History.

Alba was officially incorporated in 1968 and began operations in 1971 with an annual capacity of 120,000 metric tonnes per annum. After modernisation and expansion works the smelter's capacity rose to 450,000 tonnes in 1992. In March 2005 Alba commissioned a new reduction line, Line 5, which increased the company's capacity to over 860,000 tonnes of aluminium at that time.

Ownership.

The shareholders of Alba are Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company (69.38%), SABIC Investment Company (20.62%) and the General Public (10%).  The company went public in 2010, launched its first IPO, and was listed on the Bahrain Bourse and the London Stock Exchange, under the symbol "ALBH".

Plant.

The Alba plant comprises five reduction lines, two cast houses, a dedicated carbon plant, a 550,000 mtpa coke calcining plant, a water desalination plant, 11 fume treatment plants, a marine terminal, and a 2,249 MW ISO power plant, consisting of 4 power stations. The plant also features a 13 hectare oasis, with more than 15,000 trees and shrubs, a fruit and vegetable garden, and an artificial lake.

Product Range.

Aluminium Products.

Standard Ingots.

Standard ingots are for downstream users who wish to re-melt this residual form of aluminium in their own furnaces, and then cast it to produce a variety of end products. Alba's production capacity of standard ingots stands at approximately 400,000 metric tonnes per annum.

Rolling Slabs.

Sheet ingots, or rolling slabs, are used in rolling mills for manufacturing aluminium foil and sheet products. The total annual production capacity of rolling slabs currently stands at approximately 140,000 metric tonnes per annum.

Foundry Alloy Ingots.

Foundry alloy ingots are mainly used by the automotive industry for manufacturing automotive wheels, truck hubs and gas pump nozzles.

Extrusion Billets.

Extrusion ingots are widely used in the construction industry (for windows and door frames), transportation, engineering, and consumer durables. Alba produces around 380,000 metric tonnes per annum of extrusion ingots.

Liquid Metal.

The Liquid is supplied in liquid form to downstream industries in Bahrain and is transferred in crucibles. It takes 5 hours for the liquid metal to solidify.

Other Products.

Calcined Coke.

Alba is one of only two smelters in the world to have a dedicated coke calciner, its production capacity is nearly 550,000 metric tonnes per annum.

Anodes.

Alba has three carbon plants that produce about 550,000 metric tonnes of anodes every year. Carbon anodes are produced from calcined petroleum coke and coal tar pitch.

Power.

With its four natural gas turbine power stations having a total power generating capacity of 2,249 MW ISO, equivalent to the average power consumed in Bahrain as a whole, Alba's energy needs are fulfilled independently. With waste heat recovery, some of the power stations have an efficiency of 54%.

Water.

Alba's seawater desalination plant was commissioned in 2001. It utilises waste heat from the calcining process to generate steam for the production and supply of 41,000 cubic metres per day of potable water.

Environment Conservation.

Alba has invested more than US$589 million environmental conservation and earned international praise and recognition for being committed to implementing highest environmental standards across the organisation.

Line 6 Expansion Project.

Alba's Line 6 Expansion Project is one of the largest brownfield developments in the region. Expected to begin production by January 1, 2019, this Project will boost the smelter's per-annum production by 540,000 metric tonnes, bringing its total production capacity to 1.5 million metric tonnes per year.  The Line 6 Expansion Project will make Alba the world's largest single-site aluminium smelter and be a significant economic boost for the Kingdom of Bahrain due to the many co-investment opportunities through local and foreign aluminium investments.

Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C., or simply Alba, is one of the largest industrial companies in the Middle East and is one of the largest aluminium producers in the world. The company is based in Bahrain and 84% of its total workforce are Bahraini nationals.

Aluminium Bahrein ("Alba") gehört zu den weltgrößten Aluminiumherstellern. Die Aluminiumproduktion belief sich im Jahr 2010 auf ca. 850.000 t. Die Firmenzentrale mit den Produktionsanlagen befindet sich in Askar an der Südostküste des Inselstaats im Persischen Golf. Die Unternehmensproduktion macht (Stand 2010) Bahrain zum zehntgrößten Aluminiumhersteller weltweit. Als Eigentümer des Unternehmens werden der Staat Bahrain (77 %), der saudi-arabische Public Investment Fund (20 %) und das örtliche Unternehmen Breton Investments (3 %) genannt.


Procedure.

In the United States, once a person has been charged with a crime, the government may request that a judge either issue a summons for that person or an arrest warrant, which can lead to a perp walk. This decision is largely at the discretion of the prosecutor, with judges often deferring to it. Since the arrest power is meant to ensure the defendant's presence in court, lawyers defending the white-collar criminals who have been perp-walked since the late 1980s have complained it is unnecessary and superfluous in their clients' cases, even if it does give the appearance of preferential treatment for wealthy defendants. Lea Fastow, the wife of former Enron executive Andrew Fastow, cited the perp walk she was made to take even though she had expressed her willingness to surrender to a summons in an unsuccessful motion for a change of venue. Some, like Martha Stewart, have still managed to avoid being perp-walked by responding to summonses, or surrendering in the courtroom as soon as the indictment is presented in open court.  This did not prevent another Houston-area defendant, former Dynegy natural gas trader Michelle Valencia, from undergoing a perp walk in 2003. After waiting all day for the indictment, her attorney told prosecutors she would return there the next morning. Instead, she was arrested at her home before the courthouse opened. Her attorney said prosecutors were bullying her for refusing to cooperate with them. Similarly, lawyers for Adelphia Communications chairman John Rigas criticized prosecutors for having him arrested at his home on Manhattan's Upper East Side in 2002 despite his offer to surrender. Defense lawyers have been advised that if they are aware an indictment and arrest is imminent, to announce to the media that their client will surrender at a particular time in the near future, making a subsequent arrest and perp walk seem gratuitous.

Law enforcement.

The ultimate discretion over whether a perp walk occurs belongs to the arresting law enforcement agency. Local departments may inform the media prior to an arrest even occurring, if they wish to have footage of that being broadcast. Federal agencies, on the other hand, are generally prohibited from informing the media of arrests in advance by Justice Department policy. However, they cannot prohibit photography or video of a defendant being transported through public places after the arrest has been publicized.  Once the decision is made to arrest the suspect, or they have voluntarily surrendered, they are photographed and fingerprinted at a police station, and then taken to the appropriate courthouse for an arraignment or similar procedure that brings the case into the legal system. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) usually advises the media as to when this will happen in cases that may be of interest; other large departments do not, so photographers and camera crews wait at

Defendants.

Most law enforcement agencies will allow suspects to temporarily hide their faces during their perp walks. They may simply (if they are cuffed in the front or not cuffed at all) use their hands to shield their faces from onlookers and the press. Some may wear sunglasses, and some may wear hooded shirts or jackets that they then wrap tightly around their faces. Suspects sometimes pull clothing over their heads or walk with their heads down to hide their faces. Suspects also often struggle to walk and hide their faces at the same time as they are often bombarded with the microphones and cameras of the press covering their arraignments or cases. The police also sometimes provide certain defendants, such as accused current or former police officers and criminals who have been useful to them as informants, with hoods and abbreviated perp walks from a side entrance. Conversely, in a high-profile case, the police may accommodate the media by extending the perp walk into a "perp parade" beyond the necessary distance, such as around the block, or delaying the court proceeding until the media

Media.

Reporters usually ask questions such as "Did you do it?" if the defendant is not known to have confessed to the crime, or "Why did you do it?" when they have. Usually defendants do not answer or even acknowledge, since by that point they have been advised, as required under the Fifth Amendment, of their right to remain silent. One exception was Emmanuel Torres, arrested in 1984 on suspicion of murdering a woman in the course of an attempted rape. He told reporters that the victim was a "slut" and

Purpose.

The perp walk has been described as primarily serving the interests of the police and the media rather than the defendant or justice. "Cynics might call the perp walk the crime reporter's red carpet", says crime reporter Art Miller. "Police and prosecutors get to show off their trophy. [We] lap it up because that's all we know we're going to get" since so many other aspects of the criminal justice system prior to trial take place out of public view, and even trials themselves may not always be televised or even photographed. "Those 30 seconds of a perp walk are the lifeblood to the TV news. Between that and the mug shot that is often all you got as visuals to tell a crime story." Retired NYPD detective Nicholas Casale likens it to a service: "It promotes the arrest, it allows the defendant an opportunity to make a statement to the press, and it's centralized".  Prosecutors say it sends a message that no one is above the law, and the likelihood of being perp-walked after arrest deters criminal behavior on the part of offenders, especially white-collar criminals, who might otherwise believe they could successfully avoid conviction. Mary Jo White, former United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, the federal prosecutor's office that handles most crimes committed in the financial sector, believes perp walks in such cases restore investor confidence. Police say that the image of a suspect being taken into custody, when publicized, can encourage other witnesses to come forward with relevant information. Lastly, prosecutors may be trying to get an advantage in a bail hearing if they consider the defendant to be a flight risk, since it bolsters their case if the defendant apparently had to be arrested.  Outside of its tactical benefit to law enforcement, "[i]t does perform some social functions", says Tierney. "A community shaken by an act of deviancy wants reassurance that moral order has been restored, and a perp walk accomplishes this much more quickly than the courts can. But, then, so does a lynching." He argues its real social value lies in shaming:  In a 2014 paper, Sandrine Boudana of Tel Aviv University agrees

History.

Perp walks have historical antecedents in public spectacles around the administration of justice throughout history. Within the United States, again particularly in New York City, the process has evolved over time and through some celebrated instances.

Prehistory.

