Medical uses.

Pethidine is the most widely used opioid in labour and delivery but has fallen out of favour in some countries such as the United States in favour of other opioids, due to its potential drug interactions (especially with serotonergics) and its neurotoxic metabolite, norpethidine. It is still commonly used in the United Kingdom and New Zealand, and was the preferred opioid in the United Kingdom for use during labour, but has been superseded somewhat by diamorphine and other strong semi-synthetic opioids (e.g. hydromorphone) to avoid serotonin interactions since the mid-2000s. Pethidine is the preferred painkiller for diverticulitis, because it decreases intestinal intraluminal pressure.  Before 2003 it was on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.

Adverse effects.

The adverse effects of pethidine administration are primarily those of the opioids as a class: nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diaphoresis, urinary retention, and constipation. Due to moderate stimulant effects mediated by dopamine and norepinephrine, sedation is less likely compared to other opioids. Unlike other opioids, it does not cause miosis because of its anticholinergic properties. Overdose can cause muscle flaccidity, respiratory depression, obtundation, cold and clammy skin, hypotension, and coma. A narcotic antagonist such as naloxone is indicated to reverse respiratory depression and other effects of pethidine. Serotonin syndrome has occurred in patients receiving concurrent antidepressant therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or other medication types (see Interactions below). Convulsive seizures sometimes observed in patients receiving parenteral pethidine on a chronic basis have been attributed to accumulation in plasma of the metabolite norpethidine (normeperidine). Fatalities have occurred following either oral or intravenous pethidine overdose.

Interactions.

Pethidine has serious interactions that can be dangerous with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., furazolidone, isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, procarbazine, selegiline, tranylcypromine). Such patients may suffer agitation, delirium, headache, convulsions, and/or hyperthermia. Fatal interactions have been reported including the death of Libby Zion. Seizures may develop when tramadol is given intravenously following, or with, pethidine. It can interact as well with SSRIs and other antidepressants, antiparkinson agents, migraine therapy, stimulants and other agents causing serotonin syndrome. It is thought to be caused by an increase in cerebral serotonin concentrations. It is probable that pethidine can also interact with a number of other medications, including muscle relaxants, benzodiazepines, and ethanol.

Mechanism of action.

Like morphine, pethidine exerts its analgesic effects by acting as an agonist at the μ-opioid receptor.  Pethidine is often employed in the treatment of postanesthetic shivering. The pharmacologic mechanism of this antishivering effect is not fully understood, but it may involve the stimulation of κ-opioid receptors.  Pethidine has structural similarities to atropine and other tropane alkaloids and may have some of their effects and side effects. In addition to these opioidergic and anticholinergic effects, it has local anesthetic activity related to its interactions with sodium ion channels.  Pethidine's apparent "in vitro" efficacy as an antispasmodic agent is due to its local anesthetic effects. It does not have antispasmodic effects "in vivo". Pethidine also has stimulant effects mediated by its inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). Because of its DAT inhibitory action, pethidine will substitute for cocaine in animals trained to discriminate cocaine from saline.  Several analogs of pethidine such as 4-fluoropethidine have been synthesized that are potent inhibitors of the reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine via DAT and NET. It has also been associated with cases of serotonin syndrome, suggesting some interaction with serotonergic neurons, but the relationship has not been definitively demonstrated.  It is more lipid-soluble than morphine, resulting in a faster onset of action. Its duration of clinical effect is 120–150 minutes, although it is typically administered at 4– to 6-hour intervals. Pethidine has been shown to be less effective than morphine, diamorphine, or hydromorphone at easing severe pain, or pain associated with movement or coughing.  Like other opioid drugs, pethidine has the potential to cause physical dependence or addiction. It may be more likely to be abused than other prescription opioids, perhaps because of its rapid onset of action. When compared with oxycodone, hydromorphone, and placebo, pethidine was consistently associated with more euphoria, difficulty concentrating, confusion, and impaired psychomotor and cognitive performance when administered to healthy volunteers. The especially severe side effects unique to pethidine among opioids—serotonin syndrome, seizures, delirium, dysphoria, tremor—are primarily or entirely due to the action of its metabolite, norpethidine.

Pharmacokinetics.

Pethidine is quickly hydrolysed in the liver to pethidinic acid and is also demethylated to norpethidine, which has half the analgesic activity of pethidine but a longer elimination half-life (8–12 hours); accumulating with regular administration, or in kidney failure. Norpethidine is toxic and has convulsant and hallucinogenic effects. The toxic effects mediated by the metabolites cannot be countered with opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone or naltrexone, and are probably primarily due to norpethidine's anticholinergic activity probably due to its structural similarity to atropine, though its pharmacology has not been thoroughly explored. The neurotoxicity of pethidine's metabolites is a unique feature of pethidine compared to other opioids. Pethidine's metabolites are further conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted into the urine.

Recreational use.

Trends.

In data from the U.S. Drug Abuse Warning Network, mentions of hazardous or harmful use of pethidine declined between 1997 and 2002, in contrast to increases for fentanyl, hydromorphone, morphine, and oxycodone. The number of dosage units of pethidine reported lost or stolen in the U.S. increased 16.2% between 2000 and 2003, from 32,447 to 37,687.  This article uses the terms "hazardous use", "harmful use", and "dependence" in accordance with "Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms" published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1994. In WHO usage, the first two terms replace the term "abuse" and the third term replaces the term "addiction".

Synthesis.

Pethidine can be produced in a two-step synthesis. The first step is reaction of benzyl cyanide and chlormethine in the presence of sodium amide to form a piperidine ring. The nitrile is then converted to an ester.

Control.

Pethidine is in Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act 1970 of the United States as a Narcotic with ACSCN 9230 with a 6250 kilo aggregate manufacturing quota as of 2014. The free base conversion ratio for salts includes 0.87 for the hydrochloride and 0.84 for the hydrobromide. The A, B, and C intermediates in production of pethidine are also controlled, with ACSCN being 9232 for A (with a 6 gram quota) and 9233 being B (quota of 11 grams) and 9234 being C (6 gram quota). It is listed under the Single Convention for the Control of Narcotic Substances 1961 and is controlled in most countries in the same fashion as is morphine.

Pethidine, also known as meperidine and sold under the brand name Demerol among others, is a synthetic opioid pain medication of the phenylpiperidine class. Synthesized in 1938 as a potential anticholinergic agent by the German chemist Otto Eisleb, its analgesic properties were first recognized by Otto Schaumann while working for IG Farben, Germany. Pethidine is the prototype of a large family of analgesics including the pethidine 4-phenylpiperidines (piminodine, anileridine and others), the prodines (alphaprodine, MPPP, "etc."), bemidones (ketobemidone, etc.) and others more distant, including diphenoxylate and analogues.

Pethidin oder Meperidin (in den USA auch als "meperidine" bezeichnet) ist das älteste vollsynthetische Opioid. Es wurde im Juli 1937 von Otto Schaumann und Otto Eisleb bei den I.G. Farben (Werk Hoechst) erstmals synthetisiert. 1939 wurde es (in Form des Hydrochloridsalzes) für die medizinische Verwendung unter dem Handelsnamen "Dolantin" in den Markt eingeführt. Während Pethidin in Deutschland mit dem Aufkommen neuerer Präparate an Bedeutung verlor, ist es weltweit nach wie vor eines der wichtigsten starken Analgetika. Die Struktur des Pethidins ist eine vereinfachte Nachbildung des Atropinmoleküls.


Early life.

Da Silva was born in Dili in 1952 to Luis da Silva and Genoveva Aleixo. He attended primary school from 1961-1962 to 1964-1965 in Fuiloro - Lautém district, and Dili Technical School from 1965-1966 to 1970-1971. Upon graduation from Dili Technical School, Da Silva went to Lisbon to pursue further training in electrical and mechanical engineering.

Political activities.

Da Silva joined Fretilin in 1974 and was a founding member of the Fretilin External Branch in Lisbon.  In 1976, Mr Da Silva interrupted his studies in Lisbon and was sent to Australia by the Fretilin leadership to lobby support for Timor Leste's independence struggle. During that time Australian supporters of Timor Leste's independence struggle (Campaign for Independence of East Timor - CIET) requested that Da Silva assist Neville Cunningham and António Belo operate a radio connection to the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste. As Da Silva was not an Australian resident, he had to operate the radio underground and spent six months in bush of the Northern Territory in radio contact with the Fretilin leadership in Timor-Leste.  In September 1976, Da Silva and Cunningham were encircled and arrested by the Northern Territory police and the radio link was stopped. Da Silva was released after a one-day trial and he decided to settle in Mozambique. The radio link was later re-established by Fretilin members and Australian supporters of Timor Leste's struggle for independence.  Upon his return to Australia in 1985, Da Silva campaigned tirelessly for Timor-Leste's independence. This included speaking at public forums, organising demonstrations against the illegal Indonesian occupation, organising fundraising activities and lobbying MPs. Da Silva also maintained regular contact with the clandestine movement and the Fretilin leadership in Timor Leste and assisted in helping persons in danger of persecution in Timor Leste escape and settle in Australia. In 1994 he became Fretilin Representative in Australia.  Da Silva was voted into the Fretilin Central Committee in 1998 at the Fretilin National Conference held in Sydney, Australia. His mandate was renewed at the First National Congress in 2001 as well as the Second National Congress which was held in May 2006. He was elected Chairperson in both events. He is also one of the 15 members of the National Political Commission of Fretilin which leads the work of the party between the Fretilin Central Committee meetings.  He was re-elected to a seat in parliament in the June 2007 parliamentary election as the ninth name on Fretilin's candidate list.

Education and professional career.

