History.

United States.

In the United States, the Texas chuckwagon is a precursor to the American food truck. In the later 1800s, herding cattle from the Southwest to markets in the North and East kept cowhands on the trail for months at a time. In 1866, the "father of the Texas Panhandle", Charles Goodnight, a Texas cattle rancher, fitted a sturdy old United States Army wagon with interior shelving and drawers, and stocked it with kitchenware, food and medical supplies. Food consisted of dried beans, coffee, cornmeal, greasy cloth-wrapped bacon, salt pork, beef, usually dried or salted or smoked, and other easy to preserve food stuffs. The wagon was also stocked with a water barrel and a sling to kindle wood to heat and cook food.  Another early relative of the modern food truck is the lunch wagon, as conceived by food vendor Walter Scott in 1872. Scott cut windows in a small covered wagon, parked it in front of a newspaper office in Providence Rhode Island, and sold sandwiches, pies and coffee to pressmen and journalists. By the 1880s, former lunch-counter boy, Thomas H. Buckley, was manufacturing lunch wagons in Worcester, Massachusetts. He introduced various models, like the Owl and the White House Cafe, with features that included sinks, refrigerators and cooking stoves, also colored windows and other ornamentation.  Later versions of the food truck were mobile canteens, which were created in the late 1950s. These mobile canteens were authorized by the U.S. Army and operated on stateside army bases.  Mobile food trucks, nicknamed "roach coaches" or "gut trucks", have been around for years, serving construction sites, factories, and other blue-collar locations. In big cities of the U.S. the food truck traditionally provided a means for the on-the-go person to grab a quick bite at a low cost. Food trucks are not only sought out for their affordability but as well for their nostalgia; and their popularity continues to rise.  The 2000s and 2010s, the economic changes caused by the Great Recession, technological factors, and street food being "hip" or "chic" have combined to increase the number of food trucks in the United States. The construction business was drying up, leading to a surplus of food trucks, and chefs from high-end restaurants were being laid off. For experienced cooks suddenly without work, the food truck seemed a clear choice, and a smaller financial investment than a brick-and-mortar restaurant.  Once more commonplace in American coastal big cities like New York and LA, gourmet food trucks are now to be found as well in the suburbs, and in small towns across the country. Food trucks are also being hired for special events, like weddings, movie shoots, and corporate gatherings, and also to carry advertising promoting companies and brands.

Gourmet trucks.

In 2011, "USA Today" noted that food trucks selling pricier food were gaining popularity across the United States, contrary to a common perception that food trucks are typically run-down and found at construction sites. In 2009, "New York" magazine noted that the food truck had "largely transcended its roach-coach classification and is now a respectable venue for aspiring chefs to launch careers." These gourmet trucks' menus run the gamut of ethnic and fusion cuisine. Often focusing on limited but creative dishes at reasonable prices, they offer customers a chance to experience food they otherwise may not. Finding a niche seems to be a path to success for most trucks. While one truck may specialize in outlandish burgers, another may serve only lobster rolls. Food trucks are now even Zagat rated.  Tracking food trucks has been made easy with social media like Facebook and Twitter, where a favorite gourmet truck can be located at any moment, with updates on specials, new menu items and location changes. In fact, it could be argued that social media was the biggest contributing factor to the breakthrough success of the gourmet food truck.  Food truck rallies and food truck parks are also growing in popularity in the US. At rallies, people can find their favorite trucks all in one place and as well provide a means for a variety of diverse cultures to come together and find a common ground over a love for food. On August 31, 2013, Tampa hosted the world's largest food truck rally, with 99 trucks attending. The Tampa Rally broke its own record by bringing together 121 food trucks in 2014. Chicago Food Truck Festival hosts over 40 trucks each year with 60,000 guests participating over two days in Chicago. And food truck parks, offering permanent locations, are found in urban and suburban areas across the US.  The popularity of food trucks lead to the creation of associations that protect and support their business rights, such as the Philadelphia Mobile Food Association.

Business and economics.

Food trucks are subject to the same range of concerns as other foodservice businesses. They generally require a fixed address to accept delivery of supplies. A commercial kitchen may be needed for food prep. There are a variety of permits to obtain, and a health code to observe. Labor and fuel costs are a significant part of the overhead.  Legal definitions and requirements for food trucks vary widely by country and locality. For example, in Toronto, Canada, some of the requirements include business and liability insurance, a Commercial Vehicle Operator's Registration for the truck, permits for each municipality being operated in (downtown, various suburbs), a food handler certificate, appropriate driver's licenses for drivers, assistant's licenses for assistants, and a health inspection.  As the rising number and popularity of food trucks push them into the food mainstream, region by region, problems with local legislators and police reacting to new situations, and brick-and-mortar restaurants fearing competition, have to be worked through, in some cases creating significant business uncertainty. Chicago long held the distinction of being the only city in the United States that did not allow food trucks to cook on board, which required trucks to prepare food in a commercial kitchen, then wrap and label the food and load it into a food warmer. In 2012, under pressure from food truck owners and supporters, including the University of Chicago Law School, regulations were changed to allow on-board cooking, however, controversially, food trucks are required to park 200 feet away from any restaurant, which virtually eliminates busy downtown locations.  In the US, specialized food truck outfitters offer comprehensive start-up services that can include concept development, training, and business support, in addition to outfitted trucks. In the US, food trucks are a $1.2 billion industry. By 2017, the US food truck industry had surpassed $2.7 billion.  Expansion from a single truck to fleets and retail outlets has proven possible. Los Angeles-based gourmet ice cream maker Coolhaus grew from a single truck in 2009 to 11 trucks and carts, two storefronts, and over 2,500 retail partner stores by September 2014.  The libertarian "Reason" magazine states that in US, cities, food trucks are subject to protectionist regulations designed to prevent them from competing with bricks and mortar restaurants. For example, in Chicago, a regulation prevents food trucks "...from selling food within 200 feet of brick-and-mortar restaurants and, hence, prohibit them from operating throughout the city's downtown area", which critics have called an "anti-competitive" rule for food truck operators.

Health concerns.

Food trucks have unique health risks compared to regular land-based restaurants when it comes to food safety and the prevention of foodborne illness. Most food trucks do not have access to adequate clean and hot water necessary to wash hands or to rinse off vegetables, as required by most health codes or regulations.  In June 2017, "The Boston Globe" reviewed the 2016 city health records and found that food trucks had been cited for violations 200 times, with half of the violations being minor in nature and the other half being serious violations. When compared to fixed location restaurants, the city closed nine of the 96 licensed food trucks in 2016 and closed only two out of 100 restaurants. A majority of the serious violations were related to the lack of water and hand washing. An earlier study showed that Boston food trucks, on average, received 2.68 violations per inspection between 2011 and July 2013, while restaurants received 4.56 citations for violations per inspection. For "critical foodborne violations"—defined by the city as activities that contribute to foodborne illness, such as improper labeling of ingredients—food trucks and restaurants were roughly equivalent, with 0.87 violations per inspection for food trucks, and 0.84 for restaurants.

Around the world.

Asia-Pacific.

Australia.

Food trucks are available across Australia, and are covered as a popular trend in the media. An Australian national online directory, "Where The Truck", lists some 170 food trucks.

Hong Kong.

In Hong Kong, food trucks are finally starting to hit the streets.

South Korea.

The national government legalized food trucks in South Korea in September 2014 and numbers have continued to climb steadily since then. Many young people are trying to create food trucks, and a wider range of products is becoming available. However, it is not possible to operate food trucks everywhere. In the case of Korea, there is only a limited number of places designated by each local government.

Belgium.

Chip trucks have long been a staple of the Belgian countryside. The Belgian Food Truck Association is lobbying to legalize food trucks on the street. Brussels was the first European city to propose locations for food trucks at football matches. Belgium also holds the Brussels Food Truck Festival, the largest of its kind in Europe, every year in May.

Brazil.

In Brazil, it's popularization, started with trucks that served food during carnival time and at the end of soccer games, sporting events and concerts. However, when trucks began to serve gourmet food (with higher prices), food trucks were no longer associated with popular food, and it became trendy to eat street food from food trucks. Nowadays they are all over Brazil, workplaces, schools, colleges, office buildings, industrial parks, workshops: that is, any place where there is potential demand for regular meals or snacks.

Canada.

In Canada, food trucks, also commonly known as "cantines" (French for cafeteria) in Quebec, are present across the country, serving a wide variety of cuisines, including anything from grilled cheese sandwiches to Mexican.

