Early life.

Other than some personal correspondence, there are few sources of information about the non-military parts of Barry's life. The scant available evidence provides a skeleton onto which a great deal of myth and speculation has been added by various commentators. In his detailed research into Barry's early life, Michael Du Preez states that Barry was born in Cork in 1789, a birth date based on Mrs Bulkley's description of her child being fifteen years old in a letter dated 14 January 1805. Various other sources give birth dates of 1792, 1795, and 1799, but these dates are almost certainly the result of Barry later lying about age on official documents to aid passing as a man.  Barry was the second child born to Jeremiah and Mary-Ann Bulkley, and was given the name Margaret Anne. Mary-Ann Bulkley was the sister of James Barry, a celebrated Irish artist and professor of painting at London's Royal Academy. Jeremiah Bulkley ran the weigh house in Merchant's Quay, Cork. However, anti-Catholic sentiment led to his dismissal from this post. This and subsequent financial mismanagement left Mary-Ann and Barry without the support of either Jeremiah Bulkley (whose debts led to him spending time in the Marshalsea prison in Dublin) or later the Bulkleys' married son John. A third child appeared in the Bulkley family and was named Juliana. Although presented as being Barry's sister, it is likely that she was Barry's daughter as a result of childhood sexual assault, as the charwoman who discovered Barry's sex when laying out the body stated that pregnancy stretch marks were present.  The teenage Barry was educated with the prospect of becoming a tutor, but given a lack of evidence of any work history, the Bulkleys appear to have struggled to find Barry any suitable tutoring positions. A conspiracy appears to have developed between Barry, Mary-Ann Bulkley and some of the late James Barry's influential, liberal-minded friends (General Francisco de Miranda, Dr Edward Fryer, who had become Barry's personal tutor, and Daniel Reardon, the family's solicitor) to enable the teenage Barry to enter medical school. The University of Edinburgh was chosen and Mary-Ann and Barry boarded a Leith smack on 30 November 1809. And so, Margaret Anne Bulkley became James Barry, nephew of the late James Barry RA the Irish romantic painter and remained known thus for the next 56 years. In a letter to Daniel Readon, sent on 14 December, Barry asked for any letters addressed to Margaret Bulkley to be forwarded to Mary-Ann Bulkley (whom Barry now refers to as "my aunt"), and mentions that '...it was very usefull for Mrs. Bulkley (my aunt) to have a Gentleman to take care of her on Board Ship and to have one in a strange country...'. Although the letter was signed "James Barry", the solicitor indiscreetly wrote on the back of the envelope 'Miss Bulkley, 14 December'; this crucial piece of evidence was the one which enabled researchers to finally confirm that Margaret Bulkley and James Barry were one and the same.  Arriving in Edinburgh in November 1809, Barry began studies at the Medical School as a 'literary and medical student'. Barry's short stature, unbroken voice, delicate features and smooth skin led many to suspect that Barry was a young boy not past puberty, and the University Senate initially attempted to block Barry's application for the final examinations due to this apparent youth. However, the Earl of Buchan, a friend of Dr Fryer and Barry's late namesake, persuaded the Senate to relent and Barry qualified "Medicinae Doctor (MD)" in 1812. Barry then moved back to London, signing up for the Autumn Course 1812/1813 as a pupil of the United Hospitals of Guy's and St Thomas', whose teachers included Henry Cline and celebrated surgeon Astley Cooper. On 2 July 1813, Barry successfully passed the examination of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Career.

Upon joining the army, Barry was commissioned as a Hospital Assistant in the British Army on 6 July 1813, taking up posts in Chelsea and then the Royal Military Hospital in Plymouth, achieving a promotion to Assistant Surgeon to the Forces, equivalent to lieutenant, on 7 December 1815.  Following this military training, Barry was posted to Cape Town, South Africa in 1816. Through Lord Buchan, Barry had a letter of introduction to the Governor, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Henry Somerset. Following the successful, even spectacular, treatment of Lord Charles's sick daughter, Barry was welcomed into the family, maintained a close friendship with the Governor, and became his personal physician. In 1822 Somerset appointed Barry as Colonial Medical Inspector, an extraordinary jump in expectations from Barry's low military rank which brought with it great responsibility. Over ten years of work in the Cape, Barry effected significant changes, among them improvements to sanitation and water systems, improved conditions for enslaved people, prisoners and the mentally ill, and provision of a sanctuary for the leper population. Barry also performed one of the first known successful Caesarean sections in which both mother and child survived; the child was christened James Barry Munnik in Barry's honour, and the name was passed down through the family, leading to Barry's name being borne by a later Prime Minister of South Africa, J. B. M. Hertzog. Barry also gained enemies by criticising local officials and their handling of medical matters, but the advantage of a close relationship with the Governor meant that the repercussions of these outspoken views were usually smoothed over.  Barry was promoted to Surgeon to the Forces on 22 November 1827. Barry's subsequent posting was to Mauritius in 1828. In 1829, Barry risked a great deal of trouble by going absent without leave to return to England and treat Somerset, who had fallen ill, and remained there until Somerset's death in 1831. Barry's subsequent posting was to Jamaica, and then the island of Saint Helena in 1836. At St Helena, one clash with a fellow army surgeon resulted in Barry being arrested and court-martialled on a charge of "conduct unbecoming of the character of an Officer and a Gentleman". Barry was found not guilty, and honourably acquitted.  In 1840 Barry was posted to the Leeward Islands and Windward Islands of the West Indies, there focusing on medicine, management and improving the conditions of the troops, and receiving a promotion to Principal Medical Officer. In 1845, Barry contracted yellow fever and left for England for sick leave in October. After being cleared for duty, Barry was posted to Malta in 1846. Here Barry was severely reprimanded for inexplicably taking a seat in the local church that was reserved for the clergy, and had to deal with the threat – and eventual actuality – of a cholera epidemic, which broke out in 1850.  The following posting was to Corfu in 1851, which brought with it a promotion to the rank of Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals on 16 May, equivalent to lieutenant colonel. From here, Barry temporarily visited the Crimea on leave — as a request to be posted there officially had been denied — where an argument took place between Barry and Florence Nightingale at Scutari Hospital. Finally, in 1857 Barry was posted to Canada, and granted the local rank of Inspector General of Hospitals (equivalent to Brigadier General) on 25 September. In that position, Barry fought for better food, sanitation and proper medical care for prisoners and lepers, as well as soldiers and their families. This local rank was confirmed as substantive on 7 December 1858. Wherever Barry served across the British Empire, improvements were made to sanitary conditions and the conditions and diet of both the common soldier and other, under-represented groups. Barry was outraged by unnecessary suffering, and took a heavy-handed and sometimes tactless approach to demanding improvements for the poor and underprivileged which often incited anger from officials and military officers; on several occasions Barry was both arrested and demoted for the extremity of this behaviour. Barry held strict and unusually modern views about nutrition, being completely vegetarian and teetotal, and, while keeping most personal relationships distant, was very fond of pets, particularly a beloved poodle named Psyche. Playwright Jean Binnie's radio play "Doctor Barry" (BBC, 1982) identified John Joseph Danson as the black servant Barry first employed in South Africa and who remained with Barry until the doctor's death.

Death.

Despite protesting the decision, Barry was forcefully retired by the army on 19 July 1859 due to ill health and old age, and was succeeded as inspector general of hospitals by David Dumbreck. After a quiet retirement in London, Barry finally died from dysentery on 25 July 1865. The identity of the woman who discovered the truth of Barry's sex is disputed, but she was probably a charwoman who also laid out the dead. The charwoman, after failing to elicit payment for her services, sought redress in another way; she visited Barry's physician, Major D. R. McKinnon, who had issued the death certificate upon which Barry was identified as male. The woman claimed that Barry's body had been biologically female and had marks suggesting Barry had at one point borne a child. When McKinnon refused to pay her, she took the story to the press, and the situation became public. It was discussed in an exchange of letters between George Graham of the General Register Office, and Dr McKinnon.  Sir,  It has been stated to me that Inspector-General Dr James Barry, who died at 14 Margaret Street on 25 July 1865, was after his death found to be female.  As you furnished the Certificate as to the cause of his death, I take the liberty of asking you whether what I have heard is true, and whether you yourself ascertained that he was a woman and apparently had been a mother?  Perhaps you may decline answering these questions; but I ask them not for publication but for my own information.  Your faithful servant  George Graham McKinnon's response was as follows:  Sir,  I had been intimately acquainted with the doctor for good many years, both in London and the West Indies and I never had any suspicion that Dr Barry was a woman. I attended him during his last illness, (previously for bronchitis, and the affection for diarrhoea). On one occasion after Dr Barry’s death at the office of Sir Charles McGregor, there was the woman who performed the last offices for Dr Barry was waiting to speak to me. She wished to obtain some prerequisites [sic in source, but has to be a slip for perquisites, "perks"] of his employment, which the Lady who kept the lodging house in which Dr Barry died had refused to give her. Amongst other things she said that Dr Barry was a female and that I was a pretty doctor not to know this and she would not like to be attended by me. I informed her that it was none of my business whether Dr Barry was a male or a female, and that I thought that she might be neither, viz. an imperfectly developed man. She then said that she had examined the body, and was a perfect female and farther that there were marks of him having had a child when very young. I then enquired how have you formed that conclusion. The woman, pointing to the lower part of her stomach, said ‘from marks here. I am a maried woman and the mother of nine children and I ought to know.’  The woman seems to think that she had become acquainted with a great secret and wished to be paid for keeping it. I informed her that all Dr Barry’s relatives were dead, and that it was no secret of mine, and that my own impression was that Dr Barry was a Hermaphrodite. But whether Dr Barry was a male, female, or hermaphrodite I do not know, nor had I any purpose in making the discovery as I could positively swear to the identity of the body as being that of a person whom I had been acquainted with as Inspector-General of Hospitals for a period of years.  Yours faithfully,  D.R. McKinnon After the matter was made public, many people claimed to have "known it all along". The British Army, seeking to suppress the story, sealed all records of Barry for the next 100 years. The historian Isobel Rae gained access to the army records in the 1950s, and concluded that James Barry the painter was indeed Barry's uncle. Barry was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, with a Portland stone headstone inscribed "Dr James Barry Inspector General of Hospitals". It was claimed by several sources that the manservant who always attended Barry returned to Jamaica, but his actual fate is unknown.

