"Cannabis".

"Cannabis" (Marijuana) is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. The psychoactive substance in "Cannabis", THC, is unique in that it contains no nitrogen and is not an indole, tryptamine, phenethylamine, anticholinergic (deliriant), or a dissociative drug. "Cannabis" plants tend to vary, with different strains producing dynamic balances of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) yielding markedly different effects. Popular strains are often hybrids of "Cannabis sativa" and "Cannabis indica".  Some universities and research firms currently study the medicinal effects of cannabis. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the sale and use of medical and recreational cannabis.

Tryptamines.

Many of the psychedelic plants contain dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), vaporized, or drunk with MAOIs (Ayahuasca). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an MAOI and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be vaporized.

Acanthaceae.

"Species", "Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material"  1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark, 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark, Bufotenin, plant, beans, Bufotenin N-oxide, Fruit, beans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit

Poaceae (Gramineae).

Some Graminae (grass) species contain gramine, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage and death in sheep.  None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in "Phalaris californica", "Phalaris canariensis", "Phalaris minor" and hybrids of "P. arundinacea" together with "P. aquatica".

Phenethylamines.

Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) - Alkaloid Content (Dried)

Beta-carbolines.

Beta-carbolines are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make Ayahuasca. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own. β-carboline is a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects.

A list of plants that are used as psychoactive drugs. Some of them have been used entheogenically for millennia. The plants are listed according to the substances they contain.

Die Liste von Pflanzen mit psychotropen Wirkstoffen enthält Pflanzenarten, die psychotrope Substanzen in bedeutsamer Menge enthalten. Psychotropika werden unter anderem in Analgetika, Halluzinogene, Stimulanzien und Aphrodisiaka als auch noch feiner nach ihrer psychoaktiven Wirkung unterschieden. Der Gebrauch kann zu einer Intoxikation, psychischen und körperlichen Abhängigkeit sowie zu weiteren Verhaltensstörungen führen. Einige Pflanzendrogen fallen unter das Einheitsabkommen über die Betäubungsmittel von 1961 und die Konvention über psychotrope Substanzen von 1971, andere nicht. Näheres regeln die nationalen Gesetzgebungen, insbesondere die Betäubungsmittelgesetze. Die Liste ist nicht vollständig.


History.

The town and a village were renamed "Ely" in 1880 after the Ely Mining Company, which mined copper. This changed in 1883, when 200 miners seized the plant demanding back wages. Five companies of the National Guard were called out to suppress the miners. It is the home of The Mountain School of Milton Academy, a selective independent semester program that provides academically motivated high school juniors from across the country the opportunity to live and work on a farm.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.5 square miles (94.6 km), of which 36.5 square miles (94.5 km) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km) (0.05%) is water. The headwaters of the Ompompanoosuc River are located in the town.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 629 people, 261 households, and 174 families residing in the town. The population density was 17.2 people per square mile (6.7/km). There were 378 housing units at an average density of 10.4 per square mile (4.0/km). The racial makeup of the town was 98.25% White, 0.32% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.32% of the population.  There were 261 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were couples living together and joined in either marriage or civil union, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.94.  In the town, the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $37,132, and the median income for a family was $40,714. Males had a median income of $31,833 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,161. About 11.4% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.4% of those under age 18 and 18.6% of those age 65 or over.

Vershire is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States, created under Vermont Charter of August 3, 1781. The population was 629 at the 2000 census. The name Vershire is a combination of Vermont and New Hampshire.

Vershire ist eine "Town" im Orange County des Bundesstaates Vermont in den Vereinigten Staaten mit 730 Einwohnern (laut Volkszählung von 2010).


Personal life and career.

Dodge was the first of three children born to Joseph Cheeseman Dodge, a poster artist, and Gertrude Hester Crow. He grew up with his brother and sister on middle-class Kirby Street in Detroit, Michigan. Inspired by the hiking and camping trips his father often took him on, Dodge's earliest ambition was to be a forest ranger. His mother knew better stating, "I'm sure Joseph is going to be a banker. He is the only boy of his age who doesn't like to get his hands dirty." After graduating from Detroit Central High School in 1908, Dodge worked at the Standard Accident Insurance Company as a clerk until 1909, when he began work at the Central Savings Bank. He quickly rose through the ranks, starting as a messenger boy, then bookkeeper (while teaching himself accounting), then Michigan's youngest state bank examiner (at age 20). For five years Dodge excelled at his post so well as to attract the attention of Bank Commissioner Edward Doyle, who appointed him as his assistant.  In 1916, Dodge married Julia Jane Jeffers and was offered a job by Michigan's banker-Senator James Couzens at the Bank of Detroit as an operating officer. Shortly thereafter, in 1917, Dodge's previous employer Bank Commissioner Doyle asked him to assist his son Tom Doyle in running the nation's largest Dodge auto agency (Joseph Dodge is no kin to the car-making family). During his time as vice president and general manager of the Thomas J. Doyle Company, Dodge took up boxing. On one occasion, Dodge sought out and questioned a spare-parts dealer who had previously spoken scornfully of him. As his secretary recorded in her notebook, "The dealer made a wrong move and was suddenly flat on his back." Dodge's boxing coach later remarked, "If Mr. Dodge had only stuck to boxing instead of becoming a bank president, he might have made something of himself."  As discussed in a 1952 edition of "Times Magazine" - "Budget Observer", Dodge's personality could be described as "Unbending (he is 'Mr. Dodge' even to the Detroit Bank's vice president), outspoken (he told MacArthur: 'I'm no colonel bucking to be a brigadier-I can be objective, because the most I'll get out of this is a kick in the pants'), indefatigable ('my hobby is work'), Banker Dodge is an implacable anti-inflationist."

Great Depression.

In 1932, Dodge resigned due to the Great Depression, having bluntly stated, "Tom, there isn't enough money coming in to keep both of us. I'm leaving." He returned to banking as vice president of the First National Bank, which failed in 1933 with the national banking crisis. Despite this, Dodge helped organize the creation of the National Bank of Detroit and became president of the Detroit Bank in 1933. He remained president of the Detroit Bank until January 1953.  Dodge stuck to his ideals and business sense when running his new bank, even when it meant treading on toes here or there. "He once turned down a prominent businessman for a small loan when he learned that the man held some stock shares in margin. 'Anyone who buys on margin is a poor financial risk,' said Dodge, thus losing the loan applicants big corporate account." Nevertheless, his tight-shipped business archetype expanded the Detroit Bank's assets by ten times and drew in 380,000 accounts.

World War II.

During World War II, Dodge worked as the director of the headquarters staff division of Army Service Forces in 1941., He first began his work for the government acting as price adjuster by monitoring defense contractors to prevent unnecessary government spending through price gougers and profiteers. In 1942, he served in this post first for the Army Air Force Price Adjustment Board for the Central Procurement District in the Midwest. Again in September 1943 Dodge worked shortly for the War Department, renegotiate war contracts. Later that year, Dodge was chairing the "Pentagon's topmost War Contracts Board", of whom "regulated the costs of defense procurement for six federal agencies, including the armed forces."

Germany.

After World War II, Dodge left for Berlin in August 1945 under General Lucius D. Clay as a financial expert and adviser to the U.S. military government in Germany. The first of Dodge's accomplishments in Germany was his reorganization of the banking system, effective in the U.S. occupation zone in 1947. Perhaps his most remarkable improvements was his plans for stabilization of the German currency. Dodge "proposed a 90% currency reduction, coupled with capital levies on real property to even out the burden of defeat."  Unfortunately, despite his efforts, Dodge's plans were only ever partially implemented in the British, French, and U.S. zones in June 1948, after two years of delay. This was due to disagreement among German occupying powers. These new implementations were meant to discourage hoarding and bartering, consequently stimulating consumption. The reforms had the additional effect of advancing the Soviet's Berlin Blockade, as they considered these new changes were further steps toward amalgamation of western occupation zones into a state matching western ideals.

Austria.

Once the Austrian Peace Treaty was convened upon, an advisory commission was established in order to resolve the disputes over reparation, frontier, and disposition of German assets in Austria. Before the implementation of either the banking or currency reforms in Germany, Dodge's attention was turned to Austrian affairs. President Harry S. Truman assigned Dodge to head the American delegation to the Austrian Advisory commission in May 1947, with a personal rank of Minister. Dodge also found himself serving as deputy of Austrian affairs to the Secretary of State George C. Marshall, at the London meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers. In January 1948, he resigned from this post and from 1948 to 1951 "Dodge served as a member of the advisory committee on fiscal and monetary problems of the Economic Cooperation Administration, which directed the original Marshall Plan."

Financial adviser to MacArthur.

Perhaps Dodge's most significant and noteworthy accomplishment was that of his work with the economic revitalization of Japan. He first arrived in Japan February 1949, leading a U.S. mission to rehabilitate the Japanese economy, as the financial adviser to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. His position, granted by President Truman, carried the personal rank of Minister. Despite his relative success in Germany, prior to this Dodge had declined the role as SCAP financial adviser two times even after a heated meeting with President Truman. He confessed, "I see no quick or easy answers. They are inherently missing."  The U.S. mission was oriented away from liberal "oppression", through "recognition of the equality of women, new laws supporting labor unions and the right to strike, and educational reforms, among other challenges". Japanese foreign exchange earnings were drastically limited by high priced exports, making them uncompetitive in world marketing. The "zaibatsu" were able to pay off company debts and more easily acquire smaller competing companies, due to the devaluing of the yen through runaway inflation. This also, consequently, priced them out of exportation marketing. From September 1945 to August 1948 prices rose by 700% primarily due to, as Dodge suspected, deliberate policies of postwar Japanese governments.  The Dodge mission, as a product of American ambitions in Japan, was to alleviate Japan from their rapid inflation rates by imposing a regime of fiscal austerity to balance the Japanese budget, establish a single exchange rate for the yen, and abolish the black market. A month after his arrival in Tokyo, Dodge submitted his revised proposal for economic stabilization. "The Dodge Line was cast; it centered on the following four objectives:

United States Budget Director.

