Biography.

Campbell was born in Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland in 1930, the third son of R. J. Campbell, a farm supplier. He studied at Trinity College, Dublin with James Desmond Smyth, graduating in 1952 with first class honours in Zoology. He then attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison on a Fulbright Scholarship, earning his PhD degree in 1957 for work on the liver fluke, a parasite affecting sheep.  From 1957 to 1990 Campbell worked at Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, and from 1984 to 1990 he was a Senior Scientist and Director with Assay Research and Development. He became a US citizen in 1964. One of his discoveries while at Merck was the fungicide thiabendazole, used to treat potato blight, historically a scourge of Ireland. Thiabendazole is also used to treat trichinosis in humans.  Campbell is best known for his work on parasitic diseases. Japanese microbiologist Satoshi Ōmura isolated and cultured many varieties of natural soil-based bacteria from the group Streptomyces. Campbell lead a team at Merck in studying Ōmura's cultures and examining their effectiveness in treating parasites in domestic and farm animals. From the sample Streptomyces avermitilis, naturally produced in soil, he derived macrocyclic lactone. After further modification, it was named ivermectin (generic) or Mectizan.  In 1978, having identified a successful treatment for a type of worms affecting horses, Campbell realised that similar treatments might be useful against related types of worms that affect humans. In 1981, Merck carried out successful Phase 1 treatment trials in Senegal and France on river blindness. Taken orally, the drug paralyses and sterilises the parasitic worm that causes the illness. Merck went on to study the treatment of elephantiasis. The research of Satoshi Ōmura, William Campbell, and their co-workers created a new class of drugs for the treatment of parasites.  In 1987, Merck decided to donate Mectizan to developing countries. Campbell was instrumental in that decision. With the World Health Organization they created an "unprecedented" drug donation program, with the intention of wiping out the disease. an estimated 25 million people were being treated each year, in a total of 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East., the Carter Center independently verified that the disease had been eradicated in Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico.  From 1990 to 2010, when he retired, Campbell was a research fellow at Drew University in Madison, N.J., where he supervised undergraduate research and taught courses in parasitology. He has written about the history of parasitology in Antarctic exploration, including the work of surgeon Edward L. Atkinson in Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition.  In 2002, Campbell was elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2015, he and Satoshi Ōmura shared half of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their research on therapies against infections caused by roundworm parasites, using derivatives of avermectin. Campbell is the seventh Irish person to be awarded a Nobel Prize, including Ernest Walton was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951 and Samuel Beckett for Literature in 1968.

Personal life.

William C. Campbell is married to Mary Mastin Campbell. He is a published poet and painter. His recreational activities include table tennis and kayaking.

William Cecil Campbell (born 28 June 1930) is an Irish and American biologist and parasitologist known for his work in discovering a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworms, for which he was jointly awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He helped to discover a class of drugs called ivermectins, whose derivatives have been shown to have "extraordinary efficacy" in treating River blindness and Lymphatic filariasis, among other parasitic diseases affecting animals and humans. Campbell worked at the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research 1957–1990, and is currently a research fellow emeritus at Drew University.

William Cecil Campbell (* 28. Juni 1930 in Ramelton, Irland) ist ein US-amerikanischer Biochemiker und Parasitologe irischer Herkunft. Im Jahre 2015 erhielt er gemeinsam mit Satoshi Ōmura und Tu Youyou den Nobelpreis für Physiologie oder Medizin. Er und Ōmura entdeckten den Arzneistoff Avermectin, der bei der Behandlung von parasitären Infektionen (insbesondere gegen Fadenwürmer) eingesetzt wird.


History.

"Castle-skeagh" was granted to Michael Balfour, Lord Balfour of Burleigh from Fife, Scotland, by King James I in the Plantation of Ulster. He sold his lands in Fermanagh to his younger brother James, Lord Balfour of Glenawley in 1615. In 1618/19 Captain Nicholas Pynnar reported that Balfour had begun his building at Castle-skeagh. The village of Lisnaskea developed around it. The castle was altered in 1652 and damaged in 1689. The last person to possess and inhabit the Castle was James Haire (1737-1833) who leased the castle from John Creighton, Earl Erne. James Haire and his family ceased to occupy the castle after it was destroyed by an arson-based fire in 1803. His mother, Phoebe Haire, was killed by the fire. It is believed that the perpetrator of the fire was a member of the Maguire clan. Major conservation and restoration was undertaken in the 1960s and further conservation work was completed in the late 1990s.  Evidence of an earlier ringfort indicates the area had been inhabited from very early times. In Castle Balfour Demesne, slight surface evidence for a fosse between two banks was revealed after excavation to have been 2m deep. Attempts to find the outer fosse of a bivallate ringfort revealed ‘no distinct, steep edges’ contrasting with the steeply cut inner fosse. Radiocarbon dates of 359-428 AD were found from the ringfort at Castle Balfour.

Features.

In 1618/19 Captain Nicholas Pynnar reported that Balfour had 'laid the foundation of a bawne of lime and stone 70 ft square, of which the two sides are raised 15 ft high. There is also a castle of the same length, of which the one half is built two stories high and is to be three stories and a half high’. Castle Balfour was a long, rectangular three storey building, on a north-south axis, the main block being 26m by 8m. It had a square wing to the east and west and a later rectangular block on the northern end. It has the style of a Scottish castle and the building is thought to be the work of Lowland Scots masons. The surviving castle is in a T plan with an entrance with gun-loops. The castle has vaulted rooms and a kitchen with fireplace and oven on the ground floor, main dwelling rooms on the first floor and corbelled turrets with gun slits.

Castle Balfour is a castle situated in Lisnaskea, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It sits at the edge of the parish graveyard just west of Main Street. The castle is a State Care Historic Monument sited in the townland of Castle Balfour Demesne, in the Fermanagh and Omagh district area, at grid ref: H3622 3369.

Castle Balfour ist eine Burgruine im Dorf "Lisnaskea" im nordirischen County Fermanagh. Sie steht am Rande des Friedhofes, unmittelbar westlich der Hauptstraße. Die Burg ist ein "State Care Historic Monument" und liegt im Townland von "Castle Balfour Demesne" im District Fermanagh and Omagh.


Consecration.

McLeod was consecrated as the Ninth Bishop of Vermont on All Saints Day, November 1, 1993, at the Flynn Center for the Performing Arts in Burlington Vermont. The Principal Consecrator was Edmond L. Browning, the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church at that time. Michael Geoffrey Peers, Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada and 28 Episcopal and Anglican Bishops participated in the historic service. A capacity crowd attended the event, which was televised nationwide by satellite.  The service included a hymn commissioned for the occasion, “God, beyond all human praises.” The music was composed by Richard Wayne Dirksen, words by Charles P. Price.

Biography.

Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod was born in Birmingham Alabama. Following high school, she attended the University of Alabama where she majored in History and was a member of Kappa Delta sorority.  Following college, she married and raised five children. During this period, she was a member and Officer of the Junior League of Birmingham Alabama and a community volunteer. She was an active member of St. Luke’s Episcopal Church in Mountain Brook Alabama. At age 39, she entered seminary.  McLeod received an L.Th. degree from The School of Theology, (Sewanee) in 1980. She ranked second in her class.  She was ordained a deacon in June 1980 and ordained a priest in December of that same year. After ordination, she was Co-Rector of St. Timothy’s Episcopal Church, Athens Alabama from 1980-1983 and Co-Rector of St. John’s Episcopal Church, Charleston, West Virginia from 1983-1993. She also served as Archdeacon for southern West Virginia.  Bishop McLeod holds honorary degrees from Smith College (L.H.D.), Episcopal Divinity School (D.D.), and the University of Charleston (D.D.).

Accomplishments as Bishop.

The Rt. Rev. Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod served as Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont from 1993 until 2001 when she retired.  Accomplishments during her Episcopacy include:  On her retirement, one Vermont Episcopalian described Bishop McLeod as “Firm, Friendly, Focused, Fiscal, Funny, and of course Feminine.”

Ministries in the National Church.

Her national Episcopal Church ministries included; Secretary of the House of Bishops, one of three Bishops appointed by the Presiding Bishop to respond to alleged Bishop misconduct, Board of Pastoral Development, Board of the Episcopal Women’s Caucus, Dialogue on Human Sexuality Committee, Board of Kanuga Conference Center, Board of Visitors for Episcopal Divinity School, Stewardship Consultation Committee, Vice-Chair of the Canons Committee, General Convention Planning Committee, Rules of Order Committee, Ad Hoc Committee to Study Insurance Issues, Judge, House of Bishops Trial Court, College for Bishops Committee, and Dispatch of Business Committee.

Commitment to Rights of LGBT Persons.

Bishop McLeod is a long-time supporter of full inclusion and rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) persons both in the church and in society. When the Vermont General Assembly debated proposed legislation to extend marriage benefits to gay and lesbian couples, she testified before the House Judiciary Committee urging approval of the Bill. "Such action will serve to strengthen [the state's] social fabric and is not a threat to traditional marriage", she said to the Committee.  She enunciated her views on LGBT rights in a Pastoral Letter titled, “Let the Church Be the First to Issue an Emancipation Proclamation.” In it, she stated, “Heterosexual and homosexual people are equally capable of entering into life-long unions of love, mutual support and fidelity.” Further, “God's great gift of love and the expression of that love cannot and should not be denied to those among us who happen to be homosexual.” She requested the letter be read in every Episcopal Church in Vermont.

Personal.

Her published writings include a major piece in "A Voice of Our Own: Leading American Women Celebrate the Right to Vote" and a poem, “Granny’s Treasure,” in "Women’s Uncommon Prayers: Our Lives Revealed, Nurtured, Celebrated".  She is married to the Rev. Henry M. McLeod III and has five children and eight grandchildren.

Mary Adelia Rosamond McLeod (born September 27, 1938) was the first woman Diocesan Bishop in the Episcopal Church. She was elected Bishop of the Diocese of Vermont on June 5, 1993 at a Special Convention held at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in Burlington. Clergy and Lay Delegates selected her from among five nominees.

