Geography.

A farming and spa town, with considerable light industry, situated by the banks of the rivers Andelle and Epte, in the Pays de Bray, some southeast of Dieppe, at the junction of the D 915, D 921, D1314 and D 919 roads.

History.

Known as "De Forgis" in 1186, the first part of the name, Forges, is derived from the fact that it was an important centre for the mining and manufacturing of iron in Roman times. The second part of its name comes from the therapeutic use of the thermal waters from the sixteenth century onwards.
 A seigneur from Forges took part in the Battle of Hastings and another took part in the First Crusade.
 During the Hundred Years War, a certain Philippe de Forges was killed in 1356 at the Battle of Poitiers. Years later, but in the same conflict, the English besieged the castle and took the town, in 1418.
 Blanche d'Evreux, widow of Philippe VI of France, came here to take the waters in the fourteenth century, but it was the Chevalier de Varenne who really began the vogue in 1573. The spa became famous after the stay from 21 June to 13 July 1632 of Louis XIII, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Richelieu. Because of the royal visit, the parks, gardens and many water sources were developed, including three lakes that still exist today. Subsequently, many famous figures from French history have taken the waters.
 A large pottery factory was active from 1797 to the end of the nineteenth century.
 The casino was first built in the nineteenth century but destroyed by fire in 1896. It was rebuilt and reopened in 1902.  1906 saw the first (in France) annual butter conventions.  The railway station was opened in the nineteenth century and runs a TER service to Gisors and Dieppe.  The film "Poulet au vinaigre" (1985) by Claude Chabrol, with Stephane Audran (Released in the US as "Cop au Vin,") was filmed in Forges-les-Eaux.[Film credits]

Forges-les-Eaux is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. On 1 January 2016, the former commune of Le Fossé was merged into Forges-les-Eaux.

Forges-les-Eaux ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Seine-Maritime in der Region Normandie. Am 1. Januar 2016 wurde Forges-les-Eaux mit der Gemeinde Le Fossé zur "Commune nouvelle" Forges-les-Eaux zusammengeschlossen. Die frühere Gemeinde Forges-les-Eaux hat seither den Status einer Commune déléguée mit Einwohnern (Stand ).


Route and status.

Overall features, length and condition.

The Trans-Sahara Highway has a length of about 4,500 km of which about 85% has been paved. It passes through only three countries, since Algeria and Nigeria are separated by Niger alone. However, an additional 3,600 km of linked highways to Tunisia, Mali and Chad are considered by planners to be integral to the Trans-Sahara Highway.  All the 1,200 km of the highway lying in Nigeria is part of that country's national paved road network and includes nearly 500 km of four-lane divided sections, but highway maintenance is frequently deficient in Nigeria and at times parts of the road may be in poor condition, including having lost the pavement.  About half the highway, over 2,300 km, lies in Algeria but particularly south of In Salah much of it is in poor condition, prone to flooding run-off from the Hoggar Mountains and is constantly being repaired. In 2007 the southern half of the 400 km from Tamanrasset to In Guezzam on the Niger border has been sealed. Although work continues, the rest is sand.  Niger has 985 km of the highway of which 785 km is paved but also in poor condition. Further details are given below.  Another crossing of the Sahara is proposed for the Tripoli-Cape Town Highway (Trans-African Highway 3) but this route requires a great deal more construction, faces problems of instability and lawlessness in northern Chad, and is not likely to stimulate trade to the same extent as TAH 2. Consequently, it may be decades away from completion.  Two other Trans-African Highways cross the Sahara, but at its edges. In 2005 the Cairo-Dakar Highway (TAH 1) in the west along the Atlantic coast became the first fully sealed highway crossing the Sahara from north to south (barring a few kilometres in No Man's Land between Morocco/Western Sahara and Mauritania). The Cairo-Cape Town Highway (TAH 5) follows the Nile in the east, but has long unpaved sections in Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya.  Announced in 2018, by 2019 a third trade route opened up between Algeria and Mauritania, but has yet to be classified. Established during the French colonial era as a link between Algiers with Dakar to avoid the then Spanish Sahara on the Atlantic, it was closed in 1963. Currently tarmac ends on the Algerian border just south of Tindouf and resumes some 900-kilometres later at Zouerat, passing via Bir Moghrein.

Route.

The cities and countries served, and status of the road are as follows.

In Nigeria.

In summary, although a few paved sections may be in poor condition, only 200 km of the route remains as an unimproved desert track, and only 130 km remains unpaved but 'improved'.

Links to other transnational highways.

The Trans-Sahara Highway intersects with:

The Trans-Sahara Highway is a proposed transnational highway project to pave, improve and ease border formalities on an existing trade route running north–south across the Sahara Desert. It runs between North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea in the north and West Africa bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the south, from Algiers in Algeria to Lagos in Nigeria, giving it the alternative names of the Algiers-Lagos Highway or Lagos-Algiers Highway.

Der Algier-Lagos-Highway – auch Trans-Sahara-Highway genannt – ist ein Projekt, eine bestehende Handelsroute durch die Wüste Sahara zu asphaltieren, zu verbessern und die Grenzformalitäten zu vereinfachen. Er verbindet Nordafrika an der Mittelmeerküste im Norden und Westafrika am Atlantischen Ozean im Süden und führt von Algier in Algerien nach Lagos in Nigeria. Er ist auch als "Lagos-Algier-Highway" bekannt und stellt im System der Trans-African Highways (TAH) die Nr. 2 dar.


Education and early life.

A native of Watford, England, Parkin received his B.A. (1977) and was elected a Research Fellow (1979) at Trinity College, Cambridge, England, and was awarded his PhD (1980) at the Cavendish Laboratory, also in Cambridge. He joined IBM in 1982 as a World Trade Post-doctoral Fellow, becoming a permanent member of the staff the following year. In 1999 he was named an IBM Fellow, IBM's highest technical honour.

Research and career.

In 2007 Parkin was named a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the National University of Singapore, a Visiting Chair Professor at the National Taiwan University, and an Honorary Visiting Professor at University College London, The United Kingdom. In 2008, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The Materials Research Network Dresden granted him the Dresden Barkhausen Award in 2009. Parkin has been awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Aachen, Germany and the Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.  In 1989 Stuart Parkin discovered the phenomenon of oscillatory interlayer coupling in magnetic multilayers, by which magnetic layers are magnetically coupled via an intervening non-magnetic metallic spacer layer. Parkin found that the sign of the exchange coupling oscillates from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic with an oscillation period of just a few atomic layers. Remarkably, Parkin discovered this phenomenon in thin film magnetic heterostructures that he prepared in a simple home-made sputtering system. Parkin, moreover, showed that this phenomenon is displayed by almost all metalllic transition elements. In what is often referred to as "Parkin's Periodic Table", Parkin showed that the strength of this oscillatory interlayer exchange interaction varied systematically across the Periodic Table of the elements. Parkin made numerous other fundamental discoveries which continued the development of the field of "spintronics" of which he is recognised as a prolific scientist.  Later Parkin improved magnetic tunnelling junctions, a device invented in the 1970s by julliere, and revolutionized by Jagadeesh Moodera of MIT. This element can create a high performance magnetic random access memory in 1995. MRAM promises unique attributes of high speed, high density and non-volatility. The development by Parkin in 2001 of giant tunnelling magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions using highly textured MgO tunnel barriers has made MRAM even more promising. IBM developed the first MRAM prototype in 1999 and is currently developing a 16 Mbit chip.  Most recently, Parkin has proposed and is working on a novel storage class memory device, The Magnetic Racetrack memory, which could replace both hard disk drives and many forms of conventional solid state memory. His research interests also include spin transistors and spin-logic devices that may enable a new generation of low-power electronics.  Parkin's research interests include organic superconductors, high-temperature superconductors, and, most recently, magnetic thin film structures and spintronic materials and devices for advanced sensor, memory, and logic applications. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, the American Physical Society, the Materials Research Society, the Institute of Physics (London), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Gutenberg Research College (GRC).  Parkin has authored approximately 400 papers and has around 90 issued patents. He is also the chief editor of Spin, one of World Scientific's newest journals, which publishes articles in spin electronics.

Awards.

Parkin is the recipient of numerous honours, including the Gutenberg Research Award (2008), a Humboldt Research Award (2004), the 1999–2000 American Institute of Physics Prize for Industrial Applications of Physics, the European Physical Society's Europhysics Prize (1997), the American Physical Society's International New Materials Prize (1994), the MRS Outstanding Young Investigator Award (1991) and the Charles Vernon Boys Prize from the Institute of Physics, London (1991). In 2001, he was named the first "Innovator of the Year" by "R&D Magazine" and in October 2007 was received the "No Boundaries" Award for Innovation from "The Economist".  In April 2014, Parkin was awarded the Millennium Technology Prize for his work on spintronic materials, "leading to a prodigious growth in the capacity to store digital information".  In March 2016, Parkin was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland's national academy of science and letters.

Stuart Stephen Papworth Parkin (born 9 December 1955) is an experimental physicist, IBM Fellow and manager of the magnetoelectronics group at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California. He is also a consulting professor in the Department of Applied Physics at Stanford University and director of the IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center, which was formed in 2004.

Stuart S. P. Parkin FRS, vollständig "Stuart Stephen Papworth Parkin" (* 9. Dezember 1955 in Watford) ist ein britischer Experimentalphysiker. Im April 2014 wurde er auf eine Alexander von Humboldt-Professur an die Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg berufen und zum Direktor am Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik in Halle bestellt.


Early life.