After President Eisenhower's election in 1952, Dodge was appointed his director of the Bureau of Budget in 1953 with cabinet-level status, the two having met through General Lucius Clay. Dodge attributed his new job as Budget director to "being taken by the scruff of the neck and thrown into a basket of snakes." Dodge and Eisenhower shared paralleled priority to curbing inflation by reducing government spending. Prior to the revised budget for fiscal year 1954, that Dodge helped formulate, former president Harry S. Truman had a projected deficit of $10 billion. Dodge was able to reduce this deficit by half during the fifteen months he was in office.  Dodge accomplished this by making use of every conceivable revenue, no matter how supposedly insubstantial. For one, he required all government agencies rank proposed programs and cut low-priority spending. Additionally, Dodge rose the rent in Government housing, admissions to national parks, and even told agencies to charge for supplying copies of records. He forbade government agencies and departments from filling vacant positions unless absolutely necessary. Construction work was reduced to only that which was critical. He even refused to replace government cars unless they were six years old and had 60,000 miles of service. Dodge himself never replaced his own official car. "This is something you do all the time in business. But the subtractive process had all but disappeared in the government until we restored it." The New Look was the administration department's attempt to balance national defense needs with those of a healthy economy. Dodge, being the first director of budget to also hold a membership in the cabinet and National Security Council, strongly supported the New Look. Ultimately, Dodge successfully removed $12 billion of extraneous government spending.  Despite his apparent success, Dodge was unable to meet the balanced budget goals he had aimed for. 70% of government spending was devoted toward national security programs such as the United States Department of Defense, the mutual security pacts, and atomic energy. Similarly, existing legislation claimed another 20% of funds. Finally, the government had to continue paying interest on their national debt, another 8%. The last federal budget Dodge attempted to balance, before his resignation in March 1954, was fiscal 1955, which he was ultimately unable to balance even with a $5 billion reduction in defense spending through the New Look. Regardless, many considered his work a reassertion of control over the federal budget.

Final work and resignation.

Dodge returned as chairman to the Detroit Bank briefly before accepting several presidential delegations to both government committees and advisory boards. Dodge was reviewing long-range American plans for foreign economic aid programs in September 1954 and reappointed as President Eisenhower's special assistant three months later. As such, he was appointed the new cabinet-level position as chairman of the Council on Foreign Economic Policy from 1954 to 1956. In June 1956, Dodge became chairman of the reorganized Detroit Bank and Trust Company who had merged with three local financial institutions and whose assets exceeded $1 billion. Under request of Eisenhower, he served as a member of the Special Committee to Study the Military Assistance Program from 1958 to 1959 as well as a consultant to the National Security Council in 1959.  Dodge's final public service was in the Tractors for Freedom Committee, who tried to trade farm equipment as ransom for prisoners from the Bay of Pigs invasion, acting as their treasurer in 1961.

Awards.

Despite never pursuing post-secondary education, Dodge was awarded Honorary Doctorates of Law from Wayne and Michigan Universities. Also, for his accomplishments as financial adviser to the Office of Military Government in Berlin and as General Lucius D. Clay's finance director for American forces in Germany, Dodge was awarded the Medal of Merit on September 18, 1946. Later, he was awarded the Exceptional Civilian Service Medal in 1950, by the Department of the Army, "for making possible a stabilization program unparalleled in modern history" (more specifically for his economic stabilization plans in Japan). Three years before his death, Dodge was decorated with the Grand Cordon Order of the Rising Sun by Emperor Hirohito on the tenth anniversary of Japan's postwar independence, on April 28, 1962, in recognition of his services.

Joseph Morrell Dodge (November 18, 1890 – December 2, 1964) was a chairman of the Detroit Bank, now Comerica. He later served as an economic adviser for postwar economic stabilization programs in Germany and Japan, headed the American delegation to the Austrian Advisory commission, and worked as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's director of the Bureau of the Budget.

Joseph Dodge, vollständiger Name "Joseph Morrell Dodge", (18. November 1890 – 2. Dezember 1964) war ein amerikanischer Banker und Regierungsangestellter.


Life.

Born in Dinan, Botrel was the son of a blacksmith. He was left with his grandmother in Saint-Méen-le-Grand as a child, since his parents had moved to Paris. He joined them in the capital at the age of seven. His native language was the Gallo dialect, though almost all his songs are in standard French, and he learned the Breton language later in life.  As a teenager he became involved in amateur theatricals, performing on stage in plays, and writing songs. His first published song "Le Petit Biniou" (The Little Bagpipe) was not a success.  Botrel shelved his theatrical ambitions, joining the army for five years and then working as a clerk for the Paris-Lyon-Marseille railway company. He continued to appear on stage and to write and perform songs. In 1891 he met and married singer Hélène Lugton, known as Léna.

La Paimpolaise.

One evening in 1895, standing in for another act, he performed his song "La Paimpolaise" (The Paimpol Girl) to great acclaim from the audience, launching himself as a popular singer. "La Paimpolaise" became his signature song - a lilting ballad about the quaint charms of the fishing village of Paimpol and its people. In fact Botrel only visited Paimpol in 1897, after he wrote the song. The song's refrain "J'aime Paimpol et sa falaise" (I love Paimpol and its cliff) was apparently chosen because 'falaise' rhymes with 'Paimpolaise'. It has often been noted that there is no cliff in the town. Nevertheless the nearby Pointe de Guiben has been marketed as the cliff described in the song. The choice of Paimpol probably derived from the popularity of Pierre Loti's recent novel "Pêcheur d'Islande", which is set in the town. The song was a central feature of the repertoire of Félix Mayol until his death in 1941. Mayol also showcased many of Botrel's later songs.  "La Paimpolaise" inspired a number of other sentimental songs which idealised Breton towns and regions. In "Jésus chez les bretons" (Jesus Among the Bretons) he implies that the second coming will be in Brittany.

Fame.

Botrel attracted the attention of Caran d'Ache and the intellectual coterie associated with the "Le Chat Noir" club, though he most often performed at the rival "Le Chien-Noir" club. With the support of Parisian intellectuals a collection of Botrel's songs was published as "Chansons de chez nous (Songs Bretonnes)" in 1898, with a preface by the Breton folklorist Anatole Le Braz. The book was highly praised and was awarded a prize by the Académie française. Edmond Rostand wrote, "Botrel’s adorable verses make the broom-flowers sprout when one sings them". François Coppée said "While I read Botrel's verses...I compare myself to a sick man dragging his walking stick along the suburb of a city and stopping now and then to listen to the young voices of the children singing. Ah, Botrel's voice is high and true and clear!."  Botrel gave up his day job to become a professional singer-songwriter. When not performing in Paris, he lived in Brittany, initially taking a house in Port-Blanc, then moving permanently to Pont-Aven. He edited the journal of popular verse "La Bonne Chanson" and in 1905 founded the "Fête des Fleurs d’Ajonc" (Gorse Flower festival) in Pont-Aven, the first of the music festivals that have since become common in Brittany. In 1909 he established a permanent monument to Breton writer Auguste Brizeux in Pont-Aven.  In addition to songwriting, Botrel tried his hand at drama, writing and performing in a number of plays, including an original Sherlock Holmes story, "Le Mystere de Kéravel", in which the detective solves a murder while travelling incognito in Brittany.  His wife Léna often sang duets with him, and regularly appeared in publicity images with him in traditional Breton costume (though in fact she was from Luxembourg). She also co-wrote some songs. Botrel's friend Émile Hamonic created number of photographic tableaux representing the scenes and stories of his songs and plays, which were widely sold and circulated as postcards with Botrel's signature. Botrel, Léna and friends including François Jaffrennou often played the roles.  Botrel also became involved in the burgeoning Pan-Celticist movement. In 1904 he and Léna attended the Pan-Celtic Congress in Caernarfon as Breton representatives.  Botrel was politically conservative, a Royalist and a devout Roman Catholic. Many of his later songs celebrated these values, and appealed to popular patriotism. The song "Le Mouchoir rouge de Cholet" (The Red Handkerchief of Cholet) is about a soldier in the Chouannerie, the Royalist Catholic rebellion against the French Revolution, who buys the handkerchief for his girl. It inspired a local manufacturer to create red Cholet handkerchiefs, the popularity of which boosted the local textile industry.

World War I and after.

Botrel was an enthusiastic supporter of the French cause in World War I. Turned down for service in the French army because of his age, he attempted to enlist with Belgian forces, but was again rejected. He decided to work for the war effort by writing and performing patriotic songs.  He had already published a collection of military songs before the war in 1912 as "Coups de Clairon". A British writer noted "It is a noble work, and one cannot think of another poet, here or in France, so abundantly equipped for its performance. Botrel has no counterpart in Britain, so it were vain to seek comparisons."  After his rejection for military service Botrel started a monthly publication entitled "Les chants du Bivouac" containing songs for the soldiers. In 1915 he was appointed as official "Chansonnier des Armées", or "Bard of the Armies". According to the New York Times he was authorised by the Minister of War "to enter all military depots, camps and hospitals for the purpose of reciting and singing his patriotic poems." He travelled throughout the front line performing to the troops. The patriotic songs were also published as poems for a children's book promoting the war effort, "Les Livres Rose pour la Jeunesse". Botrel's most famous wartime songs were "Rosalie" (the nickname of the French bayonet) and "Ma P'tite Mimi" (about a machine-gun). The latter was revived by Pierre Desproges in the 1980s.  At this time some of his lyrics were translated into English by G.E. Morrison and Edgar Preston as "Songs of Brittany".  Botrel's wife Léna died in 1916. In 1918 he remarried, to Marie-Elisabeth Schreiber, known as Maïlise. He had two daughters with her, the elder of whom, named Léna after his first wife, married the writer Emile Danoën. The younger, Janick, was the mother of the singer Renaud Detressan.  Botrel died in 1925. His incomplete autobiography, "souvenirs d'un barde errant", was published after his death. His daughter Léna later wrote extra chapters to complete the story of his life. A monument to him was erected in Paimpol designed by Pierre Lenoir. It shows the Paimpolaise gazing out to sea from the imaginary cliff. There is also a statue of him in Pont-Aven.

