family tragedy that "curdles into a nightmare," careful not to call it a horror film outright. A fan of domestic dramas, Aster incorporated themes of the genre into his script, envisioning a film rooted in family dynamics, trauma, and grief; "Carrie" and "The Cook, the Thief, His Wife and Her Lover" were works Aster specified as influences on "Hereditary". He interpreted the film as two halves which are "completely inextricable from each other": "It begins as a family tragedy and then continues down that path, but gradually curdles into a full-bore nightmare".  The script reflects a real-life incident from 2005 in Marietta, Georgia, in which John Kemper Hutcherson accidentally decapitated his childhood friend and passenger, Frankie Brohm, on a telephone pole, after the latter had leaned his head from the vehicle to relieve the symptoms of his inebriation. Hutcherson then drove home with Brohm's headless corpse in the car and fell asleep, until a passerby, walking with his toddler, noticed Brohm's body still in the truck the next morning and notified authorities.

Casting.

Toni Collette was one of the first actresses Aster sought for the role of Annie Graham, a miniaturist and the matriarch of the Graham family. Though Collette was reluctant to work on a horror film, the script's grounded approach to the genre convinced her to commit to the project: "He [Aster] just really understood the dynamics in the family, has such an understanding of what it is to be human, what it is to experience loss".  Gabriel Byrne agreed to play the family's patriarch Steve; Alex Wolff, who previously collaborated with Byrne in the HBO program "In Treatment" was cast as the Grahams' son Peter. Cast in her cinema debut, 14-year-old Broadway theatre actress Milly Shapiro, winner of a Tony Honor for her performance in "Matilda the Musical", earned the role of the pre-teen daughter Charlie. After watching Shapiro's audition, Aster was immediately relieved "'cause I knew the chances were slim that I would find somebody who would be right", having left Charlie's personality more ambiguous than other characters in the script. Ann Dowd portrays grieving mother Joan, who convinces Annie of her ability to contact the dead.

Filming.

The film began shooting in February 2017 in Utah. The exteriors of the Graham family house and the tree house were shot in Summit County, Utah, and the cemetery scene was filmed at Larkin Sunset Gardens in Sandy, Utah. The school scenes were shot at West High School and Utah State Fairpark, but all other interiors (including both versions of the treehouse) were built from scratch on a sound stage. Since each of the rooms was built on a stage, walls could be removed to shoot scenes at a much greater distance than a practical location would allow, creating the dollhouse aesthetic of the film.  Aster said that during filming, "Alex Wolff told me not to say the name of William Shakespeare's Scottish play out loud because of some superstitious theater legend. I smugly announced the name, and then one of our lights burst during the shooting of the following scene."

Release.

"Hereditary" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2018. The trailer for the film was released on January 30, 2018. On Anzac Day in 2018, the trailer for "Hereditary" played before the PG-rated family film "Peter Rabbit" in a cinema in Innaloo, Western Australia. According to a report in "The Sydney Morning Herald", the "Hereditary" preview was accidentally shown to family audiences and created a small panic in the theater. The theater was apparently full of families including "at least 40 children".  The film was released in the United States by A24 on June 8, 2018. It was released in the United Kingdom by Entertainment Film Distributors on June 15, 2018.

Reception.

Box office.

"Hereditary" grossed $44.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $36.2 million in other countries, for a total worldwide gross of $80.2 million, against a production budget of $10 million.  In the United States and Canada, "Hereditary" was released alongside "Ocean's 8" and "Hotel Artemis", and was originally projected to gross $5–9 million in its opening weekend, similar to the debuts of previous A24 horror films "The Witch" ($8.8 million in 2016) and "It Comes at Night" ($6 million in 2017). It was also the widest-ever release for an A24 film with 2,964 theaters, besting the 2,553 of "It Comes at Night". After making $5.2 million on its first day, including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews, weekend estimates were increased to $12 million. It went on to debut to $13.6 million, finishing fourth at the box office, behind "Ocean's 8", "" and "Deadpool 2", and marking the best-ever opening for an A24 title. In its second weekend the film dropped just 49.5% to $6.9 million (compared to the 60–70% fall many horror films see in their sophomore frame), finishing sixth. By July 29, 2018 the film had grossed $79 million worldwide, passing "Lady Bird" ($78.5 million) to become A24's highest-grossing film worldwide.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 89% based on 359 reviews, and an average rating of 8.28/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Hereditary" uses its classic setup as the framework for a harrowing, uncommonly unsettling horror film whose cold touch lingers long beyond the closing credits." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".  Writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and called it the scariest movie of 2018, saying "it's Collette, giving the performance of her career, who takes us inside Annie's breakdown in flesh and spirit and shatters what's left of our nerves. Her tour de force bristles with provocations that for sure will keep you up nights. But first, you'll scream your bloody head off." For "The A.V. Club", A.A. Dowd gave the film an A−, stating that, "In its seriousness and hair-raising craftsmanship, "Hereditary" belongs to a proud genre lineage, a legacy that stretches back to the towering touchstones of American horror, unholy prestige-zeitgeist classics like "The Exorcist" and "Rosemary's Baby". Remarkably, it's a first feature, the auspicious debut of writer-director Ari Aster, whose acclaimed, disturbing short films were all leading, like a tunnel into the underworld, to this bleak vision." Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars and advised that it was suitable for viewers aged 17 or older.