He is a member of al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, an Islamic organisation that was formerly dedicated to the overthrow of the Egyptian government; the group has committed to peaceful means following the coup d'état that toppled Mohamed Morsi. The group has been linked to the murder of Anwar Sadat in 1981 and a terrorist campaign in the 1990s that culminated in the November 1997 Luxor massacre. As a result, it is considered a terrorist organization by the United States and European Union. After the Egyptians declared the group illegal, Nasr sought asylum in Italy. During the 1990s he fought in Bosnia.

Abduction by the CIA.

On 17 February 2003, Nasr was abducted by CIA agents as he walked to his mosque in Milan for noon prayers, thus becoming an effective ghost detainee. He was later transported to a prison in Egypt where, he states, he was tortured.  In April 2004, while his incarceration had been downgraded to house arrest, Nasr placed several phone calls from Egypt to his family and friends. He told them he had been rendered into the hands of Egypt's SSI at Tora Prison, twenty miles south of Cairo. He said he had been subjected to various depredations, tortured by beating and electric shocks to the genitals, raped, and eventually had lost hearing in one ear. At the time of the calls he had been released on the orders of an Egyptian judge because of lack of evidence. Shortly after those calls were made he was re-arrested and placed back in prison.  Nasr's case has been qualified by Swiss senator Dick Marty as a "perfect example of extraordinary rendition", and in Italy prompted a series of investigations and intrigues within the Italian intelligence community and criminal justice system collectively referred to as the "Imam Rapito" (or "kidnapped Imam") affair in the Italian press.  In February 2016, the European Court of Human Rights condemned Italy over this affair and ordered Italy to pay €115,000 (£90,000; $127,000) in damages and expenses to Nasr and his wife, Nabila Ghali.

Convictions of CIA agents and others.

On 4 November 2009, an Italian judge convicted "in absentia" 22 CIA agents, a U.S. Air Force (USAF) colonel and two Italian secret agents of the kidnap. Eight other American and Italian defendants were acquitted.  Former Milan CIA station chief, Robert Seldon Lady, received an eight-year prison sentence. USAF Lieutenant Colonel Joseph L. Romano, at the time of the conviction commander of the 37th Training Group of the 37th Training Wing, and 21 of the American defendants received five-year prison sentences. Those convicted were also ordered to each pay 1 million Euros to Nasr and 500,000 Euros to Nasr's wife.  In 2010, leaked diplomatic documents revealed the efforts the United States used in an attempt to stop Italy from indicting the CIA agents, and that Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi assured US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates that he was "working hard to resolve the situation" but that the Italy's judicial system was "dominated by leftists".  In July 2013, Robert Seldon Lady was initially detained in Panama at the request of Italian authorities, but then released and allowed to board a flight to the United States.  In January 2016, former C.I.A. agent Sabrina De Sousa, one of the agents convicted in Italy, was ordered by Portugal to be extradited to Italy, although that order will be appealed. She was briefly detained at the Lisbon airport in October 2015, and her passport was confiscated pending a court review of the European arrest warrant issued for her arrest. She has disclaimed any involvement in the affair and has been working to clear her name, including writing a memoir about her activities. Her appeal was denied on April 11, 2016. After being detained in Portugal in February 2017 and about to be deported to Italy, she was pardoned by the Italian president and released on 28th February 2017.

Release in February 2007.

On 11 February 2007, Nasr's lawyer Montasser el-Zayat confirmed that his client had been released and was now back with his family. After four years of detention, an Egyptian court ruled that his imprisonment was "unfounded."

Conviction in Italy.

In December, 2013, Nasr was convicted "in absentia" of terrorism by an Italian court for offenses before his abduction. Egypt had not responded to Italian requests to extradite or even interview Nasr for the trial. Nasr remains living in Egypt and is unlikely to be sent to Italy to serve out his sentence.

Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr ( "Ḥassan Muṣṭafā Usāmah Naṣr") (born 18 March 1963), also known as Abu Omar, is an Egyptian cleric. In 2003, he was living in Milan, Italy, from where he was kidnapped and tortured in Egypt. This ""Imam rapito affair"" prompted a series of investigations in Italy, culminating in the criminal convictions (in absentia) of 22 CIA operatives, a U.S. Air Force colonel, and two Italian accomplices, as well as Nasr, himself.

Osama Nasr Mostafa Hassan () oft auch genannt Imams Abu Omar (* 18. März 1963 in Alexandria, Ägypten) war Imam einer Moschee in Mailand. Sein Fall erlangte Bekanntheit, weil er am 17. Februar 2003 in Mailand in einer klandestinen Operation der CIA auf offener Straße entführt und mit einem kleinen Flugzeug über Deutschland nach Ägypten verschleppt wurde.


Explanation.

Compressed file formats often feature both compression (storing the data in a small space) and archiving (storing multiple files and metadata in a single file). One can combine these in two natural ways:  The order matters (these operations do not commute), and the latter is solid compression.  In Unix, compression and archiving are traditionally separate operations, which allows one to understand this distinction:

Rationale.

Benefits.

Solid compression allows for much better compression rates when all the files are similar, which is often the case if they are of the same file format. It can also be efficient when archiving a large number of small files.

Costs.

On the other hand, getting a single file out of a solid archive requires processing all the files before it, so modifying solid archives could be slow and inconvenient. On newer formats such as 7-zip, there is a "solid block size" option that allows for the concatenated data block to be split into individually-compressed smaller blocks, so that only a limited amount of data in the block must be processed in order to extract one file. Parameters control the maximum solid block window size, the number of files in a block, and whether blocks are separated by file extension.  Additionally, if the archive becomes even slightly damaged, some of the data (sometimes even all data) after the damaged part in the block can be unusable (depending on the compression and archiving format), whereas in a non-solid archive format, usually only one file is unusable and the subsequent files can usually still be extracted.

In computing, solid compression is a method for data compression of multiple files, wherein all the uncompressed files are concatenated and treated as a single data block. Such an archive is called a solid archive. It is used natively in the 7z and RAR formats, as well as indirectly in <samp>tar</samp>-based formats such as <samp>.tar.gz</samp> and <samp>.tar.bz2</samp>. By contrast, the ZIP format is not solid because it stores separately compressed files (though solid compression can be emulated for small archives by combining the files into an uncompressed archive file and then compressing that archive file inside a second compressed ZIP file).

Progressive Kompression, auch kompakte Kompression oder solide Kompression (), ist ein Verfahren bzw. ein Vorverarbeitungsschritt bei der Kompression mehrerer Dateien. Die Dateien werden dabei zu einem oder auch mehreren großen Blöcken zusammengefasst und dann dateiübergreifend komprimiert. Auf diese Weise erzielt man meist eine höhere Kompression, als wenn jede Datei einzeln komprimiert wird. Wie groß dieser Vorteil ist, hängt davon ab, wie ähnlich die Dateien sind.


Life.

Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony spent his childhood in Dresden, Pillnitz, and Moritzburg under the parenting of his father. The loss of his mother, who left the family permanently in 1902, affected his father and siblings very deeply, according to their own statements. Ernst Heinrich, who was only six at the time, was possibly the child who felt this loss most.

World War I.

When World War I broke out, Ernest Heinrich was first lieutenant in the 1st Royal Saxon Leib-Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 100. In September 1914, he became batman in the General Kommando of XIX (2nd Royal Saxon) Corps at Reims and Lille. He did his "Abitur" during a four-month leave in 1916, then took part in the Battle of the Somme as a member of the staff of the 24th Reserve Division. On 30 August 1916, Ernst Heinrich received the Military Order of St. Henry for merit.  In the spring of 1917, he took over the leadership of the 9th Company of Reserve-Infantry Regiment No. 104 in Berezhany (in eastern Galicia). He was in the hospital for two months in 1917, after which he commanded the 9th Battery of Artillery Regiment No. 115 in the area around Ypres.  Beginning in May 1918, he led the 1st Squadron of Mounted Guard Regiments in Stary Bychow at Dnieper in Russia and, in August of the same year, he was in charge of the Saxon troops in Dorpat, Reval and Finland. In November and December 1918, Ernst Heinrich oversaw the return of Saxon troops to Germany.

1920s.

In 1919 and 1920, Ernst Heinrich learned to administer a manor in Silesia. During the Kapp Putsch in March 1920, he acted as a liaison between the putschists in Berlin and the Reichswehr in Wrocław. After the failure of the putsch, he moved to Munich, where he joined the circle around the former Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria. He married on 12 April 1921 in the Nymphenburg Palace to Sophie (14 February 1902 – 24 May 1941), the youngest sister of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and of Rupprecht's wife Princess Antonia of Luxembourg. This was considered a happy marriage; they had three sons.  Ernst Heinrich did not participate in the Beer Hall Putsch on 8 and 9 November 1923 in Munich. He rejected the Nazi ideology consistently and distanced himself from Hitler and Ludendorff. At his father's request, he took over the function of head of the administration of the association "House of Wettin — Albertinische Linie e.V." His father also gave him power of attorney to negotiate with the Free State of Saxony about the future use of the manors owned by the Wettin family and their art collection. On 25 June 1925, a treaty was signed between the Free State and its former ruling dynasty, regulating the relation between the House of Wettin and the Free State, within the context of the law on the subject of 9 July 1924.  In subsequent years, Ernst Heinrich, who was an avid art lover, made several trips to Egypt with his wife and children. In 1928/29, he was approached by Gustav Stresemann of the DVP (the German People's Party), who wanted Ernst Heinrich to stand as a candidate for the federal presidency. Ernst Heinrich considered this a hopeless undertaking and declined.

Nazi era.