Songwriting.

Unable to write music, Botrel could only publish his work by singing the tune to a professional musician who would write it down. Initially he was denied credit for the melody of his most famous song when the transcriber Eugène Feautrier asserted that he was the "author" of the music. Another claimed credit as "arranger". Botrel was advised by specialists at the "Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique" that "from the moment you yourself compose the melody, even if you dictate it to a musician you remain the sole author of your chanson." From that point on he insisted on sole credit, but this produced some resentment from musicians who believed their contributions were being denied. It was also objected that songs and arrangements that were essentially in the style of modern Parisian "chanson" were being marketed as "Breton" music. Botrel and Léna also made a number of recordings.

Jean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie Botrel (14 September 1868 – 28 July 1925) was a French singer-songwriter, poet and playwright. He is best known for his popular songs about his native Brittany, of which the most famous is "La Paimpolaise". During World War I he became France's official "Bard of the Armies".

Jean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie Botrel (* 14. Dezember 1868 in Dinan; † 26. Juli 1925 in Pont-Aven) war ein französischer Chansonnier. Botrel wuchs in der Bretagne auf, bevor er mit seinen Eltern nach Paris ab. Dort ging er verschiedenen Gelegenheitsjobs, u. a. bei der Eisenbahn nach. Als Sänger debütierte er im Cabaret "Le Chien Noir". Er präsentierte sich als bretonischer Folkloresänger und hatte 1895 großen Erfolg mit dem Chanson "La Paimpolaise". Seine erste Chansonsammlung veröffentlichte er 1898. Um 1900 gründete er "La Bonne Chanson", eine katholisch-konservativ und patriotisch geprägte Bewegung für eine „saubere“ Kultur.


Early life.

Perkins was born in Goffstown, New Hampshire on November 12, 1957, and was raised in Keene, New Hampshire; Rochester, New York; and Fairport, New York. Perkins earned his Boy Scouts of America Eagle Scout award in 1974, and graduated from Fairport High School in 1976.  He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1980 and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant of Armor. In 1988, he received a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan.

Early career.

Perkins completed both Ranger and Airborne Schools. He then served in armor assignments from platoon leader to battalion and brigade staff positions.  He commanded 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor from 1996 to 1998. The battalion served in Macedonia, and took part in a United Nations mission to monitor Macedonia's borders with Albania, Kosovo, and Serbia.  In 1999, Perkins received a master's degree from the Naval War College.

Later career.

In 2003, Perkins commanded 2nd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division during the invasion of Iraq. His unit was the first across the border, and first to enter the downtown government areas of Baghdad. Perkins is featured prominently in the book "Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad." Perkins received the Silver Star for his part in the invasion.  In 2004 and 2005, Perkins was executive assistant to the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. From 2005 to 2007, he commanded the Joint Multinational Training Command in Germany.  From 2007 to 2008, Perkins was the G-3 (Plans, Operations and Training staff officer) for United States Army Europe and Seventh Army.  In 2008, he became the director for strategic effects (CJ-9) for Multi-National Force-Iraq. In this capacity, he coordinated and implemented political, economic, and communications activities on behalf of MNF-I, and served as the organization's spokesman.  From 2009 to 2011, he commanded the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson. From 2011 to 2014, Perkins was commander of the Combined Arms Center and commandant of the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth.  On March 14, 2014, Perkins assumed command of United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) from Robert W. Cone. On March 2, 2018, Perkins was succeeded at TRADOC by Stephen J. Townsend and he retired one week later.

Family.

Perkins and his wife Ginger are the parents of two children, Cassandra (Aviation) and Chad (Engineers), both of whom are Captains in the Army as of March 2018.

David Gerard Perkins (born November 12, 1957) is a retired United States Army four-star general. His last assignment before retiring was commander of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command.

David Gerard Perkins (* 12. November 1957 in New Hampshire) ist ein General der United States Army und der amtierende Kommandeur des United States Army Training and Doctrine Command in Virginia.


Club career.

Sogndal (1993-1999).

Bakke played 99 matches for Sogndal. His father Svein formerly played for the team.

Leeds United (1999-2006).

Bakke was bought by Leeds United in 1999 from Sogndal for £1.75 million. After an encouraging start to his career at Leeds in 1999 and 2000, injuries and poor form meant that he never quite became a mainstay of the Leeds squad, even after the club was relegated from the Premiership in 2004.  Bakke's career has been blighted by recurrent knee injuries. Patella tendinitis kept him out of the team for the start of the 2004-05 season and he was struck with a torn cruciate ligament on his return in January 2005. In August 2005, having recovered from his injury, Bakke was loaned to Aston Villa. The loan however was ended early after Leeds told Villa that they would only let Bakke go permanently, not on loan and Doug Ellis, Villa's chairman at the time, decided that it was not worth permanently acquiring his services.  Speculation continued as to Bakke's future when he was left out of the Leeds United squad for the match against Sheffield Wednesday on 27 August 2006 with some in the press and supporters speculating that this was due to an imminent transfer. A club statement was released on 29 August 2006 by Leeds United effectively stating that Bakke had played his last game in Leeds United colours. Bakke however stated he would like to stay at the club, and still trained with the club, despite not playing, not wanting to return to playing in Norway at that point in time. The problem arose due to his £23,000 a week wages and £4,000 appearance fees, which were originally agreed during Ridsdale's ""Living The Dream"" era, but which the club could no longer afford to pay in the league they were currently playing in. Leeds United tried to resolve the issue by attempting to meet Bakke half way so that the player could stay at the club on lesser wages but Bakke's agent stated he wanted the contractually agreed wage. The situation did not look good for Bakke, with Leeds chairman Ken Bates having already terminated Seth Johnson's contract due to excessive wages as part of a determined effort to make Leeds a successful and profitable club once more. Bakke left, being the third last 'O'Leary player' left at Leeds.

Return to Norway: SK Brann (2006-2010).

On 31 August 2006, Bakke signed a two-year deal with SK Brann, and returned home to Norway. The deal was financed by Hardball. Certain media outlets have claimed that Bakke and Brann have a "gentlemen's agreement", that Bakke can leave Brann if a big club wants to sign him, though this has been denied by Brann. Bakke has stated that he still has ambitions to prove himself in Europe before bringing his career to a close in Norway.  Bakke debuted for Brann on 11 September 2006 against Stabæk, in a match best remembered for a two-feet tackle by Joakim Persson of Stabæk on Bakke that could easily have ended Bakke's career.  Bakke started the 2007 season playing for Brann 2 in a bid to regain full fitness from his injury problems. He has experienced a bit of a stop-start season, making his first full Tippeliga start on 26 June 2007. Eirik Bakke has been mostly noticed for his no-nonsense approach and English inspired tackling in midfield, but also managed to score the winning goal against arch-rivals Rosenborg BK on 11 August 2007.  Bakke has promised Brann that when he is close to retirement he would finish his career in Norway with the club, playing a further 1-2 seasons. In front of the 2008 season, Bakke became captain of Brann. On 30 May 2008, Bakke extended his Brann deal out 2010. However his new deal had a clause giving Bakke the chance to re-evaluate his deal, if the club decided to lay artificial turf at Brann Stadion. A few weeks later, Brann announced that the club will continue with natural grass as the turf at Brann Stadion also in the coming years.

Sogndal (2011-2012).

He signed a two-year deal with Sogndal in 2011. In November 2012 he decided to retire as an active player.

International career.

He made his debut for Norway in a January 1999 friendly match against Israel, coming on as a substitute for Egil Østenstad and earned 26 caps since, scoring no goals. His last international match was an March 2008 friendly match against Montenegro, coming on as a substitute for Martin Andresen.

Eirik Bakke (born 13 September 1977 in Sogndal) is a Norwegian retired football player. He played on the right-hand side or centre of midfield.

Eirik Bakke (* 13. September 1977 in Sogndal) ist ein ehemaliger norwegischer Fußballspieler und heutiger -trainer. Derzeit steht er bei seinem Heimatverein Sogndal Fotball unter Vertrag.


Plot.

In August 1944, the Allies have invaded German-occupied Southern France. German Army Second Lieutenant Erich Neumann (Lincoln Hoppe) executes two French men. On the early morning of August 15, paratroopers from the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team land in Provence, France under heavy fire from the Germans. Two soldiers, Corporals Harland 'Bud' Curtis (Jasen Wade) and James Rossi (Corbin Allred) land separately and alone. Curtis is spotted by a German Patrol and quickly surrenders. After throwing a grenade to distract the Germans, Rossi kills the entire patrol and rescues Curtis. The two set off towards their intended landing area before finding an abandoned shelter where they are followed by Curtis's squad leader Sergeant Caleb Jones (David Nibley). The three travel through the French country as quickly as possible to avoid being pursued. They encounter Neumann and they kill his troops, but spare him.  The three soldiers continue making their way to Les Arcs and agree to help French Resistance prisoners escape. They free three prisoners; Philippe, Gustave and Jacques. The group arrives at Les Arcs and Jones spots a German tank and an armored half-track vehicle full of German troops about to leave, intending to attack the rest of the paratroopers. The three attempt to ambush the Germans, but are all badly wounded. After Curtis's death, Rossi regains consciousness and is approached by Neumann, who Jones spared earlier. Rossi gets up to fight but collapses due to his wounds. Neumann, also wounded, does not kill him, honoring Jones' example. He takes Rossi to an abandoned farm, where he bandages his wounds and makes him a meal. The following morning an American detachment discovers Rossi, alive, and Neumann, who has died from his wound. In a military field hospital Rossi is informed that sergeant Jones is alive but wounded and Curtis is dead. The dead Neumann remains in the abandoned farm.

Production.