Mary Adelia McLeod (* 27. September 1938 in Birmingham, Alabama) ist eine US-amerikanische anglikanische Bischöfin der Episkopalkirche der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.


History.

Formosa Plastics Group was formed in 1958 to reflect vertical integration of the PVC manufacturing process by the Formosa Plastics Corporation (FPC). Nan Ya Plastics Processing Corp. was formed to purchase PVC resins produced by FPC. A third member of the group, New Eastern Plastics Product, was formed to manufacture those processed resins into consumer goods. Nan Ya and New Eastern were later merged into a single entity, Nan Ya Plastics Corp., and upstream integration was achieved in the 1990s through the construction of an ethylene-producing naphtha cracking plant and a coal-burning power plant. In Taiwan, FPG has also diversified into many other fields, including textiles, electronics, medicine, skin care, automobile manufacturing, gasoline retail and petroleum refining.  FPG's overseas expansion has focused primarily on the United States and mainland China. The group has purchased or constructed many PVC factories and chemical production facilities in both countries. American holdings also include Texas properties containing over 200 oil wells and lands rich in natural gas, pipeline and production firms, and an ethylene plant in Point Comfort, Texas that was constructed in 1988. Chinese expansion has included a power plant in Zhuangzhou, Fujian Province and at least 40 FPG-built factories across the country.  FPG's non-manufacturing operations include the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, named after the late father of the FPG chairman, Wang Chang-gung. Since its founding in 1976, the non-profit hospital has expanded to 5 cities in Taiwan. In 1984, the Linkou branch undertook the first liver transplant operation in Asia.  In the early 2010s the group became the primary backer of the Formosa Ha Tinh Steel Corporation, a large iron and steel works in Vietnam.  FPG was responsible for a serious discharge of toxic pollution from one of its steel complexes. The release resulted in an estimated 115 tons of dead fish washing ashore in Vietnam. The environmental pollution negatively affected the livelihood of 200,000 people including local fishers. In July 2016, FPG pledged to pay compensation to Vietnamese impacted by the environmentally toxic discharge in the amount of $500 million. In February 2018 Hoang Duc Binh was jailed for 14 years for live streaming fisherman travelling to file a lawsuit over the plant's pollution Formosa Plastics has planned the construction of a 9.4 billion dollar fossil fuel plant entitled "The Sunshine Project" in an area of Louisiana that has already been dubbed as "Cancer Alley" due to illnesses caused by pollutants in the environment leaked from existing fossil fuel plants.

Naphtha Cracker #6 (六輕).

FPG's naphtha cracker – the sixth petrochemical processing plant of that kind in Taiwan – was first proposed in 1973, but the ruling KMT government still imposed a monopoly at that time and denied permission. Permission was granted in 1986, as President Chiang Ching-kuo instituted reforms to loosen the authoritarianism instituted by his father, Chiang Kai-shek. At that time, FPG proposed a NT$90 billion complex that would be located in the Litzu Industrial Zone of Ilan County. Local residents opposed this plan on the basis of its environmental impact and, led by County Magistrate Chen Ding-Nan (陳定南), formed the Alliance against Sixth Naphtha Cracker. After a successful campaign, including a televised debate between Chen and FPG Chairman Wang, they eventually forced the company to look elsewhere. The second site proposed by FPG, in Taoyuan County's Kuanyin Industrial Zone, generated similar opposition from local residents.  FPG shelved these proposals in 1989 and Chairman Wang Yung-ching traveled secretly to mainland China to find a solution there. In 1990, he announced his intention to develop the complex on the People's Republic of China-controlled island of Haitsang, in Fujian Province. The Nationalist government condemned the project and in 1992 secured an offshore site near Mailiao, in Taiwan's impoverished Yunlin County, where local administrators welcomed the investment.  Total investment in the complex, after four "phases" of construction throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, came to NT$650 billion and included the following major features:  This project provoked intense opposition, just as Chiang Ching-kuo's reforms allowed tolerance for public expressions of dissatisfaction. The environmentalists' public protests, including a 3000-person rally at the Ministry of Economic Affairs in 1990, reflected the island's gradual transformation from authoritarianism to democracy. Beyond environmental concerns, protesters and newly legalized opposition parties denounced the cronyism they saw in the expedited approvals, extended tax holiday, subsidized loans, extremely low land prices for the land, and special allowance for a private port.  During the construction of Naphtha Cracker #6, further trouble arose when 200 to 300 Thai and Filipino workers fought on 5 September 1999. The brawl was reported to have lasted eight hours. Despite these complications, the plant proceeded as scheduled and continues to enjoy government support.

Subsidiaries.

The following of FPG companies are located in Taiwan:  FPG also maintains the following overseas subsidiaries:  The following educational and medical institutions also fall under the FPG umbrella:

Formosa Plastics Group (FPG, ) is a titular Taiwanese conglomerate of diverse interests, including biotechnology, petrochemical processing and production of electronics components. The company was founded by Wang Yung-ching and his brother Wang Yung-tsai and is chaired by Lee Chih-tsuen.

Formosa Plastics Group (FPG, ) ist ein taiwanesischer Chemiekonzern, der zu den größten der Welt gehört. FPG ist einer der größten Hersteller von Kunststoffen (PVC, PP, PE).


History.

Founded in 1959 in a garage in Queens, New York, Conair started out by selling hair rollers and then hair dryers. It continued to expand, and became a public company in 1972, but then went private again after a leveraged buyout in 1985. It was owned by the co-founder and chairman Leandro Rizzuto until his death in 2017.  Conair is one of the largest producers of hair care appliances, ranging from hair dryers and styling irons to its innovative hair curlers, Curl Secret and Miracurl Stylers. The company also manufactures a wide range of home kitchen appliances under its brands Cuisinart and Waring.  In 2002 Rizzuto pleaded guilty to tax evasion associated with his tenure as Chief Executive Officer of Conair, and was sentenced to a prison term of 20 to 37 months.  Conair acquired Cuisinart in 1989, Waring Products in 1998, and bag manufacturer Allegro in 2007. Pollenex was acquired after Jarden acquired Holmes in 2005, and it was rebranded as Conair Home in 2013.  In 2019, Transom Capital Group announced it has acquired Conair Corporation's professional liquids division, which will be renamed to Beauty Quest Group.

Brands.

Brands by division include:

Cuisinart Resort and Spa.

CuisinArt Resort and Spa' is a five-star resort hotel in Rendezvous Beach, Anguilla. The resort is inspired by the Greek island of Mykonos. It contains wicker furniture and Haitian paintings on the walls. The formal evening restaurant of the hotel is "Santorini" and the informal "Meditarraneo" bar is by the pool. Its Venus Spa contains 16 treatment rooms and a heated Thalasso pool of seawater. The resort contains a notable hydroponic farm which is said to offer an opportunity for excellent practical training for students completing their degree or technical diploma program. It contains greenhouses covering some 18,000 square feet, manufactured by Agra Tech, Inc and two ponds which are used to grow bibb lettuce.

Subsidiaries.

Conair sells products in over 100 countries and has offices and subsidiaries in over 12 countries including Babyliss SARL in Paris, France.

Conair Corporation is an American company based in Stamford, Connecticut which sells small appliances, personal care products, and health and beauty products for both professionals and consumers. It was founded in 1959 and has since expanded to include ten product divisions.

Conair ist einer der weltweit größten Hersteller von Haushaltsklein-, Textilpflege- und Wellnessgeräten mit Sitz in East Windsor im Bundesstaat New Jersey.


Career.

Born in Chingola, he began taking part in sprinting in 2005 and was inspired by the achievements of Samuel Matete, Zambia's first athletics world champion and also a Chingola native. Kombe had his first success as a teenager in winning two gold medals at the Southern African Development Community's SADC Games. After a third place at the South African Regional Championships, he was set to compete at the 2007 World Youth Championships in Athletics, but ultimately did not compete. In 2008 he repeated his third-place finish at the regional event.  By his late teens he had establish himself among the nation's top sprinters and represented Zambia in three events at the 2010 African Championships in Athletics. He ran in the heats of the 200 metres, reached the semi-finals of the 400 metres and helped set a Zambian record of 40.94 seconds in the 4×100 metres relay – an event in which Zambia placed seventh in the final. He was chosen for the 400 m alone at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and managed to set a personal best and national junior record of 46.88 seconds in the heats to progress to the semi-finals. The following year he competed at the 2011 All-Africa Games and was again a semi-finalist.  At the 2012 African Championships in Athletics he competed in the 400 m only and despite opening with a personal best of 46.49 seconds he came fifth in his semi-final and did not reach the final round. He competed sparingly in 2013 but re-emerged in 2014 as an improved sprinter. He ran 400 m in under 46 seconds for the first time in July 2014: competing at altitude at Résisprint in La Chaux-de-Fonds, he placed third in 45.48 seconds in a race where Botswana Isaac Makwala broke the African record. He was unable to repeat this form at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, being eliminated in the semi-finals. However, he helped the Zambian team break the 4×400 metres relay national record with a run of 3:07.43 minutes in the heats before finishing eighth in the final.  A fast final at the 2014 African Championships in Athletics saw Kombe improve further to 45.27 seconds. This brought him fourth place while Makwala set a championship record over a second ahead. The finish earned him a place on the relay team for Africa at the 2014 IAAF Continental Cup, an event in which the Africans (Makwala, Kombe, Boniface Mucheru and Wayde Van Niekerk) were victorious.

Saviour Kombe (born 3 August 1991) is a Zambian track and field sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres. His personal best for the distance is 45.27 seconds. He is a joint holder of the Zambian record in the 4×100 metres relay and 4×400 metres relay.

Saviour Kombe (* 3. August 1991) ist ein sambischer Sprinter, der sich auf den 400-Meter-Lauf spezialisiert hat. Bei den Commonwealth Games 2010 in Neu-Delhi erreichte er das Halbfinale.


Early life and education.