France.

Pizza trucks have been common in Provence since the 1960s or earlier, and food trucks are common at outdoor markets, but American-style trucks selling restaurant-quality food first appeared in Paris in 2012. Their owners needed to obtain permission from four separate government agencies, including the Prefecture of Police, but the trucks' offerings—including tacos and hamburgers—have reportedly been very popular.

Mexico.

Although street food in Mexico is unregulated, food trucks are becoming increasingly popular as of 2013 and owners have created an association to pursue the professionalization and expansion of this commercial sector. In addition to the food trucks catering on the streets, there are regular bazaars organized to introduce their products to the consumers.  In response to this popularity the Local Authorities have issued a series of special regulations to incorporate them to legal schemes that would help to order this commerce form. as new food truck business model emerged, some local bodybuilders begin to make food trucks from new vehicles from major car-makers.

United Kingdom.

With the advent of motorised transport during World War II, food trucks came into common use. Mobile canteens were used in almost all theatres of war to boost morale and provide food as a result of the successful tea lady experiment.  Food trucks today are sometimes known as snack vans, and can be found on nearly all major trunk roads at the side of the road or in areas that have a large pedestrian population, such as at village fetes or town centers. These vans can specialise in myriad different food types, such as donuts, hamburgers, chili and chips, as well as ethnic food. Some people prefer to stop at snack vans when travelling, due to the low price, rather than stop at a motorway service station where prices can be extremely high.  With the British street food industry growing 20% year-on-year, the increase in popularity of having a mobile food van at events has been substantial. Many people are finding that their business has become more successful when they switch to mobile. This is due to festivals and upcoming street food events having an extreme high demand for takeaway food.

A food truck is a large motorized vehicle, such as a van or trailer, equipped to cook, prepare, serve, and/or sell food. Some, including ice cream trucks, sell frozen or prepackaged food; others have on-board kitchens and prepare food from scratch, or they heat up food that was prepared in a bricks and mortar commercial kitchen. Sandwiches, hamburgers, french fries, and other regional fast food fare is common. In recent years, associated with the pop-up restaurant phenomenon, food trucks offering gourmet cuisine and a variety of specialties and ethnic menus have become particularly popular. Food trucks may also sell cold beverages such as soda pop and water. Food trucks, along with portable food booths and food carts, are on the front line of the street food industry that serves an estimated 2.5 billion people every day.

Ein Imbisswagen (, ) ist eine mobile Form des Imbissstands und dient wie dieser der öffentlichen Zubereitung und dem Verkauf von warmen und kalten Speisen und Getränken.


Biography.

Cable received an Associate diploma (ATCM) from The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto in conducting and bandmastership 1939. He is also a recipient of an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts (DFA) degree from the University of Lethbridge in 2002. Cable studied piano, clarinet, and oboe, and played in the Parkdale Collegiate Institute orchestra under Leslie Bell. While leading a dance band, the Cavaliers, 1935-41 in Toronto and at southern Ontario summer resorts, he studied at the Toronto Conservatory of Music with Sir Ernest MacMillan, Ettore Mazzoleni, and Healey Willan. He also studied with John Weinzweig in 1945.  Cable composed and arranged the original theme for the "Hockey Night in Canada" television broadcast, "The Saturday Game", which opened the broadcast from 1952 until 1968. His arrangement for solo piano of Dolores Claman's "The Hockey Theme" that was the show's theme from 1968 until the mid-2000s is one of the best selling pieces of sheet music in Canada. (Jerry Toth arranged the broadcast version of "The Hockey Theme".)  Cable was conductor for the early CBC TV variety programs General Electric Showtime and Mr. Show Business. In addition he conducted and arranged music for various CBC radio and TV programs in the 1960s. From 1971 to 1985 he was host of the program Howard Cable Presents heard on St. Catharines radio station "CHRE-fm", and for most of the years it was the station's highest rated program.  It was Howard Cable's longtime relationship with Canadian Brass that put him on the international stage through numerous recordings and radio appearances.  In 1999, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada in recognition of his "legendary contribution to the Canadian music industry".

Howard Reid Cable (December 15, 1920March 30, 2016) was a conductor, arranger, music director, composer, and radio and television producer. He was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Howard Reid Cable (* 15. Dezember 1920 in Toronto; † 30. März 2016 ebenda) war ein kanadischer Dirigent, Arrangeur und Komponist.


Early life.

Ulla E. Dydo was born Ursula Elisabeth Eder in Zürich, Switzerland, in 1925. Her parents were Jeanne Eder-Schwyzer (1894–1957) and Dr. Robert Eder (1885–1944).  After studying at University of Zurich and University College, London, Dydo moved to the United States. She received an MA from Bryn Mawr College in 1948 and a PhD from University of Wisconsin–Madison, in 1955, with a dissertation on "The Poetry of Allen Tate."

Career.

She was a professor of English at Brooklyn College from 1958 to 1966, and then lived in Lagos, Nigeria, until 1969, doing work for the Nigerian National Museum and studying Hausa poetry. Starting in 1970 she was a professor of English at Bronx Community College.  Fluent in German, Italian, and French, Dydo was editor of "Odyssey Review: A Quarterly of Modern Latin American & European Literature in English Translation" from 1961 to 1963.  By the 1970s, Dydo turned to Gertrude Stein, whose work would be at the center of her research and writing for the rest of her life. She worked closely with Leon Katz, Bill Rice and Edward Burns. With Burns, she edited "The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder" (1996). In 1993 she published "A Stein Reader", notable both for the selections and the illuminating headnotes. Because of Dydo's extensive research on the Stein papers at the Beinecke Library (Yale University), she was able to provide detailed textual scholarship about individual Stein works, such as had not been previously available. The years of study culminated in Dydo's major work, "Gertrude Stein: The Language that Rises 1923–1934", published in 2003.  Her later work turned to the poetry of Cecil Taylor.  She died in New York in 2017, at age 92.

Personal life.

She married the economist John Stephen Dydo (1922–2004) in 1963 and had a son in 1967. She later married the new music pianist Nurit Tilles.  Dydo frequently attended downtown poetry readings, dance, theater, and music events, and she was a generous supporter of related arts organizations.

Ulla E. Dydo (February 4, 1925 – September 10, 2017) was a writer, editor and noted Gertrude Stein scholar. She was Professor Emerita at the City University of New York and author of "Gertrude Stein: The Language That Rises, 1923–1934".

Ulla E. Dydo, Geburtsname "Ursula Elisabeth Eder", (4. Februar 1925 in Zürich – 10. September 2017 in New York City) war Autorin, Redakteurin und eine renommierte Gertrude-Stein-Expertin. Sie war Professorin an der City University von New York und Autorin von "Gertrude Stein: The Language that Rises" (1923–1934).


Design and development.

The first example, the C.8R (known to Avro as the Type 587) was a rebuild of the C.6D, fitted with stub wings and paddle-shaped main rotor blades. This was followed by the new-built C.8V (or Type 586) that was eventually converted back into an Avro 552 after testing. The next model was the definitive C.8L prototype (or Type 575). The Mark II was based on the Lynx-engined Avro 504N 2-seat trainer.  By now, Cierva's efforts were attracting the attention of buyers. The first customer was the British Air Ministry, which placed an order for a machine in 1927. This was completed as the Type 611, test flown by Bert Hinkler at Hamble and then delivered to the Royal Aircraft Establishment by Cierva himself in Britain's first cross-country rotorcraft flight on 30 September that year. The next example was purchased by Air Commodore James G. Weir, chairman of Cierva, and flown in the 1928 King's Cup Air Race before being used to make demonstration flights around continental Europe.  The two final C.8s were sold in 1928, one to the Italian government, and one to American Harold Pitcairn, who would go on to purchase manufacturing rights for the United States. The C.8W bought by Pitcairn would make the first autogyro flight in the United States at Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, on 18 December 1928. The C.8W is the oldest autogyro in the United States.  As of 2007, two examples are extant: Weir's machine preserved at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris, and Pitcairn's at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

The Cierva C.8 was an experimental autogyro built by Juan de la Cierva in England in 1926 in association with Avro. Like Cierva's earlier autogyros, the C.8s were based on existing fixed-wing aircraft fuselages – in this case, the Avro 552.

