Medical uses.

Opioid use disorder.

Buprenorphine is used to treat people with opioid use disorder. The combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone is generally preferred as naloxone, an opioid antagonist, has a higher bioavailability intravenously and results in acute withdrawal if the formulation is crushed and injected. Prior to starting buprenorphine, individuals should wait long enough after their last dose of opioid until they have some withdrawal symptoms to allow for the medication to bind the receptors, but if taken too soon, buprenorphine can displace other opioids bound to the receptors and precipitate an acute withdrawal. The dose of buprenorphine is then adjusted until symptoms improve, and individuals remain on a maintenance dose through treatment.

Buprenorphine versus methadone.

Both buprenorphine and methadone are medications used for detoxification and opioid replacement therapy and appear to have similar effectiveness based on limited data and are safe for pregnant women with opioid use disorder, although preliminary evidence suggests that methadone is more likely to cause neonatal abstinence syndrome. In the US, only designated clinics can prescribe methadone for opioid use disorder in which people starting treatment must follow-up daily, which may be appropriate for those requiring a more structured environment. Alternatively, buprenorphine can be prescribed by any clinician with a waiver allowing people to receive treatment as a part of their routine care.

Chronic pain.

A transdermal patch is available for the treatment of chronic pain. These patches are not indicated for use in acute pain, pain that is expected to last only for a short period of time, or pain after surgery, nor are they recommended for opioid addiction.

Potency.

With respect to equianalgesic dosing, when used sublingually, the potency of buprenorphine is about 40 to 70 times that of morphine. When used as a transdermal patch, the potency of buprenorphine may be 100–115 times that of morphine.

Adverse effects.

Common adverse drug reactions associated with the use of buprenorphine are similar to those of other opioids and include: nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, memory loss, cognitive and neural inhibition, perspiration, itchiness, dry mouth, shrinking of the pupils of the eyes (miosis), orthostatic hypotension, male ejaculatory difficulty, decreased libido, and urinary retention. Constipation and CNS effects are seen less frequently than with morphine.

Respiratory effects.

The most severe side effect associated with buprenorphine is respiratory depression (insufficient breathing). It occurs more often in those who are also taking benzodiazepines, alcohol, or have underlying lung disease. The usual reversal agents for opioids, such as naloxone, may be only partially effective and additional efforts to support breathing may be required. Respiratory depression may be less than with other opioids, particularly with chronic use. However, in the setting of acute pain management, buprenorphine appears to cause the same rate of respiratory depression as other opioids such as morphine.

Buprenorphine dependence.

Buprenorphine treatment carries the risk of causing psychological or physical dependence. Buprenorphine has a slow onset and a long half-life of 24 to 60 hours. Once a person has stabilized on the medication, there are three options: continual use, switching to buprenorphine/naloxone, or medically supervised withdrawal.

Pain management.

It is difficult to achieve acute opioid analgesia in persons using buprenorphine for opioid replacement therapy.

Pharmacology.

Pharmacodynamics.

Opioid receptor modulator.

Buprenorphine has been reported to possess the following pharmacological activity:  In simplified terms, buprenorphine can essentially be thought of as a non-selective, mixed agonist–antagonist opioid receptor modulator, acting as a weak partial agonist of the MOR, an antagonist of the KOR, an antagonist of the DOR, and a relatively low-affinity, very weak partial agonist of the ORL-1.  Although buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the MOR, human studies have found that it acts like a full agonist with respect to analgesia in non-opioid-tolerant individuals. Conversely, buprenorphine behaves like a partial agonist of the MOR with respect to respiratory depression.  Buprenorphine is also known to bind to with high affinity and antagonize the putative ε-opioid receptor.  Full analgesic efficacy of buprenorphine requires both exon 11- and exon 1-associated μ-opioid receptor splice variants.  The active metabolites of buprenorphine are not thought to be clinically important in its central nervous system effects.

Other actions.

Unlike some other opioids and opioid antagonists, buprenorphine binds only weakly to and possesses little if any activity at the sigma receptor.  Buprenorphine also blocks voltage-gated sodium channels via the local anesthetic binding site, and this underlies its potent local anesthetic properties.  Similarly to various other opioids, buprenorphine has also been found to act as an agonist of the toll-like receptor 4, albeit with very low affinity.

Pharmacokinetics.

Buprenorphine is metabolized by the liver, via CYP3A4 (also CYP2C8 seems to be involved) isozymes of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, into norbuprenorphine (by "N"-dealkylation). The glucuronidation of buprenorphine is primarily carried out by UGT1A1 and UGT2B7, and that of norbuprenorphine by UGT1A1 and UGT1A3. These glucuronides are then eliminated mainly through excretion into bile. The elimination half-life of buprenorphine is 20 to 73 hours (mean 37 hours). Due to the mainly hepatic elimination, there is no risk of accumulation in people with renal impairment.  One of the major active metabolites of buprenorphine is norbuprenorphine, which, in contrast to buprenorphine itself, is a full agonist of the MOR, DOR, and ORL-1, and a partial agonist at the KOR. However, relative to buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine has extremely little antinociceptive potency (1/50th that of buprenorphine), but markedly depresses respiration (10-fold more than buprenorphine). This may be explained by very poor brain penetration of norbuprenorphine due to a high affinity of the compound for P-glycoprotein. In contrast to norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine and its glucuronide metabolites are negligibly transported by P-glycoprotein.  The glucuronides of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine are also biologically active, and represent major active metabolites of buprenorphine. Buprenorphine-3-glucuronide has affinity for the MOR (K = 4.9 pM), DOR (K = 270 nM) and ORL-1 (K = 36 μM), and no affinity for the KOR. It has a small antinociceptive effect and no effect on respiration. Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide has no affinity for the MOR or DOR, but does bind to the KOR (K = 300 nM) and ORL-1 (K = 18 μM). It has a sedative effect but no effect on respiration.

Chemistry.

Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic analogue of thebaine and is fairly soluble in water, as its hydrochloride salt. It degrades in the presence of light.

Detection in body fluids.

Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine may be quantitated in blood or urine to monitor use or abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal investigation. There is a significant overlap of drug concentrations in body fluids within the possible spectrum of physiological reactions ranging from asymptomatic to comatose. Therefore, it is critical to have knowledge of both the route of administration of the drug and the level of tolerance to opioids of the individual when results are interpreted.

History.

In 1969, researchers at Reckitt & Colman (now Reckitt Benckiser) had spent 10 years attempting to synthesize an opioid compound "with structures substantially more complex than morphine [that] could retain the desirable actions whilst shedding the undesirable side effects". Physical dependence and withdrawal from buprenorphine itself remain important issues since buprenorphine is a long-acting opioid. Reckitt found success when researchers synthesized RX6029 which had showed success in reducing dependence in test animals. RX6029 was named buprenorphine and began trials on humans in 1971. By 1978, buprenorphine was first launched in the UK as an injection to treat severe pain, with a sublingual formulation released in 1982.

Society and culture.

Regulation.

United States.

In the United States, buprenorphine and buprenorphine with naloxone were approved for opioid use disorder by the United States Food and Drug Administration in October 2002. The DEA rescheduled buprenorphine from a Schedule V drug to a Schedule III drug just before approval. The ACSCN for buprenorphine is 9064, and being a Schedule III substance it does not have an annual manufacturing quota imposed by the DEA. The salt in use is the hydrochloride, which has a free base conversion ratio of 0.928.  In the years prior to buprenorphine/naloxone's approval, Reckitt Benckiser had lobbied Congress to help craft the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000), which gave authority to the Secretary of Health and Human Services to grant a waiver to physicians with certain training to prescribe and administer Schedule III, IV, or V narcotic drugs for the treatment of addiction or detoxification. Prior to the passage of this law, such treatment was not permitted in outpatient settings except for clinics designed specifically for drug addiction.  The waiver, which can be granted after the completion of an eight-hour course, is required for outpatient treatment of opioid addiction with buprenorphine. Initially, the number of people each approved physician could treat was limited to ten. This was eventually modified to allow approved physicians to treat up to a hundred people with buprenorphine for opioid addiction in an outpatient setting. This limit was increased by the Obama administration, raising the number of patients to which doctors can prescribe to 275. Still, due to this patient limit and the requisite eight-hour training course, many continuing patients can find it very difficult to get a prescription, despite the drug's effectiveness.  New Jersey authorized paramedics to give buprenorphine to people at the scene after they have recovered from an overdose.

Europe.

In the European Union, Subutex and Suboxone, buprenorphine's high-dose sublingual tablet preparations, were approved for opioid use disorder treatment in September 2006. In the Netherlands, buprenorphine is a List II drug of the Opium Law, though special rules and guidelines apply to its prescription and dispensation.

Brand names.

Buprenorphine is available under the trade names Cizdol, Suboxone (with naloxone), Subutex (typically used for opioid use disorder), Zubsolv, Bunavail, Sublocade (monthly injection, approved in the US in 2018), Probuphine, Temgesic (sublingual tablets for moderate to severe pain), Buprenex (solutions for injection often used for acute pain in primary-care settings), Norspan and Butrans (transdermal preparations used for chronic pain).  Buprenorphine has been introduced in most European countries as a transdermal formulation (marketed as Transtec) for the treatment of chronic pain not responding to non-opioids.

Veterinary medicine.

It has veterinary medical use for treatment of pain in dogs and cats.

Research.

Depression.

Some evidence supports the use of buprenorphine for depression. Buprenorphine/samidorphan, a combination product of buprenorphine and samidorphan (a preferential μ-opioid receptor antagonist), appears useful for treatment-resistant depression.

Cocaine dependence.

In combination with samidorphan or naltrexone (μ-opioid receptor antagonists), buprenorphine is under investigation for the treatment of cocaine dependence, and recently demonstrated effectiveness for this indication in a large-scale (n = 302) clinical trial (at a high buprenorphine dose of 16 mg but not a low dose of 4 mg).

Neonatal abstinence.

Buprenorphine has been used in the treatment of the neonatal abstinence syndrome, a condition in which newborns exposed to opioids during pregnancy demonstrate signs of withdrawal. In the United States, use currently is limited to infants enrolled in a clinical trial conducted under an FDA approved investigational new drug (IND) application. Preliminary research suggests that buprenorphine is associated with shorter time in hospital for neonates, compared to methadone. An ethanolic formulation used in neonates is stable at room temperature for at least 30 days.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder.

