History.

Joseph M. Field founded Entercom on October 21, 1968, on the conviction that FM broadcasting, then in its infancy, would eventually surpass AM broadcasting as the leading radio band.  During the 1990s, the Federal Communications Commission's regulations on the ownership of multiple radio stations were eased, beginning with the introduction of duopoly rules, which allowed a company to own two stations in each radio market. Entercom took advantage of the change to expand its presence in the markets where it already operated. In April 1995, the company paid $24.5 million for three stations in Portland, Oregon, acquiring KGON, a classic rock station; KFXX, an all-sports station; and KMUZ-FM, a modern rock station.  In January 1999, Entercom went public in an IPO in which it raised around $236 million. In July 1999, the company purchased 43 radio stations from Sinclair Broadcast Group for $821.5 million in cash. It was Entercom's largest deal to date. The deal included stations in eight markets, Kansas City, MO.; Milwaukee; New Orleans, LA; Memphis, Tennessee.; Buffalo, NY.; Norfolk, VA; and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, PA. The deal more than doubled both the number of stations under the company's control, and the number of markets in which it had stations. The acquisition made Entercom the fifth-largest radio broadcaster in the United States, with 88 stations in 17 markets. That year, Entercom announced that it would direct its radio stations not to play songs that promoted violence.  On August 21, 2006, Entercom agreed to buy 15 mid-market stations from CBS Radio. Locations included Austin, TX; Cincinnati, OH; Memphis, TN; and Rochester, NY. However, due to ownership limitations set by the FCC, Entercom had to sell off three of its stations in the Rochester market; these were acquired by Stephens Media Group. Shortly after the transaction, the company exited the Cincinnati market by trading all four of its stations in Cincinnati and three of its stations in Seattle in exchange for three stations in San Francisco in a deal with Bonneville Broadcasting. A year later, Entercom was investigated for payola and fined $4.45 million by the FCC.  In 2007, Entercom station KDND was sued after a participant in a "Hold Your Wee For a Wii" contest held by the station's morning show died of water intoxication.  In May 2014, Entercom announced its launch of SmartReach Digital product line focused on creating digital marketing options for small and medium businesses.  On December 8, 2014, Entercom announced its acquisition of Lincoln Financial Media for $105 million; the deal gave the company 14 additional stations in Atlanta, GA; Denver, CO; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA. To comply with FCC ownership limits in the Denver market and DOJ antitrust concerns, Entercom entered into an exchange agreement with Bonneville under which Entercom exchanged four stations in Denver for Classic Rock station KSWD in Los Angeles and $5 million in additional consideration. The stations Entercom exchanged with Bonneville were KOSI-FM, KYGO-FM, KKFN-FM and KEPN-AM. Entercom previously owned KOSI-FM, while the remaining stations were acquired through the acquisition of LFM.  Entercom and Bonneville began operating the exchanged stations under time brokerage agreement (TBAs) once the LFM transaction was completed. In November 2015, the swap deal was closed successfully.  In October 2016, Entercom announced that it would acquire four radio stations in Charlotte, North Carolina, from Beasley Broadcast Group for $24 million in cash. The deal closed in January, 2017 and WBT AM/FM, WLNK-FM and WFNZ-AM joined Entercom.  On August 3, 2017, Entercom announced the purchase of a 45% stake in Cadence13 (formerly DGital Media), a startup that handles ad sales and distribution for podcasts, including "Pod Save America", "Recode Decode" and "The Tony Kornheiser Show".

Merger with CBS Radio.

On February 2, 2017, Entercom announced that it had agreed to merge with CBS Radio. The purchase will give Entercom operations in 23 of the top 25 markets, and make it the second-largest owner of radio stations in the United States, behind only iHeartMedia; under the terms of the Reverse Morris Trust, the company would retain the Entercom name, board of directors and base of operations, but CBS shareholders would hold 72% of its stock. The company also shut down KDND in Sacramento and returned its license to the FCC, with its programming moved to sister station KUDL. The FCC had designated that the renewal of KDND's license would be subject to a hearing over allegations it had failed to operate in the public interest.  On September 26, 2017, KSOQ-FM, WGGI and KSWD were sold to the Educational Media Foundation. KSWD and WGGI affiliated with the EMF's K-Love Christian music network, and KSOQ with its Air1 network.  In order to comply with federal ownership caps, Entercom stated that it would divest at least 15 stations. On November 1, 2017, Entercom announced a settlement with the Department of Justice, which allowed their merger with CBS Radio. The company also announced a series of asset exchange agreements with iHeartMedia and Beasley Broadcast Group in Boston, Seattle, Richmond and Chattanooga; and local marketing agreements with Bonneville International Corporation in San Francisco and Sacramento.  On November 9, 2017, the FCC gave the final approval needed for the Entercom merger by granting two 6-month waivers for market station limits in Miami and San Francisco. The merger occurred at midnight on November 17, 2017. Later that day, Entercom would switch WBMP/New York to alternative. This would then be followed up by WJMK/Chicago's switch to classic hip-hop and KVIL/Dallas-Ft. Worth's flip to alternative. The company also introduced a new corporate logo as well as other corporate strategy changes. The Entercom Divestiture Trust then entered into agreements with Bonneville International to operate its stations on their behalf.  Shortly afterward, the company announced renewed radio broadcasting partnerships with the Minnesota Twins and Philadelphia Eagles. The company also has partnerships with additional professional teams including the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Red Wings.  On July 19, 2018, Entercom announced that it would acquire Philadelphia market-leader WBEB from Jerry Lee Radio for $57.5 million. WXTU was divested back to its previous owner, Beasley Broadcast Group, to comply with ownership limits.  On August 3, 2018, Entercom announced that Bonneville would buy all eight stations for $141 million, which the company had been operating under LMA since after the merger with CBS Radio. The deal was completed on September 21, 2018.

Further divestitures and acquisitions.

On February 13, 2019, Entercom announced that it would trade its Indianapolis cluster (WNTR, WXNT, and WZPL) to Cumulus Media for WNSH in New York City, WMAS-FM in Enfield, Connecticut, and WHLL in Springfield, Massachusetts. Both companies began operating their newly-acquired stations via LMA on March 1; the swap was completed on May 13, 2019.  Later in 2019, Entercom announced its acquisition of Pineapple Street Media, a podcast producer, and the remaining portion of Cadence13.

Brands.

In addition to Entercom's radio stations, the company operates multiple brands, including Entercom's sustainability initiative, 1Thing, and its eCommerce platform, GetMyPerks. The company also provides a suite of digital marketing solutions for businesses through its SmartReach Digital product suite.  As part of the company's merger with CBS Radio, Entercom acquired Radio.com, Eventful and play.it.  On June 25, 2018, Entercom announced that Radio.com would become the exclusive streaming provider for all of its stations, beginning with its legacy stations on July 6, and former CBS Radio stations beginning August 1, ending its relationship with the third-party service TuneIn. All Entercom properties will also be branded on-air as "A Radio.com Station".

Entercom Communications Corporation is a publicly traded American broadcasting company and radio network based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1968, it is the second largest radio company in the United States, owning 235 radio stations across 48 media markets.

Entercom ist einer der ältesten US-amerikanischen Radiokonzerne. Beheimatet in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, ist das 1968 gegründete Unternehmen das viertgrößte Radiounternehmen in den Vereinigten Staaten. Entercom betreibt 235 Nachrichten- und Sportsender in den gesamten Vereinigten Staaten.


Format changes.

In July 2015, FIBA tried to take the helm of the EuroLeague, by trying to convince eight of the eleven teams with an A-Licence to play in a new competition organized by FIBA instead of the current EuroLeague. This proposal was unanimously rejected by the EuroLeague clubs. In October 2015, FIBA attempted to take back control of Europe's first tier club competition, by proposing that the Basketball Champions League become Europe's new 1st tier competition, with 16 teams playing in a round-robin format, granting eight guaranteed spots to different clubs.  In November 2015, Euroleague Basketball agreed to a 10-year joint venture with IMG. In its press release, the EuroLeague announced a new competition format for the 2016–17 season, with only 16 teams, including the eleven licensed clubs (Anadolu Efes, Baskonia, CSKA Moscow, FC Barcelona, Fenerbahçe, Maccabi Tel Aviv, Olimpia Milan, Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Real Madrid, and Žalgiris).  The regular season features a single group with a double round-robin. The first eight qualified teams will then play in a best-of-five playoff round for qualification to the Final Four. As a result, the maximum number of games per team increased from 31 to 37.

Team allocation.

A total of 16 teams participated in the 2016–17 EuroLeague. The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round (TH: EuroLeague title holders). Eleven teams were placed as Licensed Clubs, long-term licenses, while five spots were given to Associated Clubs, based on merit.

Teams.

A total of 16 teams from nine countries contest the league, including 11 sides with a long-term licence from the 2015–16 season, one team qualified from the EuroCup, three highest-placed teams from ABA League, Germany and VTB United League and one team qualified with a wild card.  Brose Bamberg and Crvena zvezda mts qualified after clinching respectively the Bundesliga and ABA League titles. UNICS qualified as runner-up of the VTB United League. Galatasaray Odeabank qualified as the Eurocup champions and Darüşşafaka Doğuş qualified with a wild card.

Venues and locations.

<onlyinclude>  </onlyinclude>

Final Four.

The Final Four was the last phase of the season, and was held over a weekend. The Final Four was held at the Sinan Erdem Dome in Istanbul, Turkey on 19 and 21 May 2017.

Attendances.

Attendances include playoff games:

The 2016–17 Turkish Airlines EuroLeague was the 17th season of the modern era of Euroleague Basketball and the seventh under the title sponsorship of the Turkish Airlines. Including the competition's previous incarnation as the FIBA Europe Champions Cup, this was the 60th season of the premier level competition for European men's professional basketball clubs.

Die Saison 2016/17 war die 17. Spielzeit der EuroLeague (offiziell "Turkish Airlines Euroleague"), dem bedeutendsten Wettbewerb im europäischen Vereins-Basketball. Den Titel gewann erstmals Fenerbahçe Istanbul aus der Türkei.


Playing career.

Tranmere Rovers.

Born in Huyton, Merseyside, Hill began his career as a trainee at Tranmere Rovers, where he made his debut during a 2–2 draw against Nottingham Forest in the 1997–98 season. By the 1998–99 season Hill had become a regular starter in the Tranmere side and was part of the team which played in the 2000 English League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium against Leicester City. However Hill was sent-off during the game and Tranmere lost the match 2–1. Hill made 140 appearances during his five years in the Tranmere first team.