Audience reception.

Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D+" on an A+ to F scale. Some publications noted the critics-to-audience discrepancy, comparing it to "Drive", "The Witch" and "It Comes at Night", all of which were critically acclaimed but failed to impress mainstream moviegoers.

Hereditary is a 2018 American supernatural horror film written and directed by Ari Aster, in his feature film directorial debut. It stars Toni Collette, Alex Wolff, Milly Shapiro and Gabriel Byrne as a family haunted by a mysterious presence after the death of their secretive grandmother.

Děsivé dědictví (v anglickém originále Hereditary) je americký nadpřirozený hororový film z roku 2018. Režie a scénáře se ujal Ari Aster, jehož je to první režie. Hlavní role hrají Toni Collette, Alex Wolff, Milly Shapiro, Ann Dowd a Gabriel Byrne. Film měl premiéru dne 21. ledna 2018 na filmovém festivalu Sundance. Ve Spojených státech měl premiéru dne 8. června 2018 a v České republice dne 19. července 2018.


Plot.

Sydney White (Amanda Bynes) is a simple, boyish, easy-going, and the daughter of a plumber, Paul White (John Schneider). Her mother, a Kappa Sorority member, died when Sydney was still young. She sets off to attend college at SAU and pledge to her mother's once dignified sorority. There she meets Demetria Rosemead Hotchkiss (Crystal Hunt), known as Dinky, also an incoming member of the Kappa Sorority, and the two quickly become friends. While on their way to their dorm, she meets Tyler Prince (Matt Long), the president of a popular fraternity, who is also the on-off boyfriend of the extremely tyrannical, manipulative, and most hated president of the student council and the head of the Kappa Sorority, Rachel Witchburn (Sara Paxton). Rachel checks out her university's website that ranks the "hottest" in the school several times a day, and is always number one on the list. Tyler meets Sydney and is immediately smitten, while Rachel watches from her window, with an immediate dislike towards Sydney. When she first meets Sydney she believes that she's not "Kappa material" and doesn't care that she's a legacy.  Since Sydney and Dinky's mothers were Kappas, they survived the rush and were accepted as legacies. However, they need to survive the pledging. Sydney's tomboyish upbringing proves to be an asset as she stands out among the other girls and manages to overcome the difficult initiation tasks. She also unintentionally inspires the other girls to innocently defy shallow things that Rachel teaches them. This unique personality gradually propels Sydney's popularity as seen on the university website. Rachel gets extremely jealous of her because of this. As one of the Kappa Sorority's traditional rituals, the freshmen need to find a date late at midnight. Sydney finds Lenny (Jack Carpenter), one of the seven dorks who live in a run-down house known as the Vortex. Sydney is then picked by Rachel to ditch her date, which ended in Lenny paying.  Sydney fails to become a member of Kappa when Rachel humiliates her in the pledge gala and lies that she has disobeyed the rules: lying about her background and cheating on a Kappa quiz. Sydney leaves that night in the rain, unintentionally sitting in front of the Vortex. She is welcomed by the seven dorks: Lenny, the one with high maintenance health; Terrence (Jeremy Howard), a genius and post-grad, despite the fact that he still attends classes; Jeremy (Adam Hendershott), who is very shy and uses a dog puppet to communicate, Gurkin (Danny Strong), a hot-tempered blogger; Spanky (Samm Levine), who has no experience with girls; George (Arnie Pantoja), the childlike freshman who still believes in Santa Claus and doesn't know how to tie a knot; and Embelakbo Akapaktumbe– also known as "Embele"– (Donté Bonner), a Nigerian interchange student who is highly intelligent but has Jet lag. The Vortex is coincidentally the target of Rachel's plan to open a luxury centre that will benefit only the top Greek sororities and fraternities. She plans to subject it to a planned demolition, which is something Tyler is opposed to after he gets to know Sydney and her housemates better.  