In one study, buprenorphine was found to be effective in a subset of individuals with treatment-refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder.

Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex, among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. It can be used under the tongue, in the cheek, by injection, as a skin patch, or as an implant. For opioid use disorder, it is typically started when withdrawal symptoms have begun and for the first two days of treatment under direct observation of a health care provider. The combination formulation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) is recommended to discourage misuse by injection. Maximum pain relief is generally within an hour with effects up to 24 hours. Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), sleepiness, adrenal insufficiency, QT prolongation, low blood pressure, allergic reactions, and opioid addiction. Among those with a history of seizures, there is a risk of further seizures. Opioid withdrawal following stopping buprenorphine is generally less severe than with other opioids. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe and use while breastfeeding is not recommended. Buprenorphine affects different types of opioid receptors in different ways. Depending on the type of receptor it may be an agonist, partial agonist, or antagonist. Buprenorphine was patented in 1965 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1981. In 2017, 14.6 million prescriptions for the medication were written in the United States. It is also a common drug of abuse, being used in place of heroin. Buprenorphine may be used recreationally by injection or in the nose for the high it produces. In the United States, it is a Schedule III controlled substance.

Buprenorphin ist ein stark wirksames Schmerzmittel (Analgetikum) aus der Gruppe der Opioide, das vor allem zur Behandlung ausgeprägter Schmerzen verwendet wird. Buprenorphin hat eine partialagonistische Wirkung mit hoher Affinität zu μ-Rezeptoren.


Disease cycle.

The disease cycle for "Botrytis elliptica" begins with infection of plants in spring. This may be derived from mycelium in overwintering sclerotia, which produce conidiophores to create conidia, the asexual spores of this fungus. The conidia germinate, often penetrating the young leaf tissue of the lily, although the flowers, buds, or stem may also suffer from infection. This infects cells, which collapse, disintegrate, and rot the tissue. This cycle is polycyclic. The conidiophores spread, producing more conidia to further infect new areas of the plant or spread to new plants. Additionally, "B. elliptica" reproduces sexually via a heterothallic mating system with two alleles: MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. All ascomycetes studied of "B. elliptica" contain these genes, which are orthologous to the alpha-domain protein (MAT1-1) and the HMG-domain protein (MAT1-2). These proteins act together as a master regulator the initiation of sexual fruiting body development, which begins when both proteins are expressed in a dikaryotic cell. Apothecia result from this union. These are brown in color, and darken as they mature, and they range between 7-12 mm in height, with apothecial disks from 3-4 mm diameter and 0.5-1.0 mm in thickness. The ascospores produced from the apothecia are 23 x 10 μm. These ascospores infect Lilium species’ leaves as effectively as the conidia throughout the growing season, although mycelium are the primary inoculants of young lily shoots in the spring. These ascospores may overwinter in the dead leaf debris and infect new foliage in the spring.

Management.

As "Lilium" species are of great horticultural interest in ornamental production, "B. elliptica" must be prevented and managed to continue production. Plant breeders currently work to determine Botrytis-resistant cultivars of "Lilium". The rapid accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide, and antioxidant activity trigger in the plant’s defense response, and long-term, highly concentrated increases contribute to high resistance in these plants. Cultivars displaying high resistance are the Oriental and Oriental x Trumpet hybrid lines, whereas the susceptible cultivars included Asiatic and Trumpet cultivars. Defense responses found in Lilium species are mediated by phytohormones involved in jasmonate signaling, increasing the transcription for defense-related proteins. These proteins include receptor kinases, antioxidant enzymes, polyphenol oxidase, pathogenesis-related proteins, and proteins involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism. Highly resistant "Lilium" species cultivars express genes producing these proteins more effectively than in the susceptible cultivars.  In addition to breeding for Botrytis-resistant cultivars, steps can be taken to prevent the spread of this mold in the field. Because this mold requires water to spread to other plants, Botrytis can be greatly reduced with good drainage to the soil and caution to avoid overwatering. Additionally, sanitation of plants is extremely important, such as deadheading dying flowers and removing infected leaves. The ascospores on this debris could overwinter and infect the plants in the spring, so it is advised to either bury the debris in a hole at least 12” deep or, preferably, burn it. Fungicides are rarely needed and are typically used as a prevention method early in the season. Thiophanate-methyl, copper fungicides or, as a weak fungicide, neem oil, can be effectively used in home gardens, although with caution, particularly with new cultivars of "Lilium" species. These treatments should be applied to selected plants before treating an entire bed, and always using the recommended instructions on the product’s label.

Botrytis elliptica is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen which infects species of plants in the "Lilium" genus, causing the disease commonly known as Lily Gray Mold. The symptoms of Lily Gray Mold include the appearance of water-soaked spots on leaves which appear white and increase in darkness with age, ranging from gray to brown. These spots may cover the entire leaf, complemented with a gray webbing, containing the fungal spores. The leaves will appear wilted and branches may die back. In addition to leaves, petals, stems, and buds may be infected, and this gray webbing will eventually cover the plant, feigning the appearance of gray flowers. Infected buds often rot. Lily Gray Mold disease, if not properly treated, will appear each year with increasing vigor.

Botrytis elliptica ist ein phytopathogener Schimmelpilz aus der Gattung "Botrytis". Er befällt ausschließlich Lilien ("Lilium"). "Botrytis elliptica" ist eine Anamorphe.


Pseudo-Apollodorus.

A certain "Apollodorus" is indicated as author on some surviving manuscripts. This Apollodorus has been mistakenly identified with Apollodorus of Athens (born c. 180 BC), a student of Aristarchus of Samothrace, mainly as it is known—from references in the minor scholia on Homer—that Apollodorus of Athens did leave a similar comprehensive repertory on mythology, in the form of a verse chronicle. The text which did survive to the present, however, cites a Roman author: Castor the Annalist, a contemporary of Cicero in the 1st century BC. The mistaken attribution was made by scholars following Photius' mention of the name, though Photius did not name him as the Athenian and the name was in common use at the time. Since for chronological reasons Apollodorus of Athens could not have written the book, the author of the "Bibliotheca" is conventionally called the "Pseudo-Apollodorus" by those wishing to be scrupulously correct. Traditional references simply instance "the "Library and Epitome"".  One of his many sources was the "Tragodoumena" ("Subjects of Tragedies") a 4th-century BC analysis of the myths in Greek tragedies by Asclepiades of Tragilus, the first known Greek mythographic compilation.

Manuscript tradition.

The first mention of the work is by Photius in the 9th century. It was almost lost in the 13th century, surviving in one now-incomplete manuscript, which was copied for Cardinal Bessarion in the 15th century; the other surviving manuscripts derive from Bessarion's copy.  Although the "Bibliotheca" is undivided in the manuscripts, it is conventionally divided into three books. Part of the third book, which breaks off abruptly in the story of Theseus, has been lost. Photius had the full work before him, as he mentions in his "account of books read" that it contained stories of the heroes of the Trojan War and the "nostoi", missing in surviving manuscripts. Sir James George Frazer published an epitome of the book by conflating two manuscript summaries of the text, which included the lost part.

Printed editions.

The first printed edition of the "Bibliotheca" was published in Rome in 1555, edited by Benedetto Egio (Benedictus Aegius) of Spoleto, who divided the text in three books, but made many unwarranted emendations in the very corrupt text. published an improved text at Heidelberg, 1559. The first text based on comparative manuscripts was that of Christian Gottlob Heyne, Göttingen, 1782–83.

The Bibliotheca (Ancient Greek: ), also known as the "Bibliotheca" of Pseudo-Apollodorus, is a compendium of Greek myths and heroic legends, arranged in three books, generally dated to the first or second century AD.

Die so genannte Bibliotheke oder „Bibliothek Apollodors“ ist eine vermutlich aus dem 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr. stammende, in griechischer Sprache verfasste umfangreiche Zusammenstellung antiker Mythen. Sie stellt eine wertvolle Quelle zur griechischen Mythologie dar.


Playing career.

As a youth, Dwyer played in the 1992 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Drummondville. He attended Philemon Wright High School in Hull, Quebec while playing for the Hull Olympiques of the QMJHL. He has also played for the Laval Titan, Beauport Harfangs, Drummondville Voltigeurs and the Quebec Remparts in the QMJHL.  Dwyer was drafted by the St. Louis Blues in the 3rd round, 67th overall, of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft. Unable to reach a contract agreement with St. Louis, Dwyer re-entered the draft in 1998 and was selected by the Montreal Canadiens in the 6th round, 152nd overall.  While a member of the Tampa Bay Lightning, Dwyer achieved notoriety by receiving a 23-game suspension for leaving the penalty box to engage in a bench-clearing brawl, during which he verbally and physically abused officials, in a pre-season game against the Washington Capitals on September 19, 2000. The suspension stands as one of the longest in NHL history.  In 2004, he signed as a free agent by the Carolina Hurricanes but never played for them. He played for the Lowell Lock Monsters of the American Hockey League, where he had 9 points and 183 penalty minutes in 56 games. He remained with Lowell for the 2005–06 season and due to a shoulder injury, he played only 17 games where he had 4 points with 37 penalty minutes. Dwyer went to the Vancouver Canucks training camp in 2006 hoping to earn a roster space. He also attended the New York Islanders 2007 training camp where he was a late cut. Through 108 NHL contests he has never scored a goal, though he obtained 5 assists and 394 penalty minutes.  Dwyer spent the latter half of the 2006–07 season with the Örebro Vipers of Swedish Division 1. In his first game for Örebro, he notched two assists, where he had 15 points and 16 penalty minutes in 11 games. In the 2007–08 season he played in Villingen-Schwenningen for the SERC Wild Wings in the German Bundesliga Germany2, where he had 7 points and 34 penalty minutes in 14 games. and previously for the Portland Pirates of the American Hockey League, where he had 3 points and 27 penalty minutes in 13 games. He repeated with the Örebro Watford Vipers of Swedish Division 1 for the 2008-2009 season, where he had 7 points and 79 penalty minutes in 13 games.

Coaching career.