Born in Glasgow, Kerevan was educated at Kingsridge Secondary School in Drumchapel and the University of Glasgow, graduating with a First-class MA degree in political economy.

Career.

Kerevan held academic posts at Napier College, including Senior Lecturer in Economics, from 1975–2000, specialising in energy economics. He was associate editor of "The Scotsman" from 2000 to 2009, and was the chief executive of What If Productions (Television) Ltd. He is co-organiser of the Prestwick World Festival of Flight.

Political career.

Kerevan was a member of the International Marxist Group, a Trotskyist group, between 1972–83. He later served as a Labour councillor in Edinburgh from 1984–1996. In 1996, he left Labour to join the Scottish National Party. He went on to stand unsuccessfully as the SNP candidate for Edinburgh East at the 2010 UK general election, as well as an SNP candidate in the Lothian region in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election.  Kerevan eventually stood successfully as the SNP candidate for East Lothian at the 2015 UK general election. He won 25,104 votes, a majority of 6,803, and unseated the then-incumbent Labour MP Fiona O'Donnell. He was a member of the House of Commons Treasury Select Committee. He subsequently lost his seat in the 2017 snap election to Martin Whitfield of the Labour Party, who won with a majority of 3,083 votes over Kerevan.

Selected works.

He is the co-author, with Alan Cochrane, of "Scottish Independence: Yes or No", published in April 2014.

George Kerevan (born 28 September 1949) is a Scottish journalist, economist, and Scottish National Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Lothian from 2015, until he lost his seat at the snap 2017 general election.

George Kerevan (* 28. September 1949 in Glasgow) ist ein schottischer Politiker der Scottish National Party (SNP), Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Journalist.


Early life.

Matthews was born in San Ramon, California to Brian, from California, and Ema, originally from Hermosillo, Mexico. He and his family moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, when Auston was two months old, and he began attending Phoenix Coyotes games at age two. His favorite players to watch were Shane Doan and Daniel Brière. Initially, Matthews did not have much interest in the sport but was captivated by the Zamboni machine that cleaned the ice during intermissions. He first expressed a desire to play hockey shortly after his fifth birthday, and began playing with the Arizona Bobcats minor hockey program. At age eight, Matthews was present in the stands watching a Phoenix Coyotes Game against the Washington Capitals where he witnessed Alexander Ovechkin's historic goal that would come to be referred to as "The Goal"; Matthews referred to it as "probably one of the best goals ever".  As a child, Matthews played both hockey and baseball. According to his father, baseball was his best sport; Auston's hand-eye coordination made him an excellent hitter. However, he hated the slow pace of the game, preferring the fast pace and constant action of hockey. When he first started playing hockey, his parents knew almost nothing of the sport. His main coach during his youth was Boris Dorozhenko, who had previously founded the national ice hockey program of Mexico. During Dorozhenko's first few years in the U.S., he lived with Matthews and his parents. Matthews played in the 2010 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Kharkov minor ice hockey team.

Playing career.

Junior.

Matthews was drafted 57th overall by the Western Hockey League's (WHL) Everett Silvertips in the 2012 WHL Bantam Draft but opted to play for the USA Hockey National Team Development Program, which participates in the United States Hockey League (USHL). That season, he played for the U.S. National U17 Team (USDP), where he gained national attention from NHL scouts, even being featured on the NHL website, with emphasis put on his unique southwestern background. In his second season with the U.S. National U18 Team (USDP), Matthews finished first in league scoring with 116 points (55 goals and 61 assists), breaking the National Team Development Program record of 102 points set by the Chicago Blackhawks' Patrick Kane in 2005–06 and besting Buffalo Sabres' Jack Eichel by 29 points. On May 21, 2015, Matthews won the USA Hockey Bob Johnson Award for excellence in international competition.  Matthews trained with the USA Hockey National Team Development Program team during the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons. He was named the most valuable player at the 2015 World U18 Championships in addition to being named to the IIHF All-Star Team, and named the IIHF Best Forward after finishing as the tournament's top scorer.

ZSC Lions.

Rather than continue in American amateur hockey or play major junior hockey in the Canadian Hockey League, Matthews chose to play professionally for his last season before he was eligible for the 2016 NHL Entry Draft, having missed the 2015 NHL Entry Draft cutoff date of birth by two days. On August 7, 2015, he signed a one-year contract to play in the Swiss National League A (NLA) for ZSC Lions. Matthews was approached by Lions head coach Marc Crawford, who was awed by his skating and puck possession while scouting the 2015 World U18 Championships. Crawford quickly called Matthews' agent, Pat Brisson, to discuss the proposal of signing the player to the team. Matthews and his family quickly agreed once the tournament had ended and spent the next few months applying for various paperwork. After missing the first four games of the 2015–16 regular season, he made his NLA debut on September 18, 2015, and scored his first goal in the game against goaltender Benjamin Conz of HC Fribourg-Gottéron on home ice at the Hallenstadion. He would spend most of the season on a line with Robert Nilsson, finding chemistry with the veteran forward.  On February 3, 2016, Matthews recorded two assists in a 4–1 win over the Lausanne HC in the 2015–16 Swiss Cup final. He finished the 2015–16 regular season as the second top-scorer on the Lions and tenth in the NLA. His 1.28 points-per-game average was second in the league behind only longtime NHL player Pierre-Marc Bouchard. He also won the NLA Rising Star Award and was second to Bouchard in voting for most valuable player. Matthews' stint in the NLA ended earlier than expected when the top-seeded Lions were swept in the first round of the 2016 playoffs by SC Bern.

Toronto Maple Leafs.

In late June, Matthews was selected first overall in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs, becoming the first American to be picked with the top selection since Patrick Kane in 2007. Matthews had been widely expected to go first overall for several months leading up to the event, consistently topping prospect charts and major scouting reporters. Media speculation suggested that Matthews and the team had engaged in a minor contract dispute over the issue of performance bonuses; Matthews was asking the team for a contract similar to that of Connor McDavid or Jack Eichel, which were both valued at $3.775 million annually, inclusive of bonuses. Although Maple Leafs general manager Lou Lamoriello had been very open over his disapproval of including bonuses in player contracts in the past, he was clear in stating that performance bonuses were never an issue while negotiating Matthews' contract. Lamoriello had previously been involved in a contract dispute while with the New Jersey Devils with fourth overall pick Adam Larsson over the issue of bonuses; there were no bonus clauses included in Larsson's entry-level contract.  On July 21, the two parties finalized a deal, with Matthews signing a three-year, entry-level contract which included the maximum allocation of performance bonuses. Lamoriello said that the contract was negotiated within ten minutes of sitting down with Matthews' agent, Pat Brisson, and that the deal was done "the Toronto way". Brisson would later confirm that the two parties did not have any issues negotiating the contract. The contract was identical in value to those McDavid and Eichel had signed one year earlier. Two weeks later, Matthews was given the NLA Youngster of the Year award, reserved for the league's top rookie. It was his fifth award from his stint in Switzerland.

2016–17.

Matthews made his NHL debut in the Maple Leafs' first game of the season on October 12, 2016, against the Ottawa Senators. He scored four goals in the game, all against Craig Anderson. This was the first time in modern NHL history a player scored four goals in his debut; previously, Joe Malone and Harry Hyland scored five goals each in their NHL debuts on December 19, 1917 (the first game in the history of the NHL). Four others had scored three goals since then. Matthews' jersey would go on sale following his debut, where it quickly became the highest-selling jersey in the NHL. Two months later, in the NHL Centennial Classic against the Detroit Red Wings, Matthews scored the game-winning goal in overtime, securing a 5–4 victory for the Maple Leafs. He was named NHL's Rookie of the Month for December after leading all rookies with 8 goals and 12 points in 12 games.  On January 10, 2017, Matthews was the only Leafs player selected to participate in the 2017 NHL All-Star Game. On March 28, 2017, Matthews scored his 35th goal of the season, surpassing Wendel Clark's previous record for most goals in a season (34) by a Leafs' rookie. April 3 saw Matthews score his 39th goal and 67th point, breaking the franchise record for most points in a season, as well as the record for most goals by an American-born rookie. A few days later, he scored his 40th goal of the season, becoming the second rookie since the 2004–05 lockout to reach the milestone and the fourth teenager in NHL history to do so. He finished the year with 40 goals, second-most in the NHL. Matthews' play assisted the Maple Leafs in making the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in a full season since 2004, where the team played the top-seeded Washington Capitals in the first round. After going pointless in the first two games of the series, Matthews scored in each of the last four games as the team was eliminated in six games by the Capitals. His four consecutive games with a goal marked the first time since 1986 where a teenager scored in four straight playoff games, when Wendel Clark did it, also with Toronto. Matthews was also the only NHL rookie since the Winnipeg Jets' Teemu Selänne in 1992–93 to record at least one shot on goal in all 82 regular season games. In recognition for his accomplishments throughout the year, Matthews was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy as the NHL's top rookie, with 164 of 167 first-place votes. He was the first Maple Leafs' rookie to receive the trophy in 50 years since Brit Selby in 1966.

2017–18.

Matthews set the unofficial NHL record for most consecutive games with a shot on goal to start a career. His 103-game streak ended in a 4–1 victory over the Calgary Flames on November 28, 2017. On December 9, after colliding with a teammate during a game against the Pittsburgh Penguins, Matthews missed six games to recover from a concussion. On January 10, 2018, Matthews was selected as the sole Maple Leaf to participate in the 2018 NHL All-Star Game. On February 24, it was revealed that Matthews had suffered a shoulder injury and would be out for at least ten days. However, he did not return to the Toronto lineup until March 22, 2018, where he scored a goal in the second period to help the Leafs win 5–2 over the Nashville Predators. Despite missing 20 games, Matthews finished the regular season with 34 goals and averaged over one point per game. The Maple Leafs qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the second consecutive season but were eliminated in the first round by the Boston Bruins. He was not particularly productive in his second playoff run, finishing with one goal and one assist in seven games.

2018–19.