Gender and personal life.

In a letter chiding John Bulkley, Barry's older brother, for abandoning legal studies for the military, 19-year-old Barry wrote: "Was I not a girl I would be a Soldier!".  Barry's interest in medicine was probably encouraged by the liberal-minded friends of the late James Barry RA, and just before travelling to Edinburgh to enroll as a medical student in 1809, Barry assumed a male identity. A short stature, slight build, unbroken voice, delicate features and smooth skin led others to suspect that Barry was not a man but a pre-pubescent boy. This identity was maintained through surgical training and recruitment into the British Army which, at officer rank level, did not then require a medical examination.  During Barry's first posting abroad to Cape Town in South Africa, Barry became a close friend of the Governor, Lord Charles Somerset, and his family. It has been suggested that Lord Charles discovered Dr Barry's secret and that the relationship was more than friendship. Their closeness led to rumours and ultimately an accusation briefly appearing on a bridge post in Cape Town on 1 June 1824 saying that the writer had "detected Lord Charles buggering Dr Barry", which led to a court trial and investigation, as homosexuality was at that time strictly illegal. Despite these allegations, if Somerset was aware of Barry's sex, he did not reveal it.  Despite efforts to appear masculine, witness reports comment on Barry's effeminacy and on a somewhat contradictory reputation – Barry had a reputation for being tactless, impatient, argumentative and opinionated, but was also considered to have had a good bedside manner and famous professional skill. Barry's temper and bravado led to a famous pistol duel with Captain Josias Cloete of the 21st Light Dragoons. Barry's aim was better, the bullet striking Cloete's shako military cap and removing its peak, which dissipated its force.  During the Crimean War (1854–1856), Barry got into an argument with Florence Nightingale. After Barry's death Nightingale wrote that: I never had such a blackguard rating in all my life – I who have had more than any woman – than from this Barry sitting on his horse, while I was crossing the Hospital Square with only my cap on in the sun. "He" kept me standing in the midst of quite a crowd of soldiers, Commissariat, servants, camp followers, etc., etc., every one of whom behaved like a gentleman during the scolding I received while "he" behaved like a brute... After "he" was dead, I was told that (Barry) was a woman... I should say that (Barry) was the most hardened creature I ever met. Barry would never allow anyone into the room while undressing, and repeated a standing instruction that "in the event of his death, strict precautions should be adopted to prevent any examination of his person" and that the body should be "buried in [the] bed sheets without further inspection".

Intersex controversy.

picked up on Major McKinnon's statement that he did not know whether Barry was "male, female or hermaphrodite" and suggested that it might be more appropriate to say that Barry was "hermaphrodite" [or intersex] rather than "female", and "may have had ambiguous genitalia". These suppositions are based on the premise that "Concealment of one's sex for... 40 years in the British Army, is simply unbelievable". However, show how Barry might have been able to conceal this secret from all but a few people, and those who did know did not reveal it while Barry was alive. N. Turner has commented on Kubba and Young's conclusion that the belief in an intersex condition was based on "vanishingly slim evidence". , among other LGBT theorists, has voiced the opinion that the intersex theory is an attempt to impose "cisgender male" characteristics onto Barry so as to undermine the concept that a transgender man could have achieved as much as Barry did.

In popular culture.

The story of James Barry is briefly told in Zoya Voskresenskaya's novel "Devochka v Burnom More" (Girl in the Stormy Sea, 1969), whose action takes place during WWII.  A 1982 BBC Radio 4 production appears to be the first dramatic representation of Barry. The 45-minute play, "Dr Barry" by Jean Binnie, was re-broadcast as recently as 2018.  In 1994, Anna Massey played Barry in an episode of the BBC drama-documentary "The Experiment". Barry was compared with Hannah Cullwick, who "was experimented on by Arhur Munby, who believed that women in servile labour could earn a nobility of the soul".  Barry's life is the subject of the historical novel "James Miranda Barry" (published in the United States as "The Doctor") by Patricia Duncker.  A 2004 play, "Whistling Psyche" by Sebastian Barry, imagines a meeting between James Barry and Florence Nightingale.  In 2012, the UK folk duo Gilmore and Roberts included a song about Barry called Doctor James on their album The Innocent Left.  In April 2018, Rachel Weisz said that she is developing a biopic of Barry, and intends to produce and star in it.  In February 2019, E.J. Levy's novel about Barry was acquired by Little, Brown and Company. The announcement was met with controversy because Levy refers to Barry as "she" and a "heroine," though Levy has stated that the novel also refers to Barry as "he" and "I". The publisher has stated that they "will work with E.J. Levy to publish her novel with sensitivity to the issues that have been raised, including the use of the proper pronouns to describe Dr. Barry’s embodiment at different moments of their life."

James Miranda Steuart Barry (c. 1789 – 25 July 1865) was a military surgeon in the British Army, born in Cork, Ireland. Barry obtained a medical degree from the University of Edinburgh Medical School, then served first in Cape Town, South Africa, and subsequently in many parts of the British Empire. Before retirement, Barry had risen to the rank of Inspector General (equivalent to Brigadier General) in charge of military hospitals, the second highest medical office in the British Army. Barry not only improved conditions for wounded soldiers, but also the conditions of the native inhabitants, and performed the first recorded caesarean section by a European in Africa in which both the mother and child survived the operation.

James Barry (* vermutlich 9. November 1795 in Belfast, Nordirland; † 25. Juli 1865 in London) war ein Arzt in der englischen Armee. Er diente in Indien und Südafrika, wobei er nicht nur die Bedingungen für die verwundeten Soldaten verbesserte, sondern sich auch für die Veränderung der Lebensumstände der einheimischen Bevölkerung einsetzte. Zu seinen Erfolgen zählt auch der erste erfolgreiche Kaiserschnitt im gesamten Afrika; Mutter und Kind überlebten die Operation.


History.

The station was opened together with the Berlin–Velten section of the "Kremmener Bahn" on 1 October 1893. The line was served by frequent commuter trains in particular after 1900, and in 1927 the line between Berlin and Velten was electrified with direct current supplied by a third-rail and became part of the Berlin S-Bahn system. From 1931 until 1945 Hennigsdorf station was also the northern terminus of the branch line from Spandau West which was operated by the Berlin tramways and figured as tramway route 120.  As a consequence of World War II and the German partition, the station was close to the border with West Berlin. The S-Bahn traffic over the border was initially unhindered, but since 1954 a checkpoint station was established between Hennigsdorf station and the border in "Hennigsdorf Süd". It was later called "Stolpe Süd", and from 1958 it also served the public traffic. To avoid passing West Berlin, the Berlin outer ring was built, which crossed the Kremmener Bahn north of Hennigsdorf since 1953. At the intersection of the two routes an interchange station "Hennigsdorf Nord" was constructed, facilitating quick and easy transfer of passengers between trains due to its conception on two levels ("Turmbahnhof"). In addition, two connecting curves were built between Hennigsdorf and the outer ring. As early as 1951, the station was equipped with an all-relay signal box with display interlocking. Together with the stations in Wildau and Königs Wusterhausen it was one of the first three Reichsbahn stations receiving such equipment.  When the border to West Berlin was closed off on 13 August 1961, the rail traffic to Berlin was interrupted, and Hennigsdorf station became a terminus on the territory of the GDR. DC S-Bahn trains between Hennigsdorf and Velten continued to run until 1983, then they were replaced by diesel trains. In 1984, the station, the line to Velten, and the connecting curves to the outer ring were electrified with AC supplied by overhead lines.  The S-Bahn station was reopened on 15 December 1998 when the section between Tegel and Hennigsdorf was taken into service again, initially only with a single track.  The states of Berlin and Brandenburg investigate the feasibility of extending the "Regional-Express" route from Wittenberge and Wittstock along the Kremmener Bahn to Berlin-Gesundbrunnen station. This would give Hennigsdorf station regional train services towards the south. Between Hennigsdorf and Tegel, the tracks could be shared by S-Bahn and regional trains.

Train services.

The S-Bahn traffic to Berlin was interrupted in 1961 when construction of the Berlin Wall began. Until 1983, S-Bahn trains still operated between Hennigsdorf and Velten, running about twice an hour, albeit without a fixed timetable. In addition, there were some trains to places on the western outer ring and to Oranienburg, especially in rush hour traffic. After 1983, the traffic to Velten was switched to locomotive-hauled trains. The section of Kremmener Bahn between Hennigsdorf and Velten was electrified in 1984 with alternating current. Most of the trains on the outer ring of Berlin did not use Hennigsdorf station, but Hennigsdorf Nord station, which was located outside the city, and trains to and from Velten served as a feeder from and to Hennigsdorf station. Since 1995, Hennigsdorf Nord is no longer served, since most commuter trains leave from the outer ring directly to Hennigsdorf station.  For some time in the years 1994/95, Hennigsdorf station was a terminus of the so-called Duo S-Bahn (line S 19) on the 17-kilometer line to Oranienburg. Between Oranienburg and Birkenwerder these trains ran on DC using the S-Bahn tracks, between Birkenwerder and Hennigsdorf they ran on Diesel power on the Berlin outer ring tracks via Hohen Neuendorf West.  Since 1998, the station is again connected to the Berlin S-Bahn, trains running every 20 minutes and the journey taking 26 minutes to Gesundbrunnen 26 and 34 minutes to Friedrichstraße.  The station is served by the following service(s):

Hennigsdorf is a railway station in the Oberhavel district of Brandenburg, located in the town of Hennigsdorf. It is the northern terminus of the S-Bahn line as well as a station for regional passenger trains and freight services.

