Origins and scope.

Lacan's concept draws on the mythical father of Freud's "Totem and Taboo"; and was used by him as a strategic move in his opposition to what he saw as the over-emphasis of object relations theory on the exclusive relationship of the individual and his/her mother as a dual pair.  Lacan emphasised instead the importance of the third party in the Oedipus complex – what he called "the place that she [the mother] reserves for the Name-of-the Father in the promulgation of the law". He saw this as a vital element in helping each new member of the human race to move from an exclusive, primary relation to the mother[er] to a wider engagement with the outside, cultural world – the symbolic order.

Wider horizons.

Anthony Stevens has similarly argued that "Traditionally, the father's orientation is centrifugal, i. e., towards the outside world...his is the primary responsibility for facilitating the transition from home to society'. Likewise the family therapist Robin Skynner sees the father (or fatherer) playing an essential role in the process whereby "the toddler has got to see that Mum isn't God as a first step to seeing that Dad isn't God, and that..."he's" part of something bigger too".  For Lacan, that bigger context could be seen as "the chain of discourse...in which an entire family, an entire coterie, an entire camp, an entire nation or half the world will be caught". The internalisation of the Name of the Father with the passing of the Oedipus complex ensured for Lacan participation in that wider chain of discourse, and was for him an essential element of human sanity.

Three paternal functions.

Lacan distinguishes between the Symbolic, the Imaginary and the Real father: "It is in the "name of the father" that we must recognise the support of the symbolic function which, from the dawn of history, has identified his person with the figure of the law" – as distinct from "the narcissistic relations, or even from the real relations, which the subject sustains with the image and action of the person who embodies it". This paternal function imposes the law and regulates desire in the Oedipus complex, intervening in the imaginary dual relationship between mother and child to introduce a necessary symbolic distance between them. 'The true function of the Father is fundamentally to unite (and not to set in opposition) a desire and the Law', and the Symbolic Father is thus not an actual subject but a position in the Symbolic Order.  By contrast the Imaginary Father is an imago, the composite of all the imaginary constructs that the subject builds up in fantasy around the figure of the father; and may be construed either as an ideal father or as the opposite, the bad father – what Slavoj Žižek referred to as "the "reverse" of the father, the "anal father" who lurks behind the Name-of-the-Father "qua" bearer of the symbolic law".  As to the real father, Lacan stresses how "the ravaging effects of the paternal figure are to be observed with particular frequency in cases where the father really has the function of a legislator...with too many opportunities of being in a position of undeserving, inadequacy, even of fraud, and, in short, of excluding the Name-of-the-Father from its position in the signifier".

Psychosis.

Psychosis for Lacanians is the exact opposite of the Name of the Father – the absence of that identification with the symbolic order which ensures our place in the shared intersubjective world of common sense. The Name-of-the-Father is thus the fundamental signifier which permits signification to proceed normally. It not only confers identity and position on the subject within the symbolic order, but also signifies the Oedipal prohibition (the "no" of the incest taboo).  If this signifier is foreclosed, in the sense of being excluded from the Symbolic Order, the result is psychosis. Psychotics have not been properly separated from their mother[er] by the fixed name-of-the-father, and hence relate to speech and language differently from neurotics.  In "On a Question Preliminary to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis" (1957), Lacan represents the Oedipus complex as "the metaphor of the Name-of-the-Father, that is, the metaphor that substitutes this Name in the place first symbolized by the operation of the absence of the mother". All paternity thus involves metaphoric substitution.  Lacan originally presents the 'paternal metaphor' in his Seminar "La relation d'objet" (1956–1957): it is the fundamental metaphor on which all signification depends (all signification is phallic). If the Name-of-the-Father is foreclosed, as in psychosis, there can be no paternal metaphor and hence no phallic signification.

Late Lacan.

In his late seminars, Lacan downplayed the hitherto central importance of the Name-of-the-Father and the Oedipus complex as well, considering them either irrelevant or misleading in terms of his then-current concerns.

The name of the father (French ) is a concept that Jacques Lacan developed from his seminar "The Psychoses" (1955–1956) to cover the role of the father in the Symbolic Order.

Der Name-des-Vaters (frz. "Nom-du-Père") ist in der Theorie des französischen Psychoanalytikers Jacques Lacan ein Signifikant, der die Konsistenz der Gesetze der symbolischen Ordnung garantiert. Jedes Gesetz, so Lacan, spricht immer schon „im Namen des Vaters“ und verdankt diesem seine Autorität.


Beginnings.

Youth2000 was started in response to Pope John Paul II's invitation to the youth to take an active part in the Decade of Evangelization leading up to the Great Jubilee Year 2000. In his address at World Youth Day in Santiago de Compostella in Spain in 1989, Pope John Paul II asked young people to evangelize each other by coming together, learning about and experiencing the love of God, saying "It is up to you young people that the task first falls of bearing witness to the faith and bringing into the Third Millennium the Gospel of Christ, who is the Way, the Truth and the Life" Ernest Williams, a twenty-six-year old IT specialist from England, was moved by the challenge and came up with the idea of Youth 2000, formally founding the organization in Medjugorje in 1990.

Purpose.

Whilst specific details vary from country to country, the main focuses of Youth 2000 tend to be as follows :

The Structure of a Youth 2000 Retreat.

Youth 2000's activities generally include the running of both prayer groups and weekend retreats for young people.  The main event is the annual Youth 2000 Prayer Festival which takes place at the Walsingham Catholic Shrine in Norfolk over 5 days covering the August Bank Holiday weekend.

Controversies.

In 2006, members of a small, militant group which had attached itself to a peaceful "Youth 2000" Retreat organised with Father Kevin Knox-Lecky, the Catholic Priest of St Mary's church, Glastonbury were cautioned by police for throwing salt and shouting at local pagans. The police warned two women and arrested (and later released) one youth.  Father Kevin Knox-Lecky said that the poor behaviour witnessed by the Pagan Community had come from a small, militant "fringe group" that "attached" itself to the Youth 2000 retreat in Glastonbury. He said this militant fringe group were “unChristian and unrepresentative” of Youth 2000.  Charlie Connor, the managing director of Youth 2000, said: "For the avoidance of doubt, Youth 2000 does not condone or encourage this kind of behaviour from anyone. We fully agree that differences on matters of faith cannot and should not be resolved by any kind of harassment.”  But he added: “Youth 2000 would also like to place on the record that many young people at the retreat were harassed, sworn at and even cursed by people. One incident included the taking of photographs of young people, including children, and numbers plates by people present in the town."

Youth 2000 is an international Catholic movement for young people, generally between the ages of 16 and 35. At their retreats, which are between 2 and 5 days long, teens and adults alike share their love for Jesus through the Eucharist, adoration, and praise and worship. It has been active since 1990 in the UK. The first weekly prayer group was held at the Carmelite Priory in Kensington.

