Plot.

As the Imperialist forces celebrate their victory in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, a participant known as the "Hitokiri Battōsai" walks away from the battlefield, abandoning his sword. But, the Battōsai's old katana is not left alone. It is claimed by one of the fallen, Udō Jin-e.  A decade later, Saitō Hajime and his fellow policemen investigate the murder of an undercover cop supposedly by the hands of the Battōsai. But Saitō is not convinced and suspects Takeda Kanryū, a wealthy, but cruel businessman. Meanwhile, the former Battōsai (now calling himself Himura Kenshin) arrives in Tokyo. While roaming its streets, he meets Kamiya Kaoru, the owner of her late father's Kendo school. With her dojo's name smeared by one bearing the name of Battōsai, she attacks him believing him to be the famed killer, but is proven wrong when Kenshin reveals he only carries a.  Elsewhere, Takani Megumi, a woman forced to make opium for Takeda Kanryū, escapes and turns to the police for a safe haven after witnessing the deaths of the other opium makers. However, Udō Jin-e, under the service of Kanryū, hunts her down, slaying everyone in the police station. Luckily, she escapes in the ensuing chaos.  Kaoru crosses paths with Jin-e, the actual perpetrator killing under her dojo's style of swordsmanship. Utterly no match for him, she is injured in the fight, but Kenshin appears out of nowhere and saves her. Jin-e immediately realizes Kenshin's hidden identity as the true Battōsai, before a swarm of policemen rush onto the scene, giving Kenshin and Kaoru a chance to flee. Kaoru leads Kenshin to her dojo where they will be safe. Later, a group of thugs under Takeda Kanryū attempt to take over the dojo. Kenshin beats down the entire gang without killing a single one before the police arrive. Kenshin takes the blame for the incident and gets himself arrested in order to help avoid Kaoru's dojo being blamed for the violence. Soon, Saitō recognizes him, briefly fights him and releases him vowing not to kill again. After his release, he is greeted by Kaoru who knows Kenshin is not the Battōsai who had defamed her dojo and takes him back to the dojo. Kenshin afterward moves in with Kaoru and her only student, the boy Myōjin Yahiko.  Still running on the streets for her life, Megumi runs into Yahiko who helps hide her and brings her to the dojo where she is introduced to everyone. Kaoru treats everyone to a sukiyaki dinner at the Akabeko restaurant, only to have the occasion spoiled by Kanryū coming and offering to hire Kenshin, who humbly declines. Here, he is challenged by Sagara Sanosuke for the job and they leave the establishment to fight.  Later that evening, Jin-e goes on a killing spree leaving many corpses for the police to find the following day. Kenshin witnesses the horror, as well as a woman mourning the death of her lover. This evokes a memory for Kenshin from his years as an assassin when he witnessed a woman mourning a man that he had killed, a sword fight that left a scar on his face. Later that night, a masked man working for Kanryū warns Megumi of coming dangers.  The next day the people around the dojo fall ill from rat poison contaminating the community wells. Megumi suspects it is Kanryū's doing and helps by providing medication for the victims. Angry at Kanryū, Megumi attempts to kill him, but fails and is instead held hostage by the wealthy drug-dealer. Besting all his men, Kenshin and Sanosuke attack Kanryū's mansion in hopes of rescuing Megumi. Saitō assists them to subdue Kanryū, who is armed with a Gatling gun. They rescue Megumi, but discover that Jin-e, the fake Battōsai and Kanryū's man, has kidnapped Kaoru.  Kenshin pursues Jin-e. To further provoke Kenshin, Jin-e uses a special technique that paralyzes Kaoru's lungs and can only be undone with his death. After an intense battle, Kenshin critically injures Jin-e by shattering his elbow with his scabbard. Before Kenshin could land the killing blow, Kaoru overcomes the paralysis and stops Kenshin from killing Jin-e. Jin-e commits suicide, telling Kenshin before his last breath that he who lives by the sword must die by the sword, a re-occurring theme, counter to Kenshin's vow never to kill again.  Kenshin, tired and wounded, carries the unconscious Kaoru back to the dojo. They rest, in the care of Megumi and Yahiko. Upon waking up, Kaoru does not see Kenshin and goes in search for him. She finds him carrying back some vegetables, and is relieved of her fear that he may have left permanently.

Cast.

Principal cast list as presented on the Funimation Films website in Western name order:

Production.

On June 28, 2011, a live-action film adaptation was announced. Produced by Warner Bros., with actual film production done by Studio Swan, the film was directed by Keishi Ōtomo and stars Takeru Satoh (of "Kamen Rider Den-O" fame) as Kenshin, Munetaka Aoki as Sanosuke Sagara and Emi Takei as Kaoru. Ōtomo said he aimed to make the live-action more complex than the original manga version. He also found Satoh as a good fit for Kenshin's character after the two worked together in a previous film. The film was released on August 25, 2012, and the staff "aims to release the film internationally and eventually make a series.  After choosing Takeru Satoh as the lead, Producer Shinzō Matsuhashi commented, "Satoh has the looks and stature to be a proper Kenshin." Watsuki added that when this project was just starting, he and his wife were discussing who should play Kenshin, and decided that Satoh topped the list.  Satoh later commented, "The role of Kenshin is that of a well-known character, therefore, I think fascinating acting is needed. I would like to create the Kenshin image with the staff, while staying true to the details. I will try my best, so please look forward to it."  Nobuhiro Watsuki praised on Satoh being cast for the role: "When this project just started, my wife and I were talking about who would suit the role of Kenshin, and Satoh Takeru-san was the one who came up on our mind first. So, when it was confirmed (that Satoh will be taking the role), I was surprised, but was also very happy. I'm looking forward to seeing his wonderful acting."

Release.

"Rurouni Kenshin" was theatrically released on August 25, 2012 in Japan. The film was released in South Korea for the Busan International Film Festival on October 5, 2012. Released for Spain in the annual Sitges Film Festival on October 10, 2012. The film debuted in Hong Kong on December 6, 2012. It was also theatrically released in the Philippines on December 5, 2012 (SM Cinema) gaining second place in the Philippine Box Office on its first week.  It was released in DVD on December 26, 2012. The film has been licensed for distribution in over 60 countries in Europe, Latin America and Asia. Limited edition came in a special box, with special digipack, a soundtrack, and a "Rurouni Kenshin" notebook. Other content also include cast and staff commentary, TV spots, behind-the-scenes, and all the trailers included, plus One OK Rock's PV of their song "The Beginning".  The film was released in North America on December 14, 2012 for the LA EigaFest 2012 and was held in conjunction with the American Cinematheque at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. The director, Keishi Ōtomo, attended the premiere and opening red carpet ceremony. In addition to "Rurouni Kenshin", the 2012 line up features some of the films to come out of Japan over the last year. A special screening of four selected short films will be presented in collaboration with the Short Shorts Film Festival & Asia.  The film was screened in the UK at October 4, 2013.  The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD by Funimation on November 1, 2016 in North America under the title "Rurouni Kenshin: Origins", which includes an English dubbed version of the film. Funimation also gave the film a TV-MA rating.

Reception.

Box office.

The film became Japan's eleventh highest-grossing film of 2012, earning at the Japanese box office that year. Internationally, the film grossed up until December 2012, prior to its release in the Philippines. In addition, the film grossed $728,085 from Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines up until May 2013, $8,389 from the United Kingdom in October 2013, and $32,445 from the United States (27theaters) in August 2016, bringing the film's worldwide total to.

Critical reception.

The film received positive reviews from critics. Deborah Young from "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the film in the Busan Film Festival, saying that the "choreography is fast and furious and the sword fights ably showcase Battosai's incredible skills. Naoki Satō energetic score pounds out the action scenes to a barbarian beat." Michelle Nguyen of Geek.com praised the film as well, stating that ""Rurouni Kenshin: Origins" treats the source material with respect and love. This film is many things: part Japanese historical drama, part action movie, and part nostalgic emotional journey." and goes on to say "More than just nostalgia, seeing Rurouni Kenshin in the flesh is a profound coming-to-Jesus like experience for fans of the franchise and newcomers alike. We have at last a film that shows what a live action adaptation of an anime should be like. "Rurouni Kenshin" bursts forth on the screen with heart and with sword, just as his name implies."  Nick Creamer of Anime News Network awarded the film an "A−", stating that ""Kenshin: Origins" smartly leans on one of the source material's great advantages: the inherently compelling nature of the transition from the Tokugawa to the Meiji era. Much of the film's thematic and emotional power comes from the poignancy of that transition – more than just a tale of samurai clashes, it presents an argument for both the great and terrible sides of both eras —" and goes on to say "Overall, I'd highly recommend "Rurouni Kenshin: Origins" to both fans of the original and fans of adventure films in general. "Origins" is action-packed, full of striking characters, and energetically composed, while also drawing smartly on the poignant context of its source material. It's an altogether terrific time." Nobuhiro Watsuki overall praised the film. During an interview with "Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha", he commented, "It was right on! Takeru Satoh played Kenshin’s dual personality well. He truly was Kenshin. Yōsuke Eguchi who played Saitō Hajime, Kōji Kikkawa who played Udō Jin-e, and Munetaka Aoki who played Sagara Sanosuke really took on their characters' expressions and movements in the action sequences. It drew me in, especially the scene with Saitō's Gatotsu pose. It sent chills down my spine! I thought Emi Takei playing Kamiya Kaoru was really cute and Yū Aoi playing Takani Megumi was also fantastic, and in the film parts I felt I didn't explain well enough in the manga were improved. There were actually lines in the movie that made me think 'I want to use that line in the manga!

Sequels.