Da Silva studied agronomy at Eduardo Mondlane University, and worked at Marracuene state enterprise as the Chief Agronomist for the Mozambican government. He also attended the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India for short training courses in agriculture systems for arid and semi arid regions.  In Australia, Da Silva continued his studies in agronomy at the University of Sydney, where he completed a post-graduate diploma in Agronomy in 1987. In 1988 Da Silva was employed by the NSW Agricultural Department at the Trangie Research Agricultural Centre and from 1994 to 1997 worked at the Australian Cotton Research Institute in Narrabri.  In 1999, Da Silva returned to Timor-Leste. He worked as a World Bank consultant for agriculture and later as Asian Development Bank project manager for infrastructure before becoming Minister for Agriculture during the second United Nations transitional government. In May 2002, upon the restoration of independence of Timor Leste, Da Silva became the Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.  In 2002, Da Silva completed a two-year post-graduate training course in management and leadership provided by the Asian Development Bank Institute in Tokyo, Japan.  Da Silva is a capable and respected administrator and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is one of the success stories of an independent Timor Leste. The Ministry is regularly praised by international donors for its achievements. Under Da Silva, Timor Leste's rice production has increased every year except for in 2006 where the political crisis had a negative effect on the country's institutions and economy as a whole. Also, in Da Silva's time, Timor-Leste's rice import dependency has been reduced from two thirds to one third of domestic consumption.  Da Silva is fluent in English, Portuguese and Tetum.

Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (born 4 August 1952) is an East Timorese politician and a key member of the Fretilin. He was acting Prime Minister from May 2007 to August 2007.

Estanislau da Conceição Aleixo Maria da Silva (* 4. August 1952 in Dili, Portugiesisch-Timor; andere Quelle: in Manatuto) ist ein osttimoresischer Politiker der FRETILIN. Vom 20. Mai 2007 bis zum 8. August 2007 war er Premierminister von Osttimor und von 2015 bis 2018 Staatsminister und Minister für Landwirtschaft und Fischerei.


History.

Early history.

The club was founded in 29 January 1920 as Klubi Sportiv Urani, which literally translates to Uranium Sport Club, and they changed their name to "Sport Klub Durrës" just two years later 1922. They kept the same name until they joined the Albania National Championship as one of the original six members alongside SK Tiranë, Skënderbeu Korçë, Bashkimi Shkodran, Urani Elbasan and Sportklub Vlorë. In 1930, before entering the National Championship, the club changes its name to the "Klubi Sportiv Teuta Durrës", in reference to Queen Teuta of Illyria. In the first National Championship they finished fifth out of six teams, collecting three wins and two draws out of ten games. The following season they finished as runners-up in the league, as they lost 4–1 in the championship final against SK Tiranë, where the club's goalkeeper Niko Dovana famously scored the equaliser in the first leg which ended in a 1–1 draw.  After Communism took control of Albania the club was forced to change its name to "KS Ylli i Kuq Durrës", literally meaning KS Red Star Durrës. Just 3 years later in 1950 the club dropped KS Red Star Durrës from its name and was simply called SK Durrës once again, before renaming to "SK Puna Durrës" a 1-year later in 1951. The club changed its name again in 1958 to "KS Lokomotiva Durrës" which they kept until the fall of Communism in Albania in 1991. Since 1991 the club has renamed KS Teuta Durrës, with the football team being called KF Teuta.

Hasanbelliu era.

In 1999 local businessman and owner of Eurotech Cement Edmond Hasanbelliu he was named as the new president of the club, he brought in Hasan Lika as manager immediately. He began investing in the club and introduced Albanian internationals Sokol Prenga and Suad Liçi in the club, alongside a host of other players including Orges Shehi and Arjan Sheta. In the club's first season under Hasan Lika and Edmond Hasanbelliu they finished in third place, behind Tomori Berat and eventual winners KF Tirana. They also had a successful Albanian Cup run as they eliminated Flamurtari Vlorë, KF Tirana and Dinamo Tirana to reach the final against KS Lushnja, which ended 0–0 after extra time and Teuta won the game 5–4 on penalties. They qualified for the second qualifying round of the UEFA Cup in the following season, where they faced Austrian side SK Rapid Wien. They were eliminated following a 6–0 aggregate loss, after 4–0 and 2–0 losses.

Recent years.

In November 2013 the president Hasanbelliu announced that the club had sold a 50% stake to Swiss company Gea Sport, who promised investment in the club in order to achieve domestic success as well as have good runs in Europe. The firm's first action as shareholders was to replace the Albanian coach Gugash Magani with the Italian Roberto Sorrentino, who became the club's first ever foreign coach. Following less than 2 months as shareholders Gea Sport were instrumental in bringing in 11 players during the January transfer window, most of which were foreigners, in an attempt to push for the title. on 24 February 2014, Sorrentino was fired as the first team coach following a string of poor results. The club announced the appointment of Ilir Daja the day after Sorrentino's departure.

Stadium.

The club play their home games at the Niko Dovana Stadium which was built in 1965 and currently has a capacity of around 13,000. The stadium was previously known as the Lokomotiva Stadium between 1958 and 1991 during Communism while the club was named Lokomotiva Durrës. The stadium has also been host to the Albania national team in 2010 where they played a friendly against Uzbekistan. During the 2013–14 season, according to the club's official website the average league attendance was 2,638.

Supporters.

Teuta's fans are known as " Djemtë e Detit 1994" (Boys of the Sea). and "PIRATËT 2016" (PIRATES 2016) and "MARINSAT 2017" (MARINSAT 2017)

Klubi Futbollistik Teuta Durrës, commonly referred to as Teuta Durrës, is an Albanian professional football club based in Durrës. They currently compete in the Albanian Superliga and they play their home games at the Niko Dovana Stadium.

Klubi Futbollit Teuta Durrës, zum Teil auch noch als Klubi Sportiv Teuta Durrës bezeichnet, ist ein albanischer Fußballverein aus der Hafenstadt Durrës.


Early and personal life.

Jenny Scobel was born in Orrville, Ohio and grew up in Mentor, Ohio. At Cleveland Institute of Art, Scobel received her Bachelor of Fine Arts. She received her Master of Fine Arts from Pratt Institute.  She lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.

Paintings.

Scobel makes portraits or figurative paintings of children and women that blend a scene of innocent-like faces with images that suggest an underlying dark or disturbing story. The subtle mixed messages creates a "disarming perspective" and "present a mature approach to creating complex and disarming works. "Family tree" of a young girl in the foreground, hands in her pockets and a disturbing background of a tree and running blood is one example. She often works in wax and graphite. Journalist Kristin Capp likened her work to that of Romaine Brooks.  Raphael Rubinstein of Art In America said "Scobel is an artist whose attention to detail reaches manic (and sublime) proportions. She poses her subjects - in this show, pensive young women - against wallpaper per whose intricate motifs would exhaust a less patient artist. These backgrounds often seem to reveal the subjects' thoughts, as if the women had dreamed the allegorical scenes into existence."  She gives lectures, such as the April 7, 2010 engagement at the School of Art at Illinois State. Kerry James Marshall is her favorite artist.

Works.

A few of Scobel's works are:  Her works are in the public collections at Hudson Valley for Contemporary Art, New York and the Rubell Family Collection in Miami, Florida.

Exhibitions.

Solo exhibitions.

Scobel's work has been exhibited since about 1985. She has had solo shows at:

Group exhibitions.

Her work has been exhibited with other artists in London, New York, and Chicago. In 2004, Scobel participated in the exhibition "Sagt holde Frauen: 15 zeitgenssische Kunstlerinnen und das Medium Zeichnung" at the Fridericianum in Kassel, Germany

Jenny Scobel (born 1955) is an American painter who lives and works in New York City. She makes paintings of women and children weaving a sense of innocence with foreboding or darkness. Her works, compared to Romaine Brooks, have been auctioned at Christie's and Sotheby's.

Jenny Scobel (* 1955 in Orrville, Ohio) ist eine US-amerikanische Künstlerin. Sie zeichnet Porträts auf grundierte Holztafeln. Bildmaterial findet sie in Zeitungsausschnitten, Fotografien und Zeichentrickfilmen, aber auch kunsthistorische Zitate. Dargestellt werden sowohl (auch der Künstlerin) völlig unbekannte Menschen wie auch berühmte, vorwiegend Frauenköpfe wie etwa die junge Jacqueline Kennedy oder Michelle Pfeiffer. Der Hintergrund ist oft amerikanischen Comics entliehen.


Early life.

Puller was born in West Point, Virginia, to Matthew and Martha Puller. Puller was of English ancestry, his earliest ancestors who came to America emigrated to the colony of Virginia from Bedfordshire, England in 1621. His father was a grocer who died when Lewis was 10 years old. Puller grew up listening to old veterans' tales of the American Civil War and idolizing Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. He wanted to enlist in the United States Army to fight in the Border War with Mexico in 1916, but he was too young and could not get parental consent from his mother.  The following year, Puller attended the Virginia Military Institute but left in August 1918 as World War I was still ongoing, saying that he wanted to "go where the guns are!" Inspired by the 5th Marines at Belleau Wood, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps as a private and attended boot camp at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina.  Although he never saw action in that war, the Marine Corps was expanding, and soon after graduating he attended its non-commissioned officer school and Officer Candidates School (OCS) at Quantico, Virginia, following that. Graduating from OCS on June 16, 1919, Puller was appointed a second lieutenant in the reserves, but the reduction in force from 73,000 to 1,100 officers and 27,400 men following the war led to his being put on inactive status 10 days later and given the rank of corporal.

Interwar years.