Ernst Heinrich opposed the Nazis after they formed a government on 30 January 1933. However, he failed to read the political situation correctly. He believed that Hitler could be stopped by the conservative political opposition and, in the spring of 1933, he joined "Der Stahlhelm", hoping he could escape the influence of the Nazis. On 1 July 1934, during the Night of the Long Knives, he was arrested. He was interned in the concentration camp in Hohnstein for five days.  After his release, Ernst Heinrich retired to Moritzburg Castle in Saxony. He was an avid hunter and had to keep in touch with Nazi leaders such as Hermann Göring, who, as Master of the Hunt, was interested in the forests owned by the Wettins, and Martin Mutschmann, the Nazi governor of Saxony. In 1938, he received King Carol II of Romania in his castle, and in 1939 he had extensive political discussions with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, who had been mayor of Leipzig and was later active in the German resistance. A few weeks before the outbreak of World War II, Ernst Heinrich was drafted into the Abwehr group IV in Dresden.  In 1943, he openly expressed doubts that the death of his brother Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony had been an accident. The Gestapo then arrested and questioned him. However, there were no further personal consequences, as the Nazis were still reluctant to confront a member of a former royal family.  Ernst Heinrich was an admirer of the art of Käthe Kollwitz. After she lost her home when Berlin was bombed in 1943, he invited her to move to Moritzburg, where she lived and worked at the "Rudenhof" in the immediate vicinity of the castle, until she died in April 1945.  In February 1945, nearby Dresden was bombed. In March 1945, Ernst Heinrich fled to Sigmaringen to escape the advancing Red Army. Before he left, Ernst Heinrich and his sons buried most of their valuables in 40 crates in the Königswald forest. Most of this treasure was found by the Red Army and carried off to the Soviet Union. However, three crates full of treasure were rediscovered in 1995.

After the war.

In 1947, Ernst Heinrich married the actress Virginia Dulon (1910–2002), who styled herself "Princess Virginia of Saxony" after her marriage. Later that year, he purchased the Coolamber estate in Lismacaffrey (County Westmeath) in Ireland and moved there with his second wife and his sons from his first marriage.  He died in Neckarhausen while visiting Germany in 1971.

Marriages and issue.

Ernst Heinrich was first married to Princess Sophie of Luxembourg, sixth and youngest daughter of William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and his wife Infanta Marie Anne of Portugal, on 12 April 1921 at Schloss Hohenburg. Ernst Heinrich and Sophie had three sons:  Sophie died on 24 May 1941 in Munich of pneumonia. Following her death, Ernst Heinrich married morganatically Virginia Dulon (1910-2002) on 28 June 1947 in Paris. This marriage was without issue.

Prince Ernst Heinrich of Saxony, Duke of Saxony (Ernst Heinrich Ferdinand Franz Joseph Otto Maria Melchiades; 9 December 1896 – 14 June 1971) was a member of the Saxon Royal Family. Ernst Heinrich was the youngest son of the last King of Saxony, Frederick Augustus III, and his wife Archduchess Luise of Austria, Princess of Tuscany. From 1923 through 1945, Ernst Heinrich was Administrative Chief of the association ""Haus Wettin – Albertinische Linie e.V."".

Ernst Heinrich von Sachsen, (vollständiger Name: "Ernst Heinrich Ferdinand Franz Joseph Otto Maria Melchiades" "Prinz von Sachsen"; * 9. Dezember 1896 in Dresden; † 14. Juni 1971 in Neckarhausen) war der jüngste Sohn des letzten sächsischen Königs Friedrich August III. und dessen Ehefrau Luise von Österreich-Toskana. Er war von 1923 bis 1945 Verwaltungschef des Vereins „Haus Wettin–Albertinische Linie e. V.“


History.

Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C.E. when the step pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser was built by Imhotep, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).  The structural stability of the pyramid, whilst primarily gained from its shape, relies also on the strength of the stone from which it is constructed, and its ability to support the weight of the stone above it. The limestone blocks were often taken from a quarry near the build site and have a compressive strength from 30 to 250 MPa (MPa = Pa × 10). Therefore, the structural strength of the pyramid stems from the material properties of the stones from which it was built rather than the pyramid's geometry.  Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed, and understanding of how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based almost entirely on empirical evidence of 'what had worked before'. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.  No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behavior of structural material, but the profession of structural engineer only really took shape with the Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see History of Concrete. The physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to be understood in the Renaissance and have since developed into computer-based applications pioneered in the 1970s.

Structural failure.

The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the Pétion-Ville school collapse, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin ""constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction"" following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.  In other cases structural failures require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of forensic engineering investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures involving box girders which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.

Theory.

Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of applied mechanics, materials science and applied mathematics to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads. To apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer generally requires detailed knowledge of relevant empirical and theoretical design codes, the techniques of structural analysis, as well as some knowledge of the corrosion resistance of the materials and structures, especially when those structures are exposed to the external environment. Since the 1990s, specialist software has become available to aid in the design of structures, with the functionality to assist in the drawing, analyzing and designing of structures with maximum precision; examples include AutoCAD, StaadPro, ETABS, Prokon, Revit Structure, Inducta RCB, etc. Such software may also take into consideration environmental loads, such as from earthquakes and winds.

Profession.

Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis. Entry-level structural engineers may design the individual structural elements of a structure, such as the beams and columns of a building. More experienced engineers may be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building.  Structural engineers often specialize in particular types of structures, such as buildings, bridges, pipelines, industrial, tunnels, vehicles, ships, aircraft and spacecraft. Structural engineers who specialize in buildings often specialize in particular construction materials such as concrete, steel, wood, masonry, alloys and composites, and may focus on particular types of buildings such as offices, schools, hospitals, residential, and so forth.  Structural engineering has existed since humans first started to construct their own structures. It became a more defined and formalized profession with the emergence of the architecture as distinct profession from the engineering during the industrial revolution in the late 19th century. Until then, the architect and the structural engineer were usually one and the same thing – the master builder. Only with the development of specialized knowledge of structural theories that emerged during the 19th and early 20th centuries, did the professional structural engineers come into existence.  The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading, and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE(International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.

Specializations.

Building structures.

Structural building engineering includes all structural engineering related to the design of buildings. It is a branch of structural engineering closely affiliated with architecture.  Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end which fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional and often artistic.  The architect is usually the lead designer on buildings, with a structural engineer employed as a sub-consultant. The degree to which each discipline actually leads the design depends heavily on the type of structure. Many structures are structurally simple and led by architecture, such as multi-storey office buildings and housing, while other structures, such as tensile structures, shells and gridshells are heavily dependent on their form for their strength, and the engineer may have a more significant influence on the form, and hence much of the aesthetic, than the architect.  The structural design for a building must ensure that the building is able to stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for movements and forces due to temperature, creep, cracking and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and often requires a large team to complete.  Structural engineering specialties for buildings include:

Earthquake engineering structures.

Earthquake engineering structures are those engineered to withstand earthquakes.  The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of structures with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to perform during an earthquake.  Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above.  One important tool of earthquake engineering is base isolation, which allows the base of a structure to move freely with the ground.

Civil engineering structures.

Civil structural engineering includes all structural engineering related to the built environment. It includes:  The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a chartered engineer).  Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial facilities or below ground.

Mechanical structures.

The principles of structural engineering are applicable to variety of mechanical (moveable) structures. The design of static structures assumes they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where necessary), but the design of moveable or moving structures must account for fatigue, variation in the method in which load is resisted and significant deflections of structures.  The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary significantly, and can do so at a great rate. The forces which a boat or aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times over the structure's lifetime. The structural design must ensure that such structures are able to endure such loading for their entire design life without failing.  These works can require mechanical structural engineering:

Aerospace structures.

Aerospace structure types include launch vehicles, (Atlas, Delta, Titan), missiles (ALCM, Harpoon), Hypersonic vehicles (Space Shuttle), military aircraft (F-16, F-18) and commercial aircraft (Boeing 777, MD-11). Aerospace structures typically consist of thin plates with stiffeners for the external surfaces, bulkheads and frames to support the shape and fasteners such as welds, rivets, screws and bolts to hold the components together.

Nanoscale structures.

A nanostructure is an object of intermediate size between molecular and microscopic (micrometer-sized) structures. In describing nanostructures it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensions on the nanoscale. Nanotextured surfaces have one dimension on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm. Nanotubes have two dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the diameter of the tube is between 0.1 and 100 nm; its length could be much greater. Finally, spherical nanoparticles have three dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the particle is between 0.1 and 100 nm in each spatial dimension. The terms nanoparticles and ultrafine particles (UFP) often are used synonymously although UFP can reach into the micrometre range. The term 'nanostructure' is often used when referring to magnetic technology.

Structural engineering for medical science.

Medical equipment (also known as armamentarium) is designed to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring or treatment of medical conditions. There are several basic types: diagnostic equipment includes medical imaging machines, used to aid in diagnosis; equipment includes infusion pumps, medical lasers and LASIK surgical machines; medical monitors allow medical staff to measure a patient's medical state. Monitors may measure patient vital signs and other parameters including ECG, EEG, blood pressure, and dissolved gases in the blood; diagnostic medical equipment may also be used in the home for certain purposes, e.g. for the control of diabetes mellitus. A biomedical equipment technician (BMET) is a vital component of the healthcare delivery system. Employed primarily by hospitals, BMETs are the people responsible for maintaining a facility's medical equipment.

Structural elements.

Any structure is essentially made up of only a small number of different types of elements:  Many of these elements can be classified according to form (straight, plane / curve) and dimensionality (one-dimensional / two-dimensional):

Columns.

Columns are elements that carry only axial force (compression) or both axial force and bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just a column). The design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element, and the buckling capacity.  The buckling capacity is the capacity of the element to withstand the propensity to buckle. Its capacity depends upon its geometry, material, and the effective length of the column, which depends upon the restraint conditions at the top and bottom of the column. The effective length is formula_1 where formula_2 is the real length of the column and K is the factor dependent on the restraint conditions.  The capacity of a column to carry axial load depends on the degree of bending it is subjected to, and vice versa. This is represented on an interaction chart and is a complex non-linear relationship.