Jugend 2000 (englisch: "Youth 2000") ist eine internationale katholische Jugendbewegung, die 1990 gegründet wurde, nachdem Johannes Paul II. 1989 beim Weltjugendtag in Santiago de Compostela die Jugendlichen dazu aufgerufen hatte, Hauptdarsteller der Neuevangelisierung zu werden. Jugend 2000 führt als Untertitel „Aufbruch der jungen Kirche im Geist Mariens“.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.594 square miles (6.718 km), including 2.557 square miles (6.623 km) of land and 0.037 square miles (0.095 km) of water (1.42%).  Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Littleton.  The borough borders the Morris County municipalities of Hanover Township, Morris Township and Parsippany-Troy Hills.

Climate.

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Morris Plains has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Demographics.

Census 2010.

The Census Bureau's 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $103,688 (with a margin of error of +/- $12,744) and the median family income was $127,614 (+/- $20,257). Males had a median income of $91,908 (+/- $21,398) versus $67,232 (+/- $24,331) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $45,165 (+/- $10,332). About 0.4% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.

Census 2000.

As of the 2000 United States Census there were 5,236 people, 1,955 households, and 1,477 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,018.7 people per square mile (780.6/km). There were 1,994 housing units at an average density of 768.8 per square mile (297.3/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 92.91% White, 1.34% African American, 0.06% Native American, 4.32% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.69% of the population.  There were 1,955 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.05.  In the borough the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The average age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.  The median income for a household in the borough was $84,806, and the median income for a family was $98,333. Males had a median income of $75,040 versus $44,554 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $36,553. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

The borough has been a major base of operations for Pfizer, previously the headquarters for Warner-Lambert. Pfizer has sponsored the Health and Medical Science Academy at Morristown High School and an annual 5k race around Morris Plains. In 2012, a property owned by Pfizer on the west side of Route 53 was acquired by M&M Realty Partners, which plans to redevelop the site for a mixed use development that would include 500 housing units and for retail use.  In 2015, Honeywell moved into a headquarters on a campus, after relocating from AlliedSignal headquarters in Morristown.

Government.

Local government.

Morris Plains is governed under the Borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 of 565 municipalities statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the Borough Council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A Mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The Borough Council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The Borough form of government used by Morris Plains is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. , the Mayor of Morris Plains is Democrat Jason C. Karr, whose term of office ends December 31, 2022. Members of the Borough Council are Council President Art J. Bruhn Jr. (R, 2020), Salvatore F. "Sal" Cortese (R, 2020), Joan Goddard (D, 2022), Catherine E. "Cathie" Kelly (R, 2021), Nancy Verga (D, 2022) and Dennis M. Wagner (R, 2021).<  The Morris Plains Municipal Court judge is Michael A. Carlucci.

Police Department.

The Morris Plains Police Department has 17 sworn officers. The command structure has a chief, two lieutenants, five sergeants, nine patrolmen and six civilians. They are dispatched through the Morris County Communication Center who dispatches for the police, fire and first aid departments. The police department handled over 29,000 calls for the year 2010.

Federal, state and county representation.

Morris Plains is located in the 11th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 26th state legislative district.

Politics.

As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 3,935 registered voters in Morris Plains, of which 853 (21.7%) were registered as Democrats, 1,695 (43.1%) were registered as Republicans and 1,381 (35.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 6 voters registered to other parties.  In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 53.3% of the vote (1,659 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 45.9% (1,429 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (27 votes), among the 3,142 ballots cast by the borough's 4,140 registered voters (27 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 75.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 52.3% of the vote (1,725 cast), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 45.8% (1,511 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (27 votes), among the 3,297 ballots cast by the borough's 3,994 registered voters, for a turnout of 82.5%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 55.9% of the vote (1,783 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 42.8% (1,365 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (31 votes), among the 3,191 ballots cast by the borough's 3,921 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 81.4.  In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 70.8% of the vote (1,399 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 27.9% (551 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (27 votes), among the 2,025 ballots cast by the borough's 4,122 registered voters (48 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 49.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 58.6% of the vote (1,337 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 31.5% (719 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 8.4% (191 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (10 votes), among the 2,283 ballots cast by the borough's 3,898 registered voters, yielding a 58.6% turnout.

Education.

The Morris Plains Schools educate public school students from pre-kindergarten through eighth grade. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 578 students and 61.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.5:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Mountain Way School with 200 students in grades PreK-2 and Morris Plains Borough School with 369 students in grades 3-8.  Students in public school for ninth through twelfth grades attend Morristown High School, as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Morris School District which also serves the communities of Morristown and Morris Township (for grades K-12). As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,860 students and 133.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.0:1.  St. Virgil Academy, founded in 1910, was a Catholic school serving students in preschool through eighth grade (including PreK3 and PreK4) that operated under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson. The school was closed at the end of the 2015–16 school year in the wake of declining enrollment and the rising costs of covering the school's deficits.

Transportation.

Roads and highways.

, the borough had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Morris County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.  U.S. Route 202, New Jersey Route 10 and New Jersey Route 53 are the main highways serving Morris Plains. Interstate 80 and Interstate 287 are both accessible in neighboring Parsippany-Troy Hills Township.

Public transportation.

NJ Transit provides service at the Morris Plains station on the Morristown Line to Newark Broad Street Station, Secaucus Junction, New York Penn Station and Hoboken Terminal. The one-story red brick station house, constructed in 1915 in Renaissance Revival style, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1984.  NJ Transit provides local bus service on the 872, 875 and 880 routes, replacing service that had been offered on the MCM2, MCM3 and MCM10 routes until 2010, when subsidies to the local provider were eliminated as part of budget cuts.

Notable people.

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Morris Plains include:

Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical drama film directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy. Distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and dramatized by Guy Trosper from a story written by Nedrick Young, the film is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter who is mentored in music by his prison cellmate who realizes his musical abilities. After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him launch his career. As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships.

Jailhouse Rock – Rhythmus hinter Gittern ist ein Film aus dem Jahre 1957 mit Elvis Presley in der Hauptrolle, der parallel zu dessen gleichnamigem Nummer-1-Hit "Jailhouse Rock" in die Kinos kam. 2004 wurde er ins National Film Registry der Library of Congress aufgenommen.


Services.

The typical National Rail off-peak service from the station is:  The Docklands Light Railway operates 12 trains per hour northbound to Bank via Canary Wharf, and 12 trains per hour southbound to Lewisham. During morning peaks, some northbound services operate to Stratford.

History.