The Maple Leafs opened their 2018–19 season on October 3, 2018, against the Montreal Canadiens. In that game, Matthews scored the team's first goal along with the overtime-winning goal in a 3–2 win. After recording five goals and three assists through the first three games of the season, Matthews was named the NHL's First Star of the Week on October 9. His points streak continued, recording four goals over the next two games for a total of 12 points in 5 games. In doing so, he became the youngest player in NHL history to record five multi-point games to open the season, breaking a record set by Wayne Gretzky in 1983. He continued his goal streak the next game against the defending Stanley Cup champions, the Washington Capitals. In scoring his tenth goal of the season, Matthews became only the fifth player since the 1943–44 season to record ten goals in his team's first six games of the season. On October 27, after being hit by Winnipeg Jets defenseman Jacob Trouba in a 3–2 Maple Leafs win, Matthews sustained a left shoulder injury and was set to be sidelined for at least four weeks. After missing 14 games, Matthews returned to the lineup on November 28 against the San Jose Sharks; he recorded two goals and one assist in Toronto's 5–3 win. On December 27, Matthews was voted as captain of the Atlantic Division in the 2019 National Hockey League All-Star Game. While it was his first year as a captain, it was Matthews' third All-Star selection.  On February 5, 2019, Matthews signed a new five-year, $58.17 million contract with Toronto worth an average annual value of $11.634 million, effective from the 2019–20 season through to the 2023–24 season. He later scored his 100th and 101st NHL goal on February 14, becoming the third-fastest Maple Leaf who began their career in Toronto to reach the milestone and the first since 1933. Matthews reached the 30-goal mark for the third consecutive season on February 25, 2019, after scoring in a 5–3 win over the Buffalo Sabres. In doing so, he became the first Maple Leaf to score at least 30 goals in each of his first three seasons.  Matthews finished the 2018–19 regular season with a career-high 73 points in 68 games to finish third in team scoring behind Mitch Marner (94) and John Tavares (88), both of whom also finished with career-highs in points. In the 2019 playoffs, Matthews set a playoff career-high with five goals and six points in seven games. However, the Maple Leafs were eliminated by the Boston Bruins in seven games for the second-straight season.

2019–20.

At the start of the 2019–20 season, Matthews was named an alternate captain for the Maple Leafs. He scored two goals in the season opener against the Ottawa Senators on October 3, becoming the fourth player in NHL history to score in each of their first four-season openers. As of that game, Matthews ranked third in the NHL with 116 goals in 215 games since making his debut in 2016. On October 7, Matthews was named the third NHL Star of the Week. He was then named to his fourth straight all-star appearance, but due to an “ongoing wrist condition,” he would not participate in the festivities, and Senators winger Brady Tkachuk replaced him. Matthews would finish the abbreviated regular season with career highs in goals (47) and points (80). His 47 goals placed him 2nd in the league, 1 goal behind Alex Ovechkin and David Pastrnak for the league lead.

International play.

Matthews helped lead the United States men's national under-18 ice hockey team to gold at the 2014 IIHF World U18 Championship. He did so again in the 2015 Championship, leading the tournament in scoring and being named the Most Valuable Player (MVP), as well as earning the top forward slot on the Media All-Star Team. He was also named to the roster for the 2015 Deutschland Cup but was forced to pull out of the tournament due to a back injury.  At the 2016 IIHF World Junior Championships held in Helsinki, Matthews and Matthew Tkachuk each recorded 11 points to lead the United States men's national junior ice hockey team in scoring. After losing in the semifinals, the United States defeated Sweden to win the bronze medal. His seven goals in the tournament were one short of Jeremy Roenick's American record of eight, which was set in 1989. In recognition of his play, Matthews was named to the tournament All-Star Team. Later that year, Matthews played with the United States national men's senior team at the 2016 IIHF World Championship, during which he led the Americans in point scoring.  Later in 2016, Matthews was announced as a member of Team North America for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey. He began the pre-tournament games playing left wing on the third line, playing alongside Ryan Nugent-Hopkins and Nathan MacKinnon. After impressing, he began the tournament on the top line with Jack Eichel and Connor McDavid. The three found chemistry but were unable to help North America to a medal finish. Matthews finished the tournament with three points in three games played. Following the Toronto Maple Leafs' first-round elimination in the 2017 playoffs, he was advised by the team to forego participating in the 2017 IIHF World Championship and to instead rest.

Personal life.

Matthews comes from a family of athletes, with his father having played college baseball and with an uncle, Wes Matthews, who briefly played in the National Football League for the Miami Dolphins. His father is the chief technology officer of a manufacturing company based in New Jersey. He has two sisters, Alexandria, who is three years older, and Breyana, who is five years younger. Due to his mother's heritage, Matthews can speak some Spanish.  Off the ice, Matthews was enrolled in several online courses with the University of Nebraska Omaha. In late August 2016, he moved to Toronto and began working out with teammates Mitch Marner and Morgan Rielly. Matthews' favorite athlete growing up was Kobe Bryant, while his favorite sports movie is "The Mighty Ducks". He is a fan of players Jonathan Toews and Anže Kopitar due to their all around offensive and defensive game, has had his playing style compared to them. In recognition of Matthews' four-goal NHL debut, rap artist SVDVM released a song titled "Auston Matthews". At the 2019 NHL Awards, Matthews was named the cover athlete for EA Sports' ice hockey video game "NHL 20".  In September 2019, Matthews was charged with disorderly conduct concerning an incident in his hometown of Scottsdale, Arizona in May 2019, where he exposed his underwear to a female security guard. Matthews stated it was "an error in judgment" not to advise the Maple Leafs team management of the incident, and there was speculation this contributed to the decision to not give Matthews the captaincy of the Maple Leafs. The charges were dismissed on November 13, 2019 after a settlement was reached between Matthews and the complainant.

Auston Taylour Matthews (born September 17, 1997) is an American professional ice hockey center and alternate captain for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). Born in San Ramon, California, Matthews and his family moved to Scottsdale, Arizona, when he was an infant. After playing baseball and hockey during his childhood, he developed a particular interest in hockey after watching the local Phoenix Coyotes play. A product of the USA Hockey National Team Development Program in the United States Hockey League (USHL), Matthews played for the ZSC Lions of the Swiss National League prior to being drafted into the NHL in 2016, winning a Swiss Cup title that same year. Matthews was widely considered the top prospect of the draft, and was selected first overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Auston Taylour Matthews (* 17. September 1997 in San Ramon, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanisch-mexikanischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juli 2016 bei den Toronto Maple Leafs in der National Hockey League unter Vertrag steht. Er gilt als eines der herausragenden Talente im Welteishockey und wurde als "First Overall Draft Pick" im NHL Entry Draft 2016 von den Maple Leafs ausgewählt.


Overview.

The axiom of countable choice (AC) is strictly weaker than the axiom of dependent choice (DC), which in turn is weaker than the axiom of choice (AC). Paul Cohen showed that AC, is not provable in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) without the axiom of choice. AC holds in the Solovay model.  ZF + AC suffices to prove that the union of countably many countable sets is countable. It also suffices to prove that every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite (equivalently: has a countably infinite subset).  AC is particularly useful for the development of analysis, where many results depend on having a choice function for a countable collection of sets of real numbers. For instance, in order to prove that every accumulation point "x" of a set "S" ⊆ R is the limit of some sequence of elements of "S" \ {"x"}, one needs (a weak form of) the axiom of countable choice. When formulated for accumulation points of arbitrary metric spaces, the statement becomes equivalent to AC. For other statements equivalent to AC, see and.  A common misconception is that countable choice has an inductive nature and is therefore provable as a theorem (in ZF, or similar, or even weaker systems) by induction. However, this is not the case; this misconception is the result of confusing countable choice with finite choice for a finite set of size "n" (for arbitrary "n"), and it is this latter result (which is an elementary theorem in combinatorics) that is provable by induction. However, some countably infinite sets of nonempty sets can be proven to have a choice function in ZF without "any" form of the axiom of choice. These include "V"− {Ø} and the set of proper and bounded open intervals of real numbers with rational endpoints.

Use.

As an example of an application of AC, here is a proof (from ZF + AC) that every infinite set is Dedekind-infinite:

The axiom of countable choice or axiom of denumerable choice, denoted AC, is an axiom of set theory that states that every countable collection of non-empty sets must have a choice function. I.e., given a function "A" with domain N (where N denotes the set of natural numbers) such that "A"("n") is a non-empty set for every "n" ∈ N, then there exists a function "f" with domain N such that "f"("n") ∈ "A"("n") for every "n" ∈ N.

Das abzählbare Auswahlaxiom, auch Axiom von der abzählbaren Auswahl genannt, (von, daher kurz AC, für die Bedeutung des Symbols ω siehe Ordinalzahlen) ist eine schwache Form des Auswahlaxioms. Es besagt, dass jede abzählbare Menge nichtleerer Mengen eine Auswahlfunktion besitzt.


Development.

During the late 1940s, multiple British research institutions, including the National Gas Turbine Establishment (NGTE), the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) and various aircraft manufacturers, became interested in the potential applications of the recent innovation of blown flaps, or as they were known in Britain, "jet flaps". Out of this work, it became recognised that a major benefit of jet flaps would be substantially lower take-off and landing speeds for aircraft. In 1951, the principle of the jet flap was successfully patented by the NGTE.  In order to greater explore and validate the "jet flap principle", the Ministry of Aviation issued "Specification ER.189D", which called for the development of a dedicated purpose-built aircraft with which to perform a full-scale investigation. During 1959, Hunting Aircraft was awarded a contract to construct a pair of aircraft. According to aviation periodical Flight International, a contributing reason for Hunting Aircraft's decision to respond to the Specification was the firm's existing experience in the operation of hot-gas ducting systems, which had been acquired by its previous research activities into helicopters.  Manufacture of the H.126 was completed during summer 1962, being formally rolled out in August of that year. After completing limited taxying trials at Luton Airport, the aircraft was dismantled and transported by road to RAE Bedford, where it was reassembled and readied for flight.

Design.

