History.

Early history.

Following raids by Vikings, the district of Morar became part of the Kingdom of the Isles, a Norwegian dependency. In practice though, by the mid 12th century, the kingdom was divided; the portion containing Morar was known as "Garmoran", and ruled by the MacRory. Following the 1266 Treaty of Perth, Garmoran became a Scottish crown dependency - the "Lordship of Garmoran" - still ruled by the MacRory, until the sole MacRory heir was Amy of Garmoran.  Most of the remainder of the Kingdom of the Isles had become the "Lordship of the Isles", ruled by the MacDonalds, whose leader, John of Islay, married Amy. After the birth of three sons, he divorced Amy and married the king's niece, in return for a substantial dowry. As part of the arrangement, John deprived his eldest son, Ranald, of the ability to inherit the Lordship of the Isles, in favour of a son by his new wife; as compensation, he made Ranald the Lord of Garmoran. However, at the end of the 14th century, on Ranald's death, his sons were still children, and Ranald's younger brother Godfrey took the opportunity to seize the Lordship of Garmoran. Furthermore, the heirs of Ranald's other brother Murdoch now made their own claim. This led to a great deal of violent conflict involving Godfrey's family (the Siol Gorrie) and those of his brothers (which is not described in surviving records in much detail).  In 1427, frustrated with the level of violence generally in the highlands, together with the insurrection caused by his own cousin, King James I demanded that highland magnates should attend a meeting at Inverness. On arrival, many of the leaders were seized and imprisoned. Alexander MacGorrie, son of Godfrey, was considered to be one of the two most reprehensible, and after a quick showtrial, was immediately executed. As Alexander had by now inherited Godfrey's de facto position as Lord of Garmoran, and in view of Ranald's heirs being no less responsible for the violence, King James declared the Lordship forfeit.

Lairdship grants.

In 1469, James' grandson (James III) granted Lairdship of the lands of Garmoran and Uist to John, the Lord of the Isles. In turn, John passed it to his own half-brother, Hugh of Sleat; the grant to Hugh was confirmed by the king in a 1493 charter. The violence that led to Alexander's execution had brought the Siol Gorrie to the brink of extinction, and after Alexander's death they played no further part in Morar's history.  Ranald's heirs (Clan Ranald) disputed and fought against the charter. Following Hugh of Sleat's death, in 1498, and for reasons that are not remotely clear, his son John immediately resigned, transferring all authority to the king. In 1539 the king granted Morar to the MacDonells of Glengarry, a group who claimed descent from Ranald's son Donald. Over the course of the 16th century, following an inheritance dispute over the lands of MacDonalds of Lochalsh, there were several violent encounters between the MacDonells and the MacKenzies. At the end of the century, the MacKenzies now sought to complain about MacDonell behaviour in court, but the MacDonell leadership wouldn't turn up, so in 1602, the MacKenzies laid waste to Morar as punishment. This led to the MacDonells waging battle against the MacKenzies in the Battle of Morar.

Later history.

Many houses in the area were used as training schools by the Special Operations Executive during World War II. The Land, Sea and Islands Centre in Arisaig has a display on the connection between SOE and the area and has published a book on the subject. Morar Beach served as a location in the 1983 film "Local Hero". It was also used in filming "Highlander" (1986) as the location for the scene in which Ramirez and Connor race along the beach. In the 1995 movie, "Rob Roy" Morar was used as the location for one of Rob Roy's homes.

Morar (; ) is a small village on the west coast of Scotland, south of Mallaig. The name Morar is also applied to the northern part of the peninsula containing the village, though North Morar is more usual (the region to the south west of Loch Morar is known as Arisaig, rather than "South Morar"). The coastline of the area forms part of the Morar, Moidart and Ardnamurchan National Scenic Area, one of 40 such areas in Scotland, which are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection by restricting certain forms of development.

Morar () ist ein Dorf an der schottischen Westküste mit etwa 250 Einwohnern. Es liegt in der Council Area Highland etwa drei Kilometer südlich von Mallaig.


Plot.

A caravan settles for the night in the Gobi Desert. A man sneaks into a tent to steal a scroll, but adventurer and soldier of fortune Kentaro Moto (Peter Lorre) is only pretending to be asleep and kills him. When the caravan reaches Peiping, Moto is searched by the police. The scroll is found, but Moto grabs it and escapes.  He changes clothes and accepts an invitation to a party hosted by Colonel Tchernov (Sig Rumann) in honor of American Eleanor Joyce (Jayne Regan). At the soirée, Moto observes a guest, Chinese Prince Chung (Philip Ahn) leaving his mother to speak privately with Tchernov in another room. Tchernov offers to buy certain family heirloom scrolls from Chung. When Chung refuses to part with them, Tchernov draws a pistol, then is killed (off-screen) by Moto. Joyce stumbles upon the scene and watches in disbelief as Moto calmly stages it to look like a suicide. Moto politely advises her to say nothing to avoid an international incident.  Later, as a favor to his rescuer, Chung grants Moto's request to see the scrolls. Chung informs him that the seven scrolls give directions to the lost grave of Genghis Khan. The Chungs are determined to see that it and its fabulous treasures remain undisturbed. However, one scroll was lent to an exhibition and was stolen.  A dealer in antiquities, Pereira (John Carradine), shows Joyce some wares. She is interested in a (fake) scroll, but the price is too high. While shopping the next day with smitten diplomat Tom Nelson (Thomas Beck), they see Moto entering Pereira's shop. Moto gets Pereira to confess that he stole the authentic scroll, but before he can obtain more information, Pereira is shot and killed by a gunman in a car which speeds away.  Moto returns to his apartment to find it ransacked. Sensing that the would-be thief is present, Moto leaves his gun lying around. Schneider (Wilhelm von Brincken) holds him at gunpoint and forces Moto to give him the scroll. When Moto tries to flee, Schneider shoots several times with Moto's gun. However, the gun was filled with blanks; Moto trails Schneider to Madame Tchernov (Nedda Harrigan). When they leave to rendezvous with their gang, Moto starts to follow, but is knocked out by the butler, Ivan (John Bleifer), another crook. Joyce, who had been comforting the widow, is taken hostage.  The arch-villain (and Madame Tchernov's lover), Herr Koerger (Sidney Blackmer), forces Prince Chung to reveal the location of the scrolls by striking his mother. As they are leaving, Madame Chung attacks Koerger with a knife and is killed. Meanwhile, Nelson finds and revives Moto. They rush to the Chungs, but arrive too late. The dishonored prince commits suicide after they untie him; Moto comforts him before he dies by promising to avenge the Chung family and safeguard the tomb.  The two men track the criminals to a junk. After another attempt to kill him, Moto informs Koerger that the scroll he gave Schneider is a fake. He offers to split Genghis Khan's treasure. Then he sows dissent by telling Madame Tchernov that Koerger is dumping her for Joyce, which the quick-thinking American "confirms". This provides a distraction for Moto to kill Koerger. Later, to the dismay of Joyce and Nelson, Mr. Moto burns the scrolls to fulfill his promise to Chung.

Production.

"Thank You, Mr Moto" was the second Mr Moto novel following "No Exit" and was published in 1936 after having been serialised first. The "New York Times" praised the book's "vitality and vividness".  In June 1937 Fox said the first three movies in the series would be "Think Fast, Mr Moto", "Thank You Mr Moto" and "Mr Moto's Gamble". "Think Fast" had been filmed in February. The second Moto film actually shot was "Look Out Mr Moto" (which became "Mr. Moto Takes a Chance") filmed in July but it would not come out until after the other three films.  Jayne Regan was given her first lead when cast in the film.

Shooting.

Filming started October 1937 and went through to November.  The film marked the last appearance of screen great Pauline Frederick.  By now the films were so popular that in December 1937 Fox refused Lorre a leave of absence to appear on Broadway in "Wine of Choice" with Miriam Hopkins.  In December 1937 the Alfred Cohn story "Death at the Artist's Ball" was purchased by Fox as a Moto story.

Reception.

The film was released in December 1937. The "Christian Science Monitor" called it "well made and fairly exciting."

Home media.

This film, along with "Think Fast, Mr. Moto", "Mr. Moto Takes a Chance" and "Mysterious Mr. Moto", was released on DVD in 2006 by 20th Century Fox as part of "The Mr. Moto Collection, Volume One".

Thank You, Mr. Moto is a 1937 film directed by Norman Foster. It is the second in a series of eight films starring Peter Lorre as Mr. Moto. It was based on the novel of the same name by the detective's creator, John P. Marquand. Mr. Moto battles murderous treasure hunters for priceless ancient scrolls which reveal the location of the long-lost tomb of Genghis Khan.

Mr. Moto und der China-Schatz ist nach "Mr. Moto und die Schmugglerbande" der zweite Film einer achtteiligen Reihe mit Peter Lorre als Darsteller des Mr. Moto. Die Geschichte, die wie der Vorgänger auf einer Erzählung von John P. Marquand basiert, handelt von Mr. Motos Kampf gegen eine Bande mörderischer Schatzjäger, die auf der Suche nach einer geheimen Waffenlager Tschingis Khans sind.


Development History.

Metalink 3.0 was publicly released in 2005. It was designed to aid in downloading Linux ISO images and other large files on release day, when servers would be overloaded (each server would have to be tried manually) and to repair large downloads by replacing only the parts with errors instead of fully re-downloading them. It was initially adopted by download managers, and was used by open source projects such as OpenOffice.org and Linux distributions. A community developed around it, more download programs supported it (including proprietary ones) and it saw commercial adoption. In 2008, the community took their work to the Internet Engineering Task Force which resulted in Metalink 4.0 in 2010, described in a Standards Track RFC. Metalink 3.0 (with the extension.metalink) and Metalink 4.0 (with the extension.meta4) are incompatible because they have a slightly different format. In 2011, another Standards Track RFC described Metalink in HTTP header fields.

In use.

Mandriva Linux has integrated Metalink into package management with urpmi and aria2. Fedora has integrated Metalink into package management with yum. openSUSE has integrated Metalink into package management with ZYpp and aria2.  Wubi, the Windows-based Ubuntu installer, uses Metadl (LGPL) to download Ubuntu ISO images and takes advantage of Metalink's features of higher availability and increased reliability. If there are errors in the download, they are repaired, instead of restarting the large download.  Appupdater (GPL) for Windows "is similar to apt-get or yum on Linux. It automates the process of installing and maintaining up to date versions of programs."  Currently, OpenOffice.org uses Metalinks to distribute their free office suite. cURL offers Metalinks of their downloads. UniProt Consortium also provides a Metalink for their large protein database. Dofus, a Flash MMORPG uses Metalinks for downloads and so does SageMath, the open-source mathematical software.  The software hosting and collaboration platform Origo generates Metalinks for all hosted releases.  The following Linux distributions use Metalink for ISO image distribution: Adios, Bayanihan Linux, BeleniX, Berry Linux, BLAG Linux and GNU, Bluewhite64 Linux, Damn Small Linux, Fedora, GoboLinux, Granular Linux, KateOS, Linux Mint, openSUSE, Pardus Linux, PCLinuxOS, PuppyLinux, Sabayon Linux, StartCom Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux, Ubuntu.  The following FreeBSD based distributions use Metalink for ISO image distribution: DesktopBSD, MidnightBSD, and TrueOS.  File based search engine findthatfile provides search for Metalinks.