The National Rail line is one of London's oldest – the London and Greenwich Railway is reputed to be the world's first suburban railway. It was designed by former army engineer George Landmann, and promoted by entrepreneur George Walter. A massive brick viaduct with 878 arches was built to a station in Spa Road (Bermondsey), and later to London Bridge. The line opened on 8 February 1836 from Deptford, and on 24 December 1838 from a temporary station in Greenwich. Greenwich's handsome station building was designed by George Smith and opened in 1840, making it one of the oldest station buildings in the world.  Difficulties in extending the railway over land owned by the Greenwich Hospital led to the station remaining a terminus until the line was extended eastwards via a cut-and-cover tunnel towards Maze Hill, opening on 1 February 1878.  The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) was extended to Lewisham via Greenwich in December 1999, the new platforms lying immediately to the south of the main-line station. At the eastern end, the DLR heads underground through the tunnel through Cutty Sark and under the River Thames.

Connections.

London Buses routes 129, 177, 180, 188, 199, 286, 386 and night routes N1 and N199 serve the station. The Quietway 1 cycle route terminates at the station.

Greenwich station is about 400 m south-west of the district centre, in London, England. It is an interchange between National Rail between central London and Dartford (north Kent), and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) between Lewisham to the south and Docklands and the City of London. It is in Travelcard Zones 2 and 3.

Greenwich ist ein Bahnhof im Londoner Stadtbezirk Royal Borough of Greenwich. Er liegt an der Grenze der Travelcard-Tarifzonen 2 und 3 an der Greenwich High Road, etwa 400 Meter südwestlich des historischen Zentrums von Greenwich. Neben dem Bahnhof befindet sich eine Station der Docklands Light Railway (DLR). Im Jahr 2013 nutzten 3,545 Millionen Fahrgäste den Bahnhof (für die DLR liegen keine Nutzerzahlen vor).


Definition and construction.

For any natural number "n", an "n"-dimensional sphere, or n-sphere, can be defined as the set of points in an formula_6-dimensional space which are a fixed distance from a central point. For concreteness, the central point can be taken to be the origin, and the distance of the points on the sphere from this origin can be assumed to be a unit length. With this convention, the "n"-sphere, formula_7, consists of the points formula_8 in formula_9 with "x" + "x" + ⋯+ "x" = 1. For example, the -sphere consists of the points ("x", "x", "x", "x") in R with "x" + "x" + "x" + "x" = 1.  The Hopf fibration of the -sphere over the -sphere can be defined in several ways.

Direct construction.

Identify with and with (where denotes the complex numbers) by writing:  and  Thus is identified with the subset of all in such that, and is identified with the subset of all in such that. (Here, for a complex number, where the star denotes the complex conjugate.) Then the Hopf fibration is defined by  The first component is a complex number, whereas the second component is real. Any point on the -sphere must have the property that. If that is so, then lies on the unit -sphere in, as may be shown by squaring the complex and real components of  Furthermore, if two points on the 3-sphere map to the same point on the 2-sphere, i.e., if, then must equal for some complex number with. The converse is also true; any two points on the -sphere that differ by a common complex factor map to the same point on the -sphere. These conclusions follow, because the complex factor cancels with its complex conjugate in both parts of : in the complex component and in the real component.  Since the set of complex numbers with form the unit circle in the complex plane, it follows that for each point in, the inverse image is a circle, i.e.,. Thus the -sphere is realized as a disjoint union of these circular fibers.  A direct parametrization of the -sphere employing the Hopf map is as follows.  or in Euclidean  Where runs over the range to, runs over the range and and can take any values between and. Every value of, except and which specify circles, specifies a separate flat torus in the -sphere, and one round trip ( to ) of either or causes you to make one full circle of both limbs of the torus.  A mapping of the above parametrization to the -sphere is as follows, with points on the circles parametrized by.

Geometric interpretation using the complex projective line.

A geometric interpretation of the fibration may be obtained using the complex projective line,, which is defined to be the set of all complex one-dimensional subspaces of. Equivalently, is the quotient of by the equivalence relation which identifies with for any nonzero complex number "λ". On any complex line in C there is a circle of unit norm, and so the restriction of the quotient map to the points of unit norm is a fibration of over.

Fiber bundle structure.

The Hopf fibration defines a fiber bundle, with bundle projection. This means that it has a "local product structure", in the sense that every point of the -sphere has some neighborhood whose inverse image in the -sphere can be identified with the product of and a circle:. Such a fibration is said to be locally trivial.  For the Hopf fibration, it is enough to remove a single point from and the corresponding circle from ; thus one can take, and any point in has a neighborhood of this form.

Geometric interpretation using rotations.

Another geometric interpretation of the Hopf fibration can be obtained by considering rotations of the -sphere in ordinary -dimensional space. The rotation group SO(3) has a double cover, the spin group, diffeomorphic to the -sphere. The spin group acts transitively on by rotations. The stabilizer of a point is isomorphic to the circle group. It follows easily that the -sphere is a principal circle bundle over the -sphere, and this is the Hopf fibration.  To make this more explicit, there are two approaches: the group can either be identified with the group Sp(1) of unit quaternions, or with the special unitary group SU(2).  In the first approach, a vector in is interpreted as a quaternion by writing  The -sphere is then identified with the versors, the quaternions of unit norm, those for which, where, which is equal to for as above.  On the other hand, a vector in can be interpreted as an imaginary quaternion  Then, as is well-known since, the mapping  is a rotation in : indeed it is clearly an isometry, since, and it is not hard to check that it preserves orientation.  In fact, this identifies the group of versors with the group of rotations of, modulo the fact that the versors and determine the same rotation. As noted above, the rotations act transitively on, and the set of versors which fix a given right versor have the form, where and are real numbers with. This is a circle subgroup. For concreteness, one can take, and then the Hopf fibration can be defined as the map sending a versor. All the quaternions, where is one of the circle of versors that fix, get mapped to the same thing (which happens to be one of the two rotations rotating to the same place as does).  Another way to look at this fibration is that every versor ω moves the plane spanned by to a new plane spanned by. Any quaternion, where is one of the circle of versors that fix, will have the same effect. We put all these into one fibre, and the fibres can be mapped one-to-one to the -sphere of rotations which is the range of.  This approach is related to the direct construction by identifying a quaternion with the matrix:  This identifies the group of versors with, and the imaginary quaternions with the skew-hermitian matrices (isomorphic to ).

Explicit formulae.

