Formation.

Foam cell formation is triggered by a number of factors including the uncontrolled uptake of modified low density lipoproteins (LDL), the upregulation of cholesterol esterification and the impairment of mechanisms associated with cholesterol release. Foam cells are formed when circulating monocyte-derived cells are recruited to the atherosclerotic lesion site or fat deposits in the blood vessel walls. Recruitment is facilitated by the molecules P-selectin and E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Monocytes are then able to penetrate the arterial wall as a result of impaired endothelial integrity which increases permeability. Once in the sub endothelium space, inflammation processes induce the differentiation of monocytes into mature macrophages. Macrophages are then able to internalize modified lipoproteins like βVLDL (beta very low density lipoprotein), AcLDL (acetylated low density lipoprotein) and OxLDL (oxidized low density lipoprotein) through their binding to the scavenger receptors (SRs) such as CD36 and SR-A on the macrophage surface. These scavenger receptors act as "Pattern recognition receptors" (PRR's) on macrophages and are responsible for recognizing and binding to oxLDL, which in turn promotes the formation of foam cells through internalization of these lipoproteins. Coated-pit endocytosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis are also responsible for lipoprotein internalization. Once internalized, scavenged lipoproteins are transported to endosomes or lysosomes for degradation, whereby the cholesteryl esters (CE) are hydrolyzed to unesterified free cholesterol (FC) by lysosomal acid lipase (LPL). Free cholesterol is transported to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is re-esterified by ACAT1 (acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 1) and subsequently stored as cytoplasmic liquid droplets. These droplets are responsible for the foamy appearance of the macrophage and thus the name of foam cells. At this point, foam cells can either be degraded though the de-esterification and secretion of cholesterol, or can further promote foam cell development and plaque formation – a process that is dependent on the balance of free cholesterol and esterified cholesterol.

Composition.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C — also known as “bad” cholesterol) and particularly modified forms of LDL cholesterol such as oxidized, glycated, or acetylated LDL, is contained by a foam cell - a marker of atherosclerosis. The uptake of LDL-C alone does not cause foam cell formation; however, the co-internalization of LDL-C with modified LDL in macrophages can result in foam cell development. Modified LDL affects the intracellular trafficking and metabolism of native LDL, such that not all LDL need to be modified for foam cell formation when LDL levels are high.  The maintenance of foam cells and the subsequent progression of plaque build-up is caused by the secretion of chemokines and cytokines from macrophages and foam cells. Foam cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins: IL-1, IL-6; tumour necrosis factor (TNF); chemokines: chemokines ligand 2, CCL5, CXC-chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1); as well as macrophage retention factors. Macrophages within the atherosclerotic legion area have a decreased ability to migrate, which further promotes plaque formation as they are able to secrete cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and growth factors that stimulate modified lipoprotein uptake and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. VSMC can also accumulate cholesteryl esters.  In chronic hyperlipidemia, lipoproteins aggregate within the intima of blood vessels and become oxidized by the action of oxygen free radicals generated either by macrophages or endothelial cells. The macrophages engulf oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) by endocytosis via scavenger receptors, which are distinct from LDL receptors. The oxidized LDL accumulates in the macrophages and other phagocytes, which are then known as foam cells. Foam cells form the fatty streaks of the plaques of atheroma in the tunica intima of arteries.  Foam cells are not dangerous as such, but can become a problem when they accumulate at particular foci thus creating a necrotic centre of atherosclerosis. If the fibrous cap that prevents the necrotic centre from spilling into the lumen of a vessel ruptures, a thrombus can form which can lead to emboli occluding smaller vessels. The occlusion of small vessels results in ischemia, and contributes to stroke and myocardial infarction, two of the leading causes of cardiovascular-related death.  Foam cells are very small in size and can only be truly detected by examining a fatty plaque under a microscope after it is removed from the body, or more specifically from the heart. Detection usually involves the staining of sections of aortic sinus or artery with Oil Red O (ORO) followed by computer imaging and analysis; or from Nile Red Staining. In addition, fluorescent microscopy or flow cytometry can be used to detect OxLDL uptake when OxLDL has been labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′3′-tetra-methylindocyanide percholorate (DiL-OxLDL).  Autoimmunity occurs when the body starts attacking itself. The link between atherosclerosis and autoimmunity is plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). PDCs contribute to the early stages of the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in the blood vessels by releasing large quantities of type 1 interferons (INF). Stimulation of pDCs leads to an increase of macrophages present in plaques. However, during later stages of lesion progression, pDCs have been shown to have a protective effect by activating T cells and Treg function; leading to disease suppression.

Degradation.

Foam cell degradation or more specifically the breakdown of esterified cholesterols, is facilitated by a number of efflux receptors and pathways. Esterified cholesterol from cytoplasmic liquid droplets are once again hydrolyzed to free cholesterol by acid cholesterol esterase. Free cholesterol can then be secreted from the macrophage by the efflux to ApoA1 and ApoE discs via the ABCA1 receptor. This pathway is usually used by modified or pathological lipoproteins like AcLDL, OxLDL and βVLDL. FC can also be transported to a recycling compartment through the efflux to ApoA1 containing HDLs (high density lipoproteins) via aqueous diffusion or transport through the SR-B1 or ABCG1 receptors. While this pathway can also be used by modified lipoproteins, LDL derived cholesterol can only use this pathway to excrete FC. The differences in excretory pathways between types of lipoproteins is mainly a result of the cholesterol being segregated into different areas.

Infectious diseases.

Foamy macrophages are also found in diseases caused by pathogens that persist in the body, such as "Chlamydia", "Toxoplasma", or "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". In tuberculosis (TB), bacterial lipids disable macrophages from pumping out excess LDL, causing them to turn into foam cells around the TB granulomas in the lung. The cholesterol forms a rich food source for the bacteria. As the macrophages die, the mass of cholesterol in the center of the granuloma becomes a cheesy substance called caseum.

Other conditions.

Foam cells may form around leaked silicone from breast implants. Lipid-laden alveolar macrophages, also known as pulmonary foam cells, are seen in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens in some respiratory diseases.

Foam cells are a type of cell that contain cholesterol. These can form a plaque that can lead to atherosclerosis and trigger heart attacks and stroke.

Pěnitá buňka (z angl. "foam cell", foam buňka) je makrofág vyskytující se v aterosklerotických plátech ve stěnách artérií či v některých typech vředů – xanthomech. Vznikají z normálních makrofágů, jež infiltrovaly vznikající aterosklerotický plát a akumulovaly v sobě velké množství poškozených a agregovaných lipoproteinů. Tím, jak nové a nové makrofágy migrují do zasažené stěny cévy, aterosklerotický plát roste a ucpává průchod krve.


Taxonomy.

The taxonomic history of this species is convoluted. Previously, seven other "C. viridis" subspecies were also recognized, including "C. v. abyssus", "C. v. caliginis", "C. v. cerberus", "C. v. concolor", "C. v. helleri", "C. v. lutosus" and "C. v. oreganus". However, in 2001 Ashton and de Queiroz described their analysis of the variation of mitochondrial DNA across the range of this species. Their results agreed broadly with those obtained by Pook "et al." (2000). Two main clades were identified, east and west of the Rocky Mountains, which they argued were actually two different species: on the one hand "C. viridis", including the conventional subspecies "C. v. viridis" and "C. v. nuntius", and on the other "C. oreganus", including all the other traditional subspecies of "C. viridis". The authors retained the names of the traditional subspecies, but emphasized the need for more work to be done on the systematics of "C. oreganus".  Common names for this species include prairie rattlesnake and Hopi rattlesnake.

Description.

This species commonly grows to more than in length. The maximum recorded size is. In Montana, specimens occasionally exceed in length; the species reaches its maximum size in this region. One of the most characteristic features is the presence of three or more, usually four, internasal scales.  Identification characteristics will vary depending on which subspecies is encountered. Generally, western rattlesnakes are usually lightly colored in hues of brown. Patches of dark brown are often distributed in a dorsal pattern. A color band may be seen at the back of the eye. The western rattlesnake group carries the distinctive triangle-shaped head and pit sensory organs on either side of the head. A key characteristic that can help differentiate a western rattlesnake from other rattlesnakes is the presence of two internasals contacting the rostral.

Distribution and habitat.

They, and the subspecies mentioned below, are found in North America over much of the Great Plains, the eastern foothills and some intermontane valleys of the Rocky Mountains, from southwestern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. In Canada, they occur in Alberta and Saskatchewan; in the US in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, most of Montana (where it is one of 10 snake species and the only venomous one), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, extreme eastern Arizona, extreme western Iowa, and in Mexico in northern Coahuila and northwestern Chihuahua. Its vertical range is from near the Rio Grande to over in elevation in Wyoming.  Wright and Wright (1957) and Klauber (1997) both mention Utah as within the range of this species, including maps showing it confined to the extreme southeastern part of the state. The type locality is described as "the Upper Missouri [Valley, USA]". An emendation was proposed by H.M. Smith and Taylor (1950) to "Gross, Boyd County, Nebraska."  Habitat characteristics can vary depending on subspecies and range. Generally, western rattlesnakes occupy areas with an abundant prey base. Many subspecies occupy somewhat rocky areas with outcrops serving as den sites. Western rattlesnakes have also been known to occupy burrows of other animals. They seem to prefer dry areas with moderate vegetation coverage. Vegetation cover will vary depending on region and subspecies.