Metalink client feature comparison.

A guide to which clients support which Metalink features: No clients support rsync at this time.

Metalink generation.

Metalink is formatted as XML so it can be either hand-crafted or created with an XML library, useful for automation. These tools are specifically for Metalink.

Example Metalink 4.0.meta4 file.

Metalink 4.0 files have the extension.meta4 and are XML text files. They are served with the application/metalink4+xml Internet media type.

Example Metalink/HTTP header fields.

Metalink in HTTP header fields makes use of existing standard HTTP header fields such as ETags, Link header fields (for mirrors and P2P), and Instance Digests (for hashes).

Example Metalink 3.0.metalink file.

Metalink 3.0 files have the extension.metalink and are XML text files.

Metalink is an extensible metadata file format that describes one or more computer files available for download. It specifies files appropriate for the user's language and operating system; facilitates file verification and recovery from data corruption; and lists alternate download sources (mirror URIs).

Metalink ist ein plattform- und anwendungsübergreifender offener Standard, der ein Format für Dateien definiert, mit denen eine Liste von Bezugsquellen und anderen Metainformationen zum Herunterladen einer bestimmten Datei bereitgehalten werden kann.


Etymology.

The word "caseous" itself means "pertaining or related to cheese", and comes from the Latin word "caseus", meaning "cheese". Necrosis refers to the fact that cells do not die in a programmed and orderly way as in apoptosis.

Causes.

Frequently, caseous necrosis is encountered in the foci of tuberculosis infections. It can also be caused by syphilis and certain fungi.  A similar appearance can be associated with histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and coccidioidomycosis.

Pathophysiology.

This begins as infection is recognized by the body and macrophages begin walling off the microorganisms or pathogens. As macrophages release chemicals that digest cells, the cells begin to die. As the cells die they disintegrate but are not completely digested and the debris of the disintegrated cells clump together creating soft granular mass that has the appearance of cheese. As cell death begins, the granuloma forms and cell death continues the inflammatory response is mediated by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.  Some data suggests that the epithelioid morphology and associated barrier function of host macrophages associated with granulomas may prevent effective immune clearance of mycobacteria.

Appearance.

In caseous necrosis no histological architecture is preserved. On microscopic examination with H&E staining, it is characterized by acellular pink areas of necrosis surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory process.  When the hilar lymph node for instance is infected with tuberculosis and leads to caseous necrosis, its gross appearance can be a cheesy tan to white, which is why this type of necrosis is often depicted as a combination of both coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.  However, in the lung, extensive caseous necrosis with confluent cheesy tan granulomas is typical. The tissue destruction is so extensive that there are areas of cavitation (also known as cystic spaces). See Ghon's complex.

Caseous necrosis or caseous degeneration () is a unique form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. It is also a distinctive form of coagulative necrosis. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass.

Sucker Punch Productions ist ein amerikanischer Videospielentwickler in Bellevue, Washington, der 1997 von dem ehemaligen Microsoft-Mitarbeiter Brian Fleming gegründet wurde. Die für Sony entwickelte Trilogie um den Helden "Sly Cooper" wurde über zwei Millionen Mal verkauft. Das Entwicklerstudio wurde am 2. August 2011 von Sony aufgekauft.


Design and development.

A joint venture of the navies of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, the Tripartite class of minehunters were a follow on design to the French s. All three nations would build their own hulls while each country was responsible for a different aspect of the vessels; France provided the minehunting and electronic systems, the Netherlands provided the main propulsion systems and Belgium supplied the minehunting propulsion system as well as the electrical generating systems. Each country intended to order 15 of the vessels, with Belgium's initial order being 10 with the option of 5 more. However, France cut their initial order to ten due to budgetary reasons.

France.

In France the class is known as the "Éridan" class. Each hull was created from fibreglass, moulded in a steel shell. The hulls were long overall with a beam of and a draught of. The ships had a standard displacement of and at full load. This later increased to at full load. A container can be stored aboard the ships for additional supply room. The minehunters had an initial complement of 55, this was later reduced to 49.  The "Éridan"-class minehunters have two independent propulsion systems. In normal operations the minehunters are powered by a Brons-Werkspoor (later Wärtsilä) A-RUB 215V-12 diesel engine turning one shaft with a LIPS controllable pitch propeller. Using the conventional system, the minehunters have a maximum speed of and a range of at. For use when minehunting the vessels have two ACEC active rudders and a bow thruster. These are energised by three Astazou IVB gas turbine alternators rated at 150 kW. A fourth diesel-driven alternator rated at 160 kW supplies power during normal operations. Both systems can be operated from the bridge or from a soundproof control centre above the main deck. The maximum speed using the minehunting propulsion system that can be achieved is.  The minehunters were equipped with DUBM 21B sonar that could detect and classify ground and moored mines to a range of. The sonar was retracted during normal operations. The vessel was also equipped with Racal Decca 1229 radar. The vessels carried two ECA PAP 104 remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs). In 2001, the minesweepers underwent modernisation and the sonar was replaced with the TUS 2022 Mk III type, the radar with the Bridgemaster E250 type and a TSM 2061 combat data system and a Bofors Double Eagle Mk2 ROV were fitted.  The "Éridan" class is armed with one 20 mm modèle F2 gun capable of firing 720 rounds per minute to a range of. The minehunters also mount one machine gun and two machine guns. The French vessels have limited minesweeping ability and were initially only fitted with mechanical sweep gear. In 1985, the "Éridan" class received AP4 acoustic sweep gear.

Ships in class (France).

The initial order of ten was constructed for the French Navy in the 1980s by the Arsenal de Lorient. After the sale of "Sagittaire" to Pakistan in 1992, a replacement hull bearing the same name and hull number was constructed. Three Belgian versions of the class were acquired between March and August 1997.

Belgium.

Originally ten ships were ordered for the Belgian Navy, with the option for five more that was never activated. The Polyship consortium was organised to direct the building programme, however the consortium was dissolved, leading to delays in the construction of the minehunters. This led to the vessels being reordered this time from Béliard Shipyard, which constructed the hulls at their yard in Ostend, Belgium before completing the minehunters at Rupelmonde. Differences between the Belgian and French versions of the class include a smaller displacement at standard and at full load. They are equipped with an Atlas Elektronik IMCMS combat data system. When minehunting, the Belgian vessels carry six divers and can have a portable decompression chamber installed abaft the forecastle break.  All vessels in the class are named after flowers and are thus sometimes called the "Flower" or "Aster" class. In 2001 the remaining Belgian minehunters had their engines upgraded. All remaining Belgian vessels have undergone an extensive upgrade during 2004–2008 involving replacement of the anti-mine warfare equipment. This included receiving the same sonar package as the French versions. The complement of the Belgian ships varies between 33 and 46 depending on mission.

Ships in class (Belgium).

In 1993, three of the vessels ("Iris", "Fuschia" and "Dianthus") were paid off and laid up until being sold in 1997 to France. "Crocus" was modified into an ammunition transfer vessel the same year. "Myosotis" was converted to an ammunition transport before being taken out of service in 2004 and was sold to Bulgaria in 2009.

Netherlands.

In the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Tripartites are known as the "Alkmaar" class. The "Alkmaar"s were originally of similar design to the Belgian and French versions, with a standard displacement of and at full load. The displacement later increased to standard and at full load and then standard and at full load. The 20 mm gun that was initially mounted was removed, leaving only three 12.7 mm machine guns. Beginning in 2003, the remaining Dutch "Alkmaar"-class minehunters were upgraded with improved electronics, including Atlas Elektronik INCMS combat data system, Thales 2022 Mk III hull-mounted sonar, Atlas Seafox Mine Identification and Disposal System and a Double Eagle Mk III Mod 1 ROV.  The minehunters were constructed at the Van der Giessen-de-Noord yard in Amsterdam, a specially constructed site completed in 1978. "Middelburg" and "Hellevoetsluis" were optioned by Egypt, but due to financial issues, were instead completed for the Royal Netherlands Navy. Two ships of a modified design were built for the Indonesian Navy which led to the delay of "Vlaardingen" and "Willemstad"s construction.

Ships in class (Netherlands).

In 2000, three ships ("Alkmaar", "Delfzijl" and "Dordrecht") were withdrawn from service, followed by two more ("Harlingen" and "Scheveningen") in 2003. All five were sold to Latvia with handovers beginning in 2007. Four more ships, ("Haarlem", "Maasluis", "Middelburg" and "Hellevoetsluis") were decommissioned in 2011 following a series of deep budget cuts to the navy.

Export.

Bulgaria.

The Bulgarian Navy acquired one Tripartite-class minehunter from Belgium in 2007. The ex-"Myosotis" was transferred in 2009 and renamed.

Indonesia.

The Indonesian Navy ordered two minehunters based on the "Alkmaar" class from the Netherlands on 29 March 1985. Known as the "Pulau Rengat" class, the vessels have a standard displacement of and at full load. They have a different layout than European Tripartite minehunters due to their mission profile being larger, with the vessels intended to operate as minehunters, minesweepers and patrol ships. For conventional missions the vessels are powered by two MTU 12V 396 TCD91 diesel engines turning one shaft with a LIPS controllable pitch propeller rated at for a maximum speed of. The minehunters are also equipped with two bow thrusters and two retractable Schottel rudder propellers energised by three Turbomecca gas turbine generators. Using the auxiliary propulsion system, the "Pulau Rengat" class has a maximum speed of. They have a range of at.  The "Pulau Rengat" class mounts two Rheinmetall 20 mm guns and have the capability to have Matra Simbad surface-to-air missile launchers installed or a third 20 mm gun. The "Pulau Rengat"s are equipped with OD3 Oropesa mechanical sweep gear, Fiskar F82 magnetic sweep and SA Marine AS 203 acoustic sweep gear for minesweeping duties. They also have an Ibis V minehunting system and two PAP 104 Mk 4 mine disposal systems along with the Signaal SEWACCO-RI combat data system, Racal Decca AC 1229C radar and Thomson Sintra TSM 2022 sonar. The ships have a complement of 46.

Ships in class (Indonesia).

Initially, Indonesia intended to order ten hulls. However, funds were lacking and only two were built. The first was ordered on 29 March 1985 and the second on 30 August 1985. The two ships were initially part of the Royal Netherlands Navy production and were given Dutch names. They were renamed upon sale to Indonesia.

Latvia.