Cierva C.8 bezeichnet eine Baureihe von Tragschraubern des Konstrukteurs Juan de la Cierva, von der Mitte der 1920er Jahre sechs Exemplare in Großbritannien bei Avro hergestellt wurde.


Early life.

Hummel was born in Warrenton, Missouri, and graduated from the Morgan Park Academy in 1905. He received a bachelor's degree in 1909, a master's degree in 1911, and a Bachelor of Divinity in 1914, all from the University of Chicago.  While studying at the University of Chicago, he was attracted by the Student Volunteer Movement, and went to Japan to teach in Kobe, though not as a missionary. In the summers of 1913 and 1914, he visited his brother, who taught history and religious education at the University of Nanking and became intrigued with the country from which Japan had learned so much.

Career in Library of Congress and Sinology.

He returned to the United States in 1914, married, and in November the couple went to China as missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Over the following decade, Hummel taught school in Fenzhou, Shaanxi and pursued language studies. He also began to amass a collection of Chinese maps and coins bought in the local markets; his coin collection eventually included 2,000 varieties. In 1924 the Hummels moved to Peking to teach at the newly formed school of Chinese studies at Yenching University. Along with many of the foreign residents, the Hummels left during the unrest of 1927 following the Northern Expedition.  Soon after arriving in the States, Hummel agreed to join the staff of the Library of Congress. He intended to stay for a short period before returning to China but instead served until his retirement in 1954. As the first Chief of the Orientalia Division. Hummel built the collection into one of the largest and best organized in the country.""  In the early 1930s, he became a friend and colleague of Mortimer Graves, of the American Council of Learned Societies. Graves and Hummel worked not only to build the Library of Congress collection but to promote the study of Asia in colleges and universities across the country. J.J.L. Duyvendak, of Leiden University in the Netherlands, met Hummel and encouraged him to turn his longtime interest in the Chinese scholar Gu Jiegang into a serious study of the New Culture Movement's revisionist scholarship on ancient Chinese history. Hummel did so, and his dissertation, "The Autobiography of a Chinese Historian" earned him the Phd degree from the University of Leiden in September 23, 1931.  Graves arranged funding for Hummel's work on the Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, which began in 1934 and was published by the United States Government Printing Office in 1943.

Arthur William Hummel Sr. (March 6, 1884 – March 10, 1975) was an American Christian missionary to China, head of the Asian Division of the Library of Congress, noted Sinologist, and editor of Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, a biographical dictionary. He was the first president of the Association for Asian Studies, in 1948.

Arthur William Hummel senior (, ; * 6. März 1884; † 10. März 1975) war ein amerikanischer Missionar in China, sowie der Leiter der "Asian Division" der Library of Congress, ein bedeutender Sinologe und Herausgeber des biographischen Wörterbuchs Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. Er war der erste Präsident der Association for Asian Studies 1948.


Audi Sportback concept (2009).

The Audi Sportback concept is a concept vehicle powered by a 3.0-litre V6 TDI clean diesel engine rated at and of torque. It features a 7-speed S tronic transmission, quattro permanent all-wheel-drive system, five-link front suspension, continuous damping control shock absorbers, electromechanical steering, ceramic brake discs (380 mm front and 356 mm rear), front 6-piston monobloc aluminum brake calipers, rear floating-caliper brakes and 21-inch wheels.  The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 at the Detroit Auto Show.

First generation (Type 4G8; 2010-2017).

Initial release.

The A7 is in essence, a four-door fastback version of the C7-series Audi A6, based on the Volkswagen Group MLB platform. The A7 was released before the more conventional A6 saloon/estate. Both cars share the same core structure, drivetrain, chassis, dashboard and interior, whilst the A7 has its own unique exterior panelwork. It also differs from the A6 in that it uses aluminium for much of its front body structure. The A7 was also the first fastback to appear within the Audi C-platform series since the Avant version of the C2 Audi 100, which was discontinued in 1982.  The vehicle was unveiled in Pinakothek der Moderne art museum in Munich on 26 July 2010, and later at the 2010 Paris Motor Show, 2011 New York Auto Show, Wörthersee Tour 2011 (in Misano Red)  The vehicles went on sale in fall 2010. Early models include 2.8 FSI () with multitronic, 3.0 TFSI quattro () with seven-speed S tronic, 3.0 TDI quattro () with seven-speed S tronic; followed by 3.0 TDI () with multitronic.  The 2011 model year A7 introduces FlexRay high speed databus that controls all the driver assistance systems from the A8, but it adds head-up display and active lane assist. Full LED headlamps with Automatic high beam switching or Audi adaptive light (Xenon) with variable headlight range control.  US models went on sale 2012 model year vehicles. Early models include 3.0 TFSI quattro () with an 8-speed automatic transmission.

Audi S7 (2012–2017).

The S7 is a version of the A7 with a biturbo TFSI V8 engine rated at and of torque, as well as a quattro four wheel drive system and 7-speed S–tronic gearbox. The S7 can accelerate from in 4.7 seconds.  The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show, and later in 2012 Audi quattro Cup.  Delivery of the S7 began in spring 2012.

Similar vehicles.

Reviewers have cited the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class as the inspiration to the Audi A7 in the four-door executive sedan market.

Engines and performance.

The following internal combustion engines are available, with variations dependent on market.

Awards.

In the "ICOTY" Awards, the Audi A7 was named the International Car of the Year in 2012.  "AutoWeek" magazine named the Audi A7 as the Best of the Best/Car for 2012.  "Esquire" magazine named the Audi A7 as the 2011 Esquire Car of the Year.  "Automobile Magazine" named the Audi A7 "2012 Automobile of the Year".

Marketing.

As part of the A7 Sportback product launch, a launch campaign was created in collaboration with the London advertising agency Bartle Bogle Hegarty. The birth story of the A7 Sportback became the inspiration of the Paper Liberation spot.  As part of the A7 launch in the US, a papercraft version of 2012 Audi A7 was produced.  As part of the S7 launch in the US, a Super Bowl commercial was produced.

2012 update.

A7 3.0 TDI quattro () (as A7 3.0 BiTDI quattro) was added to the UK market.  The A7 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro was unveiled at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show.  US model of A7 3.0 TDI clean diesel quattro was set to go on sale in fall 2013 as 2014 model year vehicle.

A7 Sportback Black Edition (2013–).

The A7 Sportback Black Edition is a version of the A7 (excluding 3.0 TDI (), S7) for the UK market. It includes 21-inch rotor-design alloy wheels with a dark titanium finish with further lowered S line sports suspension, black grille and number plate surrounds and the window frame strips, and by privacy glass extending from the B-pillar rearwards; Piano Black inlays, sports seats upholstered in black Valcona leather, black headlining, BOSE audio system with DAB radio and AMI from SE specification and above, S line equipment package (satellite navigation, light and rain sensors, Xenon all-weather headlights and LED rear lights, Audi drive select adaptive dynamics system, Audi parking system plus, keyless go), powered tailgate operation, electrically adjustable front seats and a powered retractable rear spoiler.  Sales began in November 2012, with deliveries began in early 2013.

RS 7 (2013–2019).