Oldham Athletic.

A £250,000 move to Oldham Athletic in 2002 saw him make just 17 league starts in one season before it was cut short when Hill broke his leg during a League Cup tie against Crystal Palace in December 2002, which kept him sidelined for the remainder of the 2002–03 season. Hill scored one league goal for the Latics, ironically against Tranmere. Hill was then given a £120,000 move to Stoke City during the summer of 2003.

Stoke City.

Hill's first season at Stoke City was disrupted with injury and he was forced to sit out a lot of the 2003–04 season, making only nine first team starts and three substitute appearances. However Hill impressed during his second season at Stoke with his defensive ability and won the club's player of the year award for the 2004–05 season.  However, Hill's career at Stoke was hindered by recurring knee injuries, he damaged his anterior cruciate ligament towards the end of the 2004–05 season which prevented him from playing again until late into the 2005–06 season, however he made an immediate impact on his return, forging a strong partnership with Michael Duberry in central defence.  He found himself unable to hold down a regular first place during the 2006–07 season, with Danny Higginbotham and Michael Duberry preferred to him as first choice central defenders and Andy Griffin occupying the left-back slot. He made the majority of his appearances during the 2006–07 season as a stand-in left-back. However, Hill's season was brought to a premature end when he required a further operation on the same knee he injured in 2005.  He remained at Stoke for the first half of the following season, although he joined Crystal Palace on loan in October. Ironically, his last outing for Stoke was a late appearance as a substitute in a victory at Palace.

Crystal Palace.

Hill's move to join Neil Warnock's Eagles was for an initial period of two months. After impressing hugely, he then made the move permanent for an undisclosed fee in January 2008. He established himself as first choice left back, and became a fan's favourite due to his professional and committed attitude. After an extremely successful first season at Palace, where they made the Play-off semi-finals, Hill continued his superb consistency in the 2008–09 season. Despite his performances, Palace finished in a disappointing 15th place in the Championship table. An equally disappointing season 2009–10 witnessed Palace in severe financial plight with a consequential ten points deduction and a final position in the division of 21st.

Queens Park Rangers.

On 1 July 2010, Hill left Palace on a free transfer to join Queens Park Rangers and reunited with his former boss Neil Warnock. On 7 August 2010, Hill made his QPR debut in a 4–0 win over Barnsley where he got his first clean sheet. Hill scored his first goal for QPR against Portsmouth on 1 February 2011. Hill played over thirty games for the Hoops and made the left back position firmly his. He scored his second goal for QPR in a 2–0 home win against Ipswich Town, in a game where he also set up a goal for Heiðar Helguson to seal the win.  After QPR sealed the Championship title, Hill was able to play in the Premier League for the first time in his career. However, he was sent off on the opening day of the season for a headbutt on Martin Petrov of Bolton Wanderers in a 4–0 defeat at Loftus Road. On 20 September 2011, Hill signed for Nottingham Forest on a 93-day emergency loan deal, given squad number three. Due to injuries to Matthew Connolly and Danny Gabbidon, Hill was recalled early from his loan spell at Forest. Hill played for Forest five times. After his return from the loan spell, and the appointment of Mark Hughes as manager, Hill became a regular in the Rangers starting 11, forming a strong central defensive partnership with Anton Ferdinand. On 10 March 2012, Hill was denied what would have been his first Premier League goal when his header away to relegation rivals Bolton clearly crossed the line, but the linesman failed to spot this and a goal was not awarded. QPR went on to lose the game 2–1. Hill was 'gutted' about having been denied a first Premier League goal.  At the end of the 2011–12 season QPR survived on the final day of the season despite a 3–2 defeat to Manchester City. Hill was awarded both the fans and players player of the season awards for his outstanding performances for Rangers in the 2011–12 season. Hill's contract was due to expire in the summer of 2012 however Hill was keen to stay at Loftus Road. In May 2012, Hill was offered a new contract by QPR. On 19 June 2012 Clint signed a new one-year contract extension at the club till 2013.  The 2012–13 season saw Hill in and out of the starting 11 under Mark Hughes; however, he has been ever present in the team since Harry Redknapp took over as manager with Rangers in deep relegation trouble. He was handed the captaincy by Redknapp taking over from Park Ji-Sung. QPR failed to move out of the relegation zone and were relegated to the Championship after a 0–0 draw at Reading on 28 April 2013.  Hill remained captain for the 2013–14 season. He started games at both centre-back and left-back, scoring his first goal in two and a half years in the 1–0 win away to Leeds at Elland Road. He scored the winning goal once again on 2 November in a 2–1 victory over Derby County. Hill captained the team at Wembley as Rangers won the Championship Play-off final 1–0 against Derby County. Hill again signed a one-year deal to captain the club for their season back in the Premier League. On 7 April 2015 Hill scored his first Premier League goal, rising above the Aston Villa defence to head Matt Phillips' corner past Brad Guzan in the 55th minute to make the game 2–2, the final score was 3–3. After appearing 15 times in the 2015–16 season he was told his contract would not be renewed and as of now is a free agent. His last game for the R's was a 1–0 win at home to Bristol City, helping the club finish 12th in their first season back in the second tier.

Rangers.

On 17 June 2016, Hill joined Scottish Premiership side Rangers on a one-year deal preceding his release from Queens Park Rangers. He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Annan Athletic on 19 July. In doing so, Hill became the oldest debutant in the club's history, aged. He broke a twenty-one-year-old record held by goalkeeper Billy Thomson who was aged when he made his maiden Rangers appearance.  Hill scored his first goals for Rangers with a brace in a Scottish League Cup tie against Peterhead on 9 August 2016. He scored his first league goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Ross County on 6 November. This goal, at the age of 38 years and 10 days, made Hill the oldest scorer in the Scottish Premiership since Lee Bullen netted at the age of 38 years and 238 days for Falkirk against Hamilton Academical in 2009. Hill was sent-off for the first time as a Rangers player, in injury time, during a league match against Aberdeen after receiving two cautions. After some solid displays for Rangers, Hill was linked to a move back to Queen's Park Rangers in December 2016, with the Loftus Road club reportedly seeking to sign him on a pre-contract agreement with a view to rejoining them on a free transfer in the summer of 2017.  Hill scored a late equaliser in the Old Firm derby against Celtic on 12 March 2017, as the match finished 1–1.

Carlisle United.

Hill signed a short-term contract with Carlisle United in September 2017. In May 2018, he announced his retirement from football after leaving Carlisle United.

Coaching career.

On 21 May 2018, he was appointed as joint First Team Coach at Fleetwood Town alongside former Rochdale manager Steve Eyre.

Clinton Scott Hill (born 19 October 1978) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is currently assistant manager at Football League One side Fleetwood Town.

Clinton „Clint“ Scott Hill (* 19. Oktober 1978 in Huyton, Liverpool) ist ein englischer Fußballspieler, der bei Carlisle United unter Vertrag steht.


Site.

Located just south of the "Goyet Castle" the caves are essentially long underground galleries, rich in speleothems and carved out of the limestone during millions of years by the waters of the Samson river inside the limestone massif.  The massif is divided into zones:  In 1999, an extensive network of galleries was discovered, consisting of a central and peripheral networks, named after particular areas: Régal des Fees, Atlantide, Salle de Cristal etc.

Excavations.

Stratigraphy.

Edouard Dupont identified five sediment horizons or site concentrations in the cave, three near the cave entrance and two in deeper chambers. Marcel Otte resumed excavations during the 1970s. Further excavations took place from 1998 to 2004. Contemporary researchers assert that Dupont's 19th century excavation methods "did not meet today’s standards". His sediment sequences are considered to be of little accuracy and his discoveries in the archives of the "Royal Belgielsan Institute of Natural Sciences" have been reviewed and re-classified in recent years.

Objects.

The site accounts for a remarkable variety of prehistoric objects: thousands of bones of prehistoric humans and large mammals, a whistle, stone artifacts with stylized engravings, an approximately 5,000 year old child's grave, the fossilized cranium of a Paleolithic dog, a knife made from a human rib, the largest collection of Neanderthal fossils of Northern Europe, hand axes, harpoons, necklaces, ivory chopsticks, engraved ivory platelets, carved reindeer horn and skinned and filleted human remains, that suggest cannibalism among Neanderthals.  Horizons 1 and 2,. Artifacts of the Magdalenian levels include hand axes and a harpoon, a necklace of 26 wolves perforated teeth, bone fragments and needles, a biserial (multiple barbs on both edges) bone harpoon, a necklace, a Turritella sea snail shell necklace.  Horizon 4 included a fossilized canid skull, which has been direct AMS dated to be 31,000 years old.  Additional artifacts can be found in numerous private collections, as during the 1950s several amateur archaeologists were permitted access to the caves.

Dog skull.

Discovered during the 1860s, a dog-like cranium identified as being that of a Paleolithic dog was AMS dated to 31,680 years old. Mitochondrial DNA indicates that the canid was not a direct ancestor of modern dogs, but rather of an extinct side branch or an aborted domestication attempt.  Carbon Dated fossils: Source:

Human habitation.