Corporal Puller received orders to serve in the "Gendarmerie d'Haiti" as a lieutenant, seeing action in Haiti. While the United States was working under a treaty with Haiti, he participated in over forty engagements during the ensuing five years against the Caco rebels and attempted to regain his commission as an officer twice. In 1922, he served as an adjutant to Major Alexander Vandegrift, a future Commandant of the Marine Corps.  Puller returned stateside and was finally recommissioned as a second lieutenant on March 6, 1924 (Service No. 03158), afterward completing assignments at the Marine barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, The Basic School in Quantico, Virginia, and with the 10th Marine Artillery Regiment in Quantico, Virginia. He was assigned to the Marine barracks at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in July 1926 and in San Diego, California, in 1928. In December 1928, Puller was assigned to the Nicaraguan National Guard detachment, where he was awarded his first Navy Cross for his actions from February 16 to August 19, 1930, when he led "five successive engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces." He returned stateside in July 1931 and completed the year-long Company Officers Course at Fort Benning, Georgia, thereafter returning to Nicaragua from September 20 to October 1, 1932, and was awarded a second Navy Cross. Puller led American Marines and Nicaraguan National Guardsmen into battle against Sandinista rebels in the last major engagement of the Sandino Rebellion near El Sauce on December 26, 1932.  After his service in Nicaragua, Puller was assigned to the Marine detachment at the American Legation in Beijing, China, commanding a unit of China Marines. He then went on to serve aboard, a cruiser in the Asiatic Fleet, which was commanded by then-Captain Chester W. Nimitz. Puller returned to the States in June 1936 as an instructor at The Basic School in Philadelphia, where he trained Ben Robertshaw, Pappy Boyington, and Lew Walt.  In May 1939, he returned to the "Augusta" as commander of the on-board Marine detachment, and then back to China, disembarking in Shanghai in May 1940 to serve as the executive officer and commanding officer of 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines (2/4) until August 1941. Major Puller returned to the U.S. on August 28, 1941. After a short leave, he was given command of 1st Battalion, 7th Marines (1/7) of the 1st Marine Division, stationed at New River, North Carolina (later Camp Lejeune).

World War II.

Early in the Pacific theater, the 7th Marines formed the nucleus of the newly created 3rd Marine Brigade and arrived to defend Samoa on May 8, 1942. Later they were redeployed from the brigade and on September 4, 1942, they left Samoa and rejoined the 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal on September 18, 1942.  Soon after arriving on Guadalcanal, Lt. Col. Puller led his battalion in a fierce action along the Matanikau, in which Puller's quick thinking saved three of his companies from annihilation. In the action, these companies were surrounded and cut off by a larger Japanese force. Puller ran to the shore, signaled a United States Navy destroyer, the USS "Ballard", and then Puller directed the destroyer to provide fire support while landing craft rescued his Marines from their precarious position. U.S. Coast Guard Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro—Officer-in-Charge of the group of landing craft, was killed while providing covering fire from his landing craft for the Marines as they evacuated the beach and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for the action, to date the only Coast Guardsman to receive the decoration. Puller, for his actions, was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V".  Later on Guadalcanal, Puller was awarded his third Navy Cross, in what was later known as the "Battle for Henderson Field". Puller commanded 1st Battalion 7th Marines (1/7), one of two American infantry units defending the airfield against a regiment-strength Japanese force. The 3rd Battalion of the U.S. Army's 164th Infantry Regiment (3/164) fought alongside the Marines. In a firefight on the night of October 24–25, 1942, lasting about three hours, 1/7 and 3/164 sustained 70 casualties; the Japanese force suffered over 1,400 killed in action, and the Americans held the airfield. He nominated two of his men (one being Sgt. John Basilone) for Medals of Honor. He was wounded himself on November 9.  Puller was then made executive officer of the 7th Marine Regiment. While serving in this capacity at the Battle of Cape Gloucester, Puller was awarded his fourth Navy Cross for overall performance of duty between December 26, 1943, and January 19, 1944. During this time, when the battalion commanders of 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines (3/7) and later, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines (3/5), were under heavy machine gun and mortar fire, he expertly reorganized the battalion and led the successful attack against heavily fortified Japanese defensive positions. He was promoted to colonel effective February 1, 1944, and by the end of the month had been named commander of the 1st Marine Regiment. In September and October 1944, Puller led the 1st Marine Regiment into the protracted battle on Peleliu, one of the bloodiest battles in Marine Corps history, and received his first of two Legion of Merit awards. The 1st Marines under Puller's command lost 1,749 out of approximately 3,000 men, but these losses did not stop Puller from ordering frontal assaults against the well-entrenched enemy. The corps commander had to order the 1st Marine Division commanding general to pull the annihilated 1st Marine Regiment out of the line.  During the summer of 1944, Puller's younger brother, Samuel D. Puller, the executive officer of the 4th Marine Regiment, was killed by an enemy sniper on Guam.  Puller returned to the United States in November 1944, was named executive officer of the Infantry Training Regiment at Camp Lejeune and, two weeks later, commanding officer. After the war, he was made director of the 8th Reserve District at New Orleans, and later commanded the Marine barracks at Pearl Harbor.

Korean War.

At the outbreak of the Korean War, Puller was once again assigned as commander of the First Marine Regiment. He participated in the landing at Inchon on September 15, 1950, and was awarded the Silver Star Medal. For leadership from September 15 through November 2, he was awarded his second Legion of Merit. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross from the U.S. Army for heroism in action from November 29 to December 4, and his fifth Navy Cross for heroism during December 5–10, 1950, at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. It was during that battle that he said the famous line, "We've been looking for the enemy for some time now. We've finally found him. We're surrounded. That simplifies things."  In January 1951, Puller was promoted to brigadier general and was assigned duty as assistant division commander (ADC) of the 1st Marine Division. On February 24, however, his immediate superior, Major General O.P. Smith, was hastily transferred to command IX Corps when its Army commander, Major General Bryant Moore, died. Smith's transfer left Puller temporarily in command of the 1st Marine Division until sometime in March. He completed his tour of duty as assistant commander and left for the United States on May 20, 1951. He took command of the 3rd Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, California until January 1952, and then was assistant commander of the division until June 1952. He then took over Troop Training Unit Pacific at Coronado, California. In September 1953, he was promoted to major general.

Post-Korean War.

In July 1954, Puller took command of the 2nd Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina until February 1955 when he became Deputy Camp Commander. He suffered a stroke, and was retired by the Marine Corps on November 1, 1955, with a promotion to lieutenant general.  Regarding his nickname, in a handwritten addition to a typed 22 November 1954 letter to Major Frank C. Sheppard, Puller wrote, "I agree with you 100%. I had done a little soldiering previous to Guadalcanal and had been called a lot of names, but why 'Chesty'? Especially the steel part??"

Relations.

Puller's son, Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr. (generally known as Lewis Puller), served as a Marine lieutenant in the Vietnam War. While serving with 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines (2/1), Lewis Jr. was severely wounded by a mine explosion, losing both legs and parts of his hands. Lieutenant General Puller broke down sobbing at seeing his son for the first time in the hospital. Lewis Jr. won a 1992 Pulitzer Prize for his autobiography, "Fortunate Son: The Healing of a Vietnam Vet". He committed suicide in 1994.  Puller was father-in-law to Colonel William H. Dabney, USMC (retired), a Virginia Military Institute (VMI) graduate, who was the commanding officer (then Captain) of two heavily reinforced rifle companies of the 3rd Battalion, 26th Marines (3/26) from January 21 to April 14, 1968, in Vietnam. During the entire period, Colonel Dabney's force stubbornly defended Hill 881 South, a regional outpost vital to the defense of the Khe Sanh Combat Base during the 77-day siege at the Battle of Khe Sanh. Dabney was recommended for the Navy Cross for his actions on Hill 881 South, but his battalion executive officer's helicopter carrying the recommendation papers crashed and the papers were lost. It was not until April 15, 2005, that Colonel Dabney received the Navy Cross during an award ceremony at Virginia Military Institute.  Puller was a distant cousin to U.S. Army General George S. Patton.  He was an Episcopalian and parishioner of Christ Church Parish in Saluda and is buried in the historic cemetery there next to his wife, Virginia Montague Evans.

Decorations and awards.

Puller received the second-highest U.S. military award five times (one of only two persons so honored): five Navy Crosses and one U.S. Army Distinguished Service Cross. He was the second of two U.S. servicemen (after U.S. Navy submarine commander Roy Milton Davenport) to ever receive five Navy Crosses.  Puller's military awards include:

First Navy Cross citation.

Citation: For distinguished service in the line of his profession while commanding a Nicaraguan National Guard patrol. First Lieutenant Lewis B. Puller, United States Marine Corps, successfully led his forces into five successful engagements against superior numbers of armed bandit forces; namely, at LaVirgen on 16 February 1930, at Los Cedros on 6 June 1930, at Moncotal on 22 July 1930, at Guapinol on 25 July 1930, and at Malacate on 19 August 1930, with the result that the bandits were in each engagement completely routed with losses of nine killed and many wounded. By his intelligent and forceful leadership without thought of his own personal safety, by great physical exertion and by suffering many hardships, Lieutenant Puller surmounted all obstacles and dealt five successive and severe blows against organized banditry in the Republic of Nicaragua.

Second Navy Cross citation.