The RS 7 has a 4.0 TFSI twin scroll twin turbo V8 engine rated at and of torque, as well as cylinder on demand system deactivates intake and exhaust valves of 4 cylinders (2, 3, 5 and 8), eight-speed tiptronic transmission with D and S driving modes, quattro with torque vectoring with self-locking center differential with a high locking rate and oil cooler (optional quattro with sport differential with two superposition gears), polished 20-inch forged wheels in a seven twin-spoke design (optional 21-inch cast wheels in a choice of three designs), four internally vented diameter brake discs with diameter front discs and black (optional red) painted six-piston calipers (optional carbon fiber ceramic discs with anthracite gray calipers), electronic stabilization control with Sport and off modes, adaptive air suspension lowering body by (optional tauter sport suspension plus with Dynamic Ride Control), optional Dynamic all-wheel steering with continuously variable steering boost and ratio, high-gloss black protective grille with honeycomb structure at the front of the car, add-on parts in matte aluminum, power extending spoiler, two elliptical tailpipe trims, a choice of 10 body colours (including Nardo gray, exclusive finish Daytona gray, matte effect), optional matte aluminum and carbon styling packages, footrest, pedals and soft keys in the standard MMI navigation plus terminal in an aluminum-look finish; decorative trim below the retractable monitor in piano finish, carbon inlays (four optional additional materials), headlining in black cloth (optional lunar silver or black Alcantara), RS sport seats with side bolsters and integrated head restraints and RS 7 logos upholstered in black Alcantara and leather with diamond quilting at center sections (optional honeycomb-quilted Valcona leather in either black or lunar silver), optional power-adjustable comfort seats with memory function, contoured rear seats, xenon plus headlights, a tire pressure monitoring system, the parking system plus, three-zone automatic air conditioning, cruise control, Audi sound system, MMI navigation plus, adaptive cruise control with Start-stop system including Audi pre sense front.  The RS 7 can accelerate from in 3.9 seconds and is limited to. The optional dynamic package and dynamic package plus increase top speeds to and respectively.  Other options include the exterior mirrors with exposed carbon housings and the all-LED headlights, head-up display, a comfort package, the dynamic package, the dynamic package plus, Bluetooth online car phone, Bang & Olufsen Advanced Sound System.  The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 NAIAS.  Audi announced the RS 7 Performance along with the RS 6 Performance on 22 October 2015. It is powered by the same 4.0-litre twin-turbo V8 engine as the standard RS 7, but now with at 6,100-6,800 rpm and of torque at 2,500-5,500 rpm. The top speed remains limited to as standard, and there are optional Dynamic and Dynamic Plus packages that raise the top speed to and respectively. The RS 7 Performance will accelerate from in 3.7 seconds and in 12.1 seconds. Despite the improved performance, the fuel economy and are unchanged from the standard RS 6 Avant.

Mid-2014 facelift (model year 2015).

Audi unveiled the 2015 A7 facelift in May 2014. Changes include:

Second generation (Type 4K8; 2018–present).

The second generation of the A7 was revealed in October 2017, officially launched in Germany in February 2018, and has been on sale in Europe since late 2017 and made its debut for the North American market at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on 12 January 2018. Production started in February 2018 at Audi's Neckarsulm plant.  The RS 7 Sportback was first unveiled at the 2019 Frankfurt Motor Show.

Engine.

At launch, the A7 was powered by a six-cylinder petrol engine making and, an engine also used in the new Audi A8. Further engines will follow soon after the start of production.  All units will receive a 48-volt vehicle electrical system, which together with the belt alternator starter (BAS) comprises the MHEV system (Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle).

The Audi A7 is an executive car produced by Audi since 2010. A five-door liftback, it features a sloping roofline with a steeply raked rear window and integrated boot lid (forming the so-called "Sportback"), and four frameless doors.

Der Audi A7 Sportback ist ein von der Audi AG produzierter fünftüriger Pkw mit Fließheck. Er basiert auf der gleichen Plattform wie der Audi A6 und gilt als Konkurrent anderer hochpreisiger PKW mit Fließheck; z. B. des Mercedes-Benz CLS und des BMW 6er Gran Coupé.


Game modes.

Currently, "Fortnite" is distributed as three different game modes, using the same engine; each has similar graphics, art assets, and game mechanics.  In the first two modes, players can use their pickaxe to knock down existing structures on the map to collect basic resources that are wood, brick, and metal. Subsequently, in all modes, the player can use these materials to build fortifications, such as walls, floors, and stairs. Such fortification pieces can be edited to add things like windows or doors. The materials used have different durability properties and can be updated to stronger variants using more materials of the same type. Within "Save the World" this enables players to create defensive fortifications around an objective or trap-filled tunnels to lure husks through. In "Battle Royale", this provides the means to quickly traverse the map, protect oneself from enemy fire, or to delay an advancing foe. Players are encouraged to be very inventive in designing their fortifications in "Creative".  All game modes are set to be free-to-play titles, although, "Save the World" is in early access and requires purchase to play. The first two games are monetized through the use of V-Bucks, in-game currency that can be purchased with real-world funds, but also earned through completing missions and other achievements in "Save the World". V-Bucks in "Save the World" can be used to buy loot boxes, in the form of piñatas shaped like llamas, to gain a random selection of items. In "Battle Royale", V-Bucks can be used to buy cosmetic items like character models or the like, or can also be used to purchase the game's battle pass, a tiered progression of customization rewards for gaining experience and completing certain objectives during the course of a "Battle Royale" season.

Development.

"Fortnite: Save the World".

"Fortnite" began from an internal game jam at Epic Games following the publishing of "Gears of War 3" around 2011. Though it was not initially one of the developed titles during the jam, the concept of merging the construction game genre, representing games like "Minecraft" and "Terraria", and shooter games arose, leading to the foundation of "Fortnite". Development of "Fortnite" slowed due to several issues, including switching from the Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal Engine 4, a deeper role-playing game approach to extend the life of the game, and a switch of art style from a dark theme to a more cartoonish style. Further, Epic was looking to get into the games as a service model, and brought in Chinese publisher Tencent to help; Tencent took a large stake in Epic as part of this, leading to the departure of several executives, including Cliff Bleszinski, who had been a key part of "Fortnite"s development. "Fortnite"s approach was changed to be Epic's testbed for games as a service, and further slowed the development.  Ultimately, Epic was able to prepare to release "Fortnite" as a paid early access title in July 2017, with plans to release it as free-to-play sometime in 2019 while gaining feedback from players to improve the game. With the release of "Fortnite Battle Royale", the player-versus-environment mode was distinguished as "Save the World".

"Fortnite Battle Royale".

Near the same time that Epic released "Fortnite" into early access, "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds" had become a worldwide phenomenon, having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release, and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre. Epic recognized that with the "Fortnite" base game, they could also do a battle royale mode, and rapidly developed their own version atop "Fortnite" in about two months. By September 2017, Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from "Save the World" in the paid-for earlier access, but then later decided to release it as a free game, "Fortnite Battle Royale", supported with microtransactions. This version quickly gained players, with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release, and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the "Fortnite Battle Royale" development apart from the "Save the World" version, outside of common engine elements and art assets. This allowed "Fortnite Battle Royale" to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by "Save the World", including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch.

"Fortnite Creative".

A creative sandboxing mode launched on December 6, 2018, synchronized with the start of season 7 of "Fortnite Battle Royale". Here, each player has access to a private, persistent island on which they construct buildings and add and manipulate objects as desired. Players are able to invite friends to this island, and participate in unofficial games such as race tracks or jumping courses. Initially, only players who bought the Battle Pass could get their own private island, but players who didn't purchase it got access to this game mode for free on December 13.

Reception.

The "Save the World" mode achieved over one million players by August 2017, just prior to the release of "Battle Royale".  "Fortnite Battle Royale" became a significant financial success for Epic Games, leading them to separate the teams between "Save the World" and "Battle Royale" to provide better support for both modes. Within two weeks of release, over 10 million players had played the mode, and by June 2018, just after the Nintendo Switch release, had reached 125 million players. Revenue from "Fortnite Battle Royale" during the first half of 2018 had been estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars per month, with total 2018 revenue estimated at by analysis firm SuperData Research.  "Fortnite Battle Royale" has also become a cultural online phenomenon, with several celebrities reporting they play the game, and athletes using "Fortnite" emotes as victory celebrations. A notable streaming event in March 2018, with streamer Ninja playing "Fortnite Battle Royale" alongside Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster, broke viewership records for Twitch to date, and led to Epic arranging a "Fortnite Battle Royale" pro–am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at E3 2018 in June 2018. Epic Games has developed organized esports competitions around "Fortnite Battle Royale", such as the inaugural Fortnite World Cup tournament that took place in July 2019.  There has also been growing concern over "Fortnite Battle Royale" draw toward young children, emphasized with the release of the mobile client. Parents and teachers had expressed concern that students are being distracted and drawn away from school work due to playing "Fortnite". Concerns have also been raised about the impact that playing a game involving repeated depictions of gun violence may have on young children.

Awards.

In 2017, the game was nominated for "Best Co-op Game" by "PC Gamer", and for "Best Spectator Game" by IGN. In 2018, the game won the award for Best Ongoing Game by "PC Gamer" and IGN, the latter of which nominated it for "Best Nintendo Switch Game", "Best Mobile Game", and "Best Action Game".

Fortnite is an online video game developed by Epic Games and released in 2017. It is available in three distinct game mode versions that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine: "", a cooperative shooter-survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie-like creatures and defend objects with fortifications they can build; "Fortnite Battle Royale", a free-to-play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing; and "Fortnite Creative", where players are given complete freedom to create worlds and battle arenas. "Save the World" and "Battle Royale" were released in 2017 as early access titles, while "Creative" was released on December 6, 2018. "Save the World" is available only for Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while "Battle Royale" and "Creative" released for all those platforms, and also for Nintendo Switch, iOS, and Android devices. The game is expected to also launch with the release of the next-generation PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X consoles.