The director of "Saints and Soldiers" Ryan Little struggled with his producer Adam Abel to create a sequel to the film, because nearly all of his main characters died in the first film. However, due to the popularity of the first film, they decided to do a sequel. The film was originally titled "Foxhole". The film was based on the events surrounding the 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of Operation Dragoon, which occurred two months after D-Day. Specifically it was inspired by the true stories from L. Vaughn Curtis's book called "Letters Home: A Paratrooper's Story", based on the experience and letters of Curtis's father Harland "Bud" Curtis. They also adapted it from Little's short film "The Last Good War" for which Little won a student Emmy award. Corbin Allred was also cast in this film, but as a different character from the original. The film was shot in Utah on a tight budget and used volunteer World War II reenactors as many of the actors and extras.

Release and reception.

"Saints and Soldiers: Airborne Creed", was released on August 17, 2012. The film received mixed reviews. "The Evening Standard"'s review described the film as "watchable but hardly memorable", while "The Guardian"'s critic Peter Bradshaw wrote the film was "well-acted" and "competently put together" but with "plenty of cliches", describing it as "a kind of diet or lite version of Steven Spielberg's "Saving Private Ryan"." "Deseret News" stated that "Airborne Creed" is "less believable" than its predecessor. For example, scenes appear "staged" and "quickly thrown together". However, they praise the acting. "KSL" news stated that the film falls short of the original but is still, "packed with emotion and solid performances" and "beautiful cinematography."

Saints and Soldiers: Airborne Creed is a 2012 war drama film directed by Ryan Little and produced by Little and Adam Abel. It is based on events that took place during the invasion of Southern France in World War II. The film stars Corbin Allred, David Nibley, and Jasen Wade. The film's story has no relation to the events or characters portrayed in the 2003 war film "Saints and Soldiers". The film was shot in Utah, on a tight budget, saving money by using volunteer World War II reenactors as some of the actors and extras. The film received mixed reviews; many critics found the film mediocre yet still praised the performances and cinematography.

Saints and Soldiers II – Airborne Creed ist ein US-amerikanisches Kriegsfilm-Drama aus dem Jahr 2012. Obwohl es andere Hauptfiguren als in "Saints and Soldiers – Die wahren Helden der Ardennenschlacht" aus dem Jahre 2003 beinhaltet, wurde es als Fortsetzung vermarktet. Allerdings war dies nach Aussage des Produzenten ohnehin nicht als Fortsetzung gedacht. Er beruht teilweise auf den Erinnerungen der realen Person Harland Curtis, die er in Briefen an seine Familie schrieb und die später von seinem Sohn als Buch veröffentlicht wurden. Der dritte Teil "" wurde 2014 veröffentlicht.


Plot.

Seyolo Zantoko has just graduated from a French medical school; he was the only African man in his class and circle of friends. After completing his medical school, he turned down his job at Zaire as a personal physician of President Joseph-Desiré Mobutu, as he wanted to avoid the corruption associated with his country. Instead, he is hired by the mayor of a small village, Marly-Gomont, in northern France. He tells his family that he got a job in a city north of Paris, France. His wife Anne and their two children, Sivi and Kamini, are disappointed to learn that they are living in a rural village, far from the excitement of Paris. His decision to live in France is mainly motivated by the hope of a better education for his children, but he also hopes to apply for French citizenship. Seyolo and his family struggle to adapt to new life as locals - unfamiliar with African professionals - fear newcomers, children are bullied at school, and Seyolo's practice struggles to survive as locals prefer to go to the next village whenever they need a doctor, instead of being visited by a "wizard". Seyolo and Anne have a heated argument in front of relatives who have come for a visit, during which Seyolo reluctantly promises that they will eventually move to Brussels, where some of their relatives live. However, Seyolo and his family end up winning the trust of the villagers, and his practice becomes a success after he delivers the baby to a local farmer.  Following Seyolo's reputation and popularity, he tells the mayor that he wants to stay in Marly-Gomont for the long term. That same evening, the mayor and his wife are having dinner at the Zantokos' house, and the mayor mentions his happiness that Seyolo is in the village. Anne is shocked and angry at this revelation, for Seyolo had promised to move to Brussels and had not told Anne that he had accepted the mayor's request to stay in Marly-Gomont. Anne leaves to stay in Brussels with her family and the couple's relationship is in danger.  Meanwhile, in Marly-Gomont, Seyolo is arrested by French police for immigration irregularities, days before his French citizenship application is approved, and he is forced to stop working. Anne finally returns and agrees to stay with Seyolo in Marly-Gomont. The only hope for Seyolo and his family is that the current mayor will be reelected, although his opponent, Lavigne, is leading the polls and is determined to prevent Seyolo from practicing in the village, preferring to hire a doctor of French origin.. However, Sivi is a talented soccer player and wins the hearts of the community, helping the local team make progress in the league alone. Seyolo and his children devise a plan to show residents that if Lavigne wins the election, the family will have to leave Marly-Gomont. Residents, upset over the prospect of losing the best football player, end up voting, and the incumbent mayor is reelected. Finally, the local school children play a play that re-enacts the arrival and eventual acceptance of Seyolo and his family, and they realize that they are loved by the entire community (except Lavigne, who leaves before the end of the show). Seyolo's office reopens and the family remains in Marly-Gomont.

The African Doctor (original title: Bienvenue à Marly-Gomont) is a 2016 French comedy-drama film based on the life of Seyolo Zantoko, the father of the musician Kamini. It was co-written by Kamini and directed by Julien Rambaldi. It stars Marc Zinga and Aïssa Maïga.

Ein Dorf sieht schwarz (Originaltitel: "Bienvenue à Marly-Gomont") ist eine französische Filmkomödie von Julien Rambaldi. Der Film startete am 8. Juni 2016 in den französischen Kinos. Am 20. April 2017 war der Kinostart in Deutschland.


Early life and cultural activities.

Šilingas was born in Vilnius. He was a Baron through his maternal grandfather, Count Stanislav Šilingas of Paberžė, who was exiled to Siberia and whose property and estate were confiscated by the authorities of the Russian Empire for his monetary support of the failed Uprising of 1863. Šilingas spurned the title using it only when it served to advance his country’s causes in giving him access to the Russian elite. He participated in the Russian Revolution of 1905, manning the barricades and even firing a pistol at the Imperial Russian Army.  Since childhood he spoke only Polish and Russian until he and Ramūnas Bytautas, his close friend, studied Lithuanian in Berlin in 1907. Šilingas learned Lithuanian to perfection. For this and for his oratorical skill, he was called "silver-throated" and "Cicero of the North" during his student years. He would go on to translate Lithuanian works into Polish and Russian, and other works into Lithuanian, including works by both Friedrich Nietzsche and Rabindranath Tagore.  He graduated from Moscow University in 1912 with a degree in law. During his student years, he was active in the Student Union serving as its chairman. He published newspapers and journals for students and educators, including "Aušrinė", eventually adding a supplement of Lithuanian folklore which he collected, called "Vasaros darbai". In 1915 he single-handedly published "Baras" (First Forum) which included works by Kazys Binkis, Balys Sruoga, Ignas Šeinius, Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė, Vincas Krėvė and others. Also included was his own poem "Tautos dainų genezė" ("Genesis of a Nation's Songs").  While still a student, he began collecting funds to preserve Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis’ paintings and other Lithuanian works of art. Over 25 years, his private collection grew to over 100 works of Lithuanian art. He was co-founder of the Lithuanian Art Society with Antanas Žmuidzinavičius and formally established the M. K. Čiurlionis collection. He also organized and staged Folk Art exhibits. As Chairman of the Opera Guild in Kaunas, he introduced "La Traviata" at the opening of the Opera Theater in Kaunas in 1920.

Political career.

Russian Empire official.

From 1915 to 1917, he worked at the Foreign Affairs Ministry in Saint Petersburg, initially under minister Sergey Sazonov. During this two-year period of service, Šilingas gathered and dispensed funds to aid Lithuanians displaced by war in Saint Petersburg, particularly to writers and artists. He also opened a boys' high school for Lithuanians in Voronezh with Martynas Yčas, with whom he also participated in the First and Second Lithuanian Conferences in Stockholm to organize Lithuania's government during and after World War I.  On October 25, 1915, Šilingas, Balys Sruoga, and Ignas Šeinius met with Maxim Gorki to discuss publishing a book in Russian about Lithuania. He was always an activist for Lithuanian causes, being an able lobbyist with the Russians while serving as Chairman of the State Council of Lithuanians in Russia in 1917 when he also founded the Democratic National Freedom League (Santara), a democratic party whose purpose was to restore Lithuania as an independent nation. He was elected its vice-chairman and began publishing weekly issues of "Santara" which he personally funded. The same year he began to organize Lithuania's military scattered throughout the Russian Empire and to publish "Liberty's Officer" for army personnel. He also began to draft the statutes for the election of the Petrograd Seimas.

Lithuanian Wars of Independence activities.

He returned to Vilnius in 1918 at the end of World War I and was a member of the State Council of Lithuania, creating a National Militia as Minister of Defence. He declared that he was philosophically opposed to dictatorial rule but that he was ready to do whatever was required for Lithuanian solidarity. With President Antanas Smetona and other government officials abroad in December 1918, they left a political and military vacuum, and Šilingas was able to hold both state and military together.  In 1919, he and Lithuania's government withdrew to Kaunas where he was elected Chairman of the State Council of Lithuania, serving until 1920. He had earlier resigned from Santara to protest the party bickering which he could not tolerate. Politically, he was to the right of the left-wing and supported the Lithuanian National Union (Tautininkai) drafting that party's statutes in 1933.  Among his accomplishments, he drafted the Constitution of Lithuania which was adopted in 1938 and organized the National Guard which successfully repelled an attempted Russian invasion in 1918, during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence. However the Polish-Lithuanian War (1 September - 7 October 1920) resulted in the fall of Vilnius and its surrounding territory to the forces of the Second Polish Republic. The captured area was organized by the Poles as a new regime, the so-called Republic of Central Lithuania. Due to his previous high-profile activities, Šilingas was arrested in Vilnius by the new Polish-controlled regime in August, 1921, but released in November of the same year in deference to his title of Baron. He returned to Lithuanian territory remaining under the control of the Kaunas government.