Behavior.

Western rattlesnakes live on the land, but they can sometimes climb in trees or bushes. Some even rest in crevices or caves. They are typically active diurnally in cooler weather and nocturnally during hot weather "C. viridis". This species complex is equipped with powerful venom, using about 20-55 percent of venom in one bite, and will defend themselves if threatened or injured. As with other rattlesnake species, western rattlesnakes will rapidly vibrate their tails, which produces a unique rasping sound to warn intruders.  The venom of the western rattlesnake is a complexly structured mixture of different proteins with enzymes such as proteases and peptidases found among them. Besides the hemotoxine and its tissue destructive effect, the venom also has neurotoxic properties.

Diet.

Western rattlesnakes, because of their expansive distribution, have a wide array of prey. Generally, this species prefers small mammals, such as ground squirrels, ground nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits and prairie dogs. They will occasionally feed on amphibians and reptiles, and sometimes even other snakes. This is more commonly seen in juvenile snakes.

Reproduction.

Western rattlesnakes are viviparous and can produce from one to 25 young per reproduction event. The average number of young ranges from four to 12, but can vary greatly due to availability of food and environmental conditions. Males may compete for females during the breeding season, but western rattlesnake females may not necessarily breed every year. They give birth in late summer or early fall, being their breed 22–28 cm long, without the need for parental care. In addition, their pups are toxic as soon as they are born. They reach sexual maturity at three years of age. It is also common for females to give birth at communal den sites with the young born between August and October.

Conservation status.

This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2006.

Subspecies.

"Crotalus viridis nuntius", the Hopi rattlesnake, inhabits the United States from northeastern and north-central Arizona, from the New Mexico border to Cataract Creek, including the Little Colorado River basin, the southern section of the Apache Indian Reservation, the Hopi Reservation, and the Coconino Plateau from the southern rim of the Grand Canyon to US Highway 66 in the south.  "Crotalus viridis viridis", the prairie rattlesnake, inhabits the North American Great Plains from the Rocky Mountains to 96° W and from southern Canada to extreme northern Mexico, including southwestern Saskatchewan, southeastern Alberta, eastern Washington, Idaho in the Lemhi Valley, Montana east of the higher Rockies, southwestern North Dakota, west, central and extreme southeastern South Dakota, western Iowa, central and western Nebraska, Wyoming except for the Rockies, Colorado, central and western Kansas, Oklahoma, extreme southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, New Mexico, western and southwestern Texas, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila.

Crotalus viridis (Common names: prairie rattlesnake, western rattlesnake, Great Plains rattlesnake, and others) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.

Chřestýš zelený ("Crotalus viridis") je jedovatý zmijovitý had z podčeledi chřestýšovitých, vyskytující se na západě Spojených států amerických (především ve státu Texas), jihozápadu Kanady a na severu Mexika.


Judo career.

Bolder started taking judo classes at the age of four.

For the Netherlands (2004–14).

In 2004, Bolder won both the Under-17 Dutch Championship and the Under-20 Dutch Championship in the U63 weight class.  In 2004, she won the Under-17 European Cadet Championship, in 2007 Bolder won the Under-20 European U20 Championship, and in 2008 she won the Under-23 European Championship.  In 2005 Bolder won the Kent International Crystal Palace in the U70 weight class, in 2010 she won the IJF World Cup Cairo and the Grand Prix Qingdao in the U70 weight class, and in 2012 she won the World Cup Rome and the Grand Slam Tokyo in the U70 weight class and the Swiss Judo Open Geneve in the U78 weight class.  Bolder won the silver medal in the 2013 European Judo Championships, representing the Netherlands.  In 2014, she won the Grand Slam Paris in the U70 weight class. In February 2014 Bolder was injured in Düsseldorf, Germany, and had knee ligament reconstruction surgery that kept her from competing for the remainder of the year.

For Israel (2015–present).

On January 1, 2015, Bolder made "aliyah" by moving to Israel with her Dutch Jewish husband, a businessman, and started to represent the Israeli National Team that year. She trains with the Israeli team at the Wingate Institute in Netanya, Israel. Her coaches are Ben Rietdijk and Shany Hershko.  In 2015, she won the Grand Prix Samsun and the Grand Prix Zagreb, and in January 2016 Bolder won the Grand Prix Havana, in the U70 weight class.

Olympics.

Bolder represented Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics, as the 9th seed in the women’s under-70kg competition. She won her first round match against Congolese-born Brazilian Yolande Mabika on August 10, with a choke hold just over a minute into the bout, and won her second-round match against Korean Kim Seong-yeon. In the quarter-finals, she was defeated by Sally Conway of the United Kingdom. She competed for a chance at the bronze medal in the repechage match, but lost to Spain’s María Bernabéu.

Linda Bolder (Hebrew: לינדה בולדר, born July 3, 1988, in Velserbroek, the Netherlands) is a Dutch-born Israeli Olympic judoka. A three-time European age-group judo champion as a junior, two-time Dutch senior women's champion, and silver medalist in the 2013 European Judo Championships, she emigrated to Israel with her Jewish husband in January 2015. Bolder represented Israel at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women’s under-70kg competition, making it to the quarter-finals.

Linda Bolder (* 3. červenec 1988 Velsen, Nizozemsko) je reprezentantka Izraele v judu. Původem je Nizozemka, svojí vlast reprezentovala do roku 2014.


Early life, World War I, and Russian Civil War.

A Russian, Aleksandr Andreyevich Korobkov was born to a peasant family on 20 June 1897 in the city of Petrovsk, Saratov Governorate. He served in the Imperial Russian Army from August 1915 during World War I, graduating from the Orenburg School of "Praporshchik"s during the next year. Sent to the Southwestern Front, Korobkov served as a platoon commander and in December 1917 after the October Revolution was elected company commander, leaving the Imperial Army when it dissolved in February 1918 with the rank of "podporuchik".  Later that year, Korobkov began his service in the Red Army and joined the Communist Party, becoming a platoon and then company commander from September. Wounded in battle, he was sent to study at the General Staff Academy.

Interwar period.

Korobkov served as assistant inspector of infantry of the Volga Military District and Western Front between January and September 1921. Graduating from the Military Academy of the Red Army (the renamed General Staff Academy) in 1922, he commanded a company in the North Caucasus Military District to gain command experience in 1922 and 1923. Korobkov served as chief of the operations and personnel section of the staff of the 2nd Caucasian Rifle Division from August 1923, and in November of that year became assistant chief of the mobilization department of the district staff. Rising to chief of the department in August 1924, Korobkov took command of the 25th Rifle Regiment of the 9th Don Rifle Division in December of that year. He became political commissar of the regiment as well in June 1926 and in December of that year became military instructor of the Kharkov Communist University, and transferred to serve as military instructor of the Saratov Communist University in September 1928.  After serving as chief of staff of the 95th Rifle Division of the Ukrainian Military District from January 1931, Korobkov became assistant inspector of rifle and tactical training of the army in November. He completed the Higher Officers' Improvement Course (KUVNAS) at the Frunze Military Academy in 1932, and later served as assistant inspector of infantry of the army. When personal military ranks were created, Korobkov became a "kombrig" on 17 January 1936. From November 1936 he was commander and commissar of the 100th Rifle Division of the Kiev Military District. From May 1939 he commanded the 16th Rifle Corps of the Belorussian Special Military District (renamed the Western Special Military District), being promoted to "komdiv" on 25 September. His rank converted to major general on 4 June 1940 when the Red Army introduced general officer ranks, Korobkov became commander of the 4th Army of the district in January 1941. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1940.

World War II.

After Operation Barbarossa began on 22 June, Korobkov's army was destroyed in the Battle of Białystok–Minsk. On 30 June, "for loss of control of the army troops by the headquarters in critical situations and indecision and inaction," Korobkov was relieved of command. Arrested on 9 July, he was sentenced to death on 22 July for "inaction, negligence and the collapse of command and control," and executed in Moscow the same day, exactly a month after the war began. Korobkov was posthumously rehabilitated in 1957.

Awards and honors.

Korobkov was a recipient of the following decorations:

Aleksandr Andreyevich Korobkov (; 20 June 1897 – 27 July 1941) was a Red Army major general who command the 4th Army in the early stages of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).

Alexandr Andrejevič Korobkov ( "Алекса́ндр Андре́евич Коробко́в"), (20. června 1897 Petrovsk, Ruské impérium – 22. července 1941 Moskva, SSSR) sovětský vojenský velitel v počátečním období Velké vlastenecké války, velitel 4. armády v hodnosti generálmajora. Dne 22. července 1941 byl sověty zastřelen „pro ztrátu kontroly na vojskem“. Stal se jedním z „obětních beránků“ sovětských generálů v počáteční fázi války za prohranou bitvu v Białystoku a Minsku. Spolu s ním byl popraven i jeho velitel Dmitrij Grigorijevič Pavlov a jiní. Po Stalinově smrti byl rehabilitován pro „nedostatek důkazů“. Posmrtně mu byla navrácena hodnost i vyznamenání.


History.

1940s and 1950s.