Tierney finds some precedent for perp walks in Biblical, mythological and historical events as they have been depicted in art. "In paintings of the expulsion from Eden, Adam and Eve are modestly trying to cover their bodies from public view, and the sword-wielding angel's stern expression anticipates the look on a homicide detective walking an accused cop-killer." Similar elements, he writes, are also present in depictions of Achilles dragging Hector's corpse behind his chariot outside the walls of Troy, Jesus being exposed to the people before walking to Calvary and French aristocrats being taken in tumbrels to the guillotine during the French Revolution. A major difference, he allows, is that "those spectators seem far more polite than the New York City press corps."  In medieval Europe, the "end" of the judicial process, often an execution, was often its most public, and sometimes the "only" public, aspect. French philosopher Michel Foucault wrote in "Discipline and Punish", his influential history of the evolution of criminal justice over the course of the Enlightenment:  At that point, "[i]t was the task of

1890s–1960s: The early years.

In the United States, the perp walks dates back more than a century, to when cameras' shutter speed became fast enough to allow photography of a small group of individuals walking. It is believed to have been done even prior to Theodore Roosevelt's tenure as New York City police commissioner in the 1890s. The city's newspaper photographers soon ritualized it. J. Edgar Hoover, the first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), made sure the press could witness his agents bringing accused gangsters Alvin Karpis and Harry Campbell to justice.  One of the earliest precursors of the perp walk, before the term came into use, occurred in 1903. NYPD inspector George W. McClusky had arrested the principal members of the Morello crime family, one of the earliest dominant Mafia groups in the city, following the discovery

1960s–1980s: The televised perp walk.

In New York, the rise of television news later in that decade led to other changes. Reporters came with camera crews, which could no longer be accommodated inside precinct houses. In 1969 a group of journalists, judges and police officers drew up guidelines for perp walks after a conference. "Law enforcement and court personnel should not prevent the photographing of defendants when they are in public places

1980s–1990s: White-collar perp walks.

In the 1980s, white-collar criminals began to be perp-walked as well, as federal prosecutors saw the public-relations value of the practice. During his tenure as United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Rudolph Giuliani often had Wall Street investment bankers perp-walked. Defendants such as Richard Wigton, a Kidder Peabody trader accused of insider trading, were arrested at their place of business and walked off a trading floor in handcuffs with a uniformed police escort, as Charlie Sheen's character Bud Fox is in Oliver Stone's 1987 film "Wall Street". "Rudy Giuliani made an art form out of [the perp walk]", says Loyola Law School professor Laurie Levenson. Former Manhattan district attorney Robert Morgenthau agrees, calling Giuliani "the master of the perp walk".  At the same time, the term "perp walk" became common usage for the practice. "New York Times" language columnist William Safire found 1986 to be its earliest use in the media. His colleague John Tierney claims the term was in use among photographers and the police as early as the 1940s.  Major figures in organized crime had always

1990s–present: Legal challenges and resumption.

Some of the NYPD's own officers were subjected to a notable perp walk in 1994. After a wide-ranging investigation found extensive corruption at the 30th Precinct in Harlem, a large group of officers were arrested in uniform and led out in handcuffs before the media. William Bratton, then the city's new police commissioner was present, holding a news conference to announce the arrests. He removed the officers' badges, with the cameras rolling, and threw them in the garbage.  In the late 1990s, the NYPD stopped doing perp walks when one led to a lawsuit. John Lauro, doorman at an Upper East Side apartment building, was arrested on theft charges in 1995. After his original perp walk, the detective, Michael Charles, did another one three hours later so a local television news crew could film the event. The charges were later dropped, and he filed a Section 1983 suit

Legality.

In the 1931 "Near v. Minnesota" decision, the United States Supreme Court held that laws limiting what could be published, called prior restraint, infringed on the freedom of the press guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution. "The fact that the liberty of the press may be abused by miscreant purveyors of scandal", wrote Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, "does not make any the less necessary the immunity of the press from previous restraint." Later the Court would allow a limited exception for national security purposes, in the Pentagon Papers case, "New York Times Co. v. United States".  In the early 1980s a series of cases established the right of the press to cover all aspects of criminal proceedings in court. The first, "Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia", held that the right to be informed about government action was specifically protected by the Constitution. Judges may still close criminal court proceedings to the media if they believe that coverage would create a "substantial probability" of denying the defendant his or her right to a fair trial, but must state their reasons for doing so on the record.  With this underlying law, no defendant had challenged the constitutionality of the perp walk prior to John Lauro. Despite criticisms that it undermined the presumption of innocence, defendants who had been convicted or pleaded guilty never claimed their rights had been violated by the perp walk, and could not claim injury to reputation from it. Lauro, who had been perp-walked only to have the charges later dropped, was the first claimant to have standing.

"Lauro v. Charles".

In 1995 Lauro, doorman at a small Upper East Side apartment building, was arrested on burglary charges after a resident sent video from a hidden camera to police that apparently showed Lauro stealing from his apartment while on vacation. After his arrest the detectives were told he should be taken on a perp walk for cameras from a local TV station, to which the tenant had licensed his surveillance video. He was taken, in handcuffs, out to a police car, driven around the block and walked back into the building.  While the video showed Lauro looking through the tenant's drawers and closets, it did not show him taking anything. On further investigation the

"Caldorola v. County of Westchester".

As the district court was getting ready to rule on Lauro's case, another challenge to the perp walk was beginning. In 1998 the Department of Corrections in Westchester County just north of New York City began investigating whether several of its corrections officers were falsely claiming disability benefits. Video surveillance found four were seemingly more active than their claimed disabilities would allow, and a fifth was living outside the state in violation of a residency requirement.  They were charged with third-degree grand larceny, a felony, and arrested at DOC offices. County employees videotaped them being led, handcuffed, to vehicles after their arrest. At a press conference that afternoon, County Executive Andrew Spano announced the arrests and showed the surveillance video. He told the reporters the defendants were being arraigned at a nearby municipal court, and the defendants were made to wait until the media could film them being led into the courthouse.  They filed suit in the Southern District, alleging that the maximized media exposure of their perp walk violated their Fourth Amendment rights even though it had not been staged as Lauro's had. In 2001 Judge Colleen McMahon ruled for the county. Videotaping

Criticism.

The perp walk has been both criticized and defended by lawyers, journalists, politicians and the general public, both inside and outside the United States.

Legal.

In a footnote to his decision in the Lauro case, Judge Schwartz made his distaste for "all" perp walks clear.  Critics have also said it is detrimental to the presumption of innocence. "It's a way for the police to try their case in the press and to get the intimation of guilt by virtue of an arrest," says New York Civil Liberties Union director Donna Lieberman. "The question is, does it poison the right to a fair trial? And that depends on each case." Nat Hentoff of the "Village Voice" observed that "[u]nder such circumstances, even Mother Teresa would look extremely suspicious, especially if her hands were cuffed behind her back." Acknowledging a common response to such criticisms, that no arrested defendant is spared the perp walk, law professor Patricia Williams says "the perp walk is a social equalizer all right, but not in a good way" since the United States leads the world in incarceration rates.

Journalistic.

Some journalists have criticized the behavior of their colleagues covering perp walks. Stephen Stock, investigative reporter for WFOR-TV in Miami, argues that "showing this 'walk' in such circumstances is exploitative" and might be viewed as "knocking someone down a peg," if they were already well-known. "Perp walks are often the very first'money shots' of a high-profile crime case," says Lori Waldon, news director for Milwaukee station WISN. "Those first images are important when the story breaks. But we also know that the perp walk often looks and feels like a circus. Unfortunately, those images often portray journalists at their worst."  In particular, Waldon criticizes reporters asking questions like "'Did you kill your wife?'" "It's those silly questions that elevate a perp walk to a circus. That's the stuff of a "Saturday Night Live" skit. I think any question that's insulting, presumptuous or bullying is totally off limits." Crime

Strauss-Kahn case.

In 2011 detectives from the New York City Police Department's Special Victims Unit walked a handcuffed Dominique Strauss-Kahn past waiting reporters on the way to his arraignment on charges of sexually assaulting a hotel housekeeper. His case drew significant attention since he was, at the time, director of the International Monetary Fund and considered a leading candidate to challenge Nicolas Sarkozy in the 2012 French presidential election. The charges were later dismissed.  The police department's handling of the Strauss-Kahn case was heavily criticized in his native France. Élisabeth Guigou, who as French minister of justice in 2000 had lobbied successfully for the passage of a law that forbids the publication of any images of an identifiable defendant in handcuffs who has not yet been convicted, criticized the walk, stating: "I found that image to be incredibly brutal,

Responses and defenses.

John Tierney says that without the perp walk, reporters "would start buying old snapshots and home videos from disgruntled relatives and neighbors" and use them to depict the defendant, and those images might be more invasive and prejudicial. Some broader social benefits have been suggested, in particular transparency. The perp walk allows the police to demonstrate that they did not physically abuse the defendant upon arrest or during the subsequent interrogation.  New York City Major Michael Bloomberg stated that "Our judicial system works where the public can see the alleged perpetrators." Art Miller dismisses concerns that the perp walk prejudices the jury pool: "This is not "Napoleonic" justice where the judge is the fact finder, prosecutor and jury. Here the people will decide ultimately. And no matter who you are, if

In other countries.