Republic of Lithuania activist.

He was co-founder of the M. K. Čiurlionis Art Museum in Kaunas. He was twice elected as representative of the Lithuanian Farmers' Union to the Parliament (Seimas) to accomplish land reforms in making land accessible to the people. He was Chairman of the Foreign Affairs committee. From 1920-1926, he was Chairman of the State Art Council, at which time he also practiced law to support his family.  He supported the dissolution of Parliament in 1926 in order to bring stability to the nascent nation, and he became Minister of Justice, reigning in the Bar Association for which he was duly criticized. He was thrice chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Lithuania (1917, 1918, 1929) and was decorated with the National Guard Star and the Vytautas the Great Star in 1931. In 1933 he completed the statutes for the Judicial System, for National and State Security, and for the Press, all of which were adopted. In 1934 he was named Minister of Justice a second time serving until 1938 at which time he withdrew from public life after delivering his "Testament to Lithuania" speech before a convention of the National Guard, stressing as always the necessity of reclaiming Vilnius.  After the adoption of his drafted Lithuanian State Constitution, he declined the position Chairman of State Council of Lithuania. He did not support acceptance of the Polish ultimatum in 1938 and thus advised that Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius should assume Chairmanship in 1940. He was awarded with the Italian Cross of the First Order, the National Guard Star Order, and the first class Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas.

Retirement and exile.

In private life, he was friend to many innovative Lithuanian artists and writers, encouraging and publishing their works, now considered classics, including M. K. Čiurlionis, Balys Sruoga, Vincas Krėvė, Kazys Šimonis, and Adomas Varnas who drew caricatures of Šilingas to Šilingas' amusement.  He married Emilija Bytautaitė who was the sister of his closest friend Ramūnas Bytautas, a philosopher. He and Emilija had nine daughters. When he retired from public life in 1938, he moved with his family to Misiūnai, part of an old estate which he had purchased in 1925. There he designed and built his family home, a gathering place for colleagues and friends as well.  On June 14, 1941, during the June deportation, the Soviets arrested him, his wife Emilija, and daughter Raminta. They were separated before being deported to Siberia. Emilija died within 2 years of gangrene from frostbite; Raminta died less than year later of encephalitis. Šilingas learned of their location only after Emilija's death, and he never saw any of his family again. He spent over 20 years in exile: in camps and prisons of Siberia, the last 7 years of his life incarcerated at an Invalid Home in the Ukrainian SSR. At one time he shared a cell with former Lithuanian President Aleksandras Stulginskis and other Lithuanian dignitaries such as Juozas Urbšys, former Foreign Affairs Minister.  Finally allowed to write letters, in 1956 he was able to communicate for the first time with his surviving daughters who now lived in the United States, Australia, and Canada, and with former colleagues who had been allowed to return to the Lithuanian SSR. His voluminous letters are philosophical, scholarly, and historical and reveal some details of his life in exile. Allowed to return to the Lithuanian SSR only in 1961, he died in Kelmė within a year, on November 13, 1962. He was first buried in Kelmė, but in 1999, his remains, and those of his wife and daughter, were reburied in the family plot at Ilguva near Misiūnai according to his wishes expressed while in exile.  The Stasys Šilingas Society, founded in 1999, documents his achievements and life and commemorates his contributions to Lithuania's existence at yearly events in Vilnius, Kaunas, Šakiai, and other locations.

Baron Stasys Šilingas (11 November 1885 – 13 November 1962) was a prominent lawyer and statesman in interwar Lithuania. When the independence of Lithuania was proclaimed on February 16, 1918, Šilingas served first as vice-president and then in 1919, as president of the Council of Lithuania. He was one of the main advisors and supporters of the authoritarian President Antanas Smetona. He was twice Minister of Justice, in 1926–1928 and in 1934–1938, and chairman of the State Council of Lithuania in 1928–1938. From 1920 to 1926 he was director of the Fine Art association. He also served as vice-chancellor of the Order of Vytautas the Great. After the occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, he was deported in 1941 to the Russian Arctic.

Stasys Šilingas (* 23. November 1885 in Vilnius; † 13. November 1962 in Kelmė) war ein litauischer Jurist und Politiker.


Early history.

The Belas Knap Neolithic long barrow on Cleeve Hill above Winchcombe, was constructed from about 3000 BC. In Anglo-Saxon times, Winchcombe was a major place in Mercia favoured by Coenwulf, the others being Lichfield and Tamworth. In the 11th century, the town was briefly the county town of Winchcombeshire. The Anglo-Saxon saint St Kenelm is believed to be buried in the town.  During the Anarchy of the 12th century, a motte-and-bailey castle was erected here in the early 1140s for the Empress Matilda, by Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford, although its exact site is unknown. It has been suggested however, that it was to the south of St Peter's Church.  In the Restoration period, Winchcombe was noted for cattle rustling and other lawlessness, caused in part by poverty. In an attempt to earn a living, local people grew tobacco as a cash crop, even though this practice had been outlawed since the Commonwealth period. Soldiers were sent in at least once to destroy the illegal crop.

Notable buildings.

In Winchcombe and the immediate vicinity can be found Sudeley Castle and the remains of Hailes Abbey, which was one of the main places of pilgrimage in Britain, due to a phial possessed by the monks that was said to contain the Blood of Christ. There is nothing left of the former Winchcombe Abbey. St Peter's Church in the centre of the town is noted for its grotesques.  The Michelin star restaurant "5 North Street" is in Winchcombe.  Several buildings around Sudeley Hill are Grade II listed.

Notable people.

In birth order:

Walks.

Winchcombe is crossed by seven long-distance footpaths: The Cotswold Way, the Gloucestershire Way, the Wychavon Way, St Kenelm's Trail, St Kenelm's Way, the Warden's Way and the Windrush Way. Winchcombe became a member of the Walkers are Welcome network of towns in July 2009 and now holds a walking festival every May.

Public transport.

A bus service connects the town to Cheltenham, Broadway, Willersey and further afield on special services. Winchcombe was once served by a railway line, which was opened in 1906 by the Great Western Railway. It ran from Stratford-upon-Avon to Cheltenham, as part of a main line from Birmingham to the South West and South Wales. Winchcombe railway station and most others on the section closed in March 1960. Through passenger services continued on the line until March 1968 and goods until 1976, when a derailment at Winchcombe damaged the line and it was decided not to bring the section back into use. By the early 1980s it had been dismantled. The stretch between Toddington and Cheltenham Racecourse, including Winchcombe, has since been reconstructed and reopened as a heritage railway, the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. It was extended to Broadway in spring 2018. A new station has been erected at Winchcombe on its original site, the building being the former (Troy) railway station. Nearby is the 693-yard/634 m Greet Tunnel, the second longest on any preserved line in Britain.

Governance.

An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches from Alderton in the north to Hawling in the south. The total ward population at the 2011 census was 6,295.

Schools.

Winchcombe has a primary school and a secondary school. The latter, Winchcombe School, is in Greet Road, to the east of the town centre. Winchcombe Abbey Church of England Primary School lies near the town centre in Back Lane, next to Winchcombe Library and Cowl Lane.

Community.

A community radio station called Radio Winchcombe launched in April 2005 began broadcasting for 20 days a year (10 days every 6 months). Full-time broadcasting was approved in December 2011 by Ofcom, and began on 18 May 2012.  Winchcombe Town F.C. currently plays in the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League.

Winchcombe () is a Cotswold town in the local authority district of Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England. Its population according to the 2011 census was 4,538.

Winchcombe ist eine Stadt und eine Verwaltungseinheit im District Tewkesbury in der Grafschaft Gloucestershire, im Südwesten von England. Winchcombe ist 21,5 km von Gloucester entfernt. Im Jahr 2011 hatte es 4538 Einwohner. Winchcombe wurde 1086 im "Domesday Book" als "Wicecombe"/"Wicelcumbe"/"Wincelcumbe" erwähnt.


History.

Musket Wars, settlement and the New Zealand Wars.

War had been an integral part of the life and culture of the Māori people. The Musket Wars dominated the first years of European trade and settlement. The first European settlers in the Bay of Islands formed a volunteer militia from which some New Zealand Army units trace their origins. British forces and Māori fought in various New Zealand Wars starting in 1843, and culminating in the Invasion of the Waikato in the mid-1860s, during which colonial forces were used with great effect. From the 1870s, the numbers of Imperial (British) troops was reduced, leaving settler units to continue the campaign.  The first permanent military force was the Colonial Defence Force, which was active from 1862. This was replaced in 1867 by the Armed Constabulary, which performed both military and policing roles. After being renamed the New Zealand Constabulary Force, it was divided into separate military and police forces in 1886. The military force was called the Permanent Militia and later renamed the Permanent Force.

South Africa 1899–1902.

Major Alfred William Robin led the First Contingent sent from New Zealand to South Africa to participate in the Boer War in October 1899. The New Zealand Army sent ten contingents in total (including the 4th New Zealand Contingent), of which the first six were raised and instructed by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Henry Banks, who led the 6th Contingent into battle. These were mounted riflemen, and the first contingents had to pay to go, providing their own horses, equipment and weapons.  The Defence Act 1909, which displaced the old volunteer system, remodelled the defences of the dominion on a territorial basis, embodying the principles of universal service between certain ages. It provided for a territorial force, or fighting strength, fully equipped for modern requirements, of thirty thousand men. These troops, with the territorial reserve, formed the first line; and the second line comprised rifle clubs and training sections. Under the terms of the Act, every male, unless physically unfit, was required to take his share of the defence of the dominion. The Act provided for the gradual military training of every male from the age of 14 to 25, after which he was required to serve in the reserve up to the age of thirty. From the age of 12 to 14, every boy at school performed a certain amount of military training, and, on leaving, was transferred to the senior cadets, with whom he remained, undergoing training, until 18 years of age, when he joined the territorials. After serving in the territorials until 25 (or less if earlier reliefs were recommended), and in the reserve until 30, a discharge was granted; but the man remained liable under the Militia Act to be called up, until he reached the age of 55. As a result of Lord Kitchener's visit to New Zealand in 1910, slight alterations were made—chiefly affecting the general and administrative staffs, and which included the establishment of the New Zealand Staff Corps—and the scheme was set in motion in January, 1911. Major-General Sir Alexander Godley, of the Imperial General Staff, was engaged as commandant.