The rotation induced by a unit quaternion is given explicitly by the orthogonal matrix  Here we find an explicit real formula for the bundle projection by noting that the fixed unit vector along the axis,, rotates to another unit vector,  which is a continuous function of. That is, the image of is the point on the -sphere where it sends the unit vector along the axis. The fiber for a given point on consists of all those unit quaternions that send the unit vector there.  We can also write an explicit formula for the fiber over a point in. Multiplication of unit quaternions produces composition of rotations, and  is a rotation by around the axis. As varies, this sweeps out a great circle of, our prototypical fiber. So long as the base point,, is not the antipode,, the quaternion  will send to. Thus the fiber of is given by quaternions of the form, which are the points  Since multiplication by acts as a rotation of quaternion space, the fiber is not merely a topological circle, it is a geometric circle.  The final fiber, for, can be given by defining to equal, producing  which completes the bundle. But note that this one-to-one mapping between and is not continuous on this circle, reflecting the fact that is not topologically equivalent to.  Thus, a simple way of visualizing the Hopf fibration is as follows. Any point on the -sphere is equivalent to a quaternion, which in turn is equivalent to a particular rotation of a Cartesian coordinate frame in three dimensions. The set of all possible quaternions produces the set of all possible rotations, which moves the tip of one unit vector of such a coordinate frame (say, the vector) to all possible points on a unit -sphere. However, fixing the tip of the vector does not specify the rotation fully; a further rotation is possible about the axis. Thus, the -sphere is mapped onto the -sphere, plus a single rotation.  The rotation can be represented using the Euler angles θ, φ, and ψ. The Hopf mapping maps the rotation to the point on the 2-sphere given by θ and φ, and the associated circle is parametrized by ψ. Note that when θ = π the Euler angles φ and ψ are not well defined individually, so we do not have a one-to-one mapping (or a one-to-two mapping) between the 3-torus of (θ, φ, ψ) and "S".

Fluid mechanics.

If the Hopf fibration is treated as a vector field in 3 dimensional space then there is a solution to the (compressible, non-viscous) Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics in which the fluid flows along the circles of the projection of the Hopf fibration in 3 dimensional space. The size of the velocities, the density and the pressure can be chosen at each point to satisfy the equations. All these quantities fall to zero going away from the centre. If a is the distance to the inner ring, the velocities, pressure and density fields are given by:  for arbitrary constants and. Similar patterns of fields are found as soliton solutions of magnetohydrodynamics:

Generalizations.

The Hopf construction, viewed as a fiber bundle "p": "S" → CP, admits several generalizations, which are also often known as Hopf fibrations. First, one can replace the projective line by an "n"-dimensional projective space. Second, one can replace the complex numbers by any (real) division algebra, including (for "n" = 1) the octonions.

Real Hopf fibrations.

A real version of the Hopf fibration is obtained by regarding the circle "S" as a subset of R in the usual way and by identifying antipodal points. This gives a fiber bundle "S" → RP over the real projective line with fiber "S" = {1, −1}. Just as CP is diffeomorphic to a sphere, RP is diffeomorphic to a circle.  More generally, the "n"-sphere "S" fibers over real projective space RP with fiber "S".

Complex Hopf fibrations.

The Hopf construction gives circle bundles "p" : "S" → CP over complex projective space. This is actually the restriction of the tautological line bundle over CP to the unit sphere in C.

Quaternionic Hopf fibrations.

Similarly, one can regard "S" as lying in H (quaternionic "n"-space) and factor out by unit quaternion (= "S") multiplication to get the quaternionic projective space HP. In particular, since "S" = HP, there is a bundle "S" → "S" with fiber "S".

Octonionic Hopf fibrations.

A similar construction with the octonions yields a bundle "S" → "S" with fiber "S". But the sphere "S" does not fiber over "S" with fiber "S". One can regard "S" as the octonionic projective line OP. Although one can also define an octonionic projective plane OP, the sphere "S" does not fiber over OP with fiber "S".

Fibrations between spheres.

Sometimes the term "Hopf fibration" is restricted to the fibrations between spheres obtained above, which are As a consequence of Adams's theorem, fiber bundles with spheres as total space, base space, and fiber can occur only in these dimensions. Fiber bundles with similar properties, but different from the Hopf fibrations, were used by John Milnor to construct exotic spheres.

Geometry and applications.

The Hopf fibration has many implications, some purely attractive, others deeper. For example, stereographic projection "S" → R induces a remarkable structure in R, which in turn illuminates the topology of the bundle. Stereographic projection preserves circles and maps the Hopf fibers to geometrically perfect circles in R which fill space. Here there is one exception: the Hopf circle containing the projection point maps to a straight line in R — a "circle through infinity".  The fibers over a circle of latitude on "S" form a torus in "S" (topologically, a torus is the product of two circles) and these project to nested toruses in R which also fill space. The individual fibers map to linking Villarceau circles on these tori, with the exception of the circle through the projection point and the one through its opposite point: the former maps to a straight line, the latter to a unit circle perpendicular to, and centered on, this line, which may be viewed as a degenerate torus whose minor radius has shrunken to zero. Every other fiber image encircles the line as well, and so, by symmetry, each circle is linked through "every" circle, both in R and in "S". Two such linking circles form a Hopf link in R  Hopf proved that the Hopf map has Hopf invariant 1, and therefore is not null-homotopic. In fact it generates the homotopy group π("S") and has infinite order.  In quantum mechanics, the Riemann sphere is known as the Bloch sphere, and the Hopf fibration describes the topological structure of a quantum mechanical two-level system or qubit. Similarly, the topology of a pair of entangled two-level systems is given by the Hopf fibration  The Hopf fibration is equivalent to the fiber bundle structure of the Dirac monopole.

In the mathematical field of differential topology, the Hopf fibration (also known as the Hopf bundle or Hopf map) describes a 3-sphere (a hypersphere in four-dimensional space) in terms of circles and an ordinary sphere. Discovered by Heinz Hopf in 1931, it is an influential early example of a fiber bundle. Technically, Hopf found a many-to-one continuous function (or "map") from the -sphere onto the -sphere such that each distinct "point" of the -sphere is mapped to from a distinct great circle of the -sphere. Thus the -sphere is composed of fibers, where each fiber is a circle — one for each point of the -sphere.

Die Hopf-Faserung (nach Heinz Hopf) ist eine bestimmte Abbildung im mathematischen Teilgebiet der Topologie. Es handelt sich um eine Abbildung der 3-Sphäre, die man sich als den dreidimensionalen Raum zusammen mit einem unendlich fernen Punkt vorstellen kann, in die 2-Sphäre, also eine Kugeloberfläche:


Biography.

Lawrence was born in Long Beach, California and was raised in Seattle and began studying music when he was six years old. In 1991, he got his start as a member of the Jim Rose Circus, with which he performed around the world until 1998, touring with acts such as Nine Inch Nails, Marilyn Manson, Korn, Godsmack, and once opening for David Bowie. The Enigma then toured with Katzen, playing music and doing sideshow performances under the moniker "Human Marvels". He performed at Universal Studios Orlando's Halloween Horror Nights event in fall 2007 with Serana Rose, performing various tricks with fire, electricity, power tools and blades. He has also performed at Detroit's Theatre Bizarre.

Media appearances.