The winning Allies of World War II determined that German radio after World War II would not broadcast the same propaganda as the pre-war "Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft" ("Reich Broadcasting Company"). A federal structure, the renunciation of state influence and the avoidance of economic dependence were to be the key of the radio and TV institutions under public law ("", public radio and television organisations). The legal form of the new entity was "Anstalt des öffentlichen Rechts" ("Institution under Public Law"), a non-government and nonprofit organisation with its own administration under the control of two commissions, the "Rundfunkrat" (Broadcasting Council, responsible for the programmed content) and the "Verwaltungsrat" (Administration Council, responsible for management and infrastructure), in which different stakeholders from German public life were represented.  ARD's founding members were Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (NWDR), the station for the former British zone, Südwestfunk (SWF), the station in the French zone, and four stations located in the former American sector— Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR), Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), and Radio Bremen (RB). The new entity was financed by an obligatory fee which every German household with at least one radio receiver paid. Each station received the money collected in its state. Larger ARD members subsidised smaller ones up to a certain extent.  In 1947, American military governor Lucius D. Clay declared diversity of public opinion as the main aim of post-war media policy. Individuals aligned with the post-war Allied forces in their respective sectors of Germany had a local influence on local regional broadcasters. NDR cites the influence of Hugh Greene on the early years of their organisation.  After the creation of individual broadcasting agencies for most German federal states these principles were further consolidated by "Länder" broadcasting laws, decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court ("Bundesverfassungsgericht") and state treaties between the "Länder". ARD members are thus (at least nominally) free of government influence and rely for only a small part of their income on advertising (1995: ten percent). They are financed mainly from licence fees from radio and TV owners, which are set through a complex political process. The mandated aim of the ARD corporations is not only to inform and to entertain, but also to encourage the integration of various parts of society and allow minorities a say in programming.  In the 1950s the ARD radio services became the major factor of the mass media system in West Germany. As early as 1952 the ARD radio stations had ten million listeners. However, the radio stations operated on a regional level, and it was only the development of a television umbrella that helped the ARD to establish itself nationwide. The broadcasting of a countrywide TV broadcast service was the goal of the ARD from the outset and the go-ahead for this was given at the end of 1952. The same year ARD was admitted as a full active member of the European Broadcasting Union and the "German sound archive", now German Broadcasting Archive (DRA, Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv), was established as a joint facility of the ARD.  In 1955 the founding member "NWDR" ("Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk", English: "North-West German Broadcasting") split into today's NDR and WDR. The year before (1954) the smaller SFB was split off. The first daily news feature, the "Tagesschau", went on the air from Hamburg in 1952. The famous 8:00 pm chime and announcement """" ("This is the first German television channel with the Tagesschau") remains an ARD hallmark today. The broadcast attracts an average of 8 million viewers.

1960s–1980s.

After starting with a schedule of a mere two hours per-night, television became more widespread in Germany in the 1960s. Color broadcasts were introduced in 1967. Without competition from private broadcasters (other than the francophone Europe 1 and the multilingual RTL (Radio-Television Luxembourg) radio programs), the ARD stations made considerable progress in becoming modern and respected broadcasters. ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen, Second German Television), a second public television broadcaster with centralized national organization structure, began its programming in 1963, but ARD would encounter no private competition in Germany until 1984. The ARD stations have also been a significant force in German politics; such investigative news magazines as "Monitor" and "Panorama" still reach millions of viewers every week. The environmental movement increased in popularity during the 1980s largely as a result of the disclosures made by ARD.  When private/commercial German-language broadcasters were admitted in Germany by federal law in the mid-1980s, ARD television made subtle changes, adapting somewhat by producing programs oriented to a larger audience for their national networks and shifting many cultural and news programs to the regional networks and to newly created niche channels.  Informational television programs and the orientation of "Deutschlandfunk" (Germany's national public radio station, associated with, but not a member of the ARD) programs towards the GDR were of importance to the eventual collapse of the GDR. Established in 1974, the ARD bureau in East Berlin made ARD television the most important source of information for GDR citizens, eighty percent of whom could watch what they referred to as "Westfernsehen". Notwithstanding obstruction on the part of GDR authorities and the repeated expulsion of their correspondents, the ARD-Tagesschau and Deutschlandfunk transmitted reports about the Leipzig Monday Demonstrations (which started on 4 September 1989) as early as September 1989.

1990s.

After unification and the closure of the GDR television service, two new regional broadcasters were established in the East, becoming ARD members in 1992. These were originally the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR, English: "Central German Broadcasting"), and Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB, English: "East German Broadcasting Brandenburg"). The existing NDR service expanded into the north-east, where it also covered Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The ORB service has since merged with the former Sender Freies Berlin (SFB, English "Radio Free Berlin") to become Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (RBB, English: "Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting") in 2003.  Another merger took place between two member organisations of the ARD in 1998. The former Süddeutscher Rundfunk (SDR, English: "Southern German Broadcasting") and Südwestfunk (SWF, English: "Southwestcast") became Südwestrundfunk (SWR, English: "Southwest Broadcasting") on 1 October 1998.

ARD programming.

Radio.

Today, ARD member stations usually produce their own radio programming. Some ARD member stations usually collaborate for common radio services (an example being Nordwestradio, a culture-oriented radio station co-produced by Radio Bremen and NDR). Most ARD stations, however, will have at least a news-oriented radio station, a classical-music station, a youth-oriented station, and a cultural station. At night some stations will relay common night programming produced on a rota system by the ARD stations themselves. There are four common night programming services: Nachtexpress/Radiowecker (light music), Nachtkonzert (classical music), Infonacht (all news) and Popnacht (pop music). Most services are on the FM broadcast band, though some services are also available on DAB.  A similar network intended for national coverage is called Deutschlandradio, however Deutschlandradio is not an ARD member – instead Deutschlandradio is controlled by both ARD and ZDF. Deutschlandradio provides two terrestrial radio services: Deutschlandfunk (DLF), a news-oriented service, and Deutschlandfunk Kultur, a culture-oriented service. It also provides a science-orientated internet channel: Deutschlandfunk Nova.  ARD's best known radio station outside Germany is Deutsche Welle, which broadcasts its radio services around the world in many languages, mostly on analogue shortwave radio, online and FM partner stations. Deutsche Welle has no FM distribution in Germany.  "Archivradio" is an ARD internet radio station which streams raw audio material from German sound archives, mainly the ARD radio archives and the DRA. The program is accompanied by a web portal run by the ARD-member SWR, with background information of the original sounds aired.

Television.

The main television channels of the ARD are the nationwide Das Erste and seven regional channels operated by the different regional broadcasting institutions. These channels were available on the analogue terrestrial transmitters until the shutdown of the analogue transmitters started in 2003. Das Erste and the third programmes, like the radio stations, are principally funded by licence fees, with a very limited amount of on-air advertising.  Das Erste broadcasts nationwide 24 hours a day, although the schedule does include four and a half hours of joint programming with ZDF each weekday, in the form of the news programmes "Morgenmagazin" (on air 5.30–9.00) and "Mittagsmagazin" (13.00–14.00), which the two organizations take weekly turns to produce. Audience share (March 2008):12.5%, from 14–49 years 6.9%.  The regional members of ARD all, jointly (NDR/rb and SWR/SR) or separately, operate their own regional channels, known collectively as "die Dritten" ("the Third Programmes") – before recent rebranding, most of these stations had names like West 3 and Hessen 3. The schedules of these regional channels also include sub-regional opt-outs at certain times, in particular for local news.  ARD has two additional channels as part of their ARD Digital package:  ARD is also involved in several joint venture channels:  The international broadcaster Deutsche Welle also produces television services; however these services are mostly available via satellite.

Institutions and member organizations.

ARD has 32 bureaux across the world, making it one of the world's largest news bureau networks worldwide.  ARD operates several other companies and institutions, sometimes jointly with ZDF:Degeto Film, a television rights trader and production company; the German Broadcasting Archive (DRA – Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv); the Institute for Broadcasting Technology (IRT – Institut für Rundfunktechnik), responsible for research and development; the Fee Collection Service (Beitragsservice), and others.  ARD is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative that is promoting and establishing an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.

Criticism.

"State television" charge.

After the ARD withdrew material critical of the Turkish president Erdogan, the magazine "Der Spiegel" compared this behaviour to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. "The only thing that worries the delegates to the supervisory bodies was seen as the question whether the group they represent is treated with respect." To get rid of the "annoying image of state radio", "Der Spiegel" recommends it would certainly be helpful to keep more distance from the government: "...it's really hard to find people among those responsible for political reporting who do not find Angela Merkel quite wonderful and would like to share that with the audience every day."

Framing Manual.

Claudia Schwartz from the "Neue Zürcher Zeitung" reported in February 2019 the ARD wanted to liven up the audience with morality. An internal manual from the "Berkeley International Framing Institute" was used in order to make ARD viewers consider their fees less as a compulsory contribution than as a kind of donation to a good cause. Claudia Schwartz commented: "Self-congratulation in the best traditition of state radio one is inclined to write - if this word would not already have been prohibited for some time."

External links.

Podcasts.

The "Tagesschau", produced by the ARD on a nightly basis, is available on the ARD website as a podcast (available as audio-only or as audio and video). Other audio programs from the ARD's members (e.g., BR, MDR) and Deutsche Welle are available as podcasts, through their respective websites.

ARD (; full name: "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", – Working group of public broadcasters of the Federal Republic of Germany) is a joint organisation of Germany's regional public-service broadcasters. It was founded in 1950 in West Germany to represent the common interests of the new, decentralised, post-war broadcasting services – in particular the introduction of a joint television network.