World War I.

In World War I New Zealand sent the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF), of soldiers who fought with Australians as the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps at Gallipoli, subsequently immortalised as "ANZACs". The New Zealand Division was then formed which fought on the Western Front and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade fought in Palestine. After Major General Godley departed with the NZEF in October 1914, Major General Alfred William Robin commanded New Zealand Military Forces at home throughout the war, as commandant.  The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914–1918, excluding those in British and other dominion forces, was 100,000, from a population of just over a million. Forty-two percent of men of military age served in the NZEF. 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war—a 58 percent casualty rate. Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war's end, as a result of injuries sustained, and 507 died whilst training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918. New Zealand had one of the highest casualty—and death—rates per capita of any country involved in the war.

World War II.

In World War II the 2nd Division fought in Greece, Crete, the Western Desert Campaign and the Italian Campaign. Among its units was the famed 28th Māori Battalion. Following Japan's entry into the war, 3rd Division, 2 NZEF IP (in Pacific) saw action in the Pacific, seizing a number of islands from the Japanese. New Zealanders contributed to various Allied special forces units, such as the original Long Range Desert Group in North Africa and Z Force in the Pacific.  As part of the preparations for the possible outbreak of war in the Pacific, the defensive forces stationed in New Zealand were expanded in late 1941. On 1 November, three new brigade headquarters were raised (taking the total in the New Zealand Army to seven), and three divisional headquarters were established to coordinate the units located in the Northern, Central and Southern Military Districts. The division in the Northern Military District was designated the Northern Division, and comprised the 1st and 12th Brigade Groups. Northern Division later became 1st Division. 4th Division was established in the Central Military District (with 2nd and 7th brigades), and 5th in the south (with 3rd, 10th and 11th brigades).  The forces stationed in New Zealand were considerably reduced as the threat of invasion passed. During early 1943, each of the three home defence divisions were cut from 22,358 to 11,530 men. The non-divisional units suffered even greater reductions. The New Zealand government ordered a general stand-down of the defensive forces in the country on 28 June, which led to further reductions in the strength of units and a lower state of readiness. By the end of the year, almost all of the Territorial Force personnel had been demobilised (though they retained their uniforms and equipment), and only 44 soldiers were posted to the three divisional and seven brigade headquarters. The war situation continued to improve, and the 4th Division, along with the other two divisions and almost all the remaining Territorial Force units, was disbanded on 1 April 1944.  The 6th New Zealand Division was also briefly formed as a deception formation by renaming the NZ camp at Maadi in southern Cairo, the New Zealanders' base area in Egypt, in 1942. In addition, the 1st Army Tank Brigade (New Zealand) was also active for a time.

Post-War and NZ Army formation.

The New Zealand Army was formally formed from the New Zealand Military Forces following the Second World War. Attention focused on preparing a third Expeditionary Force potentially for service against the Soviets. Compulsory military training was introduced to man the force, which was initially division-sized. The New Zealand Army Act 1950 stipulated that the Army would consist from then on of Army Troops (army headquarters, Army Schools, and base units); District Troops (Northern Military District, Central and Southern Military Districts, the 12 subordinate area HQs, elementary training elements, coastal artillery and composite AA regiments); and the New Zealand Division, the mobile striking force. The division was alternatively known as '3NZEF'.

Korean War 1951–1957.

The Army's first combat after the Second World War was in the Korean War, which began with North Korea's invasion of the South on 25 June 1950. After some debate, on 26 July 1950, the New Zealand government announced it would raise a volunteer military force to serve with the United Nations Command in Korea. The idea was opposed initially by Chief of the General Staff, Major-General Keith Lindsay Stewart, who did not believe the force would be large enough to be self-sufficient. His opposition was overruled and the government raised what was known as Kayforce, a total of 1,044 men selected from among volunteers. 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery and support elements arrived later during the conflict from New Zealand. The force arrived at Pusan on New Year's Eve, and on 21 January, joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade representing the 1st Commonwealth Division, along with Australian, Canadian, and Indian forces. The New Zealanders immediately saw combat and spent the next two and a half years taking part in the operations which led the United Nations forces back to and over the 38th Parallel, later recapturing Seoul in the process.  The majority of Kayforce had returned to New Zealand by 1955, though it was not until 1957 that the last New Zealand soldiers had left Korea. In all, about 4700 men served with Kayforce.

Malaya 1948–1964, Indonesia-Borneo 1963–1966.

Through the 1950s, New Zealand Army forces were deployed to the Malayan Emergency, and the Confrontation with Indonesia. A Special Air Service squadron was raised for this commitment, but most forces came from the New Zealand infantry battalion in the Malaysia–Singapore area. The battalion was committed to the Far East Strategic Reserve.  The 1957 national government defence review directed the discontinuation of coastal defence training, and the approximately 1000 personnel of the 9th, 10th, and 11th coastal regiments Royal New Zealand Artillery had their compulsory military training obligation removed. A small cadre of regulars remained, but as Henderson, Green, and Cook say, 'the coastal artillery had quietly died.' All the fixed guns were dismantled and sold for scrap by the early 1960s. After 1945, the Valentine tanks in service were eventually replaced by about ten M41 Walker Bulldogs, supplemented by a small number of Centurion tanks. Eventually, both were superseded by FV101 Scorpion armoured reconnaissance vehicles.

Vietnam War 1964–1972.

New Zealand sent troops to the Vietnam War in 1964 because of Cold War concerns and alliance considerations.  Initial contributions were a New Zealand team of non-combat army engineers in 1964 followed by a battery from the Royal New Zealand Artillery in 1965 which served initially with the Americans until the formation of the 1st Australian Task Force in 1966. Thereafter, the battery served with the task force until 1971.  Two Companies of New Zealand infantry, Whisky Company and Victor Company, served with the 1st Australian Task Force from 1967 until 1971. Some also served with the Australian and New Zealand Army Training teams until 1972.  NZ SAS arrived in 1968 and served with the Australian SAS until the Australian and New Zealand troop withdrawal in 1971.  Members from various branches of the NZ Army also served with U.S and Australian air and cavalry detachments as well as in intelligence, medical, and engineering. In all, 3850 military personnel from all military branches of service served in Vietnam. New Zealand infantry accounted for approximately 1600 and the New Zealand artillery battery accounted for approximately 750.

Late 20th century: peacekeeping.

The New Zealand Division was disbanded in 1961, as succeeding governments reduced the force, first to two brigades, and then a single one. This one-brigade force became, in the 1980s, the Integrated Expansion Force, to be formed by producing three composite battalions from the six Territorial Force infantry regiments. In 1978, a national museum for the Army, the QEII Army Memorial Museum, was built at Waiouru, the Army's main training base in the central North Island.  After the 1983 Defence Review, the Army's command structure was adjusted to distinguish more clearly the separate roles of operations and base support training. There was an internal reorganisation within the Army General Staff, and New Zealand Land Forces Command in Takapuna was split into a Land Force Command and a Support Command. Land Force Command, which from then on comprised 1st Task Force in the North Island and the 3rd Task Force in the South Island, assumed responsibility for operational forces, Territorial Force manpower management and collective training. Support Command which from then on comprised three elements, the Army Training Group in Waiouru, the Force Maintenance Group (FMG) based in Linton, and Base Area Wellington (BAW) based in Trentham, assumed responsibility for individual training, third line logistics and base support. Headquarters Land Force Command remained at Takapuna, and Headquarters Support Command was moved to Palmerston North.  The Army was prepared to field a Ready Reaction Force which was a battalion group based on 2/1 RNZIR; the Integrated Expansion Force (17 units) brigade sized, which would be able to follow up 90 days after mobilization; and a Force Maintenance Group of 19 units to provide logistical support to both forces.  The battalion in South East Asia, designated 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment by that time, was brought home in 1989.  In the late 1980s, Exercise Golden Fleece was held in the North Island. It was the largest exercise for a long period.  During the later part of the 20th century, New Zealand personnel served in a large number of UN and other peacekeeping deployments including:

21st century.

In the 21st century, New Zealanders have served in East Timor (1999 onwards), Afghanistan, and Iraq.  NZDF forces have also been involved in international Peacekeeping actions such as Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (2003–2015), United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (2003–), United Nations Mine Action Coordination Centre in Southern Lebanon (2007–2008), and United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (2011.)  In 2003, the New Zealand government decided to replace its existing fleet of M113 armored personnel carriers, purchased in the 1960s, with the Canadian-built NZLAV, and the M113s were decommissioned by the end of 2004. An agreement made to sell the M113s via an Australian weapons dealer in February 2006 had to be cancelled when the US State Department refused permission for New Zealand to sell the M113s under a contract made when the vehicles were initially purchased. The replacement of the M113s with the General Motors LAV III (NZLAV) led to a review in 2001 on the purchase decision-making by New Zealand's auditor-general. The review found shortcomings in the defence acquisition process, but not in the eventual vehicle selection. In 2010, the government said it would look at the possibility of selling 35 LAVs, around a third of the fleet, as being surplus to requirements.  On 4 September 2010, in the aftermath of the 2010 Canterbury earthquake, the New Zealand Defence Force deployed to the worst affected areas of Christchurch to aid in relief efforts and assist NZ police in enforcing a night time curfew at the request of Christchurch Mayor Bob Parker and Prime Minister John Key.