Neanderthal habitation of the caves dates back to the Middle Paleolithic. Occasional Neanderthal occupation begins 120,000 years ago and ends after 40,000 years ago.  Between 45,500 and 40,500 years ago Neanderthals lived in the "Troisième Caverne", where 99 bones were discovered, that belong to at least five individuals. This represents the largest collection of Neanderthal fossils in Northern Europe. The condition of the fossils suggests cannibalism. The bodies are skinned and filleted, the bones show cut marks and were cracked to extract the marrow.  In 2018, researchers succeeded in extracting nuclear DNA from "Goyet Q56-1", a right femur from a Neanderthal directly dated to around 43,000-42,080 BP. DNA analysis reveals that "Goyet Q56-1" was female. Compared to other Neanderthals for which nuclear DNA has been extracted, "Goyet Q56-1" is genetically closest to "Spy94a" from Spy Cave and groups closest with other Late European Neanderthals.  "Homo sapiens" occupation began around 35,000 years ago. Goyet accounts for fossils of European populations from different junctures, including fossils that are among the earliest branch of modern Europeans (ca. 35,000 BP). Their damaged but readable DNA has been used in studies of the origin and migration of European ice age populations. Based on mitochondrial DNA of five local fossils it was concluded that the first modern Europeans have arrived directly from Africa without a detour via Asia. The 35,000 year old humerus of a man from Goyet has been associated with the Aurignacian culture. Shortly thereafter, the population associated with this culture was ousted by a genetically distinct Gravettian rural population (from 34,000 BP), but around 25,000 BP descendants reappear in Spain in the context of Magdalenian culture. After 19,000 years ago the population begins to spread all over Europe. The extent to which Neanderthals and Homo sapiens have lived together at Goyet is still under investigation.  In 1998, the bones of a twelve year old child was found in a crevice. The cavern was subsequently named the "Salle de l'Enfant". The remains are 5,000 years old and are interpreted as representing a grave. Other cultural type elements such as perforated tubes that were perhaps used as flutes, indicate that the caves continued to be inhabited during the late Neolithic. An even younger object discovered in Goyet, attributed to the Iron Age (around 500 BCE), is a knife made from a human rib.  In 2016, researchers successfully extracted DNA from several ancient human fossils at Goyet (with direct dates): "GoyetQ116-1" (35,160-34,430 BP) and "GoyetQ376-3" (33,940-33,140 BP) from the Aurignacian; "GoyetQ376-19" (27,720-27,310 BP), "GoyetQ53-1" (28,230-27,720 BP), "GoyetQ55-2" (27,730-27,310 BP), "GoyetQ56-16" (26,600-26,040 BP) and "Goyet2878-21" (27,060-26,270 BP) from the Gravettian; and "GoyetQ-2" (15,230-14,780 BP) from the Magdalenian. "GoyetQ376-19", "Goyet53-1" and "Goyet56-16" were found to cluster genetically with several other Gravettian individuals from Europe in the Věstonice Cluster, while "GoyetQ-2" was found to cluster genetically with several other Magdalenian individuals from Europe in the El Mirón Cluster.  All later Europeans after "GoyetQ116-1" show some genetic affinity for this individual. "GoyetQ116-1" also exhibits more genetic affinity for Tianyuan man than any other ancient individual from West Eurasia.

The Goyet Caves () are a series of connected caves located in a limestone cliff about 15 m (50 ft) above the river Samson near the village of Mozet in the Gesves municipality of the Namur province, Belgium. The site is a significant locality of regional Neanderthal and European early modern human occupation, as thousands of fossils and artifacts were discovered that are all attributed to a long and contiguous stratigraphic sequence from 120,000 years ago, the Middle Palaeolithic to less than 5.000 years ago, the late Neolithic. A robust sequence of sediments was identified during extensive excavations by geologist Edouard Dupont, who undertook the first probings as early as 1867. The site was added to the Belgian National Heritage register in 1976.

Die Höhlen von Goyet, welche aufgrund der dortigen historischen Funde internationale Bekanntheit erlangten, befinden sich im Weiler Goyet in der Gemeinde Gesves, Provinz Namur in Belgien, am Fluss Struviaux.


Club career.

West Bromwich Albion.

Early career.

Leko has been with West Bromwich Albion since the age of 11. He was included in their 2015 pre-season tour of Austria, making an appearance against Red Bull Salzburg by coming off the bench in a 3–1 loss for the "Baggies". Leko made his professional debut on 23 September 2015, coming off the bench in a League Cup defeat to Norwich City. On 2 April 2016, he was named in the matchday squad against Sunderland as a substitute, and came on for Saido Berahino in the 78th minute to make his Premier League debut at 16 years and 344 days. He made his first start on 30 April against West Ham United, becoming the first player born in 1999 to start in the Premier League. He made his first Premier League assist in a 1–1 draw against Liverpool, setting up Salomon Rondon's goal with a solo run. Prior to the match, Leko was awarded the club's Young Player of the Season award. On 28 June 2016, he signed his first professional contract, a three-year deal lasting to June 2019.  Leko got his first assist of the 2016–17 season on 24 September 2016 against Stoke City, taking a corner which was headed by Rondón for the winner. He then won the Premier League 2 Player of the Month award for December with the West Bromwich Albion U23s.  Leko was named on the shortlist for the European Golden Boy award at the end of the season for his performances during the calendar year.

Loans.

On 28 August 2017, Leko joined Bristol City on a season-long loan. He was recalled by West Brom after 11 goalless appearances in January 2018.  On 8 August 2019, Leko and teammate Sam Field joined Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan. He scored his first goal against Reading on 31 August. In November, he made a complaint to the FA of racial abuse by Leeds United goalkeeper Kiko Casilla, who received an eight-match ban and £60,000 after being found guilty in February 2020.  On 27 December 2019, Charlton confirmed that Leko had suffered an ACL injury in the 11th minute of the 2–2 draw with QPR six days earlier, which ruled him out for the remainder of the season. He returned to West Brom for treatment, having made 21 appearances and scored 5 times.

International career.

Leko has represented England at under-16 and under-17 levels. He assisted and scored for the latter in a 3–1 win over Turkey U17s, moving England one step closer to the Under-17 European Championships in a crucial qualifier. Leko's club team West Brom pulled the player out of the final tournament so he could play in the final two games of the 2015–16 Premier League season.  On 24 August 2016, Leko was called up to the England Under-18 team for the first time. He appeared in both games.  Leko made his England U20 debut during a 0–0 draw with the Netherlands at the New Meadow on 5 September 2019.

Personal life.

Leko arrived in England from the Democratic Republic of Congo at the age of eight, when his father was granted asylum.

Jonathan Kisolokele Leko (born 24 April 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for West Bromwich Albion. Born in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, he grew up in England from the age of eight.

Jonathan Kisolokele Leko (* 24. April 1999 in Kinshasa) ist ein englischer Fußballspieler, der seit 2015 bei West Bromwich Albion unter Vertrag steht. Er wird vorrangig als Mittelstürmer eingesetzt. Sein Premier-League-Debüt gab er am 2. April 2016 gegen den AFC Sunderland.


Education, early career.

Lapointe earned his law degree from Laval University. He was a practicing lawyer in Quebec City, and was appointed Crown Prosecutor for Kamouraska before entering politics.

Enters politics.

He was first elected by acclamation to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1904 general election as the Liberal MP for Kamouraska, and was re-elected in 1908, 1911 and 1917. He resigned his seat in 1919 in order to run in the Quebec East seat vacated by the death of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and won that.

Cabinet minister.

In 1921, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King appointed Lapointe to his first Cabinet as Minister of Marine and Fisheries. During his term as minister of fisheries, he negotiated a treaty with the United States on west-coast fishing rights. This was the first time that a Canadian minister negotiated on foreign affairs without any assistance from Great Britain. In 1924 he became Minister of Justice, and served in that position in successive Liberal cabinets until his death in 1941.

King's Quebec lieutenant.

Lapointe served as King's Quebec lieutenant and was one of the most important ministers in Cabinet. King did not speak French; he relied on Lapointe to handle important matters in the province. Lapointe gave a strong Quebecker voice to the cabinet decision, something that had not existed since the defeat of Laurier in 1911.  Lapointe shared King's vision of Canadian autonomy from Britain, and chaired the Canadian delegation to the Imperial Conference of 1926. This led to the drafting of the subsequent Balfour Declaration that raised the status of dominions to one of equality with Britain, and eventually led to the Statute of Westminster 1931. In the late 1930s, Lapointe recommended that the federal Cabinet disallow several Acts passed by the Alberta Social Credit government of William Aberhart. However, he did not recommend disallowance of the Padlock Act passed by the Quebec government of Maurice Duplessis, fearing that doing so would only aid the Union Nationale government.

Conscription issue.

Lapointe helped draft Mackenzie King's policy against conscription for overseas service in 1939, and his campaigning helped defeat the Duplessis provincial government in 1939. During the 1939 election, Lapointe made many speeches in the province of Quebec, in which he argued that if Duplessis was to be re-elected, every French Canadian minister would resign from the federal cabinet, leaving it without a francophone voice. Having been a Liberal MP during the 1917 conscription crisis, Lapointe knew how much a new crisis like the last one would destroy the national unity that Mackenzie King had tried to build since 1921.

Death.

Lapointe died in office in 1941, leaving the Canadian government in serious trouble. King decided to appoint the reluctant Louis Saint-Laurent to the cabinet as the new minister of justice.  His son, Hugues Lapointe, was also a parliamentarian and Lieutenant Governor of Quebec.

Ernest Lapointe (October 6, 1876 – November 26, 1941) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. A member of Parliament from Quebec City, he was a top adviser to Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King, especially on issues relating to legal affairs, Quebec and French-speaking Canada.

Ernest Lapointe, PC, KC (* 6. Oktober 1876 in Saint-Éloi, Québec; † 26. November 1941) war ein kanadischer Rechtsanwalt und Politiker der Liberalen Partei, der mit kurzen Unterbrechungen 37 Jahre lang Mitglied des Unterhauses sowie mehrmals Minister in den Kabinetten von Premierminister William Lyon Mackenzie King war.


Definition.

This classification is for disability athletics. This classification is one of eight classifications for athletes with cerebral palsy, four for wheelchair athletes (T31, T32, T33, T34) and four for ambulant ones (T35, T36, T37 and T38). Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the athletes in this classification as: "CP6, see CP-ISRA classes (appendix) Ambulant " The classification in the appendix by Buckley goes on to say "These athletes do not have the capacity to remain still and they show involuntary movements with all four limbs affected. They usually walk without assistive devices" The Australian Paralympic Committee defines this classification as being for "Athetoid or Ataxic - Moderate involvement. Ambulates without walking devices." The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification on their website in July 2016 as, "Coordination impairments (hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis)".

Disability groups.

Multiple types of disabilities are eligible to compete in this class. This class includes people who have cerebral palsy, or who have had a stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Cerebral palsy.

CP6.

CP6 sportspeople are able to walk without the need for an assistive device. They lack coordination in all their limbs, with the greater lack of coordination involving their upper body. Their bodies are often in motion, and they cannot maintain a still state. While CP2, CP3 and CP6 have similar issues with Athetoid or Ataxic, CP6 competitors have "flight" while they are ambulant in that it is possible for both feet to not be touching the ground while walking. CP2 and CP3 are unable to do this. In athletics, CP6 competitors have some balance issues in track events and field events that require either running or throwing. Their form in running is often better than their form while walking.

Rules and performance.