Beams.

A beam may be defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater than the other two and the applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the element. Beams and columns are called line elements and are often represented by simple lines in structural modeling.  Beams are elements which carry pure bending only. Bending causes one part of the section of a beam (divided along its length) to go into compression and the other part into tension. The compression part must be designed to resist buckling and crushing, while the tension part must be able to adequately resist the tension.

Trusses.

A truss is a structure comprising members and connection points or nodes. When members are connected at nodes and forces are applied at nodes members can act in tension or in compression. Members acting in compression are referred to as compression members or struts while members acting in tension are referred to as tension members or ties. Most trusses use gusset plates to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and unable to transfer bending moments. The connection is usually arranged so that the lines of force in the members are coincident at the joint thus allowing the truss members to act in pure tension or compression.  Trusses are usually used in large-span structures, where it would be uneconomical to use solid beams.

Plates.

Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using continuum mechanics, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.  They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analysed to give an upper bound on the collapse load (see Plasticity). This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound, i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load, for poorly conceived collapse mechanisms great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.

Shells.

Shells derive their strength from their form, and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension, and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.

Arches.

Arches carry forces in compression in one direction only, which is why it is appropriate to build arches out of masonry. They are designed by ensuring that the line of thrust of the force remains within the depth of the arch. It is mainly used to increase the bountifulness of any structure.

Catenaries.

Catenaries derive their strength from their form, and carry transverse forces in pure tension by deflecting (just as a tightrope will sag when someone walks on it). They are almost always cable or fabric structures. A fabric structure acts as a catenary in two directions.

Materials.

Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist loads.  Common structural materials are:

Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and muscles' that create the form and shape of man made structures. Structural engineers need to understand and calculate the stability, strength and rigidity of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures. The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as architects and building services engineer and often supervise the construction of projects by contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety. See glossary of structural engineering.

Der Konstruktive Ingenieurbau beinhaltet begrifflich sämtliche Disziplinen des Bauingenieurwesens, welche sich basierend auf der Festigkeitslehre und Statik mit der Konstruktion und Bemessung von Tragwerken als Grundlage zur Errichtung von Häusern, Hallen, Kirchen, Brücken, Türmen, Masten etc. befassen.


Etymology.

The toponym "Boac" is derived from the Cebuano word "bu-ak", cognatic to the Tagalog word "bi-ak" and the southern Tagalog term "ba-ak". This is in reference to the town being bisected by the Boac River which runs from the Central Marinduque and Balagbag Mountain Ranges to the west coast facing the Tayabas Bay and Sibuyan Sea. Other references suggest that the name "Boac" is derived from the Tagalog term "bulwak" referring to the gush of water at the estuaries and mouth of the Boac River.

Other names.

During the Spanish colonization, the first "visita" called "Montserrat de Marinduque" was established in the island in 1580 in what is now Boac.

History.

In the early years of Spanish colonization in Marinduque, it was first mentioned in Miguel de Loarca’s "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas" (1582-1583) that the natives of the island are "Pintados" or tattooed people resembling those from the Camarines Provinces and the Visayan Islands. In 1580, the first "visita" was established in the island of Marinduque and was called "Montserrat de Marinduque" in what is now the municipality of Boac; this "visita" was governed by Fray Alonzo Banol as minister.  In 1621, the Spanish Jesuit missionaries brought a three-foot Marian image to Boac which will later be known as the "Mahal na Ina ng Biglang Awa". Notorious for their sea raids, a group of Muslim pirates from the southern Philippines sieged Boac in the mid-17th century along the shores of Laylay and eventually into the Poblacion located along the Boac River. In panic, the locals took refuge in the fortress church of Boac as able-bodied men defended the outer walls against the attacks. Many locals were killed and, by the third day of siege, the surviving locals began to run short on food and the capture of the fortress became imminent. As an act of faith, the survivors prayed fervently at the throne of Mary, asking her to deliver them from these enemies. According to legends, a very strong storm with torrential rain, thunder, and lightning engulfed the area and at its very height, it was reported that the image of a beautiful lady with outstretched arms appeared standing on the top of the fortress wall. Terrorized, the pirates fled in confusion to their vintas and left the island. Since then, the image of Mary has been honoured and given the title "Biglang Awa." To commemorate this miracle, the old image brought by the Jesuits in Boac was placed in a shrine erected on the portion of the wall where Mary is said to have appeared.  In 1942, Boac was occupied by Japanese troops. In 1945, the Battle of Marinduque began and the American-Philippine Commonwealth troops landed in Boac after the war was built of the general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and Philippine Constabulary from 1945 to 1946 station in this municipality.  The Provincial Government of Marinduque under Gov. Carmencita O. Reyes built a larger-than-life-size image of the Our Lady of Biglang Awa in cement and placed in the seashore in Balanacan Port to welcome travelers to the island.  On May 10, 2008, the Diocese of Boac celebrated the 13th anniversary and the golden anniversary of the canonical coronation of Mahal na Birhen ng Biglang-Awa (1958–2008). Cebu Archbishop-Cardinal Ricardo Vidal of Mogpog, Marinduque, officiated at the consecrated mass.

Geography.

Boac is the third largest of the six municipalities of the province of Marinduque, after Santa Cruz and Torrijos. It borders all the municipalities of the province: Mogpog to the north, Santa Cruz to the Northeast, Torrijos to the East, Buenavista to the South and Gasan to the South Southwest.  The municipality is generally hilly, rugged and mountainous in the south and eastern part with thin strips of flat and farm lands and long shoreline in the west. The longest and largest river, Boac River, which gets its source in the mountainous forest in the extreme southwest and spills off to the northern shore of Boac, divides the municipality into two geographical areas: north and south.  The closest town-to-town reference to Boac is the municipality of Mogpog which is approximately 5 kilometers. Boac is connected to Mogpog and Gasan by the Marinduque Circumferential Highway or the Pan-Marinduque Highway. Two bridges connect the north and south area of the municipality: the narrow Tabi Bridge which connects Barangay Tabi and Barangay San Miguel and the said-to-be the longest bridge in the province, Biglang Awa Bridge (186m), which connects Barangay Tampus and Barangay Bantad. A narrow minor road connects Boac and Mogpog via Buliasnin-Nangka Road, and Boac and Gasan via Duyay-Tapuyan Trail. Boac has a total road network of 117.61 kilometers.  Geopolitically, Boac is divided into six zones: Poblacion, Riverside, Ilaya I, Ilaya II, Seaside A and Seaside B. Boac's geographical center is roughly located between the border of Barangay Binunga and Barangay Can-at.  Boac is home to most of the province's commercial businesses. Barangays San Miguel, Murallon, and Mercado are the town's business district where the public market, medium-rise buildings, sports arena and Boac Town Arena, now Moriones Arena are. Meanwhile, Barangay Isok is home to the town's education district. Marinduque National High School, St. Mary's College of Marinduque, Don Luis Hidalgo Memorial School, Barangay Day Care Centers, Boac North District Office and the Division of Marinduque DepED Office is in Barangay Isok. The Municipal Building Hall is at Barangay Tampus, adjacent is the Marinduque Museum at Barangay Malusak.  The Marinduque Provincial Capitol is in Barangay Santol near the Dr. Damian Reyes Memorial Hospital (formerly Marinduque Provincial Hospital) and Camp Maximo Abad.

Barangays.

Boac is politically divided into 61 barangays (administrative divisions) namely:

Demographics.

According to the, the population of Boac is people, with a population density of 260 people per square kilometer. The most densely populated areas are in the Poblacion, northwest, and southwest barangays. Barangays in the eastern portions of the municipality are generally sparsely populated. Approximately 70% of the population lives along the national highways or within from the national road. Furthermore, approximately 5% of the total population lives in the town proper and 10% lives in the sub-urban barangays.

Economy.

In the centre of town, the Boac Public Market is one of the town's landmarks. Vendors sell dry and wet products in four air-conditioned buildings. Transport terminals near the market carry goods to other barangays. It is considered to be the mini-supermarket of the province.  The poblacion area is called as Boac Central Business District (BCBD). The newly constructed two-floor Town Market with about 100 stores is in the heart of the poblacion.  Local fast food chains and restaurants include GoodChow Food Express, La Concha Restaurant, Kusina sa Plaza and many more.  Several convenience and grocery stores includes CASHypermart, New Era, Jinang-Tan, Centro Market. Puregold Boac (Marinduque) Branch was scheduled to open in November 2015.

Transportation.

Biglang-Awa Bridge is the longest bridge in the province, connecting Barangay Tampus to Barangay Bantad. Many people stand on the bridge to watch the sun set and to get a good view of the Boac Cathedral.

', officially the'(; ), is a and capital of the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

Boac ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Marinduque. Sie hat Einwohner (Zensus ). Boac ist Sitz der Provinzregierung der Provinz Marinduque. Der Ort wurde 1579 gegründet. Teile des Marinduque Wildlife Sanctuary liegt auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde.


History.

"Jiefang Daily" was first published on May 28, 1949 in Shanghai. From 1941 to 1947, a newspaper with the same name was published in Yan'an, which published the famous editorial "Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China" on August 25, 1943.

Overview.