Der Bahnhof Hennigsdorf (b Berlin) ist ein Bahnhof in der brandenburgischen Stadt Hennigsdorf. Die an der Kremmener Bahn gelegene Station ist zudem Endbahnhof der Linie S25 der Berliner S-Bahn. Betrieblich ist die Kremmener Bahn seit dem Bau der Berliner Mauer 1961 geteilt, durchgehende Gleise existieren nicht mehr. Aus Richtung Norden wird Hennigsdorf von Regional- und Güterzügen angefahren, aus Richtung Süden ist der Bahnhof seit 1998 wieder an das Netz der Berliner S-Bahn angeschlossen.


Sacramento Monarchs dispersal draft.

On December 14, 2009, the Sacramento Monarchs dispersal draft was held. Three former Monarchs players, Kara Lawson, Hamchetou Maiga-Ba and Ticha Penicheiro were free agents and therefore not eligible for this draft. Teams selected based inversely on their 2009 season finish.  The top picks were:  Four of the twelve teams making selections waived their picks.

2010 WNBA Draft.

The WNBA Draft lottery was held on November 5, 2009. The lottery teams were the Sacramento Monarchs, Minnesota Lynx (from N.Y.), Minnesota Lynx, Connecticut Sun and Chicago Sky. The top pick was awarded to Minnesota. Since Sacramento folded after the lottery, all the teams following Sacramento in the draft simply moved up a pick. Minnesota subsequently traded the first overall pick to Connecticut.  The 2010 WNBA Draft was held on April 8, 2010, in Secaucus, New Jersey. Coverage of the first round was shown on ESPN2 (HD). Second and third round coverage was shown on ESPNU and NBA TV.  The top picks were:

Regular season.

All-Star Game.

The 2010 WNBA All-Star Game was hosted by the Connecticut Sun on July 10 at Mohegan Sun Arena. Coverage of the game began at 3:30pm on ESPN. This marks the third time the Sun have hosted the annual event. Unlike in previous years, this game was a contest between Geno Auriemma's USA basketball team and a team of WNBA all-stars.

Statistic leaders.

The following shows the leaders for each statistic during the 2010 regular season.

Schedule.

! style="background:#094480; color:white" | 2010 WNBA regular season ! style="background:#094480; color:white" | 2010 WNBA postseason

The 2010 WNBA season was the 14th season of the Women's National Basketball Association. The regular season began with a televised (ESPN2) meeting between the defending champion Phoenix Mercury and the Los Angeles Sparks in Phoenix, Arizona on May 15. The Connecticut Sun hosted the 10th Annual All-Star Game which was broadcast live on ESPN on July 10. This year, it was a contest between Geno Auriemma's USA Basketball team and a single team of WNBA All-Stars. The Finals was a series between the Seattle Storm and the Atlanta Dream which Seattle won 3-0.

Die Saison 2010 der Women’s National Basketball Association war die 14. ausgespielte Saison der nordamerikanischen Damen-Basketball-Profiliga. Die reguläre Saison begann am 15. Mai 2010 und endete am 22. August 2010. Drei Tage später starteten die Playoffs, die am 16. September mit den Finals und dem Sieg der Seattle Storm endeten.


Geography.

Höfn is located on a peninsula in the southeast of Iceland. The name Höfn means harbour and it is a fishing port surrounded on three sides by the sea, with beaches on a long shoreline to the southeast. Shoals and glacial rivers traverse this area with many shifting lagoons and sand reefs being formed. Höfn is surrounded by several small islands to the east of the town, the largest of which is Mikley, followed by Krókalátur and Hellir.  Höfn is one of very few harbours in the southern part of Iceland and it needs to be navigated with care due to the changing pattern of shoals. Dredging is an essential requirement to remove sand that has accumulated near the harbour so that ships can safely moor. The entrance channel to Höfn port has a minimum depth of. However, the depth at the entrance itself is. The harbour at Höfn is reported to freeze during periods of extremely cold weather.  Eagle Airways operates domestic flights from Höfn airport and the town is a major centre for visitors to the Vatnajökull Glacier. Höfn lies at the end of Road 99, which leaves Iceland's National Road 1 several kilometres north of the town. A tunnel is located near the town, measuring 1,300 metres in length, which is named Almannaskarðsgöng. It was opened in 2005.  Nearby areas include Suðursveit (the birthplace of Þórbergur Þórðarson), Öræfasveit, Lón, Mýrar and Nes. In Nes there is a small village called Nesjahverfi. Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland, is about from Höfn along the south coast.

Economy.

The main economic activities in Höfn are fishing and tourism. Fishing involves both sea fishing and processing and packaging in the factories; one major fish processing factory, Skinney-Þinganes is one of the largest fish factories in the eastern part of Iceland, which employs a large number of people. The main production of these factories is bacaloa (saltfish) and processed lobster. Herring and capelin are also processed. Ten large and a number of smaller boats operate from Höfn. During the summer tourist season, trips are organised to the nearby Vatnajökull glacier. The surrounding area has served as a filming location for feature films including the James Bond movies "Die Another Day" and "A View to a Kill", "", and Batman Begins. Recently a song in the 2015 Bollywood movie "Dilwale" has been shot in the surrounding areas.  Höfn has a supermarket, two clothes shops, a flower shop and a computer shop, four hairdressers, a gym, a golf course, two banks and four schools. Höfn contains a few hotels, most notably the Hótel Höfn, which was built in 1966. Located in the centre of the town, the hotel has 68 rooms, five conference rooms and a dining room that can serve up to 140 guests. Also of note is the Fosshótel Vatnajökull, located near the Vatnajökull glacier and the Árnanes hotel, a small farm hotel. Notable restaurants include Kaffi Hornið and Víkin Restaurant.  The headland of the town is called the Ingólfshöfði, which is high and (in a direct line) from the town. Sea birds such as skuas, guillemots, fulmar and puffins can be seen from the headland.

Culture.

A cultural highlight of the town is the annual Humarhátíð (a lobster festival) held on the first weekend of July. During the summer season, the Glacier Exhibition is held in the old supermarket building.  Höfn contains several museums, including an exhibition about the Vatnajökulsþjóðgarð in Gamlabúð which has a variety of displays on the geology, ecology and history of the glacier.

Gamlabúð.

Gamlabúð ("Old Shop") is one of the oldest houses in Höfn still being used. It has served at least three purposes and has been moved around southeast Iceland. First it was a trade center in Papós and then it was a store in Höfn. Most recently it has been moved again and now it serves as an information center.  Originally called "Krambúðin", meaning "The Mercantile Store", in a short time it had managed to become one of the main trade centers for the people of southeast Iceland, as there were few other settlements in the area. Just about everything available in these parts of Iceland was sold here. Farmers were the main group of people making purchases, so naturally it sold mostly tools and such things that farmers needed on daily basis. In 1897 it was moved to the harbor of Höfn and stayed there for 80 years.  The house was the main trade post for the citizens of Höfn from 1937-1977, but when the town began to develop and modernize, the shop had neither a place at the harbor or in the town so it changed and moved, this time to Sílavík on the outskirts of town.  The municipality decided to move it again in 2012, back to the harbour of Höfn. This was done with the blessing of The Cultural Heritage Agency of Iceland which oversees the conservation of historical buildings. It now serves as an information and visitor centre for Vatnajökull National Park.

Education.

Höfn used to have three schools: Nesjaskóli, located in Nesjahverfi, Hafnarskóli and Heppuskóli. Now, the three schools have been merged into one school called Grunnskóli Hornafjarðar. In the secondary school Framhaldsskólinn í Austur-Skaftafellssýslu 70 to 100 students study in the day school and over 100 students are under distance-study programmes. The school maintains close collaboration with other schools in Iceland, the College in Egilsstaðir and the Vocational School in Neskaupstaður. The school has modern teaching facilities such as wireless internet, a computer centre, availability of laptop computers for students, overhead projectors and built-in sound systems.

Sports.

The local football club is Sindri, which plays in the Icelandic 3rd tier.

Climate.

Höfn has a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen "Cfc"). Daytime highs in the summer are around, while being just above the freezing point in the winter. Höfn is a rainy town, averaging approximately of precipitation. On average, Höfn has 180 days with measurable precipitation. Extreme temperatures range from recorded on August 10, 2004 to recorded on March 8, 1969.

Transport.

Höfn is well connected via Route 1, which circles Iceland. The distance to Reykjavik is. In the past, during the harsh winter months, the road just east of Höfn would often become blocked because of regular snow, hampering communications and access. To address this, a new tunnel, named Almannaskarðsgöng, was constructed and opened in 2005. The tunnel measures exactly in length (although the sign rounds it off to 1,300).  By air, Hornafjörður Airport provides service to Reykjavik.

Höfn or Höfn í Hornafirði () is an Icelandic fishing town in the southeastern part of the country. It lies near Hornafjörður fjord.

Höfn [] (auch "Höfn í Hornafirði"; „Hafen im Hornfjord“) ist der Hauptort der Gemeinde Hornafjörður im Südosten Islands. Am hatte der Ort Einwohner.


Orbit and classification.

"Pasteur" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,612 days; semi-major axis of 2.69 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.  The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in March 1956, more than 33 years prior to its official discovery observation.

Physical characteristics.

In the SMASS classification, "Pasteur" is a C-type asteroid. Pan-STARRS photometric survey and SDSS–MFB (Masi–Foglia–Bus) have also characterized the body as a carbonaceous C-type.

Rotation period.

In November 2011, a rotational lightcurve of "Pasteur" was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 13.69 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Pasteur" measures between 15.427 and 21.38 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.1290.  The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 15.98 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), who discovered the principles of vaccination, fermentation and pasteurization. In 1888 the renowned Pasteur Institute was established in Paris. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 November 1991 (). The lunar crater "Pasteur", as well as the Martian crater "Pasteur" have also been named after him.