In 2007, the Latvian Naval Forces acquired five "Alkmaar"-class minehunters ("Alkmaar", "Delfzijl", "Dordrecht", "Harlingen" and "Scheveningen") from the Royal Netherlands Navy. These five use the Signaal Sewaaco IX combat data system and the Thomson Sintra DUBM 21A sonar. "Harlingen" was the first handed over and renamed on 6 March 2007, followed by "Scheveningen" on 5 September 2007 which was renamed. "Dordrecht" was handed over in January 2008 and renamed and "Delfzijl" in October 2008 and renamed. "Alkmaar" was the last to transfer in June 2009 and was renamed.

Pakistan.

On 17 January 1992, Pakistan signed and agreement with France acquiring three "Éridan"-class minehunters, one of which was already built, one to be constructed in France and the third in Pakistan. "Sagittaire", which was on duty in the Persian Gulf, sailed to Pakistan in November 1992. In Pakistan Navy service, the three ships have Elesco MKR 400 acoustic sweep and MKR 960 magnetic sweeps for minesweeping duties.

Ships in class (Pakistan).

The class is known as the "Munsif" class in Pakistan Navy service. The first of the class "Munsif" sailed to Pakistan from the Persian Gulf. The second, "Muhafiz" was delivered in April 1996 and the third was carried aboard a transporter ship in April 1995 to be completed in Pakistan.

Successor.

The Netherlands and Belgium.

The Netherlands and Belgium are doing a joint procurement for the replacements of the Tripartite-class/"Alkmaar"-class minehunters. Both countries want to procure six new mine countermeasure (MCM) vessels, which makes for a total of 12 MCM ships. The new MCM ships will include a range of unmanned systems including unmanned surface, aerial and underwater vehicles alongside towed sonars and mine identification and neutralization ROVs.  Belgium gave the green-light to start the procurement on 26 January 2018 and approved a budget of 1.1 billion euros for the six Belgian MCM ships. Besides the Tripartite-class minehunters, the ships will also replace the Belgian logistical support ship.

Selection.

On 15 March 2019, the team led by Naval Group was selected to produce the 12 new vessels.

The Tripartite class is a class of minehunters developed from an agreement between the navies of Belgium, France and the Netherlands. A total of 25 ships were constructed for the three navies. The class was constructed in the 1980s–1990s in all three countries, using a mix of minehunting, electrical and propulsion systems from the three member nations. In France, where they are known as the Éridan" class they are primarily used as minehunters, but have been used for minesweeping and ammunition transport in Belgium and the Netherlands, where the Tripartites are known as the Alkmaar" class.

Als Tripartite-Klasse bezeichnete man die seit den 1980er Jahren eingesetzten Minenabwehrfahrzeuge einer Reihe von Staaten. Sie ist eine ursprünglich von den drei Marinen Belgiens, Frankreichs und der Niederlande gemeinsam entwickelte Klasse von Minenjagdbooten. Pakistan und Indonesien beschafften ebenfalls neue Boote dieser Klasse und sowohl Pakistan als auch einige weitere Staaten übernahmen gebrauchte Boote der drei ursprünglichen Programmpartner.


Life.

Prince Henry XXXV was the son of the prince Christian William I of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1647-1721) and his wife, Christiane Wilhelmine (1658-1712), the daughter of Duke John Ernest II of Saxe-Weimar.  As a second son, Henry XXXV was, under the terms of an inheritance and succession treaty closed in 1713, not entitled to a share of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, but only to a small apanage). When he received Schwarzburg-Keula, he was upset with his family, including his siblings, and left the principality. He settled on a country estate in Bürgel and maintained good contacts with his uncle, Duke William Ernest of Saxe-Weimar.  His elder half-brother Günther XLIII died childless in 1740, and Henry XXXV succeeded him as the ruling Prince. He resided in Sondershausen Castle and in the market town of Reichelsheim.  Although the Seven Years' War was raging during his reign, he did little to support his subjects. He was wasteful and loved ostentatious displays of wealth. For example, he owned a collection of diamonds worth half a million Taler, giving him his nickname "Prince of Diamonds". He was also a passionate collector of state coaches. He owned 37 coaches, including two magnificent French specimens. His Gold State Coach is now on display in Sondershausen Castle.  Henry XXXV was the most controversial ruler of his dynasty. He was very far from his subjects emotionally, and travelled outside his principality very often. Because of his strained relationship with his siblings, he left his allodial possessions to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg.  He died unmarried in 1758, and was succeeded by Christian Günther III, the eldest son of his younger brother August I.

Henry XXXV, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, nicknamed: Prince of Diamonds (8 November 1689 – 6 November 1758), was until 1740 Prince of Schwarzburg-Keula (a small apanage) from 1713 to 1740, and the ruling Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen from 1740 until his death.

Heinrich I. (XXXV.) von Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, mit Beinamen: der Diamantenfürst (* 8. November 1689; † 6. November 1758) war bis 1740 apanagierter Prinz zu Keula, von 1740 bis 1758 regierender Fürst von Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.


Environment.

Valbonë Valley National Park encompasses some of the Albanian Alps, the southernmost continuation of the Dinaric Alps. It is situated entirely in Kukës County and lies mostly between latitudes 42° and 27° N and longitudes 19° and 53° E. The u-shaped valley of Valbona extends between Maja Jezercë, Maja e Kollatës, Maja Boshit and Maja e Hekurave. From the bridge of Shoshani until Fierzë, the valley passes through the Tropojë catchment and the hilly relief between Bujani and Tëplani. The park borders the Prokletije National Park to the north, Gashi Nature Reserve to the east, Nikaj-Mërtur Regional Nature Park to the south and Theth National Park to the west.  Located within the Albanian Alps, the park's climate is characterized by cold winters and hot, dry summers, although at higher altitudes it is pleasantly fresh even in summer. Due to the close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea located in the west, the climate is also exposed to the influences of the Mediterranean climate as well as the Continental climate.  The coldest periods are from December to February, while the hottest from July to August. The park's minimal temperature ranges between — in winter and its maximal temperature between — in summer. The average altitude of annual precipitation ranges between and, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At least 22% falls during spring, 8.7% in summer, 32.3% in autumn and 38% during winter. At higher altitudes, snowfall begins in October or November and accumulates through to March or April when the melt begins. Snow reaches a height of 1.5–5 m and lasts between 60 and 160 days.

Geology.

The relief of the park is mountainous and highly fragmented, characterized with steep slopes, high ridges and deep river valleys. The slopes of the mountains are almost vertical, with perpendicular rocks hanging on the river, peaks in the shape of towers dressed by trees, with their cirques filled with eternal snow altitude differences with the river bed. The Albanian Alps are a notable geographic feature of Southern and Southeastern Europe, being at the same time the highest section of the Dinaric Alps. The formation was an episodic process caused by the collision of the African and Eurasian plate. They are strongly karstified, where rain and snow quickly seep into a karst system. Nowhere in the Balkans have glaciers left so much evidence of erosion. In contrast to the Alps in Central Europe, the Albanian Alps are the most glaciated mountains in Europe located south of the Scandinavian ice sheet.  Geological formations are composed of limestone rocks, limestone - siliceous, clay shale and conglomerate. Gray forest soils are located on limestone rocks. Agricultural lands are brown forest soils and soils meadow mountain. There are grey forest soils between 500 and 1200 meters heights, then come Velvet Lands extending the left slope of this valley from Mbaskollata to Shoshan at height 400–900 meters. Their geological construction (alps) is diverse, with the oldest formations, those paleozoic ones, with which are related quartz mineral properties in river valley. Limestones that come from mesozoic, are wider spread, and serve as the basis of bauxite. They form the alps main ribs. Mixed with dolomite and modeled by karsts they form to Alpines a very bitter relief. Insoluble flysch deposits have formed a very harsh terrain. In the region, the carbonatite rocks are dominant and only in the villages of Valbona and Dragobia the schist nucleus of the Alps appear.

Hydrology.

The region is characterized by a highly developed hydrographic network represented by the water basins of the lake of Shkodër and of that of the rivers of Drin, Buna, Shala and Valbona. The park is situated along the course of the Valbona, the longest river on the Albanian Alps at. The river begins at the southern slopes of Maja Jezercë on the eastern section of Valbona Pass and flows until it reaches the village of Valbona. At the end, the river, which until then was continuing through a narrow u-shaped valley, becomes the Fierza that is mostly surrounded by high mountains. It flows away through the village and continues flowing towards Dragobia. Valbona River is a tributary of Drini River, which drains into Adriatic sea. Deduction from the peaks of the mountains of Rragami and Ceremi, is impulsive, full sound of effervescence for its terrain topography. At Shoshan's canyon, Valbona's river narrows sharply and creates the image of the rocks being cut as with a knife. Water is clean, bright and highly transparent up to 1 m depth. Frequent rain precipitations make this river unnavigable.  The "Xhemas Lake" is a natural basis, which is supplied by the water that steams inside this base from the depth of rocks and reaches up to 3 m depth in winter. It has an area about 500m. Lake has an altitude of 770 m above sea level. There is the main road close to it that goes from Dragobia to Valbona, exactly in "Quku i Dunishes", in the left of pedestrian road which arrives in the forest. Xhema lake has very cold clear water, rugged limestone cliffs and is surrounded by beech trees.  Shortly after the source of Valbona's river, colliding with rocks, is created a 50 metres high waterfall, which disappears at Rrogami gritty earth for about 5 km and then stems again at Valbona village. The "Shoshani Source" is one of the biggest water sources of the Balkan peninsula. It is located at the entry of Valbonë Valley and is continually visited by alpine nature lovers. The source provides potable water for the entire Tropoja District and its water quantity is equal to the half one of Valbona river.

Biology.