Published by the Shanghai Municipal Government, "Jiefang Daily" is a general newspaper covering East China. The paper reports domestic and international news. And its primary readership covers decision makers and business executives in governmental agencies and local enterprises.  "Jiefang Daily" is the Party newspaper for the Shanghai Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). After Shanghai was taken over by the People's Liberation Army from the Kuomintang government, the newspaper started publication on May 28, 1949 by continuing to use the name of the central government's former Party newspaper "Jiefang Daily" published in the communist base Yan'an in northern Shaanxi Province.  The newspaper has been published in folio size since 1988. The daily circulation was more than 800,000 as of 1988. It has readers in Shanghai's townships and countryside and many other places in China, and it has some overseas subscribers as well.  It offers news and features on Shanghai's economy, education, science & technology and social life, and domestic and international events. It reflects the views of the Chinese people, expounds on justice and lambastes various forms of malpractice.  "Jiefang Daily" has more than 10 supplements and specials including People's Square, Readers' Letters, Shanghai Market, Shanghai Business Information, Shanghai Economy, Health, Reading, Entertainment, Suburb World, Township Enterprises in Shanghai and so on. Besides, it has several special columns such as Party Life, Social News, Sports, etc.  Published under Jiefang Daily are also some newspapers including English Newspaper for Shanghai Students, Newspaper Digest, Life in Party Branch and Serial Stories, whose circulations range between several tens to several hundreds of thousands. Among them, the circulation of Newspaper Digest stands at more than 2.7 million for each issue. After the Cultural Revolution, the newspaper took the lead to resume commercial advertising.

Jiefang Daily (), also translated as Liberation Daily, is the official daily newspaper of the Shanghai Committee of the Communist Party of China. Its daily circulation is about 700,000 copies.

Jiěfàng Rìbào (chin. 解放日报) ist das Presseorgan des Shanghaier Komitees der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas (KPCh). Die Zeitung wird täglich durch die Jiefang Daily Newspaper Group in einer Auflage von ca. 700.000 Exemplaren publiziert.


History.

Sapirstein Greeting Card.

Sapirstein Greeting Card Co. was founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards to stores from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving Sapirstein, Jacobs's oldest son, became the Jacob's first partner in 1918 at age nine. Irving's brother Morris started working at the card company in 1926. Morris and Irving in 1928 got a post card contract worth $24,000. The company started using self-serve display cabinets for its greeting cards in 1929 further cementing its position in the market. Sapirstein Greeting began in 1932 making its own greeting cards.  In 1934, the company began hiring sales representative. Harry, the youngest son, joined the business in 1935. In 1936, the company opened its first branch office and the first major manufacturing facility.

American Greetings.

Sapirstein Greeting Card Co. was renamed in 1938 to American Greetings Publishers. In 1939, the firm first issued the Forget-Me-Not card line. Irving and his brothers changed their last name to Stone in the 1940s. American Greeting Publishers was incorporated in 1944. John Sands Pty. Ltd. of Sydney, Australia and the company signed a licensing agreement, the firm's first, in 1949.  The company changed its name to American Greetings Corporation as the company went public in 1952, issuing 200,000 shares. The funds raised were earmarked for acquisitions and expansion. In 1956, American Greetings formed Carlton Cards, Ltd., a Canadian subsidiary. Also that year, the Hi Brows humor studio card line was launched.  In July 1957, the company moved its headquarters to One American Road, Brooklyn, Ohio. In 1958, American Greetings went public. Jacob Sapirstein became chairman of the board while Irving assumed the company's president post in 1960. In Forest City, North Carolina, the company build a cabinet manufacturing plant in 1960. A Mexican subsidiary in Mexico City was set up in 1969. In 1971, a retail subsidiary was formed called Summit Corporation, later called Carlton Cards Retail, Inc.  Holly Hobbie premiered in 1967 as a line of greeting cards by American Greetings. The character's public appeal lead to the formation of Those Characters From Cleveland, Inc.. Sale the next year topped $100 million. In 1972, the company introduced Ziggy, created by Tom Wilson, which soon had a newspaper cartoon strip generating additional income. By 1977, Holly Hobbie became one of the top female licensed character in the world.  Morry Weiss, Irving's son-in-law, and Irving Stone in 1978 were appointed president and chairman & CEO, respectively. Also in 1978, the corporation set up two new subsidiaries Plus Mark, Inc. and A.G. Industries, Inc. Plus Mark was formed to manufacture Christmas gift wrap, boxed cards, and accessories. A.G. Industries was a display fixture manufacturer. American Greeting had seen itself as a mass-marketer and was serving pharmacies, variety stores, discount stores, and supermarkets with low cost cards. While, Hallmark Cards ignore the mass market outlets until 1959 with issuance of its Ambassador card line. The company then used its licensing revenue on national advertising and other efforts to gain market share from 1981 to 1985. While they had a net income increase of 613 percent over ten years, Hallmark still maintained its market share. Gibson Greetings started a price war in 1986 and ended in 1987 which had the three major greeting card companies taking a loss. With a drop in licensing revenue, American took until 1989 to recover.  Those Characters From Cleveland was started up by Tom Wilson on behalf of American Greetings in 1980. The first property out of Those Characters was Strawberry Shortcake, which generated in 1981 $500 million in retail sales, followed by the Care Bears with $2 billion in sales over its first two year.  AG came back with a doubled net income by 1991 with 10 percent growth in sales to Hallmark's 1 percent. Weiss was promoted to CEO while Ed Fruchtenbaum was elevated as the fourth and first non-family president. Weiss had streamline operations, cut cost and decreased its card idea development time frame to market. Fruchtenbaum stressed information systems technology with the development of software to aid the sales force, managers and their retailers to track inventories and trends. The following year, Weiss and Fruchtenbaum were promoted again to chairman/CEO and president/chief operating officer, respectively, with Irving Stone becoming founder-chairman.  Custom Expressions, Inc., the CreataCard producer, was acquired in 1992, The CreataCard units had 1,000 card options and printed cards in under four minutes for $3.50 each. The company placed a few thousand units in mass-merchandise outlets in the US. By early 1994, 7,000 were installed. The kiosks generated modest profits off healthy revenue. With the Touch Screen Greetings and the Personalize It! method, Hallmark in 1992 sued AG over patent infringement with a 1995 settlement that allow both to use the technology worldwide. By 1995, the kiosks were being left behind by personal computers and the internet. The units were partially written off. American had also made deal with online services, Prodigy, CompuServe, and Microsoft Network in early 1996. Their website was redesigned to allow the cards to be designed on the website then mailed from its Cleveland fulfillment center in 1997. Two CD-ROM products, Personal CardShop for Home and Office and CreataCard Plus, were published both allowed for personalization. CardShop had 150 card choices and used the modem to order them to be printed and mailed by their fulfillment center. while CreataCard had 3,000 predesigned greeting cards, invitations, stationery, and announcements and three methods of fulfillment, print on home printer, by e-mail or via the company's center.  In the mid-1990s, American Greetings expanded it operations with acquisitions or starting up of new lines of business and starting in 1996, the promotion of sideline product categories to semi-autonomous units. A reading glasses manufacturer, Magnivision, in 1993 is purchased. Also in 1996, the party goods line is relaunched under the DesignWare name. Also in 1996, American Greeting entered discussions with BEC Group Inc. to acquire Foster Grant Group, a sun glass manufacturer, but declined to pursue the purchase. A candle line is relaunched in 1997 under the name GuildHouse. A supplemental educational products subsidiary, Learning Horizons, Inc., is set up in March 1997. However, in August 1997, American Greetings did sell two subsidiaries, Acme Frame Products, Inc. and Wilhold Inc., producer of hair accessory products, to Newell Brands. Contempo Colours, a party goods company in Michigan with licenses included Monopoly and Sesame Street, was bought in August 1999 to add to DesignWare.  In Canada, the Forget-Me-Not brand was launched in 1993. American Greetings in July 1997 launched its "The All New American Way" marketing strategy that consisted of massive revamping of its everyday card lines over the next year and a half to meet nine American culture trends.  In 1990s, American Greetings also pushed more into international markets. Acquisition occurred in 1995 with a purchase of 80% share of S.A. Greetings Corporation in South Africa and in 1996 with the purchase of John Sands, the top greeting card company in both Australia and New Zealand. In 1998, Camden Graphics Group and Hanson White Ltd. were purchased to add to its UK operations. While in 1999, a majority stake in Memory Lane Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian greeting card company, bring American to Asia for the first time.  American Greeting made a bid for Gibson Greetings, the number 3 card maker, in March 1996, which was rejected. In 1999, the company agreed to buy rival Gibson Greetings and united the second and third largest U.S. greeting card makers. Through the Gibson purchase, American gained its strong UK unit and a 27% stake in Egreetings Network Inc.  In 1998, the company shares moved from trading on the NASDAQ to the New York Stock Exchange. AmericanGreetings.com, Inc., while not turning a profit, was announced in June 1999 to be taken public, but was withdrawal due to the early 2000 tech stock collapse.  In March 1999, Hallmark started a price war with the introduction of a 99-cent card line forcing American to do the same. In 1999, the implementation of a new inventory system that slow shipments to retailers. However, this reduced sales by $100 million, 1.5% decrease, ending a 93rd consecutive year of increasing revenue.  Fruchtenbaum was terminated in June 2000 for insider trading policy violation after the board learned that he purchased stock via options then sold them in December 1998 before the announcement about the new inventory system implementation's expected loss. Board member James C. Spira was then appointed vice-chairman.  In November 2000, Spira was appointed to oversee a massive overhaul. The company cut 1,500 jobs, closed six manufacturing and distribution centers, discontinued Forget-Me-Not, one of its four main U.S. card brands, and cut the offered greeting cards to 10,000 from 15,000. The firm also shifted to recognizing sales at the retailer's register not when it was stock on the retailer's shelves to better control inventory. This cost them $300 million and highly unprofitable in 2001 and 2002 fiscal years.  In its online sector in 2001, American Greeting purchase the Egreetings Network shares that the Gibson did not already own. In January 2002, the company purchased Blue Mountain Arts (BlueMountain.com) from Excite@Home with Excite to buy ads on American Greeting websites and Blue Mountain would continue providing ecards for Excite. The company thus had four online greeting cards website including BeatGreets.com, a musical greetings website. While the online operations expected to become profitable by the fourth quarter 2002, the division had a lower loss then in the prior year.  In 2003, Morry Weiss's sons Zev and Jeffrey became CEO and President respectively; Morry Weiss remained Chairman. American Greetings has also branched out onto the internet and owns a network of websites. October 25, 2007, it announced the purchase of Webshots from CNET for $45 million in cash.  In July 2004, American Greetings sold Magnivision to an affiliate of Foster Grant sunglasses manufacturer. In October 2005, American Greetings recalled its "Sesame Street" toy sunglasses sold from December 2003 through August 2005, because the lenses can separate from the frames, posing a choking hazard to young children.  American Greetings on February 24, 2009 purchased Recycled Paper Greetings. In two cash deals with Schurman Fine Papers on April 17, 2009, the company sells its remaining 341 stores to them and in the second buying Schurman's wholesale division, Papyrus brand cards and paper products, and a 15% equity stake in Schurman.  In April 2010, the company closed its DesignWare plant in Kalamazoo as the company moved to Amscan manufacturing their party goods. American Greetings received $25 million and a warrant for 2 percent of common stock in AAH Holdings, Amscan's parent corporation, while Amscan received inventory, equipment and processes. In Mexico, the company moved strategically to third party distributor model and closed its warehouse there.  In 2010, American Greetings announced plans to move its headquarters from Brooklyn, Ohio to a new facility at Crocker Park within the nearby city of Westlake. However, in 2013, the company announced it would delay moving its operations to Westlake. Construction had been scheduled to start in early 2013, and American Greetings said it was only delaying the $150 to $200 million project. In 2014, American Greetings sold its Brooklyn, Ohio headquarters to developers and began renting its current offices from the new owners until the move to Westlake. American Greetings opened their new Westlake headquarters in September 2016. The company leases the building from the Wiess family until August 2031.  American Greetings forced Clinton Cards PLC in May 2012 into administration. In June, American Greetings acquired assets from Clinton Cards together with some of its subsidiaries including UK Greetings. UK Greetings' card brands at the time were Camden Graphics, Hanson White, Forget Me Not and Xpressions. Clinton operated stores under the Clinton and Birthdays brands. American Greetings brought in Dominique Schurman, CEO of Schurman Retail Group, to lead Clinton.