Athletes in this class are not required to use a starting block. It is up to the individual. They have the option to start from a crouch, from a standing position or 3 point stance. T36 sportspeople are more prone to being deaf than other classes in the T30s. As a result, officials should be prepared to use a flag or strobe light to start a race if anyone in a race is deaf. They also have an option to have an assistant tap a runner when the starting gun goes off as an alternative.  In track events, officials are encouraged to avoid keeping these athletes in the starting block too long. Because of these issues, athletes may make movements that normally would disqualify them as a false start. If an official believes movement could be a result of this, they can restart the entire field without disqualifying any runners.

History.

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."  For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, athletics classification was scheduled for September 4 and September 5 at Olympic Stadium. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio, their in competition observation event is their first appearance in competition at the Games.

Governance.

Classification into this class is handled by the International Paralympic Committee. For national events, classification is handled by the national athletics organization.

Becoming classified.

Athletes with cerebral palsy or similar impairments who wish to compete in para-athletics competition must first undergo a classification assessment. During this, they both undergo a bench test of muscle coordination and demonstrate their skills in athletics, such as running, jumping or throwing. A determination is then made as to what classification an athlete should compete in. Classifications may be Confirmed or Review status. For athletes who do not have access to a full classification panel, Provisional classification is available; this is a temporary Review classification, considered an indication of class only, and generally used only in lower levels of competition.

Competitors.

Notable T36 athletes include Roman Pavlyk (UKR), Graeme Ballard (GBR), Ben Rushgrove (GBR), Paul Blake (GBR), James Turner (AUS), Evgenii Shvetcov (RUS), Fang Wang (CHN), Elena Ivanova (RUS), Claudia Nicoleitzik (GER), Natalie Schaus (ARG) and Min Jae Jeon (KOR). Katherine Proudfoot, now a notable F36 field athlete, also holds T36 Australian records on the track.

T36 is a disability sport classification for disability athletics. It includes people who have coordination impairments such as hypertonia, ataxia and athetosis. It includes people with cerebral palsy. T36 is used by the International Paralympic Committee. This classification competes at the Paralympic Games.

T36 und F36 sind Startklassen der paralympischen Sportarten für Sportler in der Leichtathletik. Zugehörigkeiten von Sportlern zu den beiden Startklassen sind wie folgt skizziert:


Background and development.

Gaga's third studio album "Artpop" was released in November 2013 to mixed reviews. It debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 chart, and had sold 2.5 million copies as of July 2014. Gaga split from her longtime manager Troy Carter in late 2013. By June 2014 she and new manager Bobby Campbell had joined Artist Nation, the artist management division of Live Nation Entertainment. Gaga confessed to "New Musical Express" that she had been depressed about herself and her talents, and had decided to quit music altogether. The ambivalent reception to "Artpop" led Gaga's management to come up with an image change for her. Along with a more subdued appearance in the media, Gaga emphasized her vocal prowess. A tribute to

Writing and recording.

According to Gaga, she wanted "fans to be surprised [by the album]... it's a wonderful, soul-searching experience. And it's very unlike ["Artpop"] in that way". In an interview with "Billboard", producer RedOne said the singer was mentally in a "cleaner" state of mind, hearkening back to her earlier days, which he felt was beneficial. Gaga and Ronson served as "Joanne"s executive producers. The two grew up within blocks of each another in New York's Upper East Side, and had collaborated on Wale's song "Chillin" (2009). They reunited in late 2015, when Gaga presented the song "Angel Down" to Ronson at a studio in London. Later, the duo worked for six months in Rick Rubin's Shangri-La recording studio in Malibu, while he was between projects. On Gaga and Ronson's first day at Shangri-La, they wrote the song "Joanne". Ronson encouraged Gaga to write lyrics about "whatever was happening in her life or on her mind".  Recording continued until the album's final mastering session. Gaga was deeply involved with the technicalities of the music being recorded. "She loves just sitting at a piano and barking orders at a drummer and she has an incredible voice", Ronson

Release.

Gaga's manager Bobby Campbell confirmed the album would not be released until the latter half of 2016; Elton John said it would not be released until 2017. In September 2016, Gaga updated her official website announcing the new album and revealed the title of the lead single, "Perfect Illusion". On September 15, the singer appeared on Apple Radio's Beats 1 and announced the album was titled "Joanne" and its release date would be October 21, 2016. She also confirmed that within the next 48 hours, the recording would be finished. Gaga confessed that finally announcing the album's name and release date was a bittersweet moment for her, acknowledging "this isn't the end just the end of this moment.

Title and packaging.

Gaga named the album after Joanne Stefani Germanotta, her father's sister. She died on December 18, 1974, at age 19 due to complications arising from lupus. Gaga, whose middle name is Joanne (Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta), recognized her aunt's death had a profound effect on her family and her work. The booklet in her debut album, "The Fame" (2008), contained a poem titled "For a Moment" written by Joanne.  Gaga credits Joanne with helping her overcome addiction problems, and dedicated The Fame Ball Tour to her. The singer tattooed the date of Joanne's death on her left biceps, between lines of a verse from a poem by Rainer Maria Rilke. The singer's parents opened a restaurant called Joanne Trattoria in New York in 2012. Gaga has often said that although she never met her, Joanne was "one of the most important figures in my life". After she wrote the song "Joanne" with Ronson, they decided to use the name as the album's title

Themes and influences.

Family is an underlying theme on "Joanne". Gaga explained the album "goes through all of [life]'s emotions". While crafting it, she envisioned a girl in the middle of the country, who would understand the singer's lyrics and find a human connection. To achieve that, Gaga said in an interview with E! she decided to encompass an assortment of genres, including "[crossing] between country and funk, pop, dance, rock, electronic music, folk". The tragic early demise of Joanne Germanotta added to the emotional quotient of the songs, as well as to their lyrics. Along with identity, feelings such as loss, heartbreak, frustration, desire and nostalgia also influenced the album. The singer clarified that with "Joanne" she wanted to go "out into the world... bringing with me its deepest stories that I have of my life and turning them into songs that I hope will touch people in a deep and meaningful way about their own lives and their own stories."  The singer's experience working on "American Horror Story" influenced "Joanne"s creative process. Gaga mentioned: "I

Music and lyrics.

Since Gaga did not want to restrict the music on "Joanne" to any particular genre, the album includes styles from dance-rock to introspective country music. The singer professed a fascination with all aspects of country music, which in turn influenced the album's music. In terms of production and composition, "Joanne" continued the "stripped-down" approach to music Gaga had taken following "Artpop", emphasizing her vocals and the songwriting. In an interview with "Rolling Stone", Gaga said the tracks consisted of "stories about my family, my sister, my father and his sister. My mom's family. My relationships with men, my failures".  Joe Lynch of "Billboard" described "Joanne" as "a stylistically eclectic of collection of swaggering rock, introspective ballads and soulful, danceable grooves". It opens with the track "Diamond Heart" which sets the album's tone. Hearkening back to her earlier works, this autobiographical song talks about Gaga's time as a go-go dancer in New York. "Diamond Heart" varies from a moody vibe in the verses, to a drum-oriented pre-chorus, and finally a rock-EDM chorus, with Homme playing guitar. The second track, "A-Yo", has touches of country music and is reminiscent of the music played in dive bars, with double hand claps and brass-accentuated beats. Lyrically it is a metaphor for having sex. The country music, achieved through the repetition of the same two chords, is complemented by BloodPop's background shouting vocals and synth addition. As the title track starts, the general tempo drops. Accompanied by just an acoustic guitar and minimal percussion, Gaga sings "heartfelt" lyrics about her late aunt Joanne. The singer described the track as "the true heart and soul of the record".  The electronic "John Wayne" is more tongue-in-cheek lyrically, with Gaga including cowboy references in the lyrics: "I just love a cowboy, I know it's bad, but I'm, like, can I just hang off the back of your horse and can you go a little faster?". Gaga's vocals are accompanied by Homme's guitar, and the track alludes to her previous relationships, with comparisons to actor John Wayne. The Beck-composed track "Dancin' in Circles" is

Promotion.

Chris Willman of "Billboard" wrote that the promotional "blitz" for "Joanne" "felt like something from a bygone era" due to the traditional route taken by Gaga and her team, in place of surprise album launches. During her interview on "The Howard Stern Show" Gaga confirmed that she wanted to promote "Joanne" in the "old-school style". The events leading up to the release were described by Willman as "the most culturally ubiquitous rollout since Taylor Swift's "1989" two years ago". He theorized that after the perceived commercial disappointment with "Artpop", Gaga's management wanted to make sure of a comeback with "Joanne". Adding to this was the musical and stylistic change that Gaga underwent with the release, which would have confused her core audience and fans without promotion. Willman concluded that the promo would "provide a pre-Super Bowl primer to Middle America — that somewhere between the meat dress and the Tony Bennett collaboration, Gaga has settled into a middle path".

Performances.

Promotional activities for "Joanne" began with the announcement of "Perfect Illusion" as the album's lead single. Gaga performed it live for the first time at Moth Club in London, on September 10, 2016. She featured "Perfect Illusion" in a trailer for "", adding to the anonymous nature around the season's theme. Gaga released a number of commercials for Apple Music featuring the track. She gave interviews to "Good Morning America" and "The New York Times", and appeared at Manhattan's Best Buy shop to purchase "Joanne" for unsuspecting customers.  The singer performed "A-Yo" and "Million Reasons" on "Saturday Night Live" on October 22, 2016, assisted by Ronson and Lindsey. "Paste"s Chris White called her an "incredible performer and vocalist" based on her performance. On October 25, 2016, Gaga appeared on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" in the Carpool Karaoke segment singing her previous singles, along with "Perfect Illusion" and "Million Reasons". Later she sang "A-Yo" on the main stage of "The Late Late Show". The following week Gaga headed to Japan to promote "Joanne". She performed a piano version of "Perfect Illusion"

Tour.

Gaga announced her Dive Bar Tour, sponsored by Bud Light. The 3-date tour saw her visit dive bars in the United States on October 5, 20 and 27, 2016. Her performances were live streamed on Gaga and Bud Light's Facebook pages. In a statement Gaga said: "My first performances were in dive bars in New York City and around the country, so working with Bud Light to go back to my roots to perform songs from my new album "Joanne" is such an exciting way to connect with my fans and

Singles.