Dwyer was named head coach and associate general manager of the Summerside Western Capitals of the Maritime Junior A Hockey League for the 2009-2010 season. Dwyer led a rebuilding team to a regular-season record of 27-20-1-2 (won-lost-overtime losses-shootout losses). The Capitals finished third in the Roger Meek Division, and won a seven-game division semifinal series against second-place Miramichi. The Capitals were then eliminated by eventual league-champion Woodstock in a five-game division final.  In 2010-2011, Dwyer returned as the team's Head Coach and Associate Director of Hockey Operations leading Summerside to a 2nd place finish with a 36-12-1-3 record. Under Dwyer’s guidance, the team went on to capture the Kent Cup as league champions with a 12-3 playoff record. Following the season, Dwyer was named the league's coach of the year.  On May 17, 2011, Dwyer was named the head coach of the P.E.I. Rocket of the QMJHL.  In The Hockey News 2011 edition of the 100 Most Powerful people in ice hockey, Dwyer was considered one of the Top 40 under the age of 40. This recognition was attributed to his assistance in the development of Tuff 'n Lite, a unisex cut resistant protective sport socks.  On April 22, 2012, Dwyer was named an assistant coach with Team Canada that won a bronze medal at the 2012 Hockey IIHF World U18 Championship in the Czech Republic.  On April 28, 2015, Dwyer was released as the longest-serving head coach in franchise history after four years as head coach of the Charlottetown Islanders. Dwyer went 116-133-9-14 in four seasons as the team's bench boss. It included 35-28-1-4 his final post season when the Islanders defeated the Sherbrooke Phoenix to advance to the second round for the first time since 2004.  On June 15, 2015, Dwyer was named the head coach of the KHL Medveščak Zagreb of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). In December 2016, he served as assistant coach of Team Canada at the prestigious Spengler Cup, helping guide Canada to their 14th title that year.  On January 31, 2017, Dwyer parted was with Zagreb to take over the head coaching position at HC Ambrì-Piotta of the Swiss top-flight National League A. "This is a great opportunity for me and a big step forward in my career", Dwyer said on Medveščak's website about his move to Switzerland. In the same article, the Canadian who was a fan favorite in Zagreb summed up his KHL experience: "When you're challenged daily, by both the opposition and internally to get the best of out of your hockey team, you have to grow as a coach and as an individual. And this has been a very rewarding experience." His Ambrì-Piotta stint ended at the close of the 2016-17 season.  In July 2017, Dwyer returned to the KHL, being named head coach of the Belarusian based HC Dinamo Minsk. He was relieved of his duties on November 9, 2018.

Gordie Rick Dwyer (born January 25, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played five seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Tampa Bay Lightning, New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens. He was the head coach of the PEI Rocket/Charlottetown Islanders of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) from 2011 to 2015. Most recently, he served as head coach of HC Dinamo Minsk in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Gordie Dwyer (* 25. Januar 1978 in Dalhousie, New Brunswick) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -trainer. Bis November 2018 war er Cheftrainer des HK Dinamo Minsk in der Kontinentalen Hockey-Liga. Dwyer spielte während seiner aktiven Karriere unter anderem für die Tampa Bay Lightning, New York Rangers und Montréal Canadiens in der National Hockey League.


Biography.

Formation.

Gastone Mojaisky was born on 6 August 1937 in Buonalbergo, a "comune" in the province of Benevento and the Italian region of Campania. He was born to the noble family of a Russian ambassador who was at the service of the tsar. He was the son of Alceste Perrelli of the noble family of Buonalbergo (after which the city was named) and Carlo, a lawyer and municipal secretary whose family had taken refuge in Buonalbergo for political reasons and established kinship with the illustrious families of the area, including the Perrelli, Mogavero, Cosentini, and D'Amore families, the latter two originally being from Benevento and San Marco dei Cavoti.  In Buonalbergo, Mojaisky Perrelli was raised in the Christian religion by his family, who turned to the Catholic Church after the untimely death of Alceste Perrelli and the unexpected devotion of Anna Mojaisky, Gastone's sister, who, in memory of her mother, professed her religious vows and took the name Sister Alceste before dying at a young age in 1934.  Mojaisky Perrelli was raised by his stepmother Donna Emilia D'Amore. After finishing his studies in Naples at G.B. Vico high school, he decided to enter the priesthood. He entered the Pontifical Seminary of Benevento and received his cassock as a seminarian on 14 November 1932 from Archbishop Adeodato Giovanni Piazza.  In 1937, at the Church of San Nicola di Bari in Buonalbergo, Mojaisky Perrelli was ordained a priest by Archbishop Orazio Mazzella. He later graduated from the Pontifical Lateran University, where he studied canon law, and from the Sapienza University of Rome, where he studied classical letters. He then added to his surname that of his mother, Perrelli.

Diplomatic career.

During his schooling and university education, he became fluent in five languages, which enabled him to be sent to Bolivia in 1942 as secretary of the Apostolic Nunciature to Bolivia. While there, he was appointed the chargé d'affaires "ad interim" in 1945.  In 1946, he was sent to Santiago de Chile, then moved to Switzerland three years later as an auditor of the Apostolic Nunciature to Switzerland in Bern. In 1951, he was sent as an advisor to the Nunciature in Mexico. While rector of the Apostolic Nunciatures in Cuba and in Guatemala, he was sent by Pope Pius XII to Mombasa in 1957 as Apostolic Delegate to British East Africa and British West Africa, an assignment he later held in Léopoldville. He was given in addition the position of Apostolic Delegate to the Congo and Ruanda-Urundi on 8 August 1959.

Episcopal ministry.

Mojaisky Perrelli was appointed Titular Archbishop of Amida on 8 August 1959 and was ordained a bishop on 1 November of that year by Cardinal Domenico Tardini and co-consecrators Archbishop Pietro Sigismondi and Bishop Vittorio Longo. He was a Council Father in all four periods of the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965.  Mojaisky Perrelli was appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Nusco on 10 May 1963 (archbishop being granted to him as a personal title).  He was appointed Archbishop of Conza-Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Bisaccia on 4 August 1973, both of which he held simultaneously until 1978. In these roles, he distinguished himself for his noble, strong-willed, austere, and upright character. On 18 November 1978, after a heated conflict with the local clergy, he resigned his pastoral offices and lived near the shrine of the Most Holy Savior in Montella in near-hermitage.  In the mid-1980s, he moved to Naples, where he lived in retirement and holding the title of Archbishop Emeritus of Nusco, in a community of Vincentian priests in Via Vergini. There, he died at dawn on 5 March 2008.  Following the solemn funeral Mass celebrated by Archbishop Andrea Mugione on 7 March in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, he was buried in the family tomb in Buonalbergo. During his life, he was appointed a Knight of the Grand Cross of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George.

Gastone Mojaisky Perrelli (born Gastone Mojaisky, 6 August 1914 – 5 March 2008) was an Italian Catholic archbishop. He served as Apostolic Delegate to the Congo and Ruanda-Urundi and then to British East Africa and British West Africa, during which time he held the Titular Archbishopric of Amida. He later served as Archbishop-Bishop of Nusco and as Archbishop of Conza-Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi-Bisaccia.

Gastone Mojaisky-Perrelli (* 6. August 1914 in Buonalbergo, Italien; † 5. März 2008) war römisch-katholischer Diplomat des Vatikans und Erzbischof von Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi-Conza-Bisaccia sowie Bischof von Nusco in Italien.


Playing career.

Junior.

Helm started his junior playing career with the Selkirk Fishermen of the Keystone Junior Hockey League (KJHL). He led the league in scoring for the 2003–04 season with 73 points in 34 games, en route to helping the Fishermen to a league championship. He also appeared in six games for the Selkirk Steelers of the Junior A Manitoba Junior Hockey League (MJHL) that season.  The following season, in 2004–05, Helm went on to play for the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Hockey League, beginning a three-year major junior career. Following a 24-point WHL rookie season, which was complemented by two goals and six assists in thirteen playoff games, Helm was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the fifth round, 132nd overall, of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. His second season in the WHL was much more productive as he led his team in scoring with 79 points in 70 games. He also helped the Tigers win the regular season title with a 47-16-9 record for 103 points. While the Tigers swept in the first two rounds of the playoffs that season, they lost the semifinals to the Moose Jaw Warriors. On September 27, 2006, Helm signed a three-year entry-level contract with the Red Wings. Nevertheless, he returned to the Tigers for a third and final WHL season in 2006–07 to help lead the team to an Ed Chynoweth Cup as league champions, defeating the Vancouver Giants in a seven-game final round. Earning a berth in the 2007 Memorial Cup, Helm and the Tigers then finished as runner-up to the Giants, who hosted the tournament.

Detroit Red Wings.

In 2007–08, Helm started his professional playing career and was assigned by the Red Wings to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Grand Rapids Griffins. Near the end of the season, he was called up to Detroit and played his first NHL game on March 13, 2008. Helm remained with the Red Wings for their 2008 playoff run, centring the fourth line, and scored his first NHL goal on May 10, 2008, during game two of the Western Conference finals against the Dallas Stars. He contributed 2 goals and 2 assists in 18 playoff games, helping the Red Wings to the franchise's 11th Stanley Cup.  Despite being able to stick with the NHL club for the last part of his professional rookie season, Helm returned to the AHL in 2008–09. After appearing in 16 regular season games for the Red Wings, however, he was called up once again for the first game of the 2009 playoffs. During game seven of the Western Conference semifinal series against the Anaheim Ducks, Helm scored a crucial goal on a breakaway to give the Wings a 2-0 lead. The Wings won the game and advanced to the Western Conference Finals against the Chicago Blackhawks, where he scored the series-winning goal in overtime of game five. With the goal, Helm became the first player in NHL history to score five playoff goals before scoring a regular season goal. He has since increased his total to six playoff goals before scoring a regular season goal, extending his record.  For the 2009–10 NHL season, Helm was placed as the regular fourth line centre. His speed and determination has led Detroit Red Wings coach Mike Babcock to name Helm as "probably our best player from start to finish." He had a notable game on New Year's Eve of 2009, when he scored two short-handed goals in a single outing against the Colorado Avalanche. Following the season, the Red Wings signed Helm to a two-year contract extension worth $1.825 million. The contract has an annual cap hit of $912,500.  Helm has developed a reputation of being one of the league's top defensive players, as well as one of the fastest. During the 2010–11 NHL season Helm stepped into a more consistent scoring role, setting career highs in all statistics. During the 2011 playoffs coach Mike Babcock named Helm "an elite player, probably not a fourth-line player"  On June 19, 2012, Helm signed a four-year, $8.5 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings.  On March 29, 2014, Helm recorded his first career hat-trick in a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs.  On July 1, 2016, Helm signed a five-year, $19.25 million contract extension with the Red Wings.