Commemorations.

NZ Army Day is celebrated on 25 March, the anniversary of the day in 1845 when the New Zealand Legislative Council passed the first Militia Act on 25 March 1845 constituting the New Zealand Army.  ANZAC Day is the main annual commemorative activity for New Zealand soldiers. On 25 April each year the landings at Gallipoli are remembered, though the day has come to mean remembering the fallen from all wars in which New Zealand has been involved. While a New Zealand public holiday, it is a duty day for New Zealand military personnel, who, even if not involved in official commemorative activities are required to attend an ANZAC Day Dawn Parade in ceremonial uniform in their home location.  Remembrance Day, commemorating the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, is marked by official activities with a military contribution normally with parades and church services on the closest Sunday. However, ANZAC Day has a much greater profile and involves a much higher proportion of military personnel.  New Zealand Wars Day is commemorated on 28 October, this is the national day marking the 19th-century New Zealand Wars.  The various regiments of the New Zealand Army mark their own Corps Days, many of which are derived from those of the corresponding British regiments. Examples are Cambrai Day on 20 November for the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps, St Barbara's Day on 4 December for the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery.

Current deployments.

The New Zealand Army currently has personnel deployed in these locations:

Dress.

Like all Commonwealth countries Uniforms of the New Zealand Army had historically followed those of the British Army. From World War II until the late 1950s British Battledress was worn with "jungle greens" being used as field wear thereafter, until the introduction of Military camouflage in 1980. Reforms in 1997 saw British-influenced modifications to the combat uniform and a further reform in 2008 saw the combat uniform updated to the modern ACU style. A new camouflage pattern was adopted in 2013 and the uniform cut became a hybrid of the ACU and SOF styles.  The high crowned Campaign hat, nicknamed the "lemon squeezer" in New Zealand, was for decades the most visible national distinction. This was adopted by the Wellington Regiment about 1911 and became general issue for all New Zealand units during the latter stages of World War I. The different branches of service were distinguished by coloured puggaree or wide bands around the base of the crown (blue and red for artillery, green for mounted rifles, khaki and red for infantry etc.). The "lemon squeezer" was worn to a certain extent during World War II, although often replaced by more convenient forage caps or berets, or helmets. After being in abeyance since the 1950s, the Campaign hat was reintroduced for ceremonial wear in 1977 for Officer cadets and the New Zealand Army Band.  The M1 steel helmet was the standard combat helmet from 1960 to 2000 although the "boonie hat," was common in overseas theatres, such as in the Vietnam War. New Zealand forces also used the U.S PASGT helmet until 2009 after which the Australian Enhanced Combat Helmet became the standard issue helmet until 2019. The current combat helmet is the Viper P4 Advanced Combat Helmet by Revision Military.  British DPM was adopted in 1980 as the camouflage pattern for clothing, the colours of which were further modified several times to better suit New Zealand conditions. This evolved pattern is now officially referred to as New Zealand disruptive pattern material (NZDPM.) A new field uniform, similar to the British Army's was issued in 1997. In the 1990s a universal pattern mess uniform replaced various regimental and corps mess dress uniforms previously worn. The mess uniform is worn by officers and senior NCOs for formal evening occasions.  The wide-brimmed khaki slouch hat known as the Mounted Rifles Hat (MRH) with green puggaree replaced the khaki "No 2" British Army peaked cap as service dress headdress for all branches in 1998.  From 2002 under a "one beret" policy, berets of all branches of service are now universally rifle-green, with the exceptions only of the tan beret of the New Zealand Special Air Service and the blue beret of the New Zealand Defence Force Military Police.  In 2003 a desert DPM pattern, also based on the British pattern was in use with New Zealand peacekeeping forces in Iraq, Afghanistan and Africa. NZ SAS soldiers serving in Afghanistan were issued with Australian-sourced uniforms in Crye MultiCam camouflage.  In 2008 the field uniform was updated to an Army Combat Uniform-style cut and made in ripstop material.  In 2012 the MRH became the standard Army ceremonial headdress with the "lemon squeezer" being retained only for colour parties and other limited categories.  NZDPM and NZDDPM were replaced in 2013 by a single camouflage pattern and a new uniform called the New Zealand Multi Terrain Camouflage Uniform (MCU.) The shirt remains in an ACU-style however the pants are based on the Crye G3 combat pant with removable knee pads, usually otherwise associated with Special Forces and Police tactical unit assault uniforms. The MCU, with the addition of a beret or sometimes the Mounted Rifles Hat, is now the working uniform for all branches and divisions of the NZDF.  Due to shortcomings and poor performances of the MCU uniform, the New Zealand Army announced plans to replace it in 2020 with a new camouflage pattern called NZMTP, based on the British Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) produced by Crye Precision in the United States. The new uniforms will revert back to the 2008 cut and be manufactured locally.

Structure.

The New Zealand Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (Chief of the General Staff until 2002), who is a major general or two-star appointment. The current Chief of Army is Major General Dave Gawn. The Chief of Army has responsibility for raising, training and sustaining those forces necessary to meet agreed government outputs. For operations, the Army's combat units fall under the command of the land component commander, who is on the staff of the COMJFNZ at Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand at Trentham in Upper Hutt. Forces under the land component commander include the 1st Brigade and 1 NZ SAS Group.  No. 3 Squadron RNZAF provides tactical air transport support.  Land Training and Doctrine Group

Regiments and corps of the New Zealand Army.

The following is a list of the Corps of the New Zealand Army, ordered according to the traditional seniority of all the Corps.

Army Reserve.

The Territorial Force (TF), the long established reserve component of the New Zealand Army, has as of 2009–2010 been renamed the Army Reserve, in line with other Commonwealth countries, though the term "Territorial Force" remains the official nomenclature in the Defence Act 1990. It provides individual augmentees and formed bodies for operational deployments. There are Reserve units throughout New Zealand, and they have a long history. The modern Army Reserve is divided into three regionally-based battalion groups. Each of these is made up of smaller units of different specialities. The terms'regiment' and 'battalion group' seem to be interchangeably used, which can cause confusion. However, it can be argued that both are accurate in slightly different senses. In a tactical sense, given that the Reserve units are groupings of all arms, the term 'battalion group' is accurate, though usually used for a much more single-arm heavy grouping, three infantry companies plus one armoured squadron, for example. NZ reserve battalion groups are composed of a large number of small units of different types.  The term'regiment' can be accurately applied in the British regimental systems sense, as all the subunits collectively have been given the heritage of the former NZ infantry regiments (1900–1964). TF regiments prepare and provide trained individuals in order to top-up and sustain operational and non-operational units to meet directed outputs. TF regiments perform the function of a training unit, preparing individuals to meet prescribed outputs. The six regiments command all Territorial Force personnel within their region except those posted to formation or command headquarters, Military Police (MP) Company, Force Intelligence Group (FIG) or 1 New Zealand Special Air Services (NZSAS) Regiment. At a minimum, each regiment consists of a headquarters, a recruit induction training (RIT) company, at least one rifle company, and a number of combat support or combat service support companies or platoons.  3/1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment, previously existed on paper as a cadre. If needed, it would have been raised to full strength through the regimentation of the Territorial Force infantry units. Army plans now envisage a three manoeuvre unit structure of 1 RNZIR, QAMR, and 2/1 RNZIR (light), being brought up to strength by TF individual and subunit reinforcements.  The New Zealand Cadet Corps also exists as an army-affiliated youth training and development organisation, part of the New Zealand Cadet Forces.  A rationalisation plan to amalgamate the then existing six Reserve Regiments to three, and to abolish one third of Reserve personnel posts, had been mooted for some years. This was finally agreed by the New Zealand government in August 2011, and was implemented in 2012.  The Territorial Forces Employer Support Council is an organisation that provides support to Reserve personnel of all three services and their civilian employers. It is a national organisation appointed by the minister of defence to work with employers and assist in making Reserve personnel available for operational deployments.

The New Zealand Army (, "Tribe of the God of War") is the land component of the New Zealand Defence Force and comprises around 4,500 Regular Force personnel, 2,000 Territorial Force personnel and 500 civilians. Formerly the New Zealand Military Forces, the current name was adopted by the New Zealand Army Act 1950. The New Zealand Army traces its history from settler militia raised in 1845.

Die New Zealand Army (Maorisch: "Ngāti Tūmatauenga", wörtlich "Stamm der Kriegsgott") bildet die Landstreitkräfte der New Zealand Defence Force. Gegenwärtig besteht sie aus etwa 4500 Mann.


Rationale.

A penalty shootout is normally used only in "no ties allowed" situations (for example, a tournament where the losers must be eliminated) and where other methods such as extra time and sudden death have failed to determine a winner first. It avoids the delays involved in staging replayed matches in order to produce a tie-break. A common complaint about penalty shootouts is that they only determine the better team in the one, rather narrow, discipline of taking penalty shots, rather than fairly determining the better team in overall play.

Sports.

Sports in which a penalty shootout may be used include:

Football/soccer.

Penalty shootouts, properly known as "kicks from the penalty mark" and a nickname of "spot kicks", are used as a tie-breaking measure in many knock-out tournaments or cup competitions where matches cannot end in a draw. If scores are level after regular time and extra-time (if used), each team will alternately take penalty kicks against the opposition goalkeeper. If, after five pairs of kicks, an equal number have been scored by each team the shootout proceeds to sudden death.

Handball.

If a game is tied after regular time and a clear winner is necessary (like in knockout tournaments), it would proceed to two 5-minute periods of overtime with a 1-minute break before each. If the scores are still tied, a second overtime of 2x5 minutes is played. If the game is still tied after 2 overtimes, the game goes into a penalty shootout. Five players per side throw 7-meters-penalties, if still tied, one player per side take a penalty throw until a decision is found, which is the same procedure as in association football.

Ice hockey.