Fortnite ist ein Koop-Survival-Spiel, das von People Can Fly und Epic Games entwickelt wurde und durch einen kostenlosen, auf dem Battle-Royale-Genre basierenden, Standalone-Modus, "Fortnite Battle Royale", seine Popularität erlangte. Das Spiel erschien am 25. Juli 2017 weltweit außer in China für PlayStation 4, Xbox One und Windows.


History.

She partially described the language in a work titled "Lingua Ignota per simplicem hominem Hildegardem prolata", which survived in two manuscripts, both dating to ca. 1200, the Wiesbaden Codex and a Berlin MS (Lat. Quart. 4o 674), previously Codex Cheltenhamensis 9303, collected by Sir Thomas Phillipps. The text is a glossary of 1011 words in Lingua Ignota, with glosses mostly in Latin, sometimes in German; the words appear to be a priori coinages, mostly nouns with a few adjectives. Grammatically it appears to be a partial relexification of Latin, that is, a language formed by substituting new vocabulary into an existing grammar.  The purpose of Lingua Ignota is unknown, and it is not known who, besides its creator, was familiar with it. In the 19th century some believed that Hildegard intended her language to be an ideal, universal language. However, nowadays it is generally assumed that Lingua Ignota was devised as a secret language; like Hildegard's "unheard music", she would have attributed it to divine inspiration. Inasmuch as the language was constructed by Hildegard, it may be considered one of the earliest known constructed languages.  In a letter to Hildegard, her friend and provost Wolmarus, fearing that Hildegard would soon die, asks "ubi tunc vox inauditae melodiae? et vox inauditae linguae?" (Descemet, p. 346; "where, then, the voice of the unheard melody? And the voice of the unheard language?"), suggesting that the existence of Hildegard's language was known, but there were no initiates who would have preserved its knowledge after her death.

Sample text.

The only extant text in the language is the following short passage: These two sentences are written mostly in Latin with five key words in Lingua Ignota; as only one of these is unambiguously found in the glossary ("loifol" "people"), it is clear that the vocabulary was larger than 1011 words. (Higley 2007 finds probable correspondences for two other words.)  "Loifol" "people" is apparently inflected as a third-declension Latin noun, yielding the genitive plural "loifolum" "of the peoples".  Newman (1987) conjectures the translation

The glossary.

The glossary is in a hierarchical order, first giving terms for God and angels, followed by terms for human beings and terms for family relationships, followed by terms for body-parts, illnesses, religious and worldly ranks, craftsmen, days, months, clothing, household implements, plants, and a few birds and insects. Terms for mammals are lacking (except for the bat, Ualueria, listed among birds, and the gryphon, Argumzio, a half-mammal, also listed among the birds).  The first 30 entries are (after Roth 1880):  Nominal composition may be observed in "peueriz" "father" : "hilz-peueriz" "stepfather", "maiz" "mother" : "hilz-maiz" "stepmother", and "scirizin" "son" : "hilz-scifriz" "stepson", as well as "phazur" : "kulz-phazur". Suffixal derivation in "peueriz" "father", "peuearrez" "patriarch".

A Lingua Ignota (Latin for "unknown language") was described by the 12th century abbess of Rupertsberg, St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB, who apparently used it for mystical purposes. To write it, she used an alphabet of 23 letters denominated "litterae ignotae".

Lingua Ignota (lateinisch für "unbekannte Sprache") ist eine konstruierte Sprache aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Sie wurde von der Äbtissin Hildegard von Bingen geschaffen und ist durch ein Wörterverzeichnis im Rupertsberger Riesenkodex sowie unvollständig im Codex Vindobonensis und Codex Parisiensis überliefert. Die Erklärung der Wörter ist in Deutsch und Latein angegeben. Der Wortschatz umfasst etwa 900 Begriffe, die einen Bezug zum menschlichen Leben sowie zur Natur haben. Mehrere Wörter lassen Ähnlichkeiten zum Deutschen, Lateinischen, Altgriechischen, Hebräischen und Pseudo-Hebräischen erahnen, wobei auch vollständig erfundene Wörter enthalten zu sein scheinen. Auffällig ist die Häufung der Endung "-uz" bzw. "-z".


History.

The Title was established on March 5, 1973 by the late Pope Paul VI.

Exterior.

The church was designed by Tullio Rossi in a somewhat modernized neo-Romanesque style, and completed in 1962. There is a nave with aisles, a semi-circular apse and a campanile at the end of the left-hand aisle. The fabric is in puce brick, with little decoration.  The façade is two-storey, with the lower storey to aisle roof level being a simple rectangular form which encloses a smaller rectangle brought forward and containing the nave and aisle doorways. The nave door is inset, and above it is a mosaic by Giuseppe Stracota depicting "Pope Pius V and St George with the Madonna and Child", and a background showing the Battle of Lepanto (at which the navy of the Ottoman Turks was defeated during his pontificate). The first story of the façade, and the body of the nave above the aisles, is divided into panels by relief pilasters in brick without capitals. On the façade there are six pilasters, ending in a wide blank stone architrave above which is the triangular pediment. In the centre is a vertical rectangular window formed of six squares divided by stone mullions, and below this are a coat of arms. The body of the nave has six windows of identical form on each side, in three pairs. The campanile is an unadorned brick tower on a square plan, with rectangular bell openings.

Interior.

The interior has aisle arcades formed by square red marble pillars without capitals. The lower apse is panelled in the same red marble, and has an icon of Pope Pius V. The upper walls are in white with outline rectangular panels in gilt. There are some notable devotional artworks: the crucifix is by Francisco Nagni, the Stations of the Cross by Angelo Biancini, the statue of St Catherine of Siena by Antonio Berti and an angel in gesso by Duilio Cambellotti.

San Pio V a Villa Carpegna is a Titular Church in the Roman Catholic Church. It was established on March 5, 1973, by Pope Paul VI for Cardinal-Deacon. The title was previously raised pro hac vice after José Tomás Sánchez † was installed cardinal-priest in 2002, ten years after serving as cardinal-deacon. The title is now held by an American Cardinal, James Harvey.

San Pio V ein Titeldiakonie und Pfarrkirche im römischen Quartier Aurelio. Sie ist dem heiligen Papst Pius V. gewidmet, der zu Zeiten des Konzils von Trient regierte.


Premise.

"Bunsen Is a Beast" centers around a blue monster named Bunsen, the first beast to attend Muckledunk Middle School. Mikey Munroe, his human friend, helps him navigate through school, as he feels the pressure to prove that monsters can coexist peacefully without eating and harming others. Episodes typically focus on Bunsen learning how to complete human tasks and discovering a human tradition. Mikey also learns more about the monster world, meeting new creatures whenever he visits Bunsen's home. However, a girl named Amanda Killman believes Bunsen is dangerous and wants to destroy him so that his kind will suffer from extinction. Bunsen and Mikey must outwit Amanda whenever she comes up with a new scheme, occasionally with the help of their friend, Darcy.

Development.

The idea for "Bunsen Is a Beast" originated in a drawing of a monster facing a boy that Hartman drew in 2009. According to an article published in "Variety", he kept the drawing in his office at Nickelodeon until a network executive noticed it and asked him to pitch the concept as a television show. The message that "no matter who you are, you can always find a place to fit in" inspired the show's underlying theme of embracing integration. When asked in an interview with Heidi MacDonald's "Comics Beat" if the show could be interpreted as a metaphor for "accepting and befriending refugees," Hartman mentioned that the social commentary was "a little bit" intentional. Animation began about a year before the show premiered.

Broadcast.

A sneak peek of "Bunsen Is a Beast" was first shown at Comic-Con in 2016. The series has aired on YTV in Canada on June 3, 2017. The series premiered on Israel on June 4, 2017, Nickelodeon in Australia and New Zealand on June 5, 2017. The series premiered on Greece on July 15, 2017 and Nicktoons in the United Kingdom on September 4, 2017.

Reception.

Critical.