When the film was first announced, it was reported that the production team had hopes to create a series.  The August 2013 issue of "Jump SQ." announced that a two-part sequel will be released simultaneously for the summer of 2014. These movies were tentatively known as "" and "", and have Satoh Takeru, Takei Emi and Eguchi Yosuke reprising their roles as Kenshin, Kaoru and Saitō respectively. It was announced that Tatsuya Fujiwara was cast in the role of Shishio Makoto on July 2, as was director Keishi Ōtomo's return. On July 30, it was revealed that Ryunosuke Kamiki and Yūsuke Iseya were cast as Seta Sōjirō and Shinomori Aoshi. On August 4, 2013, actors Min Tanaka, Kazufumi Miyazawa, Yukiyoshi Ozawa, Maryjun Takahashi and Ryosuke Miura were unveiled as Nenji Kashiwazaki/Okina, Toshimichi Ōkubo, Hirobumi Itō, Yumi Komagata and Chō Sawagejō. Kaito Ōyagi has replaced Taketo Tanaka as Yahiko. On August 30, 2013, Tao Tsuchiya was announced as popular character Makimachi Misao. On September 20, 2013, executive producer Hiroyoshi Koiwai revealed that model Lisa Ulliel is cast in a secret role.  In April 2019, Warner Bros. Japan announced a fourth and fifth film was in production. Satoh will reprise his role as Kenshin and Ōtomo will return to direct, the films are scheduled for a Summer 2020 release.

Rumors circulated of a live action adaptation of the manga before it was announced. The "Sankei Sports" newspaper adds that the staff aims to release the film internationally and eventually make a series. This will be the first live-action adaptation of the manga. During the production, Nobuhiro offered his ideas for the movie, which were used in the filming. The film was distributed internationally by Warner Bros.

Rurouni Kenshin ist ein im Jahr 2012 veröffentlichter japanischer Spielfilm, der auf den gleichnamigen Mangas basiert. Regie führte Keishi Ōtomo nach dem Drehbuch von Kiyomi Fujii.


Elements.

The elements of a dispersion fan diagram are:  The scale on the circular line begins at the left with the starting value (e. g. with zero). The following values are applicated clockwise. The white tail of diameter indicates the median. The dark fan indicates the dispersion of the middle half of the observed values; thus it encompasses the values from the first to the third quartile. The white feathers indicate the dispersion of the middle 90% of the observed values.  The length of the white part of the diameter corresponds with the number of observations.

Application.

A fan chart gives a quick summary of observed values which depend from two variables. This is possible thanks of a dense representation and a constant size which does not depend on the size of the single dispersion fan diagrams.  An essential advantage compared to a sequence of box plots is the possibility to compare dispersion fan diagrams not only within one direction but within two directions (horizontally and vertically).

Example.

The following example presents data from the data set "MathAchieve" which is part of the R package "nlme" of José Pinheiro et al. It contains mathematics achievement scores of 7185 students. The students are categorised according to sex and membership of a minority ethnic group.  The graphics show the mathematics achievement scores in dependency on the socio-economic status of the students (x axis) and on the average socio-economic status of all students at the same school (y axis). The four graphic panels differentiate the students according to sex and membership of a minority ethnic group.  The fan charts reveals clearly how the median value is partially following a big main tendency while the values of the single subgroups (with the cells) scatter largely what could lead to doubts about a possible correlation.

A fan chart is made of a group of dispersion fan diagrams, which may be positioned according to two categorising dimensions. A "dispersion fan diagram" is a circular diagram which reports the same information about a dispersion as a box plot: namely median, quartiles, and two extreme values.

Eine Streuungsfächerkarte besteht aus einer Gruppe von Streuungsfächern, welche nach zwei kategorisierenden Dimensionen positioniert werden können. Ein "Streuungsfächer" ist ein kreisförmiges Diagramm, das die gleichen Angaben zur Streuung wie ein Boxplot darstellt, nämlich Median, Quartile sowie zwei Extremwerte.


History.

The Phoenicia was built by the Lebanese businessman Najib Salha, who founded "La Société des Grands Hotels du Liban" (SGHL) in 1953. It was designed by the noted American architect Edward Durell Stone, working with American architect Joseph Salerno and local architects Ferdinand Dagher and Rodolphe Elias. The design showed Levantine influences in its high ceilings, sweeping staircases and palatial pillars. The hotel's interiors and furniture were contracted to the New York firm of William M. Ballard and were designed by Neal Prince, who was responsible for the interior decoration of most Intercontinental Hotels at the time.  The hotel opened to the public on December 23, 1961 as the Phoenicia Intercontinental, managed by the American Intercontinental Hotels chain. However its grand opening was not celebrated until three months later, on March 31, 1962, when Lebanese Prime Minister Rashid Karami presided over the ribbon-cutting ceremony and actress Dorothy Dandridge sang in the Le Paon Rouge nightclub as the guest of honor. The hotel had 310 rooms and suites, shops, restaurants and a swimming pool with a bar.  The hotel was an immediate success, operating at near constant 100 percent occupancy. As a result, plans were made to expand it. An adjacent property was purchased by SGHL in 1963. Local architect Joseph Philippe Karam was commissioned to design a 22-story, 270-room addition, which opened on April 19, 1968, increasing the number of rooms at the hotel to 600.  The hotel became a battlefield in the Lebanese Civil War in 1975–6, during fighting known as the Battle of the Hotels, and was left a burnt-out ruin. It was abandoned for nearly twenty-five years until the late 1990s, when Mazen and Marwan Salha, Najib Salha's sons and members of the board of directors of SGHL, decided to restore the hotel.  It reopened on March 22, 2000 as the Phoenicia Inter-Continental Beirut, following a $100 million restoration project to designs by architects Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum. Inter-Continental Hotels was reorganized as InterContinental Hotels Group in 2003, and the hotel's name was modified slightly, losing the hyphen and becoming the Phoenicia InterContinental Beirut. In July 2003, a third tower, the Phoenicia Residence, consisting of 35 luxury apartments, was opened. The Phoenicia was damaged in the 2005 bombing assassination of Rafik Hariri in the street out front and closed for three months for repairs. In 2011, it underwent a US$50 million revamp that coincided with its 50-year anniversary. In 2012 it was rebranded as the Phoenicia Hotel Beirut, though it is still a part of the InterContinental chain.

Art Collection.

When the Phoenicia celebrated its 50th anniversary, it revealed a collection of contemporary art, featuring works of Howard Hodgkin, Sam Francis, Jan Dibbets, Andy Goldsworthy, Paul Morrison and a "Mud Circle" by Richard Long.

In film.

As a Beirut landmark, the Phoenicia has appeared in numerous feature movies across its history. It is featured in the 1965 Mickey Rooney film '. In "" (1966), the hero stays in the city's glamorous palace. In "Die Fälschung" (1981) (English title: Circle of Deceit), Volker Schlöndorff makes an ambiguous use of the Phoenicia. Characters seem to be lodging in the hotel while it has already been damaged by the war. In fact, the outside scenes were shot on location, while the interior scenes were done at Casino du Liban. Joana Hadjithomas and Khalil Joreige’s'(English title: I want to see) (2008), starts on the last floor of the Phoenicia: Catherine Deneuve says she wants to see the destruction of the 2006 Lebanon War.

The Phoenicia Hotel Beirut is a historic 5-star luxury hotel situated in the Minet El Hosn neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon. It is located on Rue Fakhreddine near the Corniche Beirut promenade and walking-distance from Beirut Central District, and a few kilometers from Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport. The Phoenicia is part of the worldwide InterContinental Hotels chain, but it dropped the actual use of the chain name in 2012.

Das Phoenicia InterContinental Hotel ist ein 5-Sterne Hotel der InterContinental Hotels Group in Beirut, Libanon. Es befindet sich an der Mittelmeerküste in der "Rue Fakhreddine" an der Corniche Beirut, der Promenade der Stadt. Es wurde im Bezirk Minet el-Hosn errichtet, am westlichen Rand der Innenstadt; der Flughafen Beirut ist etwa acht Kilometer vom Hotel entfernt.


Formation.

The members of Junior M.A.F.I.A. met as childhood friends of The Notorious B.I.G.. All the members were under the age of twenty when the group was formed. The group was formed from three separate groups and four individuals if not including The Notorious B.I.G.. The 6s, or 666, (Lil' Cease, Bugsy, Capone, Chico, and Nino Brown), The Snakes (cousins Larceny and Trife), MC Klepto, Mr. Bristal, Chico Del Vec, and Lil' Kim, (a.k.a. Big Momma and or The Lieutenant), the only female artist in the group. The 6s knew The Notorious B.I.G. before he was rapping. The Notorious B.I.G. acted as the "godfather" to the group.

Debut.

The group released their debut album, "Conspiracy", in 1995, under the NYC-based Big Beat Records and Undeas labels. The album was produced in a similar style to The Notorious B.I.G.'s debut, "Ready to Die" "successful[ly] [replicating]... the earlier record's strengths". B.I.G. featured on four of the album's tracks. The rhyme topics were hard-hitting, mostly addressing guns, money, and sex. The album featured production by DJ Clark Kent, EZ Elpee, Daddy-O, Akshun, and Special Ed. "Conspiracy" gained some positive reviews, but received criticism for some of its group members not showing enough individuality. It debuted at number eight on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 69,000 copies in its first week of release and was later certified gold.  The lead single "Player's Anthem", produced by DJ Clark Kent and featuring The Notorious B.I.G., went gold. The accompanying video showed the group flying on helicopters and Learjets whilst carrying out business under F.B.I. surveillance. The album also spawned the popular top twenty hit "Get Money", a duet featuring The Notorious B.I.G. and Lil' Kim, and its remix "Gettin' Money", which has Lil' Cease with B.I.G. & Lil' Kim. The single was certified platinum and helped Kim start her own solo career. "I Need You Tonight" (featuring Aaliyah) was the only single released from the album that did not feature The Notorious B.I.G. The music video featured the members and Aaliyah holding a house party at Kim's house while she was away.