ARD (celým jménem "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", česky "Asociace Sdružení veřejnoprávních vysílatelů Spolkové republiky Německo") je společnost německých regionálních veřejnoprávních vysílatelů, která byla založena v roce 1950 v tzv. Západním Německu.


Club career.

Early career.

Riki was born in Aranjuez, Community of Madrid. After spending his youth career in amateur clubs in the area he played with both Real Madrid's reserve sides, C and B. In July 2004, after having signed an extension with the "Merengues" the previous year, he was released and moved to another capital team, Getafe CF, making his La Liga debut on 12 September 2004 in a 1–2 home defeat to RCD Mallorca; on 13 March 2005 he scored against his former employer in a 2–1 home victory and, in his second season, netted eight league goals.

Deportivo.

In late June 2006, Riki moved to Deportivo de La Coruña on a five-year contract. During his first year he was an undisputed starter and, in the following campaign, he featured less prominently, but scored two more goals (five).  In the first game of the 2008–09 season, against Real Madrid, Riki was stretchered off the pitch with a hamstring injury, ironically after having subbed in himself. He was out of action for two weeks, subsequently netting on 2 November 2008 in a 3–0 away defeat of Real Betis.  Riki again suffered physical problems in the following season, but made the most of his 1,492 minutes as he scored eight goals, notably netting in the first round, a 2–3 loss at Real Madrid, and in both matches against Xerez CD (3–0 away, 2–1 at home); the Galicians eventually finished in tenth position.  After his team's relegation in 2011, Riki netted 14 times as they bounced back as champions of the second division, including early strikes in home and away victories over RC Celta de Vigo in the Galician derby.

Later years.

When Deportivo were immediately relegated, Riki ended his seven-year tenure to remain in the top flight at Granada CF for the next three seasons. He did not score for the Andalusians until 14 December 2013 in a 2–0 win at Rayo Vallecano, and added only one more goal in a 3–3 draw on his return to Getafe.  On 31 August 2015, 35-year-old Riki dropped down two levels to sign a two-year deal at CD Guadalajara. He left at the end of his debut campaign, however, having been relegated from Segunda División B.

Honours.

Deportivo

Iván Sánchez-Rico Soto (born 11 August 1980), known as Riki, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker.

Iván Sánchez-Rico Soto známý jako Riki (* 11. srpna 1980, Aranjuez, Španělsko) je španělský fotbalový útočník, který hraje v současnosti za klub Granada CF.


Premise.

The series covers the actions of a small, specialized DPS task force in Hawaii, headed by Lt. Commander Steve McGarrett, USNR. The task force answers only to the Governor of the state of Hawaii and is given full immunity and means. The task force has no restrictions and is always backed by the Governor. The team is able to investigate crimes ranging from terrorism to kidnapping as well as murder and robberies.  McGarrett chooses Honolulu PD Detective-Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams as his partner and unofficial second in command of the team. He fills out the team by selecting HPD lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly, his father's protégé, and Chin's cousin, Kono Kalakaua, a rookie HPD officer. DHS Special Agent Lori Weston is also assigned to the team later on, although she is later forced to return to the DHS by the Governor. They are assisted by Dr. Max Bergman, a medical examiner for the County of Honolulu, and Jerry Ortega, Chin's high school classmate and a conspiracy theorist. Steve later adds Lou Grover, a HPD SWAT commander, and for a brief time, Catherine Rollins, Steve's girlfriend and a former USNR lieutenant. Following Max, Chin, and Kono's departures, McGarrett fills in their spots by hiring high-achieving HPD academy washout Tani Rey and Junior Reigns, a former Navy SEAL-turned-Police Candidate. Later on, Kono's husband Adam Noshimuri joins the task force following the couple's divorce, and shortly after Jerry's departure, CID Sergeant Quinn Liu is recruited in his place. The team is now assisted by medical examiner Dr. Noelani Cunha, confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola, and HPD liaison Sergeant Duke Lukela.

Cast and characters.

Notable guests and special guest stars.

Among notable guests who made an appearance on show are actors Norman Reedus, Tom Berenger, James Caan, Patty Duke, Peter Fonda, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, Bronson Pinchot, Craig T. Nelson, Robert Loggia, Kevin Sorbo, Adam Beach, Corbin Bernsen, Rebecca De Mornay, Jeff Fahey, Bruce Davison, Tim Daly, Gail O'Grady, Sung Kang, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Tony Curran, Bai Ling, Rick Springfield, Tom Arnold, George Takei, Treat Williams, Peter Weller, Terrence Howard, Joan Collins, Cloris Leachman, Lance Gross and Chuck Norris, athletes Michelle Wie, Martellus Bennett, Eric Dickerson, Jerry Rice, Michael Bennett and Metta World Peace, models Jasmine Tookes, Jacquelyn Jablonski, Behati Prinsloo and Kendall Jenner, and Jimmy Buffett and Nick Jonas.

Episodes.

Crossovers.

"Note: The table below only accounts for full crossover events, single guest appearances are not included."

Production.

History.

The idea to bring "Hawaii Five-O" back to television had been under consideration well before the 2010 version was announced. The first attempt was a one-hour pilot for a new series that was made in 1996 but never aired, although a few clips were found years later and are available online. Produced and written by Stephen J. Cannell, it was intended to star Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-0 team. Original cast member James MacArthur briefly returned as Dan Williams, this time as governor of Hawaii, with cameos made by other former "Five-O" regulars. Another attempt was made to turn the project into a film by Warner Bros. but that also was scrapped.  On August 12, 2008, CBS announced that it would bring "Hawaii Five-O" back to the network schedule for the 2009–10 television season. The new version would be an updated present-day sequel, this time centering on Steve McGarrett, who succeeds his late father Steve (Jack Lord's character in the original series) as the head of the unit. Edward Allen Bernero, executive producer and showrunner of "Criminal Minds", was to helm the new take, which he described as ""Hawaii Five-O", version 2.0". It was also to incorporate most of the iconic elements from the original, including the "Book 'em, Danno" catchphrase, into the remake. Bernero, who was a fan of the original, and had a ring tone of the series' theme song on his cell phone, had always wanted to bring the series back to TV.  In October 2009, it was announced that Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci had signed on to script a pilot episode, and that Peter M. Lenkov would serve as the series showrunner. Kurtzman and Orci decided to reboot the original concept similar to their work on the 2009 "Star Trek" film, rather than a sequel to the original series. Production on the pilot was shot in and around Honolulu in March 2010.  On May 17, 2010, the "Hawaii Five-O" remake was picked up by CBS, which scheduled it for Monday nights in the 10–11 p.m. time slot. The news was good for the state of Hawaii, which hoped that the remake would pump new life into the economy. Production of the remainder of the first season started in June 2010. On June 24, 2010, the producers announced that it would use the warehouse at the former "Honolulu Advertiser" building as the official soundstage studio for the series starting in July 2010. Exteriors representing Five-0 headquarters in the series are located at the Ali'iolani Hale in Honolulu, directly across the street from Iolani Palace, which represented Five-O headquarters in the original series.  On October 21, 2010, CBS announced that the first season had been given a full season order of 24 episodes. Subsequent seasons have consisted of between 23 and 25 episodes.  This revival series uses a "zero" as the last character in its title instead of the letter "O" that is used in the title of the original series. According to "Los Angeles Times", a CBS insider said that the disambiguation was necessary because of search engine results. When "Variety" conducted its own search engine test on Google, it found that "Hawaii Five-0" (with the zero) had 263,000 results while "Hawaii Five-O" (with the letter O) had over 1.7 million.  Online voting by viewers determined the ending of the January 14, 2013 episode "Kapu" ("Forbidden"), with two zones, Eastern and Central Time Zones, and Mountain and Pacific Time Zones, each getting their own result. Each alternative ending could be seen online after the episode aired.  In February 28, 2020, it was announced that the series would end after 10 seasons and 240 episodes with a two-episode series finale on April 3, 2020. This was confirmed by CBS Entertainment president Kelly Kahl and show's showrunner and co-creator Peter Lenkov.

Casting.