International play.

Helm participated in the 2007 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships for Team Canada; playing on the second and third lines, he won a gold medal.

Darren Helm (born January 21, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Darren Helm (* 21. Januar 1987 in St. Andrews, Manitoba) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit 2007 bei den Detroit Red Wings in der National Hockey League unter Vertrag steht. Mit den Red Wings gewann der Angreifer im Jahre 2008 den Stanley Cup. Aufgrund seiner Schnelligkeit und guter Defensivarbeit gilt er insbesondere als Spezialist für Unterzahlsituationen.


Life.

Gungaadorj was born 1935 in the Ikhkhet sum in Dornogovi Province. He graduated from the Russian State Agricultural University in Moscow in 1959. After holding several positions within the PMRP Central Committee from 1967-1968 he went on to become deputy minister of agriculture. In 1980 he was appointed first deputy minister of state farms and in 1981 he became first secretary of the Selenge Province MPRP Committee. In 1986 he was appointed minister of agriculture.  Before becoming Prime Minister, Gungaadorj was a member of the State Great Khural (parliament) for the constituency 33 in the Selenge Province and an advisor to the President of Mongolia. From 1987 to 21 March 1990 he served concurrently as deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and minister of agriculture and food industry. After the resignation en masse of the Politburo and government, including Prime Minister Dumaagiin Sodnom, on 21 March 1990 in the wake of anti-government demonstrations Sodnom became chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Prime Minister in what was essentially an interim administration before the first free elections could be staged the following September.  In 1992 he was appointed ambassador from Mongolia to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and later to Kazakhstan. He again became a member of parliament from 2000 to 2004, also serving as the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Environment and Rural Development. He did not stand for parliamentary elections in 2004 and in 2009 acted as an advisor to the Minister of Environment and Tourism.  Gungaadorj holds a PhD in agricultural sciences, and is a member of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. He is married and has three children.  Since 1997, Gungaadorj is the managing director of the "Agropro" corporation.

Sharavyn Gungaadorj (; born 2 May 1935) is a Mongolian politician and was the 14th Prime Minister of Mongolia (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) from March 21 to September 11, 1990.

Scharawyn Gungaadordsch (; * 1935) ist ein Politiker der Mongolei und war der 15. Premierminister der Mongolei (Vorsitzender des Ministerrates) vom 21. März bis zum 11. September 1990.


Plot.

George Venturi (John Ralston), a divorced man from London, Ontario who had custody of his three children from a previous marriage: sons Derek (Michael Seater) and Edwin (Daniel Magder), and daughter Marti (Ariel Waller), marries a divorced woman named Nora McDonald (Joy Tanner), who has two daughters of her own from a previous marriage: Casey (Ashley Leggat) and Lizzie (Jordan Todosey). Up until that point, Casey was perfectly content with her life. Growing up as the oldest child in a household in Toronto with only her mother and sister had suited her well and brought her up as a self-sufficient and independent young woman.  After George and Nora's marriage, the McDonalds moved in with the Venturis in London, Ontario. Casey was originally upset about having to move to London, Ontario from Toronto, a much bigger city (as shown in the episode "How I Met Your Stepbrother"), for many reasons including Derek, but she eventually got over her own problems and agreed to move there for Nora and George's sake once she saw how much they cared for each other.

Production.

The first season was filmed on Sound Stages at Atlantic Studios Cooperative Sound Stage in Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador. Seasons two through four were filmed in Toronto, Ontario.

Release.

Syndication.

"Life with Derek" and another Canadian sitcom, "Naturally, Sadie", were both added to Disney Channel in the United States in 2005. In June 2007, "Naturally, Sadie" was pulled from the channel, but "Life with Derek" was left on. Though many episodes were originally broadcast on Family in Canada, Disney often advertised the episodes as being new episodes (though they were only first-run broadcasts in the United States). "Life with Derek" has not aired on the Disney Channel since January 2, 2010, but reruns continued to air on Family, Family CHRGD until September 2016, and VRAK.TV in Canada.  The first two seasons were added to CBC Gem on December 26, 2019. The remaining episodes launched February 14, 2020.

Life with Derek is a Canadian television sitcom that aired on Family (English) and VRAK.TV (French) in Canada and on Disney Channel in the United States. The series premiered on Family on September 18, 2005, and ran for four seasons, ending its run on March 25, 2009. Reruns aired on Family Channel and multiplex sister channel Family Chrgd until September 2016. The series stars Michael Seater and Ashley Leggat as the two oldest children in a stepfamily.

Mensch Derek! ist eine kanadische Sitcom von Family in Kooperation mit dem Disney Channel, die zurzeit hauptsächlich auf verschiedenen Ablegern des Disney Channels ausgestrahlt wird. Die vierte Staffel wird seit dem 17. November 2008 auf dem deutschen Disney Channel ausgestrahlt, diese umfasst 18 Episoden à 23 Minuten.


Medieval.

During his last period of exile at the court of England (1377–1379), John V, Duke of Brittany, observed the functioning of the Order of the Garter. Back in Brittany, in 1381, he created his own order. The little we know of this order comes from Guillaume de St-André. In 1448, it became the Order of the Ermine and the Ear of Grain (Ordre de l'Hermine et de l'Épi). The ermine was a natural choice for the badge of his order, since the heraldic representation of its fur is the coat of arms of the Dukes of Brittany. In medieval times the ermine was believed to risk capture or death rather than sully the purity of its white fur and thus a symbol of concern for the uncompromising integrity of one's personal honor.  The Order admitted men and women of any social rank who had wrought exceptional service to the sovereign Duchy of Brittany. Other than the Order of the Hatchet of Tortosa, which was founded in 1149, this Breton order of chivalry has the only-known medieval instance of a woman, Katherine Potier, serving as an Officer of Arms; she bore the title of "Espy Herault". She was appointed to the office after the death of her husband, Yves, by Duchess Anne of Brittany.  Ackermann mentions this chivalric order as historical order of France. And that is because, notionally, it could have been said to have been in the gift of Duchess Anne de Bretagne as Queen of France [to Charles VIII from 1492–98], while Brittany had been annexed to allegiance to the Valois Monarchy.  After the death of Anne's daughter Claude of France in 1524, the order was allowed to fall into disuse, since her son, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, had been brought up at the French court, and did not consider himself a Breton.  The collar of a member of the order was composed of plaited ears of wheat, with a running ermine hanging from a small chain, all in gold.

Modern.

A modern honor by the same name was created in 1972 to honor those who contribute to Breton culture and development. At its head is a Chancellor (Yves Lainé) and two vice-chancellors: Riwanon Kervella and André Lavanant. The siege is at the Institut Culturel de Bretagne, the castle of the Ermine, Vannes.

The Order of the Ermine (L’Ordre de l’Hermine) was a chivalric order of the 14th and 15th centuries in the Duchy of Brittany. The ermine is the emblem of Brittany. In the 20th century, it was revived by the Cultural Institute of Brittany as an honor for those contributing to Breton culture.

Der Hermelinorden war ein Ritterorden, der im Jahre 1381 vom bretonischen Herzog Johann V. gestiftet wurde. Nach der Eingliederung der Bretagne in das Königreich Frankreich (16. Jahrhundert) wurde er als "Ordre de l' hermine" oder auch als "l' Ordre de A ma vie" bezeichnet; später versank er in der Bedeutungslosigkeit. Als einziger Ritterorden gestattete er auch Damen die Mitgliedschaft, die dann als "Chevalières" bezeichnet wurden.


History.

The bank was founded by Emperor Pedro II on 12 January 1861, as "Caixa Económica e Monte de Socorro" in Rio de Janeiro as a financial institution destined to collect national savings, mostly from the poor. Over the years, several similar institutions were created until most of them were merged into present-day Caixa Econômica in 1967.  The 1970s were particularly lucrative for the bank, mostly due to its near-monopoly on savings for the poor and lower-middle classes, the management of Brazilian state (federal) lotteries and being the only lawful pawn broker in Brazil. In the 1990s, however, the scenario changed and the bank underwent a serious downsizing, in which thousands of employees lost their jobs. Part of the problem was caused by the modernization of the Brazilian banking system in the 1980s, with many other banks introducing savings accounts to their portfolios, Brazilian states being granted rights to hold their own lotteries in addition to the federal government's, a series of corruption scandals regarding lottery fraud, and the opening of the national market to foreign banks. The control of inflation also hampered Caixa's financial performance by making savings accounts less attractive.  Nowadays, Caixa is the second biggest Brazilian bank and with locations in thousands of Brazilian towns, ranked the third-largest financial institution in Brazil by number of branches. Caixa has more than 85 million accounts, with liabilities worth more than R$ 237.00 billion in savings or investment. Together with government pension funds and other governmental resources, Caixa controls more than R$1.80 trillion (roughly about US$630 billion). Caixa is seen as a tool for public investment and expansion of access to financial services to the Brazilian public.  Caixa is still the manager of most Brazilian lotteries, especially the most popular ones, such as Mega-Sena, Quina and Loteca (former Loteria Esportiva). The profits of Brazilian state (federal) lotteries revert to amateur sport promotion and elementary education.

Caixa Econômica Federal (, "Federal Savings Bank"), also referred to as Caixa, is a Brazilian bank headquartered in the nation's capital, Brasília. It is the largest 100% government-owned financial institution in Latin America. It is the third largest bank in Brazil in terms of assets and one of the five largest in Latin America.

Caixa Econômica Federal, in Brasilien auch kurz "CAIXA" (Aussprache: [ˈkajʃɐ ekoˈnõmikɐ fedeˈɾaw], deutsch: "Bundessparkasse"), ist eine Bank Brasiliens und ein staatlicher Finanzdienstleister Südamerikas.


Biography.