"Perfect Illusion" was released as the album's first single on September 9, 2016. It received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, many of whom complimented its catchiness, the song's key change and Gaga's vocal delivery. Others deemed it a disappointing choice as a lead single compared to the singer's previous releases. The song debuted at number one in France while reaching a peak of number 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.  This was followed by the release of two promotional singles—"Million Reasons" on October 6 and "A-Yo" on October 18, 2016. "A-Yo" was initially chosen as the second single of the album, but "Million Reasons" proved to be more successful commercially and was released as a single

Critical reception.

AnyDecentMusic? summed up the critical consensus as 6.6 out of 10 and Album of the Year rated it 68 out of 100. British music journalist Neil McCormick gave the album a four-out-of-five-star rating in his review published in "The Daily Telegraph" and complimented the old-fashioned songs on the album. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave it a three-and-a-half-out-of-five rating. In a positive review he wrote that unlike Gaga's previous endeavors where she appeared as a "high-wire act", "Joanne" was more "earth-bound" and is a "record made by an artist determined to execute only the stunts she knows how to pull off... Gaga's feet remain firmly planted in dance-pop even when she brings in a number of collaborators". The same rating was given by "Rolling Stone"s Rob Sheffield, who described the release as an "old-school Nineties soft rock album, heavy on the acoustic guitar". He complimented the understated production by Ronson and the other producers.  Writing for "The A.V. Club", Annie Zaleski commended the "genre fluidity" of "Joanne". Rating it a "B", Zaleski noted that songs like "Diamond Heart", "John Wayne", "Sinner's Prayer" and "Hey Girl" are the album's best tracks and highlighted Gaga's vocal prowess. In a three-out-of-five-star review for "Slant Magazine", Sal Cinquemani criticized the album for its oversung ballads and lack of strong hooks but deemed it more consistent and focused than "Artpop". Maeve McDermott

Commercial performance.

In the United States, "Joanne" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, moving 201,000 album-equivalent units of which 170,000 were pure sales, according to Nielsen SoundScan. It became Gaga's fourth album to top the chart following "Born This Way" (2011), "Artpop" (2013), and "Cheek to Cheek" (2014). It was 2016's second-highest debut for an album by a woman in the US after Beyoncé's "Lemonade" opened with 617,000 copies. As a result, Gaga became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s. The album-equivalent units for "Joanne" consisted of 135,000 song sales and 26 million streams along with 170,000 traditional album sales. "Joanne"s debut helped Gaga rise to number one on the "Billboard" Artist 100, which measures artist activity across the publication's most influential charts. The album's sales dropped by 70% to 61,000 units in the second week, with it falling to number five on the "Billboard" 200. Following Gaga's Super Bowl halftime show performance, "Joanne" rose 66–2 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 48,000 copies and 74,000 album-equivalent units. It has sold 649,000 units as of February 2019 in the United States and was certified Platinum in October 2017 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling over a million equivalent units in the country.  "Joanne" debuted at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart with 17,500 album-equivalent units, behind Leonard Cohen's "You Want It Darker". According to the Canadian SoundScan, the album had the third-highest on-demand streams in

Legacy and impact.

"Joanne" was ranked in several publications' year-end lists. "Billboard" ranked it as the 32nd-best album of 2016, adding that the "kitchen-sink pop album" had an "instant-classic breakup ballad" in "Million Reasons", which enabled Gaga to reclaim "her sweet spot with "Joanne"". "Digital Spy"s Lewis Corner placed the record at number nine, believing that "simplicity" was the key to the album's success. "Joanne" was "NME" magazine's 20th-best album of the year, with the publication highlighting how it hearkened back to the stripped-down sound employed by Gaga in her early years as an artist. For "Rolling Stone", the album was the seventh-best release of 2016, with a writer from the magazine feeling that, "Gaga's soft-rock transformation takes the pop star into a new direction without losing her flair for the dramatic and penchant for the kitschy." The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, while "Million Reasons" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance. "Million Reasons" was one

Track listing.

Personnel.

Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Joanne".

Joanne is the fifth studio album by American singer Lady Gaga. It was released on October 21, 2016, by Streamline and Interscope Records. Gaga, Mark Ronson and BloodPop handled its production with a variety of collaborators including Kevin Parker, Emile Haynie, Jeff Bhasker and Josh Homme. Musically, "Joanne" features "stripped-down" country, soft rock and dance-pop genres, which emphasize the singer's vocal abilities. Lyrically, the album delves into the theme of family and life's emotions; the death of Gaga's aunt Joanne Stefani Germanotta deeply influenced the record.

Joanne ist das fünfte Studioalbum der US-amerikanischen Sängerin Lady Gaga. Es wurde am 21. Oktober 2016 weltweit unter den Labels Interscope und Streamline veröffentlicht. Als Singles wurden "Perfect Illusion", "Million Reasons" und "Joanne" ausgekoppelt.


High school.

Ogwumike was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 2008 WBCA High School All-America Game, where she scored 17 points, grabbed 6 rebounds, and earned MVP honors for the White team. She averaged 16.8 points, 8.0 rebounds, 1.8 assists, 2.4 steals and 0.8 blocks per game during the 2007–08 season at Cy-Fair High School.

College.

Ogwumike chose Stanford over Baylor, Duke, Connecticut, Tennessee and Notre Dame. She was a member of USA Under 18 Team that won gold in Argentina on July 23–27, 2008. Nneka tallied 20 points and 15 rebounds in the championship game of the Under-18 FIBA Americas. She led team USA to a 5–0 record while leading the team in scoring and rebounding. She was named MVP of this tournament in Argentina.  Nneka had also played with her sister, Chiney Ogwumike in Stanford.  On January 23, 2010, Ogwumike broke the Cardinal record for rebounds in a game with 23 to go along with 30 points in a 100–80 win at Oregon.  On December 20, 2011, Ogwumike scored a career-high 42 points on 19 for 27 shooting while also grabbing 17 rebounds in a 97–80 win over the sixth-ranked Tennessee Lady Vols.  On January 7, 2012, Ogwumike surpassed both the 2,000 point and the 1,000 rebound thresholds for her career with a 33-point, 16 rebound performance against Oregon State.  Ogwumike left the Stanford Cardinal as the second all-time leading scorer for the women's basketball program behind only Candice Wiggins.

USA Basketball.

Ogwumike was a member of the USA Women's U18 team which won the gold medal at the FIBA Americas Championship in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The event was held in July 2008, when the USA team defeated host Argentina to win the championship. Ogwumike helped the team win all five games, starting all five games and leading all scorers with 12.6 points per game. She was also the leading rebounder with 8 per game. Ogwumike recorded 15 rebounds in the final game against Argentina, an U18 record.  Ogwumike continued on to the USA Women's U19 team which represented the US in the 2009 U19 World's Championship, held in Bangkok, Thailand in July and August 2009. Although the USA team lost the opening game to Spain, they went on to win their next seven games to earn a rematch against Spain in the finals, and won the game 81–71 to earn the gold medal. Ogwumike started all nine games and was the team's leading scorer, with 13.6 points per game. She was the leading rebounder with almost ten per game, and was named to the all-tournament team.  Ogwumike played on the team presenting the US at the 2011 World University Games held in Shenzhen, China, along with her sister, Chiney Ogwumike. The team, coached by Bill Fennelly, won all six games to earn the gold medal. Ogwumike averaged 13.2 points and 5.7 rebounds per game, both second place on the team behind Elena Delle Donne.  Ogwumike had also played for team USA at the 2014 FIBA World Championship for Women, helping team USA beat Spain 77–64 in the gold medal game.

WNBA career.

On April 16, 2012, the Los Angeles Sparks picked Ogwumike first overall in the 2012 WNBA Draft. She became the second player from Cypress-Fairbanks High School to be drafted No. 1 overall into the WNBA behind Lindsey Harding in 2007.  On July 12, 2012, Ogwumike set a career-high in rebounds with 20 to go along with 22 points in a 77–74 win over the eventual WNBA champion Indiana Fever. On September 13, 2012, she scored a season high 30 points on 10 of 15 shooting to go along with 11 rebounds in an 86–77 win over the Chicago Sky. In the regular season finale on September 20, 2012, Ogwumike matched her teammate Candace Parker for team highs in both points and rebounds with each player earning 22 and 11, respectively, in a 92–76 win over the defending WNBA champion Minnesota Lynx. Ogwumike was 10 for 13 from the field.  Ogwumike was named WNBA Rookie of the Month four out of five times in her rookie season. On October 7, 2012, Ogwumike was awarded as the 2012 WNBA Rookie of the Year. It marked the fifth consecutive year that the award had been won by the first overall draft pick.  During the 2014 season, Ogwumike averaged 15.8 ppg and was voted as a WNBA All-star for the second time in her career along with her sister Chiney Ogwumike, becoming the first pair of sisters to be selected into a WNBA All-Star game.  In 2016, Ogwumike re-signed with the Sparks once her rookie contract expired. During the season, Ogwumike was named AP WNBA Player of the Year, while finishing third in the league in scoring (19.7 ppg), third in the league in rebounding (9.1 rpg) and first in field goal percentage (.665). Her season performance would also help her earn the 2016 WNBA Most Valuable Player Award. During the season, Ogwumike had set a WNBA record for most consecutive field goals made (23 consecutive field goals over three games) and set a new WNBA single-game record for most field-goal attempts without a miss in which she scored 32 points on 12 of 12 field goal shooting in a 97–73 win over the Dallas Wings. On June 30, 2016, she scored a career-high 38 points along with 11 rebounds in an 84–75 victory against the Atlanta Dream. In addition, she set the basketball record for highest true shooting percentage by reaching 73.7% during the season, becoming the most efficient shooter in the history of professional basketball. With a supporting cast of Candace Parker and Kristi Toliver, the Sparks were a championship contender in the league with a 26–8 record. With the WNBA's new playoff format in effect, the Sparks were the number 2 seed in the league with a double-bye to the semi-finals (the last round before the WNBA Finals) facing the Chicago Sky. The Sparks defeated the Sky 3–1 in the series, advancing to the WNBA Finals for the first time since 2003. In the WNBA Finals, it was the second time in league history were two teams from the same conference faced each other in the Finals due to the new playoff format. Against the championship-defending Minnesota Lynx, the Sparks won the championship in a hard-fought five-game series, winning their first championship since 2002. Ogwumike won her first career WNBA championship. In game five of the series, Ogwumike had 12 points along with 12 rebounds and scored a game-winning shot after grabbing an offensive rebound to put the Sparks up 77–76 with 3 seconds left in the game. Ogwumike became the seventh player in WNBA history to win both the regular season MVP award and a championship in the same season.  In 2017, Ogwumike signed a contract extension with the Sparks. During the 2017 season, Ogwumike was voted into the 2017 WNBA All-Star Game, making it her fourth career all-star appearance. On August 18, 2017, Ogwumike scored a season-high 32 points along with 10 rebounds in a 115–106 double overtime victory over the Chicago Sky. By the end of the season, Ogwumike led the Sparks in scoring for the second season in a row, averaging 18.8 ppg and the Sparks finished as the number 2 seed for the second year in a row with the same record, receiving a double-bye to the semi-finals. The Sparks would go on to advance to the Finals for the second season in a row, after defeating the Phoenix Mercury in a 3-game sweep, setting up a rematch with the Lynx. However, the Sparks would lose in five games, failing to win back-to-back championships.  To start off 2018, Ogwumike scored a season-high 25 points in an 87–70 victory over the Indiana Fever. Later on in the season, Ogwumike was voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game but would miss the game due to fatigue, which kept her sidelined for over a week in mid July. Ogwumike made her return on August 2, 2018, against the Minnesota Lynx and scored 15 points in a 79–57 victory. Ogwumike finished off the season averaging 15.5 ppg. The Sparks finished 19–15 with the number 6 seed in the league. In the first round elimination game, they defeated the championship-defending Minnesota Lynx 75–68. In the second round elimination game, the Sparks lost 96–64 to the Washington Mystics.  On July 4, 2019, Ogwumike scored a season-high 31 points along with 10 rebounds in a 98-81 victory over the Washington Mystics. Ogwumike would be voted into the 2019 WNBA All-Star Game, making it her 6th all-star appearance. The Sparks finished off the season as the number 3 seed with a 22-12 record, receiving a bye to the second round. In the second round elimination game, the Sparks defeated the defending champions Seattle Storm 92-69. In the semi-finals, the Sparks were eliminated in a three-game sweep by the Connecticut Sun.