The Enigma has appeared in a number of television programs including "" and "The X-Files" (Season 2 - episode 20 "Humbug"), where he played a character called "the Conundrum", loosely based upon himself. Palisade Toys later made a toy based on this character as part of their "X-Files" PALz action figure line. This character was also prominently featured on the X-Files pinball machine.  The Enigma appeared with Jim Rose on "The Gong Show" in 2008 performing their own chainsaw stunt known as the "kiss of death". He was also featured in the 2005 documentary film "Freaky Circus Guy" alongside sideshow performers Katzen, Danielle D'Meux, and William Darke.  In 2004, The Enigma appeared with Mike Patton, Jane Wiedlin, Karen Black, and Katzen in Steve Balderson's film "Firecracker". He performed with Rose in a freak show act called Show Devils. In 2007, he appeared in Billy Talent's music video for their single "Fallen Leaves".  The Enigma released a DVD in 2008 with Rose directed by Robert Monson titled Electric Acid Theatre. He sells it at live shows and on his website.  Additionally, The Enigma has been featured in numerous newspapers, magazines, and books. He has twice appeared in National Geographic. In 2013, he was featured on the cover of Ripley's Believe It Or Not!  He holds a Guinness World Record for his tattoos.

The Enigma (born Paul Lawrence) is an American sideshow performer, actor, and musician who has undergone extensive body modification, including horn implants, ear reshaping, multiple body piercings, and a full-body jigsaw-puzzle tattoo. His tattooing process began on December 20, 1992, under the needle of "Katzen the Tiger Lady", heavily tattooed herself, whom he later married, and has since divorced. To date, the Enigma has had more than two hundred tattoo artists work on him, with as many as twenty-three tattoos underway at one time.

The Enigma (eigentlich Paul Lawrence) ist ein US-amerikanischer Musiker der Band "Human Marvels" und Performance-Künstler aus Seattle. Durch seine Medienpräsenz wurde er zu einem der bekanntesten Anhänger der Modern Primitive-Bewegung.


History.

The museum was the dream of Mihoko Koyama (after whom it is named), founder of the religious organization Shinji Shumeikai which is now said to have some 300,000 members worldwide. Furthermore, in the 1990s Koyama commissioned the museum to be built close to the Shumei temple in the Shiga mountains.

Collection.

The Miho Museum houses Mihoko Koyama's private collection of Asian and Western antiques bought on the world market by the Shumei organisation in the years before the museum was opened in 1997. While Koyama began acquiring stoneware tea ceremony vessels as early as the 1950s, the bulk of the museum's acquisitions were made in the 1990s. There are over two thousand pieces in the permanent collection, of which approximately 250 are displayed at any one time. Among the objects in the collection are more than 1,200 objects that appear to have been produced in Achaemenid Central Asia. Some scholars have claimed these objects are part of the Oxus Treasure, lost shortly after its discovery in 1877 and rediscovered in Afghanistan in 1993. The presence of a unique findspot for both the Miho acquisitions and the British Museum's material, however, has been challenged.  Many of the items in the collection were acquired in collaboration with the art dealer Noriyoshi Horiuchi over the course of just six years, and some have little or no known provenance. In 2001 the museum acknowledged that a sixth-century statue of a Boddhisatva in its collection was the same sculpture which been stolen from a public garden in Shandong province, China, in 1994.  Highlights of the collections have been featured in traveling exhibitions at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1996, as well as the Kunshistorisches Museum Wien in 1999.

Architecture.

Mihoko Koyama and her daughter, Hiroko Koyama, commissioned the architect I. M. Pei to design the Miho Museum. I. M. Pei's design, which he came to call Shangri-La, is executed in a hilly and forested landscape. Approximately three-quarters of the 17,400 square meter building is situated underground, carved out of a rocky mountaintop. The roof is a large glass and steel construction, while the exterior and interior walls and floor are made of a warm beige-colored limestone from France – the same material used by Pei in the reception hall of the Louvre. The structural engineer for this project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates.  Pei continued to make changes to the design of the galleries during construction as new pieces were acquired for the collection.  Pei had earlier designed the bell tower at Misono, the international headquarters and spiritual center of the Shumei organization. The bell tower can be seen from the windows of the museum.

The Miho Museum is located southeast of Kyoto, Japan, near the town of Shigaraki, in Shiga Prefecture. It is also the headquarters of Shumeikai, a new religious group founded by Mihoko Koyama.

Das 1997 geöffnete Miho Museum befindet sich in der Nähe der Stadt Kōka in der japanischen Präfektur Shiga, nordöstlich von Kyōto. Das Museum geht zurück auf Mihoko Koyama (nach der es benannt wurde), der Erbin des Toyobo-Textil-Unternehmens, einer der reichsten Frauen Japans. 1970 gründete sie die spirituelle Bewegung Shinji Shumeikai, die inzwischen angeblich 400.000 Mitglieder weltweit hat. 1991 gab sie den Auftrag, das Museum in der Nähe von „Misono“, dem spirituellen Zentrum von Shumei, in den Bergen von Shiga, zu bauen.


Biography.

Pierre Beauchamp was born at Versailles (Yvelines), into a family of French "dance masters" ("maîtres de danse"). He débuted at the court of Louis XIV at age 12, in 1648, in the "Ballet du dérèglement des passions". He was made director of the Académie Royale de Danse in 1671 (although he was not a founding member of the Académie as is often claimed). Beauchamp was principal choreographer to Molière's acting company (the Troupe du Roy) during 1664-1673, as well as ballet master at the Académie Royale de Musique and "Compositeur des Ballets du Roi". He also gave dance lessons to Louis XIV for over twenty-two years. In these positions, he was highly influential in the development of French baroque dance. He continued to choreograph and dance at the Court of Versailles after the death of Jean-Baptiste Lully in 1687; however, choreography and composition of music and ballets for the Jesuit Colleges became his primary occupation from 1697. He died at Paris in 1705.  Writing some years after the actual events, Pierre Rameau credits Beauchamp with the codification of the five positions of the feet in classical ballet, as well as a role in the development of the use of arms (note though that, unlike the positions of the feet, the use of arms in baroque dance differs significantly from their use in ballet). The codification method was printed in 1700 by Raoul-Auger Feuillet, who published notated dance scores, and became known as "Beauchamp–Feuillet notation." It was slightly modified by Pierre Rameau in 1725, but continued to be used to record dances for the stage and for domestic use throughout the eighteenth century.  Two choreographies survive in manuscript copies with attributions to Beauchamp: the ballroom duet "Rigaudons de Mr Bauchand", and the theatrical solo for a man "Sarabande de Mr. de Beauchamp". The sarabande is unusual amongst the surviving male solos because, although it requires a virtuoso technique with its pirouettes and many ornamented steps, it contains no aerial beaten steps.

Pierre Beauchamp (also Beauchamps, called "Charles" or Charles-Louis Beauchamp) (30 October 1631 – February 1705) was a French choreographer, dancer and composer, and the probable inventor of Beauchamp–Feuillet notation.

Pierre Beauchamp, auch Charles oder Charles-Louis Beauchamp genannt, (* 30. Oktober 1631 in Paris; † Februar 1705 in Paris) war ein französischer Violinist, Komponist, Tänzer und Choreograf.