The Hunting H.126 is highly unorthodox aircraft; according to Flight, development "posed numerous aerodynamic, thermodynamic and structural problems... the ducting of hot gases, large changes of trim which occur with such a large variation in lift coefficient, and the inter-relation between control jets... and the conventional elevator and rudder controls". Despite this, several aspects of the aircraft, such as its fixed nosewheel undercarriage, were relatively conventional. There was a deliberate effort to avoid unnecessary complexity, partially as it was felt that testing of the jet flap concept should be carried out in several manageable stages.  The cockpit is situated directly above the engine compartment. While furnished with oxygen apparatus and a Martin-Baker-built ejection seat, the cockpit was unpressurized. Due to its use as a test plane, it was outfitted with extensive test instrumentation, much of the rear fuselage space was occupied by the instrumentation, sensors, and recording equipment; in particular, due to heat concerns, extensive temperature monitoring was carried out at various locations across the airframe. The flight controls, mainly the control column and rudder pedals, operated both the conventional control surfaces and the jet nozzles present in the aircraft's tail, the latter controlling both pitch and yaw. The wingtip nozzles, which controlled roll, were operated by an auto-stabilizer system. The variable-incidence tailplane is hydraulically actuated and was directly linked to the elevators to vary the tail unit's effective camber. The ailerons were able to droop, providing a full-span jet flap.  The H.126 was powered by a single Bristol Orpheus turbojet engine. All engine thrust was ducted through to a vertical distribution manifold, the top of which featured three ducts on each side leading into the wing to reach a total of eight fishtails, from which exhaust would be directed over the full span of both the flaps and ailerons; one of the wing ducts also supplies the roll-jet nozzle at the wing tip. The base of the manifold had an additional bifurcated duct that ran aft through either side of the fuselage, providing additional thrust to supplement the fishtails in the wing; these two jet nozzles could be furnished with pilot-controlled spoilers. A further duct from the manifold supplies the pitch and yaw control nozzles present in the tail unit, as well as another duct for a pitch-trim nozzle. The extensive ducting necessitated careful insulation and heat-shielding to safely contain the hot gasses; despite this, traditional lightweight alloys were used extensively across the main structure, save for a few critical points. The fuselage is of conventional stressed-skin construction, the structuring being a mix of longitudinal members and vertical frames, reinforced at key areas such as the wings, undercarriage and engine mounting. The aircraft's shoulder-level wing featured a set of struts, not for support but in order to provide piping for the compressed air used in the blown flaps. The mainplanes used a two-spar construction approach, supported by a single strut and attached via pin-joints to the fuselage; both the wing and strut attachments were designed to facilitate two alternative dihedral angles (4° or 8°). Each aileron features five hinges, while cooling air was also circulated via slots in the leading and trailing edges; the flaps are of a similar construction. The two-spar tailplane was pivoted at its rear spar, while four elevator hinges were attached to the rear spar.  The rear control surfaces consisted of a fairly small triangular T-tail, similar to the one on the Gloster Javelin. The jet flap system consisted of a series of sixteen nozzles arranged along the trailing edge of the wing, which were fed about half of the engine's hot exhaust gases. A smaller amount, about 10%, was also fed into small nozzles on the wing tips to provide control thrust at low speeds. A similar system was later used on the Hawker Siddeley Harrier for similar reasons. This left little power for forward thrust, and the aircraft was limited to low speeds, but the takeoff speed was a mere, a speed most light aircraft would have trouble matching.

Operational history.

On 26 March 1963, the maiden flight of the first Hunting H.126, serial number "XN714", occurred. Flown from RAE Bedford (presently Bedford Aerodrome, it was piloted by S. B. Oliver, Hunting Aircraft's chief test pilot. Speaking shortly after this flight, Oliver stated that it was "A perfect, no-snags flight... Taking this plane off is an entirely new sensation; it just floats off the ground, and then you go up like a lift."  Prior to the XN714 being formally delivered to its owners, the Ministry of Aviation, Hunting operated the aircraft themselves for several months to conduct preliminary flying. It was painted overall yellow with a matt black anti-glare area on the nose in front of the cockpit. The second aircraft XN719 was never completed and was ultimately scrapped. The RAE's test flight programme were carried out between 1963 and 1967, during which valuable data on the concept was gathered across 100 separate sorties. During 1969, the aircraft was shipped to the United States, where it underwent further testing by NASA; it was subsequently returned to Britain in May 1970. For several years, it stayed in storage in case the aircraft would be needed for further research; during September 1972, it was formally "struck off charge" from the RAF records. In 1974, the aircraft was transferred to the RAF Museum; it has since gone on static display.<ref name="Cosford, A/C history XN714" ></ref>  When an Orpheus engine from a Folland Gnat was loaned to Donald Campbell, for his water-speed record hydroplane "Bluebird", the Rotax air starter, pressure bottles and ground APU intended for the second H.126 was 'borrowed' by the Bluebird team.

The Hunting H.126 was an experimental aircraft designed and built by British aviation company Hunting Aircraft. The aircraft was developed in order to test the performance of blown flaps, which were commonly known in Britain as "jet flaps", At the time, they were a relatively unknown quality, thus the Ministry of Aviation issued "Specification ER.189D" for an appropriate research aircraft to be developed. During 1959, Hunting Aircraft was selected, being awarded a contract to construct a pair of aircraft. The first aircraft, serial number "XN714", was completed during mid-1962 and initial ground testing commenced during the latter part of the year. This aircraft performed its maiden flight on 26 March 1963.

Die Hunting H.126 war ein britisches Experimentalflugzeug mit dem das Konzept angeblasener Klappen untersucht werden sollte. Es wurde nur ein Flugzeug gebaut, das während etwa hundert Testflügen bei der Aerodynamik-Flugtestabteilung des Royal Aircraft Establishment in Bedford geflogen wurde. Es wurde dann für die Tests im Windkanal der NASA in die Vereinigten Staaten überführt und gelangte danach in das RAF-Museum Cosford.


Early life and education.

Tillis was born in Jacksonville, Florida, the son of Margie and Thomas Raymond Tillis, a boat draftsman. He was the oldest boy among six children, with three older sisters. By age 17, his family had moved 20 times, and Tillis never attended the same school in consecutive years, living in New Orleans and Nashville, among other places.  Following his 1978 graduation from high school, Tillis left home to get a job. He then attended Chattanooga State Community College before receiving a bachelor's degree in technology management from the University of Maryland University College in 1996.

Career.

After high school, Tillis worked at Provident Life and Accident Insurance Co. in Chattanooga, Tennessee, helping computerize records in conjunction with Wang Laboratories, a computer company in Boston. Wang eventually hired Tillis to work in its Boston office. He spent two and a half years there before being transferred back to Chattanooga, and then Atlanta. In 1990, he was recruited to work for accounting and consulting firm Price Waterhouse. In 1996, Tillis was promoted to partner. In 1998, he and his family moved to Cornelius, North Carolina. PricewaterhouseCoopers sold its consulting arm to IBM in 2002 and Tillis went to IBM as well. Tillis began his political career in 2002 in Cornelius, as he pushed for a local bike trail and was elected to the town's park board. He ran for town commissioner in 2003 and tied for second place.

North Carolina House of Representatives.

After a two-year term as town commissioner, Tillis ran for the General Assembly in 2006. He defeated incumbent John W. Rhodes in the Republican primary, and went on to win the election unopposed. Tillis was reelected unopposed in 2008, 2010 and 2012. He formally left IBM in 2009. He was campaign chairman for the House Republican Caucus in 2010. In that year's elections, Republicans won a majority in the North Carolina House for the first time in almost 20 years. The House Republican Caucus selected Tillis to be the next Speaker over Paul Stam. When the legislative session opened on January 26, 2011, he was elected the fifth Republican Speaker of the North Carolina House in the state's history.  In May 2011, "Governing" magazine named Tillis one of 17 "GOP Legislators to Watch" on the basis of such perceived qualities as leadership, ambition, and political potential. In the 2012 elections, the Republican Party added nine seats to its majority, winning 77 of the 120 House seats. In January 2013, Tillis was unanimously reelected Speaker of the House by the Republican Caucus. The state house overseen by Tillis enacted a complete restructuring of the state's tax code, including a reduction of personal and business income taxes, elimination of the estate tax, and a cap on the gas tax. It passed legislation to sunset existing state rules and regulations and limit new regulations to a ten-year duration, unless renewed by the state government. Under Tillis's leadership, the state house also passed voter-identification legislation that was temporarily blocked by a federal appeals court.

U.S. Senate.

Committee assignments

2014 election.

In keeping with an earlier promise to serve only four terms (eight years) in the state house, Tillis announced that he would not run for reeelection to the legislature. Instead, he ran for U.S. Senate against first-term incumbent Democrat Kay Hagan. In the Republican primary, he was endorsed by former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, then-North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory, former Presidential candidate Mitt Romney, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. "The New York Times" called Tillis a "favorite of the party establishment."  During his primary campaign, Tillis skipped four candidate forums in an effort to avoid lesser-known rivals in the crowded field, and to cement his image as the "inevitable nominee". But he participated in several televised debates with the four major Republican primary candidates. According to the "National Journal", Tillis was criticized during the Republican primary campaign for raising money for his Senate campaign from groups lobbying the state house, which is allowed because he is running for federal office.  In the May 6 primary, Tillis won the Republican nomination with 45.68% of the vote to his nearest challenger's 27.15%.  Tillis was announced the winner of the Senate race at approximately 11:30 PM on November 4. He received 48.82% of the vote, the lowest winning total in North Carolina history for a U.S. Senate candidate.  During the campaign, Tillis paid $30,000 to Cambridge Analytica, a data analysis firm. The North Carolina Republican Party paid the firm $150,000 during the campaign. Cambridge Analytica touted its role in Tillis's campaign on its website and listed the race as a case study. Tillis paid Cambridge Analytica $25,000 in 2015. In March 2018, Facebook banned Cambridge Analytica after reports that the firm had illicitly obtained information about Facebook users. Questions were raised as to whether the Tillis campaign benefitted from Cambridge Analytica's illicit activities and whether Cambridge Analytica's role in the race was enough to swing the election.