Even though the park is small in surface, on its area thrive hundreds of threatened and endemic animal and plant species. The levels of vegetation in the Albanian Alps meet the alpine level, from upland valleys through the montane mountain stage on forest-free alpine and subalpine mats and subnivale tundra caused by permafrost in vast heaps of rubble with raw soils.  In view of phytogeography, the park falls within the Dinaric Mountains mixed forests terrestrial ecoregion of the Palearctic Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest. The forests of the park are covered by a mixture of deciduous and coniferous trees growing on limestone and dolomite, which is characteristic to the Albanian Alps. The most typical feature of the park's landscape is represented by its forests being a major resource in terms of their ecological functions, as well as in terms of the beauty they lend to the landscape.  The pine is one of the most common species of tree in the park. The area, which is dotted with pine, is mainly overgrown with austrian, balkan, bosnian and scots pine. The area around the village of Valbona is characterized by the predominance of different beech species such as european beech. The park is, however, considered to be the only area in the country, where a high number of forest formations with norway spruce can be found. A lush mixed forest occurs in the upper part of the valley represented with a mixture of silver fir, common beech, norway spruce and scots pine. The banks of Valbona River are mainly are covered with forests of grey alder, olive willow and goat willow. Besides, the park contains boglands, which are situated in the wet low lying environments whereas various species of narthecium, carex and sphagnum can be found. The steep slopes and ravines of the Valbona Valley are home to communities of largeleaf linden, sycamore, ash and wych elm, which grow mostly in cool and humid locations.  Due to the temperature and climate differences between different areas and elevations, the park is characterized by exceptionally rich and varied fauna. The park represents one of the most important national bio centers of wild fauna in the country. The wider land area is one of the last areas in Europe, in which a great number of brown bears and grey wolves can be found. The park is potentially a habitat for the endangered lynx. One of the park's special attractions is the existence of the rare chamois, which can be found at higher altitudes far from human activity. Most important wildlife inhabiting the Valbona Valley include roe deer and wild boar. We can also witness the presence of western western capercaillie and golden eagle.  Sources of water, becks and glacial lakes are the basis of life for water insects, amphibians, and salmons. Species of fish are represented with species such as the marble trout and river trout. The limited number of species is determined by the predominant bodies of water including glacial lakes, streams and upper river courses, which are inhabited by fish species.  Due to its strategic position and the mosaic distribution of various types of habitats, the park is quite rich of bird genera. The total number of bird species is 145. Important birds of prey with high conservation value include the golden eagle, booted eagle, egyptian vulture, sparrowhawk, goshawk, lanner falcon, saker falcon, peregrine falcon and honey buzzard. The park hosts seven species and populations owls, such as the barn owl, scops owl, eagle owl, little owl, tawny owl, long-eared owl and short-eared owl. Other families of birds inhabiting the park include the alpine swift, alpine accentor, great cormorant, grey heron, rock partridge, common ringed plover, stock dove, common cuckoo and eurasian golden oriole.

Demography.

Valbonë Valley has been inhabited since classical times what argues for the proper conditions that valley provides. The villages where the population is concentrated are: Rrogam, Valbona, Dragobi and Çerem which are located at the valley extensions.After 90’ the situation began to change. As a result of not favorable economic conditions, the majority of the population moved out. Valley is inhabited by "Krasniqi" and "Gashi" tribes. A part of the population that has left the village, is settled at lower villages of Margegajmunicipality. Despite the recent changes that have been made in the demographic structure, the population still differs for its vitality. This affects at their ability to be active in the sector of tourism. Only during the years 1995-2002, villages like Çerem and Rragam have had a population decrease respectively of 63% and 57%.In 2008 the population at these villages was 920 persons but now it is 817. Stopping the phenomenon of the people leaving their country, is important, in order to reduce the risk of villages turning into seasonal ones.  It is a transboundary park in Albania and Montenegro, with the highest biodiversity value of the country's mountain mainlands. Moreover, Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro are planning to establish another tri-state park in the area, that will be called the Balkan Peace Park.  Four villages are located within the park (Dragobi, Valbonë, Cerem and Rragam) with 852 inhabitants. All of these factors create more favorable conditions for coexistence and socioeconomical development, including Valbona National Park. Clean air, high and characteristic mountain peaks, lakes, numerous water resources, forests, mountains, flora and fauna provide conditions for profitable eco tourism.

Traditions.

In family and social life there are preserved folk festivals with various forms of entertainment. Spiritual wealth is manifested in verbal and musical folklore, especially in the legendary epic.  Among the traditional festivals of the area are Saint George (Shën Gjergji), which is celebrated at 6 May as "The summer’s day", "Saint Nikol" (Shënkolli) a religious holiday celebrated at 5 December and 26 December or Dukagjini's. Popular folk dances of the area are 'Men's Dance', 'Dance of the Bride', 'The Sword Dance' and 'Dance of Flowers'. Legendary songs associated with two-stringed lute, flute, zumara, leaf sheet with the toy are also among the values which need to be treasured.

Economy.

The Valbona Valley offers natural and cultural potential for the economic development of the area. The peripheral position, wars, hostile climate, deficient and not functional infrastructure are factors affecting the economic backwardness of Valbona Valley. The population lives mainly from agriculture and farming.  Being a protected area, it makes forestry impossible to be developed. The industry is represented by a Water bottling factory called "Valbona". Tourism which recently is being developed rapidly, is considered to be the future's sector of Valbona Valley. However the population still can’t provide their living only by tourism.

Agriculture.

Agriculture is ranked on the top in the economical structure of the area since it provides income for majority of the local people. Agricultural land is generally scarce and located on the slopes and some small valleys. Land users care for both, the preservation and cultivation. The land is divided into portions, according to family property. A particular thing of the area is that the possibilities of irrigation of agricultural land are numerous and unlimited. Agricultural land is mainly used to cultivate corn, potato, rye, beans, vegetables and fodder. Agricultural and livestock products are completely natural (organic). Food is generally fresh and home made, but sometimes it can be even canned and processed by the inhabitants of the village. Their way of cooking is entirely traditional. Besides agriculture, inhabitants deal with breeding of livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, poultry, beekeeping etc. Locals produce products such as meat, milk, wool and skins.

Tourism.

Considering the benefits that tourism can provide, the national government has classified it as a priority. Even though it is based mainly on nature, the tourism in Valbona requires the necessary infrastructure. The rocky peaks of mountains such as the Mount Jezercë, Kollata e Keqe Mount, Pecmarra Mount attract the attention of visitors. The Valbona River is unnavigable because of the frequent rains. The nature is rich in suitable varieties for tourism such as fishing and mountaineering. The numerous potentials of the valley enable the developing of several types of tourism such as climbing, white, rowing, rural, cultural, gastronomic, medical and adventurous tourism.  Local people are building up their income with tourism activities such as renting rooms, accompanied by characteristic local hospitality and traditional home made cooking. Initiated and supported by the Government of Albania, the Albanian Development Fund and Margegaj Municipality is being built a tourism complex which should accommodate around 500 people, on a surface of 4200 m2. Valbona National Park is expected to be one of the most important oases of the country. Clean air, high mountain peaks, lakes, numerous water resources, forests, mountains, flora and fauna of Valbona Valley National Park provide conditions for eco-tourism experiences.

Hydroelectric dams.

The future of tourism in the valley is being seriously challenged by the construction of hydroelectric dams on Valbona River. Even though issuing of permits for such activity is illegal on protected areas, the government has backed down from revoking licenses citing expensive legal recourses which it can’t afford to pay to developers. On the other side, local activists are organizing various awareness campaigns called Don’t Touch My Valbona' ("Mos ma prek Valbonen" in Albanian) to pressure authorities to stop the construction of the dams which are well under way along a section of Valbona River.

References.

The Valbona Valley National Park () is a national park inside the Albanian Alps in northern Albania. The park covers a total area of, encompassing Valbona River and its surrounding areas with mountainous terrain, alpine landscapes, glacial springs, deep depressions, various rock formations, waterfalls and the Valbona Valley with its dense coniferous and deciduous forest. It is characterized by its very remote areas which have a large preserved ecosystem all of which is primarily untouched with pristine quality. This vast pristine ecosystem is the centrepiece of what has been referred to as the Albanian Miracle of the Alps.

Der Nationalpark Valbonatal () schützt einen Teil der Albanischen Alpen im oberen Tal der Valbona in Nordalbanien. Es handelt sich um unberührte Hochgebirgslandschaft auf der Süd- und Ostseite der Jezerca, dem höchsten Berg Albaniens, der gänzlich innerhalb der Landesgrenzen liegt, sowie im oberen Abschnitt des Valbonatals inklusive der Orte Valbona und Rrogam. Entlang der Flanken der Täler liegen ausgedehnte Wälder. Die höheren Regionen des karstigen Gebirges sind geprägt von alpinen Matten. In einigen schattigen Regionen im Gebiet von Jezerca und Maja Grykat e Hapëta gibt es ganzjährig kleine Schnee- und Firnfelder sowie mehrere kleine Gletscher.


Biography.

Born in Paris into a Jewish family, she was the daughter of the writer Jean-Richard Bloch (1884-1947) and Marguerite Herzog (1886-1975) who was sister of the writer André Maurois. France Bloch was initially a student in the countryside near Poitiers, France where she obtained a degree in chemistry after having hesitated between chemistry, literature and philosophy. In October 1934, she began working at the laboratory of Professor Urbain at the National Institute of Chemistry. She joined the Communist Party in Paris, becoming involved in the support of the Spanish Republicans who were fighting fascism there.  Bloch married Frédéric Sérazin, nicknamed Frédo, in May 1939. He was a militant communist and metallurgist, with whom she had a son named Roland, born in January 1940.  After the installation of the Vichy regime, Bloch was barred from her laboratory because she was a Jewish communist and had to work as a tutor in order to survive. In 1941, she participated in the first groups of the communist resistance led by Raymond Losserand and installed a small, rudimentary laboratory in her two-room apartment on the Place du Danube located in the 19th arrondissement in Paris. Taking the name Claudia in hiding, she worked with Colonel Dumont making grenades and detonators used in attacks organized by the youth resistance (called the Young Battalions) at the end of August 1941.  Bloch was arrested by the French police on 16 May 1942. After four months of interrogation and torture, she was condemned to death by a German military tribunal, along with 18 co-conspirators (who were all immediately executed). Meanwhile, Bloch herself was deported to Germany and imprisoned in a fortress at Lübeck. She was subjected to further torture there, and was decapitated by guillotine in Hamburg on 12 February 1943.  In her last letter to her husband before her execution, France Bloch Sérazin wrote: ""I die for what we fought for, I fought; you know like me that I could not have acted other than I acted: we cannot change.”" Her husband would be executed in 1944.  On the site of the Hamburg prison, a plaque on the back wall of the detention center commemorates two members of the Resistance who were killed there. A translation of the inscription reads:France Bloch-Sérazin, 21 February 1913 -- 12 February 1943  Suzanne Masson, 10 July 1901 - 1 November 1943  "These two French women were beheaded with a guillotine in this prison because of their resistance to National Socialist tyranny in occupied France."

Bloch family.

Bloch's husband, Frédo Sérazin was arrested in February 1940, under the Daladier government, imprisoned first at the Sisteron fortress in March 1940, then at Châteaubriant, and finally at the Voves camp. He was assassinated by the German militia or the Gestapo in 1944 in Saint-Etienne, France.  France Bloch's paternal grandmother, Louise Laure Marie Lévy Bloch, was born in Carling (near the France-German border) on 15 June 1858. On 12 May 1944, she was arrested by the Gestapo in a roundup in Néris-les-Bains and was interned in Vichy, France. She was transferred on 26 May 1944 to the camp near Drancy and received registration number 23255. Despite her advanced age (about 86), she was reportedly a model of energy, confidence and strength. On 30 May 1944, she was deported to the German concentration camp Auschwitz in convoy number 75. She died there on 4 June 1944. A plaque listing the deportees who died for France can be found at the Monument to the Dead in Néris-les-Bains, France; it bears her name.

Honors.

Posthumously, France Bloch-Sérazin was awarded the Legion of Honor, the Resistance Medal, and the War Cross.  A street was named after her in Blanc-Mesnil, Poitiers, Vierzon, as well as a square in Cognac.