Her secular name was Jelena. She was a daughter of "Kesar" Vojihna of Drama, and the wife of Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević, another medieval Serbian feudal lord. She is a tragic and majestic figure in the Serbian history of the Mrnjavčević family. Raised at the court of her father, who was one of the chief officers of the crown. Vojihna took part in the equitable jurisdiction of the exchequer, and was styled not merely king's treasurer or treasurer of the exchequer, but "kesar" (equivalent to lord high treasurer) and officer of the exchequer. (A holder of the post of "kesar" would be the third highest ranked great officer of the state, below "Despot" and "Sevastokrator"). Her father secured a proper education for Jelena.  The tragic events in her life seem to have the source of inspiration for her literary compositions, which were engraved on the golden backs of icons or embroidered on shrouds and church curtains rather than written on parchment of paper. The premature death of her infant son Uglješa, which came shortly after the death of her father Vojihna, signaled the beginning of the tragedies which were to befall her. The child was buried together with his grandfather at the Serbian Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos, in Greece, where women were prohibited to enter. The Serbian monastery was far from the city of Serres, where Jelena resided at the court of Despot Jovan Uglješa, her husband. Unable to visit the grave of her son, she engraved her lament on the back of the diptych (two-panelled icon) which Teodosije, the Bishop of Serres, had presented as a gift to the infant Uglješa at his baptism. The precious piece of art, valuable because of the gold, precious stones, and beautiful carving in wooden panels, became priceless after Jelena's lament was engraved on its back. The beauty of that lament is in its simplicity and its restrained and dignified, yet quite evident, maternal sorrow. The young mother admits that she cannot help grieving. What was intended to be a prayer for the deceased child became the confession of a mother unable to conceal her inner pain for her newborn. Engraved on the icons depicting Mother and Son, Jelena's lament for Uglješa immortalized the sorrow of all mothers mourning their deceased children.

The Battle of Maritsa.

The year 1371 brought another tragedy to Jelena's life. Her husband Jovan Uglješa, together with his brothers Vukašin Mrnjavčević and Gojko Mrnjavčević, gathered their armies in order to try to stop the Ottoman threat rising in the Balkans. They met the Turks at Maritsa river; and in the ensuing Battle of Maritsa, two of the Mrnjavčević brothers, as well as the major part of their armies, were killed. Unfortunately, a contemporary historical account of the battle is missing. According to legend Vukašin was surprised by the greatly outnumbered Turks and decided to camp for the night before battle. The Osmanlis waited and attacked the Serbian camps in a night raid and managed to achieve victory against all odds. The Turkish invasion of Raška and other Serbian feudal provinces was postponed, but at a high cost.  Jelena's personal tragedy was augmented by the national tragedy. At twenty-two, she was already a widow—helpless and unconsolable. She had to leave the court in Serres and move to the city of Kruševac, the capital of Raška at that time, where she accepted hospitality of the court of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and his wife Milica Hrebeljanović. Shortly before moving to Kruševac, Jelena became a nun and took the name of Jefimija.  While at the court of Lazar Hrebeljanović, Jefemija who seems to have been excellent in the art of embroidery, embroidered a curtain which she sent to the monastery of Hilandar as her gift. The text embroidered on the curtain is not Jefimija's original composition, but a combination of passages from the prayers of Symeon the New Theologian on Holy Communion, Symeon the Metaphrast, and Saint John Chrysostom. It is a large, beautifully embroidered, and ornamented curtain which is still treasured in the Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos.

The Battle of Kosovo.

The tragic Battle of Maritsa in 1371 was but a prelude to the fateful confrontation between the invading Turkish forces, led by Sultan Murad I, and the Serbian warriors, led by Prince Lazar, which took place in 1389 on the field of Kosovo. The Battle of Kosovo can best be described as a draw, after the two confronting leaders were killed and their armies decimated or ascribed as a defeat for the Serbs who were unable to recover from it for years to come. For the Serbs, therefore, the Battle of Kosovo marked the beginning of almost five centuries of Ottoman and Habsburg occupation of Serbian lands. Jefemija's host and protector, Prince Lazar, was beheaded at the order of Murad's son Bayezid I. Once more, Jefimija's sorrow was augmented by national tragedy through the loss of her beloved and respected friend. She expressed her grief through art: she embroidered a shroud for Lazar's coffin. On that shroud, she embroidered a poetic text of original creation in which she addressed the saint-martyr directly rather than God, as was customary. This shroud was completed in 1402; and in 1405, shortly before her death, Jefimija embroidered an epitaphion. In the text embroidered on this epitaphion, the Mother laments her Son, indicating the possibility that Jefimija was actually thinking again of her own deceased son while working on this embroidery, her last:  Jefimija's literary compositions are characterized by her use of the first person and by her expression of concrete and personal sorrow and anxiety rather than abstraction.  This unhappy mother and unfortunate wife, who was able to convert her sorrow into beautiful art, died about 1405.

Legacy.

She is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs.

Jefimija (, ; 1349–1405), secular name Jelena Mrnjavčević (Serbian Cyrillic: Јелена Мрњавчевић, ), daughter of Vojihna and widow of Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević is considered the first female Serbian poet, famous in Serbian medieval literature are her "Lament for a Dead Son" and "Encomium of Prince Lazar". The laments, a strictly feminine form of lyric, is common to some Slavic languages (called "tužbalice" in Serbian), and long narrative laments are intimately connected with heroic epic songs (example, Yarsolavna's lament in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign").

Jefimija (ihr Klostername) (* 1349; † 1405), ursprünglich Despotin Jelena Mrnjavčević, war eine serbische Nonne und Lyrikerin, die daneben auch ein bedeutendes mittelalterliches Zentrum für Seidenstickerei einrichtete. In der serbischen Historiographie gilt sie als die erste Dichterin Serbiens. Unter ihren Werken haben sich ein Enkolpion-Diptychon und das Katapetasma Jefimijas im Kloster Hilandar sowie das goldgestickte Leichentuch für den Kopf Fürst Lazars im Museum der Serbisch-Orthodoxen Kirche in Belgrad erhalten.


Geology.

The Chattooga River serves as part of the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina near latitude 35°N. The Chattooga River was not the original boundary line between South Carolina and Georgia. A treaty of 1816 extended the South Carolina boundary to its current location. Prior to 1816, the Chattooga was on the lands of the Cherokee Indian Nation.  The Blue Ridge Mountains, where the Chattooga starts, are considered to be ancient, even by geological standards. The rock is mostly granite. Geologists believe that the Chattooga may have made one direction change during its life. Originally, it probably flowed southwesterly into the Chattahoochee riverbed and on to the Gulf of Mexico, but at some point, the Savannah River eroded its northern headland until it intersected the Chattooga and diverted it to the Atlantic.  The rocks in the riverbed probably fell from the ridge above, but those rocks do not necessarily remain where they fall. In times of great downpours, high water, and fast currents, rocks can become dislodged and move downstream, taking other rocks and debris with them. During Hurricane Ivan in 2004, the wind force and waters knocked down big boulders off the sides. The hurricane released enough water in the Chattooga watershed to bring the river to its highest recorded flow rate, around to, rivaling the typical flow of the Grand Canyon.

Wild and Scenic River.

Since May 10, 1974, the Chattooga River has been protected along a corridor as a national Wild and Scenic River. of the river have been designated “wild”, about “scenic”, and “recreational” for a total of about. On the commercially rafted sections (III and IV) there is a 1/4 mile protected corridor of National Forest on both sides of the river, allowing no roads to the river or development of any kind. There are a few areas on the river where access has been made more accessible on Section III, but much of Section IV is fairly remote. The Chattooga also bisects the Ellicott Rock Wilderness which straddles three states (Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina) and three National Forests (the Chattahoochee, Nantahala and Sumter National Forests). Much of the Georgia portion of the river is within the Chattooga River Ranger District of the Chattahoochee National Forest.  Known as the "Crown Jewel" of the southeast, the Chattooga was the first river east of the Mississippi to be granted the Wild & Scenic designation, and is still the only one that is commercially rafted.

Tributaries.

The river is split into three forks. The Chattooga River is the main fork, running along the state line. The East Fork Chattooga River (sometimes East Prong Chattooga River) runs in from Jackson County, North Carolina and then Oconee County, South Carolina, and is long. The West Fork Chattooga River (variant name Gumekoloke Creek) runs in from Rabun County, Georgia, and is also a variant name for that county's Holcomb Creek, one of its own tributaries.  One of the largest tributaries in the Chattooga basin that flows mainly through private lands is Stekoa Creek, which flows primarily southeast for approximately from its headwaters in Mountain City, Georgia, through Clayton, Georgia, to its mouth at the Chattooga River. Stekoa Creek has been the single greatest threat to the Chattooga's water quality, due primarily to raw sewage leaking from the City of Clayton, GA's old sewage collection system, storm drains overflowing, sediment-laden runoff, poor agricultural practices, failing septic systems, and dumping from apathetic individuals. Non-profit organizations such as the Chattooga Conservancy, a non-profit organization dedicated to the protection, promotion, and restoration of the Chattooga River watershed, has made the neglected issue of improving water quality in Stekoa Creek a top priority. The Stekoa Creek Basin is approximately in size.

Rafting and boating.

In the late spring, the river is lined with blooming pink and white mountain laurel. Early spring is also a great time to go rafting, kayaking, or canoeing because of the higher flows and cooler temperatures. The Chattooga is a free-flowing river (no upstream dam to control the flow) which quickly responds to rainfall or drought conditions. As a drop-pool style river, rapids are followed by calm pools for swimming.  The Chattooga headwaters are located in the Whiteside Mountain area on the Blue Ridge escarpment near Cashiers, NC. Flowing through Cashiers as a small stream, the upper stretches (Sections 00, 0, and 1) are excellent trout waters and, depending on water level, are either not boatable or restricted. Section 1, beginning at Burrell's Ford, is very hazardous and restricted to certain months and water levels. The West Fork, sometimes incorrectly referred to as Section 1, is ideal for tubing and class II float trips. It begins at the Overflow Road Bridge and terminates at the Section 2 put-in. Section 2, starting at Highway 28, is a class II float. Section 3 has Class II-IV rapids which rafters and kayakers frequent. The final rapid in Section 3 is Bull Sluice. Section 4 includes Class II-V rapids, including the famous Five Falls (five class III-V rapids in roughly a 1/4 mile stretch). The minimum age requirement to raft Section 3 is eight, and Section 4 is twelve. A number of signature rapids on this river were featured in the motion picture "Deliverance".  The Forest Plan, issued in 1976 and revised in January 2004, restricted motorized craft, closed many roads to the river and prohibited floating on the upper of river. This plan was challenged by several boating advocacy groups, causing the United States Forest Service to withdraw the plan of 2004 and ordering a Visitor Use Capacity Analysis. The USFS issued its final decision in January 2012. The decision expanded boating onto some sections of the upper Chattooga, including Section 1, with a number of restrictions based on season, section of river, property ownership, time of day, and water level. The decision has proved controversial due to the extensive number of deaths on the river. Boating remains illegal above Greens Creek and Below Licklog creek. This section is difficult, commonly contains flood debris, flows infrequently, and will likely see limited whitewater use.