Sydney, together with the seven dorks, tries to bring Rachel down from her student council position by running Terrence for president. He is soon disqualified because he had already graduated six years prior, as revealed when Rachel humiliated the group at a party. Sydney replaces him as a presidential candidate and starts her campaign. Unlike Rachel's views that promote elitism and exclusivism based solely on popularity and appearances, something that everyone on campus dislikes about her, Sydney and the dorks believe in accepting diversity and equality. This earns Sydney respect from different cliques, and she gets the number one rank on the school's "hottest" website, which infuriates Rachel more than ever. The day before the debate and election, Rachel hires a hacker to destroy Sydney's files using a virus called 'The Poison Apple.' Sydney is then forced to stay up all night in the library doing her work on Gurkin's laptop. When Sydney finishes her work, she accidentally falls asleep and is almost disqualified for not showing up, but Tyler wakes her with a kiss just in time. After Rachel answers the question posed by Professor Carlton (Brian Patrick Clarke), Sydney's supporters arrive, led by a goth girl (Kierstin Koppel) whose group is devoted to Gurkin's blog and becomes his girlfriend. Sydney's speech defends the underrated people, including dorks, and concludes by stating that she herself is a dork. This incites a number of students to also admit dork status including Tyler, Jeremy, Spanky and Dinky. Sydney wins the debate and the election, becoming the new president, while Rachel is stripped of her Kappa sisterhood privileges by her sisters because of the years of cruelty she bestowed on both her Kappa sisters and the students at the University as well as lying and cheating during the election.  The film ends with Sydney's father and other construction workers fixing the Vortex. New relationships have formed as well—Dinky and Lenny are now a couple (who bonded because of their sensitive digestive system), Spanky is finally getting some girls, the Goth girl and Gurkin are dating, and Sydney and Tyler are together. George has learned how to tie a knot, Jeremy is finally coming out of his shell, and Terrence has become a millionaire because of his theory (He sold his theory {the predictive analytic probability theory that he finally perfected and can predict anything from the behavior of amino acids in a stable isotope peptide bond to the outcome of sporting events} to ibet.com for $10 million). And, according to Sydney's narration, they all lived "dorkily ever after".

Production.

Principal photography took place in and around Orlando from February 14, 2007 to April 4, 2007. Filming locations included the University of Central Florida, Rollins College, and University High School (Orlando).

Reception.

Box office.

"Sydney White" opened on September 21, 2007 in the United States in 2,104 venues. In its opening weekend, the film earned $5,196,380 in the box office, ranking sixth place and third of the week's new releases. At the end of its run, the film grossed $11,892,415 domestically and $1,727,660 overseas for a worldwide total of $13,620,075. Based on an estimated $16.5 million budget, the film was a box office bomb.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 36% rating based on 84 reviews with an average rating of 4.94/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Amanda Bynes is charming, but "Sydney White" is a poorly adapted take on "Snow White", relying on tired ethnic stereotypes laughs." On Metacritic, the film had an average score of 45 out of 100, based on reviews from 21 critics, indicating "Mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A-" on scale of A to F.

Sydney White is a 2007 American teen romantic comedy film directed by Joe Nussbaum and written by Chad Gomez Creasey based on the story of "Snow White". The film, starring Amanda Bynes, Sara Paxton and Matt Long, was released theatrically on September 21, 2007 by Universal Pictures.

Královna ročníku (v anglickém originále Sydney White) je americký romantický komediální film z roku 2007. Režie se ujal Joe Nussbaum a scénáře Chad Gomez Creasey. Hlavní role hrají Amanda Bynes, Sara Paxton a Matt Long. Film měl premiéru ve Spojených státech dne 21. září 2007. V České republice vyšel na DVD dne 14. května 2008.