Citation:  First Lieutenant Lewis B. Puller, United States Marine Corps (Captain, Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua) performed exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility while in command of a Guardia Patrol from 20 September to 1 October 1932. Lieutenant Puller and his command of forty Guardia and Gunnery Sergeant William A. Lee, United States Marine Corps, serving as a First Lieutenant in the Guardia, penetrated the isolated mountainous bandit territory for a distance of from eighty to one hundred miles north of Jinotega, his nearest base. This patrol was ambushed on 26 September 1932, at a point northeast of Mount Kilambe by an insurgent force of one hundred fifty in a well-prepared position armed with not less than seven automatic weapons and various classes of small arms and well-supplied with ammunition. Early in the combat, Gunnery Sergeant Lee, the Second in Command, was seriously wounded and reported as dead. The Guardia immediately behind Lieutenant Puller in the point was killed by the first burst of fire, Lieutenant Puller, with great courage, coolness and display of military judgment, so directed the fire and movement of his men that the enemy were driven first from the high ground on the right of his position, and then by a flanking movement forced from the high ground to the left and finally were scattered in confusion with a loss of ten killed and many wounded by the persistent and well-directed attack of the patrol. The numerous casualties suffered by the enemy and the Guardia losses of two killed and four wounded are indicative of the severity of the enemy resistance. This signal victory in jungle country, with no lines of communication and a hundred miles from any supporting force, was largely due to the indomitable courage and persistence of the patrol commander. Returning with the wounded to Jinotega, the patrol was ambushed twice by superior forces on 30 September. On both of the occasions the enemy was dispersed with severe losses.

Third Navy Cross citation.

Citation:  For extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the First Battalion, Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, during the action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, on the night of 24 to 25 October 1942. While Lieutenant Colonel Puller's battalion was holding a mile-long front in a heavy downpour of rain, a Japanese force, superior in number, launched a vigorous assault against that position of the line which passed through a dense jungle. Courageously withstanding the enemy's desperate and determined attacks, Lieutenant Colonel Puller not only held his battalion to its position until reinforcements arrived three hours later, but also effectively commanded the augmented force until late in the afternoon of the next day. By his tireless devotion to duty and cool judgment under fire, he prevented a hostile penetration of our lines and was largely responsible for the successful defense of the sector assigned to his troops.

Fourth Navy Cross citation.

Citation:  For extraordinary heroism as Executive Officer of the Seventh Marines, First Marine Division, serving with the Sixth United States Army, in combat against enemy Japanese forces at Cape Gloucester, New Britain, from 26 December 1943 to 19 January 1944. Assigned temporary command of the Third Battalion, Seventh Marines, from 4 to 9 January, Lieutenant Colonel Puller quickly reorganized and advanced his unit, effecting the seizure of the objective without delay. Assuming additional duty in command of the Third Battalion, Fifth Marines, from 7 to 8 January, after the commanding officer and executive officer had been wounded, Lieutenant Colonel Puller unhesitatingly exposed himself to rifle, machine-gun and mortar fire from strongly entrenched Japanese positions to move from company to company in his front lines, reorganizing and maintaining a critical position along a fire-swept ridge. His forceful leadership and gallant fighting spirit under the most hazardous conditions were contributing factors in the defeat of the enemy during this campaign and in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

Fifth Navy Cross citation.

Citation  For extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the First Marines, First Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against aggressor forces in the vicinity of Koto-ri, Korea, from 5 to 10 December 1950. Fighting continuously in sub-zero weather against a vastly outnumbering hostile force, Colonel Puller drove off repeated and fanatical enemy attacks upon his Regimental defense sector and supply points. Although the area was frequently covered by grazing machine-gun fire and intense artillery and mortar fire, he coolly moved along his troops to insure their correct tactical employment, reinforced the lines as the situation demanded, and successfully defended the perimeter, keeping open the main supply routes for the movement of the Division. During the attack from Koto-ri to Hungnam, he expertly utilized his Regiment as the Division rear guard, repelling two fierce enemy assaults which severely threatened the security of the unit, and personally supervised the care and prompt evacuation of all casualties. By his unflagging determination, he served to inspire his men to heroic efforts in defense of their positions and assured the safety of much valuable equipment which would otherwise have been lost to the enemy. His skilled leadership, superb courage and valiant devotion to duty in the face of overwhelming odds reflect the highest credit upon Colonel Puller and the United States Naval Service.

Distinguished Service Cross citation.

Citation:  The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Colonel Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller (MCSN: 0-3158), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer, First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the vicinity of the Chosin Reservoir, Korea, during the period 29 November to 4 December 1950. Colonel Puller's actions contributed materially to the breakthrough of the First Marine Regiment in the Chosin Reservoir area and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service.

Silver Star citation.

Citation:  The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star (Army Award) to Colonel Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller (MCSN: 0-3158), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while Commanding the First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces during the amphibious landing resulting in the capture of Inchon, Korea, on 15 September 1950 in the Inchon-Seoul Operation. His actions contributed materially to the success of this operation and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Military Service.

Namesakes and honors.

In addition to his military awards Puller has received numerous honors due to his Marine Corps service:

Death and legacy.

Following his retirement Puller lived in Saluda, Virginia, where he was later buried after his death on October 11, 1971, at Christ Church Parish Episcopal next to his wife.  Puller remains a well-known figure in U.S. Marine Corps folklore, with both true and exaggerated tales of his experiences being constantly recounted among U.S. Marines.  A common incantation in U.S. Marine Corps boot camp is to end one's day with the declaration, "Good night, Chesty, wherever you are!" Another common encouragement is "Chesty Puller never quit!"  In U.S. Marine Corps recruit training and OCS cadences, Marines chant "It was good for Chesty Puller/And it's good enough for me" as well as "Tell Chesty Puller I did my best."—Chesty is symbolic of the "esprit de corps" of the Marines. Also, the recruits sing "Chesty Puller was a good Marine and a good Marine was he."  U.S. Marines, while doing push-ups, will tell each other to "do one for Chesty!"  Puller insisted upon good equipment and discipline; once he came upon a second lieutenant who had ordered an enlisted man to salute him 100 times for missing a salute. Puller told the lieutenant, "You were absolutely correct in making him salute you 100 times, Lieutenant, but you know that an officer must return every salute he receives. Now return them all, and I will keep count."  While on duty in Hawaii and inspecting the armory, Puller fined himself $100 for accidentally discharging a.45 caliber pistol indoors, although the charge for his men was only $20.

Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller (June 26, 1898 – October 11, 1971) served as a United States Marine Corps officer. Beginning his career fighting guerillas in Haiti and Nicaragua as part of the Banana Wars, he later served with distinction in World War II and the Korean War as a senior officer. By the time of his retirement in 1955, he had reached the rank of lieutenant general.

Lewis Burwell „Chesty“ Puller (* 26. Juni 1898 in West Point, Virginia; † 11. Oktober 1971 in Saluda, Virginia) war ein Lieutenant General des US Marine Corps (USMC), der sich aus der Unteroffizierslaufbahn hochgedient hatte. Er ist einer der höchstdekorierten Offiziere in der Geschichte des US Marine Corps.


History.

In the 1970s the Irish government considered three options for the introduction of a second television service: the re-transmission of BBC1 Northern Ireland; authorisation of an independent commercial service; or charging RTÉ with the establishment of a second national channel. It was the last of these that was finally chosen.  The channel, the Republic's second, began transmissions at 20:00 on 2 November 1978 with an opening broadcast of a gala ceremony from Cork Opera House. Owing to a technical fault, audio from BBC2 was played during the countdown instead of the proper soundtrack, and when the channel commenced programmes, there was no audio for the initial 15 seconds or so. At first the new channel broadcast in the evenings only. The first broadcast on RTÉ 2 was on 6 June 1978, it was largely aimed at those in "single channel land". Programmes included "The Streets of San Francisco" and "Duchess of Duke Street".  The opening night's line up was as follows:

RTÉ 2 (1978–1988).

Up to 60% of the Republic of Ireland could receive UK channels via spillover or via cable. Cable in the republic was only permitted in areas of spillover up to the mid-1980s, to provide viewers with better reception of channels they could already receive over the air. Hence RTÉ 2 was aimed at those that did not have the UK channels. To this end one of their main remits was the re-broadcasting of UK programming to Irish audiences, that would not otherwise be seen on RTÉ 1.  On the opening night of RTÉ 2, one of the channels announcers said "From ten to seven each weekday, three o'clock on Saturdays and six o'clock on Sundays, RTÉ 2 will be bringing you the best of BBC, ITV and other first

Network 2 (1988–2004).

In September 1988, RTÉ 2 was given a major revamp and became Network Two. In addition to the launch of a new vivid red, blue, and green logo, the channel now came on air at 14:30. "The Den" was moved to the channel, along with most youth and children's programming. "Jo Maxi" was launched as the youth strand. "Sports Stadium" took up the entire Saturday afternoon schedule, and all sports programming was aired on the channel, along with Irish language programming. A late night news bulletin, "Network

RTÉ Two (2004–2014).

RTÉ decided the channel needed another revamp to keep it fresh. The channel's name reverted to RTÉ Two on the morning of 2 October 2004, with a themed evening of programmes called "Farewell Network 2" beginning at 20:00, featuring Podge and Rodge. The new logo is similar in style to the current RTÉ One logo. The new branding is designed to promote the Irishness of the station, green is the dominant colour. New strands were developed. In particular, the number of Irish made programmes has increased, though some of this is made up of a new strand of early evening repeats. The idents from

RTÉ2 (2014–present).

From 22 September 2014 RTÉ Two became RTÉ2 and presented a new schedule of programming. The channel established itself as the "voice for the under 35s" where the new schedule continued with new seasons of "New Girl", "The Big Bang Theory", "Grey's Anatomy", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine", "Masters of Sex", "Devious Maids", "The Americans", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and the final season run of "Mad Men". Brand new imported shows included "Outlander", "Gotham", "Resurrection", "iZombie" and "CSI Cyber". RTÉ2 confirmed it had secured broadcasting rights for two Danish drama series 1864 and "The Saboteurs: The Heavy Water War", both broadcasting in 2015. In terms of home-produced Irish programming RTÉ2 confirmed the return of "Other Voices" (Season 13), Maia Dunphy's "What Women Want" (Season

RTÉ2 HD.

The HD channel launched on Saorview on 27 May 2011. The service broadcasts sporting programming from national to international events, documentaries, movies and American, Canadian, and Australian programming in high-definition 1080i.  As RTÉ start to convert more of their main studios to HD then the

RTÉ2 +1.