Post "Conspiracy".

After the death of the Notorious B.I.G. in 1997, the crew became defunct. In an interview with the Notorious B.I.G., which was conducted in 1995 but appeared in a 2003 issue of "XXL Magazine", he claimed he was planning to retire from rap music in the year 2000 to manage the careers of Junior M.A.F.I.A. In 2005, three of the previous seven members of the group, Lil' Cease, MC Klepto and Larceny (now known as Banger), released an album, "Riot Musik", under the Junior M.A.F.I.A. name. The album did not match their previous success, only making it to #61 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop albums chart and #50 on the Top Independent albums chart. On March 26, 2007, the trio released another album, "Die Anyway", but it did not appear on any album charts.  Lil' Kim released four albums as a solo artist. The M.A.F.I.A. were referenced on her debut album, "Hard Core", on the song "M.A.F.I.A. Land" and featured on "Fuck You". Kim collaborated with Lil' Cease on her single "Crush On You (Remix)" and on the track "Big Momma Thang", from her debut album, also featuring Jay-Z. Lil' Cease's solo effort "The Wonderful World of Cease A Leo" was released in 1999 peaked at #26 on the "Billboard" 200. The lead single, "Play Around", featured Bristal, Lil' Kim and Puff Daddy and peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart. Some of the members of the group went on to other professions. Such a MC Klepto (real name Terrence Harding) is now well known real estate broker, first working for Shark Tank celebrity investor Barbara Corcoran company Corcoran Group

Compilations and conflict.

In 2004, The Best of Junior M.A.F.I.A (Cleopatra) was released, as well as a DVD directed by documentary filmmaker, April Maiya, titled "Chronicles of Junior M.A.F.I.A"; a candid documentary dealing with the controversy and conspiracies surrounding The Notorious B.I.G and the Junior M.A.F.I.A. It included unreleased footage of studio sessions and home videos of life with the Notorious B.I.G. and his crew. The DVD release included a free mixtape. A follow-up DVD without the original director was titled "The Chronicles of Junior M.A.F.I.A. Part II: Reloaded" was scheduled to be released in 2005, but was halted when Lil' Kim filed a $6 million lawsuit against Lil' Cease, claiming she never granted permission for her name and image to be used.  Lil' Cease and Banger (formerly known as Larceny) testified against Lil' Kim during a perjury trial in 2005, which resulted in Kim and the group's manager, D-Roc, being sent to jail. Following the case, Kim labeled the pair "snitches" on her 2005 album "The Naked Truth". On June 27, 2006 a second DVD was released that was not as successful as its predecessor, entitled "Reality Check: Junior Mafia vs Lil' Kim." The DVD featured the pair explaining their side of the story on the case.  In 2007, "Chronicles of Junior MAFIA" Director, April Maiya, teamed with D-Roc for a follow-up tell-all documentary titled "Life After Death: The Movie." The film vindicated Lil' Kim's convicted perjury and exposed facts behind Lil Cease and Banger being labeled as "snitches" in the perjury trial and Hot 97 shootout and corrected the shortcomings in the original 2004 release.

Junior M.A.F.I.A. was an American hip hop group from Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City, New York. The backronym M.A.F.I.A. stands for Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes. They were formed and mentored by New York rapper, The Notorious B.I.G.. In 1995, they released their debut album, "Conspiracy". The success of the group's singles, "Player's Anthem" (US #13) and "Get Money" (US #17), helped launch the career of Lil' Kim as a solo artist.

Junior M.A.F.I.A. (Masters At Finding Intelligent Attitudes) war eine US-amerikanische Rapgruppe aus dem Umfeld des erfolgreichen Rappers The Notorious B.I.G.


Playing career.

Terzić played for AIK Bačka Topola and OFK Beograd (1987–1996) before transferring to Kastoria F.C. during the 1996–97 Greek Alpha Ethniki season where he finished out his playing career.

Administrative career.

OFK Beograd.

Simultaneously with playing Terzić also pursued his education, earning a degree in economics from the University of Belgrade in 1995. Later, he got a master's degree from Braća Karić University. After retiring from playing football, Terzić joined his old club OFK Beograd in the role of general director. The club was in rough shape, financially strapped and competing in the second-tier level. However, not long after he joined, the club bounced back up to the top league and started producing young talent that was sold directly to foreign teams, thus bypassing the usual route of first joining one of the two big Serbian clubs (Red Star or FK Partizan) before going abroad.  By the mid-2000s, Terzić was an important factor in Serbian football. With his club a stable member of the top league and a slew of young OFK players that got their exposure through under-21 national team sold abroad, Terzić set his sights on the Serbian FA (FSS), which at the time had regional character only, under the umbrella of national Serbia-Montenegro FA (FSSCG).

Serbian FA.

Ahead of the FSS presidential race, Terzić got endorsed for the job by both Red Star and Partizan representatives. At the elections held on January 22, 2005, Terzić got unanimous delegate support after his only opponent Nebojša Leković dropped out of the race. Not even 39 years of age at the time, Terzić fostered an image of a young, dynamic, modern, and reform-oriented football administrator.  On May 21, 2006, the state union of Serbia and Montenegro dissolved, thus suddenly turning FSS into the nationwide football association. Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Terzić assumed his job with newly expanded jurisdictions. As one of his first orders of business, he decided to show the door to national team head coach Ilija Petković and hire Spaniard Javier Clemente who thus became the first foreigner behind the national team's bench. Terzic also, the media pressure led by the journalist Mihajlo Todić, decided to change the colors of the national team from the traditional blue to red and insisted that the new national team jersey contain the state coat-of-arms instead of the FA logo.

Return to OFK Beograd.

In late September 2012, after two and a half years on the run, nine months in prison detention, and a full year out on bail, Terzić, who is awaiting trial, got voted to the position of OFK Beograd president.

Red Star Belgrade.

On 2 October 2014, Terzić who is acting general secretary was banned for six months for attacking referee Dejan Santrac.

Controversy.

Terzić's position at Serbian FA, as well as his past administrative posts in Serbian football, came under severe public scrutiny in early 2008 after B92 television's "Insajder" programme aired a six-part investigative series on corruption in Serbian football. Among the variety of individuals and events mentioned, Terzić was accused of fixing matches while at the helm of OFK Beograd during the early 2000s, often with his close friend Brano Mićunović, Montenegrin gangster and at the time FK Sutjeska president. Terzić was also accused of strong-arming talented, young, and up-and-coming Serbian players from various domestic clubs into joining OFK Beograd by supposedly using his position at Serbian FA in order to block their access to the Serbian national under-21 football team unless they signed with OFK Beograd. Once they've joined OFK, he would make sure they get enough exposure through the u-21 team and sell them for sizable amounts to richer European clubs.  In late January 2008, at the height of the controversy and public scandal that erupted as a result of the TV programme, Terzić left Serbia claiming he was in the United States to attend a "professional development course" at Northcentral University in Prescott Valley, Arizona, promising to be back in Serbia by February 27. After not returning by the said date, he gave a phone interview in early March 2008 to the "Večernje novosti" daily newspaper now saying he'll first stop off in London to take care of a "skiing injury he picked up in early February" while once again reiterating that he'll be back in Serbia.  Once again, he never showed up, and his whereabouts from this point until November 2010 are unknown, although he is widely believed to have spent that entire time in Montenegro where he has many personal ties and connections.

Terzić on the run: Arrest warrant and court case in absentia.

On 4 March 2008 Serbian police issued an arrest warrant for Terzić on embezzlement charges. Police accused him of illegally receiving about $840,000 when he was the director of OFK Belgrade by selling Vanja Grubač to Hamburger SV in 1998.  Terzić resigned his post as the Serbian FA president from an unknown location on 12 March 2008.  On 14 April 2008, the District Persecutor's Office in Belgrade opened an investigation into the case against Terzić as it relates to the Grubač transfer. On 10 July 2008, the Serbian arrest warrant got Interpol-wide character.  On 18 December 2008, the Serbian police investigation against Terzić got expanded to look into charges brought in by the Serbian state persecutor's office that Terzić (along with Vladimir Bulatović and Dražen Podunavac) also illegally profited on transfer of Branislav Ivanović from OFK to Lokomotiv Moskva and Stevan Stošić from OFK to Málaga CF in 2006.  On December 20, fugitive Terzić's letter got published in the "Sportski žurnal" daily sports paper. In it he defends his position by claiming he did things in line with what everyone else was doing at the time.

February 2009 arrest and release in Montenegro.

On Saturday, 21 February 2009, Montenegrin police arrested a man believed to be Zvezdan Terzić at the friendly match between FK Mogren and OFK Beograd at the Jaz Beach sports complex in Budva. Shortly, Montenegrin police issued a press release saying that their action was a case of mistaken identity and that the man arrested was not Zvezdan Terzić. The police did not, however, release the full identity of their "wrongfully arrested man", only his initials V.J. and his town of residence − Nikšić. On the other hand, many witnesses who saw the arrest during the match confirmed to various press outlets that the arrested man was in fact Terzić and that the Montenegrin police simply let him go shortly after taking him in.  The entire fiasco led to speculation that Terzić enjoys protection from highest echelons of Montenegrin regime.

Batić joins the defense team.