Overseas career.

In the 2012–13 off-season, Ogwumike played in Poland for CCC Polkowice and won a championship with the team Since 2014, Ogwumike has played three off-seasons in Russia for Dynamo Kursk. The club won the 2017 Euroleague. In late 2017, Ogwumike returned to Dynamo Kursk for the 2017–18 WNBA off-season.

Career statistics.

College.

Source

Nnemkadi Chinwe Victoria "Nneka" Ogwumike (born July 2, 1990) is a Nigerian-American basketball player for the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), after being drafted No. 1 overall in the 2012 WNBA Draft. Soon after being drafted, Ogwumike signed an endorsement deal with Nike. She is the older sister of Chiney Ogwumike, who also plays for the Sparks. Ogwumike was named WNBA MVP for 2016; her team also won the WNBA Finals that year.

Nnemkadi „Nneka“ Ogwumike (* 2. Juli 1990 in Tomball, Texas) ist eine US-amerikanische Basketballspielerin. Seit 2012 ist sie in der Women’s National Basketball Association für die Los Angeles Sparks aktiv.


Early life.

Johnson was born Malcolm Michaels Jr. on August 24, 1945, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, with six siblings and a father, Malcolm Michaels Sr., who was an assembly line worker at General Motors. Johnson's mother, Alberta Claiborne, was a housekeeper. Johnson attended an African Methodist Episcopal Church as a child and remained devoutly religious in later life, often taking an interest in Catholicism, but also making offerings to the saints in a personal manner, keeping a private altar at home. Johnson first began wearing dresses at the age of five but stopped temporarily due to harassment by boys who lived nearby. In a 1992 interview, Johnson described being the young victim of sexual assault by an adolescent boy. After this, Johnson described the idea of being gay as "some sort of dream", rather than something that seemed possible, and so chose to remain asexual until leaving for New York City at 17. Johnson's mother reportedly said that being homosexual is like being "lower than a dog", but Johnson said that Alberta was unaware of the LGBT community. After graduating from the former Edison High School (now the Thomas A. Edison Career and Technical Academy) in Elizabeth in 1963, Johnson left home for New York City with $15 and a bag of clothes. Johnson waited on tables after moving to Greenwich Village in 1966. After meeting gay people in the city, Johnson finally felt it was possible to be gay and was able to come out.

Performance work and identity.

Johnson initially used the moniker "Black Marsha" but later decided on the drag queen name "Marsha P. Johnson", getting "Johnson" from the restaurant Howard Johnson's on 42nd Street, stating that the "P" stood for "pay it no mind" and used the phrase sarcastically when questioned about gender, saying "it stands for pay it no mind". Johnson said the phrase once to a judge, who was humored by it, leading to Johnson's release. Johnson variably identified as gay, as a transvestite, and as a queen (referring to drag queen). According to Susan Stryker, a professor of human gender and sexuality studies at the University of Arizona, Johnson's gender expression could perhaps most accurately be called "gender non-conforming"; Johnson never self-identified with the term "transgender", but the term was also not in broad use while Johnson was alive.  Johnson's style of drag was not serious ("high drag" or "show drag") due to being unable to afford to purchase clothing from expensive stores. Johnson received leftover flowers after sleeping under tables used for sorting flowers in the Flower District of Manhattan, and was known for wearing crowns of fresh flowers. Johnson was tall, slender and often dressed in flowing robes and shiny dresses, red plastic high heels and bright wigs, which tended to draw attention. As Edmund White writes in his 1979 Village Voice article, "The Politics of Drag" Johnson also liked dressing in ways that would display "the interstice between masculine and feminine". A feature photo of Johnson in this article shows Johnson in a flowing wig and makeup, and a translucent shirt, pants and parka - highlighting the ways that, quoting Kate Millett's Sexual Politics, White says, "she is both masculine and feminine at once."  There is some existing footage of Johnson doing full, glamorous, "high drag" on stage, but most of Johnson's performance work was with groups that were more grassroots, comedic, and political. Johnson sang and performed as a member of J. Camicias' international, NYC-based, drag performance troupe, Hot Peaches, from 1972 through to shows in the 1990s. When The Cockettes, a similar drag troupe from San Francisco, formed an East Coast troupe, The Angels of Light, Johnson was also asked to perform with them. In 1973, Johnson performed the role of "The Gypsy Queen" in the Angels' production, "The Enchanted Miracle", about the Comet Kohoutek. In 1975, Johnson was photographed by famed artist Andy Warhol, as part of a "Ladies and Gentlemen" series of Polaroids. In 1990, Johnson performed with The Hot Peaches in London. Now an AIDS activist, Johnson also appears in The Hot Peaches production "The Heat" in 1990, singing the song "Love" while wearing an ACT UP, "Silence = Death" button.

Stonewall uprising and other activism.

Johnson was one of the first drag queens to go to the Stonewall Inn, after they began allowing women and drag queens inside; it was previously a bar for only gay men. On the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, the Stonewall uprising occurred. While the first two nights of rioting were the most intense, the clashes with police would result in a series of spontaneous demonstrations and marches through the gay neighborhoods of Greenwich Village for roughly a week afterwards.  Johnson has been named, along with Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona, by a number of the Stonewall veterans interviewed by David Carter in his book, "Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution", as being "three individuals known to have been in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police at the uprising. Johnson denied starting the uprising. In 1987, Johnson recalled arriving at around "2:00 [that morning]", that "the riots had already started" by that time and that the Stonewall building "was on fire" after cops set it on fire. The riots reportedly started at around 1:20 that morning after Stormé DeLarverie fought back against the police officer who attempted to arrest her that night.  Carter writes that Robin Souza had reported that fellow Stonewall veterans and gay activists such as Morty Manford and Marty Robinson had told Souza that on the first night, Johnson "threw a shot glass at a mirror in the torched bar screaming, 'I got my civil rights'". Souza told the Gay Activists Alliance shortly afterwards that it "was the shot glass that was heard around the world". Carter, however, concluded that Robinson had given several different accounts of the night and in none of the accounts were Johnson's name brought up, possibly in fear that if he publicly credited the uprising to Johnson, then Johnson's well-known mental state and gender nonconforming, "could have been used effectively by the movement's opponents". The alleged "shot glass" incident has also been heavily disputed. Prior to Carter's book, it was claimed Johnson had "thrown a brick" at a police officer, an account that was never verified. Johnson also confirmed not being present at the Stonewall Inn when the rioting broke out, but instead had heard about it and went to get Sylvia Rivera who was at a park uptown sleeping on a bench to tell her about it. However, many have corroborated that on the second night, Johnson climbed up a lamppost and dropped a bag with a brick in it down on a cop car, shattering the windshield.  Following the Stonewall uprising, Johnson joined the Gay Liberation Front and participated in the first Christopher Street Liberation Pride rally on the first anniversary of the Stonewall rebellion in June 1970. One of Johnson's most notable direct actions occurred in August 1970, staging a sit-in protest at Weinstein Hall at New York University alongside fellow GLF members after administrators canceled a dance when they found out was sponsored by gay organizations. Shortly after that, Johnson and close friend Sylvia Rivera co-founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) organization (initially titled "Street Transvestites Actual Revolutionaries"). The two of them became a visible presence at gay liberation marches and other radical political actions. In 1973, Johnson and Rivera were banned from participating in the gay pride parade by the gay and lesbian committee who were administering the event stating they "weren't gonna allow drag queens" at their marches claiming they were "giving them a bad name". Their response was to march defiantly ahead of the parade. During a gay rights rally at New York City Hall in the early '70s, photographed by Diana Davies, a reporter asked Johnson why the group was demonstrating, Johnson shouted into the microphone, "Darling, I want my gay rights now!"  During another incident around this time Johnson was confronted by police officers for hustling in New York. When the officers attempted to perform an arrest, Johnson hit them with a handbag, which contained two bricks. When asked by the judge for an explanation for hustling, Johnson claimed to be trying to secure enough money for a tombstone for Johnson's husband. During a time when same-sex marriage was illegal in the United States, the judge asked what "happened to this alleged husband", Johnson responded, "Pigs killed him". Initially sentenced to 90 days in prison for the assault, Johnson's lawyer eventually convinced the judge to that Bellevue would be more suitable.  With Rivera, Johnson established the STAR House, a shelter for gay and trans street kids in 1972, and paid the rent for it with money they made themselves as sex workers. While the House was not focused on performance, Johnson was a "drag mother" of STAR House, in the longstanding tradition of chosen family in the Black and Latino LGBT community. Johnson worked to provide food, clothing, emotional support and a sense of family for the young drag queens, trans women, gender nonconformists and other gay street kids living on the Christopher Street docks or in their house on the Lower East Side of New York.  In the 1980s Johnson continued to play an active part in street activism as a respected organizer and marshal with ACT UP. In 1992, when George Segal's Stonewall memorial was moved to Christopher Street from Ohio to recognize the gay liberation movement, Johnson commented, "How many people have died for these two little statues to be put in the park to recognize gay people? How many years does it take for people to see that we're all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race? I mean how many years does it take for people to see that we're all in this rat race together."