France Bloch-Sérazin (; (21 February 1913 – 12 February 1943) was a chemist and militant communist who fought in the French resistance against German occupation during World War II.

France Bloch-Sérazin (* 21. Februar 1913 in Paris; † 12. Februar 1943 in Hamburg) war eine französische Widerstandskämpferin der Résistance, organisiert in der Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP). Sie wurde im Hof des Untersuchungsgefängnisses Hamburg hingerichtet.


Life.

Hähle made a training as merchant and photographer. In 1932 he joined the Nazi Party. In January 1940 he was drafted to the Wehrmacht and sent to the Battle of France with the Baubataillon 146. With the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 Hähle was posted to Propagandakompanie (PK) 637 to the Eastern Front to serve as a war photographer with the 6th Army. During that time he took many photos of the war from both the air and the ground. In September 1941 he was sent to a PK unit in Potsdam. At the end of September 1941 he took photos from the aftermath of the massacre of Babi Yar and another massacre near Lubny. He took 29 colour photos but did not deliver them to his unit, instead keeping them private. Hähle was wounded in the summer of 1942 and spent several weeks in hospital.  During winter 1942/1943 Hähle was a war photographer with Rommel's Afrika Korps, but was sent back to Western Europe some months later to serve with PK 698 in Belgium and Northern France. Here he shot photos of the Atlantic Wall. During the combat after the Normandy Landings Hähle died on 10 June 1944 in the village of La Bijude in the north-west of Caen under unclear circumstances.

Aftermath.

At the end of the war American troops confiscated several lorries with material from the German propaganda divisions (Propagandakompanien). In 1962 the Americans passed the material to the German Federal Archives in Koblenz, together with an amount of Hähle's films. The films that Hähle kept private were sold by his widow to the Berlin journalist Hans Georg Schulz. Black and white copies of those photos were used as evidence by the Frankfurt prosecution in 1961 and vanished in an archive later. The original colour photos appeared again in 2000 when Schulz' widow sold them to the Hamburg Institute for Social Research which was able then to complete its photographic collection for the Wehrmachtsausstellung exhibition.

Johannes Hähle (15 February 1906 – 10 June 1944) was a German military photographer who served in the Wehrmacht Propaganda Troops during World War II.

Johannes Karl Hähle (* 15. Februar 1906 in Chemnitz; † 10. Juni 1944 in La Bijude, Normandie) war ein deutscher Militärfotograf im Zweiten Weltkrieg.


Eurovision 2010.

In 2010, Garrett won the Maltese national final to represent Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 with the song "My Dream". Garrett performed in the first semi-final on 25 May 2010 in Oslo, Norway. but failed to qualify for the final, placing 12th and released her first single, "Frontline".

Lawsuit.

Garrett and her parents signed a one-year contract with Exotique Label on 1 November 2009, and while the contract still stood after Thea won the contest, her father contacted label manager Grace Borg to dissolve the contract. Borg opened a lawsuit against the Falzon Garrett family, as well as against PBS. Eventually the suit was transferred onto Thea, and she was slapped with an €18,000 garnishee order, just before she flew to Oslo for her first rehearsals. In May 2010, Grace Borg and Andrea Milana filed a lawsuit against Public Broadcasting Services, the national television broadcaster, claiming damages for a breach of their exclusive rights over Thea Falzon Garrett. Borg and Milana also wrote to the European Broadcasting Union and put pressure on it in order to force the Eurovision Song Contest organisers to stop Thea Falzon Garrett - and therefore Malta - from participating in the festival. Borg also announced that she would sue Garrett's parents over comments they made in the media about her. Garrett's father, Sergio Falzon, stands by all the comments he made and says he has all the documentation and receipts to prove it. He accused Borg of trying to "psychologically destroy" his daughter and making their lives "hell". Instead of making money for Garrett, Borg "took the little she had from her". In 2019 the Court of Appeals found that neither Garrett nor PBS were in breach of contract with Borg.

Thea Garrett (born 1992) is a Maltese singer and musical theatre performer who represented Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo.

Thea Garrett (* 15. März 1992 in Malta) ist eine maltesische Sängerin. Sie vertrat ihr Land beim Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Norwegen.


Overview.

Grazing land makes up 95% of Shabelle. Six of its seven woderas are located along the banks of the Shebelle river, which flows out of the highlands through the Zone and continue into Somalia. 40-50% of the population depends upon irrigated farming, 25-30% on agro-pastoralism and 20-30% on pastoralism and less than 1% on urban service activities. Shabelle is characterised by an "extensive flat to gently sloping topography" that accounts for about 94% of the Zone’s total area. An estimated 56% of the area of the zone is occupied by pasturage which consists of open grass land, bush and shrub grass land, and wooded grass land, while 33% is occupied by wood land, shrub land and bush land. The remaining 11% is arable or cultivated.

Region.

The Shebelle River runs through this zone. Shabelle Zone has ten "woredas": Gode, Kelafo, Mustahīl, [Labobaar] [Baarmagoog]Ferfer, Adadle, Imi, Danan, Beercaano, Elele and Abaaqarow.  Al-Nejah Relief, CHF International began a program to restore shallow wells and improve sanitation habits in the Gode and Afder Zones of the Somali Region.

Demographics.

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 464,253, of whom 258,558 are men and 205,695 women. While 89,593 or 19.3% are urban inhabitants, a further 118,608 or 25.55% were pastoralists. The largest ethnic group reported in Gode was the Somalis (98.62%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.38% of the population. Somali language is spoken as a first language by 98.98%; the remaining 1.02% spoke all other primary languages reported. 98.76% of the population said they were Muslim.  The 1997 national census reported a total population for this Zone of 327,156 in 43,337 households, of whom 179,352 were men and 147,804 were women; 70,499 or 21.55% of its population were urban dwellers. (This total also includes an estimate for the inhabitants of 21 rural kebeles, which were not counted; they were estimated to have 31,059 inhabitants, of whom 16,772 were men and 14,287 women.) The largest ethnic group reported in Gode was the Somali (99.55%); a similar proportion spoke Somali (99.16%) as their primary language. Only 19,702 or 6.65% were literate.  According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 2% of the inhabitants of Gode have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 18.3 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers, the average rural household has 0.8 hectare of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 2.25 for pastoral Regions) and the equivalent of 2.9 heads of livestock. 28.2% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and an average of 28% for pastoral Regions. 42% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 3% in secondary schools. 100% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and none to Tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 726.

Agriculture.

On 5–23 November 2003, the CSA conducted the first ever national agricultural census, of which the livestock census was an important component. For the Somali Region, the CSA generated estimated figures for the livestock population (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and equids) and their distribution by commissioning an aerial survey. For the Gode Zone, their results included:

Shabelle is one of nine Zones of the Somali Region, Ogaden, of Ethiopia. It was previously known as Gode (, ), so named after its largest city, Gode. Shabelle is bordered on the west by Afder, on the north by Fiq, on the northeast by Korahe. On the south it borders the Provisional Administrative Line of Somalia along the borders of Hirshabelle and Galmudug.

Die Gode-Zone ist eine Verwaltungszone der Somali-Region in Äthiopien. Sie zieht sich von Westen nach Osten quer durch die Somali-Region dem nördlichen Ufer des Flusses Shabelle entlang und grenzt im Westen an die Region Oromia innerhalb Äthiopiens, im Osten an Somalia. Laut Volkszählung von 2007 hatte sie 464.253 Einwohner, von denen 89.593 in städtischen Gebieten lebten. Hauptstadt der Zone ist Gode (Godey). 1997 waren von 327.156 Einwohnern 99,55 % Somali, 99,16 % sprachen Somali als Muttersprache. 6,65 % (19.702) konnten lesen und schreiben.


Club career.

Sporting / Mallorca.

Marcelino was born in Gijón, Asturias, and began his career at local club Sporting de Gijón, where he appeared sporadically with the first team in three seasons before earning a move to RCD Mallorca in January 1996. There, he was instrumental in a promotion to La Liga, forming a formidable partnership with Iván Campo in 1997–98 as they finished fifth.  In the following season the Balearic Islands side finished third in the league and lost the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final to S.S. Lazio, with the player featuring the full 90 minutes in the 1–2 defeat.

Newcastle.

In 1999 Marcelino transferred to Newcastle United for £5.8 million, after impressing with Mallorca in Spain and Europe. A lot was expected of him at his new team, but he appeared only 20 times (all competitions) for the club in the first year and a half, being placed with the reserve team for the rest of his spell and finally reaching an agreement to leave in January 2003, having not featured for the main squad since 11 February 2001, against Charlton Athletic.  Marcelino also suffered several different injuries during his time with the Magpies, which stuttered his career there. Scans on the affected areas were occasionally declared to be inconclusive, the most serious of his injuries being a snapped finger tendon which prevented him from playing for two months.

Later years.

After one and a half seasons in Segunda División with Polideportivo Ejido, Marcelino retired. He subsequently spent two years as Everton's Spanish scout, and also worked as a football commentator for RTVE's Premier League matches. He moved on to work as a football agent.

International career.

Marcelino earned five caps for Spain over a seven-month period, the first coming against Italy in Salerno on 18 November 1998. He would play his last international in an UEFA Euro 2000 qualifier routing of San Marino (9–0 home win, 90 minutes played).

Honours.

Mallorca

Marcelino Elena Sierra (born 26 September 1971), known simply as Marcelino, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a central defender.

Marcelino Elena Sierra (* 26. September 1971 in Gijón, Asturien) ist ein ehemaliger spanischer Fußballspieler. Seine erfolgreichste Zeit hatte er als Spieler von RCD Mallorca, mit denen er 1999 bis ins Finale des Europapokals der Pokalsieger und der Copa del Rey vordrang.


Background.

The Western Allies invaded Germany from the west on 8 February 1945. The German Army took heavy losses as the Allied armies crossed the Rhine and surrounded the Ruhr area as the Soviet armies pushed from the east. By April the US and Soviet armies were closing in on each other, constricting an already narrow gap of German-controlled territory running from Berlin to Munich and including Nuremberg. As the 12th Army Group continued to push east towards Berlin, the 6th Army Group received orders to push into southern Germany and into Austria. Despite the heavier resistance from the German Army in the south as compared to the north, the US 7th Army broke out of its bridgehead on the Rhine south of Frankfurt on 28 March. After fierce fighting, the 7th Army captured Aschaffenburg in Bavaria on 3 April and Heilbronn in Württemberg on 12 April, which left Nuremberg wide open to American attack. On 12 April the German High Command ordered the unconditional defense of all cities and Hitler placed Reich Defense Commissioner and Gauleiter of Franconia Karl Holz in charge of the German forces around Nuremberg. On 15 April the 7th Army advanced towards Nuremberg, rapidly capturing Bamberg in the process. As the 7th Army neared Nuremberg, Holz ordered setting up anti-tank barriers as well as anti-aircraft guns around the old city. Holz's forces were heavily outnumbered, but he still believed that "the Americans would break sooner or later".