On 5 April 2009, Terzić's lawyer Vladan Batić (also a politician and former Serbian Minister of Justice in the government of Zoran Đinđić) held a press conference during which he called on the Serbian persecutor's office to stop proceedings against his client due to "there not being any evidence that he made any illegal financial gains". He also called the case against his client "political", referring to the 6 December 2007 article in "Politika" daily as having been "planted by the paper's political mentors at the time". He also made several veiled references to the former Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica and former Minister of the Interior Dragan Jočić being behind the "media witch hunt against Terzić".  In anticipation of the indictment against his client being unveiled, during June 2009, Batić offered to put up Terzić's house in Bačka Topola as a collateral his client would not run from law in return for being able to face the charges as a free man. The authorities did not respond to the offer.

Indictment unveiled and Terzić turns himself in.

After more than two years of information gathering, on 7 July 2010, the Higher Public Persecutor's Office in Belgrade submitted an indictment against Terzić and three other individuals (OFK Beograd officials Milovan Ikodinović and Vladimir Bulatović as well as player-agent Dražen Podunavac) over the misappropriation of funds during transfers of Vanja Grubač, Stefan Stošić, Branislav Ivanović, and Srđan Stanić.  On 12 November 2010, Terzić turned himself in to the Serbian authorities. He got placed in detention at Belgrade's Central Prison. In June 2011 he was released from detention after posting a €1 million bail.

Zvezdan Terzić (Serbian Cyrillic: Звездан Терзић; born May 21, 1966) is a Serbian buisnessman. He currently serves as the general director for the Red Star Belgrade of the Serbian SuperLiga.

Zvezdan Terzić (; * 21. Mai 1966 in Titov Vrbas, heute Vrbas, SFR Jugoslawien) ist ein ehemaliger jugoslawischer Fußballspieler, der hauptsächlich für den OFK Belgrad spielte. Er war zwischen 2005 und 2008 der Präsident des Fußballverbandes von Serbien und Montenegro bzw. seit der Auflösung des Staatenbundes 2006 (FSSCG) des Serbischen Fußballverbandes (FSS). Von diesem Amt trat er unter Druck der serbischen Öffentlichkeit und eines Haftbefehls zurück. Vor 2005 war er Vereinspräsident des OFK Belgrad.


Awards.

Gray received the 2008 Claude E. Shannon Award from the IEEE Information Theory Society, for his fundamental contributions to information theory, particularly in the area of quantization theory. He was also the recipient of the 2008 IEEE Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal, the 1998 Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society, the 1993 IEEE Signal Processing Society Award, and the 1984 IEEE Centennial Medal. Gray received the 2002 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring from the National Science Foundation.  Amongst other honors, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2007, and received the IEEE Third Millennium Medal in 2000.

Early life.

Born in 1943 in San Diego, Gray grew up in Coronado, California. He was the third child in a family of five children.  Gray followed his two older brothers to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He earned his B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from MIT, obtaining his M.S. in 1966. Gray earned his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Southern California in 1969; his Ph.D. adviser was Robert A. Scholtz.  He began his career at the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory.

Books.

Gray has written or co-authored a number of technical texts, including:  Gray is also an amateur historian and has collected together some historical letters from diplomats into books:

Notable professional service.

Gray is currently Editor-in-Chief of "Foundations and Trends in Signal Processing". He has also been Editor-in-Chief of the "IEEE Trans. on Information Theory" (1981–1983), and served on the IEEE Information Theory Society Board of Governors (1974–1980, 1984–1987) and IEEE Signal Processing Society Board of Governors (1999–2001).

Robert M. Gray (born November 1, 1943) is an American information theorist, and the Alcatel-Lucent Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. He is best known for his contributions to quantization and compression, particularly the development of vector quantization.

Robert Molten Gray (* 1. November 1943 in der San Diego) ist ein US-amerikanischer Informationstheoretiker, insbesondere bekannt für Beiträge zur Datenkompression, speziell Vektorquantisierung.


History.

The name Stockwell is likely to have originated from a local well, with "stoc" being Old English for a tree trunk or post. From the thirteenth to the start of the nineteenth century, Stockwell was a rural manor at the edge of London. It included market gardens and John Tradescant's botanical garden – commemorated in Tradescant Road, which was built over it in 1880, and in a memorial outside St Stephen's church. In the nineteenth century it developed as an elegant middle-class suburb. Residents included the artist Arthur Rackham, who was born on South Lambeth Road in 1867, moving with his family to Albert Square when he was 15 years old. Another famed cultural figure who was born in Stockwell in October 1914, was theatre director Joan Littlewood, who has been called the mother of modern theatre.  Its social and architectural fortunes in the twentieth century were more mixed. The area immediately around Stockwell tube station was extensively rebuilt following the Second World War, and the original domed tube station was replaced first in the 1920s, then again with the opening of the Victoria line in 1971.  The area also has much social housing; the main estates are Lansdowne Green, Stockwell Park, Studley, Spurgeon, Mursell and Stockwell Gardens. However, many remnants of the area's nineteenth-century grandeur can be found in the side and back streets of Stockwell, notably in the Stockwell Park Conservation Area, mostly built between 1825 and 1840 and centred on Stockwell Park Road, Stockwell Park Crescent, Durand Gardens, and Albert Square. The only twentieth-century building of significant architectural interest in the area is Stockwell Bus Garage. Before the creation of the County of London in 1889, Stockwell was part of Surrey.  In 1986, Kenneth Erskine, a serial killer dubbed the 'Stockwell Strangler', killed seven elderly victims, three of whom were from Stockwell.

Politics.

Stockwell is a ward in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is currently represented by three Labour councillors: Lucy Caldicott, Dr. Mahamed Hashi and Mohamed Jaser. At parliamentary level it is in the Vauxhall constituency, represented by Labour MP Florence Eshalomi.  From 1979 to 1982, future Labour MP and New Labour'spin doctor' Peter Mandelson was a ward councillor.

Schools.

There are three schools in Stockwell ward - St Stephen's, Allen Edwards and Stockwell Primary School - and also a campus of Lambeth College. In the Stockwell area (on Clapham Road) there is also Platanos College, a secondary school, Lansdowne School and numerous primary schools.

Churches.

In addition to Anglican and Catholic churches, Afro-Caribbean communities have influenced the expression of Christianity in the area, with a variety of congregations, some sharing churches with more long established Anglican and Catholic congregations. One of the many Afro-Caribbean churches is C.A.C. Stockwell.

Population of Stockwell.

Stockwell and neighbouring South Lambeth are home to one of the UK's biggest Portuguese communities, known as 'Little Portugal'. Most of the local Portuguese people originate from Madeira and Lisbon and have established many cafes, restaurants, bakeries, neighbourhood associations and delicatessens. Stockwell is also home to many people of Caribbean and West African origin. They are also well represented in the local population, and cafes, grocers, barbers' shops and salons run by people from these communities are scattered around Stockwell. Famous former and current residents of Stockwell include David Bowie, John Major, Gary Raymond, Lilian Bayliss, Edward Thomas, Vincent van Gogh (briefly), Violette Szabo, Joanna Lumley, Jerry Dammers, Roger Moore, Roots Manuva, Adam Buxton, Joe Cornish, Nathaniel Clyne, Dot Rotten, Will Self, former Scottish Labour Party leader Jim Murphy, and footballer Paul Davis, who played for Arsenal..

Stockwell shooting.

On 22 July 2005, following the 21 July 2005 London bombings, Stockwell gained notoriety as the scene of the shooting by police of an innocent Brazilian electrician, Jean Charles de Menezes, on a tube train.

Transport.

Rail.

There are several railway stations in and around Stockwell.

London Underground.

Stockwell tube station is served by the Victoria and Northern London Underground lines.  To the south, the Victoria line terminates one stop away at Brixton. The Northern line terminates in the south at Morden, which provides Stockwell with a direct link to Clapham and South Wimbledon.  To the north, the Victoria line runs through Central London towards Walthamstow Central, stopping at several key stations including Victoria, Oxford Circus, King's Cross St Pancras and Tottenham Hale. The Northern Line carries passengers northwards towards Kennington and Camden Town. Most trains from Stockwell run through the City of London via Elephant & Castle, Bank and Moorgate. Some trains run on the Charing Cross Branch via Waterloo, Charing Cross and Tottenham Court Road. Beyond Camden Town, the Northern line links Stockwell directly to Edgware and High Barnet in north London.  Other nearby stations include Brixton ("Victoria line") or Clapham North ("Northern line") to the south of Stockwell, and Vauxhall ("Victoria line") or Oval ("Northern line") to the north.  In 2017, there were 11.7 million entries and exits at Stockwell tube station.

National Rail & London Overground.

There is no National Rail station in Stockwell, but several stations can be found in the locale:

Road.

Several major roads pass through Stockwell, including:  The A23, A202, A203 and A3 are managed by Transport for London (TfL).  Most other roads are residential.

Pollution.

Pollution around Stockwell has been a concern for local health professionals and authorities since the mid-2000s, largely owing to the number of arterial routes in the neighbourhood.  A 2010 study found that, in Stockwell, 7 deaths each year could be attributed to exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5), compared to 139 in the London Borough of Lambeth as a whole in the same year (2008). Road traffic is a primary source of air pollution in Lambeth.  In 2016, Clapham Road south of Stockwell was identified by the local authority as an area of concern when it came to tackling air quality in the Borough, as this section of road is "exceeding EU limits for the gas Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)." Lambeth monitor air quality on Clapham Road in Stockwell using Diffusion Tubes.

Buses & coaches.

London Buses routes 2, 50, 88, 155, 196, 333, 345, P5, N2 and N155 serve Stockwell.  Some National Express coaches pass through Stockwell, with some services towards Gatwick Airport, Worthing, Bognor Regis and Eastbourne stopping in the area.

Cycling.