Private corporation.

American Greetings went private once again in mid-2013, thus removing itself from all the public markets, agreeing to pay $18.20 per share, valuing the company at $878 million. The Weiss family owned Century Intermediate Holding Co. purchased the public shares.  In 2018, the Weiss family sold a 60% majority stake of the company to the investment firm Clayton Dubilier & Rice (CD&R). The Weiss Family will continue to operate as directors and shareholders of American Greetings as well as retaining ownership of American Greetings Entertainment, which was spun off as Cloudco Entertainment. UK Greetings continued with American Greetings under CD&R while the Clintons retail chain in the UK remained with the Weiss family. On closing of the deal, David Scheible was named Chairman in place of Morry Weiss and President John Beeder was promoted to CEO (the former chairman and co-CEOs remaining on the board). In January 2019, the Weiss family placed AG's headquarters up for sale.  Scheible had been replaced by John Compton as chairman. On March 1, 2019, the retiring CEO Beeder was replaced by Joe Arcuri. Partially owned Schurman Retail Group announced in January 2020 that it would closes all of its stores including its American Greetings locations.

Gibson Greetings.

Acquired in 1999, Gibson was founded by brothers George, Robert, Samuel and Stephen in 1855 as Gibson & Company, Lithographers in Cincinnati. It eventually began making greeting cards in 1860s and 1870s, sold to brother George as Gibson Arts in 1883 and Gibson Greeting Cards Inc. in 1960. After being under RCA Corporation and other owners was sold to American Greetings.

Units.

American Greetings operates with four divisions:

Cloudco Entertainment.

Cloudco Entertainment, officially CloudCo, LLC and formerly Those Characters From Cleveland, American Greetings Properties and American Greetings Entertainment, was the former American Greetings's former character brand division. Cloudco is owned by the Weiss family. Properties owned by the company includes Care Bears, Holly Hobbie, Madballs, Buddy Thunderstruck, Tinpo, Topsy and Tim, The Get Along Gang and Popples.  Holly Hobbie premiered in 1967 as a line of greeting cards by American Greetings. Knickerbocker Toy Co. manufactured stuffed Holly Hoobie dolls from 1968 to 1983. The character's public appeal lead to the formation of Those Characters From Cleveland, Inc. In 1972, the company introduced Ziggy, created by Tom Wilson, which soon had a newspaper cartoon strip generating significant additional income. Universal Press later purchased the creative rights. By 1977, Holly Hobbie became one of the top female licensed character in the world.

Cloudco history.

Those Characters From Cleveland was started up by Tom Wilson on behalf of American Greetings in 1981 to handle its licensing business. The first property out of Those Characters was Strawberry Shortcake, which generated in 1981 $500 million in retail sales, followed by the Care Bears with $2 billion in sales over its first two year. The Care Bears were announced in 1982 with M.A.D., Marketing and Design Service of the toy group of General Mills, and launched in Spring 1983 with toys with a syndicated TV special.  With Topps' 1985 Garbage Pail Kids trading card series release, Ralph Shaffer, senior vice-president and creative head at From Cleveland, created the Madballs, balls with disfigured faces. Amtoys, another American Greetings subsidiary, released them as toys in 1986 and reached the #4 on toy best-seller list by September of that year.  With Mattel, Those Characters From Cleveland had launched the Popples in 1986. in 1986. In 1987, Those Characters came out with four plush variants that do more than just be huggable but playable to be introduced in 1988 through three toy companies.  AG Properties in 2001 named DIC Entertainment the licensing agent for Strawberry Shortcake. With DIC merging with Cookie Jar thus transfers the rights, the company sued. In the settlement, AG agreed to sell Shortcake, the Care Bears and the Sushi Pack crime-fighting characters to Cookie Jar for $195 million with payment due September 30, 2008. Cookie Jar could not come up with the financing, but continued to claim to have Shortcake licensing rights. AG found a new buyer of Shortcake and the Bears in MoonScoop, while settling with Cookie Jar with AG to buy out its rights to Shortcake. MoonScoop was to pay part of the purchases price to allow AG to pay Cookie Jar for its rights. Missing that deadline, AG back out of the deal as MoonScoop attempt to complete the deal by the full payment deadline of June 7, 2009. MoonScoop sued with American Greetings winning the case in November 2012. In February 2015, Iconix Brand Group acquired the rights to Strawberry Shortcake from American Greetings for $105 million. DHX Media would eventually acquire the franchise in 2017 as part of their buyout of Iconix's entertainment assets, which also included an 80% majority stake in Peanuts owner Peanuts Worldwide.  AG Properties by September 19, 2012 became global licensing agent for Pukeko Pictures’ "The WotWots" as they sublicensed the property to EXIM Licensing Group in the Latin America region, Segal Licensing in Canada, Stella Projects in the Australian and New Zealand region.  Sean Gorman was promoted to president of AG Properties in June 2013 with the mandate to add boy franchises. Gorman was hired in 2007 as vice president, entertainment production and development.  In 2006, senior designer Jeff Harter pitched "Packages from Planet X" to AG Properties. Planet X eventually was licensed and produced for Disney XD by DHX Media in Vancouver and Disney and premiered on July 13, 2013. In January 2012, American Greetings Properties and Exim Licensing Group international licensing agent signed a Holly Hobbie publishing deal with V & R Editoras for most of Latin America and the Caribbean.  AG Properties had licensed Lion Forge Comics the Care Bears, Madball and "Packages from Planet X" for titles under their Roar Comics all-ages imprint for release in late 2014.  On October 6, 2015, American Greetings changed the unit's name to American Greetings Entertainment as an indication of a shift in focus to the Care Bears and additional multi-character and entertainment properties like the recently co-created Buddy Thunderstruck stop motion animation show for Netflix. AGP pick up worldwide distribution of "Claude", Sixteen South's TV Adaptation of Sixteen South's adaptation of Alex T. Smith's bestselling picture book series, in May 2016.  American Greetings Entertainment was spun off from American Greetings as a stand-alone company in August 2018 as Cloudco Entertainment. Management and Weiss family ownership was retained in the spin off with Sean Gorman as president.  In April 2018, Hulu agreed to take a Holly Hobbie live action TV series by Aircraft Pictures. Boomerang order a Care Bear series for its streaming service in September 2018. On June 24, 2019, Warner Music Group's Arts Music division launched the licensed Cloudco Entertainment label with the release of the current "Holly Hobbie" TV show theme song as a part of a multi-season deal.

American Greetings Corporation is a privately owned American company and is the world's second largest greeting card producer behind Hallmark Cards. Based in Westlake, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland, the company sells paper greeting cards, electronic greeting cards, party products (such as wrapping papers and decorations), and electronic expressive content (e.g., ringtones and images for cell phones). In addition, the company owns the Carlton Cards, Tender Thoughts, Just For You, and Gibson brands.

American Greetings (englisch für „Amerikanische Grüße“) ist der weltgrößte Herausgeber von Grußkarten. Das Unternehmen hat seinen Sitz in Cleveland im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Ohio und verkauft Grußkarten, Party-Produkte, wie zum Beispiel Geschenkpapier und Dekorationen, und elektronische Angebote, wie zum Beispiel Klingeltöne und Bilder für Handys. Neben der Marke American Greetings gehören dem Unternehmen auch die Grußkarten-Marken Carlton Cards, Tender Thoughts und Gibson.


Playing career.

Junior hockey.