In Canada reporters are similarly allowed to witness defendants being brought to court in restraints, and photograph it. However, Ryerson University journalism professor Lisa Taylor says that such activities, were they undertaken deliberately to shame or humiliate a defendant, could lead to "a legal claim for abuse of legal process". This, she explains, helps avoid "the deliberate or circus atmosphere that so often surrounds high-profile arrests in the States."  Policies elsewhere in the world vary. In Britain and France defendants are brought to court in vans with blacked-out windows. In some other European countries the accused's name may not be published, or the media decline to, in order to make it easier for an offender to resume normal life after conviction. Edward Wasserman speculates that criticism of European criminal-justice systems in light of a perceived rise in crime stemming from immigration, and the availability of suppressed or unreported information online, may lead to a greater openness there. "The next U.S. export to join Starbucks and iPads in the Old World may yet be the perp walk."  Similar practices, some involving greater exposure and potential incrimination of the defendant, exist outside Europe and North America. Police in some Latin American countries have those arrested confess to the crime before the cameras. In Mexico, the equivalent practice is called a "presentacion" (Spanish for "introduction"). Defendants suspected of involvement in the drug trade are posed for pictures surrounded by weapons, cash, and drugs, clothed in whatever they were wearing when arrested. "Presentaciones" have drawn criticisms similar to those directed at the perp walk.  In some Asian countries an arrested suspect is also exposed to the media. Police in Japan and South Korea often invite the media to re-enactments of crimes staged by the accused, a practice common in Thailand as well. In 2010, South Korean police had a man suspected of raping a child re-enact the crime at the scene, with not only the media but angry, jeering neighbors looking on. Prosecutors there also frequently parade white-collar suspects before the media, although even convicted felons can bring cases against them for an offense against honor. China, where images of chained suspects have often been broadcast to deter crime, ended in 2010 a long practice of forcing suspected prostitutes to walk in "shame parades" through the streets, after public outrage. In contrast, Hong Kong police puts specially designed bags over the heads of arrested suspects to conceal their identity.  In 2011, police and other security forces in Iraq began making similar displays of suspected insurgents and other criminals. Two defendants were taken to crime scenes to recount their role in a massacre to assembled media, while alleged members of a gang of robbers were posed behind tables stacked with the goods they had supposedly stolen. In one instance that officials later admitted they lost control of, suspected terrorists were led into an auditorium where the acting Minister of the Interior attempted to detail their crimes before not only the media but an audience of the family members of the victims. He was unable to finish as members of the latter group interrupted him with calls for the defendants' execution and shoeing attempts.  These practices increased after U.S. troops left Iraq. When the government announced an arrest warrant against former deputy prime minister Tariq al-Hashimi, who had fled to the Kurdish-controlled regions of the country, it broadcast the confessions of three of his bodyguards to support charges that he had ordered the assassinations of rivals. This, and the other public displays of accused criminals, was criticized by foreign observers and some Iraqi officials. "It is a crime to put this on television" said one of the latter. "It is a shame, and it is a legacy of the former dictator." Security officials responded that they were trying to assure the Iraqi public that they were actively working to protect them and apprehend terrorists. "If we say we caught the leader of Al Qaeda, who will believe it?" said an Interior Ministry official. "This is to show credibility. We are sure we are doing the right thing."  In the United Kingdom photographing or filming defendants on court premises is illegal under section 41 of the Criminal Justice Act 1925. and the Contempt of Court Act 1981. Former EDL leader Tommy Robinson was arrested for violating these statutes on May 10, 2017 when he tried to film suspected 'Muslim pedophiles' two days earlier.

A perp walk, walking the perp, or frog march, is a practice in American law enforcement of taking an arrested suspect through a public place, creating an opportunity for the media to take photographs and video of the event. The defendant is typically handcuffed or otherwise restrained, and is sometimes dressed in prison garb. Within the United States the perp walk is most closely associated with New York City. The practice rose in popularity in the 1980s under U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani, when white-collar criminals were perp-walked.

Perp walk ist eine Praxis der US-amerikanischen Strafverfolgungsbehörden, insbesondere in New York City, und bezeichnet die öffentliche Zurschaustellung Verdächtiger. Der Begriff leitet sich aus der Wendung "walking the perp" her, wobei "perp" als Abkürzung für "perpetrator" (englisch für „Straftäter“) steht.


Education.

Stephen Woolgar holds a BA (First Class Honours) in engineering and a PhD in sociology, both at the University of Cambridge.

Career.

Woolgar wrote "Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts" (1979), a social constructionist account of the practice of science, together with Bruno Latour. Woolgar has subsequently adopted an even more relativist stance, for example in his 1988 book "". Woolgar can be counted among just a handful of academic thinkers who espouse a radically relativist and constructionist position, along with Jean-François Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard.. In 1985 he wrote a paper proposing a sociological approach towards Machines and AI, in which he outlined the importance of tacking AI from the field of Sociology  He has been Professor of Sociology and Head of the Department of Human Sciences and director of CRICT (Centre for Research into Innovation, Culture and Technology) at Brunel University. He holds the Chair of Sociology and Marketing and is a professor of marketing at the University of Oxford and a fellow at Green Templeton College. He is the former director of Science and Technology Studies within Oxford's Institute for Science, Innovation and Society. He is an important contributor in the fields of science studies, sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) and the science and technology studies (STS) (especially on the topic of sociology of machines). Woolgar is a recipient of the 2008 John Desmond Bernal Prize, awarded annually by the Society for Social Studies of Science to an individual judged to have made a distinguished contribution to the field.

Stephen William Woolgar (born 14 February 1950) is a British sociologist. He has worked closely with Bruno Latour, with whom he wrote "Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts" (1979).

Stephen Woolgar (* 1950) ist ein britischer Soziologe und Professor für Marketing. Seine zusammen mit Bruno Latour erarbeitete Fallstudie "Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts" (1979) wurde in der Wissenschaftssoziologie stark rezipiert.


Description.

The grenade is egg-shaped with no external ribbing, except for a lateral ridge where the two halves of the grenade join. It weighs. It is in length and in diameter. The surface has a few small dimples on it with a green or olive drab paint-scheme.  The grenade contains a charge of TNT with an internal fragmentation liner that produces around 350 fragments and has a fatality radius of around and a wounding radius of. Typically, the RGD-5 uses the 3.2 to 4.2 second delay UZRG, UZRGM, or UZRGM-2 fuze, a universal Russian type that is also used in the RG-41, RG-42, and F1 grenades. The RGD-5 can be thrown about by the average male soldier and, when throwing, the grenade will make a loud "crack" sound as its spoon falls out activating the fuze, cooking off the grenade.  This grenade is still manufactured in Russia with copies produced in Bulgaria, China (as the Type 59) and Georgia. Many millions of RGD-5s and its clones have been manufactured over the years and, although not as advanced as more modern grenades that are specifically designed to penetrate CRISAT standard body armour, the RGD-5 is still an effective and inexpensive weapon. A single RGD-5 grenade costs around $5 US, making it highly affordable during a major conflict when many grenades are sought.  The RGD-5 may also be fitted with the more modern DVM-78 fuze, or variants of the UZRGM with delays of between zero (i.e., instantaneous for use in booby traps) and 13 seconds. It is also possible to screw an MUV booby-trap firing device into the fuze well.

Variants.

Rifle grenade.

The AK-47 can mount a (rarely used) cup-type grenade-launcher that fires standard Soviet RGD-5 hand-grenades. The soup-can shaped launcher is screwed onto the AK-47’s muzzle. It is prepared for firing by inserting a standard RGD-5 hand-grenade into the launcher, removing the safety pin, and inserting a special blank cartridge into the rifle's chamber. With the butt-stock of the rifle on the ground it can be fired.  The maximum effective range is approximately.

URG-N.

The URG-N is a reusable training model of the RGD-5 with a modified fuze containing a tiny explosive charge which simulates the detonation of the grenade. The body of this grenade is painted black with white markings.

Used in US President assassination attempt.

On 10 May 2005, Vladimir Arutyunian, a Georgian citizen and ethnic Armenian, waited for the United States President George W. Bush and Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili to speak in Tbilisi's central Liberty Square. When Bush began speaking, Arutyunian threw an RGD-5 hand grenade wrapped in a red plaid handkerchief toward the podium where Bush stood as he addressed the crowd. The grenade landed from the podium, near where Saakashvili, his wife Sandra E. Roelofs, Laura Bush, and other officials were seated.  The grenade failed to detonate. Although original reports indicated that the grenade was not live, it was later revealed that it was. After Arutyunian pulled the pin and threw the grenade, it hit a girl, cushioning its impact. The red handkerchief remained wrapped around the grenade, and it prevented the striker lever from releasing. A Georgian security officer quickly removed the grenade, and Arutyunian disappeared.

The RGD-5 ("Ruchnaya Granata Distantsionnaya", English "Hand Grenade Remote"), is a post–World War II Soviet anti-personnel fragmentation grenade, designed in the early 1950s. The RGD-5 was accepted to service in 1954. It is still in service with many of Russia's former client states and has been supplied to Iraq as well as other Arab nations.

Die RGD-5 (RGD = Rutschnaja Granata Distanzionnaja, Übers.:"Distanz-Handgranate") ist eine sowjetische Handgranate, die in den frühen 1950er Jahren entwickelt wurde. Sie wurde im Jahr 1954 in die Bewaffnung der Sowjetarmee übernommen; in manchen Ländern des ehemaligen Warschauer Paktes und verschiedenen arabischen Staaten wird sie bis heute verwendet.


Background.

Late May 1723 Bach took office as Thomaskantor (Kantor at St. Thomas) and director musices (music director) in Leipzig. He remained in that office until his death in 1750. From the first Sunday after Trinity in 1723, that year falling on 30 May, to Trinity Sunday of the next year he presented a series of church cantatas known as his first cantata cycle. The cantatas of that cycle were often based on music he had composed before his Leipzig period. From the first Sunday after Trinity in 1724, that year falling on 11 June, he started his second cantata cycle with forty chorale cantatas composed to new librettos. Each of these librettos was based on the text of a known chorale, usually a Lutheran hymn, the tune of which was adopted by Bach in his setting.  The first weeks of the post Trinitatem (after Trinity) season included the Feast of John the Baptist (24 June) and the Feast of the Visitation (2 July). In Bach's time Protestant Leipzig observed three Marian feasts requiring. In the context of the liturgical year Visitation was the third of such occasions, after Purification, falling in the period of the Sundays after Epiphany, and Annunciation, falling around Easter. Several traditions regarding these Marian feasts, such as the selection of readings for the church services, were continued from the period before Leipzig had adopted Lutheranism. Cantatas with a text in the native language had, since the early 18th century, become the dominant genre of figural music in Reformed German regions. Practices rooted in older traditions included the occasional performance of a Latin Magnificat on occasions such as Marian Feasts or Christmas.  "Meine Seel erhebt den Herren", BWV 10, for Visitation, is the fifth chorale cantata Bach presented in 1724. Its text is based on Luther's German translation of the Magnificat. The singing tune associated with that version of the Magnificat, a German variant of the tonus peregrinus, appears in Bach's composition.