RTÉ2 +1 launched on 19 February 2019, and it broadcasts daily from 19:00 until 02:00 Monday to Friday and 12:00 until 02:00 Saturday and Sunday. The channel launched only on Saorview and it will

Future.

RTÉjr on RTÉ2.

RTÉ 2 continues to air a block of programming from RTÉjr (previously known as Den Tots). RTÉ put forward a request to move the RTÉjr strand from RTÉ 2 in April 2013, on RTÉjr's first official birthday. The proposal was passed to the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources who took the decision to have the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland carry out a Strategic Impact Assessment (SIA) on the proposed move.  Minister

Budget.

The following figures were issued by RTÉ as part of their annual reports in 2008 and 2012:  Income

Programming.

RTÉ2 provides a broad range of programming which is mainly targeted towards young people up to 45-year-olds. Between 06:00 to 18:30 kids and teens programming is served by RTÉjr (separate to the channel) and the teenage strands TRTÉ and Two Tube. From 19:00 onwards, RTÉ2 provides a wide range of programming from Irish produced content, sports, comedy, dramas, films and acquisitions from North America, Australia, the UK and Central Europe. RTÉ2 has a strong tradition of broadcasting many US TV shows prior to other European broadcasters, though this has slightly changed in recent years.  Films are also regularly aired on the channel especially Irish-European cinema and International cinema. Until September 2014, RTÉ2 had stands such as"Two Wild" (nature documentaries), "Two Extreme" (extreme sports/adventure documentaries), and "RTÉ Sport on Two", these strands were axed in 2014 but the strands contents play an important role in the current schedule.

RTÉ 2 Controller.

Dick Hill was RTÉ 2's first controller until 1994.  During the time of the 1997 rebrand of the channel as N2 they had placed the Head of Schedule as "controller" of the channel. Up until then, the channel was run side by side RTÉ One under RTÉ Television. N2 was a successful relaunched of the channel in the late

Imported programming.

1978–1988.

RTÉ 2 was original set up to provide Irish viewers with retransmission of BBC and ITV programming. In 1978 it introduced a simulcast of many British programmes including "Top of the Pops". Other UK shows included "Coronation Street" (which began simulcasting from 1983), "Porridge", "Mastermind", "Never the Twain",

1988–1993.

As Network 2 the service still focused strongly on imported programming, RTÉ would now look to have first runs of US programming before other European networks. In the early years Network 2 broadcast US sit-coms Monday to Friday at 21:00 such as "The Golden Girls",

1993–1997.

During the 1990s Network 2 began to expand it schedule to cover morning and late night television. Imports still played a major part of the schedule with first showings of popular 1990s TV such as "Friends", "The X Files", "Nowhere Man", "My So-Called

1997–2004.

During the late 1990s the schedules began to increase in size again. All of the daytime repeat programmes were replaced by Children's television while Late Night TV was extended until 2 am each morning with shows like, "Profiler", "Millennium", "" (only airing the first season), "Stargate SG1" and some Australian serials including "Water Rats" and "Murder

2004–2013.

Renamed in 2004 as RTÉ Two, the channel still has a heavy emphasis on imported programming. Its late night schedule completely filled with imports from "Rules of Engagement" to "24", from "Rescue Me" to "Smallville". Their 19:00 to 21:00 schedule consists of many BBC natural history programmes including David Attenborough "Life" and "Horizons". The channel currently shows first time showings of "Cougar Town", "Flash Forward", "Lost", "The Good Wife", "", "Criminal Minds", "Desperate Housewives", "Grey's Anatomy", "Sons of Anarchy", "Life with Boys" and "Mr. Young".  RTÉ 2 also airs American programmes such as "The Simpsons" (currently airing Season 20 weekdays at

2014–2016.

In 2014, RTÉ 2 began to focus more on Irish music programming for the first time in its history the annual "Choice Music Prize" was aired on television, previously only available on radio. It continued to air the critically acclaimed music series "Other Voices" for an eleventh season. In August 2014, RTÉ 2 televised over 8 hours of "Electric Picnic" coverage from Stradbally, Co. Laois, this was the first time that the channel aired the annual music festival. On 2 September 2014, RTÉ began to

2016–.

RTÉ2 will broadcast the 12th season of "Other Voices" in spring. RTÉ2 have yet to confirm which programmes it has acquired for 2016. The summer 2016 schedule will largely be made up of sports programming such as GAA, Euro 2016 and Summer Olympics 2016.  In early 2016, the broadcaster confirmed it would air the mini-series "The X-Files", which began airing on 26 January. "iZombie" was another addition to their schedule, along with Icelandic crime drama "Trapped". In Spring 2016, the channel

Irish-produced programming.

Reality TV.

During the last decade like many other TV channels RTÉ 2 have had several reality based TV shows.  In 2003, Network 2 set out to find their news TV presenter in a reality show called "The Selection Box"; the eventual winner was Caroline Morahan.  RTÉ 2 also produced two series of the employment reality show "No Experience Required", three prospective candidates are evaluated over the course of a week for a vacant position in a top company, the show follows them through interview stages and tasks set out by their prospective employees.  In 2008, RTÉ 2 broadcast "Hollywood Trials". It follow a group of young actors travelling to make it big in LA. The actors where selected

Drama.

In the first two decades of RTÉ 2, little original drama was produced for the channel; often RTÉ would just repeat their dramas on the channel such as "Fair City" and "Glenroe". RTÉ did place some emphasis on short film in the RTÉ 2 series "Short Cuts". Short films remain on RTÉ 2 most Monday nights at 11:30; these shorts are not just taken from RTÉ co-financed productions but also from independent producers around the world.  RTÉ 2's most successful drama was a drama/comedy/chat show entitled "Nighthawks" presented by Shay Healy. This was produced as a pseudo-documentary about the behind the scenes of the television production, it featured many well known Irish comedians, however unlike the mockumentary "The Larry Sanders Show", "Nighthawks" featured real interviews and was created by David Blake Knox, who went on to be controller of Network 2 until 1998. Gerry Ryan had a similar format show called "Gerry Ryan Tonight" during the 1990s.

2000–2008.

From 2000 to 2008, RTÉ were committed to providing new and original drama on RTÉ 2 each Monday night each autumn. The dramas had mixed reviews but they included "Paths to Freedom" (2000), "Bachelors Walk" (2001–2003), "The Big Bow Wow" (2003), "Pure Mule" (2004), "Love is the Drug" (2004) and "Prosperity" (2007). "Raw" was RTÉ 2's last Monday night drama; it received mixed reviews but it reached on average 250,000 viewers each week against RTÉ One's "Prime Time Investigates" and TV3's"The Apprentice"; Raw's second series ran on RTÉ One. Most of RTÉ 2's drama output was aimed at a younger audience than that of RTÉ One's and it often contained bad language and sex scenes.  RTÉ ended their RTÉ 2 drama's in 2008 with the first series of "Raw", choosing to air its second series on RTÉ One. RTÉ are not currently looking for drama specifically for RTÉ 2 which brings to an end a significant amount of work brought to the channel from RTÉ's drama department and independent producers. Many of the dramas of this era on RTÉ 2 were seen as experimental but also highly modern and innovative.

Comedy.

Monday night has been comedy night on RTÉ 2 since its 1997 re-launch. Many US sitcoms were intermixed with live Irish comedy such

RTÉ Young Peoples.

RTÉ Young People's department oversees programming for under 5s, 5 to 12-year olds and teenage audiences. As part of RTÉ 2's redevelopment in 1988 as Network 2, most of RTÉ's young people's programming moved from RTÉ One to Network 2.

Children's television.

"Dempsey's Den" was hosted by Ian, Zig, Zag and Zuppy. It moved to Network 2 from RTÉ One, and broadcasting for an extra hour from 15:00 to 18:00. Network 2 would start the day 14:30 with "Bosco" a pre-school television show. All children's television moved to Network 2 when it rebranded in 1988. When Ian Dempsey left Dempsey's Den the show was renamed "The Den", with a new presenter, Ray D'Arcy. D'Arcy presented the show from 1990 to 1997 when the strand began to expand it schedule into the early hours of

Teenage television.

Shows for young people in the 1970s and 1980s included:  In the late 1980s, RTÉ began simulcasting "The Beatbox" with 2FM as a replacement for "MT USA". Presenters included Barry Lang, Electric Eddie (Doug Murray), Simon Young, Peter Collins, Ian Dempsey. It was replaced in 1995 with Dave Fanning's "2TV". "2TV" spawned several spin offs: late night videos hosted by Jon Slattery, and RTÉ's only attempt at a morning show in 1999 with Bianka Luykx.  In 1988, "Jo Maxi" appeared for the first time until 1993, a daily teen show airing at 18:00, which was later replaced by Echo Island and in the early 2000s by "ID", followed by "ID2", "TTV" and now "Two Tube". Within the programming block, contains "The Big Bang Theory", "Neighbours" (repeated from RTÉ One), "The Simpsons" and "Home and Away" (repeated from RTÉ One).  Space Station Video's – Late 1985/1986 – music video show presented by people from the world of music, sport & entertainment, including chris de burgh & phil lynnot – Set on a space station – time on – unknown.

News and current affairs.

Since 2017 RTÉ2 provides no regular prime time news or current affairs programme since January 2017. Children's news programme News2day remains part of their line up.  From 1978 to 2014, RTÉ 2 provided late night news. The first such news programme was called "NewsNight". The programme was a wide international news service which provided news stories from US and UK broadcasters the show also included a national news bulletin, the final late night news on the channel was called "RTÉ News on Two".  On 22 September 2014 the late night news was dropped in favour of two bulletins at 18:55 and 19:55 called "News Feed". They also provide children's news each weekday called "News2day".  With the relaunch of RTÉ Two as Network 2 the news was renamed "Network News". The news was now similar in style to the newly launched "Six One" news and "Nine News" on RTÉ One.  In 1997, with the possibility of competition from a new local broadcaster Network

Sport.