If the score remains tied after an overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of a set number of players from each team (3 in the NHL and IIHF rules and 5 in most North American minor leagues, and one in some other leagues) taking penalty shots. After these shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory. If the score is still tied, additional shots are played until one team scores and the other does not; the scoring team wins and is awarded two points in the standings, while the losing team is awarded one point. In North America, the winning team receives two points regardless of whether the win comes in regulation, overtime or the shootout, while the losing team receives no points for a regulation loss and one point for an overtime or shootout loss. In the NHL, the player scoring the shootout-winning goal is not officially credited with a goal in his personal statistics; thus, a player who scores twice in regulation and once in the shootout is not credited with a hat trick. On December 16, 2014, the Florida Panthers defeated the Washington Capitals 2-1 in the 20th round of a shootout, making it the longest shootout in NHL history.  In many European leagues a team receives three points for a regulation win and two for an overtime or shootout win, with the losing team's points awarded in the same manner as in North America. Regardless of the number of goals scored during the shootout by either team, the final score awards the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time (or overtime).  In many North American minor leagues, the player that scores the shootout-winning goal is credited with one shot on goal and one goal. The losing goaltender of the shootout is credited with one shot against, one goal against, and an overtime/shootout loss. North American professional hockey does not allow shootouts in post-season play, and instead will play multiple 20-minute sudden-death overtime periods as are needed until a team scores. The official IIHF name of the procedure is game-winning shots (GWS). In some European countries, the post-game penalty shots are unofficially known as "bullets".

Rugby union.

In rugby union, five players take kicks on goal from the centre of the 22-metre line. If the scores are level after five players from each team have kicked, the shootout goes to sudden death. This tie-breaking method was used for the first time at a professional level in Leicester Tigers' Heineken Cup semi-final victory over the Cardiff Blues on 3 May 2009; after a 26–26 draw after extra time, Leicester won the shootout 7–6.

Water polo.

Following a tie in regulation, 5 players and a goalkeeper are chosen by the coaches of each team. Players shoot from the 5 meter line alternately at either end of the pool in turn until all five have taken a shot. If the score is still tied, the same players shoot alternately until one team misses and the other scores. The scores from the penalty shootout are added to the score instead of being counted as a separate score as in other sports. Colleges have no such shootout procedure; teams play two straight 3-minute periods, and if still tied play multiple 3-minute golden goal periods.

American football.

In the revived XFL, for games that end in a tie after regulation, each team gets up to five one-play possessions to score two-point conversions from the five-yard line, with each team taking alternating turns. Unlike other gridiron football leagues, a coin toss does not determine who has first possession in overtime; instead, the visiting team has first possession and the home team second for each round. The defensive team cannot score in overtime; if the offensive team commits a turnover, the play is ruled dead immediately. If the defensive team commits a penalty, the ball is placed on the one-yard line and the conversion attempt retried; any subsequent defensive penalty results in an automatic score for the offensive team. If the offensive team commits a pre-snap penalty, the ball is respotted pursuant to regular rules; however, a post-snap offensive penalty results in loss of down and no score. If the score remains tied after five rounds, subsequent rounds are played until the tie is broken.  Since the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season, if a game reaches a fifth overtime, teams alternate running two-point plays, instead of starting another drive at the opponent’s 25-yard line.

Other uses.

Penalty shootouts are also used on a few game shows:

The penalty shootout is a method of determining a winner in sports matches that would have otherwise been drawn or tied. The rules for penalty shootouts vary between sports and even different competitions; however, the usual form is similar to penalty shots in that a single player takes one shot on goal from a specified spot, the only defender being the goalkeeper. If the result is still tied, the shootout usually continues on a "goal-for-goal" basis, with the teams taking shots alternately, and the one that scores a goal unmatched by the other team is declared the winner. This may continue until every player has taken a shot, after which players may take extra shots, until the tie is broken, and is also known as "sudden death".

Das Penaltyschießen oder auch Shootout, ist eine Methode um einen Gewinner bei einem Spiel zu ermitteln, nachdem in der Verlängerung immer noch ein Unentschieden herrscht.


Biography.

Sevak was born Paruyr Ghazaryan () in Chanakhchi (now Zangakatun) village, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union to Rafael Ghazaryan and Anahit Soghomonyan on January 24, 1924. Young Paruyr attended the village school and later in 1940 moved to Yerevan to study at the philological faculty of Yerevan State University. He graduated from the YSU in 1945. The same year he starts a postgraduate study of Armenian literature at the Academy of Sciences Abeghyan Institute of Literature. In 1951 Sevak went to Moscow to study at the Gorky Institute of World Literature. Graduating from that institute Paruyr works there in 1957-59 as a translating professor.  Inspired by the Western Armenian poet Ruben Sevak, Paruyr Ghazaryan adopted the name Paruyr Sevak as his pen name.  In 1960 Sevak returns to Yerevan and starts his fecund and meaningful literary, scientific and public activism. He starts to work at the Abeghyan Institute of Literature as a scientific researcher. From 1966-1971 Sevak served as the Secretary of the Board of the Writers Union of Armenia.  In 1967 Sevak became a doctor of philology after dissertation defense. In 1968 he was elected to the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR.  Sevak died on June 17, 1971 in a car crash while on a drive back to Yerevan. In previous years, he had voiced his criticism of the corruption of the Soviet establishment and for this, many Armenians believe, he was murdered by the Soviet government. His wife, Nelly Menagharishvili, also died in the car crash. He was buried in the backyard of his home, in Zangakatun, which later became a museum open to everyone.

Literary work.

Sevak's poem "The Unsilenceable Belfry" is dedicated to Armenian composer Komitas Vardapet and to the remembrance of the Armenian Genocide.

Legacy and memory.

One of the mains streets of Yerevan's Kanaker-Zeytun district is named after Sevak. School #123 of Yerevan is named after Paruyr Sevak.

Paruyr Sevak () (January 24, 1924 – June 17, 1971) was an Armenian poet, translator and literary critic. He is considered one of the greatest Armenian poets of the 20th century.

Paroujr Sewak (, ); (* 24. Januar 1924 als Paroujr Rafajeli Ghasarjan (, ) in Tschanachtschin im Ararat-Rajon bei Jerewan; † 17. Juni 1971 in Jerewan) war ein armenisch-sowjetischer Dichter und Literaturwissenschaftler.


Early life.

Sacchetti was born in 1586, the second surviving son of Giovanni Battista Sacchetti and Francesca Altoviti, both Florentine patricians who had moved to Rome in the late sixteenth century. Giulio was the uncle of Cardinal Urbano Sacchetti.  Sacchetti's father was a trading partner of the Barberini family of Pope Urban VIII and the two families became close. Sacchetti's elder brother, Marcello Sacchetti, became papal treasurer to Pope Urban VIII and a prominent patron of the arts until his death in 1629.  Sacchetti was educated at the University of Perugia and the University of Pisa. On 10 December 1623, he was consecrated bishop by Agustín Spínola Basadone, Bishop of Tortosa, with Ottavio Accoramboni, Archbishop Emeritus of Urbino, and Diego Merino, Bishop of Montepeloso, serving as co-consecrators, and elected Bishop of Gravina.

Elevation to cardinal.

Sacchetti was papal nuncio to Madrid from 1624-1626. His service in the Spanish Nunciature and ties to the new pope ensured his becoming a cardinal only two years after his consecration. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Urban VIII on 19 January 1626, and named Cardinal-Priest of Santa Susanna. He was appointed papal legate to Ferrara from 1627 to 1631, and to Bologna from 1637 until 1640.  He held a number of senior positions within the Roman Curia, including Prefect of the "Sacred Congregation of Religious Immunity", the "Sacred Congregation of Rites" and the "Tribunal of the Apostolic Signature of Justice". From 1641 to 1642 he served a term as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals.  In 1652 he was appointed Cardinal Bishop of Frascati, a position he held until 1655 when he was appointed Cardinal Bishop of Sabina.  He was appointed to the special council assembled to fight the plague in the papal states and was Prefect of the Tridentine Council from 1661 until his death.

Papal conclaves.

Sacchetti was presented by Antonio Barberini, at the instruction of Cardinal Mazarin, the French first minister, as the French nomination for the papacy at the papal conclave of 1644. So certain of victory was Sacchetti's brother Matteo, that he threw open the doors of his cellar and began giving away wine in celebration shouting, "Viva Papa Sacchetti!" ("Long live Pope Sacchetti!"). Contemporary John Bargrave suggested Matteo's certainty stemmed from the fact that the Barberini (two of whom were cardinals and nephews of the previous Pope Urban VIII) had started referring to him as "Your Eminence"; a title reserved for cardinals, suggesting his brother's elevation to the papacy (and thus his own to the cardinalate) was imminent.  However, Sacchetti was not a popular choice with the people of Rome who were afraid he would pursue Barberini policies and practices if elected. To this end they devised a rhyming ditty expressing: 'Don't make Sacchetti pope or Rome will fall to pieces'. Spain, fearing he would be pro-French, vetoed his nomination via its representative Cardinal Gil de Albornoz. The conclave instead elected Giovanni Battista Pamphili, who took the papal throne as Pope Innocent X. Mazarin attempted to use the French veto against Pamphili, who apparently favoured the Spanish, but it arrived too late.  Despite his close association with the Barberini, who suffered under Innocent X, Giulio Sacchetti's career continued to flourish.  When Innocent X died, Sacchetti was again presented as the French candidate at the papal conclave of 1655 but when it became apparent that he did not have a majority, he asked Mazarin to give his support to Fabio Chigi, who was duly elected and took the name of Alexander VII.

Death and burial.

Sacchetti died 28 June 1663 in Rome and was buried at the Florentine church of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini in Rome.

Episcopal succession.

While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:

Giulio Cesare Sacchetti (1586 – 28 June 1663) was an Italian Catholic Cardinal and was twice included in the French Court's list of acceptable candidates for the Papacy, in 1644 and 1655.

Giulio Cesare Sacchetti (* 17. Dezember 1587 in Rom; † 28. Juni 1663 ebenda) war ein italienischer Kurienkardinal der Römischen Kirche.