4804 Pasteur, provisional designation, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 December 1989, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. The asteroid was named after French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur.

(4804) Pasteur ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 2. Dezember 1989 vom belgischen Astronomen Eric Walter Elst am La-Silla-Observatorium der Europäischen Südsternwarte (IAU-Code 809) entdeckt wurde.


Design and development.

955 cc (T695).

The Sprint ST was first introduced in 1999 as a complete redesign of the earlier Sprint 900 (1993–1998) styled by Rod Scivyer. It used the 955 cc straight-three engine similar to those found in the contemporaneous Speed Triple and Daytona models, only slightly detuned for smoother power delivery. Claimed power was, later increased to.  The model's appearance remained mostly unchanged from its introduction in 1999. An engine revamp with the assistance of Lotus in 2002 increased output to at 9100rpm and of torque at 5100rpm from a lighter engine—the bike is dry.

1,050 cc.

In 2005, Triumph introduced a redesigned Sprint ST based around the same inline triple, increased in stroke to yield a displacement of and with a new fuel injection system. Power output increased to (123 hp / 90 Kw @ 9250 rpm), with torque of (104 Nm / 77 ft-lb @ 5000 rpm). The 1050 ST redesigned chassis had a shorter wheelbase, the instrument cluster was modernised with miles-per-gallon and miles-to-empty displays, triple exhaust pipes were tucked under the seat, the headlights were completely redesigned and LED tail-lights added. Also, a range of options including pannier mounts and anti-lock brakes (ABS 2006 onwards) became available.  In 2007 some changes were made to the standard trim of the Sprint ST, including colour-matched panniers, handlebar risers and an improved windscreen. In 2008 the original composite fuel tank was replaced by a steel item of the same size and shape to enable the use of magnetic tank bags. Other 2008 changes included a new headlamp design and new footrests with more durable rubber. The Sprint ST continued in production until 2010, when it was replaced by the Sprint GT.

Triumph Sprint GT.

In 2010, the Triumph Sprint GT (Grand Tourer) was launched with a change of emphasis. Compared to the class-leading ST (Sports Tourer), the GT was more focused on two-up touring, with a longer wheelbase, more weight and a better pillion provision.  The engine was a revised version of the 1050 triple with more power (128 hp / 96 kW @ 9200 rpm) and torque (108 Nm / 80 ft-lb @ 6300 rpm) though the peak torque was produced at significantly higher revs than before. The power changes were as a result of use of an uprated ECU, the elimination of the 1050 ST's signature triple under seat exhaust in favour of a side-mounted 3-into-1 exhaust, and a revised throttle body intake. The highest gear was made seven percent taller than the ST to allowing for more relaxed highway cruising, giving an engine speed at a steady 110 km/h (68 MPH) of just over 4,000 rpm. The GT chassis was nearly 6 inches longer than the ST, with an overall length of 2260mm (89.0 inches) compared to the ST with 2114mm (83.2 inches); and the GT's wheelbase is 1537mm (60.5 inches) compared to the ST's 1457mm (57.4 inches).  The GT's front and rear suspension were Showa units. The front forks had stiffer springs to cope with the extra weight, while the rear suspension featured spring preload and rebound damping adjustability. These modifications added to the weight of the bike, which now had a hefty kerb weight of. The GT retained the 2008 ST headlamp design, and had the anti-lock brakes (ABS) that had been optional on the ST 1050. The longer chassis allowed pillion footpegs to be repositioned to be more accommodating for a passenger. Removing the ST's under-seat silencers to a conventional position allowed the reshaped pillion seat to be lower. Uprated hard panniers were a standard fitting, with a 55 litre top box available as a factory option. These panniers were more robust and much larger than the ST's: (31 litres each vs. 22 litres).  The GT has changed little since its introduction in 2010, although a new SE Special Edition included as standard previously optional accessories such as a gel "Comfort Seat". After 2014 the GT was no longer available outside the UK, but as of 2017, the Triumph Sprint GT SE is still in production for the home Market.

Reception.

Motor Cycle News called the pre-2005 Sprint a "superb British all rounder which pipped Honda’s VFR800 simply by using a straight bat when the VFR tried all kinds of trick but ultimately unnecessary technology". Of the 2005 model, MCN wrote, "the Triumph Sprint ST is the best sports-touring motorcycle of its generation by some margin. It’s smooth, long-legged, comfortable and handsome, with effortless power to shrink distances with delightful ease."

The Triumph Sprint ST is a sport touring motorcycle manufactured in the United Kingdom by Triumph between 1999 and 2010. Sporting a 1050cc 4-stroke three-cylinder engine, an alloy-beam frame and a single-sided swingarm, the Sprint ST competed effectively in the market against the Honda VFR800. In 2010 the Sprint ST was succeeded by the Triumph Sprint GT.

Mit der Modellreihe Triumph Sprint brachte der englische Hersteller Triumph 1993 sein erstes Motorrad im Segment der Sporttourer auf den Markt. Von Beginn an stand der Dreizylinderreihenmotor (Triple) im Mittelpunkt der Entwicklung und wurde bis heute stetig weiterentwickelt.


Biography.

Hauge was born and grew up on the island of Kyrkjøy in Sjernarøy, part of Finnøy municipality in Rogaland County, Norway. He was the son of Kolbein Andersson Hauge (1889–1972) and Marianne Rasmusdotter Auglænd (1893–1967). His brother Kolbjørn Hauge (1926-2007) was a schoolteacher and author. He completed primary school at Bryne in Time and graduated artium at Voss in Hordaland during 1935. He obtained his teaching degree at Oslo in 1939. He worked as a teacher at Karmøy in Rogaland and at Stavern in Vestfold until 1945. From 1952-53, he was the Rector of the Ryfylke Folkehøgskule at Sand in Hedmark. From 1953-83, he was a journalist at "Stavanger Aftenblad".  Hauge debuted with the historical novel "Septemberfrost" in 1941. Hauge is best known for describing the life and adventures of Cleng Peerson, a pioneer Norwegian immigrant to the United States in the 1820s. His trilogy included: "Hundevakt" (1961; "Midwatch”), "Landkjenning" (1964; "Land Sighting"), and "Ankerfeste" (1965; “Anchoring”). This collected work was published as "Cleng Peerson" in Norway during 1968. An English-language version was translated by Eric J. Friis and published under the same title during 1975. This publication was released as one of the official publications of the Norwegian Immigration Sesquicentennial in 1975. Hauge received numerous literary awards during his career. In 1955, Hauge won the Gyldendal's Endowment, a literature prize which was awarded by the Norwegian publisher Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. In recognition of his work he was also awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature in 1965. Hauge was made a Knight 1st Class the Order of St. Olav in 1976. He received an honorary doctorate at Luther College at Decorah, Iowa in 1982.  A memorial to Hauge has been erected on the island of Kyrkjøy at Sjernarøy Church ("Sjernarøy kirke"). The memorial is a bust made by artist Svein Magnus Håvarstein (1942–2013). Sjernarøy Church is an historic wooden church which dates to 1636.  Composer Hallvard Johnsen (1916-2003) wrote an opera based upon Alfred Hauge's "Legenden om Svein og Maria". The opera was first performed on 3 September 1973 by the Norwegian National Opera and Ballet ("Den Norske Opera & Ballet") in Oslo.

Alfred Hauge (17 October 1915 – 31 October 1986) was a Norwegian educator, journalist, novelist, poet and historian. He wrote extensively about life on the Ryfylke islands and about Norwegian-American emigration.

Alfred Hauge (* 17. Oktober 1915 in Finnøy; † 31. Oktober 1986 in Stavanger) war ein norwegischer Schriftsteller und Journalist. Bekannt wurde er durch seine Trilogie über das Leben eines norwegischen Nordamerika-Auswanderers zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts.


Career.

She was Director General of IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, from 2007 to mid January 2015. Prior to this, Marton-Lefèvre was Rector of the University for Peace (UPEACE), a graduate-level international university, mandated by the United Nations, providing education, training and research on issues related to peace and conflict. Earlier offices held by Marton-Lefèvre include Executive Director of LEAD (Leadership for Environment and Development) International, a programme established by The Rockefeller Foundation to bring together and train mid-career leaders from all parts of the world in improving their leadership skills around the issues of sustainable development, and Executive Director of the International Council for Science (then known as ICSU). She begain her international career in a programme on environmental education at UNESCO.

Institutional affiliations.

At present, Marton-Lefèvre is focusing on using her broad experience to advise organizations to help them achieve their goals. She chairs several international groups: the Executive Committee of the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the Donor Council of the Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund, the Board of Trustees of the recently merged CGIAR Centers: the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT (the International Center for Tropical Agriculture) and the Strategy Advisory Council to the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI). In 2019 she was elected to be a member of the Bureau of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).  Her links with academic institutions are with Yale University, where she spent 2016 as the Edward P. Bass Distinguished Visiting Environmental Scholar. She continues her links with Yale at the School of the Environment by teaching and mentoring students as a Fellow of Davenport College, and as a board member of the Environmental Leadership and Training Initiative. She also serves on the Advisory Boards of Oxford University's James Martin School, the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability (Arizona State University) and the International Risk Governance Center based at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Lausanne (EPFL). She recently completed a 10-year term as a founding member of the board of the Geneva-based Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, and remains a member of the advisory board of the Institute's Center for Environmental Studies.  Marton-Lefèvre's other board memberships include the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), the Global Footprint Network, the Turkana Basin Institute, the Oceanographic Institute- Prince Albert 1st of Monaco Foundation, and the advisory board of TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity). In the corporate world she is a member of the Critical Friends advisory group to the CEO of Veolia Environment S.A, as well as the Sustainable Development Council of EDF (Électricité de France S.A.).  Previous Board memberships include the,China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED), an advisory body to the Chinese Government, the Bibliotheca Alexandria, the International Institute for Environment and Development (IEED), Earth Charter International, the World Resources Institute (WRI), the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), the Lemelson Foundation, ICSU's Committee on Science and Technology in Developing Countries (COSTED) and the InterAcademy Council's Panel on Promoting Worldwide Science and Technology Capacities for the 21st Century. She was also a member of the juries of the Saint Andrew's, Volvo and Alcan Prizes and member of the global jury of the Holcim Awards. She has participated in corporate environmental advisory boards to the Dow Chemical Company, to the Coca-Cola Company and as the Chair of the Independent Advisory Board to the Sustainable Biomass Program, advising seven large energy companies.