Readings, text and tune.

The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the Book of Isaiah, the prophecy of the Messiah (), and from the Gospel of Luke the narration of Mary's visit to Elizabeth, which includes her song of praise, the Magnificat (). This gospel reading is a biblical episode that is often represented in art, especially in music where it has become a traditional part of Vesper services. In Bach's time, the German Magnificat was regularly sung in Leipzig in vespers in a four-part setting of the ninth psalm tone (tonus peregrinus) by Johann Hermann Schein. Different from the other chorale cantatas of the cycle, the base for text and music is not a chorale, but the German Magnificat. It is a canticle, a biblical song in prose concluded by the traditional doxology. The text is based on Luther's translation of the biblical song to German in the Luther Bible, and on the doxology.  In the format of the chorale cantata cycle, an unknown librettist retained some parts of Luther's wording, while he paraphrased other passages for recitatives and arias. He used the original verses 46–48 for the first movement, verse 54 for the fifth movement, and the doxology for the seventh movement. He paraphrased verse 49 for the second movement, verses 50–51 for the third, verses 52–53 for the fourth, and verse 55 for the sixth movement, the latter expanded by a reference to the birth of Jesus. Bach's music is based on the traditional ninth psalm tone which was familiar to the Leipzig congregation.

Magnificats and Visitation cantatas in Bach's Leipzig.

One of Bach's predecessors as director musices of the Neukirche in Leipzig was Melchior Hoffmann. Around 1707 he composed a German Magnificat based on Luther's German translation of the Magnificat. The portfolio of performance parts of this composition was updated until well into Bach's time in Leipzig. The work, known as Kleines Magnificat (Little Magnificat), was for some time attributed to Bach, but later listed as spurious in the BWV catalogue (BWV Anh. 21 / Anh. III 168‐>). BWV 189, a Visitation cantata on a libretto that paraphrases the text of the Magnificat canticle, also seems rather to have been composed by Hoffmann than by Bach, to whom this work used to be attributed.  Johann Kuhnau, Bach's predecessor as Thomaskantor, composed a Latin Magnificat in two versions: one version with only the Latin text of the Magnificat for Marian feasts such as Visitation, and another version expanded with four German and Latin "laudes" relating to Christmas. When Bach presented his Latin Magnificat in 1723 (E-flat major version, BWV 243a) it had the same expandable format: without "laudes" for Visitation, and with four "laudes", on the same text as Kuhnau's, for Christmas. Another composition presented by Bach at that year's feast of the Visitation was "Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben", BWV 147, an expanded version of an Advent cantata composed before his Leipzig period (BWV 147a).  A repeat performance of BWV 243a may have accompanied the first performance of BWV 10 on 2 July 1724. The libretto of the cantata performed in Leipzig at the feast of the Visitation of 1725 survives. Maria Aurora von Königsmarck is the possible author of this Magnificat paraphrase. Around a decade before the libretto was reprinted in Leipzig it had already been set by Reinhard Keiser and Johann Mattheson. It is not known whether Bach set the libretto, neither which setting of the libretto was used for the 1725 Visitation feast in Leipzig. A year later Bach performed "Der Herr wird ein Neues im Lande", JLB 13, a Visitation cantata by his second cousin Johann Ludwig Bach. Picander's libretto for the Visitation cantata of 1728 may have been set as part of Bach's fourth cantata cycle: the libretto, surviving without music, starts with a "dictum" quoted from Luther's German translation of Luke 1:46–47.  Around 1733 Bach transposed his Latin Magnificat to D major (BWV 243). Besides transposing, he also applied a few modifications: for instance in the movement that has Luke 1:54 as text he replaced the trumpet as performer of the cantus firmus by two oboes. Around a decade later Bach prepared two Latin Magnificats by other composers for performance (BWV 1082, BWV Anh. 30). Probably around the same time Bach performed BWV 10 again.  Several characteristics of the Magnificats and Visitation cantatas of the first half of the 18th century are combined in Bach's German Magnificat: it uses text of Luther's translation of the Magnificat, like BWV Anh. 21 and Picander's 1728 libretto, and it uses text paraphrased from the Magnificat like BWV 189 and the 1725 Visitation cantata. Like the Meiningen libretto used for JLB 13 the cantata not only starts with a "dictum" but also has a second "dictum", directly quoted from Luther's translation of the New Testament, near the middle of the cantata (movement 4, "Meine Seele erhebt den Herrn", in Johann Ludwig's cantata, and movement 5, "Er denket der Barmherzigkeit" in BWV 10). This characteristic sets BWV 10 apart from Bach's other chorale cantatas, which as a rule contained quotes from Lutheran hymns, not from biblical prose.  Some musical similarities between BWV 10 and Bach's Latin Magnificat have been described. Philipp Spitta sees a similar musical treatment at the end of the respective movements based on the Luke 1:51 text, which are the central "Fecit potentiam" movement of the Latin Magnificat and the third "Des Höchsten Güt und Treu" movement of BWV 10. The movements with respectively the German and Latin text of Luke 1:54 present the tonus peregrinus melody associated with Luther's German Magnificat as a cantus firmus played by wind instruments. The "Suscepit Israel" movement of the BWV 243a version of the Latin Magnificat has that cantus firmus performed by a trumpet. In the later BWV 243 version of the same movement the trumpet has been replaced by two oboes. In the corresponding movement of BWV 10 ("Er denket der Barmherzigkeit") the cantus firmus is performed by the trumpet and the two oboes. Masaaki Suzuki assumes that this should be interpreted as trumpet for the original 1724 version, replaced by two oboes in the 1740s revival version, the same modification that occurred to the related movement of the Latin Magnificat.

Place of BWV 10 in Bach's chorale cantata cycle.

Bach followed a specific structure for most of the cantatas of his chorale cantata cycle, especially the 40 he presented consecutively from the first Sunday after Trinity of 1724 to Palm Sunday of 1725. In this chorale cantata format he retained the original text and melody of the chorale on which the cantata was based in the outer stanzas, typically treating the first as a chorale fantasia and the last as a four-part chorale setting, while the inner stanzas were reworded by a librettist as the basis for recitatives and arias, usually with music independent of the chorale tune.  19th-century Bach scholars were largely unaware of the composition history of the chorale cantatas, and how Bach conceived the cycle of these cantatas:  Details about the history, organisation and coherence of the cycle were only elucidated in the second half of the 20th century, by scholars such as Alfred Dürr. According to this research the chronology of the first six chorale cantatas Bach presented in 1724 is updated as follows (K numbers of the first edition of the chronological Zwang catalogue are given between brackets):  The strong coherence between the first four cantatas of this series, as belonging to the same set, has been described for instance by Christoph Wolff. The first of these cantatas begins with a chorale fantasia in the form of a French overture, with the soprano singing the cantus firmus of the chorale. The opening movement of the cantata for the next Sunday is in motet style, with the cantus firmus sung by the alto. For the next occasion, St. John's Day, Bach wrote a cantata with an opening movement in the style of an Italian violin concerto, in which the cantus firmus was given to the tenor. The next day followed a cantata opening with a movement in vocal and instrumental counterpoint with the cantus firmus sung by the bass. Conductor John Eliot Gardiner writes about these first four cantatas of the chorale cantata cycle: "Together they make a fascinating and contrasted portfolio of choral[e] fantasia openings."  Libretto publications in Bach's Leipzig more than once grouped the first four cantatas after Trinity, or started a new publication with the cantata for the fifth occasion after Trinity. In 1724 that fifth occasion was Visitation, for which Bach composed. It is not a typical second cycle chorale cantata in the sense that it was based on a prose text (lacking the metre of a hymn text) and a Gregorian chant melody (lacking a musical metre). Further, the unmodified canticle text and chant melody not only appeared in the outer movements but also in one of the middle movements (the duet, No. 5). The text of the final movement was a generic doxology which could be appended to any religious chant, while other chorale cantatas commonly ended with a text that only appeared in the hymn from which it was quoted. BWV 125, Bach's chorale cantata for Purification based on the "Canticle of Simeon" (Luke 2:29–32), does not have these exceptions to the second cycle format: it is based on Luther's versified paraphrase of the canticle and its metrical hymn melody. Nonetheless Dürr writes about BWV 10 (here rendered in Richard D. P. Jones' translation): "if ever a work deserved the description 'chorale cantata' it is this, for it is based on a genuine (Gregorian) chorale melody".  In 1724 the feast of the Visitation fell on the fourth Sunday after Trinity, thus the next cantata Bach composed was a chorale cantata for the fifth Sunday after Trinity. Bach did apparently not compose a cantata for the sixt Sunday after Trinity in 1724 while absent from Leipzig. Bach's second year in Leipzig passed without composing a chorale cantata specifically for the fourth Sunday after Trinity. He composed one for this occasion in 1732, "Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ", BWV 177, one of the later additions to the chorale cantata cycle. Also for Trinity VI Bach composed a chorale cantata at a later date (BWV 9).

Music.

Structure and scoring.