In February 2010, it was announced that Daniel Dae Kim had been cast to play Chin Ho Kelly, an ex-cop trained by Steve McGarrett's father. He was the first actor cast for the remake. Several days later, Alex O'Loughlin was cast as Steve McGarrett, the son of ex-cop John McGarrett (portrayed by William Sadler). The producers pay homage to the original series throughout the first year by making one of Steve's hobbies restoring his father's 1974 Mercury Marquis, which is in fact the actual car driven by Jack Lord in the latter half of the original series' run. Actress Grace Park was later cast as rookie detective Kona "Kono" Kalakaua. Although in the original series, the character of Kono was male, the reboot series swapped the cop's gender in order to steer clear of a task force void of women. Scott Caan was cast as Danny "Danno" Williams. In the recurring cast are Jean Smart as Governor Pat Jameson and Masi Oka as the medical examiner Max Bergman. Oka was upgraded to series regular for the second season.  Of note, several recurring roles have been filled by surviving members of the original cast. Al Harrington, who played Det. Ben Kokua in the original series, now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike. Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt. Duke Lukela in the remake. James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance.  Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in the show's 19th episode. Oleynik appeared on a recurring basis for the remainder of the 2010–11 season, with an option to become a regular in season 2; however, her character was killed off in season 2, episode 10. It was also announced that Terry O'Quinn would be joining the cast of the show in season two, along with Lauren German, who would play Lori Weston, a former Homeland Security (and FBI agent) official assigned by the new governor to keep an eye on the team.  Since the show began in 2010 Michelle Borth had a recurring role where she appeared as on and off Steve McGarrett's girlfriend, Lt. Catherine Rollins, a Navy Lieutenant. On March 26, 2012, CBS announced that Borth would become a cast regular on "Hawaii Five-0" for season 3. On March 27, 2014, it was announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season, with the reason for her departure left unknown. On April 24, 2015 it was announced that Borth would return as a guest star for the shows fifth-season finale. In July 2015 it was announced that Borth would have a recurring role in the first three episodes of the shows 6th season. On September 8, 2016 it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode. Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett.  On July 10, 2013 ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season. On November 21, 2013 it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode. After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who plays the character of Jerry Ortega (a conspiracy theorist and high school classmate of Chin's) was promoted to series regular commencing season five. This is the second time Kim and Garcia serve as regulars together with "Lost" being the first.  Beginning with the second episode of the 2016–17 season, Claire Forlani had a recurring role as Alicia Brown, a retired criminal profiler who helped the team find a serial killer.  On November 17, 2016, it was announced that Oka who portrays Bergman would be departing the series after the thirteenth episode of the seventh season.  On June 30, 2017, ahead of the series's eighth season, it was announced that series regulars Kim and Park would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS. Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co-stars O'Loughlin and Caan, but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios. CBS's final offer to Kim and Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary. An update of their characters would be given in the first episode of the new season.  Following Kim's and Park's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale who portrays Kono Kalakaua's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season. It was also announced that Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale would join the series as new characters and new members of Five-0.  On July 21, 2017, it was announced that recurring cast members Taylor Wily, Kimee Balmilero, and Dennis Chun would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season.  On March 19, 2018, it was announced that Borth would once again return to the series in a guest role for the twentieth episode of the series' eighth season.

Music.

"Hawaii Five-0" uses the original show theme song composed by Morton Stevens. Critics received an early copy of the pilot with a synthesizer and guitar-based version of the theme. After negative reaction to the reworked song spread quickly online, Kurtzman said he and others realized that changing the music was a mistake, and arranged for studio musicians, including three who had worked on the original from 1968, to rerecord the theme "exactly as it was", except shortened to 30 seconds from its original length of about 60 seconds. Original instrumental music is composed by Brian Tyler and Keith Power.

Soundtrack.

Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series is a soundtrack album featuring music used in the CBS television series Hawaii Five-0. The first volume in the series received attention for how show producers integrated these new and previously unreleased tracks from major-name artists into the second-season episodes. This method contrasted with the norm for TV soundtracks, which tend to be compilations of previously released music that is already available individually or on other albums. "Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series" was released on October 4, 2011.

McGarrett's car.

The car driven by the original Steve McGarrett in "Hawaii Five-O" is a 1974 Mercury Marquis. The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended. Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John. The license plate is still F6-3958.

Broadcast and release.

The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series. Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere. "Hawaii Five-0" has been syndicated for broadcast in several countries worldwide, including Australia, the United Kingdom, and South Africa.

Syndication.

TNT has acquired the off-network rights to air the series. Episodes began airing on the cable channel in August 2014.

Streaming.

The most recent five episodes are available for free on CBS.com and the CBS app. All episodes are also available with CBS All Access including new episodes which stream live.

Reception and impact.

Critical reception.

The show has received mostly positive reviews. Metacritic gave season one of the show a 66 out of 100 aggregate score based on reviews from 29 critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave season one a score of 74% based on 23 reviews. The site's consensus calls it: "A brisk, slick reboot of an old favorite, Hawaii Five-0's picturesque locales and attractive cast make for pleasurable viewing."  On May 19, 2010, "The Honolulu Advertiser" offered an opinion about the new version: "A smart script, slick production values and maybe a splash of nostalgia got the remake of "Hawaii Five-O" placed on the CBS prime-time lineup this fall," but went on to add, "it takes more than a brand name to capture viewers' attention." The piece also pointed out that times have changed since the original left the air, citing other shows that were set in Hawaii which have come and gone. It expressed a hope that the producers will succeed in bringing a new life to the title with this remake. Hawaii Five-0 was also in the Guinness World Records 2012 for "Highest-Rated New Show in the U.S." with a record 19.34 million viewers for its January 23, 2011 episode ("Kai e'e").

Awards and nominations.

Series star Scott Caan was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Danny on "Hawaii Five-0". "Hawaii Five-0" also won the "Favorite New TV Drama" at the 37th People's Choice Awards on January 5, 2011.

Effect on Hawaii's economy.

The popularity of "Hawaii Five-0" resulted in a positive effect on several local businesses that saw an increase in sales after they were featured in particular episodes. Visitors to the USS "Missouri" Memorial Association increased 25 percent in 2010, a record year. Waiola Shave Ice, the business run by Kamekona on the show, saw a 20 percent increase in shave ice sales, along with a 30 percent rise in overall sales. Kona Brewing Company also saw a 60 percent increase in sales after their beers were featured as McGarrett's favored alcoholic beverage in several episodes. The tourist economy was also impacted, as many Mainlander fans were subsequently inspired to visit the islands after viewing the series.

Hawaii Five-0 is an American action police procedural television series that centers around a special police major crimes task force operating at the behest of the governor of Hawaii. It is a reboot of the 1968–1980 series "Hawaii Five-O" (the original series had the letter "O" instead of the number "0" in its title), which also aired on CBS. The series was produced by K/O Paper Products and 101st Street Entertainment, initially in association with CBS Productions, then CBS Television Studios starting in season three. The show received praise for its modern take on the original series.

Hawaii 5-0 (též Havaj 5-0, v anglickém originále Hawaii Five-0) je americký akční kriminální televizní seriál americké televizní stanice CBS, který se vysílá od 20. září 2010. Jedná se o remake seriálu "Hawaii Five-O" vysílaného v USA v letech 1968-1980. Seriál se začal vysílat přesně 42 let od premiéry původního seriálu. Ačkoli základní děj a postavy jsou podobné, je tento seriál z části odlišný. Jak vypovídá název seriálu, děj se odehrává na Havajských ostrovech. Seriál popisuje práci speciální jednotky Five-0, která je založena havajskou guvernérkou. Jednotka Five-0 řeší závažné kriminální případy od teroristických útoků až po vraždy a únosy.


Biography.

Wolgemut trained with his father Valentin Wolgemut (who died in 1469 or 1470) and is thought to have been an assistant to Hans Pleydenwurff in Nuremberg. He worked with Gabriel Malesskircher in Munich early in 1471, leaving the city after unsuccessfully suing Malesskircher's daughter for breach of contract, claiming she had broken off their engagement. He then returned to his late father's workshop in Nuremberg, which his mother had maintained since Valentin's death.  In 1472 he married Pleydenwurff's widow and took over his workshop; her son Wilhelm Pleydenwurff worked as an assistant, and from 1491 a partner, to Wolgemut. Some consider Wilhelm a finer artist than Wolgemut, however he died in January 1494, when he was probably still in his thirties. Wilhelm's oeuvre remains unclear, though works in various media have been attributed to him.

Woodcuts.

Two large and copiously illustrated books have woodcuts supplied by Wolgemut and his stepson Wilhelm Pleydenwurff; both were printed and published by Germany's largest publisher, the Nuremberger Anton Koberger, who was also Dürer's godfather. The first is the "Schatzbehalter der wahren Reichthumer des Heils" (1491); the other is the "Historia mundi", by Schedel (1493), usually known as the "Nuremberg Chronicle", which is highly valued, not for the text, but for its remarkable collection of 1,809 spirited illustrations. Wolgemut and Wilhelm Pleydenwurff were first commissioned to provide the illustrations in 1487-1488, and a further contract of 29 December 1491 commissioned manuscript layouts of the text and illustrations. A further contact of 1492 stipulated that Koberger should provide a locked room for the blocks to be kept safely. A drawing by Wolgemut for the elaborate frontispiece, dated 1490, is in the British Museum. As with other books of the period, many of the woodcuts, showing towns, battles or kings were used more than once in the book, with the text labels merely changed. The book is large, with a double-page woodcut measuring about 342x500mm.

Paintings.

The earliest known work by Wolgemut is a retable consisting of four panels, dated 1465, now in the Munich gallery, a decorative work of much beauty. In 1479 he painted the retable of the high altar in the church of St Mary at Zwickau, which still exists, receiving for it the large sum of 1400 gulden. One of his finest and largest works is the great retable painted for the church of the Augustinian friars at Nuremberg, now moved into the museum; it consists of a great many panels, with figures of locally venerated saints.  In 1501 Wolgemut was employed to decorate the town hall at Goslar with a large series of paintings; some on the ceiling are on panel, and others on the walls are painted thinly in tempera on canvas. As a portrait-painter he enjoyed much repute, and some of his works of this class are very admirable for their realistic vigour and minute finish.  Outside Germany Wolgemut's paintings are scarce: the Royal Institution at Liverpool possesses two good examples--"Pilate washing his Hands", and "The Deposition from the Cross", parts probably of a large altar-piece. During the last ten years of his life Wohlgemut appears to have produced little by his own hand. One of his latest paintings is the retable at Schwabach, executed in 1508, the contract for which still exists. He died at Nuremberg in 1519.