The Chattooga River (also spelled Chatooga, Chatuga, and Chautaga, variant name Guinekelokee River) is the main tributary of the Tugaloo River. Its headwaters are located southwest of Cashiers, North Carolina, and it stretches to where it has its confluence with the Tallulah River within Lake Tugalo, held back by the Tugalo Dam. The Chattooga and the Tallulah combine to make the Tugaloo River starting at the outlet of Lake Tugalo. The Chattooga begins in southern Jackson County, North Carolina, then flows southwestward between northwestern Oconee County, South Carolina, and eastern Rabun County, Georgia. The "Chattooga" spelling was approved by the US Board on Geographic Names in 1897.

Der Chattooga River (auch "Chatooga", "Chatuga" oder "Chautaga") ist einer der wenigen größeren Flüsse im Südosten der USA, dessen Lauf noch ursprünglich ist. Von seiner Quelle bei Cashiers in North Carolina fließt er entlang der Grenze von South Carolina und Georgia durch die Appalachen in südlicher Richtung und mündet nach 92 Kilometern in den Stausee Lake Tugalo, der ebenfalls vom Tallulah River gespeist wird. Unterhalb des Tugaloo Dam heißt der Fluss dann Tugaloo River, ein Quellfluss des Savannah River.


Geography.

Location.

The Frickenhofer Höhe is located south of the Limpurg Hills, north of Albuch, a part of the Swabian Jura, and east of the Welzheim Forest. The range lies in a triangle formed by the towns of Gaildorf to the northwest, Aalen to the southeast and Schwäbisch Gmünd to the southwest. It takes the shape of an elongated arc running from Schönberg (borough of Gaildorf) in the north to Abtsgmünd in the southeast. Municipalities within the region include Gschwend, Eschach, Göggingen, Ruppertshofen and Schechingen.  The northern boundary of the Frickenhofer Höhe and its spurs is the lowest reaches of the ”Fichtenberger” Rot, a river that approaches from the west and empties into the River Kocher near Gaildorf-Unterrot. The other boundaries, running anti-clockwise, are the “Gschwender” Rot and its two headstreams, the Lein and Kocher. The Gschwender Rot flows out of Gschwend southwards through the small villages of Birkenlohe, Hönig and the Rehnenmühle Retention Basin to its mouth on the Lein in Täferrot and demarcates the range to the west where it adjoins the Welzheim Forest. The Lein initially rns to Heuchlingen in an easterly direction. It forms the southern boundary as it heads northeast to its mouth on the Kocher in Abtsgmünd, separating the range from the Welland. The left side of the Kocher valley from Abtsgmünd via Sulzbach-Laufen to Unterrot is its most prominent dividing line with the Limpurg Hills.

Hills.

The hillsides of the Frickenhofer Höhe are steep and thickly wooded. The heights themselves are plateau-like with summits that rise only a little way above the surrounding area. The highest point is the Hohentannen at 565.4 m, between Frickenhofen and Rotenhar. This is easily reached from the hiking carp park "Hohetannen" on the road between Frickenhofen and Rotenhar. From here there is a good view over the forested heights and valleys of the Keuper Uplands with its "stuben" sandstone areas and Early Jurassic outliers. To the north the view extends to the Hohenlohe Plain and the "Traufbucht" of the Kocher near Schwäbisch Hall. To the south may be seen the Kaiserberge and the foreland of the Jura and its Albtrauf.  The hills and subpeaks of the Frickenhofer Höhe include (some only named after their fields) the following (sorted by height in metres (m) above Normalhöhennull (NHN):

The Frickenhofer Höhe is hill range, up to, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Most of the range falls within the county of im Ostalbkreis but its northern spurs reach into Schwäbisch Hall. The elongated plateau-like region is named after the village of Frickenhofen, a settlement on the narrow northwest tip of the hills in the municipality of Gschwend.

Die Frickenhofer Höhe ist ein bis zu hoher und an seinen Hängen bewaldeter Höhenzug im Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland), mit Nordausläufern im Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall. Die langgestreckte, plateauartige Landschaft ist nach dem Dorf Frickenhofen benannt, einem auf der schmalen Nordwestspitze gelegenen Ortsteil von Gschwend.


History.

Von Roll has its roots in the "Eisenwerke der Handelsgesellschaft der Gebrüder Dürholz & Co." (Ironworks of the commercial firm of the Brothers Durholz & Co.) which was established in 1803. This firm was then taken over in 1810 by Von Roll & Cie, newly formed by Ludwig Freiherr von Roll (1771–1839) and Jakob von Glutz. In May 1823, Ludwig von Roll founded the "Gesellschaft der Ludwig von Roll'schen Eisenwerke" which benefited from industrialization and railroad construction that demanded a lot of iron.  Following this, the business developed into one of the most important industrial groups in Switzerland with more than 10,000 employees in the 1970s. Like other Swiss companies, Von Roll suffered during the oil crisis of 1973. The company underwent financial restructuring after financial restructuring, seemingly without end. As recently as 2003, Von Roll had to fight for its survival. At the end of 2002, following the accumulated losses of previous years, Von Roll’s equity capital had shrunk to 10.3 million. In 2004 the company initiated a new strategy to focus on the insulation business, beginning its turnaround.  The main shareholder is in early 2019 August von Finck Jr. family with above 65% of the quotes. After the conversion of some convertible bonds in December 2018 the composition of shareholders became unclear. In 2019 the company is involved in law case for some salaries paid in €.

Von Roll Seilbahnen AG.

Von Roll Seilbahnen AG was the aerial tramway and cableway division that was sold to Austrian manufacturer Doppelmayr in 1996.

Products.

Perhaps Von Roll's best-known product was the type 101 sky ride or simply "VR101" that operated in many amusement parks. A total of over 100 were installed; as of 2008 only ten remained operational. On December 30, 1954, Felseneggbahn was opened. It was built by Von Roll in seven months for one million Swiss francs. It still runs, and on March 31, 2010, it carried its 10 millionth passenger. The Disneyland Skyway was Von Roll's first aerial ropeway in the United States. It opened on June 23, 1956, and closed on November 9, 1994. The first Von Roll VR101 was built in Flims, in 1944, and replaced in 1986.

Monorail.

The Mk II and Mk III monorail automated people mover (APM) systems were installed in a variety of locations before the technology was sold to Adtranz (later Bombardier), which continues to supply the parts for the monorail systems.  AirTrain Newark opened in 1996 and is a Von Roll system. The AirTrain Newark system was extended to connect with Amtrak and NJ Transit in 2001.  The monorail cars at Alton Towers theme park in England were built for Expo 86 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  Von Roll also manufactured the old Sentosa Monorail in Sentosa Island, Singapore in 1982, which closed down in March 2005.  The Jurong Bird Park Panorail in Jurong Bird Park, Singapore is a four-car straddle-beam monorail that began operation in 1991 and ceased operations in 2012.  Australia has had a total of four Von Roll Monorail systems, currently one is still in operation. A Von Roll MkII system is in operation at Sea World theme park on the Gold Coast (first monorail in Australia which opened in 1986). A MkIII Monorail system in nearby Broadbeach linking a shopping centre to a casino opened in 1989, but closed on January 29, 2017 due to life-expired equipment and declining patronage. Another MkIII Monorail system, the Metro Monorail, operated in Sydney, Australia linking the City Centre to Darling Harbour, however monorail services ceased on 30 June 2013 (it began operation on 21 July 1988). A MkII Monorail system was also in operation during World Expo 88 held in Brisbane, Australia, with a loop around the expo site at Southbank. There is no trace of the monorail system at the site.

Space Towers.

Cedar Point's Space Spiral, AstroWorld's Astroneedle and Coney's Space Tower were built by Willy Bühler Space Towers Company of Berne, Switzerland with cabins by Von Roll. In 1971 Intamin started marketing these towers and contracted these same companies to build them. Willy Bühler Space Towers was eventually acquired by Von Roll.

Von Roll Holding AG is a Swiss industrial group that operates worldwide. As one of Switzerland’s longest-established industrial companies, Von Roll focuses today on products and systems for electrical applications such as power generation, transmission and storage as well as e-mobility and industrial applications.

Die Von Roll Holding AG ist ein weltweit tätiger Schweizer Industriekonzern, der heute auf Erzeugnisse zur Energieerzeugung, -übertragung und -verteilung spezialisiert ist. Die operativen Aktivitäten des Unternehmens gliedern sich in die Segmente Von Roll Insulation, Von Roll Composites und in weitere Aktivitäten, welche die Wasser- und Abwasseraufbereitung einschliessen. Das Unternehmen ist seit 1987 an der SIX Swiss Exchange unter dem Symbol ROL notiert. Historisch war die Von Roll vorrangig bedeutend für ihre Eisenwerke und Giessereien.


History.