Awards.

Marton-Lefèvre is the recipient of the AAAS Award for International Cooperation in Science; and has been honoured as a Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur” by the government of France, and as a Chevalier dans l'Ordre de Saint-Charles by Prince Albert of Monaco. She also received the ProNatura Award from the government of Hungary and the Presidential citation from the Republic of Korea. In 2019, Marton-Lefèvre was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award of the National Council for Science and the Environment, and as an Officer de l'Ordre National de Mérite by the President of France.  She is an elected Member of the World Academy of Art and Science, the World Future Council and the Royal Geographical Society.

Julia Marton-Lefèvre (1946, Budapest) is a French - US environmentalist and academic. She studied history, ecology and environmental planning in the US and in France,and was born in Hungary.

Julia Marton-Lefèvre (* 1946 in Budapest, Ungarn) war von 2007 bis 2014 Generaldirektorin der Weltnaturschutzunion International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).


Background.

Robledo was born in Iquique, Chile to a Chilean father and an English mother. He emigrated with his family to Brampton, Yorkshire in 1932, at the age of five, due to the instability in Chile at the time.

Club career.

Robledo started his footballing career at Huddersfield Town, playing as a part-time amateur while he earned his money coal mining, though he never managed to break into the first team. He was able to give up the coal mining when he moved to Second Division Barnsley during World War II. First Division club Newcastle United signed him on 27 January 1949, for a fee of £26,500. The fee included his brother Ted; Newcastle were only interested in buying George but he refused to move without his brother.  Robledo's league debut for Newcastle came in the 2–0 victory away to Charlton Athletic on 5 February, while his first league goal came a month later in the derby match against Sunderland at St James' Park. Newcastle came out of the match 2–1 winners, with Robledo's goal separating the sides, helping to quickly make him a fan favourite. The other Newcastle goal scorer was Jackie Milburn, marking the start of one of the great striking partnerships in Newcastle United's history. Robledo went on to score 5 more goals in the last 12 games of the season.  The following season, Robledo scored 11 goals for Newcastle, then netted 14 times in the 1950–51 season and became the first South American to play in the FA Cup final, when Newcastle beat Blackpool 2–0 to lift the Cup. Robledo finished as Division One's top scorer in the 1951–52 season with 33 goals, 39 in all competitions (equalling Hughie Gallacher's record). Robledo finished the season by scoring the goal which defeated Arsenal in the FA Cup final, helping Newcastle lift the cup in successive seasons. The goal scored by Robledo was drawn by a young John Lennon, who included it in the artwork of his album "Walls and Bridges" in 1974.  In the 1952–53 season, Robledo scored 18 times, taking his all time goals record for Newcastle to 91 and his league record to 82 (making him the highest scoring (non-Irish) overseas player in the English top flight, a record that was broken nearly half a century later by Dwight Yorke). At the end of the season, Ted Robledo was sold to Colo-Colo and George soon followed him, with Colo-Colo paying Newcastle £25,000 for his services. Both brothers were highly popular in Chile, and George ended as top scorer in the Chilean league in 1953 and 1954, with 26 and 25 goals respectively.  Robledo left Colo-Colo in 1958, and spent a year out of football, before signing for Club Deportivo O'Higgins where he played out the final years of his career, until his retirement in 1960.

International career.

Chile recruited Robledo for the 1950 FIFA World Cup, even though he spoke no Spanish. He made his debut in the opening group game against England (one of his opponents reputedly warned him after he'd hit the post "Steady, George, you're not playing for Newcastle now, you know") and scored in Chile's 5–2 victory over the United States. He was in the Chile squad for the 1955 and 1957 South American Championships, finishing as runners-up in the former tournament.  He made thirty-one appearances for his national side, scoring eight goals over a period of seven years.

Personal life.

Robledo married in 1959, and later had a daughter. He finally retired from football in 1961 and took charge of the sports program in St Peter's school, Viña del Mar, where he remained leading a quiet life until his death of a heart attack on 1 April 1989, just before his 63rd birthday. He was survived by his wife Gladys and daughter Elizabeth; Gladys, now in her eighties, is still living 30 years later.  His brother Ted had died nearly 20 years earlier, having fallen from an oil tanker into the sea off Dubai in December 1970. His body has never been found.

Jorge "George" Robledo Oliver (14 April 1926 – 1 April 1989) was a Chilean professional footballer. He played as a striker, and is most notable for his time spent with Newcastle United. He was the first non-British-registered foreign player to become top scorer in England.

Jorge Robledo Oliver (* 14. April 1926 in Iquique; † 1. April 1989 in Viña del Mar) war ein chilenischer Fußballspieler, der viele Jahre seiner Karriere in England verbrachte und mit der chilenischen Fußballnationalmannschaft an der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1950 teilnahm.


Recording.

The band began recording songs for the album on 7 December 1973, starting with "Ladies". They recorded "The Third Hoorah" along with the outtake "Paradise Steakhouse" on 8 December, "War Child" and "Back-Door Angels" along with outtake "Saturation" on 16 December, the sound effects from "Bungle in the Jungle", "Ladies", "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day" and "The Third Hoorah" along with outtake "Good Godmother" and orchestral piece "Mime Sequence" on 19 December, "Sea Lion" along with outtake "Sea Lion II" on 6 January 1974, "Queen and Country" on 20 January 1974 and finally "Two Fingers" and "Bungle in the Jungle" along with outtake "Tomorrow was Today" on 24 February 1974. The whole album was recorded at Morgan Studios, in London, except for tracks 6 and 8, which were recorded at the Château d'Hérouville, in France. According to the liner notes on the 2014 Theatre Edition reissue, "War Child" was a much more relaxed record to make, compared to the previous album and the Château d'Hérouville sessions. The studio equipment worked, the sound in the studio was very workable, and the atmosphere within the band was very settled and productive.

Music.

Much of the music derived from past recording sessions of the band. "Only Solitaire" and "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day" were left over from the summer 1972 writing sessions for what was to have been the follow-up to "Thick as a Brick" (1972). The basic tracks and lead vocals for those two songs were recorded during September 1972 sessions in France. "Bungle in the Jungle" also shares some elements with material recorded in September 1972. Ian Anderson told Songfacts: "It was actually late '72 or early '73 when I was in Paris recording an album that never got released, although one or two of the tracks made it out in 1974, but that was at a time when I was writing an album that was exploring people, the human condition, through analogies with the animal kingdom." "Two Fingers" is a rearrangement of "Lick Your Fingers Clean", a track from the "Aqualung" (1971) recording sessions that was not included on that album's original release.

Film.

Originally meant to accompany a film project (the album was planned as a double-album set), it was reinstated as a ten-song, single-length rock album after failed attempts to find a major movie studio to finance the film. The "War Child" movie was written as a metaphysical black comedy concerning a teenage girl in the afterlife, meeting characters based on God, St. Peter and Lucifer portrayed as shrewd businessmen. Notable British actor Leonard Rossiter was to have been featured, Margot Fonteyn was to have choreographed, while Monty Python veteran John Cleese was pencilled in as a "humour consultant".

Packaging.

The front cover is a composite photograph featuring a positive color print of Melbourne at night, and a negative print of a studio photo of lead singer Ian Anderson. The back cover of the album contains images of people, including the five members of the band, friends, wives, girlfriends, Chrysalis Records staff, and manager Terry Ellis, all related to the song titles. Anderson's personal touring assistant (and future wife) Shona Learoyd appears as a ringmaster, while Terry Ellis appears as a leopard skin-clad, umbrella-waving aggressive businessman.

Music style and themes.

The album prominently features Dee Palmer‘s string orchestration across an eclectic musical set, with the band members, as the two predecessor albums, playing a multitude of instruments. The music is lighter and more whimsical than the dark "A Passion Play", with hints of comedy in the lyrics and the music' structure. Although, the lyrics still unleash lashing critiques of established society (as in "Queen and Country" and "Bungle in the Jungle"), religion ("Two Fingers") and critics ("Only Solitaire").

Releases.

Tracks slated to accompany the film such as "Quartet" and "Warchild Waltz" were unearthed and released across several Tull compilations, and finally all of them appeared on the 2002 CD reissue.  In 2014, to commemorate the album's 40th anniversary, War Child: The 40th Anniversary Theatre Edition was released; a three-disc, limited edition package, remixed by Steven Wilson containing unreleased tracks, a promo video of "The Third Hoorah", orchestral pieces that were originally written for the film project, a script synopsis and track-by-track annotations by Ian Anderson.

Critical reception.

The 1974 "Rolling Stone" review of the album is very harsh, as was the "Rolling Stone" review of "A Passion Play": "Each handcrafted track comes chock-full of schmaltz, strings, tootie-fruitti sound effects and flute toots to boot, not to mention Anderson's warbling lyricism." Concluding, the reviewer said: "Remember: Tull rhymes with dull."  The "AllMusic" review, by Bruce Eder, recognizes the quality of the album and the musicians, but stated that: "["War Child"] never made the impression of its predecessors, however, as it was a return to standard-length songs following two epic-length pieces. It was inevitable that the material would lack power, if only because the opportunity for development that gave "Thick as a Brick" and "A Passion Play" some of their power."

Charts.

"War Child" went Gold in the U.S., where it peaked at No. 2 on the "Billboard" pop albums chart. On the other hand, the sales decreased in U.K., where it reached No. 14. In Norway it reached No. 8 and in Denmark No. 9.