Michael Wolgemut (formerly spelt "Wohlgemuth"; 1434 – 30 November 1519) was a German painter and printmaker, who ran a workshop in Nuremberg. He is best known as having taught the young Albrecht Dürer.

Michael Wolgemut (též Wohlgemuth; 1434, Norimberk – 30. listopadu 1519, Norimberk) byl německý malíř a grafik, v jehož dílně se učil i Albrecht Dürer.


Plot.

An organized crime war breaks out between two rival gangs in Chicago during the Roaring Twenties. The leader of the Southside Mob is the notorious Al Capone, who resents his nemesis George "Bugs" Moran's activity in the city. Moran, too, wants control of the town's bootlegging and gambling operations. His lieutenants Peter and Frank Gusenberg use threats and intimidation to make tavern owners do business with them in exchange for "protection." Peter Gusenberg also argues and fights with his moll, particularly over her extravagant spending of his money.  Moran gives the order to have a crony of Capone's eliminated as the Chicago body count escalates. Inclusive are flashbacks to a lunchtime attack on Capone at the Hawthorne restaurant outside of Chicago by Hymie Weiss and Moran in September 1926 and the murders of Dean O'Banion in November 1924 and Weiss in October 1926 by Capone's gang.  In a bid to get rid of Moran once and for all, Capone goes to his winter home in Miami, Florida to establish an alibi while his henchmen, some dressed as police officers, ambush and execute seven members of Moran's gang, including Peter Gusenberg, in a northside garage on February 14, 1929. Also at the garage - and caught in the attack - were Johnny May (Bruce Dern), a mechanic, and Reinhardt Schwimmer, an optician who enjoyed being around gangsters. Of the victims, only Frank Gusenberg, Peter's brother survives and is taken to a hospital. Despite knowing that he will soon die, Frank refuses to tell the police anything. Moran, the apparent focus of the attack, was not in the garage, left for a diner, and escaped certain death.  Each character is given a verbal voiceover biography as they are introduced, and in some video releases, the biographies of Rheinhard Schwimmer and Adam Heyer, two of the massacre victims, are removed from the soundtrack, possibly due to protest from surviving family members.  In the aftermath, Al Capone is shown dispatching two of those responsible for carrying out the attack as he learns of their plans to kill him. Moran dies in prison, dropping a verbal clue to the crime: "Only Capone kills like that." No one is ever charged for the murders of St. Valentine's Day of 1929 as they either disappear going into hiding or are violently killed.

Background.

Development.

Roger Corman said he wanted to do something about "gangsterism" which "played a significant role in the development of American culture" but "I wanted to do it honestly, and not in the usual romanticized man-against-the-system."  More specifically, Corman was drawn to the idea of making a film about the St Valentine's Day massacre, which had never been the subject of a whole movie (though it had been frequently referenced in other films). Corman said the massacre was the day that "changed the whole public face of gangsterism - public outcry broke Capone's stranglehold on society."  The massacre had been the focus of a "Playhouse 90" episode; "Seven Against the Wall", broadcast in December 1958, was written by Harold Browne. Corman hired Browne to write the script for the film. Browne had researched the period and the event extensively. He felt the gangsters were "complex human beings, shrewd, cunning men whose qualities of leadership, had it been directed into honest channels, might have contributed to this country's history, rather than leaving a scar."  Corman had recently endured an unhappy experience working for Columbia, but still wanted to try working at a major studio. In February 1966 he signed to make the film from Brown's script with Richard Zanuck at 20th Century Fox. (Corman later said Fox invited him in to pitch ideas and he told them about "Massacre" and a biopic about the Red Baron; Fox had just made "The Blue Max" so went with the gangster film.  Corman made the film following the huge success of "The Wild Angels". While "Angels" had a budget of $350,000, "Massacre" was budgeted at $2.5 million. It was the most expensive movie he had ever made. (Corman later claimed the film cost $1 million and the rest was studio overhead.)  Corman said, "There comes a time when the public conscience needs jolting and in "St Valentine's Day Massacre" this is our intention. It is also certain that the movie will make money - crime is always box office."  Corman wanted classical actors to play gangsters and offered the part of Capone to Orson Welles and Bugs Moran to Jason Robards. However, Fox did not want Welles, advising Corman that he would try to take over directing; they suggested that Robards play Capone. Corman felt Robards was not physically large enough for the role of Capone and was better suited to play Moran, but did not want to cause trouble after his experience with Columbia and went along with the suggestion.  Corman wanted to cast Jack Nicholson in a key supporting role but Fox insisted the director use an actor they had under contract. However Corman did manage to cast Nicholson and Bruce Dern in small roles that were used for the entire length of the shoot, ensuring them a decent payday.

Shooting.

Corman originally wanted to shoot the film on location in Chicago but eventually did it on the Fox backlot.  He filmed the Massacre scene in one of the Desilu lots which got converted to look like the garage where the crime was committed. (The real garage was torn down by the time the movie started production). Another matter was the recreation of the Massacre itself: before filming, Corman found photos of the mass murders. Then he had the actors for the scene study the stills, followed by rehearsals and the shoot. After one take, the massacre came in the way it looked in the old photos and the collapse of each actor followed the positions the murder victims fell in the real massacre. The film was one of the few that Roger Corman directed from a major Hollywood studio with a generous budget and an open-ended schedule. While most directors would love such an assignment, Corman was disgusted with the incredible waste of time and money involved with "typical" movie production techniques. He was given a $2.5 million budget and made it for $400,000 less. Corman, an independent director, was most comfortable in his own style: shoestring budgets, and shooting schedules measured in days, rather than weeks. Nonetheless, it generally is considered one of his best films as a director.  Towards the end of the film shoot, Corman felt that the movie was too "male heavy" and added a character who was played by Dee Gardner, who resembled Jean Harlow.  The shoot took just over seven weeks, the longest ever schedule for one of Corman's film. "By the end of the movie I was very weary," he said.  Corman later wrote that "physically, it is one of the best films I ever directed because I was able to walk around the lot and pick those fantastic sets."

Reception.

According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $4,550,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,165,000, meaning it made a loss.

Home media.

"The St. Valentine's Day Massacre" was released to DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on May 23, 2006 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD. It was issued as a Limited Edition Region Free Blu-Ray by "Twilight Time".

The St. Valentine's Day Massacre is a 1967 American gangster film based on the 1929 mass murder of seven members of the Northside Gang (led by George "Bugs" Moran) on orders from Al Capone. It was directed by Roger Corman and written by Howard Browne. Corman called it "the most accurate, authentic gangster film ever".

Masakr na svatého Valentýna (v americkém originále: The St. Valentine's Day Massacre) je americký kriminální film z roku 1967. Režisérem filmu je Roger Corman. Hlavní role ve filmu ztvárnili Jason Robards, George Segal, Ralph Meeker, Jean Hale a Jan Merlin.


Plot.

Paul Collier searches for Karen, his girl friend who is going to have his child but ran away from him instead of marrying him. As the two attempt to reconcile a small motorcycle gang called the Rebel Rousers comes into the town. Their leader, J.J. Weston went to school and played football with Paul, but rather than catch up with each other, Paul goes to search for Karen and J.J. goes with his gang. The gang's exuberant behaviour in a local diner causes the sheriff to run them out of town.  Outside of the town, Paul and Karen are captured by the gang with Paul beaten up and the gang vying for who will be the first to have their way with Karen. Though J.J. tries to help the couple the gang pull a pistol on him. J.J. seeks to delay Karen's fate by holding a motorcycle drag race to determine who will "win" Paul's pregnant girlfriend.  Paul makes his way to the town where the sheriff is away taking a prisoner to another town to serve his sentence. No one in town will help Paul free his girlfriend until he comes across a group of Mexicans who confront the Rebel Rousers.

Production.

Martin B. Cohen was the manager of Bruce Dern and his then wife Diane Ladd, formed his own film company Paragon International Pictures. Following the success of "The Wild Angels", Cohen cast Dern and Ladd who was pregnant with Laura Dern in the motorcycle gang film. Bruce Dern brought his friend Jack Nicholson in the film along with Nicholson's former roommate Harry Dean Stanton and their friend Neil Nephew. John 'Bud' Cardos acted as production manager, performed stunts and appeared in the film. Cohen, who recalled the film as the worst thing he ever made told Dern that he was friends with Cameron Mitchell whose name would be above the title as he was a big star. Cameron Mitchell remembered Jack Nicholson picking out a pair of striped pants and a stocking hat to in order to stand out in the film.  The film was shot in January 1967 in Paradise Cove, Malibu, California and Chloride, Arizona but not released until after the success of "Easy Rider".

Rebel Rousers is a 1970 American independent outlaw biker film starring Cameron Mitchell, Jack Nicholson, Diane Ladd, Bruce Dern, and Harry Dean Stanton. Filmed in 1967, it did not receive a release until 1970 following the success of "Easy Rider". It is one of several motorcycle gang films of the period to feature Nicholson, Dern and Stanton. The film was co-written, produced and directed by Martin B. Cohen in his only directorial effort.