Bach structured the cantata in seven movements. The first and last are set for choir, and are based on the chant melody. They frame recitatives, arias and a duet of the soloists. Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble: trumpet (Tr), two oboes (Ob), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo (Bc). The trumpet is only used to highlight the cantus firmus and may have been a tromba da tirarsi, a slide trumpet. The title page of the original parts reads: "Festo Visitationis | Mariae | Meine Seel erhebt den Herren. | â | 4. Voc: | Tromba. | 2. Hautbois. | 2. Violini. | Viola | e | Continuo | di Sigl. | J. S. Bach." The duration of the piece has been stated as 23 minutes.  In the following table of the movements, the column text holds first the verse from the biblical Magnificat, adding "Luther" for the movements kept in his translation, and "anon." if the unknown librettist paraphrased and expanded his translation. The scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from the book by Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements.

1.

The opening chorale fantasia is marked vivace (lively). Bach begins the movement with an instrumental introduction that is unrelated to the psalm tone. It is a trio of the violins and the continuo, with the oboes doubling the violin, and the viola filling the harmony. The main motif stands for joy and is set in "rhythmical propulsion".  The chorus enters after 12 measures with "" (My soul magnifies the Lord). The cantus firmus is in the soprano, doubled by a trumpet, whereas the lower voices add free polyphony on motifs from the introduction. Bach treats the second verse similarly, but with the third verse, "" (for he has looked at the humble state of his handmaid), the cantus firmus appears in the alto. Certain words, such as "freuet" (rejoice) and "selig preisen" (call me blessed) are adorned with melismas. The movement is concluded by a vocal setting without cantus firmus embedded in the music of the introduction, framing the movement.

2.

The soprano aria "" (Lord, you who are strong and mighty) is a concerto of the voice and the oboes, accompanied by the strings. It is the first soprano aria in the chorale cantata cycle.

3.

The recitative "" (The goodness and love of the Highest) ends on an arioso. Spitta compares the end of this movement with the end of the 7th movement of Bach's Latin Magnificat: textually both movements treat the same part of the Magnificat (the end of Luke 1:51), and, although the other movement is set for five-part chorus and tutti orchestra, he considers the closure of this recitative of the "German Magnificat" cantata "equally picturesque".

4.

The following aria "" (The mighty God casts from their thrones) is set for bass and continuo. A descending bass line in the continuo over two octaves illustrates the fall, which the voice also suggests in descending phrases. The second aspect of the text, the exaltation of the humble, is shown by rising figures, and the final emptiness ("bloß und leer", bare and empty) by pauses.

5.

In the fifth movement, "" (He remembers his mercy), the text returns to the original German Magnificat, and the music to the psalm tone. It is played by oboes and trumpet as the cantus firmus, while alto and tenor sing in imitation. Klaus Hofmann interprets the bass line of "emphatic downward semitone intervals" as "sighs of divine mercy".

6.

The recitative for tenor, "" (What God, in times past, to our forefathers), referring to God's promise, begins secco.

7.

In the final movement, the two verses of the doxology are set on the psalm tone for four parts, with all instruments playing colla parte. Wind instruments and violin I join the soprano part. The setting is mostly in homophony, but turns to polyphony for the final "von Ewigkeit zu Ewigkeit" (for ever and ever).

Manuscripts and editions.

Both Bach's autograph score and the parts used for the cantata's first performance survive. The score, previously owned by Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, Philipp Spitta and Paul Wittgenstein, among others, came in the possession of the Library of Congress in 1948. The original parts remained in Leipzig, where they were entrusted to the Bach Archive in the 20th century.  BWV 648 is a chorale prelude for organ transcribed from the cantata's fifth movement. It was first published around 1748 as fourth of the "Schübler Chorales". The music of the cantata's closing movement is included in the Dietel collection, a 1730s manuscript containing 149 of Bach's four-part chorales. C. P. E. Bach published the same music of BWV 10 as No. 357 in Part IV of his 1780s collected edition of four-part chorales by his father.  The entire cantata was published in 1851 in the first volume of the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe (BGA), edited by Moritz Hauptmann. The New Bach Edition (Neue Bach-Ausgabe, NBA) published the score in 1995, edited by Uwe Wolf, with the critical commentary published the same year.  The cantata was also published with a singable English version of the text:

Concert performances and recordings.

Karl Richter programmed BWV 10 along Bruckner's 150th Psalm at his first concert in Ottobeuren in 1957. In the 1960s, Paul Steinitz's and Fritz Werner's recordings of the cantata were released on LPs which also featured another German cantata by Bach. On Richter's 1978 LP release BWV 10 was also combined with other German Bach cantatas. Karl Münchinger's 1968 recording and Hans-Joachim Rotzsch's 1978 recording of BWV 10 were issued on LPs which included their respective performances of Bach's Latin Magnificat. Also Michael Gielen's concert at the 1991 combined Bach's German and Latin Magnificat. Teldec's, Hänssler's, Koopman's, Brilliant Classics' and Suzuki's complete Bach cantata recordings include a recording of BWV 10.  Roland Büchner's 2000 recording, with the Regensburger Domspatzen, combined Bach's "German Magnificat" with the 1723 Christmas version of his Latin Magnificat (BWV 243a). Gardiner's Bach Cantata Pilgrimage featured BWV 10 in a concert recorded in 2000. Ton Koopman's concert at the 2003 Leipzig Bach Festival combined BWV 10 with the Christmas versions of Bach's and Kuhnau's Magnificat, thus allowing to compare similar works of two consecutive Thomaskantors. Sigiswald Kuijken recorded BWV 10 for his "Cantatas for the Complete Liturgical Year" series in 2007. The same year, a concert at the Indiana University combined Bach's "Meine Seel erhebt den Herren" cantata with a 2005 Magnificat by Sven-David Sandström.  Gustav Leonhardt, Pieter-Jan Leusink and Ton Koopman used period instruments for their complete Bach cantata recordings. Also Musica Florea, the orchestra on Büchner's recording, performs on historic instruments.

Sources.

"By author or editor"  "By title as issued"

In 1724 Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata Meine Seel erhebt den Herren,, as part of his second cantata cycle. Taken from Martin Luther's German translation of the Magnificat canticle ("Meine Seele erhebt den Herren"), the title translates as "My soul magnifies the Lord". Also known as Bach's "German Magnificat", the work follows his chorale cantata format.

Meine Seel erhebt den Herren (BWV 10) ist eine Kirchen-Kantate von Johann Sebastian Bach. Er komponierte sie 1724 in Leipzig für das Fest Mariä Heimsuchung, das am 2. Juli begangen wird. Es ist die fünfte Kantate seines zweiten Jahreszyklus von Kantaten, in dem er Choralkantaten schrieb, doch beruht sie nicht auf einem Choral, sondern auf dem Gregorianischen Gesang Magnificat.


Sports career.

As late as in 2009, Rosindale turned to triathlon and won the British Universities Triathlon Championships. In 2010, Rosindale placed third at the European U23 Duathlon Championships and second at the U23 World Championships. In 2011, she placed 25th at the European Elite Championships. At the Mix Relay, however, the British elite triathletes did not take part although they would have achieved an excellent result thanks to the winners of the individual ranking Alistair Brownlee and Jonathan Brownlee, both from Leeds like Rosindale.  In France, Rosindale takes part in the prestigious Club Championship Series "Lyonnaise des Eaux". In 2011, Rosindale represents the club "Stade Poitevin." At the opening triathlon in Nice (24 April 2011), however, Rosindale did not finish the race, and at the second triathlon in Dunkirk (22 May 2011) she was not present. "Stade Poitevin" had to nominate Natalia Shliakhtenko in order to have five triathletes although she was not a member of the club any more and her name did not show in the start lists.  In 2010, Rosindale represented the club "Montpellier Agglo Tri" and took part in four of the five triathlons of the circuit. At Dunkirk (23 May 2010) she placed 29th and was not among the three, but in Paris (18 July 2010) she placed 8th and thus was among the club's top three (behind Bárbara Riveros Díaz and Non Stanford), at Tourangeoux (29 August 2010) she placed 8th again and was among the three (behind Bárbara Riveros Díaz and Liz Blatchford). At the Grand Final in La Baule (Triathlon Audencia, 18 September 2010) Rosindale placed 18th and again she was the third of the club's top three (Bárbara Riveros Díaz, Liz Blatchford).  Rosindale is a Sports and Exercise student at the Leeds Metropolitan University and represents Leeds & Bradford TC. Rosindals's coach is Jack Maitland.

ITU competitions.

In 2010, Rosindale took part in four ITU events and achieved two medals. The following list is based upon the official ITU rankings and the ITU "Athletes's Profile Page." Unless indicated otherwise, the following events are triathlons (Olympic Distance) and refer to the "Elite" category.

Lois Rosindale (born 17 April 1990 in Leeds) is an English professional triathlete, 2011 British Champion, and 2010 U23 Duathlon Vice World Champion. Rosindale is a member of the "High Performance Triathlon Squad" based in Leeds.

Lois Rosindale (* 17. April 1990 in Leeds; verheiratete "Lois Banks") ist eine ehemalige Duathletin und Triathletin aus dem Vereinigten Königreich. Sie ist U23-Duathlon-Vizeweltmeisterin (2010), nationale Triathlonmeisterin (2011) sowie U23-Europameisterin Duathlon (2013).


Geography.

Piedimonte Matese borders the following municipalities: Alife, Campochiaro, Castello del Matese, Cusano Mutri, Guardiaregia, San Gregorio Matese, San Potito Sannitico and Sant'Angelo d'Alife. Up until 1945, Piedimonte Matese was located within the Province of Benevento. Before 1970 Piedimonte was known as Piedimonte d'Alife.

History.