Track listing.

2014 The 40th Anniversary Theatre Edition.

"*Tracks 12-21: orchestral recordings"

War Child is the seventh studio album by Jethro Tull, released in October 1974. It was released almost a year and a half after the release of "A Passion Play". The turmoil over criticism of the previous album surrounded the production of "War Child", which obliged the band to do press conferences and explain their plans for the future.

War Child ist das siebte Studioalbum und zugleich das achte Werk der Progressive-Rock-Band Jethro Tull. Es wurde im Oktober 1974 veröffentlicht. Es erreichte Platz 14 in Großbritannien und Platz 2 in den USA.


Biography.

Early life.

Webb was born in Denver, Colorado, and graduated from Stanford University in 1930. During the 1930s, he worked both as a screenwriter and a fiction writer for a number of national magazines, including "Collier's Weekly", "Cosmopolitan" and the "Saturday Evening Post".

Early Screenplays.

Webb's early screenplays were written for Republic Pictures. He did a series of films starring Roy Rogers and directed by Joseph Kane: "Nevada City" (1941), "Bad Man of Deadwood" (1941), "Jesse James at Bay" (1941) and "South of Santa Fe" (1942) with Roy Rogers. He also did "Rags to Riches" (1941) directed by Kane.

World War Two.

Webb was commissioned an army officer in June 1942 and became a personal aide to General Lloyd R. Fredendall who was commander of the II Corps (United States). Webb accompanied Fredendall to England in October 1942 and participated in the invasion of North Africa in November 1942 when the Second Corps captured the city of Oran. The Second Corps then attacked eastward into Tunisia. In February 1943 the German army launched a counterattack at Kasserine Pass which repulsed the Second Corps and nearly broke through the Allied lines. The Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower relieved Fredendall of command in March 1943 and sent him back to the United States where he became deputy commander of the Second United States Army at Memphis, Tennessee.  Webb returned to the United States with Fredendall and later served in the European Theater.

Post War Career.

Webb left the Army after the war and returned to Hollywood, California, where he continued his work as a screenwriter. He returned to Republic for "California Firebrand" (1948).  In 1948 he sold a story to Universal, "Going, Going, Gone" and was going to write the script but no film resulted. A story of his"Fugitive from Love", was filmed as "Woman in Hiding" (1950).

Warner Bros.

Webb signed a contract for Warner Bros for whom he wrote the Westerns "Montana" (1950) with Errol Flynn, "Raton Pass" (1951), and "The Big Trees" (1952) with Kirk Douglas.  He also wrote "Close to My Heart" (1951) based on his own novel, "Operation Secret" (1952), "The Iron Mistress" (1952) for Alan Ladd, "The Charge at Feather River" (1953) a 3-D film, and "Phantom of the Rue Morgue" (1954).  Webb had a big hit with two films for Burt Lancaster and Robert Aldrich: "Apache" (1954) and "Vera Cruz" (1954). He wrote episodes of "The Millionaire" and "Cheyenne" and "Illegal" (1955) with Edgar G. Robinson.

Post Warner Bros.

Lancaster hired Webb to do "Trapeze" (1956). He also wrote "The Big Country" (1958) and "Pork Chop Hill" (1959).  Webb received acclaim for his script for "Cape Fear" (1962) and especially "How the West Was Won" (1962). Webb won an Oscar for the latter.

Mirisch Brothers.

Less well received were "Kings of the Sun" (1963) for the Mirisch Brothers and "Cheyenne Autumn" (1964) for John Ford. He wrote an early draft of "Chinese Finale" that became "7 Women", Ford's last film, but Webb is not credited in the final movie.  Webb wrote the English language version of "Guns for San Sebastian" (1968) and did a script for "Patton".  He did some historical epics: "Alfred the Great" (1969), for MGM; "Sinful Davey" (1969) for John Huston and the Mirisches; and "The Hawaiians" (1970), for the Mirsches.  His last credits were sequels to "In the Heat of the Night", both for the Mirsches: "They Call Me Mister Tibbs!" (1970) and "The Organization" (1971).  In March 1974 the American Writers Guild awarded him the Morgan Award for services to the guild.  He died on September 27, 1974, and was buried in Los Angeles National Cemetery. He was survived by a wife, a son and a daughter.

James R. Webb (October 4, 1909 – September 27, 1974) was an American writer. He won an Oscar in 1963 for "How the West Was Won".

James R. Webb (* 4. Oktober 1909 in Denver, Colorado; † 27. September 1974 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Drehbuchautor.


College career.

He was both a punter and a placekicker at Southern Mississippi, once kicking a then-record 61-yard field goal in a snowstorm during a game in Utah. In 1972, he kicked a 93-yard punt in a game against the University of Mississippi. After his senior season at Southern Miss, Guy was named Most Valuable Player of the 1973 Chicago College All-Star Game, in which an all-star team of college seniors played the current Super Bowl champion. He was also a starting safety at Southern Miss; during his senior season, he intercepted a school-record eight passes, and was named an All-American defensive back.

Professional career.

Guy was the first punter ever to be selected in the first round in the NFL Draft, in 1973. Ray Guy was selected to seven Pro Bowl teams, and in 1994, he was named the punter on the National Football League's 75th Anniversary Team. His trademark was kicking punts that stayed in the air for so long that by the time the punt returner was able to field it, the Raiders' coverage unit had the field covered so well that a return was not possible. Guy's punts often left opposing offenses pinned deep into their own end of the field. The statistic for hang time was instituted in the NFL during his career, reportedly because of him. Joe Horrigan, the historian of the Pro Football Hall of Fame once said: "He's the first punter you could look at and say: 'He won games.'"  In Super Bowl XVIII, Guy punted seven times for 299 yards (42.7 average), with 244 net yards (34.8 average) and planted five of his seven punts inside the 20. Due in part to his effective punting, the Los Angeles Raiders easily won the game, 38-9.  Guy also played quarterback in his early years; for much of his career he was the Raiders' emergency quarterback, replacing kicker-quarterback George Blanda in this position. During the early part of Guy's career, he would occasionally do kickoffs for the Raiders because the aging Blanda no longer had great range.  During a 1977 game against the Houston Oilers, Oilers coach Bum Phillips suspected that Guy was using footballs illegally inflated with helium because he had "never seen anyone hang kickoffs like Guy did", and that the ball was "hanging up there too long"; additionally, the Raiders were using a new ball for every punt, adding to his suspicions. Phillips said after the game that he would have the ball sent to Rice University for testing. Guy punted 3 times for 107 yards in the game.  In his 13-year career, Guy:

Hall of Fame.

Guy was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2014 on August 2, 2014. For many years before his induction in 2014, he was considered one of the most worthy players who had not yet been selected for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In 1994, he was the first pure punter to be nominated for enshrinement. In his enshrinement speech, he proudly proclaimed, "Now the Hall of Fame has a complete team."  Guy has been inducted into both the Mississippi and Georgia Sports Halls of Fame, the National High School Sports Hall of Fame, and the College Football Hall of Fame. On April 21, 2008, Guy was inducted into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame.

Ray Guy Award.

In 2000, the Greater Augusta Sports Council instituted the Ray Guy Award, to be awarded to the nation's best collegiate punter. Since many collegiate punters nominated for the Ray Guy Award are either former students or work at his kicking camps, Guy himself does not participate in the voting process to avoid accusations of favoritism.

Pro kicking camps.

In 2005, Guy helped organize and participated in two-day kicking camps, held throughout the United States, for high-school punters, placekickers, and longsnappers. In 2007, the camp was once again held on the campus of Colorado College. He has help from son Ryan Guy.

Personal life.

Guy was married to Beverly Guy. The couple has two children, Ryan and Amber.  On August 14, 2011, Guy filed for bankruptcy and was forced to put up his Super Bowl rings for auction. The auction of the rings brought in $96,216, slightly higher than the upper estimate of 90K.

William Ray Guy (born December 22, 1949) is an American former professional football player who was a punter for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). Guy was a unanimous All-American selection in 1972 as a senior at the University of Southern Mississippi, and was the first pure punter ever to be drafted in the first round of the NFL Draft, when the Oakland Raiders selected him with the 23rd overall pick in 1973. Guy was elected to both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014. A six-time NFL All-Pro, Guy is widely considered to be the greatest punter of all time.

William Ray Guy (* 22. Dezember 1949 in Swainsboro, Georgia) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Punters. Er spielte 14 Jahre für die Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders in der National Football League (NFL) und gewann mit ihnen drei Super Bowls (Super Bowl XI, XV und XVIII).


Plot.