The show received mixed to positive reviews overall by critics. Robert Lloyd of the "Los Angeles Times" praised "Bunsen Is a Beast" in his review, likening it to "an early Hanna-Barbera cartoon with the engine of Tex Avery at his eye-popping extreme" and commending its message about embracing outsiders as "particularly timely."  Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series 3 out of 5 stars; saying that, “This series has an admirable premise that's illustrated by a surprising friendship, but the show's more irritating elements can overshadow its better points.” But added that, “kids will like the show's over-the-top situations and Bunsen's bizarre reactions to them.” The show currently holds a 4.9/10 on IMDb and a 5.9/10 on TV.com, indicating mixed reviews.

Cancellation.

Butch Hartman announced the show's cancellation after a single season in a 2018 YouTube video in which he announced he had left Nickelodeon. The show is Hartman's shortest running series.

Bunsen Is a Beast is a 2017-2018 American animated television series created by Butch Hartman for Nickelodeon. It revolves around a small eccentric monster named Bunsen who begins attending a middle school that previously only admitted humans. In spite of prejudice against beasts, Bunsen befriends a human boy named Mikey Munroe and his homeschooled companion, Darcy. Together, Bunsen and his friends attempt to navigate through school life while outsmarting a student named Amanda who wants to rid society of Bunsen's kind.

Bunsen ist ein Biest (Originaltitel: "Bunsen is a Beast") ist eine US-amerikanische Zeichentrickserie, die von Butch Hartman erdacht wurde. Die Musik ist von Guy Moon.


Early life.

Williams was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Max and Lillian Jacobson. He cited the experience of growing up as the son of a vaudeville show producer as leading him to pursue his acting career as early as college.  He attended both the University of Pennsylvania (1932–33) and Columbia University (1934), participating in amateur theatrical productions.

Career.

Early endeavors.

Out of school and out of work during the end of the Great Depression, he worked as a comedian on the upstate New York Borscht Belt circuit. From 1936 until 1941, Jay Williams worked as a press agent for Dwight Deere Winman, Jed Harris and the Hollywood Theatre Alliance. Williams even played a feature role in the Cannes prize winning film, "Little Fugitive", produced in 1953.  Williams served in the Army during World War II, receiving a Purple Heart. While serving, he published his first book "The Stolen Oracle" in 1943. After his discharge from the military in 1945, he turned his attention to writing as a full-time career.

Writing.

In all, Williams authored at least 79 books including 11 picture books, 39 children's novels, 7 adult mysteries, 4 nonfiction books, 8 historical novels and a play. He is probably best known for his young adult "Danny Dunn" science fiction/fantasy series which he co-authored with Raymond Abrashkin. Though Abrashkin died in 1960, Williams insisted Abrashkin should continue to receive credit as co-author of all 15 books of this series, which continued from 1956 until 1977. Williams was reported to personally reply to over 1,000 fan letters from his juvenile readers each year.  Like his first novel, "The Stolen Oracle", Williams wrote mysteries for young adults, including "The Counterfeit African" (1945) and "The Roman Moon Mystery". He also wrote adult crime fiction, using the pseudonym Michael Delving. (This may be a reference to Michel Delving, a large hobbit-populated town in "The Lord of the Rings".) One of his series of mysteries features the American rare book and manuscript collector, Dave Cannon, and takes place in Britain.  Jay Williams also wrote a number of successful historical novels for adults, including "The Witches", a look at the eradication of the healing women in Scotland; "Solomon and Sheba"; "The Siege", a tale of the 13th-century wars initiated by the Pope against the Albigensian heresy; "Tomorrow's Fire" (1964), set during the Third Crusade; and "The Rogue from Padua", a novel that takes place in the Renaissance.  He was also interested in the future in his many speculative science fiction tales, often published in "The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction"; eight of these stories were published under the title, "Unearthly Beasts". His novel "Uniad" sees a world in which individuality has shrunk.  His novel "The Forger" examines commercialism and art, and the relation of art to real life.  Williams also wrote non-fiction books: "The Middle Ages", "Knights of the Crusades", "The Spanish Armada", and "Joan of Arc", as well as his young adult Landmark book on World War II, "The Battle for the North Atlantic". He was known for his extensive research in both his fiction and non-fiction.  He wrote about the environment in his "Fall of the Sparrow", describing the loss of numerous animal and bird species, often due to man; and he wrote a travel book, "A Change of Climate", a European trip with his son, Chris.

Personal life.

Williams and his wife Barbara Girsdansky were married June 3, 1941. They had a son, Christopher ("Chris"), and a daughter, Victoria.  Jay Williams died at age 64 from a heart attack while on a trip to London on July 12, 1978.

Jay Williams (May 31, 1914 – July 12, 1978) was an American author of science fiction (often for children), fantasy, historical fiction, non-fiction, and radical theatre.

Jay Williams (* 31. Mai 1914 in Buffalo, New York; † 12. Juli 1978) war ein US-amerikanischer Autor von Science-Fiction (oft Jugendbüchern), Fantasy, historischen Romanen, Sachbüchern und Theaterstücken.


Career.

Walker was born in Beaverlodge, Alberta. As a junior, Walker played for the Charley Thomas Grande Prairie, Alberta rink. In 2006, the team won the Canadian and World Junior Curling Championships. Walker was too old to stay with the rink for the 2007 Canadian Junior Championships. He was invited to join the team after they won the event as their alternate for the 2007 World Junior Curling Championships. The World Juniors allows curlers to be one year older than the Canadian Juniors. As the alternate, Walker won his second straight World Junior Championship.  After Juniors, Walker joined the Kurt Balderston rink as his second. The team missed the playoffs at the 2008 Boston Pizza Cup (the Alberta provincial championship), but qualified for the playoffs at the 2009 Boston Pizza Cup, where they lost to James Pahl. After missing the playoffs again at the 2010 Boston Pizza Cup, Walker left the team to form his own rink. Walker would do well on his own, and went all the way to the semifinal of the 2011 Boston Pizza Cup, where he lost to Kevin Koe.  After the 2010–11 season, Walker left Alberta to join the Brad Gushue rink in Newfoundland as his lead. The team won the 2012 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard, earning the team a spot at the 2012 Tim Hortons Brier, Walker's first. The team finished in seventh with a 5–6 record. The team would win the provincial title the following year as well at the 2013 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard. The team would make the playoffs at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier with an 8–3 record. They would lose the 3 vs. 4 game to Northern Ontario's Brad Jacobs and the bronze medal game to Ontario's Glenn Howard. The Gushue rink failed to make the playoffs at the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier after going 6–5 in the round robin. They would improve on their best finish at the 2015 Tim Hortons Brier where they lost in the semifinal to Team Canada skipped by Pat Simmons. During the 2014–15 season, Walker would also win his first Grand Slam of Curling event, the 2014 Masters and the 2014 Canadian Open.  The Gushue rink would win three more slams during the 2015–16 season, the 2015 National, the 2016 Elite 10 and the 2016 Players' Championship. With their successful tour season, the team went into the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier as the number one seed. They led Newfoundland and Labrador to a 9–2 round robin record, earning them a spot in the 1 vs. 2 game. They would defeat Northern Ontario's Jacobs before losing to Alberta's Kevin Koe 9–5 in the final. The team finished second on the CTRS standings for the season, just behind the Koe rink.  Team Gushue added one more slam title during the 2016–17 season at the 2017 Canadian Open. The team would also have their most successful Brier to date at the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier which was hosted in St. John's. They once again finish 9–2 in the round robin and would win the 1 vs. 2 game over Manitoba's Mike McEwen rink. Tied 6–6 in the final end of the final against Koe, Gushue needed to draw full eight foot to win the title. The team swept it all the way down the sheet and the stone was just close enough for the win. It was Newfoundland's first Brier title since 1976. The team represented Canada at the 2017 World Men's Curling Championship where they went undefeated en route to capturing the gold medal. The whole Canadian team was named the All-Star Team for the tournament. This would earn them first place on the CTRS standings for the season.  The team followed this successful season up with another great season for the 2017–18 season. It did come with a bit of heartbreak though, as the team lost the semifinal of the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. They shook this off though, able to win three more slams, the 2017 Tour Challenge, the 2017 Masters and the 2018 Humpty's Champions Cup. His rink would defend their title at the 2018 Tim Hortons Brier. Representing Team Canada, they went 10–1 through the round robin and championship pool and defeated Alberta's Brendan Bottcher 6–4 in the final. They would lose the final of the 2018 World Men's Curling Championship to Sweden's Niklas Edin team.  The team added a tenth slam title to their name at the 2018 Elite 10 (September) the following season. They would lose the 3 vs. 4 game of the 2019 Tim Hortons Brier to Bottcher's rink. On the tour, they lost in the finals of the China Open to Russia's Sergei Glukhov and the Stu Sells 1824 Halifax Classic to Scott Howard who was skipping the Glenn Howard team. They began their 2019–20 season at the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic where they lost to eventual champions John Epping in the quarterfinals. They then lost in the semifinal of the Stu Sells Toronto Tankard to Brad Jacobs who also went on to win the event. In Grand Slam play, the team didn't win any events, but finished runner-up at both the 2019 Masters and the 2019 Tour Challenge and lost in the semifinals of the 2019 National and the 2020 Canadian Open. The team would win the 2020 Newfoundland and Labrador Tankard after not having to play in it for the previous two seasons. At the 2020 Tim Hortons Brier, the team finished 8–3, which qualified them for the 3 vs. 4 game. They would beat Brad Jacobs in the 3 vs. 4, Saskatchewan's Matt Dunstone in the semifinal and Alberta's Bottcher rink in the final to win their third Brier title. The team was set to represent Canada once again at the 2020 World Men's Curling Championship before the event got cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Brier would be their last event of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup Grand Slam events were also cancelled due to the pandemic.