Výtržníci (v americkém originále: The Rebel Rousers) je americký dramatický film z roku 1970. Režisérem filmu je Martin B. Cohen. Hlavní role ve filmu ztvárnili Cameron Mitchell, Bruce Dern, Diane Ladd, Harry Dean Stanton a Jack Nicholson.


Etymology.

The name Langkawi is thought to have existed by the early 15th century, although in the 16th century the island of Langkawi was also marked on maps variously as Langa, Langka, Lansura, and Langapura.  There are many suggestions for the origin of the name of Langkawi. According to one interpretation, "Langkawi" means island of the reddish-brown eagle, a Brahminy kite in colloquial Malay. The Malay word for eagle is (shortened to ), and is a red stone used as a chalk to mark goods. This interpretation was used to create the landmark sculpture of an eagle as the symbol of Langkawi at Dataran Helang (Eagle Square) in Kuah.  Some believed that Langkawi is the same as, or related to, the Lanka or Langkapuri mentioned in Indian sources. This ancient name Lanka (or Lankapura and Lankapuri) is found in Indian literature from an early period (named in "Ramayana" as the city of the king Ravana), although the identification of the original Lanka is not certain. or in Sanskrit means a town or city. The name Langkawi is also thought to be related to Langkasuka, an old kingdom thought by some to have links with Kedah. Some also thought that Langkawi means "many beautiful islands", being a Sanskrit word meaning "beautiful" while means "many".  In 2008, the then-sultan of Kedah, Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, conferred the title of (meaning "Langkawi, the Jewel of Kedah") upon the island as part of his golden jubilee as an affirmation of Kedah's ownership over the island.

History.

Langkawi had long been at the periphery of, but closely associated with, the domain of the Kedah Sultanate. Legend tells of a great snake "ular besar", the custodian of the Langkawi Islands, to which a new king of Kedah must sacrifice a virgin daughter whenever he first ascended the throne, or when a war was declared with another state. The island of Langkawi was recorded in history by various travelers to the region. It was called "Lóngyápútí" () in the 14th century by the Yuan dynasty traveler Wang Dayuan, and when the Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He visited the region, the island was marked as, "Lóngyájiāoyǐ", in his map. In the 15th century, it was known to the Acehnese as "Pulau Lada" "Pepper Island" as they came over to plant pepper. In 1691, the French general Augustin de Beaulieu recorded going to the island of "Lancahui" (Langkawi) to buy pepper, and de Beaulieu was required to obtain a license from Kedah's heir apparent then in Perlis before the "penghulu" or chief of Langkawi would sell pepper to him.  Langkawi was historically home to seafarers, such as the orang laut or sea people originally from the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, as well as pirates and fishermen. It had been thought to be cursed for a couple of centuries - according to local legend, in the late 18th century, a woman named Mahsuri was wrongfully accused of adultery and put to death, and she placed a curse on the island that would last for seven generations. Not long after Mahsuri's death, in 1821, the Siamese army invaded Kedah, and attacked Langkawi. In the first attack, the locals decided to burn down the granary at Padang Matsirat to starve and drive out the Siamese army. The Siamese nevertheless finally captured the island in May 1822, killed its leaders, and many of the islanders were taken as slaves, while others were forced to flee. Before the Siamese invasion, there was an estimated island population of 3–5000, and only a small proportion was left after the invasion.  The island was recaptured from Siamese rule in a campaign against the Siamese in 1837. In 1840–1841, the Sultan of Kedah, who went into exile after the Siamese attacks, was allowed to return by the Siamese, and the population of Langkawi islands recovered afterwards mainly due to settlement of immigrants from Sumatra. However, the "Orang Laut" who fled after the Siamese attacks did not return. In 1909, the islands came under British rule under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. The middle of the channel between Tarutao National Park and Langkawi would become the Siamese border, and Tarutao would be part of Siam while all the Langkawi islands to the south would come under British rule. During the World War II, Siam took control briefly as British Malaya fell to the Japanese.  Langkawi had been a haven for pirates which affected the northern part of the Strait of Malacca. In a series of operations, between December 1945 and March 1946, the British cleared the pirates' land base in Langkawi and Tarutao. The British continued to rule until Malaya gained its independence in 1957.  Langkawi remained as a quiet backwater until 1986, when the then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad decided to transform it into a major tourist resort, helping to plan many of the islands buildings himself. The curse placed by Mahsuri for seven generations was said to have lifted as the 7th generation descendant of Mahsuri who now lives in Phuket Province was born. The island rapidly grew as a tourist destination, and by 2012, it had received over 3 million tourists a year.

Geography.

Langkawi, a cluster of 99 islands separated from mainland Malaysia by the Strait of Malacca, is a district of the state of Kedah in northern Malaysia and lies approximately 51 km west of Kedah. The total land mass of the islands is 47,848 hectares. The main island spans about 25 km from north to south and slightly more for east and west. The coastal areas consist of flat, alluvial plains punctuated with limestone ridges. Two-thirds of the island is dominated by forest-covered mountains, hills and natural vegetation.  The island's oldest geological formation, the Machinchang Formation, was the first part of Southeast Asia to rise from the seabed in the Cambrian more than half a billion years ago. The oldest part of the formation is observable at Teluk Datai to the north-west of the island, where the exposed outcrop consists of mainly sandstone (quartzite) in the upper parts and shale and mudstone in the lower parts of the sequence. In fact, the best exposure of the Cambrian rocks (541 to 485 Ma) in Malaysia is the Machinchang Formation – made up of quartzose clastic rock formations – in Langkawi; the other known correlative, the Jerai Formation, crops out near to the west coast of Kedah on the mainland (peninsula). Geologically speaking, all these rocks are located within the Western Belt of peninsular Malaysia, which is thought to be part of the Shan–Thai Terrane.

Climate.

Langkawi receives more than of rain annually. Langkawi features a Tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification ("Aw") ) Langkawi has a true dry season from December until February. March to November is a long rainy season. September is the wettest month, when it normally receives more than.

Administrative divisions.

Langkawi District is divided into 6 mukims, which are:

Demographics.

Only four of the 99 islands are inhabited: Langkawi (, the main island), Tuba, Rebak and Dayang Bunting. The population is approximately 99,000, around 65,000 of them in Langkawi, of which 90% are Malays. The other ethnic groups consist mainly of Chinese, Indians, and Thais.  Islam is practised primarily by ethnic Malays. Other major religions are Hinduism (mainly among Indians), Buddhism (mainly among Chinese and Thai), and Christianity (mostly Chinese).  Standard Malay is the official language and is used in formal occasions. English is widely spoken and understood by the locals. Most natives speak a Langkawi variant of Kedah Malay, with minorities also speaking Chinese, Siamese, and various Indian languages.

Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats.

Langkawi district representatives in the Federal Parliament of Malaysia  List of Langkawi district representatives in the state legislative assemblies

Economy.

An agro-based economy of paddy and rubber cultivation and fisheries is being overtaken by a tourism-driven economy.  The Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER) development program is a Malaysia Government initiative to accelerate economic growth in the north of Peninsular Malaysia – encompassing the states of Perlis, Kedah, Penang and the north of Perak. The target for NCER is to achieve increased tourism receipts per visitor from MYR1,890 (US$600) in 2005 to MYR3,034 (US$963) by 2012.  Annual tourist expenditure is targeted to increase from MYR9.0 billion (US$2.86 billion) in 2005 to MYR21.8 billion (US$6.9 billion) in 2012 and MYR64.5 billion (US$20.4 billion) in 2020.

Tourism.

On 1 June 2007, Langkawi Island was given a World Geopark status by UNESCO. Three of its main conservation areas in Langkawi Geopark are Machincang Cambrian Geoforest Park, Kilim Karst Geoforest Park, and Dayang Bunting Marble Geoforest park (Island of the Pregnant Maiden Lake). These three parks are the most popular tourism area within Langkawi Geopark. In 2014, UNESCO issued a "yellow card" warning threatening the status of the Geopark.  The Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark status was due for renewal in 2015, of which upon thorough inspection by the appointed Geopark Inspectors, Langkawi was issued the Certificate of Membership dubbed the Green Card by Asia Pacific Geoparks Network, under the auspices of the Global Geopark Network (GGN).  Tourists can enter the island via ferry from Kuala Kedah, Kuala Perlis, and Penang. Or by domestic flight from Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL) via Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, Malindo Air, or Subang Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (SZB) via Malindo Air and Fireflyz providing budget connection to the island. International connection is available from Singapore via Tigerair and AirAsia, as well as from Guangzhou via AirAsia.

Islands and beaches.

There are two main island areas: the Southern Islands, with a heavier tourist population, and the islands to the northeast which are more secluded with little tourist traffic. Langun Island has a fresh-water lake called Pregnant Maiden Lake and has a Sand Spit Beach on its south-facing orientation. Dendang Island next to it forms a bay used by Langkawi sailing yacht tour operators. Some of the most popular beaches are Pantai Cenang, Pantai Tengah, Burau Bay, Pantai Kok, and Datai Bay. Pantai Cenang beach has long stretches of fine white sand. It has a number of restaurants and bars for evening entertainment, several hosting live music and for watching the sun set. The beach is lined with tall coconut and casuarina trees. Pantai Tengah is separated from Cenang by a small cape. It also faces the setting sun and has hotels than bars, making it less busy in the evening. Burau Bay, fringed by rocky outcrops, is visited by migratory birds. Pantai Kok quiet beach has a backdrop of limestone hills. Datai Bay has a combination of forests and sea, its white sandy beach is backed by forest.