Mental health and death.

By 1966, Johnson lived on the streets and engaged in survival sex. In connection with sex work, Johnson claimed to have been arrested over 100 times, and was also shot once, in the late-1970s. Johnson spoke of first having a mental breakdown in 1970. According to Bob Kohler, Johnson would walk naked up Christopher Street and be taken away for two or three months to be treated with chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic medication. Upon returning, the medication would wear off over the course of one month and Johnson would then return to normal. Between 1980 and Johnson's death in 1992, Johnson lived with a friend Randy Wicker, who invited Johnson to stay the night one time when it was "very cold out—about 10 degrees [Fahrenheit]" ().  Though generally regarded as "generous and warmhearted" and "saintly" under the Marsha persona, Johnson's angry, violent side could sometimes emerge when Johnson was depressed or under severe stress. Some felt that it was more common for this to happen under Johnson's "male persona as Malcolm". During those moments when Johnson's violent side emerged, according to an acquaintance Robert Heide, Johnson could be aggressive and short-tempered and speak in a deeper voice and, as Malcolm, would "become a very nasty, vicious man, looking for fights". This dual personality of Johnson's has been described as "a schizophrenic personality at work". When this happened, Johnson would often get in fights and wind up hospitalized and sedated, and friends would have to organize and raise money to bail Johnson out of jail or try to secure release from places like Bellevue. In the 1979 "Village Voice" article, "The Drag of Politics," by Steven Watson, and further elaborated upon by Stonewall historian Carter, it had perhaps been for this reason that other activists had been reluctant at first to credit Johnson for helping to spark the gay liberation movement of the early 1970s. Watson also reported that Johnson's saintly personality was "volatile" and listed a roster of gay bars from which Johnson had been banned. At the time of Johnson's death in 1992, Johnson was said to be increasingly sick and in a fragile state, according to Randy Wicker.  Shortly after the 1992 pride parade, Johnson's body was discovered floating in the Hudson River. Police initially ruled the death a suicide, but Johnson's friends and other members of the local community insisted Johnson was not suicidal and noted that the back of Johnson's head had a massive wound. According to Sylvia Rivera, their friend Bob Kohler believed Johnson had committed suicide due to an ever-increasing fragile state, which Rivera herself disputed, claiming she and Johnson had "made a pact" to "cross the 'river Jordan' (aka Hudson River) together". Those who were close to Johnson considered the death suspicious; many claimed that whilst Johnson did struggle mentally, this did not manifest itself as suicidal. Randy Wicker later said that Johnson may have hallucinated and walked into the river, or may have jumped into the river to escape harassers, but stated that Johnson was never suicidal.  Several people came forward to say they had seen Johnson harassed by a group of "thugs" who had also robbed people. According to Wicker, a witness saw a neighborhood resident fighting with Johnson on July 4, 1992. During the fight he used a homophobic slur, and later bragged to someone at a bar that he had killed a drag queen named Marsha. The witness was not successful in relaying this information to the police. Other locals stated later that law enforcement was not interested in investigating Johnson's death, stating that the case was about a "gay black man" and wanting little to do with at the time. Johnson was cremated and, following a funeral at a local church, friends released Johnson's ashes over the river. Police allowed Seventh Avenue to be closed while Johnson's ashes were carried to the river.  Former New York politician Tom Duane fought to reopen the case, because "Usually when there is a death by suicide the person usually leaves a note. She didn’t leave a note.” In November 2012, activist Mariah Lopez succeeded in getting the New York police department to reopen the case as a possible homicide. After the NYPD reopened the case, the police reclassified Johnson's cause of death from "suicide" to undetermined.  In 2016, Victoria Cruz of the Anti-Violence Project also tried to get Johnson's case reopened, and succeeded in gaining access to previously-unreleased documents and witness statements. She sought out new interviews with witnesses, friends, other activists, and police who had worked the case or had been on the force at the time of Johnson's probable murder. Some of her work to find justice for Johnson was filmed by David France for the 2017 documentary, "The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson".

Tributes.

The 2012 documentary "Pay It No Mind – The Life and Times of Marsha P. Johnson" heavily features segments from a 1992 interview with Johnson, which was filmed shortly before Johnson's death. Many friends of Johnson's from Greenwich Village are interviewed for the documentary.  Johnson appears as a character in two fictional film dramas that are based on real events, including "Stonewall" (2015), played by Otoja Abit, and "Happy Birthday, Marsha!" (2016), played by Mya Taylor. Both movies are creative interpretations, inspired by the Stonewall uprising.  The 2017 documentary, "The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson", follows trans woman Victoria Cruz of the Anti-Violence Project as she investigates Johnson's murder. Like "Pay It No Mind", it relies on archival footage and interviews.  New York City artist Anohni produced multiple tributes to Johnson, including baroque pop band Antony and the Johnsons (named in Johnson's honor), and a 1995 play about Johnson, "The Ascension of Marsha P. Johnson".  American drag queen and TV personality RuPaul has called Johnson an inspiration, describing Johnson as "the true Drag Mother." During an episode of his show "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2012, RuPaul told her contestants that Johnson "paved the way for all of [them]".  In 2018 the "New York Times" published a belated obituary for Johnson.  A large, painted mural depicting Johnson and Sylvia Rivera went on display in Dallas, Texas in 2019 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots. The painting of the "two pioneers of the gay rights movement" in front of a transgender flag claims to be the world's largest mural honoring the trans community.  On May 30, 2019, it was announced that Johnson and Sylvia Rivera would be honored with monuments at Greenwich Village, near the site of the Stonewall club. Construction is rumoured to be completed by 2021. These momuments of Johnson and Rivera will be the world's first to honor transgender activists.  On May 31, 2019, queer street artists Homo Riot and Suriani created a mural, as part of the WorldPride Mural Project and Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019, and dedicated to Queer Liberation, featuring multiple images of Johnson. The mural, located at 2nd Avenue and Houston Street in New York City, was curated by photographer and filmmaker Daniel “Dusty” Albanese.  In June 2019, Johnson was one of the inaugural fifty American “pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes” inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City’s Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.  On February 1, 2020, Governor Andrew Cuomo of New York announced that the East River Park in Brooklyn will be renamed in Johnson's honor. It will be the first New York state park named after an LGBT person.

Marsha P. Johnson (August 24, 1945 – July 6, 1992) was an American gay liberation activist and self-identified drag queen. Known as an outspoken advocate for gay rights, Johnson was one of the prominent figures in the Stonewall uprising of 1969. A founding member of the Gay Liberation Front, Johnson co-founded the radical activist group Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (S.T.A.R.), alongside close friend Sylvia Rivera. A popular figure in New York City's gay and art scene, Johnson modeled for Andy Warhol, and performed onstage with the drag performance troupe Hot Peaches. Known for decades as a welcoming presence in the streets of Greenwich Village, Johnson was known as the "mayor of Christopher Street". From 1987 through 1992, Johnson was an AIDS activist with ACT UP.

Marsha P. Johnson (* 24. August 1945 in Elizabeth, New Jersey; † 6. Juli 1992 in New York City) war eine US-amerikanische Dragqueen, Sexarbeiterin und Aktivistin der LGBT-Bewegung. Sie war ab den 1960er Jahren eine beliebte Figur der New Yorker Schwulen- und Kunstszene und war 1969 an den Stonewall-Unruhen beteiligt. In ihren letzten Lebensjahren engagierte sie sich mit dem Interessenverband Act Up in der Bewusstseinsbildung von AIDS.


Germany.

Chicanos and Bandidos members were involved in a large brawl with an Arab criminal family in Reinickendorf on 6 August 2007 which resulted in a biker and two Arabs being injured, one seriously. Baseball bats, machetes and knives were used in the confrontation, which escelated from a verbal disagreement. Four bikers were arrested and "Spezialeinsatzkommando" (SEK) was deployed during the subsequent investigation, which included a search of a clubhouse.  Chicanos members assaulted the president of the Hells Angels' nomads chapter in a nightclub in Eberswalde on 6 December 2008. On 5 June 2009, members of the Hells Angels-affiliated Brigade 81 raided the Chicanos' clubhouse in Ludwigsfelde, leaving several club members injured. Chicanos and Hells Angels were involved in a car chase in Schorfheide on 21 June 2009, which ended with four members of the Hells Angels nomads suffering injuries, including the chapter president who was stabbed in the back and almost lost a leg due to an axe attack. On 17 July 2009, a homemade bomb was discovered underneath a car belonging to a Chicanos chapter president in Eberswalde. Other incidents that year include a fight between Chicanos and Hells Angels in Rendsburg that left a man seriously injured, and an incident in which Chicanos fired shots at the home of a Hells Angels member in Neumunster. In May 2010, police prevented a potentially violent clash between the Chicanos' "South Central" chapter and the Hells Angels in Neukölln, Berlin when they intervened shortly before a confrontation between the two armed groups. Baseball bats and bladed weapons were seized from arrested Hells Angels.  Jörg Schönbohm, interior minister for the state of Brandenburg, outlawed the Barnim Chicanos chapter on 24 August 2009. The chapter, founded in February that year, had fourteen members, few of whom owned motorcycles. Weapons including swords, pistols, cudgels and brass knuckles – which were used to exert influence in the bouncer and drug scene in the region – were confiscated by police during searches of the clubhouse and members' homes.  Members of the Chicanos and the Underdogs Motorcycle Club fought in the street in Halle city center on 26 October 2010. Around twenty participants were involved, armed with firearms, Molotov cocktails and cobblestones. On 2 May 2012, the president of the Chicanos' Halle chapter shot the Underdogs Halle president several times from a car. The Underdogs member was saved by emergency surgery. Chicanos and Underdogs clashed at a party in Weißenfels on 26 August 2012, resulting in two Underdogs members from Saalkreis suffering non-serious stab wounds. In June 2013, a member of District 61 – a group comprised partially of former Underdogs members – shot in self-defense at two Chicanos members in Halle city center, although nobody was wounded. One of the two Chicanos was later shot and wounded by a member of the Underdogs in Halle in May 2014.  Chicanos chapters in Aachen, Alsdorf and Düren, along with the Aachen Bandidos, were banned by the ministry of SPD MP Ralf Jäger on 26 April 2012. Over six-hundred police officers were involved in subsequent raids on the chapters' headquarters and members' residences. A search of the Alsdorf chapter clubhouse resulted in the seizure of club regalia, firearms, bladed weapons and a police scanner.  A nationwide ban on wearing the emblems of the Chicanos and eight other motorcycle clubs in public came into effect on 16 March 2017.