In 1784, shortly after the United States wins its independence, American Peter Standish (Leslie Howard) sails from New York to England to marry his cousin. Upon hearing of a Frenchman crossing the English Channel in a balloon, Peter regrets that he will not be able to see the marvels the future has in store.  In 1933, his descendant, also named Peter Standish (Leslie Howard again), unexpectedly inherits a house in Berkeley Square, London. He becomes increasingly obsessed with his ancestor's diary, causing his fiancée Marjorie Frant (Betty Lawford) great concern. When they have tea with the American ambassador (Samuel S. Hinds), Peter confides to the diplomat with eager anticipation his conviction that he will be transported back 149 years at 5:30 that day. Peter is convinced that all he needs to do is follow his ancestor's diary, since he already knows what happens, from reading it.  He rushes home, and just as he opens the door, he is indeed back in 1784, taking the place of the earlier Peter Standish just as he arrives at the house, then owned by his relations, the Pettigrews. Lady Ann (Irene Browne), and her grown offspring, Tom (Colin Keith-Johnston), Kate (Valerie Taylor) and Helen (Heather Angel) are there to greet him. The Pettigrews, being in desperate financial straits, are anxious for Kate to marry the wealthy American. Peter is determined not to alter the future he has read about, until he sees Helen for the first time. He tries to fight his attraction to her, but ultimately fails. Helen, meanwhile, is being pressed by her mother to marry Mr. Throstle (Ferdinand Gottschalk), but, Helen has determined, even before Peter's arrival, not to marry. She later confesses to Peter, that she had been dreaming of him, before she saw him.  As time goes on, Peter keeps inadvertently giving offense with his unfamiliarity with 18th century customs. People also begin to fear him, as he blunders and speaks of things which have not yet taken place. For example, when he commissions Sir Joshua Reynolds to paint his portrait, he praises another Reynolds work by name, one the painter has only just begun. Kate becomes convinced that Peter is demonically possessed and breaks their engagement. Helen, however, is sympathetic to his difficulties, and falls in love with him.  Helen eventually presses Peter for an explanation of his "second sight", which he has only hinted at. Though he refuses to speak openly, she somehow sees in his eyes visions of his modern world, with all its horrors as well as its marvels, and guesses the truth. Knowing he has become disillusioned, living among ghosts born 149 years before his time, and desperately unhappy with the day-to-day realities of her era (including a lack of hygiene and plumbing, and not bathing regularly in what he calls a "filthy little pigsty of a world"), she urges him to return to his own time. He wants to stay with her regardless of the consequences, but in the end, he does go back to 1933.  When he visits Helen's grave, he learns that she died on June 15, 1787 at the age of 23. Marjorie comes to see him, worried about his sanity because he has been saying that he is from the 18th century. Peter believes his ancestor had switched places with him. He tells her he cannot marry her. Peter is consoled by the epitaph on Helen's grave, and her conviction that they will be together, "not in my time, nor in yours, but in God's".

Reception.

The film was a box office disappointment for Fox.  "The New York Times" reviewer Mordaunt Hall called it "an example of delicacy and restraint, a picture filled with gentle humor and appealing pathos." He particularly praised Leslie Howard, writing, "He has done excellent work in other films, but it is doubtful whether he has ever given so impressive and imaginative a performance." "Variety" declared the film "an imaginative, beautiful and well-handled production," but predicted that it would not fare well at the American box office because of the very British cast and dialogue. John Mosher of "The New Yorker" also praised the film, writing that "the charm that was in the play is there, with Leslie Howard again in his stage role, and with the good, even poetic, lines conserved, and the handsome eighteenth-century London mounted for us with a great deal of taste." "Harrison's Reports" wrote: "Artistically and handsomely produced and beautifully acted, "Berkeley Square" emerges as high-class entertainment for the better class of picture-goers; it is rather slow for the masses."

Remake.

The film was remade in 1951 as "The House in the Square", starring Tyrone Power and Ann Blyth, but shown in the U.S. as "I'll Never Forget You". Irene Browne reprised her role as Lady Ann Pettigrew in the remake.

Berkeley Square is a 1933 American pre-Code fantasy drama film produced by Fox Film Corporation, directed by Frank Lloyd, and starring Leslie Howard and Heather Angel. It recounts the tale of young American Peter Standish, played by Howard (nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor), who is transported back to London shortly after the American Revolution, where he meets his ancestors. The film was based on the 1926 play of the same name by John L. Balderston, itself loosely based on the incomplete 1917 novel "The Sense of the Past" by Henry James. Howard also played Standish in the Broadway play.

Berkeley Square ist ein US-amerikanischer Fantasyfilm aus dem Jahr 1933. Das Drehbuch basiert auf dem unvollendeten Roman "The Sense of the Past" von Henry James und dem daraus entwickelten Theaterstück von John L. Balderston.


Geography.

Polatlı is situated at the heart of the high Anatolian plateau, a large steppe covered with grass. Far from the coast, it has a typical steppes' climate. The winters are generally cold, the summers dry and dusty. The springs are the most humid times of the year. Polatlı is one of the most productive agricultural districts in Turkey and is best known for its cereal production, especially barley and wheat. Polatlı is one of Turkey's largest grain stores. Sugar beet, melon and onion are also grown.

History.

The ancient Phrygian capital Gordion is 10 km from the city of Polatlı. On his expedition to the east, Alexander the Great cut the famous Gordian Knot, an omen of his coming rule over the whole Asia. Pessinus, an ancient city on the upper river Sangarios (modern day Sakarya River), is also within the borders of Polatlı. The mythological Phrygian King Midas is said to have ruled from Pessinus and to be buried here.  Polatlı also occupied an important place in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 as the Battle of Sakarya (August 23-September 13, 1921) was fought here, the utmost eastern point reached by the advancing Greek Army in Anatolia. There are two memorial burial grounds of those lost in the battle. There is also a monument named Mehmetçik Monument about the battle just west of Polatlı.

Polatlı today.

Today, Polatlı is an important district of Ankara on the main road which connects the capital to the west of Turkey. The city has a good range of restaurants, bars, schools and other important amenities but still a quiet rural feel to it, and little social life except cafes, patisseries and window shopping on a Sunday afternoon. There are car repair workshops but otherwise little industry. Polatlı is trying to become an independent province from Ankara and "we want to be a city" graffiti can be seen in the town.  There is a military base here and the Turkish Army Artillery School was established in Polatlı in the early 1940s and is still an important institution in the town.  Polatlıspor is a minor league football club that once climbed into the second league.  There is a large statue of a kangaroo on the main road into city.

Longwave transmitter.

Near Polatli, there is a longwave broadcasting transmitter, which works on 180 kHz with a transmitter output power of 1200 kW. It uses as antenna a single 250 metres tall mast situated at 39°45'22"N 32°25'5"E. The station is known as "Polatlı Vericisi".

Polatlı (formerly Ancient Greek: Γορδιον, Gòrdion and Latin: Gordium) is a city and a district in Ankara Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, 80 km west of the Turkish capital Ankara, on the road to Eskişehir. According to 2010 census, population of the district is 117,473 of which 98,605 live in the city of Polatlı. The district covers an area of 3,789 km2, and the average elevation is 850 m.

Polatlı ehemals "Polad" ist eine Kreisstadt und Landkreis der türkischen Provinz/Großstadtgemeinde Ankara. Der Landkreis ist der größte der Großstadtgemeinde Ankara liegt im Südwesten. Er grenzt an die Provinzen Eskişehir und Konya.


Metropolitanism.

Zenghelis came to critical attention for his accomplishments while part of the Dutch architectural firm Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), which he founded in 1975 with Zoe Zenghelis, his wife, his former student Rem Koolhaas, and Madelon Vriesendorp, Koolhaas's wife. From 1980 to 1987, the male Zenghelis was partner in charge of OMA London; of OMA Athens from 1982 to 1987 OMA Athens. Out of OMA's projects during that period, Zenghelis was a central influence in earlier works: Extension of the Dutch Houses of Parliament, The Hague, 1978; Lutzowstrasse, IBA Berlin, 1981; Parc de la Villette, Paris, 1982; and Checkpoint Charlie housing, IBA Berlin, 1990.  Several of the paintings that Elia Zenghelis made with Zoe Zenghelis to illustrate OMA projects—such as Hotel Sphinx (1975) and Sixteen Villas on the Island of Antiparos, Greece (1981)—are now included in the Art and Design collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Mediterraneanism.

Zenghelis' turn to designing bourgeois summer villas in Greece in the early 1980s marked a change in the dynamics of his work: the British architectural journal "Architectural Design" (no. 51, 1981) noted in regards to his houses in Antiparos, that "Since Elia Zenghelis and Rem Koolhaas formally founded OMA over six years ago, their work, recently described by Bob Maxwell ‘as a series of paradoxes: reductivist yet metaphoric, polemical yet exquisite, modern, yet anti-modern’, has revealed subtle shifts of concern. This idiosyncratic evolution has now moved from Manhattanism to Mediterraneanism; their current project for a series of villas on Antiparos reflects a development of the OMA rationale skilfully crafted with Aegean traditions." This evaluation is somewhat misleading, however, in that after this work Zenghelis still worked in projects in West Berlin, especially the urban infill, part of the IBA Berlin project, in which the city set up a series of invited architectural competitions among avant-gardist architects of the time (including Aldo Rossi, Peter Eisenman and Rob Krier) to design infills on sites throughout the city. OMA designed a structure adjacent to the infamous Checkpoint Charlie site - at a time when the border control was still operating.

Gigantes Zenghelis Architects.

In 1987 Zenghelis went into partnership with architect Eleni Gigantes, in the office Gigantes Zenghelis Architects, London and Athens. From 2000 to 2011 they also had a branch office in Brussels, Belgium. However, from 1992 onward, Zenghelis withdrew from active participation in the office, and from design, in favour of his first and true vocation - education, which by then occupied him almost continuously. He continued to lecture on the work of the office however and make occasional contributions.  The office's most prestigious and critically received completed scheme has been the Ashikita House of Youth (1996–1998) in Kumamoto, on the island of Kyūshū, Japan, commissioned by Kumamoto ArtPolis.

Education.

In 1989 he was appointed Baukunst Professor at the Kunstakademie in Düsseldorf (stepping into Jim Stirling's recently vacated chair), retiring in 2002. He also taught at the Berlage Institute in the Netherlands (1993–2010), and in 2003 was also appointed a member of its Board. From 1997 onward he also taught in Switzerland: as Guest Professor at EPFL in Lausanne (1997-8) and ETH in Zurich (1998–2000) and as Professor at the Accademia d'Architettura Mendrisio (2000–2007). He was appointed Professor Emeritus in different Schools of Architecture such as the one of University of Thessaly in Greece. In 2012 he taught master classes at The Bartlett and is currently the Davenport Visiting Professor at the Yale School of Architecture.

Quote.