Cycle Superhighway 7 (CS7) follows Clapham Road through Stockwell, largely on cycle lanes to segregate cyclists from other road traffic. The signed cycle route carries cyclists from Colliers Wood and Tooting Bec in the south, through Stockwell, to Oval, Elephant & Castle and the City of London. The route runs non-stop from Stockwell to all its destinations, but the route is not entirely traffic-free.  Just to the north of Stockwell, Cycle Superhighway 5 (CS5) terminates in a junction with CS7, linking Victoria and Millbank to Stockwell using a cycle track, separating cyclists from other road traffic.  Quietway 5 (Q5) runs on residential streets in the north of Stockwell, offering a slower but quieter signposted route direct to Clapham or Waterloo.  With two Cycle Superhighways in the locale, many junctions in the area are equipped with cycling infrastructure. Santander Cycles, a bike-sharing system in London, operates in Stockwell.

Stockwell is a district in South West London, England, located in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is situated south of Charing Cross. Battersea, Brixton, Clapham, South Lambeth, Oval and Kennington all border Stockwell.

Stockwell ist ein Stadtteil Londons und liegt im "Borough of Lambeth", im Südwesten der Stadt. Die Stadtteile Brixton, Clapham, Vauxhall und Kennington grenzen an Stockwell. Stockwell war einst eines der ärmsten Londoner Stadtviertel, heute befindet es sich aufgrund der Nähe zum Stadtzentrum und wegen der guten Transportverbindungen im Aufschwung.


History.

The large geographic area now known as Spring was originally inhabited by the Orcoquiza Native Americans. In 1836, the Texas General Council of the Provisional Government placed what is now the town of Spring in the Harrisburg municipality. In 1838, William Pierpont placed a trading post on Spring Creek. In 1840, the town of Spring had 153 residents. By the mid-1840s, many German immigrants, including Gus Bayer and Carl Wunsche, moved to the area and began farming. People from Louisiana and other parts of the post-Civil War Southern U.S. settled in Spring. The main cash crops in Spring were sugar cane and cotton; area residents also grew vegetables.  In 1871, the International and Great Northern Railroad, built through Spring, opened, which caused Spring to expand. In 1873, Spring received a post office. By 1884, Spring had 150 residents, two steam saw and grist mills, two cotton gins, three churches, and several schools. In 1901–1903, the International-Great Northern Railroad opened, connecting Spring to Fort Worth. Spring, now with a roundhouse, became a switchyard with 200 rail workers and fourteen trackyards. The population increased to 1,200 by 1910. The Spring State Bank opened in 1912. In 1923, the roundhouse relocated to Houston, causing Spring to enter a decline; by 1931, Spring had 300 people. The bank was robbed several times in the 1930s; it was stated that Bonnie and Clyde robbed the bank once. The bank consolidated with Tomball Bank in 1935.  By 1947, Spring had 700 residents. In the 1970s, Houston's suburbs began to expand to the north, and more subdivisions and residential areas opened in the Spring area. Some older houses in the town of Spring received restorations and housed shops. The Old Town Spring Association opened in 1980 to promote the Old Town Spring shopping area, which consists of the restored houses. In 1984 and 1989, the Spring area had 15,000 residents. By 1989, Old Town Spring became a tourist area. In 1990, the Spring area had 33,111 residents.  From 1969 to 1992, the Goodyear airship "America" was based in Spring from its large hangar visible just off Interstate 45. Takeoffs and landings were a major attraction and motorists continually pulled off to the interstate's shoulders to watch. In 1992 the "America" was moved to Akron, Ohio, and the massive hangar was eventually torn down. In 2016, the hangar's concrete foundation was still visible at the intersection of Holzwarth Road and Meadow Edge Lane west of Lowe's Home Improvement Center.  The 1992 Log Cabin Republicans convention was held in Spring.

Geography.

Spring is located at (30.054127, -95.386991).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of, of which is land and, or 1.51%, is water.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Spring has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 54,298 people, 18,050 households, and 14,068 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,300.8 people per square mile (890.1/km2). There were 19,191 housing units at an average density of 813.2 per square mile (314.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 63.8% White, 19.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 9.3% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 28.4% of the population.  As of the census of 2000, there were 36,385 people, 12,302 households, and 9,829 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,520.0 people per square mile (586.8/km2). There were 12,714 housing units at an average density of 531.1 per square mile (205.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.01% White, 6.99% African American, 0.51% Native American, 1.42% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 5.62% from other races, and 2.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 16.06% of the population.  There were 12,302 households out of which 46.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.1% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.30.  In the CDP, the population was spread out with 31.0% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.  The median income for a household in the CDP was $56,662, and the median income for a family was $60,934. Males had a median income of $42,134 versus $30,270 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,027. About 3.1% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure.

Local government.

The Spring Fire Department serves areas within the Spring CDP and some areas outside the CDP with Spring addresses. The fire department is headquartered at 656 E. Louetta, in the middle of the CDP. Stations within the Spring CDP include Station 71 at 646 E. Louetta, Station 73 at 4923 Treaschwig Road, Station 74 at 24030 Old Aldine-Westfield, and Station 78 at 1225 Booker Road. Station 77 at 2900 Cypresswood is adjacent to the Spring CDP, on the other side of Interstate 45. The North Harris County Regional Water Authority provides water services to the Spring CDP, which is located in Voting District No. 5. The Texas House of Representatives bill that created the water authority, HB 2965, was signed into law on June 18, 1999. On January 15, 2000 voters voted to confirm the creation of the authority in a special election.  Harris County Housing Authority (HCHA) operates Louetta Village, a public housing complex for seniors near the Spring CDP, with a Spring postal address. It has 116 units.

County representation.

Spring is within Harris County Precinct 4. As of 2011 Jack Cagle heads the precinct. The CDP is served by Harris County Sheriff's Office District II Patrol, headquartered from the Humble Substation at 7900 Will Clayton Parkway in Humble. Areas west of Interstate 45 which have Spring addresses and are located outside the CDP are served by Harris County Sheriff's Office District I Patrol, headquartered from the Cypresswood Substation at 6831 Cypresswood Drive. The office formerly operated the Old Town Spring Storefront, which was located in Old Town Spring.  Harris County Precinct 4 operates a recycling center at Jesse H. Jones Park, located southeast of the Spring CDP. Montgomery County operates the Precinct 3 Recycling Center at 1122 Pruitt Road in an unincorporated area of Montgomery County, north of the Spring CDP.

State and federal representation.

Spring is located in District 150 of the Texas House of Representatives. As of 2017 Valoree Swanson represents the district. Spring is within District 7 of the Texas Senate; as of 2008 Dan Patrick represents the district.  Spring is in Texas's 2nd congressional district; as of 2008 Ted Poe is the representative.  Spring's designated United States Postal Service post office is the Spring Post Office at 1411 Wunsche Loop. The post office serves around 80,000 people.

Economy.

In January 2010 the "Houston Business Journal" reported that real estate officials said that ExxonMobil planned to build a corporate campus in unincorporated Harris County along Interstate 45, adjacent to the Spring CDP. According to the article, ExxonMobil plans to consolidate thousands of employees from Houston and Fairfax County, Virginia into the facility; employees from over two dozen locations in Greater Houston are expected to be consolidated into the new facility. The 9,000-employee campus opened in 2014.

Education.

Primary and secondary schools.

Public schools.

All areas within the Spring CDP are within the Spring Independent School District. Several elementary schools, George E. Anderson, Chet Burchett, Pearl M. Hirsch, Mildred I. Jenkins, Ginger McNabb, Northgate Crossing, Salyers, Lewis Eugene Smith, and John A. Winship, are within the CDP and serve sections of the CDP. Marshall Elementary School was scheduled to open in 2010.  Three middle schools, Bailey, Dueitt, and Twin Creeks, are within the CDP and serve sections of the CDP. All residents are zoned to Spring High School. Carl Wunsche Sr. High School is in the Spring CDP. In February 2017 the district proposed redrawing the attendance boundaries of its high schools; this would take effect in the 2020-2021 school year. According to the proposed 2020-2021 high school map, the eastern portion of the Spring CDP will be reassigned from Spring High School to Dekaney High School. Middle School #8 is scheduled to open in fall 2020.  Harris County residents with Spring addresses that are not in the CDP either attend schools in Spring ISD or Klein Independent School District. Montgomery County residents with Spring addresses attend schools in Conroe Independent School District. Areas in Klein ISD with "Spring" addresses are served by Klein Oak High School, Klein High School, and Klein Collins High School. Areas in Conroe ISD with "Spring" addresses are served by Oak Ridge High School on the eastern side, and both The Woodlands High School and The Woodlands College Park High School on the western side.

History of public schools.

Originally Spring was served by the Spring Common School District. In 1935 that district and the Harrell Common School District merged, forming the Spring Independent School District. The Southwell School, the segregated African-American school, served Spring from the early 1900s until 1945. In 1932 the Wunsche family donated land to the Spring school district, and the Carl Wunsche School, serving middle and high school, opened. In 1947 an addition opened and elementary school students began to be served by Wunsche. Salyers, opened in 1959 as Spring Elementary School, was the first dedicated elementary school of Spring ISD. As a result of Salyers opening, elementary school classes were removed from Wunsche School. Spring High School opened in 1969, taking high school students from Wunsche. As a result, Wunsche became SISD's first dedicated middle school.  Winship Elementary School's classes began in fall 1972; the Winship campus opened on December 15 of that year. Jenkins opened on February 6, 1977. Hirsch opened in 1978. Anderson opened in 1979. Dueitt opened in 1980. Wunsche closed as a regular middle school in 1983, and it was retrofitted to become a multi-purpose school. Twin Creeks, which took the middle school population of Wunsche, opened in 1984. Smith opened in 1986. Anderson was named a 1989-90 National Blue Ribbon School. Burchett opened in August 2005. Bailey opened in August 2006 and was dedicated on October 15 of that year. By the spring of 2015, Spring ISD planned to have built a new elementary school and High School #4 within the Spring CDP.