The battle.

By 16 April, the 7th Army had begun its assault on Nuremberg, not from the west as Holz expected, but from the east and northeast. By the end of the day, the Americans had captured the outskirts of Erlenstegen and Buch. Arthur Schoeddert, a constable of anti-aircraft artillery, failed to execute Hitler's orders to blow up electricity, gas and water plants in the city.  By 17 April, the 7th Army captured the marshaling yard and the surrounding area as well as the Veilhofstrasse and Woehrd neighborhoods. By evening, the airport to the north was captured and US artillery began to shell the old city. American troops met fierce resistance around the old city on 18 April, which destroyed and damaged many buildings around the old city, including the historic Nuremberg Castle. On 18 April, as American artillery continued to shell the old city, U.S. troops were able to reach the old city via the Burgschmietstrasse.  On 20 April, the 3rd Infantry Division under the command of Major General John W. O'Daniel and the 45th Infantry Division under Major General Robert T. Frederick laid siege to the old city. German resistance was so great that American heavy artillery and air support was deployed. Holz ordered his men to continue to fight. Holz himself was trapped in the police station in the old city, but continued to resist. After American troops gave him four chances for a peaceful surrender, he was killed while American troops overran the building. After Holz's death, second-in-command Colonel Wolf realised that the city could no longer be held. At 11:00 he ordered all German troops in the area to surrender. On the evening of 20 April, the American flag was hoisted at Adolf Hitler Platz, formally ending the battle.

The Battle of Nuremberg was a five-day battle between the forces of the United States 7th Army on one side, and Nazi Germany and Russian Liberation Army volunteers on the other during World War II. The battle saw some of the fiercest urban combat during the war and it took four days for the United States to capture the city. The battle was a blow to Nazi Germany as Nuremberg was a center of the Nazi regime. The Nuremberg Rally took place in the city and to lose the city to the Americans took a heavy toll on already low German morale. Even though American forces heavily outnumbered the German forces, it wasn't until 20 April, that the 7th Army took the city center. The battle devastated the city.

In der Schlussphase des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Europa wurden im April 1945 die bayerischen Städte von Verbänden der US Army eingenommen, die nach dem Scheitern der Ardennenoffensive und des Unternehmens Nordwind von Westen her vordrangen. Die Schlacht um Nürnberg dauerte fünf Tage; sie forderte mindestens 901 Tote. Die Einnahme Nürnbergs durch Einheiten der 7. US-Armee war von hohem Symbolwert; strategisch war das großteils zerstörte Nürnberg in dieser Phase des Krieges nicht von besonderer Bedeutung. Die militärische Verteidigung Nürnbergs war aufgrund der Gesamtlage sowie aufgrund der Überlegenheit der US Army aussichtslos. Zur Ausführung des Nerobefehls kam es nicht mehr, so dass wichtige Infrastruktur erhalten blieb.


Development.

Avro began work on the Type 688 Tudor in 1943, following Specification 29/43 for a commercial adaptation of the Lancaster IV bomber, which was later renamed Lincoln. The specification was based on recommendations of the Brabazon Committee, which issued specifications for nine types of commercial aircraft for postwar use.  Avro first proposed to build the Avro 687 (Avro XX), which was a Lincoln bomber with a new circular section pressurized fuselage and a large single fin and rudder in place of the predecessor's double ones. During the design stage, the idea of a simple conversion was abandoned and the Avro 688 was designed, which retained the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. It was designed by Roy Chadwick who, due to wartime restrictions, could not design a completely new aircraft, but had to use existing parts, tools and jigs. Using the Lincoln's wing, Chadwick, who had worked on the Lancaster, designed the Tudor to incorporate a new pressurized fuselage of circular cross-section, with a useful load of 3,765 lb (1,705 kg) and a range of 3,975 mi (6,400 km).  Two prototypes were ordered in September 1944 and the first, G-AGPF, was assembled by Avro's experimental flight department at Manchester's Ringway Airport and first flew on 14 June 1945. It was the first British pressurised civilian aircraft, although the prototype initially flew unpressurised. The prototype Tudor I had 1,750 hp (1,305 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 102 engines, but the standard engines were 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Merlin 621s.

Design.

The Tudor was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with four engines, a single fin and rudder and a retractable tailwheel undercarriage (in its original configurations).  The wing was of NACA 23018 section at the root, and was a five-piece, all-metal, twin-spar structure. The untapered centre section carried the inboard engines and main undercarriage, while the inner and outer sections were tapered on their leading and trailing edges, with the inner sections carrying the outboard engines. The ailerons were fitted with trim and balance tabs, and there were hydraulically operated split flaps in three sections on each side of the trailing edges of the centre section and inner wings. A fuel capacity was given by eight bag tanks, one on either side of the fuselage in the centre section and three in both inner wings.  The all-metal tail unit had a dorsal fin integrated with the fuselage, and a twin-spar tailplane with inset divided elevators. The control surfaces were mass-balanced, and each had controllable trim and servo tabs.  The circular cross-section fuselage was an all-metal semi-monocoque structure, of diameter, fitted with kapok-filled inner and outer skins above floor level. The hydraulically operated main-wheel units were similar to those of the Lancaster, had single Dunlop wheels and retracted rearward into the inboard engine nacelles. The twin tailwheels retracted rearward into the fuselage and were enclosed by twin longitudinal doors.

Operational history.

Tudor I.

The Tudor I was intended for use on the North Atlantic route. At the time, the United States had the Douglas DC-4 and Lockheed Constellation, which could both carry more passengers than the Tudor's 12, and also weighed less than the Tudor's weight of. The Tudor's tailwheel layout was also a drawback. Despite this, the Ministry of Supply ordered 14 Tudor Is for BOAC, and increased the production order to 20 in April 1945.  The Tudor I suffered from a number of stability problems, which included longitudinal and directional instability. The problem was handed over to the Royal Aircraft Establishment at RAE Farnborough, where an extensive programme of testing was carried out, the test pilot being Eric Brown. Following the RAE's recommendations, a larger tailplane was fitted, and the original finely curved fin and rudder were replaced by larger vertical surfaces. BOAC added to the delays by requesting more than 340 modifications, and finally rejected the Tudor I on 11 April 1947, considering it incapable of North Atlantic operations. It had been intended that 12 Tudors would be built in Australia for military transport, but this plan was abandoned.  Twelve Tudor Is were built, of which three were scrapped, while others were variously converted to Tudor IVB and Tudor Freighter Is.  As a result of all the Tudor I's delays, BOAC – with the support of the Ministry of Civil Aviation – sought permission to purchase tried and tested aircraft such as the Lockheed Constellation and the Boeing Stratocruiser for its Atlantic routes instead of the Tudor. Despite BOAC's reluctance to purchase Tudors, the Ministry of Supply continued to subsidize the aircraft.

Tudor II.

The passenger capacity of the Avro 688 was considered unsatisfactory, so a larger version was planned from the outset. Designated the Avro 689 (also Avro XXI), the Tudor II was designed as a 60-seat passenger aircraft for BOAC, with the fuselage lengthened to compared to the Tudor I's and the fuselage increased by to diameter, making it the largest UK airliner at the time.  At the end of 1944, while it was still in the design stage, BOAC, Qantas and South African Airways decided to standardise on the Tudor II for Commonwealth air routes, and BOAC increased its initial order for 30 examples to 79. The prototype Tudor II "G-AGSU" first flew on 10 March 1946 at Woodford Aerodrome. The changes in design had however resulted in a loss of performance and the aircraft could not be used in hot and high conditions which resulted in Qantas ordering the Constellation and South African Airways, the Douglas DC-4 instead, with the total order reduced to 50.  During further testing, the prototype was destroyed on 23 August 1947 in a fatal crash on take off from Woodford which killed Roy Chadwick; air accident investigators later discovered that the crash was due to incorrect assembly of the aileron control circuit.  The engines on the second prototype were changed to Bristol Hercules radials and the aircraft became the prototype Tudor 7, which did not go into production. Unimpressed by the type's performance during further tropical trials, BOAC did not operate the Tudor II and only three production Tudor IIs were built. Six aircraft were built for British South American Airways (BSAA) as the Tudor V.  The third of the pre-production Tudor 2s, initially G-AGRZ, was used for pressurisation tests as "VZ366" by the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough Airport, in Hampshire.  The second Tudor II to be completed, G-AGRY, went to Nairobi for tropical trials as "VX202", but these were unsatisfactory and Tudor II orders were reduced to 18. Eventually, only four Tudor IIs were completed including the prototype.  From 1946 on, the potential purchase of US aircraft by operators such as BOAC led to criticism of government policy, because of the damage that could potentially be caused to Britain's civil aircraft industry by a failure to buy the Tudor. L.G.S. Payne, the Daily Telegraph's aeronautical correspondent, said that British government policy had led to the development of aircraft which were uncompetitive in price, performance and economy. He blamed the Ministry of Supply's planners for this failure, since the industry had effectively been nationalised and argued that the government should pursue the development of jet aircraft instead of "interim types" such as the Tudor.  BOAC cancelled its order for Tudors in 1947, instead taking delivery of 22 Canadair North Stars which they renamed C-4 Argonauts, and used them extensively between 1949 and 1960.  Six aircraft ordered as Tudor IIs were intended to be modified with tricycle landing gear, for use by BSAA as freighters, and designated the 711 Trader. They were not built, but a parallel design using the same landing gear was produced as the jet-powered Avro Ashton.

Tudor III.

Two Tudor Is, G-AIYA and G-AJKC, were sent to Armstrong Whitworth for completion as VIP transports for cabinet ministers. They could accommodate 10 passengers and had nine berths. They were re-registered as "VP301" and "VP312", and both were acquired by Aviation Traders in September 1953, "VP301" being reconverted into a Tudor I.  In 1955, G-AIYA and the Tudor I G-AGRG were lengthened to Tudor IV standard. Together with the un-lengthened Tudor I G-AGRI, which had become a 42-seat passenger aircraft, they were used on the Air Charter Ltd Colonial Coach Services between the UK, Tripoli and Lagos.

Tudor IV.