The Matese Legion was a group of 240 Italian volunteers that joined Giuseppe Garibaldi in the war for Italian unification in 1861. It was formed in the Piedimonte D'Alife district, now called Piedimonte Matese, in June 1860, and was officially established on 25 August in the same year.

Main sights.

The church of "San Biagio" (15th century) houses late-Gothic frescoes with scenes from the Old and New Testament and histories of St. Blaise. The church of St. Thomas (or St. Dominic) was built in 1414. The Baroque church of "San Salvatore" was designed by Cosimo Fanzago. The Ducal Palace of Gaetani d'Aragona has kept some late Renaissance details. Its patron saint is San Marcellino. The church of Ave Gratia Plena, also known as the Church of the Annunciation (Chiesa dell’Annunziata), retains much of its baroque decoration.  The Civic Museum Raffaele Marrocco is an archaeology and arts museum in Piedimonte Matese.

Sports.

Based in the Sepicciano area of Piedimonte Matese is the 4,000-seater Stadio Pasqualino Ferrante, a municipal stadium and home of Eccellenza (Molise) club A.S.D. Tre Pini Matese and Promozione (Molise) side F.W.P. Matese.

International relations.

Piedimonte Matese is twinned with:

Piedimonte Matese, is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, located about 82 km north of Naples and about 40 km north of Caserta.

Piedimonte Matese ist eine italienische Gemeinde ("comune") mit Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Caserta in Kampanien. Sie ist Bestandteil der Comunità Montana del Matese. Die Gemeinde liegt am "Parco Regionale del Matese" etwa 31 Kilometer nördlich von Caserta und etwa 29 Kilometer südöstlich von Isernia. Piedimonte Matese grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinzen Benevento und Campobasso.


Personal life.

Galina was born at Voronezh, Russia during Soviet era. In 1989 she moved to the US seeking better medical treatment for her daughter, who was suffering from cancer.  She became a US citizen. She initially worked as an elder care aide and house cleaner.  She has three grandchildren.

Career.

Athlete.

Bukharina trained at the Armed Forces sports society in Moscow. She competed for the Soviet Union in the 1968 Summer Olympics in the 4 x 100 metres. She won the bronze medal with her teammates Lyudmila Zharkova, Vera Popkova and Lyudmila Samotyosova. She participated at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Coach.

She started coaching in the Soviet Union, and worked with the national setup for about 17 years. “I’ve competed in the Olympics myself but as a coach I have been more successful. I used to coach the women’s (Soviet Union) 4×400 team. They still hold the world record set under me. 3.15.17"s, she said. The record was set at the 1988 Games.  During her US stay, Galina wanted to return home after her daughter’s recovery. The USSR's collapse convinced her to prolong her stay. She coached for University of Texas, wiinning various NCAA meets until 2011, when she retired.  At 72, she was appointed 400m and relay coach of Indian national team. She coached Hima Das to become 2018 World Junior Champion and set national records. Mohammad Anas also won medals at various international platforms and set national records.

References.

Sports Reference

Galina Petrovna Bukharina (; born 14 February 1945) is a Soviet track athlete. She competed mainly in the 100 metres and 4 x 100 m relay. She is head coach of 400 m and relay athletes of India, at NIS, Patiala.

Galina Petrowna Bucharina (, engl. Transkription "Galina Bukharina"; * 14. Februar 1945 in Woronesch) ist eine ehemalige sowjetische Sprinterin. Bei den Europäischen Hallenspielen 1967 gewann sie Bronze über 50 m.


Procedure.

Though pneumoencephalography was the single most important way of localizing brain lesions of its time, it was, nevertheless, extremely painful and generally not well tolerated by conscious patients. Pneumoencephalography was associated with a wide range of side-effects, including headaches and severe vomiting, often lasting well past the procedure. During the study, the patient's entire body would be rotated into different positions in order to allow air to displace the CSF in different areas of the ventricular system and around the brain. The patient would be strapped into an open backed chair which allowed the spinal needle to be inserted, and they would need to be secured well, for they would be turned upside down at times during the procedure and then somersaulted into a face down position in a specific order to follow the air to different areas in the ventricles. This further added to the patient's already heightened level of discomfort (if not anesthetized). A related procedure is pneumomyelography, where gas is used similarly to investigate the spinal canal.

Limitations.

Pneumoencephalography makes use of plain X-ray images. These are very poor at resolving soft tissues, such as the brain. Moreover, all the structures captured in the image are superimposed on top of each other, which makes it difficult to pick out individual items of interest (unlike modern scanners which are able to produce fine virtual slices of the body, including of soft tissues). Therefore, pneumoencephalography did not usually image abnormalities directly, rather their secondary effects. The overall structure of the brain contains crevices and cavities which are filled by the CSF. Both the brain and the CSF produce similar signals on an X-ray image. However, draining the CSF allows for greater contrast between the brain matter and the (now drained) crevices in and around it, which then show up as dark shadows on the X-ray image. The aim of pneumoencephalography is to outline these shadow-forming air-filled structures so that their shape and anatomical location can be examined. Following the procedure, an experienced radiologist reviews the X-ray films to see if the shape or location of these structures have been distorted or shifted by the presence of certain kinds of lesions. This also means that in order to show up on the images, lesions have to either be located right on the edge of the structures or if located elsewhere in the brain, be large enough to push on surrounding healthy tissues to an extent necessary to cause a distortion in the shape of the more distant air-filled cavities (and hence more-distant tumors detected this way tended to be fairly large).  Despite its overall usefulness, there were major portions of the brain and other structures of the head that pneumoencephalography was unable to image. This was partially compensated by increased use of angiography as a complementary diagnostic tool, often in an attempt to infer the condition of non-neurovascular pathology from its secondary vascular characteristics. This additional testing was not without risk though, particularly due to the rudimentary catheterization techniques and deleterious radiocontrast agents of the day. Another drawback of pneumoencephalography was that the risk and discomfort it carried meant that repeat studies were generally avoided, thus making it difficult to assess disease progression over time.

Current use.

Modern imaging techniques such as MRI and CT have rendered pneumoencephalography obsolete. Widespread clinical use of diagnostic tools using these newer technologies began in the mid-to-late 1970s. These revolutionized the field of neuroimaging by not only being able to non-invasively examine all parts of the brain and its surrounding tissues, but also by doing so in much greater detail than previously available with plain X-rays, therefore making it possible to directly visualize and precisely localize soft-tissue abnormalities inside the skull. This led to significantly improved patient outcomes while reducing discomfort. Today, pneumoencephalography is limited to the research field and is used under rare circumstances.

Popular culture.

Pneumoencephalography appears in popular culture in the movie "Jimmy P" starring Benicio Del Toro and Mathieu Amalric. Pneumoencephalography is referred to in Episode 7, Season 7 of "House M.D." (2010) as an example of a dangerous procedure. In the non-fiction book and later movie "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" the procedure is referenced as being conducted experimentally on "Elsie Lacks" in the Crownesville State Hospital ultimately resulting in her death. In a 1961 episode of the TV series "Naked City" entitled "Which is Joseph Creeley?" the procedure was used to detect the presence of a brain lesion in an amnesiac murderer. Perhaps its most well-known depiction on screen however is as one of the painful tests Regan undergoes to check for a brain lesion in the 1973 film "The Exorcist".

Pneumoencephalography (sometimes abbreviated PEG; also referred to as an "air study") was a common medical procedure in which most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was drained from around the brain by means of a lumbar puncture and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray image. It was derived from ventriculography, an earlier and more primitive method where the air is injected through holes drilled in the skull.

Die Pneumoenzephalografie oder auch "Pneumoencephalografie" ist eine kontrastverstärkende Methode, oberflächliche Strukturen des Gehirns in konventionellen Röntgenaufnahmen als "Pneumoenzephalogramm" darzustellen. Sie wurde 1919 vom amerikanischen Neurochirurgen Walter Edward Dandy eingeführt. Diese Methodik galt damals als Meilenstein der Diagnostik, doch sie ist heute obsolet.


First years.

Born in Kars Oblast in 1893, he entered service in the Imperial Russian Army as a volunteer and fought during World War I in Persia and also on the Caucasus Front, where many Armenians, Caucasus Greeks, Georgians, and Russians fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire. During the Russian Civil War Kromiadi joined the White movement, achieving the rank of colonel. After the war he emigrated to Munich where he worked as automobilist.

In Axis army.

During World War II, Kromiadi was a Nazi official and a pioneer of the Russian Liberation Movement. In 1942, he headed the Russian National People's Army, an armed unit of Russians, under the pseudonym of Sanin, together with engineer Sonderführer Sergei Ivanov of Russian fascist party. He was relieved by the Germans along with other Russian émigrés, at that time he tried unsuccessfully to take command of another Russian unit, the Druzhina Brigade. The dissolution of the group was heavily influenced with the view of the Slavic people as "Untermenschen" (sub-humans) by the Germans.  Kromiadi became close with captured Soviet general Andrey Vlasov, thus becoming Vlasov's first white émigré ally. In 1943, Vlasov gave Kromiadi command of his headquarters. Kromiadi made several attempts to attract white émigrés to General Vlasov, and was finally successful by the time of the Prague Manifesto, having secured the support of two branches of the Russian Orthodox Church.  Kromiadi's point of view was that the Russian Liberation Army was a 30-year Christian liberation war against Communism.

Radio Free Europe.

After the war's end, Kromiadi was hiding for years until 1948 and he continued to play an active role against communism, living in West Germany and afterwards working for Radio Free Europe and as a partner of the CIA. In 1980, he wrote a book on his experience in the Russian Liberation Movement called "For Land, for Freedom...", which was published in San Francisco. He died in 1990 in Munich.