RTÉ 2 broadcasts the majority of RTÉ's sports content. Since RTÉ own rights to several competitions any fixtures clashing with RTÉ 2's schedule will often be provided on RTÉ One, however RTÉ One rarely provides sporting events on weekdays hence most soccer matches are shown on RTÉ 2. These include UEFA Champions league and the League of Ireland and competitive Ireland National Football Team matches. George Hamilton is the station's main sports commentator. RTÉ 2 also covers some smaller sports such as athletics, cycling, extreme sports, golf, hockey, racquet sports, scuba diving, target shooting, triathlon, and water sports. RTÉ 2 also covers the Olympic Games.  RTÉ used to cover basketball which has moved to TG4, combat sports, snooker, pool and used to cover the annual International Rules Series between Ireland and Australia; however, this has moved to TG4. RTÉ also used to cover Wimbledon and the Tour de France which is now on TG4.  RTÉ main sporting rights are UEFA Champions League Live & Highlights, Ireland International qualifying matches Live & Highlights, League of Ireland Live & Highlights, FIFA World Cup Live & Highlights, European Championship Live & Highlights, FAI Cup Live & Highlights, Women's FAI Cup Live & Highlights, 6 Nations Championship Live & Highlights, Ireland Autumn Internationals Live & Highlights, Women's 6 Nations Live & Highlights, Olympic Games, GAA Championship Live & Highlights, GAA League Highlights, Grand National, The Derby, Galway Races, Punchentown and the Cheltenham Festival which take commentary and coverage from Channel 4 with RTÉ's own presenter and analysis.  RTÉ 2's sports coverage is its most popular programming strand, it often tops RTÉ 2's most watch shows, significantly out doing other all other programming. RTÉ plan to provide most sporting events in High Definition on RTÉ 2.

GAA.

RTÉ 2 provides most of the GAA championship coverage for hurling and football, in 2008, RTÉ lost its monopoly on the championship games to TV3 for the first time in its 10-year history took an interest in the games having mainly bought in soccer and bought live rights for 10 of the matches for three seasons, this forced the Sunday Game Live off air some weekends with live coverage only on TV3 however TV3 lost these rights to Sky Sports for Summer 2014 therefore

Soccer.

League of Ireland rights are owned by RTÉ and eir Sport. They each take turns on showing live matches each Friday night. RTÉ also show FAI Cup games and the final in HD. Every Monday at 7 pm, RTÉ produce a domestic soccer show called "Monday Night Soccer" (MNS) presented by Peter Collins which provides a roundup of the weekend of League of Ireland and international team news with regular guests, this was axed in 2014 and replaced by Soccer Republic which airs around 11 pm every Monday night. RTÉ have held rights to the 15:00 Premier League match from the English league between 2004–2007, this was hosted by Bill O'Herlihy, Darragh Maloney, Michael Lyster and Des Cahill with commentary by George Hamilton, Peter Collins and Darragh Maloney, however these are now owned by Setanta Sports. In June 2013, RTÉ decided not to renew their highlights package for the

Rugby.

RTÉ currently holds the rights to the RBS Six Nations Championship until 2017. They previously held the rights to all Ireland games in the tournament until 1998, when BSkyB had the rights to home England games until 2003. Since 2003 the tournament has been broadcast in its entirety live on RTÉ 2, since 2010 RTÉ have been host broadcaster for Ireland home games. Ireland's Autumn International Series is also broadcast live on RTÉ, with the station holding the rights until 2017.  RTÉ had shown every Rugby World Cup until 2007 when Setanta Ireland secured the full rights to the 2007 and 2011 editions. With Ireland games at the tournament an A listed event, terrestrial rights went to TV3 for the 2007 edition, the 2011 tournament returned to RTÉ with the

Entertainment.

RTÉ 2's entertainment content is generally aimed at a young audience to that of its sister channel RTÉ One. Since 1988 RTÉ 2 has been successful with a number of entertainment shows aimed at the 15- to 35-year-old age group.  In the early years of RTÉ 2 music shows on the channel consisted of "Music TV USA" every Friday night, which was then repeated on Sunday afternoons at 3 pm. In the mid-1980s this was replaced by "The Beatbox" presented by Ian Dempsey. From 1995, Dave Fanning presented a near identical programme under the new name of "2TV". "The Beatbox" and "2TV" were both broadcast on 2FM RTÉ's popular music radio station.  "No Disco" was an alternative music show for late night TV from 1993 to 2003, it was hosted by initially by Donal Dineen who left to present radio on Radio Ireland in 1997. Uaneen Fitzsimons took his place on the show, seen as a major upcoming television talent.

Cláracha Gaelige.

As part of RTÉ Two's re-brand to Network 2 some emphasises was put on Irish language programming including a daily current affairs show called "Cursaí". The series ran from 1988 to 1996 at 19:00 Monday to Friday. The series was later moved around both RTÉ channels. RTÉ retained the arts spin-off programme, "Cursaí Ealaíona", into the late 1990s on

RTÉ2 is an Irish free-to-air television channel operated by public service broadcaster RTÉ. It was launched in 1978 becoming the Republic of Ireland's second television channel.

RTÉ Two (von 1988 bis 2004 auch unter Network 2, RTÉ Network Two oder N2 bekannt) ist das zweite Fernsehprogramm der irischen öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalt RTÉ. Der Sender ist über DVB-T im ganzen Land empfangbar, ebenso über Sky Digital per Satellit.


Background.

Greeks of Istanbul.

Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was the capital of the Byzantine Empire until 1453, when the city was conquered by Ottoman forces. A large indigenous Greek community continued to live in the multi-ethnic Ottoman capital city. The city's Greek population, particularly the Phanariotes, came to play a significant role in the social and economic life of the city and in the political and diplomatic life of the Islamic but multi-ethnic, multi-religious Ottoman Empire in general. This continued even after rebellions against Ottoman rule in Greece and the establishment of an independent Greek state in 1829, although during the Greek War of Independence massacres against local Greek communities occurred. A number of ethnic Armenians and Greeks, who served in the

Context.

In early 1950s, Turkey had close relations with Greece. In 1952, Paul of Greece became the first Greek Monarch to visit a Turkish head of state, which was soon followed by Turkish president Celal Bayar's visit to Greece. However, the relations soured starting in 1953, when the armed struggle of the Greek Cypriots aiming for Enosis, annexation of Cyprus by Greece, started. Soon after, Georgios Grivas, a retired general of the Greek Army formed EOKA. This turn of events was politically exploited in Turkey by the Turkish nationalists of "Kibris Türktür Cemiyeti" (Cyprus is Turkish) organization, although EOKA had never targeted the Turkish Cypriot community before the anti-Greek pogrom events of September 1955.  Greece appealed in 1954 to the United Nations to demand self-determination

Pogrom events.

Planning.

The 1961 Yassıada Trial after 1960 coup d'état accused Menderes and Foreign Minister Fatin Rüştü Zorlu of planning the riots. Though both of them rejected the claims, it is believed by scholars that Menderes assented to the organization of protests in İstanbul against the Greeks, but the extent of knowledge of Zorlu, who had been in London for the conference, is unclear. Interior Minister Namık Gedik was also accused of involvement, though he was not tried as he committed suicide before the trials started. According to Zorlu's lawyer at the Yassiada trial,

Execution.

Municipal and government trucks were placed in strategic points all around the city to distribute the tools of destruction (shovels, pickaxes, crowbars, ramrods and petrol), while 4,000 taxis were requisitioned from the Drivers Association and Motor Vehicle Workers' Trade Union () to transport the perpetrators. In addition, flags had been prepared by the Textile Workers' Union ().  A protest rally on the night of 6 September, organised by the authorities in Istanbul, on the Cyprus issue and the bombing of Atatürk's home was the cover for amassing the rioters. At 13:00, news reports of the bombing were announced by radio. However, most people

Personal violence.

According to most sources, between 13 and 16 Greeks and one Armenian (including two clerics) died as a result of the pogrom. However, a number of deaths were never recorded due to the general chaos, so estimates vary. An early source gives the number of dead as 0, but later sources and witness accounts do not affirm this. According to a number of other sources the total death toll

Material damage and cost.

The material damage was considerable, with damage to 5317 properties, almost all Greek-owned. Among these were 4214 homes, 1004 businesses, 73 churches, 2 monasteries, 1 synagogue, and 26 schools. Over 4,000 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 Greek (and other Christian) churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed. The American consulate estimates that 59% of the businesses were Greek-owned, 17% were Armenian-owned, 12% were Jewish-owned, 10% were Muslim-owned; while 80% of the homes were Greek-owned, 9% were Armenian-owned, 3% were Jewish-owned, and 5% were Muslim-owned.  Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 69.5 million Turkish lira (equivalent to 24.8 million US$), the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches' estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million USD. The Turkish government paid 60 million Turkish lira of restitution to those who registered their losses.

Church property.

In addition to commercial targets, the mob clearly targeted property owned or administered by the Greek Orthodox Church. 73 churches and 23 schools were vandalized, burned or destroyed, as were 8 baptisteries [?] and 3 monasteries. This represented about 90 percent of the church property portfolio in the city. The ancient Byzantine church of Panagia in Belgradkapı was vandalised and burned down. The church at Yedikule was badly vandalised, as was the church of St. Constantine of Psammathos. At Zoodochos Pege church

Witnesses.