2020 election.

Tillis is running for reelection in 2020. He won the March 3 Republican primary and will face Democratic nominee Cal Cunningham in the November general election.

Political positions.

According to "Politico", Tillis "began the Trump era by negotiating with Democrats on immigration and co-authoring legislation to protect special counsel Robert Mueller. He even briefly opposed President Donald Trump's national emergency to build a border wall." In order to stave off a conservative challenger in his 2020 Republican primary, Tillis began to increasingly align himself with Trump, a move "Politico" described as "a shrewd political strategy amid a well-funded primary challenge from Garland Tucker, a conservative businessman who paints Tillis as an enemy of the Trump agenda." As of May 2020, Tillis had voted with Trump's stated positions 93.3% of the time, according to "FiveThirtyEight".

Abortion.

Tillis opposes abortion. In 2011, while speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives, he helped the House pass a law, later struck down by the courts, requiring abortion providers to perform an ultrasound on women seeking abortions. When the law was struck down, Tillis said that the ultrasound provision was "the most critical part of the law" and that the decision should be appealed. In 2012 he voted to defund Planned Parenthood in North Carolina.  In 2014, a Tillis spokesman told "The Washington Post" that Tillis would support a personhood bill if it were brought to the Senate floor, but only if abortion would continue to be legal "in cases of rape, incest and when the life of the mother is in danger" and if women would continue to "have access to contraceptives."

Foreign policy.

In October 2017, Tillis condemned the genocide of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis.  Tillis criticized Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's wide-ranging purges of political opponents following a failed 2016 coup.

Health care and public health.

Tillis opposes the Affordable Care Act and voted to repeal it. He has said that health care is "not a government responsibility" and that he would "do everything in his power to overturn Obamacare."  In 2018, Tillis introduced legislation forcing insurers to cover patients with preexisting conditions, but a loophole would have left most patients with preexisting conditions without coverage. Within hours of introducing the bill, Tillis backtracked and pulled his support for his own legislation.  Tillis opposes public health regulations such as requiring restaurant employees to wash their hands. He believes the regulations are unnecessary and that restaurants' hand-washing policies should instead be publicized so that people can decide for themselves.

Immigration.

Following Trump's cancellation of Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals ("DACA") executive order, Tillis announced his intention to propose legislation to give illegal immigrants who arrived before January 1, 2012, and are under age 16 ("Dreamers") legal status and allow them to remain in the US for five years with a pathway to citizenship. The proposal would grant high school graduates without a serious criminal record conditional immigration status for a five-year period. During that time, if they earn a higher-education degree, serve in the military or stay employed, they could apply for permanent residency and eventually citizenship. About 2.5 million DREAMers would be eligible.  In February 2019, Tillis authored an op-ed in the Washington Post opposing Trump's national emergency declaration concerning the southern border in order to use funding from Department of Defense to build a border wall between the United States and Mexico. In March 2019, he reiterated his opposition, saying, "I cannot justify providing the executive with more ways to bypass Congress."  Tillis faced pressure from Trump and conservatives to support the emergency declaration, and some conservatives proposed a primary challenge against Tillis in 2020. A week after he made his statement reiterating his opposition, Tillis reversed his position and voted in favor of Trump's declaration.

Economic policy.

In 2014, Tillis opposed increasing the federal minimum wage. He suggested the government should not set a minimum wage, labeling it an "artificial threshold." "I have serious concerns with the discussion around minimum wage because it drives up costs and it could harm jobs," Tillis said after making his bid official at the State Board of Elections in Raleigh. "Obviously we want people to be paid a wage that could help make ends meet, but when you increase artificially the cost of labor to do a job, then oftentimes those jobs will just go away."  Tillis has faced some blowback for comments on welfare he made in October 2011, which "Washington Post" columnist Greg Sargeant said evoked Romney's "47%" remarks. In a video, Tillis said we have to "divide and conquer" some people receiving public assistance by getting those who really need it to shame others who "choose to get into a condition that makes them dependent on the government."

Environment.

Tillis rejects the scientific consensus on climate change and has said that climate change "is not a fact." In 2015, he voted against an amendment saying human activity is a contributor to climate change but in 2018 he said human activity was a contributing factor. In a 2018 interview, Tillis said he had shifted his position and now believed climate change is happening, but remains unclear about whether he agrees with scientists that it is human-caused.  In 2017, Tillis was one of 22 senators to sign a letter to President Donald Trump urging him to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.  In February 2019, in response to reports that the EPA intended not to set drinking water limits for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as part of an upcoming national strategy to manage those chemicals, Tillis was one of 20 senators to sign a letter to Acting EPA Administrator Andrew R. Wheeler calling on the agency "to develop enforceable federal drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS, as well as institute immediate actions to protect the public from contamination from additional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)."

Gun policy.

Tillis has an "A+" rating from the National Rifle Association (NRA). In 2014, the NRA endorsed him in his senate race. As of 2017, Tillis was the fourth most funded recipient of the NRA, totaling $4,418,012 in donations.  In response to the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, Tillis voted for two Republican-backed bills, neither which passed the Senate. One bill would have expanded background checks and the other would have delayed gun sales for 72 hours for individuals on the terrorist watchlist while they were investigated by federal authorities. He also rejected two Democratic-sponsored bills, including the Feinstein Amendment which would have banned any individual on the terrorist watchlist from purchasing a gun and a second that would have required background checks at gun shows and during online sales.

Internet and technology.

Tillis opposes net neutrality. In 2017, Tillis co-sponsored the "Restoring Internet Freedom Act", a bill to nullify the Federal Communications Commission’s Open Internet Order.  In March 2017, Tillis voted for the "Broadband Consumer Privacy Proposal" that removed the FCC's internet privacy rules and allowed internet service providers to sell customers' browsing history without their permission.  In May 2020, Tillis voted against an amendment to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act to bar warrantless surveillance of web browser history.

LGBTQ rights.

In 2012, then-Speaker Tillis played a leading role in pushing for a constitutional amendment to define marriage as occurring between one man and one woman. The measure ultimately passed. Following the 2015 U.S. Supreme Court decision legalizing same sex marriage, Tillis announced that he would oppose the ruling in his role as Speaker. This stance was relatively unique among major elected North Carolina Republican officials at the time, as even then-Governor Pat McCrory accepted the ruling.  In 2015, shortly after taking office in the Senate, Tillis voted in favor of an amendment to a non-binding resolution that would allow same-sex married couples living in states that do not recognize same-sex marriage to have access to government resources.

Trade.

In January 2018, Tillis was one of thirty-six Republican senators to sign a letter to Trump requesting he preserve and modernize the North American Free Trade Agreement.

Personal life.

Tillis and his wife, Susan, live in Cornelius, North Carolina, and have two children. Tillis previously twice married and divorced a girlfriend from high school. His brother, Rick, is a state representative in Tennessee.  On May 17, 2017, while participating in a three-mile race at Anacostia Park in Washington, D.C., Tillis collapsed and was taken to a hospital by ambulance. Later that day, he was released from the hospital.

Thomas Roland Tillis (born August 30, 1960) is an American politician who has served as the junior United States Senator for North Carolina since 2015. A Republican, he is seeking reelection in 2020.

Thomas Roland „Thom“ Tillis (* 30. August 1960 in Jacksonville, Florida) ist ein amerikanischer Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Seit dem 3. Januar 2015 vertritt er den Bundesstaat North Carolina im US-Senat.


Design and development.

The Avro 689 Tudor 9 was based on the Avro 689 Tudor II piston-engined airliner using experience on work on the Rolls-Royce Nene jet-powered experimental variant the Tudor 8 which made its first flight on 6 September 1948. The Avro Type 689 Tudor 9 later renamed the Avro 706 Ashton was a four-jet-engined research aeroplane powered by Rolls-Royce Nene engines paired in wing nacelles.  Six were built using the Tudor airframe, beginning with the conversion of Tudor I initially powered by Nene 5 engines. The Ashtons that followed incorporated the upgraded Nene 6 and featured an enlarged, "square-shaped" tail fin and tricycle landing gear replacing the original "taildragger" configuration. The engines were tightly grouped in two nacelles that were faired neatly into the wing but also extended below in streamlined pods. The four-engine arrangement compensated for the low thrust of the early jet engines and greatly reduced asymmetric affects in an "engine-out" scenario.  The crew was composed of a pilot, co-pilot, navigator, flight engineer and radio operator clustered together in the cockpit and front compartment of the Ashton. A larger complement could be carried in the spacious fuselage when warranted.

Operational history.

Production was completed rapidly through modifications of surplus Tudor 2 airframes with a single example each of the Ashton 1 ("WB490"), Ashton 2 ("WB491"), Ashton 4 ("WB494") and three Ashton 3s ("WB492", "WB493" and "WE670"), all built by Avro at Woodford. Test flights began in 1950 with evaluations of jet operations, navigation and at least one Ashton (Mk 4) tested bombing equipment with two streamlined underwing bomb containers fitted.  Despite being one of the first jet-engined air transports, the Ashton was engaged in primarily experimental work and was soon eclipsed in technology by the first of the full-scale production airliners, the de Havilland Comet.  Ashton "WB491" was modified with an under-fuselage mounting for testing turbine engines. It was used by Rolls Royce for trials with the Conway and Avon.  Bristol Siddeley used Ashton "WB493" as a testbed for its Olympus turbojet. The aircraft was fitted with two Olympus engines under the wings, outboard of the Nenes. This aircraft had a starring role in the 1960 British movie "Cone of Silence", masquerading as the "Atlas Phoenix". Later the same aircraft was used as a test bed for the Bristol Siddeley Orpheus, its port engine having been upgraded to the Orpheus features for trials.

Survivors.

A piece of the fuselage of the Ashton 2 ("WB491") is preserved at the Newark Air Museum, Winthorpe, UK.

Specifications (Avro Ashton).