Constantine Gregorievich Kromiadi (, ; 1893 – 1990) was a Caucasus Greek-born military officer and anti-communist who served in the Imperial Russian Army, the White Army, later he headed Russian National People's Army and finally commanded the headquarters of the Nazi-collaborating Russian Liberation Army. In his latter years he was employed by Radio Liberty where he also worked with the CIA.

Konstantin Grigorjewitsch Kromiadi (; * 1893 in Kars (Russisches Kaiserreich) oder Korfu; † 25. April 1990 in München) war ein pontosgriechischer antikommunistischer Offizier, der in der zaristischen Armee, auf Seite der Weißen im Russischen Bürgerkrieg und in der Wlassow-Armee diente und Unterstützer der "Russischen Befreiungsbewegung" war. Er schloss sich der zaristischen Armee freiwillig an, wurde Leutnant und kämpfte während des Ersten Weltkrieges in Persien und auch im Kaukasus. Im Russischen Bürgerkrieg erhielt er den Rang eines Obersts (Polkownik). Nach Ende des Russischen Bürgerkriegs floh er nach Deutschland. Er arbeitete in Berlin als Taxifahrer.


History.

Stadium was opened in 1953. The main stand was built in the first half of the 1980s and was inaugurated for the 1985 Spartakiad. Capacity was 16,410 spectators. The stadium underwent reconstruction in 2008, when DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda started play in Corgoň Liga by merging with FC Senec.  In the 2016-17 league season, DAC drew an average home attendance of 4,112, the highest in the league.

2016–2019 reconstruction.

Between 2016 and 2019, the old stadium was replaced by a new, modern, all-sitting arena with capacity of 12,700 spectators.  In spring 2016 the old stands (except the main stand) were demolished. In June 2016, the construction of the new stadium began. In the first phase two new stands were built with an edge-stand between them. The main construction works finished in September. In November the stadium was ready for Slovakia league matches.  In the next phase was constructed the main stand with dressing rooms, VIP and press rooms, fanshop, club museum and restaurant.  At least, was constructed the last stand which replaced old main stage. It was finished in January 2019.  The new arena have 4-star UEFA standard so it can be used for international matches.

Owners.

DAC Arena is owned by EHCS Group (51.9%), city of Dunajská Streda (25.6%) and MOL (22.5%)

Name.

MOL Arena is the name of the stadium from season 2017-18 because MOL Group is main partner of stadium.

Cost.

The cost of the reconstruction is €22 million. First phase cost €11 million, Slovak government provided €2.4 million of the cost. City of Dunajská Streda provided €2 million, MOL provided €2 million.

International matches.

DAC Aréna has hosted one friendly match of the Slovakia national football team.

MOL Aréna is a football stadium in Dunajská Streda, Slovakia. It is the home ground of a local club FC DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda and has an all-seated capacity of 12,700 people. The intensity of the floodlighting is 1,800 lux.

Die MOL Aréna ist ein Fußballstadion in der slowakischen Stadt Dunajská Streda. Es ist die Heimstätte des Fußballvereins DAC Dunajská Streda. Seit 2017 trägt die Spielstätte den Namen des ungarischen Mineralölunternehmens MOL.


Origin of the concept.

The noun "peeve", meaning an annoyance, is believed to have originated in the United States early in the twentieth century, derived by back-formation from the adjective "peevish", meaning "ornery or ill-tempered", which dates from the late 14th-century.  The term "pet peeve" was introduced to a wide readership in the single-panel comic strip "The Little Pet Peeve" in the Chicago Tribune during the period 1916–1920. The strip was created by cartoonist Frank King, who also created the long-running "Gasoline Alley" strip. King's "little pet peeves" were humorous critiques of generally thoughtless behaviors and nuisance frustrations. Examples included people reading the inter-titles in silent films aloud, cracking an egg only to smell that it's gone rotten, back-seat drivers, and rugs that keep catching the bottom of the door and bunching up. King's readers submitted topics, including theater goers who unwrap candy in crinkly paper during a live performance, and (from a 12 year old boy) having his mother come in to sweep when he has the pieces of a building toy spread out on the floor.

Current usage and examples.

Pet peeves often involve specific behaviors of someone close, such as a spouse or significant other. These behaviors may involve disrespect, manners, personal hygiene, relationships, and family issues. A key aspect of a pet peeve is that it may well seem acceptable or insignificant to others, while the person is likewise not bothered by things that might upset others. For example, a supervisor may have a pet peeve about people leaving the lid up on the copier, when others interrupt when speaking, or their subordinates having messy desks.  "Pet Peeve" is the twenty-ninth book of the Xanth series by fantasy author Piers Anthony.

A pet peeve, pet aversion, or pet hate is a minor annoyance that an individual identifies as particularly irritating to them, to a greater degree than would be expected based on the experience of others. The phrase analogizes that feeling of annoyance as a pet animal that one does not wish to give up, despite its objective lack of importance.

Unter einem Pet Peeve [] (engl. etwa „Lieblings-Ärgernis“) versteht man im populären psychologischen Diskurs des englischsprachigen Raumes ein triviales Ärgernis, das ein bestimmter Mensch als besonders verdrießlich empfindet, während andere an derselben Kleinigkeit keinen oder nur geringen Anstoß nehmen würden.


Summary.

Jackie Stewart's domination in 1971 clinched his second Driver's Championship with three races remaining, but the final round belonged to his Tyrrell teammate, François Cevert. The Frenchman took the lead from Stewart on lap 14 and went on to claim his only career win, the first GP victory for a French driver since Maurice Trintignant in 1958. "As usual, the American race attracted a large field of entrants, despite it being the last race of the year and both Championships having long been wrapped up. It seemed nearly every spare works F1 car and quite a few independents, as well, were present to try for a share of the $267,000 in prize money, easily the richest purse in F1. Unfortunately, the two most popular American drivers, Mario Andretti and Mark Donohue, who was fresh from a stunning third place finish in Canada in his Formula One debut, were committed to drive on Sunday in a USAC race which had incomprehensibly been rescheduled to the GP weekend after a previous rainout. The two drivers qualified, Andretti in a Ferrari and Donohue in a McLaren shared with David Hobbs, hoping for more rain in New Jersey and the chance to return for the race on Sunday."  "Since the previous year's race, the course had been resurfaced, widened and, most significantly, lengthened by a mile to 3.377 miles with an entirely new section at the southwest corner called the "Boot" or "Anvil". The pits were also moved from the north end straight back before the right angle turn known as "The 90," which now became Turn One." Friday was sunny and hot (), and Stewart jumped immediately to the top of the charts with a time of 1:42.844, as the times were recorded to a thousandth of a second for the first time. On Saturday, with the temperature now 110° and both Goodyear's and Firestone's qualifying tires breaking down after a few laps, Emerson Fittipaldi pipped Stewart's time from the day before, but the Scot returned to the track and grabbed the pole by.017 of a second. Denny Hulme joined them on the front row in his McLaren, followed by Clay Regazzoni's Ferrari, Cevert and the soon-to-be-absent Andretti. American Peter Revson qualified nineteenth in the third Tyrrell. It was his only race for Tyrrell and his first Grand Prix since 1964.

Race.

Sunday was dry in both upstate New York and Trenton, and word came that the USAC race would go on, dismaying both the crowd and the organizers, who were robbed of seeing two of the country's best road racers. At the start, Hulme jumped into the lead, ahead of Cevert and Stewart, but by the end of the first lap, Stewart led Hulme, Cevert, Regazzoni, Jo Siffert, Jacky Ickx, Chris Amon and Fittipaldi.  At first, Stewart was able to open a gap back to the following group, now headed by his teammate, but after ten laps, his tires began to go off and the gap closed. The Scot realized that Cevert's Goodyears were holding up much better in the heat, and when Cevert closed up right behind him, he waved him by on lap 14. Hulme was now struggling with a terrible vibration in his tires and was passed, first by Ickx, then Regazzoni and Siffert. On lap 15, American Sam Posey, in his first Grand Prix, retired from a fine run with a blown piston in his Surtees. By the time Ickx could get around Stewart on lap 17, Cevert's lead was 5.7 seconds. "At about half-distance, Cevert finally began to struggle with the same understeer that had plagued Stewart much earlier. Ickx was closing, and his Firestones were getting better as the race went on. On lap 43, the Belgian set the fastest lap of the race, and the gap was down to 2.2 seconds. Then, on lap 49, the Ferrari's alternator fell off, punching a hole in the gearbox and spilling oil all over the track! Hulme hit the oil and spun into the barrier, bending his front suspension. He was standing beside the track when Cevert came by and also hit the barrier, but kept going, now 29 seconds in the lead!" Jo Siffert was now in second place and 33 seconds clear of Ronnie Peterson. With four laps to go, however, Siffert began to run low on fuel. The Swede took huge chunks off the gap as Siffert jerked the BRM from side to side, trying to use every remaining drop of fuel. Cevert coasted home, taking both hands off the wheel to wave as he crossed the line, and Siffert weaved his way around to hold second place by four seconds over Peterson's March.  After taking the checkered flag, Cevert gave a nod to his teammate. "I feel pretty good with a $50,000 win. I followed Stewart in the beginning and was flagged on ahead. Jackie Stewart is a very sensible driver and a very good teacher. He let me go through." While it was the first race on the expanded Watkins Glen track, it was the third year in a row that The Glen had rewarded a driver with his first career victory.

The 1971 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 3, 1971, at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course in Watkins Glen, New York. It was race 11 of 11 in both the 1971 World Championship of Drivers and the 1971 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers. The 59-lap race was won by Tyrrell driver François Cevert after he started from fifth position. Jo Siffert finished second for the BRM team and March driver Ronnie Peterson came in third.

Der am 3. Oktober in Watkins Glen stattfindende Große Preis der USA 1971 war das elfte und letzte Rennen der Automobil-Weltmeisterschaft 1971.


Description.