An eyewitness account was provided by journalist Noel Barber of the London "Daily Mail" on 14 September 1955:  On the occasion of the pogrom's 50th anniversary, a seventy-year-old Mehmet Ali Zeren said, "I was in the street that day and I remember very clearly...In a jewelry store, one guy had a hammer and he was breaking pearls one by one."  One famous eyewitness was James Bond novelist Ian Fleming, who as

Resistance.

There are accounts of protection offered to the minorities by their fellow citizens that were successful in fending off the mob. The most organized team rallied behind air force captain Reşat Mater. Mater happened to be off duty and visiting his home in Cevizli's Muhasebeciler Street, which was right next to the rally point, İstanbul

Secondary action.

While the pogrom was predominantly an Istanbul affair, there were some outrages in other Turkish cities. On the morning of 7 September 1955 In İzmir, a mob overran the İzmir National Park, where an

Documentation.

Considerable contemporary documentation showing the extent of the destruction is provided by the photographs taken by Demetrios Kaloumenos, then official photographer of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. Setting

Reactions.

In Greece.

In Greece, Oktay Engin and consulate employee Hasan Uçar were arrested on 18 September. Engin was first charged with executing the attack, but he presented

In Turkey.

After the events, 3,151 people were immediately arrested, the number of arrested later rose to 5,104. On 7 September, the Menderes government closed the "Cyprus is Turkish" Association (CTA) and arrested its executives. 34 trade unions were dissolved. The Minister of Internal Affairs Namık Gedik resigned on 10 September.  The investigation initially focused on the "Cyprus is Turkish" Association (CTA). CTA detainee, and spy, named Kamil Önal had one of his CTA associates burn an intelligence report originating from the National Security Service (NSS) that was at the CTA office. In addition, a member from the Kızıltoprak branch, Serafim Sağlamel, was found to be carrying an address list of non-Muslim citizens. However, on September 12, the government blamed Turkish Communists for the pogrom, arresting 45 "card-carrying communists" (including Aziz Nesin, Kemal Tahir, and İlhan Berktay). This type of

International.

The chargé d'affaires at the British Embassy in Ankara, Michael Stewart, directly implicated Menderes' Demokrat Parti in the execution of the attack. "There is fairly reliable evidence that local Demokrat Parti representatives were among the leaders of the rioting in various parts of Istanbul, notably in the Marmara islands, and it has been argued that only the Demokrat Parti had the political organisation in the country capable of demonstrations on the scale that occurred," he reported, refusing to assign blame to the party as a whole or Menderes personally, however. The Foreign Office pointedly underscored the fact that British

Aftermath.

Compensation payments.

The compensation package allocated by the Turkish Assembly was only 60 million Turkish liras. While 12.7 million Turkish

Anti-Greek policy and Greek exodus.

Tensions continued, and in 1958–1959, Turkish nationalist students embarked on a campaign encouraging a boycott against all Greek businesses. The task was completed eight years later in 1964 when the Ankara government reneged on the 1930 Greco-Turkish Ankara Convention, which established the right of Greek "établis" (Greeks who were born and lived in Istanbul but held Greek citizenship) to live and work in Turkey. As a

Georgian exodus.

The Georgian community in Istanbul was also affected. It is estimated that there were about 10,000 Catholic Georgian residents in Istanbul in 1955. Most

Trials in Turkey.

After the military coup of 1960, Menderes and Zorlu were charged at the Yassiada Trial in 1960–61 with violating the constitution. The

Later careers of press people involved.

The editor of the "Istanbul Ekspres", Gökşin Sipahioğlu, went on to found Sipa

2005 exhibition assault.

In 2005, Turkish nationalists attacked a photography exhibition dedicated to the fiftieth anniversary of the 1955 riots held in İstanbul. The exhibition itself was initially heralded as a major step forward for the development of democratic values in preparation of Turkey's admittance into the European Union. The military prosecutor at the time of the riots, vice admiral Fahri Çoker, kept documents and approximately 250 photographs of the events in order to educate posterity. He entrusted them to the Turkish Historical Society, stipulating that they be exhibited 25 years after his death.  Two hours prior the opening of the exhibition, a nationalist lawyer and former president of Ülkü Ocakları Ramazan Kirik, Kemal Kerinçsiz, inspected the gallery and angrily walked out. Upon the opening of the exhibition, two people stood in front of the venue shouting and announcing that this exhibition was a misrepresentation

Oktay Engin's later career.

Oktay Engin continued his studies at Istanbul University's Faculty of Law. His school in Thessaloniki refused to share his transcript, but with only a certificate showing he had completed the first year, the university senate allowed Engin to continue from the second. After graduation, he started an internship in Cyprus. However, he was summoned by Orhan Öztırak, the minister of internal affairs, to monitor Greek radio stations. Next he placed first in a government exam that

International legacy.

In August 1995, the US Senate passed a special resolution marking the September 1955 pogrom, calling

Current anti-Greek tendencies in Turkey.

At present (2013), popular Turkish TV shows are alleged to portray the Greek people in a negative way. This resulted in complaints by representatives of the local Greek communities, since similar tendencies triggered the outbreak of anti-Greek pogroms and massive expulsions during the 1950s and 1960s.

The Istanbul pogrom, also known as the Istanbul riots or September events ( "Septemvriana", "Events of September";, "Events of 6–7 September"), were organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955. The riots were orchestrated by the Tactical Mobilisation Group, the special operations unit of the Turkish Army set up as Operation Gladio's Turkish branch; the Counter-Guerrilla (another Operation Gladio-related organisation), and the National Security Service, the predecessor of today's National Intelligence Organisation. The events were triggered by the false news that the day before, Greeks had bombed the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, in northern Greece—the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had been born in 1881. A bomb planted by a Turkish usher at the consulate, who was later arrested and confessed, incited the events. The Turkish press, conveying the news in Turkey, was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb.

Der Pogrom von Istanbul (griechisch Σεπτεμβριανά, „Septemberereignisse“; türkisch "6–7 Eylül Olayları", „Ereignisse vom 6. zum 7. September“) bezeichnet gewalttätige Ausschreitungen gegen die christliche, vor allem griechische Minderheit in Istanbul, Izmir und in der türkischen Hauptstadt Ankara in der Nacht vom 6. auf den 7. September 1955. Den Verbrechen fielen auch türkische Juden und Armenier zum Opfer.


Design.

Designs exist for both intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Disposable autoinjectors commonly use a pre-loaded spring as a power source. This spring and the associated mechanical components form a one-shot linear actuator. When triggered the actuator drives a three step sequence:  Some injectors are triggered by simply pushing the nose ring against the injection site. In these designs the protective cap is the primary safety. Other designs use a safety mechanism similar to nail guns: The injection is triggered by pushing the nose ring against the injection site and simultaneously, while applying pressure, pushing a trigger button at the rear end of the device.  Since spent autoinjectors contain a hypodermic needle they pose a potential biohazard to waste management workers. Hence the protective cap is designed not only to protect the drug and keep the needle sterile, but also to provide adequate sharps waste confinement after disposal.  Injectors intended for application through layers of clothing may feature an adjustable injection depth. Other typical features include: A drug inspection window, color coded spent indicator and an audible click after the injection has finished.

Variants.

Another design has a shape and size of a smartphone which can be put into a pocket. This design also has retractable needle and automated voice instructions to assist the users on how to correctly use the autoinjectors. The "Auvi-Q" epinephrine autoinjector uses this design.  A newer variant of the autoinjector is the gas jet autoinjector, which contains a cylinder of pressurised gas and propels a fine jet of liquid through the skin without the use of a needle. This has the advantage that patients who fear needles are more accepting of using these devices. The autoinjector can be reloaded, and a variety of different doses or different drugs can be used, although the only widespread application to date has been for the administration of insulin in the treatment of diabetes.

An autoinjector (or auto-injector) is a medical device designed to deliver a dose of a particular drug. The injectors were initially designed to overcome the hesitation associated with self-administration of the needle-based drug delivery device.

Als Autoinjektor bezeichnet man ein medizinisches Instrument, welches zur Verabreichung (Injektion) einer Einzeldosis eines flüssigen Medikaments dient. Er wurde insbesondere deshalb entwickelt, damit die Injektion auch durch den Patienten selbst erfolgen kann.


Biography.