The Avro 706 Ashton was a British prototype jet airliner made by Avro during the 1950s. Although it flew nearly a year after the de Havilland Comet, it represented an experimental programme and was never intended for commercial use.

Die Avro 706 Ashton war eines der ersten strahlgetriebenen Transportflugzeuge, von dem Anfang der 1950er Jahre lediglich sechs Prototypen von Avro in Großbritannien hergestellt wurden. Bereits in den 1940er Jahren war bekannt, dass Strahlflugzeuge am effizientesten über der Tropopause, also in Höhen über 12.000 m eingesetzt werden konnten. Um in dieser Höhe den Passagieren ein sicheres und komfortables Reisen zu ermöglichen, musste für entsprechende Flugzeuge ein komplexes System der Druckbelüftung und Klimatisierung geschaffen werden. Die Avro Ashton wurde von britischen Forschungseinrichtungen vor allem für Versuchsflüge in großen Höhen zur Entwicklung entsprechender Einrichtungen eingesetzt.


A.

"Acanthopelma".

"Acanthopelma"

"Acanthoscurria".

"Acanthoscurria"

"Acentropelma".

"Acentropelma"

"Aenigmarachne".

"Aenigmarachne"

"Agnostopelma".

"Agnostopelma"

"Aguapanela".

"Aguapanela"

"Ami".

"Ami"

"Annandaliella".

"Annandaliella"

"Anoploscelus".

"Anoploscelus"

"Antillena".

"Antillena"

"Aphonopelma".

"Aphonopelma"

"Augacephalus".

"Augacephalus"

"Avicularia".

"Avicularia"

B.

"Bacillochilus".

"Bacillochilus"

"Barropelma".

"Barropelma"

"Batesiella".

"Batesiella"

"Birupes".

"Birupes"

"Bistriopelma".

"Bistriopelma"

"Bonnetina".

"Bonnetina"

"Brachionopus".

"Brachionopus"

"Brachypelma".

"Brachypelma"

"Bumba".

"Bumba"

C.

"Cardiopelma".

"Cardiopelma"

"Caribena".

"Caribena"

"Catanduba".

"Catanduba"

"Catumiri".

"Catumiri"

"Ceratogyrus".

"Ceratogyrus"

"Chaetopelma".

"Chaetopelma"

"Chilobrachys".

"Chilobrachys"

"Chromatopelma".

"Chromatopelma"

"Citharacanthus".

"Citharacanthus"

"Citharognathus".

"Citharognathus"

"Clavopelma".

"Clavopelma"

"Coremiocnemis".

"Coremiocnemis"

"Cotztetlana".

"Cotztetlana"

"Crassicrus".

"Crassicrus"

"Cubanana".

"Cubanana"

"Cyclosternum".

"Cyclosternum"

"Cyriocosmus".

"Cyriocosmus"

"Cyriopagopus".

"Cyriopagopus"

"Cyrtopholis".

"Cyrtopholis"

D.

"Davus".

"Davus"

"Dolichothele".

"Dolichothele"

E.

"Encyocratella".

"Encyocratella"

"Encyocrates".

"Encyocrates"

"Ephebopus".

"Ephebopus"

"Euathlus".

"Euathlus"

"Eucratoscelus".

"Eucratoscelus"

"Eumenophorus".

"Eumenophorus"

"Eupalaestrus".

"Eupalaestrus"

"Euphrictus".

"Euphrictus"

"Eurypelmella".

"Eurypelmella"

"Euthycaelus".

"Euthycaelus"

G.

"Grammostola".

"Grammostola"

"Guyruita".

"Guyruita"

H.

"Hapalopus".

"Hapalopus"

"Hapalotremus".

"Hapalotremus"

"Haploclastus".

"Haploclastus"

"Haplocosmia".

"Haplocosmia"

"Harpactira".

"Harpactira"

"Harpactirella".

"Harpactirella"

"Hemirrhagus".

"Hemirrhagus"

"Heterophrictus".

"Heterophrictus"

"Heteroscodra".

"Heteroscodra"

"Heterothele".

"Heterothele"

"Holothele".

"Holothele"

"Homoeomma".

"Homoeomma"

"Hysterocrates".

"Hysterocrates"

I.

"Idiothele".

"Idiothele"

"Iridopelma".

"Iridopelma"

"Ischnocolus".

"Ischnocolus"

K.

"Kankuamo".

"Kankuamo"

"Kochiana".

"Kochiana"

L.

"Lampropelma".

"Lampropelma"

"Lasiodora".

"Lasiodora"

"Lasiodorides".

"Lasiodorides"

"Longilyra".

"Longilyra"

"Loxomphalia".

"Loxomphalia"

"Loxoptygus".

"Loxoptygus"

"Lyrognathus".

"Lyrognathus"

M.

"Magnacarina".

"Magnacarina"

"Magulla".

"Magulla"

"Mascaraneus".

"Mascaraneus"

"Megaphobema".

"Megaphobema"

"Melloleitaoina".

"Melloleitaoina"

"Metriopelma".

"Metriopelma"

"Miaschistopus".

"Miaschistopus"

"Monocentropus".

"Monocentropus"

"Munduruku".

"Munduruku"

"Mygalarachne".

"Mygalarachne"

"Myostola".

"Myostola"

N.

"Neischnocolus".

"Neischnocolus"

"Neoheterophrictus".

"Neoheterophrictus"

"Neoholothele".

"Neoholothele"

"Neostenotarsus".

"Neostenotarsus"

"Nesiergus".

"Nesiergus"

"Nesipelma".

"Nesipelma"

"Nhandu".

"Nhandu"

O.

"Omothymus".

"Omothymus"

"Ornithoctonus".

"Ornithoctonus"

"Orphnaecus".

"Orphnaecus"

"Ozopactus".

"Ozopactus"

P.

"Pachistopelma".

"Pachistopelma"

"Pamphobeteus".

"Pamphobeteus"

"Pelinobius".

"Pelinobius"

"Phlogiellus".

"Phlogiellus"

"Phoneyusa".

"Phoneyusa"

"Phormictopus".

"Phormictopus"

"Phormingochilus".

"Phormingochilus"

"Phrixotrichus".

"Phrixotrichus"

"Plesiopelma".

"Plesiopelma"

"Plesiophrictus".

"Plesiophrictus"

"Poecilotheria".

"Poecilotheria"

"Proshapalopus".

"Proshapalopus"

"Psalmopoeus".

"Psalmopoeus"

"Psednocnemis".

"Psednocnemis"

"Pseudhapalopus".

"Pseudhapalopus"

"Pseudoclamoris".

"Pseudoclamoris"

"Pterinochilus".

"Pterinochilus"

"Pterinopelma".

"Pterinopelma"

R.

"Reichlingia".

"Reichlingia"

"Reversopelma".

"Reversopelma"

S.

"Sahydroaraneus".

"Sahydroaraneus"

"Schismatothele".

"Schismatothele"

"Schizopelma".

"Schizopelma"

"Scopelobates".

"Scopelobates"

"Selenocosmia".

"Selenocosmia"

"Selenogyrus".

"Selenogyrus"

"Selenotholus".

"Selenotholus"

"Selenotypus".

"Selenotypus"

"Sericopelma".

"Sericopelma"

"Sickius".

"Sickius"

"Sphaerobothria".

"Sphaerobothria"

"Stichoplastoris".

"Stichoplastoris"

"Stromatopelma".

"Stromatopelma"

T.

"Tapinauchenius".

"Tapinauchenius"

"Theraphosa".

"Theraphosa"

"Tliltocatl".

"Tliltocatl"

"Thrigmopoeus".

"Thrigmopoeus"

"Thrixopelma".

"Thrixopelma"

"Tmesiphantes".

"Tmesiphantes"

"Trichognathella".

"Trichognathella"

"Trichopelma".

"Trichopelma"

"Typhochlaena".

"Typhochlaena"

U.

"Umbyquyra".

"Umbyquyra"

V.

"Vitalius".

"Vitalius"

X.

"Xenesthis".

"Xenesthis"

Y.

"Ybyrapora".

"Ybyrapora"

This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Theraphosidae., the World Spider Catalog accepts 996 species in 147 genera:

__KEIN_INHALTSVERZEICHNIS__ Die Liste der Vogelspinnenarten enthält alle 146 Gattungen und 979 Arten aus der Familie der Vogelspinnen (Theraphosidae) gemäß dem World Spider Catalog in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. (Stand: Dezember 2018)


Ice tongue harbors.

The frozen sea ice of Erebus Bay surrounding the Erebus Ice Tongue typically breaks out during the summer. This exposes the ice tongue to pounding waves from McMurdo Sound.  Moreover, such wave action also impacts the ice caves accessed along the leading edges of the ice tongue. The ice caves include inter-locked crevasses covered by snow bridges. The ice caves are a popular attraction for residents from nearby the McMurdo Station and Scott Base research stations. Visitors report observing stalactite-like icicles on the cave ceilings, as well as intricate ice crystals. Sunlight filtering through ice into the caves bathes the interiors with diffuse blue light.  Contemporary cave explorers who squeezed through a narrow tunnel several hundred feet long to emerge into a large cavern describe their Erebus Ice Tongue experience as:  Sitting quietly we absorb the natural beauty. Suddenly, we hear the low grinding noise of the glacier moving and the three of us instinctively look at the narrow opening. Without saying a word we realize that it wouldn’t take much for the entrance to collapse and become sealed and trap us here. One by one we slowly exit. Steve later finds a cave that will safely hold all 10 of us. With childlike enthusiasm we explore the glacial cathedral with walls of deep blue ice. Breaking off pieces of ice, 10 or 20,000 years old, we melt it in our mouths and savour the taste of pure, uncontaminated water. Scientists funded by a National Science Foundation grant have retrieved rare underwater views of the Erebus Ice Tongue caves by mounting cameras on Weddell seals. Images revealed rocks and dead fish frozen into the ice. Video also depicted other Weddell seals that appeared to use the underwater caves as hiding places from predators such as the orca (or killer whale) and the leopard seal.  Weddell seals are commonly sighted by visitors to the Erebus Ice Tongue. Each year 300 to 400 Weddell seal pups are born to a colony of seals that live in adjoining Erebus Bay. The seals have been distinctively marked and re-sighted since 1969. The nearly 40-year study represents one of the longest field investigations of its type, according to a Montana State University report.  Emperor and Adelie penguins are also found in the vicinity of the Erebus Ice Tongue. Adelie are particularly noted for their rookeries on Erebus Bay's rocky north shore at nearby Cape Royds. Penguins, like the Weddell seal, are preyed upon by orcas and leopard seals. The presence of penguins also attracts the predatory skua seabird. Scarce mention of the ice tongue's surface, which is more than a mile wide, is made in popular literature. A notable exception is in Ernest Shackleton's book, "South!" The leader of a December 1916 search party seeking fellow explorers missing in vicinity of the ice tongue made the following report to Shackleton:  On January 2 thick weather caused party to lay up. On 3rd, glacier was further examined, and several slopes formed by snow led to top of glacier, but crevasses between slope and the tongue prevented crossing. The party then proceeded round the Tongue to Tent Island, which was also searched, a complete tour of the island being made.