Plot.

Andy Goodman (Brian Dennehy) is a week away from a forced retirement from his position as chief meteorologist at the National Weather Administration's Severe Weather Center. However, tornadoes level Las Vegas, an area normally not prone to the storms. Concerned and upset that the storm system formed unnoticed and that they were unable to warn the people, Goodman begins closely tracking the system. Goodman receives field reports from his friend "Tornado Tommy" (Randy Quaid) and assistance from new intern Sabrina Rogers (Alicia Johnston). As time passes, he realizes the system is heading towards Chicago, joined by an unusual warm storm coming from the south, which is already causing a record-breaking heat wave in the city, and an abnormally early cold front from the Arctic.  Meanwhile, Mitch Benson (Thomas Gibson), the Chief of Operations at Midwest Electric, is struggling to keep power going to the residents because the six-week heat wave is straining the system and residents are refusing to follow power conservation requests. To get more energy, he is working with the company's largest supplier, Lexer, but the company's CEO is trying to find new ways to profit from this crisis. Benson also finds himself caught in a conflict of interest as he is having an affair with the Lexer's public relations representative, Rebecca Kerns (Chandra West).  Ambitious reporter Amy Harkin (Nancy McKeon) is stuck reporting on the heat wave while trying to find proof behind the scenes that Lexer and Midwest are responsible for the lack of sufficient power. The Secretary of Energy, Shirley Abbott (Dianne Wiest), is actively warning various politicians and the president that the power grid is too outdated to handle real natural disasters and that it is too vulnerable to attack. Dan London (Ari Cohen), the chief engineer of Lexer, has also repeatedly warned Lexer that their systems are too vulnerable to hackers, but the company is only interested in going with the cheapest options. He decides to blow the whistle on the company to Harkin, but as he refuses to appear on camera, Harkin's boss will not allow the piece to air.  As the storms approach, early storms knock out the city's primary power generating plant, and Benson is forced to negotiate with Lexer for even more power. Not realizing the devastating nature of the storms coming, London sets out to force Lexer to listen to his warnings by hacking the system and causing a cascading chain reaction that knocks out all of the power in Chicago. Goodman and his team are unable to warn the citizens that the storms have formed into a category 6 hurricane over the Great Lakes and will hit Chicago head on.  Harkin realizes what happened to the power and rushes to find London, while Benson and Secretary Abbott gather energy from a multitude of other companies to get around the breakdown at Lexer. Unaware of what each party is doing, London quickly reverses the hacks at the same time as the energy starts flowing in from other companies. This overloads the system, knocking out the entire Midwest power grid as the storm hits the city and London is killed in the process.  Unable to do anything further, Benson rushes to find his family after he receives word that they are trapped at a mall and that his daughter has been accidentally shot by her ex-boyfriend. "Tornado Tommy" drives around the city filming tornadoes and is oblivious to another tornado that is headed to his direction. He puts his camcorder in a suitcase and throws it out his window and he is sucked in the tornado. Harkin gives Benson a ride to the mall to pick up his family, then they go to rescue her pregnant sister-in-law from an elevator. After Amy's cameraman is injured while rescuing her sister-in-law, Harkin stays behind with him and their neighbor. The others rush to reach the airport during the 15-minute eye of the hurricane, where they are picked up in a plane piloted by Harkin's brother, an air force weather pilot. After the storm passes, Harkin keeps her promise and tells London's story on air.

Cast.

Source:

Production.

Executive producer Bob Sertner wanted the film to have higher-end special effects to mimic the quality of those seen in feature films. To do this, the film uses visual computer effects created by special effects company Area 51 FX, which created over 100 different shots using the digital modeling program LightWave 3D. During shooting, special effect supervisor Craig Weiss noted that the scenes with Randy Quaid were particularly difficult to capture on film due to his appearing in multiple scenes where his character was chased by twisters and surrounded by their destructive aftermaths. The actors also faced new challenges, as the film often replaced traditional green screen setup, where the special effects were added during editing, with live shots taken with the effects in place at the same time. Nancy McKeon, who was pregnant with her first child during production, filmed some of her scenes using a green screen. She found the experience to be fun, noting that it challenges actors to use their imaginations while performing. She also found it easy to play a television reporter due to her being a self-admitted "news junkie."  Unable to find wind machines powerful enough to mimic hurricane-force winds, Sertner brought in a jet engine to aim at the actors and props during necessary scenes. Three dimensional storyboards, called "animatics", were used to allow the filmmakers to see what a scene would look like before shooting, using a digital version of the actors. The various weather scenes blended together stock footage of real natural disasters with the computer-generated shots, with care taken to match up the details of the various scenes.

Release.

"Category 6" was initially aired in the United States on CBS as a two-part, four-hour miniseries. The first part aired on Sunday, November 14, 2004, and the second followed on Wednesday, November 17, 2004. It was later aired in Australia on February 12, 2005.  The miniseries was first released to Region 1 DVD by CBS Television on February 15, 2005. On February 13, 2007, Lions Gate Entertainment released it, together with fellow disaster miniseries "10.5", as a two feature set.  The full miniseries aired in Jamaica on Television Jamaica in 2017.

Reception.

The miniseries was highly successful for CBS, as 19.4 million viewers tuned in to the first part of the film and made it the channel's best-rated Sunday night movie in over two years. The second part was watched by 17 million viewers, the highest number of viewers for the channel on a Wednesday night for the fall season. Together, the two parts helped to push the channel to the top spot for the year's November sweeps week.  Despite the high ratings, the film was generally panned by critics, except for almost universal praise for the high-budget special effects. "New York Magazine"'s John Leonard found it lacking compared to the feature film "The Day After Tomorrow", though he did feel it had a certain "raffish zombie charm." Charlie McCollum of the "San Jose Mercury News" called it a "third-rate disaster flick — with lame dialogue, voodoo science and wooden performances — spread out over two nights and four seemingly endless hours." Aaron Barnhart of the "Kansas City Star" agreed, feeling the filmmakers spent their budget on special effects to the detriment of the film's dialog. He called the film an "assault on common sense" for positing the idea that the power outage would keep everyone in Chicago from knowing that "something bad" was coming. "Daily Variety" found the film to be full of clichés and felt the side plots gave the appearance that the film was cast first and that the plot had been written to work around the actors. In comparing the film to a Reese's Peanut Butter Cup, the magazine notes that it had "two or more disastrous taste treats providing a very loud macro backdrop to the micro tales that play out involving the characters." Kay McFadden of the "Seattle Times" also felt the storm became a backdrop "for a contrived soap opera that could take place in sunshine or rain" and that the special effects were fun, but did not feel properly integrated into their scenes.  The "Chicago Tribune"s Sid Smith found the film to be "pretty lousy, despite a wealth of impressive special effects that end with an image of a completely demolished Chicago skyline." He found the plot to be overly melodramatic and "hokey" with an excessive amount of coincidences and ill-fortunes thrown at the characters, despite the performances of the star-studded cast. Australia's "The Age" gave the film a slightly more favorable review, praising the stunts and special effects, though it noted the effects suffer from poor computer editing and referred to the film as "a little entertaining supertrash" that does require one to not think too much about the science to enjoy.