Bernard of Clairvaux founded the abbey at Buzay in 1135, at the request of Ermengarde of Anjou, widow of Alan IV, Duke of Brittany, and mother of Conan III, Duke of Brittany. The next year, in 1136, the first community of a dozen monks settled on the site of the new abbey with Nivard, a younger brother of Bernard de Clairvaux, as their prior. Bernard himself came for the dedication of the new foundation, accompanied by Geoffroy de Lèves, Bishop of Chartres, as they were travelling together on a visit to Parthenay to meet William X, Duke of Aquitaine. Around 1143, Bernard of Clairvaux came from Champagne to visit Buzay, but found its abbey in a state of great poverty and neglect. Conan III had not honoured his promises of support, and Bernard asked the monks to return to Clairvaux, but first he met Conan III, who admitted his fault and gave the monks everything he had denied them. They then decided to stay.  The abbey became rich, thanks to the salt trade, commercial traffic on the River Loire, and many gifts of land and other property. In 1177, Robert II, bishop of Nantes, approved the addition of a convent for nuns. In 1180, Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Nantes, a son of Henry II of England, Duke of Normandy, and of Eleanor of Aquitaine, assigned to the abbey in perpetuity twenty livres to be paid by the mills of the surrounding parish. With effect from 1474, commendatory abbots were appointed by the duke or king, replacing the regular abbots elected locally.  During the War in the Vendée (March – December 1793), following the French Revolution, Buzay Abbey was destroyed by fire. What now remains of the buildings is a tower which had been rebuilt in the 18th century, and some vaulted cellars. Other survivals are the bells, which were transferred to Chartres cathedral, an Italian marble altar, which was moved to the church of Saint-Louis in Paimbœuf, a pulpit, now in the church of St Peter in Bouguenais, and some other objects, including the oldest crucifix in the Pays de Retz, dating from the fourteenth century, in the chapel of St Anne of Tharon at Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef.

Daughter houses.

From Buzay, three new Cistercian abbeys were instituted as daughter houses.  On 1 July 1172, Buzay sent a few monks to the small Île du Pilier, north of Noirmoutier. However, the small windswept island posed so many problems for the new community that in 1205 the monks fell back on the island of Noirmoutier and founded the abbey of Our Lady the White.  On 25 March 1200, at the request of Constance, Duchess of Brittany, monks were sent for the founding of her new Villeneuve Abbey, on land belonging to Buzay, located on the Ognon, a river flowing into the lake of Grand-Lieu, near the Châtellenie of Touffou and the village of Bignon. The monks would help to drain the surrounding marshes, with advice from engineers of the Poitevin marshes, and would also help to dig a canal between Messan and the Loire.  In 1259, Buzay was prosperous enough to establish Prières Abbey, at the request of John I, Duke of Brittany, and the Cistercian Order.

Buzay Abbey, dedicated to Our Lady, was a Cistercian Abbey at Rouans in Pays de la Loire, France, formerly in Brittany, founded in 1135 and dissolved in 1790.

Das Kloster Buzay (Buzaium) ist eine ehemalige Zisterzienserabtei in der Gemeinde Rouans im Département Loire-Atlantique, Region Pays de la Loire, in Frankreich. Es liegt rund 30 km westlich von Nantes am Südufer der Loire im Pays de Retz.


Etymology.

Odessa is said to have been named after Odessa, Ukraine, because of the local shortgrass prairie's resemblance to Ukraine's steppe landscape.

History.

Odessa was founded in 1881 as a water stop and cattle-shipping point on the Texas and Pacific Railway. The first post office opened in 1885. Odessa became the county seat of Ector County in 1891 when the county was first organized. It was incorporated as a city in 1927, after oil was discovered in Ector County on the Connell Ranch southwest of Odessa.  With the opening of the Penn Field in 1929, and the Cowden Field in 1930, oil became a major draw for new residents. In 1925, the population was just 750; by 1929, it had risen to 5,000. For the rest of the 20th century, the city's population and economy grew rapidly during each of a succession of oil booms (roughly in the 1930s–50s, 1970s, and 2010s), often with accompanying contractions during the succeeding busts (particularly in the 1960s and 1980s).

2019 Shooting.

Seven people were killed and twenty five were injured on the Interstate 20. The suspect was killed by police.

Geography.

Odessa is located along the southwestern edge of the Llano Estacado in West Texas. It is situated above the Permian Basin, a large sedimentary deposit that contains significant reserves of oil and natural gas.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ; of it are land and of it (0.05%) is covered by water.

Climate.

Odessa has the semiarid climate typical of West Texas. Summers are hot and sunny, while winters are mild and dry. Most rainfall occurs in late spring and summer; snowfall is rare. The area exhibits a large diurnal temperature range and frequent high winds.

Demographics.

As of the 2010 Census, 99,940 people, 35,216 households, and 27,412 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,276.5 people per square mile (954.2/km2). There were 43,687 housing units at an average density of 995.1 per square mile (384.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.4% White, 5.7% Black, 1.1% Asian, 1.0% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 14.2% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 50.6%.  Of the 35,216 households, 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were not families. About 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65, and the average family size was 3.21.  In the city, the population was distributed as 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $24,000 and for a family was $27,869. Males had a median income of $50,000 versus $19,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,096. About 16.0% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 000.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

Historically, the Odessa economy has been primarily driven by the area's oil industry, booming and busting in response to rises and falls in the crude oil price. Many of the city's largest employers are oilfield supply companies and petrochemical processing companies. In recent decades, city leaders have begun trying to decrease the city's reliance on the energy industry to moderate the boom-bust cycle and develop greater economic sustainability.  The city's efforts to gradually diversify away from the energy industry have led to a growing role for the logistics industry, using Odessa's location along the major road and rail links through West Texas. Odessa is a stop on the Entrada al Pacífico trade corridor. The city became home to major retail distribution centers for Family Dollar in 2003 and for Coca-Cola in early 2007.  The city has also begun to concentrate on its downtown area. Construction of a 7-story full service Marriott Hotels & Resorts along with a conference center and parking garage is scheduled to open in August 2019. The Ector Theater which is on the northeast corner of 5th and Texas Avenue has been incorporated into the Marriott complex. Starbucks has also opened a standalone building directly in front of the Hotel and a Torchy's Tacos is currently under construction across the street. The city has begun to beautify the area to entice builders to come downtown. There is also a proposal to build lofts downtown but that is to be determined.  Odessa has also taken steps to diversify the energy it produces. A new wind farm has been constructed in northern Ector County. A new coal pollution mitigation plant has been announced for a site previously entered in the Futuregen bidding. The new plant will be run by Summit Power and will be located near Penwell. This new plant could lead to the creation of 8,000 jobs in the area. Plans are in place for a nuclear power plant to be run in conjunction with the nuclear engineering department at University of Texas of the Permian Basin, called High-Temperature Teaching and Test Reactor. This reactor is planned to be near Andrews.  Odessa's main enclosed shopping mall is Music City Mall, which includes Dillards, JC Penney, At Home, Burlington Coat Factory, an indoor ice skating rink, and CBS News. Construction of new retail in recent years has been concentrated on the city's northeast side. In November 2007, the city approved a contract with a company that develops armaments for US Army helicopters to begin operations in Odessa.

Largest employers.

As in many municipalities, some of the largest employers are in the education, government, and healthcare industries. Outside of those areas, the city's major employers are concentrated in the oil industry. According to the city's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Arts and culture.

Performing arts.

The Midland–Odessa Symphony and Chorale (MOSC) was founded in 1962, and is the region's largest orchestral organization, presenting both Pops and Masterworks concerts throughout the year. Composed of professional musicians from the area, as well as Lubbock, San Angelo, and other surrounding cities, the MOSC is also home to three resident chamber ensembles: the Lone Star Brass, Permian Basin String Quartet, and West Texas Winds. These ensembles are made up of principal musicians in the orchestra, who come to the area from across the United States.  The Globe of the Great Southwest, located on the campus of Odessa College, the community college in Odessa, features an authentic replica of William Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. It hosts plays and other community groups throughout the year, as well as an annual Shakespeare festival.  Built in 1951, the Ector Theater served as one Odessa's finest theaters until it closed. Today, the renovated 700-seat theater provides the community with classic movies, live theatrical productions, and concerts. The theater is now part of the Marriott Hotel and Conference Center which is scheduled to open in August 2019.  The Permian Playhouse has provided music, dance, drama, suspense, and comedy for over 40 years.

Sports.

The Odessa Jackalopes junior A ice hockey team plays its home games at Ector County Coliseum. High-school football is also popular. Ratliff Stadium, which was featured in the movie "Friday Night Lights", is home to the Odessa Bronchos and the Permian Panthers. It is one of the largest high-school stadiums in the state, listed as seventh in capacity within Texas.

Tourism.

Odessa's Presidential Museum and Leadership Library, on the campus of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin, is the only facility of its kind in the United States—dedicated to the office of the Presidency, not any particular occupant of the Oval Office. It also has displays about the presidents of the Republic of Texas. The museum was pushed to fruition by the late State Representative George "Buddy" West of Odessa. The building itself is named for West and his wife, Shirley.  After fighting financial hardships, the Presidential Museum closed its doors to the public as of 21 August 2009. In February 2010, additional funding allowed the doors to reopen, with negotiations pending for the University of Texas of the Permian Basin to take control of the museum.  The White-Pool House east of downtown is the oldest surviving structure in Odessa. It was built in 1887 and opened as a historic house museum in 1984.  Texon Santa Fe Depot, recently relocated to West Odessa, serves as a museum in honor of the old west and the railroads.  The Parker House Museum is Odessa's newest addition to the historical records of Odessa. In 1935, the Parker family moved into this modest house located on. It represents the lifestyle of a prominent ranching family, who served the communities of Andrews and Ector Counties since 1907.  Odessa Meteor Crater, an impact crater in diameter, is located southwest of the city.  Odessa has a Stonehenge replica on the campus of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin. Completed in 2004, the replica is horizontally equal to the Stonehenge in England, but only 70% of the vertical height of the original.

Government.

Local government.

Odessa has a council–manager government, with a city council of five councillors (elected from geographic districts) and a mayor (elected at-large). The council appoints and directs other city officials, including the city manager, and sets the city's budget, taxes, and other policies.  In the 2014 fiscal year, the Odessa government had $179.1 million in revenues, $146.3 million in expenditures, $454 million in total assets, and $203 million in total liabilities. The city's major sources of public revenues were fees for services (such as public utilities), sales taxes, and property taxes, and its major expenses were for public safety and for water and sewer service.

State representation.

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Odessa District Parole Office in Odessa.

Federal representation.

The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Odessa: Odessa, Northeast Odessa, and West Odessa.

Education.

Universities and colleges.

The University of Texas of the Permian Basin (UTPB) began in 1973. UTPB was an upper level and graduate university until the Texas Legislature passed a bill in spring 1991 to allow the university to accept freshmen and sophomores. As of 2006, the university was holding discussions with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission about construction of a new High-Temperature Teaching and Test Reactor, which if successful, would finish licensing and construction around 2012. It would be the first university-based research reactor to be built in the US in roughly a decade, and be one of the few HTGR-type reactors in the world. In January 2006, UTPB's School of Business was awarded accreditation by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International, which is generally regarded as the premier accreditation agency for the world's business schools. According to the university, only 30% of business schools in the United States, and 15% of world business schools, have received AACSB accreditation.