Ice tongue dynamics.

The dynamics within floating ice streams such as the Erebus Ice Tongue are complex. For instance, typically ice streams such as the Erebus Ice Tongue, which ranges from 50 to 300 meters thick, contain smaller streams of ice. Each ice flow produces its own set of stress fields. Thus, throughout the ice tongue, different flow rates and tensions are present.  Stress and friction increase along the flanks of ice streams such as the Erebus Ice Tongue. Stress appears as crevasses as the ice flow rate is slowed. Friction created by the Earth's topography at the bottom of the glacier also slows the ice stream. However, just the opposite occurs with basal sliding. Such sliding features the glacier jerking forward due to lubrication from bottom melt-water.  Ice streams such as the Erebus Ice Tongue wax and wane like the moon. Indeed, British researchers in 2006 discovered a correlation between lunar tides (caused by gravitational pull) and variances in flow speed of the Rutland Ice Stream in Antarctica. Previously a team of U.S. NASA, Penn State, and University of Newcastle; Newcastle upon Tyne, England; made similar observations of Whillan's Ice Stream in Antarctica.  However, more established research unrelated to lunar forces is available regarding cyclical glacier growth and decay. Such research reveals that glacier growth can produce slow-motion surges in the glacier's movement. Such surges may occur over a period of months or years. Then the movement stops. Scientists have measured Erebus Ice Tongue's length as growing about 160 meters yearly.  The Erebus Ice Tongue flow pushes the glacier into Erebus Bay where it butts against seasonal ice pack. This massive but gradual collision of ice against ice creates pressure ridges in the glacier. Portions of the ice tongue become unstable, rupture, and calve icebergs. Such instability in part comes from the flexing and tension the ice beam undergoes from being cantilevered over the sea. Moreover, the river of ice carries with it weaknesses introduced by earlier fractures experienced during its journey down the slopes of Mount Erebus.

Effects on the ocean.

The floating glacier has a major effect on the local ocean. It's melting has been thought to create Double diffusive convection effects. A 2010 expedition funded by the Marsden Fund supported deployment of Timothy Haskell's sea ice camp right next to the tongue. Observations from the camp showed how the tide flowed beneath and along the tongue and was affected by submarine topography.

Iceberg calving.

The forces of wave action from McMurdo Sound, tides, and internal stresses exploit the ice tongue's weaknesses. Subsequently small icebergs and bergy bits typically calf from the Erebus Ice Tongue but only when the sea ice has broken up. Subsequently, iceberg calving is seasonal and periodic, as open water is needed to release the bergs into Erebus Bay.  Waters at the ice tongue that receive the icebergs vary in depth from a minimum of. Members of Robert F. Scott's Terra Nova Expedition first observed the glacier tongue calving in March 1911 when a 4 km section broke off during a gale. A similar event in March 1990 produced a 100-million ton iceberg, 3.5 km long, from the glacier tongue. In addition, observers note that the glacier tongue experienced a major calving event in the early 1940s. Such calving along the glacier snout naturally leads to shortening, while icebergs released from the ice tongue sides contribute to the glacier's narrowing. The Erebus Ice Tongue produces flat-topped or tabular icebergs. It calved most recently in 2013, around a decade earlier than expected.

The Erebus Ice Tongue (more often called "Erebus Glacier Tongue") is a mountain outlet glacier and the seaward extension of Erebus Glacier from Ross Island. It projects into McMurdo Sound from the Ross Island coastline near Cape Evans, Antarctica. The glacier tongue varies in thickness from at the snout to at the point where it is grounded on the shoreline. Explorers from Robert F. Scott's Discovery Expedition (1901–1904) named and charted the ice tongue.

Die Erebus-Gletscherzunge () im antarktischen Rossmeer ist die Verlängerung des Erebus-Gletschers auf der Ross-Insel. Die Gletscherzunge beginnt am nordwestlichen Ende der Hut-Point-Halbinsel, wo der Erebus-Gletscher, der den südlichen Hang des Mount Erebus herabfließt, das Meer erreicht, und erstreckt sich in westlicher Richtung mehrere Kilometer in die Erebus Bay.


Distribution.

This species is native to Southeast Asia, but it has been accidentally introduced to many areas around the world. The distribution includes:  The introduced distribution includes states on the Gulf of Mexico, and it is widespread in Florida, USA. It has become widespread in Eastern Australia, usually living in association with exotic weeds.

Description.

The width of the shell is about 12 to 16 mm with whorls. The color of the shell is light brown, often with a single, apical chestnut band. The shell is sculptured with fine, irregular growth lines and fine spiral striae. The lip of the adult shell is reflected and the columella is partially covering the umbilicus.

Food.

Bradybaena Similaris primarily consumes live plant matter, such as growing vegetables or plants. They are known for being destructive to gardens and crops because of their eating habits. The Asian trampsnail has also been observed consuming coffee rust and the mycoparasite "Lecanicillium lecanii".

Ecology.

As an introduced species, the Asian trampsnail is often found in areas with tall grasses and high humidity. Typically this species is found in gardens, greenhouses, and similar habitats, sometimes retreating under logs or fallen branches.  This species is often common with abundant old shells on the ground and among leaf litter, as well as on vegetation and on trees. It is active after rainfall.  Dundee and Cancienne reported that this snail can survive winters in Louisiana where the temperature can fall as low as 5-10°C.  It feeds on a wide variety of plants including citrus and is considered as pest in agriculture. This snail is often exported by accident from Florida to other areas and thus poses a quarantine problem for Florida.  This species of snail creates and uses love darts during mating. Snail eggs generally take 2-4 weeks to hatch, lifespan 2-3 years.

References.

This article incorporates public domain text, a public domain work of the United States Government from the reference.

The Asian trampsnail ("Bradybaena similaris") is a species of small, invasive land snail. It is a pulmonate gastropod terrestrial mollusc in the family Bradybaenidae. It earned the common name based on its origins, and its habit of roosting on freight containers. This habit means that this may be one of the most broadly-distributed species of terrestrial snail in the world. "Bradybaena similaris" is the type species of the genus "Bradybaena".

Bradybaena similaris ist eine Schneckenart aus der Familie der Strauchschnecken (Bradybaenidae) in der Unterordnung der Landlungenschnecken (Stylommatophora). Sie ist in Südostasien heimisch, hat sich aber als invasive Art in Nordamerika, Südamerika, Afrika und Ozeanien etabliert. Sie ernährt sich unter anderem von einer Vielzahl von Kulturpflanzen.


Crash.

The crash happened at around 07:30 on the morning of Friday, 23 October 2015 at a bend on Departmental Road 17 not far south of Puisseguin. Authorities said they believed the lorry, carrying logs, lost control on a bend and jackknifed into the coach's path. That is a Head-on collision. Both vehicles burst into flames as a result of the collision.  The cause of the fire and consequent loss of life was that the truck had installed on a large aluminum gasoline tank carrying fuel for chainsaws and other logging equipment which ruptured in the crash. Afterwards, gasoline streamed down the hill under the bus, where accident sparks ignited it, and the fire traveled back to the truck.  The bus was equipped with emergency escape hammers with which to break windows, but passengers were not aware of them or not instructed in their use, and several passengers had mobility issues.

Casualties.

Forty-one of the dead were on the bus, with the other two being the driver of the lorry and his three-year-old son. Most of the dead on the bus were elderly people who had just set off from the nearby town of Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps, and belonged to that town's seniors' club.

Rules.

According to the BEA-TT, the different applicable rules/standards for road vehicles such as autocar, to address fire concerns, are defined at different scales, to let those vehicles work and operate in various countries: United Nations, European Union, and France. Some European directives have been withdrawal.  According to Elisabeth Borne, France submitted the BEA-TT report to United Nations on 11 October 2017.

The 2015 Puisseguin road crash occurred on 23 October 2015, at 07:30 local time (05:30 UTC). 43 people, including a three-year-old boy, died when a bus and a lorry collided in Puisseguin, a commune in south-western France.

Der Busunfall von Puisseguin ereignete sich am 23. Oktober 2015 gegen 7:30 Uhr in der südwestfranzösischen Gemeinde Puisseguin im Département Gironde. Dabei starben 43 Menschen, acht Businsassen überlebten. Es war der schwerste Busunfall in Frankreich seit dem Busunfall von Beaune 1982, der 53 Todesopfer gefordert hatte. Der Bus war frontal mit einem querstehenden Holztransporter kollidiert. Beide Fahrzeuge fingen Feuer. Die Mehrheit der Businsassen konnte sich nicht aus dem Fahrzeug befreien, obwohl der Busfahrer noch kurz vor dem Zusammenprall die Türen geöffnet hatte. Zwei Autofahrer, die hinter dem Bus gefahren waren, versuchten noch die Fensterscheiben einzuschlagen um den Insassen das Entkommen zu ermöglichen.