Private schools.

Langtry Preparatory Academy, a private school, is located in the Spring CDP.  Area private schools:  In addition St. Thomas High School, an all boys' high school in central Houston, has a bus service from and to St. Edward Catholic School. In 2013 Saint John XXIII High School, in Greater Katy, also served the Spring area; Frassati opened in 2013 with the 9th grade and did not immediately serve all grade levels.

St. Edward's Catholic School.

St. Edward's Catholic School is a fully accredited parochial school in the ArchDiocese of Galveston-Houston. Founded in 1972, the school's purpose has been to provide a quality Catholic education and to enable each child to reach his or her highest potential. St. Edward's campus is located at 2601 Spring Stuebner Road in Spring. The school is set on 15 wooded acres, approximately one mile west of Interstate 45. School grounds include three classroom buildings - one housing the Preschool classes, one for lower grade classes, and one housing the upper-grade classes. Facilities also include a gymnasium, computer lab, library, clinic, and athletic field.

Northwoods Catholic School.

Northwoods Catholic School, a private Catholic school in the Spring area, was located off of the intersection of Farm to Market Road 2920 and Gosling Road, in a campus. It used a curriculum from the Legionaries of Christ. Established circa 1999, it was not affiliated with the archdiocese. It initially had 13 students, and was in a facility in the Ponderosa Forest neighborhood, an apartment clubhouse temporarily used as a school.  In 2003 it had 200 students. By that year its permanent facility opened; it had a price tag of $6 million. In 2004 it had 250 students. In 2005 academic dean Susan Horne became the principal, and the previous principal, Joe Noonan, became Northwood's executive director. In 2010 it had about 230 students, with about 40% of them originating from The Woodlands. The building's first floor had of space. Its second floor, with offices, computer and science labs, and a library, was blessed on August 13, 2010 and opened on August 18 of that year. It was built in three months.  In the 2015-2016 school year, the school's final year of operation, it had 268 students; it was projected to have 160 students for the following school year. The school announced on May 4, 2016 that it was closing, and a shrinking budget and declining enrollment were cited as reasons. It closed on June 30, 2016. An area developer who was buying land from the school got into a legal dispute with the owner of the land and with a Catholic priest.

Community colleges.

Lone Star College System (formerly the North Harris Montgomery Community College District) serves the area. Residents of Spring ISD and two other K–12 school districts voted to create the North Harris County College. The community college district began operations in the northern hemisphere fall of 1973.

Public libraries.

Harris County Public Library (HCPL) operates several library branches.  HCPL operates the Baldwin Boettcher Branch Library at Mercer Park at 22248 Aldine Westfield Road, south of the Spring CDP. The branch opened in 1986. It was constructed on donated land. It was named after Baldwin Boettcher, a German settler. His descendants deeded the homestead to Harris County. The plans stated that the Boettcher staff would assist the Mercer Park staff in finding any botanical reference books that they or the public need.  The Barbara Bush Branch Library at Cypress Creek is located in at 6817 Cypresswood Drive in an area with a Spring address west of the Spring CDP. The branch originally opened in June 1976. The Library was upgraded and expanded in 2002. Construction of the current library began in the northern hemisphere summer of 2000. The current branch was anticipated to house over 120,000 books and materials, making it twice as large as the previous branch. Jesse Sendejas of the "Houston Chronicle" said there was "a need to provide a more spacious and accommodating facility to Spring and its surrounding areas. That was apparent when county voters approved a $15 million bond for library improvements in November 1997."

Parks and recreation.

Harris County Precinct 4 operates parks in the Spring CDP. Southwell Park, a facility located at 27419 Nelson Street, includes the B.F. Clark Community Building, a picnic pavilion with tables and a barbecue pit, one lighted basketball pavilion, barbecue grills, toilets, and two playgrounds: one for children aged 2 through 5 and one for those aged 5 through 12. Bayer Park, a facility at 24811 West Hardy Road, includes four lighted softball fields, seven lighted baseball fields, and toilets. Pundt Park is a park at 4129 Spring Creek Drive that was being developed as of 2008. The park was to have a canoe launch, a pavilion facility with a meeting room and toilets, a playground facility, picnic areas, and a trail system connecting Bayer Park to the Spring Creek Greenway. Predinct 4 also operates the Mercer Arboretum and Botanic Gardens, south of and adjacent to the Spring CDP at 22306 Aldine Westfield Road. The facility includes the Baldwin Boettcher Branch Library, an endangered species garden with a beaver pond, a canoe launch, picnic areas, a playground for children aged 6 through 12, a tea house, a trail, and a visitor center.  The Cypresswood Golf club is located at 21602 Cypresswood Drive in the CDP. The club leases the land from Harris County and maintains the facilities.  A water park called Six Flags Hurricane Harbor SplashTown is located in Spring. Old Town Spring is a popular shopping area in Spring.  The Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion in The Woodlands is in proximity to Spring.

Old Town Spring.

Old Town Spring is an old town with over 150 shops, restaurants, and art galleries in Spring, a community in unincorporated Harris County, Texas.  Old Town Spring is north of the city of Houston and outside Beltway 8. Many of the original buildings, some over a hundred years old, now house places to buy antiques, collectibles, clothing, and gifts.  The population in the Old Town Spring area started growing in the early 19th century when the Spanish and French came to trade with the local Akokisa (Orcoquisac) Indians. The small town grew consistently until the early 20th century. At one time the town had as many as five saloons and a gambling hall. The town thrived on the booming railroad business in South Texas and resulting industrialization.  After the Depression, Prohibition, and a relocation of the railroad headquarters, the small town slowly declined in population until Houston's Oil boom in the 1970s and 1980s brought merchants back to the area to make the town what it is today.  This town is rumored to be known for being a robbery victim of Bonnie and Clyde. Though the bank building still has bullet holes from several robberies in the 1920s and 1930s.  In 2015, a parish of the Greater Church of Lucifer opened in the town, which resulted in over a hundred protestors. The Greater Church of Lucifer in Old Town Spring closed in April 2016.

Spring is a census-designated place (CDP) within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Houston in Harris County, Texas, United States, part of the metropolitan area. The population was 54,298 at the 2010 census. While the name "Spring" is popularly applied to a large area of northern Harris County and a smaller area of southern Montgomery County, the original town of Spring, now known as Old Town Spring, is located at the intersection of Spring-Cypress and Hardy roads and encompasses a relatively small area of perhaps 1 km.

Spring ist ein census-designated place im Harris County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Texas. Die Gemeinde hat gut 50.000 Einwohner und liegt etwa 30 Kilometer nördlich von Houston und ist Teil der Metropolregion "Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown".


Divisions.

Chandrapur district comprises 23 census towns and 1792 villages spread over 15 talukas.

Politics.

The district contains six Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) constituencies. They are Rajura, Chandrapur, Ballarpur, Warora, Bramhapuri and Chimur. Rajura, Chandrapur, Ballarpur, and Warora are part of the Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency. Bramhapuri and Chimur are part of the Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency.

Demography.

At the time of the 2011 census of India, Chandrapur district had a population of 2,204,307, which was 1.96 percent of the population of the Maharashtra state. The district population density was. Between 2001 and 2011, the district population grew by 6.43 percent. Females numbered 1,080,473 and males 1,123,834. For every 1,000 males, there were 961 females. 80.01 percent of people in Chandrapur district were literate. 17.7% of the population are from Scheduled Castes, 15.8% from Scheduled Tribes.  At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 83.63% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 8.66% Hindi, 2.58% Telugu and 1.59% Gondi as their first language.  Marathi is the major language spoken in the district. Gondi is spoken by a significant number of tribal people.

Geography.

The Chandrapur district is located in the far east of Maharashtra state. It is part of Nagpur division. The district lies the in the eastern part of the Vidarbha region. The Chandrapur district is located between 19.30’ N and 20.45’ N latitude and at 78.46’ E longitude. The district is surrounded by Bhandara and Nagpur districts at its northern side, Wardha and Yavatmal districts at its western side, Gadchiroli district on the eastern side and Komaram Bheem and Adilabad districts of Telangana state on the southern side. In the Survey of India degree sheet, it falls in NOS 55 LF and 56 I M.

Economy.

The Chandrapur district has large deposits of coal. The district also has limestone mines for the manufacturing of cement. The Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station managed by the Maharashtra State Power Generation Company Limited is a thermal power plant. The Chandrapur Ferro Alloy Plant, a public sector unit engaged in the production of manganese based ferro-alloys.  In 1956, the Ballarpur Industries Limited paper mill was founded in the district. Raw materials such as bamboo, wood, sabai grass, soya bean and cottonseed oil, rags and yarn waste are sourced locally.

Chandrapur district (earlier known as "Chanda district") is a district in the Nagpur Division in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Chandrapur was the largest district in India until the Gadchiroli and Sironcha tehsils were split into separate districts in 1981. In 2011, the district population was 2,204,307.

Der Distrikt Chandrapur (früher Chanda; Marathi: ) ist einer von 35 Distrikten des Staates Maharashtra in Indien. Die Stadt Chandrapur ist Verwaltungssitz des Distrikts, der zur Division Nagpur und zur Großregion Vidarbha zählt. Die letzte Volkszählung im Jahr 2011 ergab eine Gesamtbevölkerungszahl von 2.204.307 Menschen.


Content.