"From the early 60's architecture was entering a period of crisis and the search for a way forward shifting out of the profession and into the schools. (...) Through he Architectural Association I was sent to Ulm and with the support of the school we were able to invite new radical architects like Coop Himmelblau and Adolfo Natalini of Superstudio to London: providing not only cross-pollination but a system of support across borders. By the late 60s the Architectural Association had become a breeding ground for radical ideas and even before I met Rem Koolhaas as a student in 2nd year I had left my job and centred my life at the school." (Zenghelis, "Statement of Intent", 2003)

Elia Zenghelis (Born 1937, Athens, Greece) is a Greek architect and teacher. He studied architecture at the Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, completing his studies in 1961. From 1961 to 1971 he worked for architects Douglas Stephen and Partners, London, while also (from 1963) teaching at the Architectural Association. Zenghelis became a prominent teacher at the school for introducing more radical avant-gardism into the curriculum. From 1971 to 1975 Zenghelis collaborated with various architects in London, Paris and New York: Georges Candilis, Michael Carapetian, Aristeides Romanos, Rem Koolhaas, O.M. Ungers and Peter Eisenman.

Ilias Zengelis, (, auch "Elia" oder "Elias Zenghelis", * 1937 in Athen) ist ein griechischer Architekt. Bekannt wurde er durch die Gründung des Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) zusammen mit seinem damaligen Studenten Rem Koolhaas.


History.

The first "Ginkgo" leaves were found from the Triassic period, but there were many species of "Ginkgo" during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods as well. These periods, known collectively as the Mesozoic era, were when diversity and distribution for all plants were at their highest, including in Ginkophytes. It was in the early Cenozoic period that Ginkgophytes nearly became extinct, specifically during the early Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. The only remaining Ginkgophyte was "Ginkgo adiantoides" – a polymorphic species. Modern "Ginkgo" trees are native to China.

Reproduction.

"Ginkgo" trees produce ovulate, pollen-bearing structures. These structures are dioecious, in that male and female structures come from different "Ginkgo" plants. The pollen organs are very similar to angiospermous catkins. They come from the axils of the bud scales, and the leaves from the "Ginkgo" tree spur shoots. Pollen is contained in sacs of two to four at the tips of sporophylls on the strobiloid. Ovules of "Ginkgo" trees come from stalks from leaf axils on the short shoots, each containing two ovules. The ovule is fertilized by the flagellated male gametes, which can move about freely. This fertilization process begins on the tree itself in the spring. The swollen fruit-like ovules, about 2–3 cm in diameter, fall from the tree in the fall, and fertilization continues into the winter/spring. This fruit contains a single large seed, similar to that of a cycad.

Morphology.

Ginkgophyte wood.

Fossils that appear "Ginkgo"-like are filed under a morphogenus called "Ginkgoxylon, Ginkgomyeloxylon," or "Protoginkgoxylon". Fossilized ginkgophyte wood is not commonly found in the record, possibly because it degrades easily, and possibly because it is difficult to tell apart from the much more pervasive conifer samples. Like conifer wood, it has secondary thin-walled xylem and a primary vascular system composed of eustele and bifacial vascular cambium. The tracheids in the secondary xylem rays have pitting that occurs only on the walls and is circularly bordered.

Ginkgophyte foliage.

"Ginkgophyte" foliage has stayed largely consistent since the Mesozoic. Its historically wide territory makes it an important leaf morphology, and its unique stomata and isotopic profile give it a key role in recreations of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Leaf fossils that resemble the Ginkgophytes are known as "Ginkgoites". There are similar, now extinct, morphogens, such as "Sphenobaiera", which describes fan-shaped, deeply divided leaves without clear petioles.  The distinctive shape of the modern "Ginkgo biloba" gives the impression of a very narrow leaf morphology, but the group is varied and diverse. The genus "Ginkgo" by itself contains a range of morphologies. "Ginkgo digitata", from the Jurassic, has long, wedge-shaped laminae with the intercostal regions covered in stomata and resin bodies, while "G. pluripartita" has at most 2 cm-long leaves and is intercostally hypostomatic.

Ginkgoales is a gymnosperm order containing only one extant species: "Ginkgo biloba", the ginkgo tree. It is monotypic, (the only taxon) within the class Ginkgoopsida, which itself is monotypic within the division Ginkgophyta. The order includes five families, of which only Ginkgoaceae remains extant.

Die Ginkgoales sind die einzige Ordnung in der Klasse Ginkgoopsida innerhalb der Samenpflanzen (Spermatophytina). Sie umfasst etliche fossile Gruppen, aber nur eine einzige rezente Art, den Ginkgo ("Ginkgo biloba").


Composition.

The song is performed in the key of E minor with a tempo of 104 beats per minute in common time. Khan's vocals span from G to E in the song.

Charts.

Weekly charts.

Original version Remix

Other versions.

Jaki Graham version.

In 1994, British singer-songwriter Jaki Graham released her cover of "Ain't Nobody". It was released as the first and lead single from her fourth and last album, "Real Life". Grahams version reached number one on the U.S. "Billboard" Dance Chart for five weeks as well as being in the Top 5 favourite videos for BET (Black Entertainment Charts). The single also reached number 44 in the UK, number 11 in Iceland and number 17 in Australia.

Critical reception.

Larry Flick from "Billboard" called the song "smashing" and wrote that Graham "returns with a grand reading of a Rufus pop/soul nugget. Track is the latest in an onslaught of competitive versions of the song by various divas. This one, however, is the real deal, thanks to Graham's considerable charm as well as a plethora of mixes that range from peppy NRG to muscular house. A sure-fire club hit, don't be surprised if crossover radio beckons."

Music video.

The music video for "Ain't Nobody" was directed by American film director and producer Antoine Fuqua.

Diana King version.

In 1995, Jamaican singer-songwriter Diana King recorded a cover single of "Ain't Nobody". It was released as the third single from her debut album, "Tougher Than Love". The song reached number 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 4 on "Billboard"s Dance chart and number 13 on the UK Singles Chart.

Critical reception.

Larry Flick from "Billboard" described the song as a "sexy hip-hop interpretation" by King and "irresistible". He also complimented King's "assured performance". Anne Slemmelid from "Laagendalsposten" said that King's version is "incredibly powerful" and "much better than the original." "Music & Media" commented that the follow-up to "Shy Guy" sees the Jamaican vocalist "lose some of her rough dancehall edges in favour of a smoother R&B sound." They also noted that the chorus is "pure, uplifting modern soul." Rune Slyngstad from "Nordlandsposten" called it a "very great version" in his review of the "Tougher Than Love" album.

LL Cool J remix.

Rapper LL Cool J recorded an interpolation of the song for the soundtrack to the 1996 film "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America". Released as the soundtrack's second single, the song peaked at No. 46 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, No. 4 on the Hot Rap Singles Chart and No. 27 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Outside the United States, the song topped the charts in the United Kingdom, where the song was also a hit for Gwen Dickey and KWS (reaching No. 21) and The Course (No. 8).  The music video of this version, directed by Michael Martin, produced by Jonathan Heuer, and cinematography by Martin Coppen, was partially filmed at Mount Hood of Oregon. It also shows a pool party filled with guests, including Brian McKnight, Alfonso Ribeiro, Cedric the Entertainer, John Salley, and John Witherspoon.

Richard X vs Liberty X version.

In 2003, English-Irish pop group Liberty X released a version of the song titled "Being Nobody", produced by Richard X, as the lead single from Richard X's debut studio album "Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1" (2003), as well as the lead single from Liberty X's second studio album "Being Somebody" (2003). The song is a pseudo-mashup, taking the lyrics of Chaka Khan's signature song "Ain't Nobody" and placing them over an instrumental interpolation of The Human League's "Being Boiled". Additional elements from both songs were also used such as the recurring synth line from "Ain't Nobody" and the line "OK, ready? Let's do it." in the intro of the main mix are from the intro of "Being Boiled".  Liberty X first performed "Being Nobody" on "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway" on February 8, 2003. They also performed it twice on "Top of the Pops", with other performances on "The National Lottery Wright Ticket" and "".

Critical reception.

The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. It was deemed "instantly memorable" by RTÉ.ie reviewer Linda McGee, whilst Louis Pattison of "NME" believed it was "Truly, a record to get over-excited about." Alexis Kirke of musicOMH said: "The marriage of the credible dance-bootleg production of Richard X with high profile pop-act Liberty X is not only a perfect career-expanding synergy for both, but also a powerful musical synergy in which the seventies meets the eighties during the noughties." Writing for ukmix.org, Martin P gave the song five stars out of five and called it "It's pure pop perfection with a twist of R&B – one of the best Liberty X singles!"

Mary J. Blige version.

American R&B singer Mary J. Blige covered the song for her 2011 studio album "My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)".

Scooter version.

"It's a Biz (Ain't Nobody)" is a single by German hard dance band Scooter. It was released on March 23, 2012 as the fifth single from their fifteenth studio album "The Big Mash Up".

Track listing.

CD single (2-track) Download Danish promo CD single

Felix Jaehn version.

In 2015, German music producer and DJ Felix Jaehn released a remix titled "Ain't Nobody (Loves Me Better)" featuring vocals by British singer Jasmine Thompson. It is the lead single for his eponymous 2016 debut EP "Felix Jaehn". The remix was based on a solo release of the song by Thompson in 2013, when Thompson was 13, which had peaked at number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. However, the Felix Jaehn remix became a far bigger international chart success, peaking at number one or two in a number of European countries (including number two in the United Kingdom) as well as the top 10 in other European countries and Australia.

Charts.

Weekly charts  Year-end charts  Decade-end charts

"Ain't Nobody" is a song by American funk band Rufus and American singer Chaka Khan. It was released on November 4, 1983, as one of four studio tracks included on their live album "Stompin' at the Savoy" (1983). "Ain't Nobody" quickly gathered popularity, and reached number one on the US "Billboard" R&B chart and number 22 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It has become one of Khan's signature songs.

Ain’t Nobody ( für „Es gibt niemanden“) ist ein Lied der US-amerikanischen Funkband Rufus, in Kooperation mit der US-amerikanischen Soulsängerin Chaka Khan. Das Stück ist die erste Singleauskopplung aus ihrem ersten Livealbum "Stompin’ at the Savoy".