Netherlands.

An investigation into the Limburg Bandidos chapter in January 2016 revealed that an associated Chicanos branch, which was founded by the Bandidos' vice-president, provided recruits and engaged in threats, drug offenses and violent crimes on the Bandidos' behalf.

Norway.

The National Criminal Investigation Service (NCIS, or "Kripos") has designated the Chicanos a criminal group. The first Chicanos chapter in Norway was formed in 2013 with assistance from the club's Swedish branch.

Sweden.

Sweden's first Chicanos branch opened in Vänersborg in 2012, with a patch-over of a No Surrender chapter. Several other Chicanos chapters were subsequently formed in the country, and the Vänersborg original chapter patched over to the Bandidos in 2016.  Four members were arrested on suspicion of extortion in February 2013, and subsequent searches of the men's homes resulted in a number of other charges. In late 2012, Chicanos members extorted kr5,000 from a man who had been selling drugs in Mellerud, which the club considered their territory. In April 2013, three were convicted of assault, extortion, theft and drug offences, including the chapter president, who was sentenced to one-year-and-a-half in prison.  The Chicanos in Dalsland became involved in a conflict with the Black Cobra gang after attempting to recruit Black Cobra members. On 5 April 2013, members of the Chicanos and Black Cobra rioted in Trollhättan  The president of the Sandviken Chicanos chapter was convicted of minor drug crimes and unlawful driving on 1 October 2015.  In October 2017, three Norwegian citizens – two men, one of whom was a member of the Chicanos in Norway, and a woman – were convicted of driving a man into the woods, beating him and sodomizing him with a tree branch, in an assault related to extortion, in Värmland in July 2017. Both men were sentenced to four years' imprisonment, while the woman was sentenced to two years'.  The Chicanos' clubhouse in Sandviken was set alight in a suspected arson attack on 21 November 2018.

The Chicanos Motorcycle Club is an outlaw motorcycle club that was founded in Pritzwalk, Germany on 23 August 2003. The Chicanos are a support club (called puppet clubs by law enforcement) for the Bandidos Motorcycle Club.

Die Chicanos, auch bekannt als Chicanos MC, sind ein überregionaler Rocker- und sogenannter Support-Club des Bandidos Motorcycle Clubs. Gegründet im Jahr 2003 in Pritzwalk (Brandenburg), sind die Chicanos heute einer der größten Support-Clubs weltweit.


Toponomy.

The present name is a back-formation from Boxford. A previous name "Amalburna" is found in an Old English text dated after 991, published in the "Cartularium Saxonicum" (p. 1289). Eilert Ekwall discusses various possible roots, including the British (i.e. pre-English) root "ambro" meaning "water".

Course.

The river rises to the north of Little Waldingfield, near to where two other small streams also rise, which converge with the Box at Upsher Green.  From this point the river flows south-east, past Edwardstone towards the large village of Boxford, where it is crossed by the A1071. The river then continues in the same direction and passes a number of villages and hamlets, which are suffixed by the name street. These include Stone Street and to the south of Polstead, Mill Street. The river then passes Scotland Street before reaching the village of Thorington Street, and Thorington Hall. It continues flowing southeast to meet the Stour, between Langham and Higham, which is also close to the confluence of the River Brett and Stour.

Hydrology.

Since 1960 the flow of the River Box, has been measured in its middle reaches at a flume near Polstead. The fifty four year record shows that the catchment of to the gauging station yields an average flow of. The highest river level recorded was in January 1998 with a height of through the flume, which was estimated to have a flow of.  The catchment upstream of the gauging station has an average annual rainfall of and a maximum altitude of. Land use is mostly rural, consisting of arable farming.  The River Box has been classed as having moderate ecological quality under the Water Framework Directive. This is the middle band in the five part framework scale, which ranges from high, good, and moderate, through to poor and finally bad.

The River Box is a small river, in length, that flows through Suffolk, England. It is a tributary of the River Stour.

Der River Box ist ein Wasserlauf in Suffolk, England. Er entsteht nordöstlich von Great Waldingfield und fließt in südöstlicher Richtung bis zu seiner Mündung in den River Stour.


History.

Founding and Leadership.

Failure Analysis Associates (FaAA) was founded in April 1967 by then Stanford University professor Alan Stephen Tetelman along with his colleagues Bernard Ross, Marsh Pound, John Shyne and Sathya V. Hanagud with $500 in capital.  At the time of FaAA's founding, Ross was also an engineering program manager at SRI International (then the Stanford Research Institute) (1965–1970). While en route to the site of a Navy jet crash investigation, Tetelman was killed on September 25, 1978, in the PSA Flight 182 air crash over San Diego between a PSA jet liner and a private Cessna airplane that claimed the lives of 144 people. He was forty-two years old.  Ross assumed the presidency of Failure Analysis Associates after the accident. Ross and the late Tetelman were featured in a documentary film about the company titled "What Went Wrong" made by the United States Information Service and distributed worldwide. Tetelman was a world-renowned expert in fracture mechanics and co-authored a textbook titled "The Principles of Engineering Materials" with Craig R. Barrett (former CEO of Intel) and Stanford professor, William D. Nix, published by Prentice-Hall in 1973.  In 1982, Roger McCarthy assumed the leadership of FaAA, becoming Chief Executive Officer in 1982 until 1996, and Chairman of the Board in 1986 until 2005. McCarthy joined FaAA in 1978 and became a Director and Vice-President in 1980. In 2004, McCarthy was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.  Michael R. Gaulke served as the Chief Executive Officer of Exponent Inc. from June 1996 to May 28, 2009. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors. Mr. Gaulke served as President of Exponent Inc. from March 1993 to May 22, 2007. Mr. Gaulke first joined Exponent Inc. in September 1992 and served as its Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. In 2008, Oregon State University inducted Mr. Gaulke into its Engineering Hall of Fame.  Paul R. Johnston was the Chief Executive Officer at Exponent Inc. from May 28, 2009 – May 31 2018. Johnston was President of Exponent Inc. from May 2007 until July 2016. Johnston joined Exponent in 1981 and served as its Principal Engineer since 1987 and Vice President since 1996. Johnston has co-authored a book titled "Structural Dynamics by Finite Elements" published by Prentice-Hall in 1987. On May 31, 2018, Johnston stepped down from the position of Chief Executive Officer to be an Executive Chairman.  Catherine Corrigan was named President of Exponent, Inc. on July 29, 2016. Dr. Corrigan joined Exponent’s Philadelphia office in 1996, was promoted to Principal in 2002 and to Corporate Vice President in 2005. Corrigan was promoted to Group Vice President to lead the Transportation Group and joined the Company’s Operating Committee in 2012. On May 31, 2018 Corrigan was appointed to Chief Executive Officer.

Incorporation.

Failure Analysis Associates was founded as a partnership, incorporated in 1968 in California and reincorporated in Delaware as Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. in 1988. In 1989, McCarthy reincorporated Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. in Delaware under a holding company, The Failure Group, Inc. and took The Failure Group, Inc. public in 1990. The company changed its name to Exponent, Inc. in 1998.

Company activities.

Exponent has been involved in the investigations of many well known incidents including the now debunked report aired on Dateline in 1993 about fires and explosions involving sidesaddle fuel tanks on Chevrolet C/K trucks, the disputed "Consumer Reports" finding on Suzuki roll-over safety, the 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls, the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 among many other aviation accidents, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Federal Emergency Management Agency also hired Exponent to examine the Oklahoma City bombing damage aftermath, specifically the damage to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. NASA hired Exponent in 1986 to determine the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. In 2003, Exponent was hired by the U.S. government to investigate the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. In 2017, Samsung hired Exponent to determine cause of thermal runaway of the Note 7 Phone batteries.  Exponent has ISO 9001 accreditation, indicating independently audited and certified quality management practices. The company also is certified for battery, energy storage and compliance testing.

Neutrality.

The quality and neutrality of reports produced by the company have been called into question on various controversial topics. Common points of critique include corporate denialism and that, for industrial clients, only favorable reports are seemingly produced. Examples include Exponent arguing that dioxins do not cause cancer. These questions of conflict of interest have been disputed. The type of work that Exponent performs is contractually highly confidential—until their clients decide otherwise. Thus, while Exponent may issue reports that are both favorable and unfavorable to its clients, Exponent's clients have the option of releasing only the favorable reports, creating the appearance of bias.  According to the "Los Angeles Times", "Exponent's research has come under fire from critics, including engineers, attorneys and academics who say the company tends to deliver to clients the reports they need to mount a public defense." Exponent's executive chairman responded that such criticism is a "cheap shot", responding "Do we tell our clients a lot of what they don't want to hear? Absolutely." but that they also often come up with results not favoring their clients. No concrete examples were however provided for the paper. In 2009, the Amazon Defense Coalition criticized an Exponent study commissioned by the energy company Chevron that dumping oil waste didn't cause cancer because Chevron's largest shareholder was a director on Exponent's board. The firm was also criticized for assisting industry efforts to reduce chromium regulation.

Notable Projects.

Partial listing of notable projects:

Research areas.

Exponent's services are concentrated on multiple practices and centers, including:

Exponent (formerly Failure Analysis Associates) is an American engineering and scientific consulting firm. Exponent has a multidisciplinary team of scientists, physicians, engineers, and business consultants which performs research and analysis in more than 90 technical disciplines. The company operates 20 offices in the United States and five offices overseas.

Exponent (ehemals Failure Analysis Associates) ist ein amerikanisches Beratungsunternehmen. Es untersucht Unfälle, zurückgerufene Produkte sowie Gebäude und führt vorbeugende Risikoanalysen durch.