To meet a BSAA requirement, some Tudor Is were lengthened by, powered by 1,770 hp (1,320 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 621s and 1,760 hp (1,310 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin 623s. With 32 seats and no flight engineer position, these were known as Tudor IVs, and when fitted with a flight engineer's position and 28 seats, as Tudor IVBs.  BSAA's new flagships received mixed reviews from pilots. Some greeted it with enthusiasm, such as Captain Geoffrey Womersley, who described it as "the best civil airliner flying." Others rejected it as an unsound design. BSAA's chief pilot and manager of operations, Gordon Store, was unimpressed:  "The Tudor was built like a battleship. It was noisy, I had no confidence in its engines and its systems were hopeless. The Americans were fifty years ahead of us in systems engineering. All the hydraulics, the air conditioning equipment and the recircling [sic] fans were crammed together underneath the floor without any thought. There were fuel-burning heaters that would never work; we had the floorboards up in flight again and again.  The Tudor IV's fuel-burning heaters were made by Janitrol and were also used on the US-built passenger aircraft – such as the Lockheed Constellation – as well as later on US-ordered variants of the Vickers Viscount.  The first example, G-AHNJ "Star Panther", first flew on 9 April 1947. The Tudor IV received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 18 July 1947, and on 29 September, BSAA took delivery of G-AHNK "Star Lion", the first of its six Tudor 4s to be delivered. It departed the next day from Heathrow on a flight to South America, and on 31 October began flights from London to Havana via Lisbon, the Azores, Bermuda and Nassau. On the night of 29–30 January 1948, Tudor IV G-AHNP "Star Tiger", with 31 people on board, disappeared without trace between Santa Maria in the Azores and Bermuda. Tudors were temporarily grounded and while the cause of the accident was never determined, the type returned to service on 3 December 1948, when a weekly service was begun from London to Buenos Aires via Gander, Bermuda, and other stops, returning via the Azores. Disaster struck again on 17 January 1949, when Tudor IV G-AGRE "Star Ariel" also disappeared, this time between Bermuda and Kingston, Jamaica, with the loss of 20 people, and the Tudor IVs were once more grounded. The subsequent fleet shortage led to BSAA being taken over by BOAC. Pressurisation problems were suspected to be the cause of the two accidents, and the remaining aircraft were flown as unpressurised freighters under the designations Tudor Freighter IV and IVB.  A Tudor IV was tested at De Havilland's Hatfield Airfield on 1 April 1949 to check "no lift angle" and flown to Heathrow on 8 April.  After storage for some years at Manchester Airport, four ex-BSAAC Tudor IVs were bought by Air Charter in late 1953. They were fitted with by cargo doors aft by Aviation Traders and designated Super Traders IV or IVB, receiving their Certificate of Airworthiness in March 1955. These were operated by Air Charter Ltd on long distance freight flights as far as Christmas Island. Some remained in service until 1959, until G-AGRH "Zephyr" crashed in Turkey on 23 April 1959.

Tudor V.

The Tudor V was a modified version of the stretched Tudor II equipped with 44 seats. BSAA acquired five which never entered passenger service with the airline. They were instead stripped of their fittings and used as fuel tankers on the Berlin Airlift. They completed a total of 2,562 supply sorties in 6,973 hours, carrying 22,125 tons (20,071 tonnes) of fuel into Berlin.  On 12 March 1950, G-AKBY, which had been returned to passenger service with Airflight Ltd, on a charter flight from Ireland, crashed at RAF Llandow, South Wales, with the resulting death of 80 of its passengers and crew.  In 1953, Lome Airways leased an ex BSAA Tudor 5 from Surrey Flying Services as CF-FCY for freight operations in Canada. It was retired at Stansted and scrapped in 1959.

Tudor VI.

The Tudor VI was to be built for the Argentinian airline FAMA for South Atlantic service, with 32–38 seats or 22 sleeper berths, but none were built.

Tudor VII.

The Tudor VII was the first production Tudor II fitted with Bristol Hercules air-cooled radial engines in an attempt to give better performance. The sole example built, G-AGRX, made its first flight on 17 April 1946, and was later fitted in June 1948 with shorter landing gear with the engines repositioned (inclined) to give better ground clearance. G-AGRX was used for cabin temperature experiments, and was finally sold for spares in March 1954.

Tudor 8.

The second prototype Tudor I was rebuilt to Tudor IV standards. It was later fitted with four Rolls-Royce Nene 4 turbojets in under-wing paired nacelles. Given the serial "VX195", The Tudor 8 carried out its first flight at Woodford on 6 September 1948, and a few days later, it was demonstrated at the SBAC Show at Farnborough. Later, the Tudor 8 was used for high-altitude tests at Boscombe Down and RAE Farnborough before being broken up in 1951.

Tudor 9.

Following tests of the Tudor 8, the Ministry of Supply ordered six Tudor 9s, based on the Tudor II but powered by four Rolls-Royce Nenes and utilizing a tricycle undercarriage. The original design was then modified and the type was produced as the Avro 706 Ashton with the first Ashton flying on 1 September 1950.

Variants.

All except the prototype built by Avro at their Chadderton factory and assembled and test flown from Woodford Aerodrome.

The Avro Type 688 Tudor was a British piston-engined airliner based on Avro's four-engine Lincoln bomber, itself a descendant of the famous Lancaster heavy bomber, and was Britain's first pressurised airliner. Customers saw the aircraft as little more than a pressurised DC-4 Skymaster, and few orders were forthcoming, important customers preferring to buy US aircraft. The tailwheel undercarriage layout was also dated and a disadvantage.

Die Avro Type 688/689 Tudor war ein viermotoriges Verkehrsflugzeug des britischen Herstellers A.V.Roe & Company aus den 1940er-Jahren. Das Flugzeug war für den Langstreckendienst zwischen Großbritannien und Nordamerika vorgesehen, konnte sich aber nicht gegen die US-amerikanischen Konkurrenzmodelle durchsetzen.


Design.

The C-MAG is a compact twin-drum magazine design that accepts up to 100 rounds of ammunition. It consists of two main components: the twin-drum storage housing and an interchangeable feed clip assembly. The storage housing is standard and fits any like-caliber weapon. The feed clip assembly serves as an adapter for the specific weapon.  Before loading and after firing, the feed clip is filled with spacer rounds that are an integral part of the magazine. The upper half of the top spacer round is tapered to allow the weapon bolt to close after the last round is fired. The length of the string-set depends on the customized feed clip for the individual weapon. During loading, cartridges are inserted on top of the spacer rounds, through the feed clip and into the drums. The cartridge column splits at the juncture of the feed clip and the housing to distribute the ammunition evenly into the drums in two concentric rows. During firing, spring-driven rotors advance the cartridges in both drums until they meet at a cam blade that merges the cartridges into a single column that feeds up through the feed clip and into the weapon.

Firearms compatible with C-MAG magazines.

9×19mm Parabellum  5.56×45mm NATO  7.62×51mm NATO

Performance evaluations.

Reliability.

A test in 2003 by U.S. Army soldiers in Afghanistan found the C-Mag unreliable in simulated combat conditions and reported frequent failures to feed among the issues; likewise, British Armed Forces trials found that the C-Mag did not give reliable performance when loaded with British-issue ammunition. The Beta C-Mag is not in widespread use by U.S. military forces, and has not been type-classified.  In November 2008, the U.S. Army Experimental Task Force (AETF) at Fort Bliss, Texas, evaluated six BETA C-MAG magazines. Four magazines—two with black covers and two with clear covers—were used with M4 carbines in three firing scenarios: controlled pair, controlled burst, and rapid fire. According to the memorandum summarizing the evaluation, the four magazines “performed flawlessly in all three scenarios without jams or stoppages.” Additionally, two magazines with black covers were evaluated with M249 light machine guns in controlled burst and rapid-fire scenarios. These also performed without “issues,” according to the memo, which also notes that soldiers “had only positive comments” about the C-MAG magazines during the After Action Review (AAR).  Test-fired with a Heckler & Koch HK91, Heckler & Koch G3 and two other Heckler & Koch-based weapons, the 7.62mm C-Mag was found to operate without problems in either loading or firing at rates up to 1,000 rounds per minute.

The Beta C-Mag is a 100-round capacity drum magazine manufactured by the Beta Company. It was designed by Jim Sullivan and first patented in 1987 and has been adapted for use in numerous firearms firing the 5.56×45mm NATO, 7.62×51mm NATO, and 9×19mm Parabellum cartridges. "C-Mag" is short for "century magazine", referring to its hundred-round capacity. It has two drum units, each of which hold half of the cartridges inserted into the magazine. The latest version of the magazine is available with a transparent backing to allow the user to see the number of rounds remaining in the magazine. A C-Mag loaded with 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition typically weighs about ; a C-Mag loaded with 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition weighs.

Das Beta-C-Magazin ist ein Doppeltrommelmagazin mit hoher Kapazität für Sturmgewehre und Unterstützungswaffen im Kaliber 5,56 × 45 mm NATO, 9 × 19 mm oder 7,62 × 51 mm NATO. Das Magazin besteht aus zwei Baugruppen, den Trommeln und der Zuführeinrichtung. Die Trommeln sind standardisiert und mit jeder Waffe verwendbar, die Zuführeinrichtung kann ausgetauscht werden, um an verschiedenen Waffen verwendet zu werden. Die voll geladenen Magazine können unbegrenzte Zeit aufbewahrt werden, ohne dass sich Einbußen bei der Zuführung der Patronen ergeben.


Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)

Kaiserlich-Königlicher Orden vom Weißen Adler

Background.

The "white eagle" has been associated with Poland even prior to statehood; first appearing on the Polish Coat of Arms in the 13th century. The original Order of the White Eagle () was reputedly established by King Władysław I in 1325. There is no evidence of it being awarded, however, until 1705 under Augustus II the Strong, King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.  After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the Order of the White Eagle briefly disappeared along with the Polish monarchy. After his death in 1798, Empress Alexandra wore the Collar of the Grand Master of the Order at Nicholas’s coronation as King of Poland. The order was resurrected in 1807 by Napoleon I in his short-lived Duchy of Warsaw.  In 1815, the Congress of Vienna divided the historically Polish lands among Prussia, the Austrian Empire and the Russian Empire. The majority of the territory was renamed the Kingdom of Poland and was to be an autonomous part of the Russian Empire.  The Order of the White Eagle is mentioned as belonging to the Kingdom of Poland in its constitution of 1815:  During the years immediately following the Congress of Vienna, the badge and cross of the Order were awarded with the same Polish insignia, but the majority of the recipients were Russians or members of the Austrian Empire.  After Russian troops put down the Polish uprising of 1830-31, Nicholas I stripped the autonomy from the Kingdom of Poland and adopted all Polish orders of merit.

Order within the Russian Empire.

The Order of the White Eagle was officially "annexed" by Nicholas I on 17 November 1831 and became part of the Russian Imperial honors system. Among the first recipients of the Imperial Order of the White Eagle were Ivan Paskevich and Pyotr Petrovich Palen, recognised for their part in suppressing the Polish uprising.  The new design featured significant alterations: the badge was now of gold and red enamel; on the front, the original red maltese cross and white eagle were reduced in size and superimposed over the double-headed eagle of the Russian Empire. The back of the badge featured the original Polish badge design, superimposed over the Russian imperial eagle. The star now featured the Russian royal crown.  On 25 January 1832, a blue ribbon and sash were introduced.  The Order of the White Eagle was given a high status in the hierarchy of distinction, ranked only behind the Order of Saint Andrew, the Order of Saint Catherine (for women only) and the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky. As the top three awards were named after Russian Orthodox saints, the Order of the White Eagle was the preferred award to bestow upon non-Christians.