Skalde was drafted by the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in the first round, 15th overall in the 1987 OHL Priority Selection. In his rookie season with the Generals in 1987–88, Skalde scored 12 goals and 28 points in 60 games. In the post-season, Skalde scored two goals and three points in seven games.  In 1988–89, Skalde improved offensively, scoring 38 goals and 76 points in 65 games to finish fourth on team scoring. Skalde added a goal and six points in six playoff games, as the Generals were upset in the first round of the playoffs.  Skalde further improved during the 1989–90 season, scoring 40 goals, tied for the second-highest total on the team, and 92 points, which was the third-highest, in 62 games played, helping the Generals to the best record in the Leyden Division. In the post-season, Skalde had 10 goals and 17 points in 17 games, as Oshawa defeated the Kitchener Rangers to win the J. Ross Robertson Cup and earn a berth in the 1990 Memorial Cup. At the Memorial Cup tournament, Skalde scored two goals and five points in four games, as the Generals defeated the Kitchener Rangers in the final to win the championship.  Skalde returned to Oshawa for a fourth season in 1990–91, and in 15 games with the club, scored eight goals and 22 points. Skalde was then traded to the Belleville Bulls in a deal that sent Rob Pearson to the Generals. Skalde finished the 1990–91 season with Bulls, where in 40 games, he scored 30 goals and 82 points to finish second in team scoring. Overall, between the Generals and the Bulls, Skalde scored 38 goals and 104 points in 55 games, placing tenth in the OHL scoring race. In the post-season, Skalde scored nine goals and 15 points in six games. Following the season, Skalde was named to the OHL First All-Star team.

Professional career.

New Jersey Devils.

Skalde was drafted by the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the second round, 26th overall, in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. He appeared in his first NHL game on October 7, 1990, recording an assist in a 7–4 loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins, his only NHL game during the 1990–91 season. In three games with the Utica Devils of the American Hockey League (AHL) that season, Skalde scored three goals and five points.  Skalde spent the majority of the 1991–92 season in the AHL with Utica, where he scored 20 goals and 40 points in 62 games. He also appeared in 15 NHL games that season. On March 4, Skalde scored his first career NHL goal, the game-winning goal against Mike Richter of the New York Rangers in a 5–4 victory. Overall, Skalde scored two goals and six points in the NHL. In the post-season, he returned to Utica, where in four games, Skalde scored three goals and four points.  The 1992–93 season was spent mainly in Utica, as Skalde scored 21 goals and 60 points in 59 games. In five playoff games in the AHL, Skalde had two assists. Skalde appeared in 11 games with New Jersey during the 1992–93 season, earning two points in 11 games. Skalde also played in four games with the Cincinnati Cyclones of the International Hockey League (IHL), scoring a goal and three points.  On June 24, 1993, Skalde was left unprotected during the 1993 NHL Expansion Draft, and was selected by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

Mighty Ducks of Anaheim.

Skalde spent most of the 1993–94 season with the San Diego Gulls of the IHL, scoring 25 goals and 63 points in 58 games. In the post-season, Skalde led San Diego in scoring, with three goals and 15 points in nine games.  Skalde saw action in the NHL during the 1993–94 season with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, scoring the overtime winning goal against Curtis Joseph in a 2–1 win over the St. Louis Blues in his first game with the club on December 12. In his next game, on December 14, Skalde recorded his first multi-point NHL game, earning two assists in a 5–2 loss to the Detroit Red Wings. On December 17, he recorded his first career multi-goal game in the NHL, as Skalde scored twice against Darcy Wakaluk of the Dallas Stars in a 3–2 victory. In 20 games with the Mighty Ducks, Skalde recorded five goals and nine points.  In 1994–95, Skalde spent the entire season with the Las Vegas Thunder of the IHL, as in 74 games, he scored 34 goals and 75 points, finishing third in team scoring. In the post-season, Skalde added two goals and six points in nine games.  Skalde began the 1995–96 season with the Baltimore Bandits of the AHL, where in 11 games, he scored two goals and eight points.  On October 30, 1995, the Mighty Ducks traded Skalde to the Calgary Flames for Bobby Marshall.

Calgary Flames.

Skalde was assigned to the Calgary Flames' AHL affiliate, the Saint John Flames, following his trade to the team. Skalde appeared in 68 games with Saint John, scoring 27 goals and 67 points to finish second in team scoring. In the playoffs, Skalde scored four goals and had a team high 13 points in 16 games, as the Flames lost in the Northern Conference finals.  Skalde also appeared in one game with Calgary during the 1995–96, getting no points.  In 1996–97, Skalde spent the season with Saint John. In 65 games, Skalde scored a team high 32 goals and 68 points. In three playoff games, Skalde was held pointless.  Following the season, Skalde was granted free agency.

1997–98 season.

Skalde appeared in his first game with the San Jose Sharks on October 25, earning an assist in a 4–3 win over the New Jersey Devils. He scored his first goal with the Sharks on November 12 against Arturs Irbe of the Vancouver Canucks in a 5–2 loss. In 22 games with San Jose, Skalde scored four goals and 10 points. On January 8, Skalde was claimed off of waivers by the Chicago Blackhawks.  Skalde appeared in his first game with the Blackhawks on January 10, as he was held off the scoresheet in a 4–3 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs. On January 15, Skalde scored his first, and only, point with Chicago, earning an assist in a 3–2 loss to the Washington Capitals. On January 23, Skalde was reclaimed off waivers by the Sharks. Before Skalde could appear in another game with San Jose, the team placed him on waivers, and on January 27, the Dallas Stars claimed Skalde.  Skalde appeared in one game with the Stars following their waiver claim, spring no points in a 1–0 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers on February 4. On February 10, Skalde was reclaimed by Chicago Blackhawks off waivers. He appeared in three more games with Chicago, earning no points. On March 6, the Sharks again reclaimed Skalde off waivers. During his tenure with Chicago, Skalde appeared in two games with the IHL affiliate, the Indianapolis Ice, scoring two goals. Skalde finished the 1997–98 season with the Sharks' AHL affiliate, the Kentucky Thoroughblades, playing in 23 games and scoring five goals and 20 points. In the post-season, Skalde had three goals in three games.

San Jose Sharks.

Skalde spent most of the 1998–99 season with Kentucky, as he scored 17 goals and 57 points in 54 games. In 12 playoff games, Skalde scored four goals and nine points. Skalde appeared in 17 games with the Sharks during the 1998–99 season, scoring a goal and two points. Following the season, Skalde was granted free agency.

Utah Grizzlies.

Skalde signed with the Utah Grizzlies of the IHL for the 1999–00 season, leading the Grizzlies in points, with 25 goals and 54 assists, in 77 games. In five playoff games, Skalde was held to an assist. He was named to the IHL First All-Star team. Following the season, Skalde became a free agent.

Atlanta Thrashers.

On July 21, 2000, Skalde signed with the Atlanta Thrashers, making debut on October 7, in a 2–1 loss to the New York Rangers. He earned his first point with Atlanta on October 17, an assist, in a 3–3 tie against the New Jersey Devils. On October 25, Skalde scored his first goal as a Thrasher against Joaquin Gage of the Edmonton Oilers in a 3–1 victory. In 19 games with Atlanta, Skalde had a goal and three points.  Skalde spent most of the 2000–01 season with the Thrashers' IHL affiliate, the Orlando Solar Bears, scoring 14 goals and 54 points in 60 games. In the playoffs, Skalde added three goals and nine points in 15 games, helping Orlando win the Turner Cup.  In 2001–02, Skalde was assigned to the Thrashers' AHL affiliate, the Chicago Wolves, playing 64 games, scoring 15 goals and 52 points. On March 5, 2002, Skalde was traded by the Thrashers to the Philadelphia Flyers for Joe DiPenta.

Philadelphia Flyers.

Skalde finished the 2001–02 season with the Flyers' AHL affiliate, the Philadelphia Phantoms. In 16 games with the Phantoms, Skalde had four goals and eight points and added two assists in four playoff games. Skalde appeared in one game with the Flyers during the 2001–02, held scoreless in a 3–1 loss to the Buffalo Sabres on April 1. After the season, Skalde was granted free agency.

Later career.

Skalde signed with HC Lausanne of the National League A (NLA) in Switzerland. During the 2002–03 season, Skalde had seven goals and 15 points in 23 games.  Skalde signed with the Dallas Stars on July 17, 2003, and was assigned to the Utah Grizzlies, now in the AHL, for the 2003–04 season. In 77 games, Skalde led the club with 23 goals and 58 points. Skalde became a free agent after the season.  On July 28, 2004, Skalde signed a contract with the defending Stanley Cup champions, the Tampa Bay Lightning but never played for them, as the NHL season was cancelled due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout. Skalde instead began the 2004–05 season with the Springfield Falcons of the AHL, the Lightning's top affiliate, and in 15 games, Skalde had a goal and six points. On November 20, 2004, the Lightning loaned Skalde to the Utah Grizzlies with whom he finished the season, scoring seven goals and 22 points in 56 games. After the season, Skalde was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes for Jason Jaspers before becoming a free agent.  Skalde joined Leksands IF of the Swedish Elite League (SEL) for 2005–06. In 36 games, Skalde had four goals and nine points, as well as 120 penalty minutes. In the post-season, Skalde had no points in nine games. Skalde also appeared in two games with the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL, scoring a goal and three points with the team.  Skalde signed with the Oji Eagles of the Asia League Ice Hockey (ALIH) in 2006–07, a team based in Tomakomai, Japan. In 34 games, Skalde had 15 goals and 47 points, and in four playoff games, Skalde scored two goals.  The following season, Skalde played with HK Acroni Jesenice, scoring one goal in three games. In the post-season, Skalde appeared in six games, scoring a goal and three points.  Skalde played in ten games with the Bloomington Prairie Thunder of the newer International Hockey League in 2008, scoring five goals and nine points.

Coaching career.

Bloomington PrairieThunder.