Born at the Hôtel de Conti (quai Malaquais) in Paris, he was the last of his parents' children. He had one older brother, Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti (1661–1685), who married Marie Anne de Bourbon, the illegitimate daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Louise de La Vallière.  In 1683, he assisted the Imperialists in Hungary, and while there, he wrote some letters in which he referred to King Louis XIV as "le roi du théâtre"; because of this, and because of an early engagement at the side of the Turks, in 1685, on his return to France, he was temporarily banished to Chantilly.  Conti was the protégé of his uncle, Louis de Bourbon, "le Grand Condé", whose granddaughter, Marie Thérèse de Bourbon (1666–1732), he married at the Palace of Versailles on 22 January 1688, before the assembled court. Together, they had seven children.  The bride was passionately in love with her husband, but his attentions focused elsewhere. It was well known at court that he was in love with his wife's sister-in-law, Louise-Françoise de Bourbon, wife of Louis III, Prince of Condé, who was the eldest legitimated daughter of King Louis XIV and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. Marie Anne de Bourbon, the daughter of Louise-Françoise de Bourbon, was thought to have been the fruit of this affair. It was also noted, however, that he had homosexual tendencies and did not pay his wife much attention. He lived as a libertine, engaging in numerous love affairs with members of both sexes. His scandalous philandering and debaucheries caused tension and distance within the family, and earned him the nickname of "le Grand Conti".  He served in the French army, but he never managed to achieve a rank higher than lieutenant-general. In 1689, he accompanied his intimate friend, François Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, to the Netherlands, and shared in the French victories at Fleurus, Steinkirk, and Neerwinden. On the death of his cousin, Jean Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville (1646–1694), and in accordance to his will, Conti claimed the principality of Neuchâtel against Marie d'Orleans-Longueville, Duchess de Nemours (1625–1707), a sister of the Duke.  He failed to obtain military assistance from the Swiss, and by the King's command, yielded the disputed territory to Marie d'Orleans, although the courts of law had decided in his favour. In 1697, King Louis XIV offered him the Polish crown, and by means of bribes, the Abbé de Polignac secured his election. On 27 June 1697, he was formally proclaimed as the King of Poland by Cardinal Radziejowski.  Conti started rather unwillingly for his new kingdom, probably, as the Duke of Saint-Simon remarks, owing to his affection for Louise-Françoise de Bourbon. He departed on the "Railleuse", under Captain Jean Bart, on 6 September 1697.  When he reached Danzig, he found his rival Augustus II, Elector of Saxony, already in possession of the Polish crown. Conti returned to France, where he was graciously received by King Louis XIV, although Saint-Simon says the King was vexed to see him again. But the misfortunes of the French armies, during the earlier years of the War of the Spanish Succession, compelled the King to appoint Conti, whose military renown stood very high, to command the troops in Italy.  On 4 February 1699, Conti purchased the Château d'Issy, a small French Baroque château on the outskirts of Paris, bought for the sum of 140,000 livres. The estate remained the property of the Princes of Conti until the Revolution of 1789, when it was confiscated as biens nationaux.  The Prince of Conti fell ill and died on 9 February 1709 at the Hôtel de Conti (quai Conti), his death calling forth exceptional signs of mourning from all classes. He died from a combination of gout and syphilis. He was buried alongside his mother at his estate in L'Isle-Adam, Val-d'Oise, near Paris.  He was succeeded as Prince de Conti by his eldest son, Louis Armand II de Bourbon (1696–1727).

Issue.

Conti married Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, aged 22, who was the daughter of Henri Jules, Prince of Condé and Princess Anne Henriette of the Palatinate. They had the following seven children together:

François Louis de Bourbon, le Grand Conti (30 April 1664 – 9 February 1709), was Prince de Conti, succeeding his brother, Louis Armand de Bourbon, in 1685. Until this date, he used the title of Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon. He was son of Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and Anne Marie Martinozzi, daughter of Girolamo Martinozzi and niece of Cardinal Mazarin, through her mother. He was proclaimed as the King of Poland in 1697. He is the most famous member of the Conti family, a cadet branch of the Princes of Condé. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a "prince du sang."

François Louis de Bourbon, prince de Conti (* 30. April 1664 in Paris; † 22. Februar 1709 ebenda), auch "der große Conti" genannt, war Sohn Armand de Bourbons und dessen Frau Anna Maria Martinozzi.


Plot introduction.

The novel is narrated by the dead protagonist Brás Cubas, who tells his own life story from beyond the grave, noting his mistakes and failed romances.  The fact of being already deceased allows Brás Cubas to sharply criticize the Brazilian society and reflect on his own disillusionment, with no sign of remorse or fear of retaliation. Brás Cubas dedicates his book: "To the worm who first gnawed on the cold flesh of my corpse, I dedicate with fond remembrance these Posthumous Memoirs" (), which indicates that not a single person he met through his life deserved the book. Cubas decides to tell his story starting from the end (the passage of his death, caused by pneumonia), then taking "the greatest leap in this story", proceeding to tell the story of his life since his childhood.  The novel is also connected to another Machado de Assis work, "Quincas Borba", which features a character from the "Memoirs" (as a secondary character, despite the novel's name), but other works of the author are hinted in chapter titles. It is a novel recalled as a major influence by many post-modern writers, such as John Barth or Donald Barthelme, as well as Brazilian writers in the 20th century.

Philosophy of Brás Cubas.

Brás Cubas' pessimism is shown most obviously in the sub-title of the novel, "Epitaph of a Small Winner". Cubas considers his life in the manner of an accounting, finding neither any positives or negatives; but he then realises that since he has not fathered any children he has not passed on the "misery" of life any further. For this reason he considers his life a success. Assis published his work in 1881 and it is influenced by the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher whose philosophical magnum opus, "The World as Will and Representation" was first published in 1818. Schopenhauer's influence on the novel's philosophy is without doubt when one compares Cubas' description of insects and his attitude towards animals, which is a feature of Schopenhauer's philosophical outlook; and in Schopenhauer's writing he similarly uses examples from the animal kingdom to illustrate a philosophical truth (most famously that of the Australian bull-ant). Assis' allusion to Schopenhauer's philosophy is also 'formal': the chapter structure of "The Posthumous Memoirs" mimics that of Schopenhauer's "World as Will and Representation"; Bras Cubas' "method" in the novel, specifically the practice of referring to incidents in previous chapters by the chapter number, is imitative. Schopenhauer is often referred to as the 'King' of pessimists, or the 'Philosopher of despair'; his outlook is heavily linked to that of Buddhism.  It is important to note that Assis created a philosophical theory to criticize Positivism, which was common in Brazil's literature back then. The theory in question was Humanitism, created in the books by Quincas Borba, a friend of Brás Cubas who had gone mad before dying. By doing this, Assis sharply criticizes the current philosophical theories, implying that only someone crazy would believe in them. Humanitism is to believe in Humanitas, which, according to Borba, is "the principle of the things, the same man equally distributed in all men". Therefore, if all men are equally Humanitas, an executioner killing a convict of murder is just "Humanitas correcting Humanitas because of an infraction of the laws of Humanitas". Envy is just "an admiration that fights for Humanitas against Humanitas", and thus, "being the war the grand function of the human genus, all the pugnacious feeling are the most adequate to happiness. From this, I came to the conclusion: envy is a virtue". If envy is a virtue, then cynicism, vanity and egoism are legitimated. Assis, through an ingenious fallacy, implied that envy is positive, in the same way many theories could "prove" true something clearly absurd looking through today's eyes.

Reception.

In an article in The Guardian, Woody Allen listed the work as one of his favorites. He said in an interview with the newspaper:

Translations.

There have been multiple translations. It was first translated in 1952 as "Epitaph of a Small Winner" by William L. Grossman. In 1997, it was translated as "The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas" by Gregory Rabassa. In 2020, there were two new translations, by Flora Thomson-DeVeaux (Penguin Classics) and Margaret Jull Costa and Robin Patterson (Liveright).

The Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas (, modern spelling "Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas"), also translated as Epitaph of a Small Winner, is a novel by the Brazilian writer Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (born in Rio de Janeiro City, then Imperial Capital of Brazil).

Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas ("Die nachträglichen Memoiren des Bras Cubas" bzw. "Postume Erinnerungen des Brás Cubas") ist ein Roman der im Jahr 1880 erstmals in der Zeitschrift "Revista Brasileira" von Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis veröffentlicht wurde.


Early life.

Somerville was born and grew up in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. She started acting and singing at a young age, appearing in high school plays at Poly Prep Country Day School in Bay Ridge in Brooklyn. Somerville attended Boston College as a Musical Theater major and returned home upon completing her education in order to try acting professionally.

Career.

Somerville was noticed by a modeling scout while waiting tables. At the age of 22 she moved to Los Angeles, assembled a band and got an agent. She sang backup on Joshua Radin's first album, "We Were Here". Her song "Winding Road" was included on the "Garden State" soundtrack, a film written and directed by Zach Braff.  Somerville's first acting job was as an extra in the 1996 film "City Hall". Her first major role for television was for the lead in the CBS miniseries "" (1999), in which she also sang. In 2000 Somerville starred in the series "Grosse Pointe", and later played Rachel Hoffman, a colleague of Sandy Cohen, in season one of "The O.C.".  Somerville had a recurring role as Ross Geller's girlfriend, Mona, for seven episodes in Season 8 of "Friends". During the final season (2004–05) of "NYPD Blue", she had a supporting role as Det. Laura Murphy. She appeared in fifteen episodes.  In 2005, Somerville starred as a lead role in the short-lived sitcom "Kitchen Confidential" opposite Bradley Cooper. In 2008 she starred the ABC dramedy "Cashmere Mafia", along with Lucy Liu, Miranda Otto and Frances O'Connor. She also guest-starred in CBS's "Gary Unmarried".  Somerville had small roles in the films "Spider-Man 2", "Without a Paddle", "Bedazzled", "Shades of Ray", "The Ugly Truth" and "Labor Pains". She had a lead role in the 2010 independent comedy film "The Best and the Brightest", along with Neil Patrick Harris and Amy Sedaris. She played Sam, who moves to New York City with her partner Jeff (Harris) and attempts to get their five-year-old daughter into an elite private kindergarten. In June 2010, Somerville appeared in an episode of "Royal Pains".  In 2011, Somerville starred in the Hallmark Channel Christmas television film "A Holiday Engagement", in which she sings the song "Angels We Have Heard On High".  In 2013, Somerville played Detective Mackenzie on CBS's "Golden Boy" which aired for one season.  Somerville is a singer in the group Band from TV with Greg Grunberg, Bob Guiney, James Denton, Hugh Laurie, Jesse Spencer, Barry Sarna, Brad Savage, Rich Winer and Chris Kelley.

Discography.

"Songs from Another Life" EP (2009)

Bonnie Somerville (born February 24, 1974) is an American actress and singer. She has had roles in a number of movies and television series, most notably "NYPD Blue", "Grosse Pointe", "Friends", "The O.C.", "Cashmere Mafia", "Kitchen Confidential", "Without a Paddle", and "Golden Boy". She starred as Dr. Christa Lorenson in season one of the CBS medical drama "Code Black".

Bonnie Somerville (* 24. Februar 1974 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Sängerin, die vor allem durch ihre Rollen als "Mona" in "Friends" und "Rachel Hoffman" in "O.C., California" bekannt wurde.