Devil's club generally grows to tall. Some stands located in rainforest gullies or moist, undisturbed areas can reach heights of to or more. The spines are found along the upper and lower surfaces of veins of its leaves as well as the stems. The leaves are spirally arranged on the stems, simple, palmately lobed with 5-13 lobes, across. The flowers are produced in dense umbels diameter, each flower small, with five greenish-white petals. The fruit is a small red drupe diameter.  The plant is covered with brittle yellow spines that break off easily if the plants are handled or disturbed, and the entire plant has been described as having a "primordial" appearance. The plants are slow growing and take many years to reach seed-bearing maturity; this makes them very sensitive to human impact as they do not reproduce quickly.

Habitat.

This species usually grows in moist, dense forest habitats, and is most abundant in old-growth conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest. It is found from Southcentral Alaska, Southeast Alaska western Oregon and eastward to western Alberta and Montana. Disjunct native populations also occur over away in Lake Superior on Isle Royale and Passage Island, Michigan and Porphyry Island and Slate Island, Ontario.

Propagation.

Devil's club reproduces by forming clonal colonies through a layering process. What can appear to be several different plants may actually have all been one plant originally, with the clones detaching themselves after becoming established by laying down roots.

Uses.

Traditionally, the charcoal from the stalks is still used to make ceremonial and protective face paints, and among the Ditidaht and neighboring groups, it was equally significant to red ochre as a symbolic link to the spirit world. Native American peoples such as the Tlingit and Haida have used the plant as traditional medicine for ailments such as adult-onset diabetes, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. "In vitro" studies showed that extracts of devil's club inhibit tuberculosis. Additionally, devil's club has been shown to extend life expectancy and reduce leukemia burden in mice engrafted with murine C1498 acute myeloid leukemia cells.  The plant has been used ceremonially by the Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Haida people of Southeast Alaska. A piece of Devil's club hung over a doorway is said to ward off evil. The plant is harvested and used in a variety of ways, most commonly as an oral tea in traditional settings, but also poultices and ointments. Native Americans also dried and powdered the bark for use as a deodorant.  Because devil's club is often claimed to be related to American ginseng, some believe the plant is an adaptogen. The plant has been harvested for this purpose and marketed widely as "Alaskan ginseng", which may damage populations of devil's club and its habitat. Despite some morphological similarities between the araliaceous members "Panax" ('true' ginseng), American ginseng", Eleutherococcus senticosus" ("Siberian ginseng") and devil's club, the different genera are chemically and ethno-botanically diverse, and in most cases, under protection in the wild.

Devil's club or devil's walking stick (Oplopanax horridus, Araliaceae; syn. "Echinopanax horridus", "Fatsia horrida") is a large understory shrub endemic to the arboreal rainforests of the Pacific Northwest, but also disjunct on islands in Lake Superior. It is noted for its large palmate leaves and erect, woody stems covered in noxious and irritating spines. It is also known as Alaskan ginseng and similar names, although it is not a true ginseng.

Die Igelkraftwurz ("Oplopanax horridus") ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung "Oplopanax" in der Familie der Araliengewächse (Araliaceae). Sie ist im Nordwesten Nordamerikas heimisch.


Plot.

The film begins in 1933. Students at Kyoto Imperial University protest the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Prominent professor Yagihara (Denjiro Okochi) is relieved of his post because of his views against fascism. The professor's daughter Yukie (Setsuko Hara) is courted by two of her father's students: Ryukichi Noge (Susumu Fujita) and Itokawa (Akitake Kôno). Itokawa is equable and moderate while Noge is fiery and a radical leftist. Although she fights with him vigorously, Yukie is eventually drawn toward Noge.  Noge disappears following an anti-militarist student protest, the result of being arrested and spending four years in jail. By the time Itokawa, now a prosecutor for the government, tells Yukie of Noge's whereabouts, he has been out of jail for a year. He warns her that he is a changed man and no longer how Yukie remembered him.  Itokawa brings Noge over to the Yagihara residence. During dinner, Professor Yagihara mentions that Noge would not have been released unless the government was convinced that Noge had "converted" from his radical ways. Noge confirms this and says that Itokawa vouched for him and had even found him a job in the army.  After realizing that Noge has changed from his days at university, Yukie excuses herself from the dinner table and locks herself in her room. Her mother eventually tells her that the young men are leaving. Yukie is reluctant to see them out, but once her mother tells her that Noge is leaving for China she decides to see Noge one last time to say goodbye.  After Noge's departure, Yukie begins to pack for Tokyo and has a deep conversation with her father. For three years in Tokyo, Yukie works in menial jobs to get by. One day she runs into Itokawa and is told that Noge is in the city. She goes to Noge's offices, but is reluctant to reconnect. Yukie is shown outside of the offices several times until eventually Noge notices her. They spend several years together and get married.  Yukie discovers that Noge is involved in dangerous and illegal activities, but they agree that she should not know exactly what they are. Noge is arrested the night before his plans are to go into effect. Yukie is interrogated, but she proffers no information. She is treated badly during the interrogations but Itokawa is eventually able to free her.  Her parents take the train into Tokyo where Yukie's father meets up with Itokawa, thanks him for what he has done and informs him that he intends to represent Noge in court. Itokawa mournfully responds that Noge died the night before. Yukie is crushed. She brings his ashes to his parents, farmers in the countryside, and tells them she is his wife. Noge's father rejects her, believing that she has come to mock them because their son was convicted of being a spy but Yukie stays and works the rice fields with them. They are scorned and harassed in their village, and Yukie tries to convince them of her sincerity and that their son was a good man. The work in the rice fields is hard on her, but she is determined to prove her mettle, even to the point of working through a severe fever.  The night that Yukie and her mother-in-law finally finish planting all of the fields, the neighbors sneak in and destroy their work. When Yukie mourns the vandalism, Noge's father finally accept her and their son is redeemed in their eyes. At the end of the war, Professor Yagihara is reinstated and Noge is honored for his antiwar efforts. Yukie returns to Kyoto to visit her parents. Yukie's mother invites her to stay since it seems her daughter has achieved her goal: Noge's parents are no longer ashamed of their son. However, Yukie now feels more comfortable planting rice than playing the piano, and sees the value in the social work that still must be done in the village so she returns to Noge's parents.

Reissues.

The Criterion Collection published a DVD of the film in its Eclipse series. It is available to view for free in some US cities via the Kanopy website.

The film stars Setsuko Hara, Susumu Fujita, Takashi Shimura and Denjirō Ōkōchi. Fujita's character was inspired by the real-life Hotsumi Ozaki, who assisted the famous Soviet spy Richard Sorge and so became the only Japanese citizen to suffer the death penalty for treason during World War II. The film is in black-and-white and runs 110 minutes.

Kein Bedauern für meine Jugend (Originaltitel:, "Waga seishun ni kuinashi") ist ein 1946 von Akira Kurosawa in Japan gedrehtes Drama. Es wurde von Tōhō produziert und ist der erste Film Kurosawas nach der Niederlage Japans im Zweiten Weltkrieg.


History.

There was a settlement at the location of today's road from the time of the Roman Empire. When the foundations for the "Germania Fischhallen" were dug in 1905, numerous vessels and remains of walls from Roman and medieval times were found. Excavations to reroute a sewer in 2014 found a Roman iron smelting fire-pit in the street. The street was named Hurengasse in the Middle Ages and early modern times, referring to brothels in the street during the period. The location of the "pleasure trade" in the street was probably due to its close proximity to the two spa districts on the Büchel and in Komphausbadstrasse. It was renamed to Antoniusstraße in 1872 after the City Council obtained royal approval. It is named after Saint Anthony of Padua, who campaigned for the poor and for prostitutes.  In addition to prostitution, Antoniusstraße has been home to other companies over the years. A chemical factory, set up by the pharmacist Johann Peter Joseph Monheim and operated by his son Viktor Monheim and grandson Johannes Theodor Monheim, caught fire on June 29, 1883 and triggered a large fire that also affected Aachen Town Hall. The largest Aachen company for the production of fine papers, the stationers "Frehn" had its headquarters at 29 Antoniusstraße until the Second World War. The "Germania Fischhallenbuilt" by entrepreneur Wilhelm Frohn 1907. The building is currently used as a restaurant.  During the Second World War, the German Labour Front was the registered of the building No. 15.  The Aachen-born former professional boxer Klaus Gallwe is the property manager of the window-houses in Antoniusstraße.

Controversy.

The Antoniusstraße continues to be dominated by prostitutes offering their services from windows. Due to the location of the street in the middle of the pedestrian zone in the city centre, multiple attempts have been made to move prostitution out of the area. Access for emergency vehicles prevents privacy screens being set up at both ends of the street, such as in Hamburg's Herbertstrasse, and there is a screen only at one end. In 2009, former Lord Mayor Jürgen Linden proposed restricting prostitutes to half of the street. This was resisted by the owners of the windows and, amongst other reasons, cited the ever decreasing crime rate in the street in recent years.  In 2010, backed by local politicians, an investor also aimed to push back the red-light district. Apart from the FDP, which wants to move the entire brothel area, there is a bipartisan agreement to leave the red light district on Antoniusstraße. In 2017, new plans were drawn up to concentrate prostitution in a newly-built "Laufhaus" in the lower part of the street as part of a redevelopment of the area. The "Laufhaus" would be able to accommodate 120 prostitutes. This plan was opposed by some, including police commissioner Dirk Weinspach, who wanted to see prostitution move to the outskirts of the city.

The Antoniusstraße is one of the oldest streets of in the centre of Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is known for window prostitution.

Die Antoniusstraße, im Aachener Raum „Sträßchen“ oder „Antüen“ genannt, ist eine der ältesten Straßen Aachens. Sie liegt innerhalb des ersten Stadtringes.