Category 6: Day of Destruction is a 2004 four-hour television miniseries that was broadcast in the United States on CBS in two parts, with the first part aired on November 14 and the second on November 17. It was later released to DVD on February 15, 2005. The miniseries focuses primarily on the city of Chicago as three unusual storm systems approach from the west, north and south and combine over the city to form a massive hurricane. At the same time a hacker-induced power outage cuts communications leaving a journalist and power officials scrambling to find the cause.

Category 6 – Der Tag des Tornado ist ein Katastrophenfilm von Regisseur Dick Lowry, gedreht im Jahr 2004 in den USA.


America's Most Wanted (professional wrestling)

History.

Before the tag team was formed, James Storm and Chris Harris were occasional rivals on the independent circuit. They wrestled each other in the TNA tryout show, and did so well that show alone got them jobs at TNA. In the DVD "The History of TNA: Year 1", Chris Harris remembers being backstage after the match, and TNA founder Jeff Jarrett winked at him and told him he would be in touch. They were brought together at NWA:TNA PPV on June 26, 2002, when another tag team called The Dupps refused to fight the Rainbow Express (Lenny and Bruce). Storm and Harris won the match, and joined forces from then on.  On September 18, NWA:TNA PPV, AMW participated in a 20-man Gauntlet for the Gold match for the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship. AMW and Disciples of The New Church (Brian Lee and Slash) were the finalists of this Gauntlet and then a tag team match began for the vacant titles. AMW went on to win the match and their first NWA World Tag Team Championship. They began feuding with Lee and Slash and had a dominant reign as they defended the titles against almost all the teams of TNA. On the November 13 PPV, they dropped the titles to Lee and Slash. They regained the titles, however, on the January 8, 2003 PPV, by defeating Disciples of The New Church.  Two weeks later, they lost the titles to Triple X (Low Ki and Elix Skipper). On March 26, the problems started between AMW because Harris was doing a singles match. On April 9, it was rumored that Harris might join Sports Entertainment Xtreme (S.E.X.) because Harris was found in the S.E.X. locker room. The tensions continued as Storm walked out on Harris on April 23 during a match against Elix Skipper and Christopher Daniels. The duo faced each other in a singles match on May 7 which Storm won. After the match, Storm teased the breakup and then shook hands with Harris. Harris teamed up with Chris Sabin in the number one contenders' Anarchy Alliance tag team tournament with the winners getting a title shot at the NWA World Tag Team Championship. Harris and Sabin qualified in the first round, but in the second round, Harris' partner James Storm replaced Sabin and the duo won the second round match. After the match, Harris refused to join S.E.X. and reaffirmed his partnership with Storm. On June 11, AMW won the Anarchy Alliance tournament by defeating David Young and Tracy Brookshaw in the finals and getting themselves a title shot at the NWA World Tag Team Championship.  On June 25, they finally defeated Triple X in a great steel cage match to win their third NWA World Tag Team Championship. This was a historic match in the history of TNA's tag team division and AMW would become popular. They began feuding with the team of Simon and Swinger against whom they had two title defenses in a row. On the August 20 PPV, they lost a non-title match Bullrope match to Diamond and Swinger which earned the duo a tag title match. The next week, AMW dropped the titles to Diamond and Swinger.  In early 2004, they feuded with Red Shirt Security (Kevin Northcutt and Legend) after AMW defeated New York Connection (Glen Gilberti and David Young). On the January 21 PPV, they lost to Red Shirt Security in a number one contender's tag team match. On June 4 edition of "Impact!", AMW defeated Kid Kash and Dallas to win their fourth NWA World Tag Team Championship. They defended the titles against many teams during their fourth reign before losing the titles to The Naturals (Chase Stevens and Andy Douglas) on July 7 PPV in 12 seconds. Two weeks later, they faced Naturals in a Six Sides of Steel match for the titles but lost the match.  They began feuding with Naturals while they also feuded with Triple X. On September 1, Naturals defeated Triple X and AMW in a triple threat tag team match to retain the tag titles. The next week, Storm wasn't cleared to wrestle while Christopher Daniels was injured, so AMW's Harris teamed up with Triple X's Elix Skipper to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Naturals. On September 24 edition of "Impact!", Storm teamed up with Daniels to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship. They ended up losing the titles to Team Canada (Bobby Roode and Eric Young) on October 15 edition of "Impact!". AMW entered a feud with Triple X. They defeated them in an Elimination Last Man Standing match at Victory Road 2004. After that, they agreed to a Six Sides of Steel match at Turning Point 2004 where the losing team would separate. AMW won the grueling match, ending Triple X and winning the feud once and for all.  At Final Resolution 2005, they defeated Team Canada to win their fifth NWA World Tag Team Championship. They lost the titles to The Naturals on April 29, 2005 edition of "Impact!". At Hard Justice 2005, they lost to the Naturals in a rematch for the titles.  At Unbreakable, AMW took part in a fatal four-way tag team elimination match challenging The Naturals for the tag team titles, which also involved Team Canada and the team of Johnny Candido and Alex Shelley. On September 15, 2005, AMW turned into a villain by siding with Jeff Jarrett and Team Canada, helping Jarrett win back the NWA World Heavyweight Championship from Raven in Canada. The team then served as enforcers and backup for Jeff Jarrett and Gail Kim. At Bound for Glory, they successfully retained their titles against The Naturals. They had also sparked up a rivalry with Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon), assaulting them and leaving them bloody in the ring when they debuted and staging a mock funeral for their careers afterwards. At Genesis 2005, Jarrett and AMW lost to Team 3D and Rhino. At Turning Point 2005, they lost to Team 3D in a Tables match. After Team 3D defeated AMW in non-title matches, they got a title shot at Final Resolution 2006, which AMW won and retained the titles.  AMW's sixth and final reign as the NWA Tag Team Champions was also the longest reign in the belt's history since its revived inception in 1998. They became the longest-reigning NWA World Tag Team Champions in TNA history on March 29, 2006, surpassing The Naturals reign of 24 weeks. In the summer of 2006, they feuded with A.J. Styles and Christopher Daniels. They successfully defended the titles against Styles and Daniels at Sacrifice 2006, before dropping the titles to them at Slammiversary 2006. After losing the belts they once again turned into fan favorites and started feuding with The Latin American Xchange (Homicide and Hernandez) in the fall of the year. At Genesis 2006, they unsuccessfully challenged LAX for the NWA Tag Team Championship. At Turning Point 2006, AMW lost a flag match to LAX. When Storm hit Homicide with a beer bottle, glass flew into the eyes of Harris. Storm blamed the loss on Harris. AMW got a re-match on the December 14, 2006 edition of "Impact!" in a "Titles vs. Team" match with the stipulation that AMW would have to split up if they lost. They lost after Storm deliberately hit Harris with a beer bottle.