Cable car and Sky Bridge.

The Langkawi Cable Car takes visitors up to the peak of Gunung Mat Chinchang, where the Langkawi Sky Bridge is located. The Sky Bridge was closed in 2012 for maintenance and upgrading, but reopened in February 2015. An inclined lift called SkyGlide that would takes visitors from the top station to the Sky Bridge was completed in late 2015.  The start of cable car ride is located in the Oriental Village where there are a number of attractions, including a 3-Dimensional art museum known as Art in Paradise.

The Kilim Karst Geoforest Park (The Kilim River).

The Kilim Karst Geoforest Park consists of three river estuaries that stretch from Kisap village approximately 10&km to Tanjung Rhu, and they are all interconnected. They are rich in wildlife with hairy nosed sea otters, brown winged kingfishers, monitor lizards, and swimming macaque monkeys being common sights. There is also a bat cave within the Geoforest Park. Limestone, inherently porous, forms caves and there are several in the mangroves. One of Langkawi's natural beauty spots is the Pirate Lagoon just outside the river. Technically this is a collapsed cave ("hong") consisting of a cave entrance from the sea emerging into a hidden lagoon with towering, limestone escarpments, and smaller caves.

Activities.

With Langkawi surrounded by the sea, there are various water-based activities to indulge in. For those that love cruises, there are various cruises that can accommodate for individuals that love the morning sun or individuals that would like to have dinner on a yacht.  Snorkeling is also a popular activity, with operators organising daily tours to the nearby Payar Island (Malay: Palau Payar).  Tourists can also choose to go for island hopping tours with different options:

Transportation.

The Island of Langkawi does not have public transportation, but the people can still use taxis or rent a vehicle (car, bicycle, motorbike, scooter, etc.). All taxis have a standard fixed price system with the fare from one part of the island to another is always being the same. As an alternative, ride hailing apps, such as Grab, also operate on the island.  The island of Langkawi can be reached by sea and air. The Langkawi Jetty Point connects the island to main destinations like Kuala Perlis, Kuala Kedah, Penang, and Tamalang. There's also ferry service to Satun town and to Ko Lipe island in Thailand. From Langkawi, Malaysia, a ferry operates from Langkawi to Ko Lipe (and back) from October until June. The departure/arrival point in Langkawi is at Kuah Jetty, Langkawi and Telaga Harbour, Langkawi. The departure/arrival point in Ko Lipe is at Pattaya Beach. As there is no pier in Ko Lipe, transfers to the beach are done with local long-tail boats. The journey takes about 1 hour and 30 minutes.  The Langkawi International Airport is one of the 7 international airports in Malaysia and connects the island to Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Penang, and Subang. The main island is well-served by a number of roads.

Media.

The television and radio in Langkawi can be received from Gunung Raya.and RTM Kuah.

International relations.

Twin towns – Sister cities.

Langkawi currently has two sister cities:

Langkawi, officially known as Langkawi, the Jewel of Kedah (), is a district and an archipelago of 99 islands (+ 5 small islands visible only at low tide) in the Andaman Sea some 30 km off the mainland coast of northwestern Malaysia. The islands are a part of the state of Kedah, which is adjacent to the Thai border. On 15 July 2008, Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah consented to the change of name to in conjunction with his golden jubilee celebration. By far the largest of the islands is the eponymous (), with a population of some 64,792; the only other inhabited island being nearby Tuba Island.

Langkawi je souostroví v Andamanském moři na severozápadě Malajsie. Souostroví zahrnuje více než 100 ostrovů o celkové rozloze 528 km2.


Early life.

Panter was born in Croydon, Surrey and spent most of his formative years in Kettering, Northamptonshire starting a one-year art course at Northampton College in 1971. In 1972, he began studying fine art at Coventry's Lanchester Polytechnic, now known as Coventry University.

Music.

In his second year at Lanchester Polytechnic he met Jerry Dammers and together they formed The Specials. The band started playing in Coventry bars and clubs before releasing their first single, 'Gangsters' on their own record label (2-Tone). Following the break-up of The Specials in 1981, Panter went on to play with General Public with Dave Wakeling and Ranking Roger from the original Beat, and then with the reformed Specials in the 1990s. Panter then joined forces with Neol Davies of The Selecter to form a Blues band, Box of Blues. Today, he is a full-time member of the reformed Specials and is also in a blues combo, called 'Blues 2 Go'. He has also played with Malik & Pettite (formerly The Tones), and is in the process of getting together a ska orchestra called 'The Uptown Ska Collective' who will begin touring in 2014.

Teaching, autobiography and art.

During the 1990s, Panter qualified as a teacher and taught art to special needs children at Corley Special School in North Warwickshire from 1998 to 2008.  He has written an autobiography, "Ska'd for Life", in which he described his involvement in the creation of the punk-ska hybrid that became known as '2-Tone, and described his experiences since the band's creation.  An occupation of Panter's alongside his performing with the Specials is art. He has been a professional artist since 2010 and has exhibited throughout the UK. His work is based on traditional forms of iconography fused with the sensibilities of British pop art.

Horace Panter (born Stephen Graham Panter, 30 August 1953) also known as Sir Horace Gentleman, is the bassist for the British 2 Tone ska band The Specials.

Horace Panter, rodným jménem Stephen Graham Panter (* 30. srpna 1953), též známý jako Sir Horace Gentleman je baskytarista britské skupiny The Specials.


Mistrovství Evropy v basketbalu mužů 1953

Results.

First round.

In the preliminary round, the 17 teams were split up into four groups. One of the groups had five teams, with the other three having four each. The top two teams in each group advanced to the final round, while the remaining nine teams were relegated to classification play.

Group D.

Lebanon refused to play Israel for political reasons; they received zero points for the match, as opposed to the usual 1 point for a loss.

Classification round 1.

The first classification round was played in two round-robin groups. Teams advanced into the second classification round depending on their results in the first round—first and second place teams played in the 9–12 segment of classification round 2 while third and fourth place teams played for 13th to 16th places. The fifth place team (one group had 5 teams, the other had 4) received 17th place.

Final round.

The final round was played as an 8-team round robin, with no further playoffs.  Egypt refused to play Israel for political reasons; they received zero points for the match, as opposed to the usual 1 point for a loss, meaning they finished with 7 points to Italy's 8 despite having the same record.

Team rosters.

1. Soviet Union: Otar Korkia, Stepas Butautas, Armenak Alachachian, Ilmar Kullam, Heino Kruus, Anatoly Konev, Aleksandr Moiseyev, Kazys Petkevičius, Justinas Lagunavičius, Yuri Ozerov, Algirdas Lauritėnas, Viktor Vlasov, Gunars Siliņš, Lev Reshetnikov (Coach: Konstantin Travin)  2. Hungary: János Greminger, Tibor Mezőfi, Tibor Zsíros, Laszlo Bánhegyi, Pál Bogár, György Bokor, Tibor Cselkó, Tibor Czinkán, Janos Hody, Laszlo Hody, Ede Komaromi, Péter Papp, Tibor Remay, János Simon (Coach: János Páder)  3. France: André Buffiere, René Chocat, Jacques Dessemme, Jacques Freimuller, Claude Gallay, Robert Guillin, Roger Haudegand, Robert Monclar, Jean Perniceni, Bernard Planque, Marc Quiblier, Henry Rey, Justy Specker, André Vacheresse (Coach: Robert Busnel)  4. Czechoslovakia: Ivan Mrazek, Jiří Baumruk, Zdeněk Bobrovský, Miroslav Škeřík, Jaroslav Šíp, Jan Kozák, Zdeněk Rylich, Radoslav Sís, Jaroslav Tetiva, Jindřich Kinský, Lubomír Kolář, Rudolf Stanček, Eugen Horniak (Coach: Lubomír Dobrý)  5. Israel: Ralph Klein, Avraham Schneor, Zachariah Ofri, Daniel Levy, Menachem Korman, Alfred Cohen, David Heiblum, Simon Schmukler, Ernst Winer, Marcel Hefez, Mark Mimran, Haim Boksenbaum, Reuven Fecher (Coach: Jacob Saltiel)  6. Yugoslavia: Borko Jovanović, Mirko Marjanović, Milan Bjegojević, Đorđe Andrijašević, Ladislav Demšar, Borislav Stanković, Dragan Godžić, Aleksandar Gec, Aleksandar Blašković, Srđan Kalember, Vilmos Lóczi, Borislav Ćurčić, Lajos Engler (Coach: Nebojša Popović)

The 1953 FIBA European Championship, commonly called FIBA EuroBasket 1953, was the eighth FIBA EuroBasket regional basketball championship, held by FIBA Europe. Seventeen national teams affiliated with the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) entered the competition. The competition was hosted by the Soviet Union, champions of EuroBasket 1951. Moscow was the location of the event.

8. mistrovství Evropy v basketbale proběhlo v dnech 23. 5. – 4. 6. v Moskvě v Sovětském svazu. Turnaje se zúčastnilo 17 týmů, rozdělených do tří čtyřčlenných a jedné pětičlenné skupiny. První dva týmy postoupily do finálové skupiny. Týmy na třetím až pátém místě hrály o 9. - 17. místo. Mistrem Evropy se stalo družstvo Sovětského svazu.