Personal life.

Walker works for the turf team at The Derrick Golf & Winter Club in Edmonton, AB. He is married to fellow curler Laura Walker.

Geoff Walker (born November 28, 1985 in Beaverlodge, Alberta) is a Canadian curler, currently living in Edmonton, Alberta. He currently plays lead for the Brad Gushue rink. He is a two-time World Junior Champion and Men's World Champion.

Geoff Walker (* 28. November 1985 in Beaverlodge, Alberta) ist ein kanadischer Curler. Derzeit spielt er als Second im Team von Skip Brad Gushue.


Universal CityWalk Hollywood.

CityWalk is separate from Universal Studios Hollywood although it does serve as an entrance from the parking lot to Universal Studios. Inspiration came from the Horton Plaza according to Jon Jerde, the architecture of City Walk Hollywood tries to capture the architecture found all over Los Angeles. Universal CityWalk Hollywood is a three-block entertainment, dining, shopping promenade. It has more than 30 eateries, a 19-screen movie theater featuring IMAX, 7 night spots, indoor skydiving and more than 30 stores.

History.

Designed by Jon Jerde, CityWalk opened in May 1993 adjacent to the Cineplex Odeon cinema. A $1 billion,. expansion opened in 2000. Planning done by Jerde Associates.  CityWalk's central plaza is topped by a 170-foot radial trelis designed and built by Pearce Structures (who also constructed Biosphere 2). The courtyard features a leaping fountain, created by WET. A huge television monitor brought in by Panasonic, is located above the multiplex, showing upcoming Universal movie releases, music videos, and NBCUniversal promotions stands next to the giant guitar towering over the Hard Rock Cafe.  Street performers (magicians and musicians) are a common sight.

5 Towers.

"5 Towers" is an interactive outdoor concert venue on Universal CityWalk, featuring a technologically advanced staging system. The stage is equipped with thousands of LED fixtures, motion capture sensors, five soaring 42-foot light tower sculptures, a massive video monitor, and a state-of-the-art audio system.  The new staging system serves as the structural artistic centerpiece for CityWalk. It features live music.

Universal CityWalk Orlando.

The Universal CityWalk in Orlando opened in 1999 as one component of the expansion that transformed Universal Studios Florida into today's Universal Orlando Resort. It was built over the former Universal Studios parking lot and entrance. Guests arriving at the resort park in one of two-story parking garages then travel via covered moving walkways over Universal Boulevard into CityWalk. From there, guests can proceed into either two of the theme parks: Universal Studios Florida and Universal's Islands of Adventure.

Universal CityWalk is the name shared by the entertainment and retail districts located adjacent to the theme parks of Universal Parks & Resorts. CityWalk began as an expansion of Universal's first park, Universal Studios Hollywood, and serves as an entrance plaza from the parking lots to the theme parks. CityWalk can also be found at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan.

Universal CityWalk werden die Einkaufs- und Unterhaltungszentren neben den Freizeitparks der Universal Parks & Resorts-Gruppe genannt. Der erste CityWalk wurde als Erweiterung des ältesten Freizeitparks der Gruppe, den Universal Studios Hollywood, erbaut. Die Zentren fungieren als Eingangsbereiche zwischen den Parkplätzen der Freizeitparks und ihren Eingängen. Weitere CityWalks können am Universal Orlando Resort und an den Universal Studios Japan in Osaka gefunden werden.


History.

From 1817 to 1862, the Supreme Court of Madras was situated in a building opposite the Chennai Beach railway station. From 1862 to 1892, the High Court was also housed in that building. The present buildings were officially inaugurated on 12 July 1892, when the then Madras Governor, Beilby, Baron Wenlock, handed over the key to the then Chief Justice Sir Arthur Collins. British India's three presidency towns of Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai), and Calcutta (Kolkata) were each granted a High Court by letters patent dated 26 June 1862. The letters patent were issued by Queen Victoria under the authority of the British parliament's Indian High Courts Act 1861. The three courts remain unique in modern India, having been established under British royal charter; this is in contrast with the country's other high courts, which have been directly established under the Indian Constitution. However, the Constitution of India recognises the status of the older courts.  The Madras High Court was formed by merging the Supreme Court of Judicature at Madras, and the Sudder Dewanny Adawlut. The Court was required to decide cases in accordance with "justice, equity and good conscience". The earliest judges of the High Court included Judges Holloway, Innes and Morgan. The first Indian to sit as a judge of the High Court was Justice T. Muthuswamy Iyer. Other early Indian judges included Justices V. Krishnaswamy Iyer and P. R. Sundaram Iyer.  The Madras High Court was a pioneer in Original Side jurisdiction reform in favour of Indian practitioners as early as the 1870s.  The Madras High Court's history means that the decisions of the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are still binding on it, provided that the "ratio" of a case has not been over-ruled by the Supreme Court of India.  Although the name of the city was changed from Madras to Chennai in 1996, the Court as an institution did not follow suit, and retained the name as the Madras High Court. However, a Bill to rename the "Madras High Court" as the "Chennai High Court" was approved by the cabinet on 5 July 2016, along with the change of name of the Calcutta High Court and Bombay High Court as Kolkata High Court and Mumbai High Court, respectively. The Bill called High Courts (Alternation of Names) Bill has been introduced in the Lok Sabha on 19 July 2016. The Bill is yet to be passed by both Houses of Parliament. However, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly has passed a unanimous resolution appealing to the Central Government to rename the court as "High Court of Tamil Nadu" since the Court serves the whole state.

Building Complex.

The High Court building was constructed after shifting out a couple of temples that were in existence on the land in the 19th century. The present building now used exclusively by the Madras High Court was actually built to house, along with the High Court, the Courts of Small Causes and the City Civil Court, which were subsequently shifted out to other new buildings on the campus.  Construction of the High Court building, an exquisite example of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture, began in October 1888 and was completed in 1892 with the design prepared by J. W. Brassington, the then consulting architect to the government, and later under the guidance of the famed architect Henry Irwin, who completed it with the assistance of J. H. Stephens.  J. W. Brassington initially prepared a plan to construct a building with 11 court halls at an estimate of 945,000. Of these, six were meant for the High Court, four for the Small Causes court and one for the City Civil Court. An additional building to house the lawyers’ chambers was subsequently added to the plan, with a walkway on the first floor to connect it to the main building, increasing the total expenditure to 1,298,163. Complementing a 125-feet-tall standalone lighthouse that was already in existence on the court campus, a dioptric light was built on the 142-feet-high main tower of the building, raising the total height of the tower to 175 feet.  Save for the heavy steel girders and some ornamental tiles, almost all the materials for the construction were procured locally. Bricks and terracotta articles were brought from the government brick fields. Most of the construction work were executed by artisans trained at the School of Arts in the city.  The High Court building was damaged in the shelling of Madras by SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, at the beginning of the First World War. It remains one of the very few Indian buildings to have been damaged by a German attack.  There are several matters of architectural interest in the High Court. The painted ceilings and the stained glass doors are masterpieces in themselves. The old lighthouse of the city is housed within the High Court campus, but is unfortunately poorly maintained and is in disrepair.  The Department of Posts has allotted a Postal Index Number (PIN) code of 600 104 to the zone occupied by the Chennai High Court. The boundaries of the High Court complex are marked by two roads, namely, Prakasam Road (formerly Broadway) and Rajaji Road (the old North Beach Road), stretching northward from the statue of Rajaji in the northeast and the statue of T. Prakasamgaru in the southwest within the complex. The complex houses the largest number of courts in Asia.