The Order of the White Eagle () was an Imperial Russian Order based on the Polish honor. Emperor Nicholas I of Russia established the award in 1831 as the "Imperial and Royal Order of the White Eagle". A recipient of the Order was granted the title "Knight of the Order of the White Eagle".

Der Kaiserlich-Königliche Orden vom Weißen Adler () war ein kaiserlich-russischer Orden. Er wurde nach dem Novemberaufstand 1831 eingeführt und bestand bis zur Februarrevolution 1917.


Life.

Son of a village clogmaker, Charles-Louis Philippe rose from his modest background first to secondary education via a grant, then to the world of letters. However, he remained attached to the class of his birth. He wrote to the bourgeois writer and politician Maurice Barrès: "My grandmother was a beggar, my father, who was a proud child, begged before he was old enough to work for his bread. I belong to a generation which has not yet passed through the world of books. (...) I must remind you that there are in me more imperative truths than those you call ‘French truths’. You separate nationalities, that’s how you differentiate the world, but I separate by class. (...) We have been walled up like the poor, and sometimes when Life came knocking, it was carrying a big stick. Our only resource was to love each other. That’s why my writing is always more tender than my head tells me to write. I think I am in France the first person from a race of the poor to enter the world of literature."  Philippe passed the Baccalaureat in science in 1891, but failed in his attempts to enter the specialist colleges in Paris (École polytechnique, École centrale). He eventually obtained a modest office job in the administration of Paris, which allowed him to settle in the capital and pursue his vocation as a writer. Among his literary friends and admirers would be Paul Claudel, Léon-Paul Fargue, André Gide, Jean Giraudoux, Francis Jammes, Valery Larbaud.

Works.

After a short period writing poetry, he turned to fiction, publishing a collection of overheated tales of “poor love” ("Quatre histoires de pauvre amour", 1897), then two sentimental portraits of village girls ("La bonne Madeleine et la pauvre Marie", 1898), and a lyrical evocation of his own childhood and youth ("La Mère et l’enfant", 1900). A brief liaison with a prostitute inspired his best-known novel, "Bubu de Montparnasse" (1901), which earned him critical as well as popular attention. A provincial novel followed: "Le Père Perdrix" (1902) recounts the painful old age of a blacksmith, and explores the small-town class system. "Marie Donadieu" (1904) returns to Paris to tell a passionate love story tinged with individualism inspired by Nietzsche. "Croquignole" (1906) evokes the stifling office atmosphere Philippe knew well, and which his hero escapes, but briefly, through an inheritance.  Despite some strong support (notably from Octave Mirbeau), the last three novels failed to win the new Prix Goncourt. He turned next to a fictionalised life of his father ("Charles Blanchard"), but abandoned what was to be a kind of hymn to work shortly before his sudden death, from meningitis, in December 1909. In his last years he had also written 50 entertaining short stories for a large-circulation Paris paper, "Le Matin", which were published in volume form after his death ("Dans la petite ville", 1910, "Les Contes du Matin", 1916).  Thanks to the efforts of Gide, other occasional writings and two volumes of letters were published between 1911 and 1928 : "Lettres de jeunesse" (1911), "Chroniques du Canard sauvage" (1923), "Lettres à sa mère" (1928).  L'Association internationale des Amis de Charles-Louis Philippe has existed since 1935 to promote knowledge of his life and work through an annual bulletin.

Of Philippe in English.

Most of Philippe’s works listed above are still readily available in French. Although three novels, "Bubu de Montparnasse", "Le Père Perdrix" and "Marie Donadieu", have been published in English translations, all are long out of print. Though T.S. Eliot prefaced the first English translation of "Bubu de Montparnasse", little has been published on Philippe in English, and nothing in book form.

On Philippe in English (or translated in English).

Other contributions:

Charles-Louis Philippe (4 August 1874 – 21 December 1909) French novelist, was born in Cérilly, Allier, Auvergne, on 4 August 1874, and died in Paris on 21 December 1909.

Charles-Louis Philippe (* 4. August 1874 in Cérilly (Allier); † 21. Dezember 1909 in Paris) war ein französischer Schriftsteller und Dichter.


Tectonic setting.

New Zealand lies along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific Plates. In South Island most of the relative displacement between these plates is taken up along a single dextral (right lateral) strike-slip fault with a major reverse component, the Alpine Fault. In North Island the displacement is mainly taken up along the Kermadec subduction zone, although the remaining dextral strike-slip component of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the North Island Fault System (NIFS). A group of dextral strike-slip structures, known as the Marlborough Fault System, transfer displacement between the mainly transform and convergent type plate boundaries in a complex zone at the northern end of South Island. The presumed epicenter of the 1843 earthquake is not, however, associated with any known fault.

Earthquake characteristics.

The shock was felt over much of North Island and was reported as lasting for three minutes near Mokoia. A magnitude of 7.5 was estimated from the extent of the area that was subject to a shaking level of at least VIII ("Severe"). At least ten aftershocks were reported on the same day as the mainshock and further shocks were reported until January 1845.

Damage.

Damage in the Wanganui area reached IX-X on the Mercalli intensity scale. Many houses were damaged, and a brick church at Pūtiki was destroyed. There was extensive lateral spreading of the terrace margin to the Whanganui River, and a section of Shakespeare Cliff fell into the river. Two people were killed when their house was swept away by one of the landslides caused by the earthquake.

The 1843 Wanganui earthquake occurred on 8 July at 16:45 local time with an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the scale. The maximum perceived intensity was IX ("Violent") on the Mercalli intensity scale' possibly reaching X ("Extreme"). The epicentre is estimated to have been within a zone extending 50 km northeast from Wanganui towards Taihape. GNS Science has this earthquake catalogued and places the epicenter 35 km east of Taihape, near the border of Hawke's Bay. This was the first earthquake in New Zealand over magnitude 7 for which written records exist, and the first for which deaths were recorded.

Das Wanganui-Erdbeben von 1843 war das erste Erdbeben in Neuseeland, welches offiziell registriert wurde. Die Besiedlung Neuseelands durch die Europäer stand noch am Beginn und seitens der Māori gab es nur mündliche Überlieferungen und Legenden. Auch war die Erfahrung mit Erdbeben seitens der Siedler noch gering und die technischen Möglichkeiten, Messungen vorzunehmen arg begrenzt. Aus diesem Grund ist die Datenlage zu diesem Ereignis schlecht und geologische Forschungen über Ursache und Wirkung des Bebens sind schwierig.


History.

The festival area is divided into two sections, Niittyalue ("meadow section") and Ranta-alue ("beach section").  In 2005, when the German industrial metal band Rammstein performed at the festival, 71,000 visitors attended the festival. In recent years, the number of visitors has fluctuated around 70,000. However, the all-time record was set in 1971, when there were about 100,000 visitors, with artists such as Canned Heat playing.  The 2009 edition of the festival saw a rise in attendance, when during 3 days there was a total of 92,000 visitors. In 2009, musical acts such as Slipknot, Disturbed, Faith No More, Mew, In Flames, Volbeat, Glasvegas, The Sounds, D'espairsRay, and popular domestic artists including Children of Bodom, HIM, Eppu Normaali, Tehosekoitin played at the festival, including the last live performance by The Crash.  In 2010, the festival was celebrating its 40-year anniversary, with popular artists such as Slash and Ozzy Osbourne playing.  In 2016, three reports of rape that occurred at the festival had surfaced and an additional two for sexual harassment. These claims are still under investigation by the Finnish police.  Other famous bands to have played Ruisrock are Colosseum (1970), Family (1970), The Kinks (1971), Canned Heat (1971), Fairport Convention (1971), The Jeff Beck Group (1971), Pink Fairies (1971), Uriah Heep (1972 and 1978), MC5 (1972), Lindisfarne (1972), Status Quo (1973), Nazareth (1974), Procol Harum (1974), Mahavishnu Orchestra (1975), The Sensational Alex Harvey Band (1976), Chuck Berry (1976), Thin Lizzy (1977), The Boomtown Rats (1978), The Clash (1979), The Jam (1980), The Selecter (1980), UB40 (1981), Girlschool (1981), U2 (1982), Whitesnake (1983), The Alarm (1984), Nina Hagen (1984), The Cure (1985), The Damned (1986), The Pretenders (1987), The Stranglers (1988), Tanita Tikaram (1989), Georgia Satellites (1989), Soundgarden (1990), Bob Dylan (1990), Midnight Oil (1990), Billy Idol (1991), Nirvana (1992), Faith No More (1993), Chris Isaak (1993), Jethro Tull (1993), Aerosmith (1994), Simple Minds (1995), Bon Jovi (1995), Blur (1996), Pulp (1996), Neil Young (1996), David Bowie (1997), Sting (1997), Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1997), Pet Shop Boys (1997), Beastie Boys (1998), Jesus and Mary Chain (1998), Metallica (1999), Ministry (1999), Blondie (1999), Oasis (2000), Iron Maiden (2000), Lou Reed (2000), Hellacopters (2001), Kent (2002), Manic Street Preachers (2003), Dio (2003), The Cardigans (2003), Motörhead (2004), Stray Cats (2004), Hawkwind (2004), Within Temptation (2005), Rammstein (2005), New York Dolls (2006), Morrissey (2006), Tool (2006), Flogging Molly (2006), Saxon (2006), Opeth (2006), Billy Talent (2007), Interpol (2008), Primal Scream (2008), Bullet for my Valentine (2008), Anti-Flag (2008), Slipknot (2009), Volbeat (2009), Canned Heat (2010), Ozzy Osbourne (2010), NOFX (2010), The Specials (2010), Amon Amarth (2010), The National (2011), Nekromantix (2011), Paramore (2011), Suicidal Tendencies (2012), Pulp (2012), Bloc Party (2012), Amorphis (2013), The Sounds (2013), Editors (2013), The Offspring (2014), Suede (2014)

Ruisrock is a rock festival held annually on the island of Ruissalo in Turku, Finland. Ruisrock, founded in 1970, is the second oldest rock festival in Europe (after Pinkpop) and the oldest in Finland. The festival has attracted world-famous artists throughout its lifetime except around the start of the 2000s (decade), due to the organiser's economic issues.

Ruisrock ist ein jährlich stattfindendes Rockfestival auf der zu Turku, Südwestfinnland, gehörenden Insel Ruissalo. Erstmals fand das dreitägige Festival 1970, also ein Jahr nach dem Woodstock-Festival, statt und erfreut sich nach einem Zuschauerrückgang in den 1990er Jahren wieder steigender Beliebtheit. Es ist das zweitälteste regelmäßig veranstaltete Rockfestival der Welt und das bekannteste Musikfestival Finnlands. Nicht nur die Besucherzahlen der einzelnen Jahre schwankten, sondern auch die jeweiligen Angaben, weshalb nur grob gesagt werden kann, dass der Rekord bei 70.000 bis 100.000 Personen liegt. In Sorge um das eigentlich abgeschiedene Naturschutzgebiet, hadern Umweltschützer deshalb mit der Veranstaltung.