The film documents how Ry Cooder, long-time friend of Wenders, brought together the ensemble of legendary Cuban musicians to record an album (also called "Buena Vista Social Club") and to perform two times with a full line-up: in April 1998 in Amsterdam (two nights) and the 1st of July 1998 in the United States (at the Carnegie Hall, New York City). Although they are geographically close, travel between Cuba and the United States is restricted due to the political tension between the two countries, so many of the artists were travelling there for the first time. The film shows their reactions to this experience, as well as including footage of the resultant sell-out concert. It also includes interviews with each of the main performers.

Release.

Critical reception.

"Buena Vista Social Club" received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 91% "Certified Fresh" score based on 44 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. Metacritic reports an 81 out of 100 rating based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Accolades.

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for best documentary feature in 2000. It won as best documentary in the European Film Awards as well as many others. The album "Buena Vista Social Club" features studio versions of the music heard in the film.

Influence.

The film helped the musicians, some of them already in their nineties, become known to a worldwide audience, with some going on to release popular solo albums. These included Ibrahim Ferrer, Compay Segundo, Rubén González and Elíades Ochoa. The latter went on to support younger musicians making the same style of music beyond 2010 under the name "Buena Vista Social Club".

Buena Vista Social Club is a 1999 documentary film directed by Wim Wenders about the music of Cuba. It is named for a danzón that became the title piece of the album "Buena Vista Social Club". The film is an international co-production of Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Cuba.

Buena Vista Social Club ist ein Dokumentarfilm von Wim Wenders aus dem Jahr 1999, der das gleichnamige Musikprojekt Buena Vista Social Club thematisiert. Der Film wurde bei der 49. Berlinale am 17. Februar 1999 uraufgeführt und erhielt zahlreiche Filmpreise, darunter den Europäischen Filmpreis in der Kategorie "Bester Dokumentarfilm", sowie eine Oscarnominierung. Die Erstausstrahlung im deutschen Fernsehen war am 30. Dezember 2001 auf Arte. 2017 wurde mit "Buena Vista Social Club: Adios" ein Nachfolger veröffentlicht.


Early life.

Miquette Giraudy was born on 9 February 1953, in Nice, France.

Film.

In the late 1960s Giraudy, under the name Monique Giraudy, became assistant to French film maker Jackie Raynal. She has script and assistant editing credits on the 1969 Barbet Schroeder film "More". Getting in front of the camera she then appeared, under the name Marsiale Giraudy, in Jean-Pierre Prévost's 1971 film "Jupiter", and, as Monique Giraudy, played the role of Monique in Schroeder's 1972 film "La Vallée". Raynal herself appeared in Martial Raysse's 1972 film, "Le grand départ" and Monique Giraudy gets a full editing credit.

Gong.

Already Hillage's girlfriend, Giraudy joined him in Gong as a vocalist in March 1974, replacing Diane Stewart-Bond, who had replaced Gilli Smyth the previous year. Smyth returned to Gong for part of 1974, with Giraudy coming back to the band in July. Hillage and Giraudy left the band together at the end of 1975. Giraudy appears on the 1974 album "You" as "Bambaloni Yoni" (Wee voices and Chourousings (sic)), on one track of the studio album "Shamal" (1975) and four tracks of "Gong Live Etc." (1977). She is also on the archival release, "Live at Sherwood Forest 75" (2005).  Giraudy, together with Steve Hillage, reunited with Gong for various shows from 2006 onwards and the same line-up released a new album, "2032", in 2009.

Hillage solo albums.

Giraudy appears on all of Hillage's solo albums. She played percussion as well as singing on his first two, "Fish Rising" (1975) and "L" (1976), but it was with 1977's "Motivation Radio" that she started taking on a more significant role, playing keyboards and co-writing material, as she did on several subsequent albums.  Although released under Hillage's name, "Rainbow Dome Musick" (1979), a seminal early ambient album, consisted of two sides, side A written and largely performed by Giraudy and side B written and largely performed by Hillage.

System 7.

More recently, Hillage and Giraudy formed System 7, working with a number of collaborators.

Miquette Giraudy (born 9 February 1953) is a French keyboard player and vocalist, best known for her work in Gong, and with her partner Steve Hillage. She and Hillage form the core of the ambient band System 7. She has also worked as an actress, film editor and writer; in each role using different stage names.

Miquette Giraudy (* 9. Februar 1953 in Nizza) ist eine französische Musikerin, die hauptsächlich durch ihre langjährige Zusammenarbeit mit Steve Hillage bekannt ist.


Early life.

Loa's work can broadly be divided into three phases. During his early career, he wrote primarily classical Chinese poetry. On a sojourn as a doctor in a Japanese hospital in Amoy (now called Xiamen), a treaty port in China, he became acquainted with the work of Chinese May Fourth writers such as Lu Hsun. Although his stay in China seems to have been depressing, he returned to Taiwan with the intention to contribute to Taiwan's cultural scene. He opened a reading room in his clinic where he provided Chinese vernacular fiction as well as Japanese periodicals. This reading room allowed him to mentor several important writers of the late Japanese colonial period. Most of his writing during this second period was nativist in his choice of themes and satirical in form. Through several short stories written during the 1920s and early 1930s, Loa satirized the brutality of colonial policemen, the indifference of the populace, and the impotence of native intellectuals. During the third period, Loa became more nativist in orientation and actively experimented with writing in Taiwanese Hokkien. Although these experiments were not entirely successful, they expressed an emerging Taiwanese national consciousness upon which later Taiwanese writers would build.

Political activity and legacy.

In addition to his writing, Loa participated in the Taiwanese Cultural Association and other activist groups. His political activity led to his arrest and a subsequent illness contracted in jail, which caused his early demise. Japanese wartime strictures on writing in languages other than the national language forced him to stop his literary output slightly before his death. He was an influence on his younger contemporaries Yang Kui and Wu Chuo-liu. His rediscovery during the late 1970s and early 1980s also contributed to Taiwan's new nativist literature.

Literature works.

Source:

Lai He () (28 May 1894 – 31 January 1943) was a Taiwanese poet who was born in Changhua Hsien, Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian-Taiwan-Province, Qing Taiwan (modern-day Changhua, Taiwan). He was a medical doctor but had enormous fame in literature. His poetry works were especially praised, and Lai was commonly known as one of Taiwan's most representative poets. He is also hailed as the "Father of Modern Taiwanese Literature".

Lai He (, Hakka: "Lai Foˇ"; * 28. Mai 1894 in Changhua auf Taiwan; † 31. Januar 1943 ebenda) war ein und taiwanischer Arzt und Schriftsteller zur Zeit der japanischen Herrschaft über Taiwan. Er gilt als „Vater der taiwanischen Literatur“.


History.

The U22 Neos was launched in 2002 with a cover story in "American Rifleman" magazine. A deluxe model, the U22 Neos DLX with both cosmetic and performance improvements was added in 2003. Beretta released the U22 Neos Carbine Kit (to convert the pistol into a long gun) in 2004. The last year of production for the DLX model was 2007.  In September 2010 Beretta instituted a recall of some U22 Neos models because of the remote possibility that the pistol could fire with the safety on. California certification for sale for all Neos models expired in March, 2011, therefore gun dealers may no longer sell them in California. Beretta USA announced in July, 2014 that firearms production in Accokeek, Maryland (where the Neos is manufactured) would be moved to Gallatin, Tennessee.

Design.

The U22 Neos is a semi-automatic firearm using simple blowback operation. The pistol does not have a full-length slide (i.e., the barrel is uncovered) and it functions by cycling the rear portion of the action. The breech is held closed by a recoil spring. The breech does not lock upon closing, but is held closed by a recoil spring. When the last cartridge case is ejected the slide is held open by a slide stop. This configuration is similar to the Colt Woodsman and its successors.  The U22 Neos is designed for field stripping without tools into basic modules (barrel with sight rail, receiver, slide and firing pin) for cleaning. The Weaver-style rail incorporates a fully adjustable rear sight and a removable front sight. The grip and trigger guard assembly, made from fiberglass-reinforced "technopolymer", is attached to the receiver with a single bolt and can easily be removed and replaced with an accessory grip. Unusual for a pistol (but unremarkable in a rifle) the magazine release is above the trigger guard and is operated by a right-handed shooter's trigger finger. The magazine holds ten rounds, giving the Neos a total 10+1 capacity.  The origin of the pistol's sleek shape and ergonomics was a collaboration between Beretta engineers and Giugiaro Design stylists. Anticipated buyers for the U22 pistol were a new generation of Beretta enthusiasts, hence the moniker "Neos" (Greek for "new"). Blued steel models are sold with a barrel either 4.5 or 6 inches long; the Inox models differ only in that the barrel and slide are made from stainless steel.

Safety features.

The U22 Neos has an ambidextrous manual safety lever mounted on the frame. There is no discrete loaded chamber indicator, but the slide can be opened slightly to check if there is a round in the chamber. The end of the firing pin is clearly visible at the rear of the receiver when cocked, indicating that the pistol is ready to fire (if the manual safety is off). There is no magazine disconnect to prevent the pistol from firing if there is a round in the chamber when the magazine is removed, and for that reason the Neos accommodates single-shot operation with direct chamber loading.

Deluxe model.

In 2003 new features were added to the U22 Neos product line, in the form of DLX models which can be identified by a special "U22 NEOS" logo is engraved on the slide. As with the standard models, the U22 Neos DLX was made with blue or stainless steel finish. DLX barrel length was 6 inches or 7.5 inches (no 4.5 inch DLX model). DLX triggers are adjustable for pre- and overtravel. Front and rear sights have user-replaceable blades in different colors. DLX models have rubber inlays in the pistol grip; these inlays are textured to improve the shooter's grip and are colored for a distinctive appearance.  Following the discontinuation of DLX models in 2007, Beretta has occasionally produced standard Neos pistols with colored grip inlays as dealer exclusive models.