Bench.

The current Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is Amreshwar Pratap Sahi. The court currently has 57 judges, including the Chief Justice, who exercise civil, criminal, writ, testamentary and admiralty jurisdiction. The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004.  The vestiges of the colonial High Court continue to characterise the premises till date. In a rare tradition which is today a distinction, Judges of the Madras High Court are still led by orderlies who bear a ceremonial mace made of silver. This is a practice so old and Anglican that most High Courts and even the Supreme Court of India have either not had the practice at all or have abandoned it long back.

Reporting—Madras Law Journal (since 1891).

The Madras High Court is the birthplace of organised legal reporting in India. It is home to the Madras Law Journal, which was the first journal dedicated to reporting texts of judgments of the High Court started way back in 1891. An informal eponymous club called The Saturday Club, that met at 11 a. m. every week, was started at the house of the Vakil Bar's senior member Sir S. Subramania Iyer in Mylapore in 1888 with all leading members of the Madras Bar taking part. At one of these meetings it was decided to start "The Madras Law Journal", which was inspired by the then newly established periodicals like "Law Quarterly Review", started by Sir Frederick Pollock in England in 1885 and "The Harvard Law Review" established by Harvard Law School Association in 1887.  The objectives of the journal were laid out in the preface of the first issue: "In addition to giving our own reports of the decisions of the High Courts in Madras and other places, we hope to place before our readers translations of various Hindu Law Books which remain yet untranslated, insofar as they have bearing on questions which practically arise for decision every day in our Courts of Justice. We propose further from time to time, to place side by side the conflicting decisions of the various Courts in India on the same point in the hope that such procedure will enable the Courts to act in greater harmony than they do at present in the interpretation of Acts and enunciation of general principles of law and when this is not possible, to enable the Legislature to bring about such harmony by removing the ambiguities which may have given rise to such discordant views."  Right from the beginning, "The Madras Law Journal" has been a source of inspiration and instruction to the students of law and its notes and editorial reviews always evoked admiration and respect. It achieved well-deserved fame throughout India, in England and America and indeed throughout the British Empire for its quickness and accuracy in reporting and discrimination in the selection of cases to be reported. It has now came to occupy a premier place among legal periodicals in the country and its weight and authority have been consistently considerable with the Bench and the Bar in all parts of India.

Reporting—Madras Weekly Notes (Criminal and Civil) Since 1910.

Madras Weekly Notes is a Law Journal reporting the Criminal Side Judgements of the Hon'ble Madras High Court from 1910 to till date.  Mode of Citation : 1929 1 MWN(Cr.) 1 which means <Year> <Volume> <Journal Name> <Page Number>

Law Journals Reporting Judgements of the Madras High Court.

CTC - Current Tamil Nadu Cases. CWC - Current Writ Cases. TNMAC - Tamil Nadu Motor Accident Cases.

Madurai Bench.

Established in 2004, the court is a boon to the people in fourteen southern districts of Tamil Nadu. The bench has Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, Tenkasi, Madurai, Dindigul, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, Theni, Sivaganga, Pudukottai, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli and Karur districts under its jurisdiction.  The 107-acre campus of the Court is one of the largest court campuses in the country, Second Largest in the world after the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, London and the four-storey administrative building attracts hundreds of litigants every day. The court complex has 12 court halls, furnished on the model of the court halls in the Supreme Court, the Delhi and the Madras High Courts.  The court, since its inauguration on 24 July 2004, has perked up the legal process in the southern districts and has cultivated a large number of social activists, who vouch for the interest of the public though their public interest litigations.

The Madras High Court is one of the oldest High Courts of India. It is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The court is one of the three High Courts in India established in the three Presidency Towns of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta by letters patent granted by Queen Victoria, bearing date 26 June 1862. It exercises original jurisdiction over the city of Chennai and appellate jurisdiction over the entire state of Tamil Nadu and Union territory of Puducherry, as well as extraordinary original jurisdiction, civil and criminal, under the letters patent and special original jurisdiction for the issue of writs under the Constitution of India. Covering 107 acres, the court complex is one of the largest in the world, next only to Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, London.

Der Madras High Court () ist ein indisches Obergericht in der Stadt Chennai (früher: Madras). Sein Zuständigkeitsbereich erstreckt sich über den Bundesstaat Tamil Nadu und das Unionsterritorium Puducherry.


Club career.

Born in Ziguinchor, Senegal, Cissé moved to Paris at the age of nine where he grew up with dreams of playing for Paris Saint-Germain. He began his career with Lille OSC before moving onto CS Sedan Ardennes and then Paris Saint-Germain. He also spent the majority of the 2001–02 season on loan at Montpellier Herault SC.  After captaining the Senegal national team to the quarter finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Cissé transferred to English club Birmingham City for their 2002–03 season, their debut season in the Premier League. Cissé made his first appearance for the club at Arsenal on the opening day of the season, but was sent off. Though the sending-off was rescinded, he went on to receive five yellow cards in six games, ultimately accumulating ten yellow cards before the New Year. His season, however, was cut short after picking up an injury in February that ruled him out for the rest of the season.  Cissé returned late to pre-season training in July 2003, which lead manager Steve Bruce to place him on the transfer list. Cissé eventually got himself back into the first team picture, but his relationship with Bruce continued to sour. After Christmas, Cissé only played three more games that season. At the end of the season he signed for Portsmouth for £300,000 on a two-year contract, despite a strong transfer link to Premiership rivals Bolton Wanderers. The transfer was ultimately one of several included in the Stevens report released in June 2007, which expressed concerns of corruption within English football. Regarding Cissé, the report stated, "Agent Willie McKay acted for Portsmouth in the transfer of Cissé and [...] the inquiry is not prepared to clear these transfers at this stage."  After two years at Portsmouth, Cissé returned to CS Sedan in November 2006 after undergoing a two-week trial. He then signed for French Ligue 2 side Nîmes Olympique from CS Sedan in September 2008. Cissé played seven games during the 2008–09 season before retiring from club football at the age of 33.

International career.

Cissé captained the Senegal team at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. After a stunning 0–1 victory over reigning world champions France on matchday one, the team made it all the way to the quarter finals where they lost 1–0 to Turkey. Cissé was also part of the Senegal team who were the runners-up in the 2002 African Cup of Nations, but was one of the players who missed a penalty during the shootout in the final as they lost to Cameroon.

Honors.

National.

Senegal

Managerial career.

In early March 2015, Cissé was officially appointed as the head coach for the Senegal national team. The team qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup on 10 November 2017, with a 0–2 away win against South Africa. Ultimately, Senegal were knocked out in the group stage of the tournament after becoming the first team in FIFA World Cup history to be eliminated due to fair play tiebreaker rules. "This is one of the rules. We have to respect it," said Cissé. "Of course, we would prefer to be eliminated another way. It's a sad day for us but we knew these were the regulations."  Aliou Cissé coached Senegal at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations tournament, helping Senegal to its first ever final since the 2002, a tournament which Cissé himself also participated when he was the team's captain. However, his Senegal was defeated 1–0 in the final by Algeria, after losing by the same score in the group stage, and missed out on its first ever African trophy

Personal life.

Cissé lost several members of his family in the ferry disaster that occurred off the coast of The Gambia on 26 September 2002. To honor the lives lost, Cissé participated in a charity match between Senegal and Nigeria that raised money for the families of the more than 1,000 reported victims. Birmingham City, one of his former clubs, collected money for the victims' families and honored Cissé by displaying a giant Senegal flag during a game against Manchester City F.C..

Aliou Cissé (born 24 March 1976) is a Senegalese football coach and former player. Having begun his career in France, he later played for English clubs Birmingham City and Portsmouth. Cissé was a defensive midfielder who also, on occasion, played at centre back.

Aliou Cissé (* 24. März 1976 in Ziguinchor, Senegal) ist ein ehemaliger senegalesischer Fußballspieler, der meist im defensiven Mittelfeld eingesetzt wurde. Er ist seit März 2015 Trainer der senegalesischen Nationalmannschaft.