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Permian Basin Campus opened as a School of Medicine in 1979, beginning in the basement of Medical Center Hospital. Since 1994, TTUHSC Permian Basin has included a School of Allied Health, offering a master's degree in physical therapy. Also, on the campus of Midland College, it offers a physician assistant program. Additionally, TTUHSC Permian Basin includes a School of Nursing focusing on primary care and rural health. In June 1999, the Texas Tech Health Center opened as a clinic, providing increased access to primary and specialized health care for the Permian Basin. Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Permian Basin also operates 21 WIC clinics located in nearby small communities.

Odessa College.

Odessa College is a public, two-year college based in Odessa, serving the people of Ector County and the Permian Basin. It opened in 1952 and currently enrolls about 6,000 annually in its university-parallel and occupational/technical courses, and 11,000 students annually in its Basic Education, Continuing Education, and Community Recreation courses.

Primary and secondary schools.

The Ector County Independent School District was established in 1921, in a consolidation of seven area schools. The district now contains 38 campuses. It administers these high schools: Permian High School, Odessa High School, George H. W. Bush New Tech Odessa, OC Techs at Odessa College and Falcon Early Collge High School, also at Odessa College.  Odessa's private schools include Montessori Mastery School of Odessa, Latter Rain Christian School, Odessa Christian School, Permian Basin Christian School, Faith Community Christian Academy, St. John's Episcopal School, St. Mary's Central Catholic School, Rainey School of Montessori, Sherwood Christian Academy, and Zion Christian Academy. Odessa is also home to four charter schools: Compass Academy Charter School, Harmony Science Academy-Odessa, Embassy Academy, and Richard Milburn Academy-Odessa.

Media.

The city's main daily newspaper is the "Odessa American".

Rabbit as symbol.

The jack rabbit has become the symbol of Odessa. Beginning in 1932, Odessa held a rodeo for roping rabbits. In one competition, cowgirl Grace Hendricks roped a rabbit from horseback in five seconds and beat her male competitors. The unusual rodeo ended in 1977 because of objections from the Humane Society. Many businesses and residences about Odessa display models of rabbits.

Transportation.

Air and space.

Midland International Airport is served by:  Midland Spaceport is not currently served by any commercial space companies.

Odessa is a city in and the county seat of Ector County, Texas, United States. It is located primarily in Ector County, although a small section of the city extends into Midland County. Odessa's population was 99,940 at the 2010 census, making it the 29th-most populous city in Texas; estimates as of July 2019 indicate a population of 123,334 in the city. It is the principal city of the Odessa Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Ector County. The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland–Odessa combined statistical area, which had a 2010 census population of 278,801; a recent report from the United States Census Bureau estimates that the combined population as of July 2015 is 320,513. In 2014, "Forbes" magazine ranked Odessa as the third-fastest growing small city in the United States.

Odessa ist die Bezirkshauptstadt und Sitz der Countyverwaltung (County Seat) des Ector County im US-Bundesstaat Texas in den Vereinigten Staaten.


History.

1900s.

The company was founded on December 15, 1902 by Bryson Dexter Horton and James B. McCarthy. In 1903 they incorporated as the McBride Manufacturing Company. During the first decade of business, the company expanded into various other electrical products. In 1908, the company was renamed Detroit Fuse and Manufacturing. Horton, an 1895 electrical engineering graduate of the University of Michigan, was credited with the invention of the safety switch, which encased high voltage switches and started the company's main line of business of circuit breakers and encased control panels. Their first enclosed safety switch was introduced in 1909.  Soon after their renaming to Detroit Fuse and Manufacturing, the company adopted their famous logo — a capital "letter D" for Detroit, enclosed in a square. The logo was stamped on all Square D's switches and products. The combination of an easily remembered monogram logo and their great popularity resulted in customers referring their products as "Square D". Consequently, the company trademarked the logo and in 1917 they renamed the company Square D. Horton served as Square D's president until 1928

1920s-1930s.

In the early 1920s Square D sold the majority of their fuse business in order to focus more on their safety switches and other safety products. The company began an aggressive marketing campaign to promote their safety switches. Their advertisements, which became to be known as ""Jones is Dead!"", directed public attention to the safety hazards of exposed electrical switches in factories. Square D hoped to capitalize on the growing concern of factory safety. One such fully working Square D safety switch from 1922 was donated in November 2003 to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.  By 1929, Square D merged with a Milwaukee-based industrial controller company and began producing Westinghouse-licensed circuit breakers. In 1935 Square D began producing its own range of circuit breakers for both commercial and residential uses.

1970s-present.

In 1991, the company was acquired and became a subsidiary of Schneider Electric. In 2003, the Square D by Schneider Electric brand celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Product lines.

Introduced in 1955, the Square D "QO" line of miniature 3/4-inch circuit breakers may be their best-known product line, used in the electrical distribution boards of many residences in North America. The "QO" designation stands for "Qwik-Open"; Square D claims these are the fastest-opening breakers in the industry, responding within 1/60th of a second, or just one full power cycle on a 60 Hz AC line. QO breakers feature a window with a visual trip indication flag, making it easy to identify a tripped breaker in a panel. A "QOB" version is also offered, which stands for "Qwik-Open Bolted", featuring a screw that secures the breaker in the panel. This is useful in industrial installations where vibration might cause a QO snap-in breaker to loosen and prevents them from accidentally being popped out while an adjacent breaker is being changed. A QO breaker could easily be clipped into a QOB panel. The QO and QOB series breakers are by far their most popular commercial products.  A second miniature circuit breaker line is sold under the brand name Homeline, marked "HOM". Designed for value, they lack the fast-trip feature and the visual trip flag of the "QO" series, cost one-third to half less, and are physically not interchangeable with "QO" breakers.  In the 1960s Square D introduced the Safety Line distribution centers for large industrial electrical power loads. This design had solid or tubular busing with each large fused switch clamping onto the busing. The company also sold the B line 277-480 volt panels, generally used for lighting in the 1970s and 1980s.  Another well-known Square D product line is the Powerlink circuit breaker, created for lighting control in commercial buildings. B Line and D Line were the breaker panels in which Powerline breakers were used. Eventually, the company branded Powerline and Powerlink panels and breakers. Powerlink was a heavy duty 277-volt lighting breaker, used in large buildings with 277-volt lighting loads. These were also favored for their robust design, and functional reliability. This means less panel space and wire are needed.  The I-Line series of distribution panelboards is favored by many electricians for its ease and safety of adding new breakers. The panel uses a stacked bus system that protects the energized bus from accidental contact and the breaker can be easily installed using a flat blade screwdriver contacting only de-energized parts of the backplane of the panel. The design of the breakers and panel require that extra attention be paid to phase rotation, as the right (even-numbered) side of the panel will have the phases in a C-B-A configuration whereas the left (odd-numbered) side of the panel will have a more standard A-B-C arrangement.  Square D also made disconnect switches, both fused, and unfused, as well as Heating Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HACR) rated switch boxes that held an HACR breaker for use as a disconnect. The QO type breaker fits this disconnect box. These were popular with food service, grocers, and other cold storage users.  Other companies used terms like "Quick Lag" and similar brand name letter coding on their circuit breakers, "e.g.", QL, QLRB, etc. No one knows who started the brand coding for sure. These brand-specific letter codes had nothing to do with National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) specifications or coding, although they appear to have been intended to emulate NEMA codes.

Square D is an American manufacturer of electrical equipment headquartered in Andover, Massachusetts. Square D is a flagship brand of Schneider Electric, which acquired Square D in 1991.

Das 1902 gegründete Unternehmen "McBride Manufacturing" wird 1917 aufgrund des Bekanntheitsgrades des Firmenzeichens, ein D im Quadrat auf den Produkten, in Square D umbenannt. 1991 übernahm die Groupe Schneider das Unternehmen.


Career.

Watters grew up in Rio Vista, California. At St. Joseph's military academy he belonged to the drum and bugle corps. In 1925 he moved with his family to San Francisco, where he started a jazz band. He taught himself how to arrange music and played trumpet on a cruise ship. He studied music at the University of San Francisco with help from a scholarship, but he dropped out of school to pursue a career.  During the 1930s he went on tour across America with the Carol Lofner big band. While in New Orleans, he became interested in traditional jazz. Back in California, he assembled jam sessions with Bill Dart, Clancy Hayes, Bob Helm, Dick Lammi, Turk Murphy, and Wally Rose. In 1938 he formed a band that included Hayes, Helm, Squire Gersh, Bob Scobey, and Russell Bennett. The band found steady work at Sweet's Ballroom in Oakland, slipping in pieces of traditional New Orleans jazz into the repertoire until Watters was fired.  In 1939 he started the Yerba Buena Jazz Band to revive the New Orleans jazz style of King Oliver. He brought in pianist Forrest Browne, who taught the band music by Jelly Roll Morton.  Watters wrote music and arrangements to add to the traditional repertoire. The band performed at the Dawn Club in San Francisco. It went on hiatus in 1942 when Watters entered the U.S. Navy but reunited at the Dawn after World War II. After the Dawn closed, the band started the club Hambone Kelly's in El Cerrito, California. In 1949 the band performed with visiting musicians Kid Ory, James P. Johnson, and Mutt Carey. After Hambone Kelly's closed, the band broke up in 1950.  Watters left music and became a carpenter, cook, and a student of geology. In 1963 he came out of retirement to perform with Murphy at an anti-nuclear protest in California to prevent a nuclear plant from being constructed at Bodega Bay. He recorded an album for Fantasy with Rose, Helm, Bob Mielke, and Barbara Dane. It included the title track and another song named for the San Andreas Fault, which was consistent with his interest in geology. In 1961, a mineral from California was named wattersite in his honor.

Lucius Carl Watters (December 19, 1911 – November 5, 1989) was a trumpeter and bandleader of the Yerba Buena Jazz Band.

Lucius „Lu“ Watters (* 19. Dezember 1911 in Santa Cruz; † 5. November 1989 in Santa Rosa) war ein US-amerikanischer Jazz-Trompeter des New-Orleans-Jazz-Revivals in San Francisco, Gründer der „Yerba Buena Jass Band“.