Carbine conversion kit.

Expanding on the modularity of the U22 Neos pistol, in 2004 Beretta introduced a "U22 Neos Carbine Kit" that transforms the pistol into a light rifle. The kit includes a skeletonized butt stock that takes the place of the grip on the pistol and a separate fore-end assembly that replaces the pistol barrel. A fiber-optic front sight is mounted on the barrel and the integral Weaver-style rail includes an aperture rear sight. This Neos carbine configuration appears quite similar to the Buck Mark Sporter Rifle, but Browning Buck Mark pistols and rifles are purpose-built and major components cannot be interchanged.

Recall.

On 15 September 2010, Beretta announced a recall of the U22 Neos because some pistols may fire even if the safety is on, or when the safety is moved to the on position. This recall only applies to some earlier Neos models, and Beretta has posted instructions on determining if a pistol needs service on their Neos support page. Beretta's Accokeek factory performs this service at no cost to the customer. The firing pin and other components are replaced and tested.

The Beretta U22 Neos is a.22 long rifle semi-automatic, single-action pistol using a slide blow-back system, that has been manufactured in the United States since 2002 by Beretta USA. The pistol will accept interchangeable 4.5′′, 6′′ or 7.5′′ barrels in blued or stainless steel finishes. Each barrel incorporates a built-in Weaver-style rail to accommodate optics or accessories. Beretta markets the Neos as a modern, reasonably priced pistol suitable for a beginner, yet is customizable to suit the experienced marksman.

Die Pistole Beretta U22 Neos der italienischen Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta S.p.A., ist eine 2002 eingeführte, halbautomatische Selbstladepistole im Kaliber.22 lfB. Sie wird ausschließlich bei "Beretta USA Corp." hergestellt. Der Lauf wird in 114 mm (4,5 Zoll), 152 mm (6 Zoll) und 190 mm (7,5 Zoll) angeboten. Auf dem Schlitten oberhalb des Laufes lässt sich ein Zielfernrohr anbringen.


Early life.

He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud (an architect) and Lucie "née" Brasch. He was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael. He spent his later childhood in Hampstead where he attended the Hall School, Hampstead, a preparatory school. He also attended two independent schools: he boarded at Dartington Hall, and also went to St Paul's School, London. He was naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, one day after the outbreak of World War II.  During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks. He acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer. He married June Flewett (the inspiration for Lucy Pevensie in C. S. Lewis's children's series "The Chronicles of Narnia") in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, and after her husband's knighthood, has been known as Lady Freud. Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage.

Early career.

Freud was one of Britain's first "celebrity chefs". He worked at the Dorchester Hotel, and went on to run his own restaurant in Sloane Square at a relatively young age. He appeared in a series of dog food advertisements (at first Chunky Meat, later Chunky Minced Morsels) in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry (played by a number of dogs) which shared his trademark "hangdog" expression. In 1968, he wrote the children's book "Grimble", followed by a sequel, "Grimble at Christmas", six years later.  Whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became an award-winning food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications.

Political career.

Freud stood in the 1973 Isle of Ely by-election, becoming the Liberal Member of Parliament for that constituency (later North East Cambridgeshire) from 1973 to 1987. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood.  In his column in the "Racing Post" of 23 August 2006, he wrote about his election to Parliament in a by-election: "Politically, I was an anti-Conservative unable to join a Labour party hell-bent on nationalising everything that moved, so when a by-election occurred in East Anglia, where I lived and live, I stood as a Liberal and was fortunate in getting in. Ladbrokes quoted me at 33–1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments."  His autobiography, "Freud Ego", recalls his election win, and shortly after, when asked by his wife June, "Why aren't you looking happier?", he wrote "It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous... and cheered up no end." During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, Freud (in a reference to his own famous forebear) declared it was the first time in his life that he had been "out-grandfathered".

Callaghan and freedom of information.

In the last year of Callaghan's government it proposed reinventing the one year Lib-Lab Pact which lapsed in July 1978, to include introducing a freedom of information act, long proposed by the Liberals; however James Callaghan himself was opposed to this kind of legislation. Towards the end of the five-year term was a March 1979 Vote of No Confidence against Callaghan's government and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. Due to by-election defeats Labour's Callaghan ran a minority government and sought support of members from opposing parties to support him that day; to that end Clement Freud, in Liverpool at the time, received a phone call from the Prime Minister's Office at 3pm asking him to miss his train back to London for the 10pm vote of no-confidence, in exchange, a "looser" version of his proposed Freedom of Information Act would be enacted. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, for an immediate general election. Otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979.

Radio, music and academia.

For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show "Just a Minute". Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album "Band on the Run" and appeared on the album's cover. He also made the occasional film appearance, with acting roles in movies such as "The Mini-Affair" (1967) and "The Best House in London" (1969).  In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee and served two three-year terms. A generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term.

Family and hobbies.

His son Matthew Freud founded the London public relations firm Freud Communications in 1985. He was formerly married to Caroline Hutton, who was the second wife of Earl Spencer; he then married media magnate Rupert Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth.  Freud's daughter Emma Freud, a broadcaster, is the partner of Richard Curtis, scriptwriter of "Blackadder" and "Four Weddings and a Funeral". His nieces (by his painter brother Lucian) are fashion designer Bella Freud and writer Esther Freud. His eldest brother, Stephen Freud, closely guarded his privacy, with the exception of a 2008 interview he gave to "The Daily Telegraph". Stephen died in 2015, at the age of 93. Freud died without resolving a feud with his brother Lucian, thought to have dated back 70 years, over which of them was the rightful winner of a boyhood race. There have been claims that Freud fathered a child in the mid-1950s with the family's 17-year-old nanny.  Freud was a columnist for the "Racing Post" newspaper. Freud's enthusiasm for horse racing went as far as challenging Sir Hugh Fraser, then chairman of Harrods, to a horse race at Haydock in 1972. Freud trained for three months and lost some five stone for the event. Although Fraser, a country gentleman, was seen as a much better prospect, the two made a bet for £1,000-a-side. Freud used the long odds to his advantage, however, and shrewdly placed a large side bet on himself. Freud won the race and made a great deal of money. His horse, Winter Fair, went on to win the Waterloo Hurdle at Aintree that same year.  Freud also wrote articles reviewing facilities for spectators at racecourses in Britain, especially catering. This led him to receive the nickname "Sir Clement Food".

Death and funeral.

Freud died at his home on 15 April 2009, nine days before his 85th birthday. His funeral service was held at St Bride's Church in Fleet Street and was attended by a host of personalities from the media and entertainment industry including Bono, Richard Curtis, Stephen Fry, Paul Merton, and Nicholas Parsons as well as several representatives from Westminster, such as then-Prime Minister Gordon Brown, then-Shadow Chancellor George Osborne and former Liberal party leader Lord Steel. He was survived by his wife of 59 years, Jill Freud, his five children, his 17 grandchildren and his two elder brothers, Stephen and Lucian. In his will, Freud bequeathed most of his estate of £800,000 to his wife and also donated £140,000 "to provide gifts for 11 of my grandchildren on their birthdays from age 11 up to 18", but left no money to his own children. Freud, who also had houses in London and the Algarve in Portugal, asked for his body to be cremated and his ashes scattered at his estate in Walberswick, Suffolk.

Child sexual abuse allegations.

In June 2016, allegations were made in "Exposure: Abused and Betrayed – A Life Sentence", an ITV documentary broadcast on 15 June, that Freud was a paedophile in the late 1940s and the 1970s. Two women, who did not know each other, spoke publicly for the first time about how Freud preyed upon them when they were still children and into young adulthood. Sylvia Woosley contacted the ITV news team — the same team that exposed Jimmy Savile — to tell them she had been abused for many years by Freud, from the age of 10 in the 1950s to when she left his home aged 19. The second woman, who remained anonymous, said that Freud groomed her from the age of 11 in 1971, abused her at 14, and violently raped her at 18, by which time Freud had become a Liberal MP, sharing an office with fellow MP Cyril Smith, a prolific abuser of children who was first accused of abuse in the 1960s, but was never prosecuted.  On the day of the documentary broadcast, Clement Freud's widow, Jill Freud, issued an apology to both women. She accepted the claims and issued a statement of sympathy for his victims, saying: "I sincerely hope they will now have some peace."  A third woman, Vicky Hayes, has alleged that she was assaulted and raped by Freud when she was aged 17. Hayes said Freud had no right to his reputation as a "pillar of society" and ought to be posthumously stripped of his knighthood. It also emerged that Operation Yewtree had been passed Freud's name in 2012 when two alleged victims made accusations to the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).  Scotland Yard was examining the details of the allegations and detectives were said to be looking into the possibility that Freud had associated with other alleged abusers at the time of the claims. Allegations have also been made of predatory behaviour towards female students during his time as Rector of the University of Dundee in the 1970s. Craig Murray, a former British ambassador, who was a student at Dundee University in the late 1970s, described an incident when Freud asked the president of the students' union to pimp for him and select a woman to entertain him.

Sir Clement Raphael Freud (24 April 1924 – 15 April 2009) was a British broadcaster, alleged abuser of children, writer, politician and chef.

Sir Clement Raphael Freud (* 24. April 1924 in Berlin; † 15. April 2009 in London) war ein britischer Schriftsteller, Journalist, Fernsehmoderator, Politiker und Koch österreichischer Herkunft. Er war ein Enkel des Psychoanalytikers Sigmund Freud. Im deutschen Sprachraum wurde er vor allem durch seine Kinderbuchfigur "Grimpel" bekannt.