Skalde joined the Bloomington PrairieThunder of the IHL as a player-assistant coach for the 2007-08 season, working with head coach Derek Booth. The PrairieThunder finished in last place in the six-team IHL during the 2007–08 season with a 31–38–3–4 record, earning 69 points.  Skalde was named the head coach of the club for the 2008–09 season. Bloomington finished the season in fifth place with a 29–40–2–5 record, earning 65 points and did not qualify for the post-season.  He returned to the team for the 2009–10 as Bloomington improved to a 31–34–5–6 record, earning 73 points. Despite the improvement, the club failed to make the post-season.  On August 10, 2010, Skalde resigned as head coach of the PrairieThunder.

Cincinnati Cyclones.

On August 12, 2010, Skalde was named the head coach of the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL. The Cyclones underwent numerous changes in the off-season after winning the Kelly Cup in 2009–10. The team was the ECHL affiliate for both the Buffalo Sabres and Nashville Predators.  In his first season with the Cyclones in 2010–11, Skalde led the team to a 33–29–6–4 record, earning 76 points and a playoff berth as the team finished in seventh place in the Eastern Conference. In the post-season, the Cyclones lost to the Reading Royals three games to one in the conference quarter-finals.  In 2011–12, the Cyclones became the ECHL affiliate for the Nashville Predators and Florida Panthers. Cincinnati saw an improvement in points, as the team earned a 35–28–2–7 record, earning 79 points, however, the Cyclones finished in 10th place in the Eastern Conference and failed to qualify for the playoffs.  Skalde returned for a third season with Cincinnati in 2012–13, as he led the team to a 42–22–5–3 record, earning 92 points and winning the North Division, helping the Cyclones into the post-season as the second seed in the Eastern Conference. In the post-season, the Cyclones defeated the Toledo Walleye in six games in the conference quarter-finals, followed by a six game series win over the Gwinnett Gladiators in the conference semi-finals. In the conference finals, the Cyclones lost to the Reading Royals in five games, ending their season.  Following the season, Skalde resigned as head coach of the Cyclones.

Norfolk Admirals.

Skalde joined the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL as an assistant coach, working under head coach Trent Yawney. The Admirals were the AHL affiliate for the Anaheim Ducks.  In the 2013–14, the Admirals earned a record of 40–26–3–7, getting 90 points and qualifying for the playoffs as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference. In the post-season, Norfolk upset the heavily favoured Manchester Monarchs in four games in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals. In the conference semi-finals, the Admirals lost to the St. John's IceCaps in six games. Following the season, head coach Trent Yawney was promoted to an assistant coach of the Anaheim Ducks, while Skalde was promoted to head coach of the Admirals.  On October 11, 2014, Skalde earned his first career AHL victory in his first game as the head coach, as the Admirals defeated the Hershey Bears 5–4. In his first season as head coach with Norfolk in 2014–15, the team struggled to a 27–39–6–4 record, earning 64 points and finishing in a last place tie with the Bridgeport Sound Tigers in the Eastern Conference. Following the season, Skalde and the Admirals parted ways.

Guelph Storm.

Skalde was named head coach of the Guelph Storm of the OHL midway through the 2015–16 season. At the time of his hiring, the Storm had a record of 3–27–2–0. On December 29, 2015, Skalde coached his first game with Guelph, as the team earned a point in a 2–1 loss to the Erie Otters. Two days later, on December 31, Skalde earned his first career OHL victory, as Guelph defeated the Peterborough Petes 6–4. Under Skalde, the Storm saw some improvement, as they earned a record of 10–22–2–2. Overall, Guelph had a 13–49–4–2 record, finishing in last place in the league and missing the post-season.  Skalde returned to the Storm for the 2016–17 as the team continued to rebuild. In his second season with the Storm, the club improved to a 21–40–5–2 record, earning 49 points, which was a 17 point improvement over the previous season. Despite the improvement, Guelph once again finished out of the playoffs, finishing in last place in the Western Conference. Following the season, Skalde was fired by the Storm.

Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins.

On July 28, 2017, Skalde was named player development coach of the Pittsburgh Penguins.  After one season, Skalde was promoted to being an assistant coach of the Penguins AHL affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins for the 2018–19 season, working with head coach Clark Donatelli. The Penguins finished the season with a 36–30–7–3 record, earning 82 points, however, the club failed to qualify for the post-season.

Jarrod J. Skalde (born February 26, 1971 in Niagara Falls, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. He is currently a player development coach of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL), and an assistant coach with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. Skalde previously served as the head coach of the Cincinnati Cyclones of the ECHL from the 2009–10 season until the 2012–13 season. As a centre, Skalde had an 18-year career mostly in the minor leagues, but played 115 games in the NHL.

Jarrod Janis Skalde (* 26. Februar 1971 in Niagara Falls, Ontario) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -trainer. Während seiner Karriere spielte er unter anderem für die New Jersey Devils, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Calgary Flames, San Jose Sharks, Dallas Stars, Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers und Philadelphia Flyers in der National Hockey League. In der Saison 2014/15 war er Cheftrainer der Norfolk Admirals in der American Hockey League.


History.

Samuel E. Kane, American supervisor and then Governor, established the capital here after the Philippine Commission passed the Mountain Province Act in 1908, building a provincial building, hospital, doctor's office, nurse's home, a school, and provincial prison. He also built the Tagudin-Bontoc trail, which by 1926, could accommodate a small car.

Barangays.

Bontoc is politically subdivided into 16 barangays.

Demographics.

Most inhabitants speak the Bontoc language, with other major languages being Kankana-ey and Ilocano. Minor languages spoken include Tagalog, Pangasinan, Cuyonon and Butuanon.

Economy.

The local economy depends largely on small trades and agriculture. This capital town's biggest economic potential is tourism with its smaller rice terraces in Barangay Bay-yo, Maligcong and other areas.

Culture.

The highland town of Bontoc is home to two National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines. These are the Stone Agricultural Calendar of Bontoc and "Petroglyphs of Alab".  The Alab petroglyphs are ancient figures carved on mountain walls by the prehistoric people of Bontoc. The petroglyphs are the most important ancient rock art carvings in the Cordilleras and the second oldest in the entire country, second only to the Angono petroglyphs of Rizal. Due to its high significance, it was submitted by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines to the UNESCO Tentative List of Heritage Sites in 2006, pending its inclusion in the World Heritage List along with the Singanapan charcoal-drawn petrographs of southern Palawan, Angono petroglyphs of Rizal province, charcoal-drawn Penablanca petrographs of Cagayan, and the Anda red hermatite print petrographs of Bohol.  The Bontoc people have their own indigenous religion that has been preserved for centuries. They believe in a unique pantheon of deities, of which the supreme god is the cultural hero, Lumawig, son of Kabunian. There are many sacred sites associated with Lumawig and a variety of Bontoc deities. Oral tradition tells that Lumawig instilled five great lessons to the Bontoc people, namely: (1) a man must not steal; (2) one should not gossip; (3) men and women must not commit adultery; (4) one must be temperate in eating and in drinking alcoholic drinks; and (5) all people must live simple and industrious lives.

Education.

Tertiary education.

Mountain Province State Polytechnic College is the first tertiary institution in the municipality that offers various undergraduate and graduate courses.  XiJen College of Mountain Province is the only private tertiary institution that also offers technical-vocational courses.

' (), officially the ', is a and capital of the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

Bontoc ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Mountain Province. Sie hat Einwohner (Zensus ). Bontoc ist Sitz der Provinzregierung der Provinz Mountain Province.


Playing career.

He was drafted in the 9th round of the 1989 NHL Entry Draft, 183rd overall by the Buffalo Sabres. Despite his small stature, Audette became known for his gritty, feisty style of play and quickly endeared himself to Buffalo hockey fans with a 31-goal rookie season. However, his rough and tumble style of play led to lengthy trips to the injury reserve, including several knee injuries that ended his 1992–93 and 1995–96 seasons.  In 1998 Audette was traded to the Los Angeles Kings. Two years later, as a member of the Atlanta Thrashers, he reached his career high in goals (34) and assists (45) and made it to the NHL All-Star game.  Audette was traded back to the Buffalo Sabres in March 2001, and signed a multimillion-dollar contract with the Dallas Stars later that summer. In the middle of the 2001–02 season, Audette was traded again, this time to the Montreal Canadiens. In a game against the New York Rangers on December 1, 2001, Audette had the tendons of his forearm severed by an opponent's skate and required life-saving surgery to repair the extensive damage, but still managed to recover in time for the playoffs.  After struggling to make a mark with the Florida Panthers for half of the 2003–04 season, Audette stopped playing professionally.  Prior to playing in the NHL, Audette won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award as the top rookie in the American Hockey League (AHL), while playing for the Rochester Americans. Audette is now an amateur scout for the Canadiens.

Personal life.

Donald Audette's son Daniel Audette (born in 1996) was the first pick of the 2012 Quebec Major Junior Hockey League draft and was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Donald Daniel Audette (born September 23, 1969) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Los Angeles Kings, Atlanta Thrashers, Dallas Stars, Montreal Canadiens and Florida Panthers.

Donald Daniel Audette (* 23. September 1969 in Laval, Québec) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -scout, der im Verlauf seiner aktiven Karriere zwischen 1986 und 2004 unter anderem 808 Spiele für die Buffalo Sabres, Los Angeles Kings, Atlanta Thrashers, Dallas Stars, Canadiens de Montréal und Florida Panthers in der National Hockey League auf der Position des rechten Flügelstürmers bestritten hat. Seit 2012 ist Audette, der einmal am NHL All-Star Game teilnahm, als Scout für die Canadiens de Montréal tätig. Sein Sohn Daniel Audette ist ebenfalls professioneller Eishockeyspieler.