Split and aftermath.

Storm and Harris feuded soon afterwards, ending AMW. Afterwards, Gail left and was replaced by Jackie Moore as Storm's manager. Storm officially turned heel and would later begin teaming with former Team Canada member Robert Roode to form "Beer Money, Inc." with Jackie Moore as their manager and winning the TNA World Tag Team Championship together four times. Harris ended up departing TNA and joined rival promotion World Wrestling Entertainment, wrestling on its ECW brand under the name Braden Walker before being released from his WWE contract only two weeks later. Kim went on to headline TNA's Women's Division by becoming the inaugural TNA Knockouts Champion before parting ways with TNA. Since then, Harris has been wrestling on the independent circuit while Gail Kim returned to WWE for a time before rejoining TNA's Women's Division. On May 12, 2011, Harris returned to TNA as a member of the heel group Immortal and tag team partner of Matt Hardy, challenging Beer Money, Inc. for the TNA World Tag Team Championship, but was pinned after receiving AMW's signature move, the Death Sentence. On October 20, 2011, James Storm defeated Kurt Angle to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the first time.

America's Most Wanted (usually shortened to AMW) was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of "Wildcat" Chris Harris and "Tennessee Cowboy" James Storm, who competed in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). They were managed in the later stage of their pairing by Gail Kim.

America’s Most Wanted (AMW) ist ein ehemaliges Tag Team aus der US-amerikanischen Wrestling-Szene. Es bestand aus Chris Harris und James Storm und trat für Total Nonstop Action Wrestling an. Später schloss sich Gail Kim, als Managerin, dem Tag Team an. America’s Most Wanted waren mit sechs Titelgewinnen das bis jetzt erfolgreichste Tag Team bei TNA Wrestling.


Life.

Count Losy's family were of Swiss origin (Poschiavo in the canton of Graubünden). His father, Johann Anton Losy senior (c. 1600–1682), was perhaps born in Purz in the Swiss canton of Grisons. By 1627 he had moved to Bohemia and purchased a house in Prague. Losy senior had a number of business interests and was appointed a Councillor of the Exchequer and Deputy of the Salt, Beer and Wine Council by the Bohemian Court Chamber. As a result of helping to defend Prague against the assault of Swedish troops in 1648, Losy senior was ennobled, becoming a baronet in 1648 and Count von Losinthal in 1655. He also acquired the estate and castle at Steken (Strakonitz District, southern Bohemia) in 1638.  Johann Anton Losy was born at Steken around 1650. He had a younger twin brother (Johann Baptist) and also had four sisters. Losy's interest in music was fostered by his lute teacher and valet Achazius Kazimir Huelse who seems to have remained a lifelong friend.  Losy attended the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, gaining his baccalaureate in 1667 and graduating as a Doctor of Philosophy on 15 August 1668. He then seems to have travelled to a number of European countries including Italy. His intimate knowledge of French lute style indicates he may have been in Paris and met lutenists such as Mouton and Dufault.  Following the death of his father on 22 July 1682 he inherited his title, becoming the second Count Losy. He also inherited part of the family estates and an Imperial appointment as a Councillor of the Kingdom of Bohemia. His official position meant that, while living in Prague, he frequently had to travel to the Imperial court in Vienna. In the following year, his twin brother died.  As an aristocrat, Count Losy's musical activities would have been expected to remain on an amateur basis. Nevertheless, he seems to have gained the admiration of a number of professional musicians for his lute-playing and compositions. In 1697 he took part in a musical contest with Leipzig cantor Johann Kuhnau. While working in Prague in 1715, Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel met Count Losy who "played the lute as well as one who makes a profession of it" and also played the violin. There is no evidence he played other instruments, although there is a rather rich source of transcriptions of his lute compositions for other instruments available (baroque guitar, keyboard, angélique, mandora, and violin). In spite of Losy's outstanding reputation as a player and improviser on the lute, only one of his works was published in his own lifetime. This was the "Courante Extra-ordinaire", which was part of the collection "Cabinet der Lauten", published in 1695 by Philippe Franz Lasage de Richée.  After Losy's death in Prague in 1721, the great German lutenist Sylvius Leopold Weiss paid tribute to his colleague by dedicating to his memory the work "Tombeau sur la mort de Monseigneur Comte de Logi".

Works.

Losy composed mostly dance suites, as was typical of his time, but sometimes attempted larger works such as those in the three-part overture style popularized by Jean-Baptiste Lully. Inspired by French and Italian composers, Losy mastered French lute style and his extant works demonstrate his intelligence, noblesse, bright spirit and love for the lute.  His extensive and highly creative works are scattered through various archives in the Czech Republic, France, Germany and Austria. One of his manuscripts, a collection of pieces written for the 5-string Baroque guitar, is housed in the National Library of the Czech Republic in Prague. However, the identification and verification of Losy's works is anything but straightforward. Prague lute player Emil Vogl created a list that has been extended by further discoveries and concordances by Tim Crawford. There are no critical complete editions of Losy's works in CNRS style, so it is possible that additional works will be discovered and cataloged.

Jan Antonín Losy, Count of Losinthal (German: "Johann Anton Losy von Losinthal"); also known as Comte d'Logy ("Losi" or "Lozi"), (c. 1650 – 22 August 1721) was a Bohemian aristocrat, Baroque lute player and composer from Prague. His lute works combine the French "style brisé" with a more Italian cantabile style. He was probably the most significant lutenist-composer in Bohemia at the height of the lute's popularity there.

Johann Anton Graf Losy von Losinthal bzw. Jan Antonín Losy, auch "Logi von Losymthal" oder "Losynthal" bzw. "Jan Antonín Logy z Lozimtálu" (* um 1645, vermutlich auf Schloss Štěkeň bei Strakonitz/Böhmen; † 3. September 1721 in Prag) war kaiserlicher Beamter, Komponist und einer der bekanntesten Lautenisten und Gitarristen seiner Generation.


Biography.

Contarini was born in Venice as the third son of Nicolò Contarini and Elena Michiel; he was a nephew of Francesco Contarini, the 95th Doge of Venice, who had a one-year reign from 1623 to 1624. Alvise Contarini never married, dedicating his whole life to public service. He served as Venice's ambassador to the Kingdom of France, Spain, the Dutch Republic, and to the Papal court. The King of France granted Contarini the title of "chevalier".  During his time as "savio", Contarini supported the party in the Great Council that called for a continuation of the war with the Ottoman Empire.  Upon the death of Nicolò Sagredo on 14 August 1676, it seemed a foregone conclusion that he would be succeeded as Doge by his popular brother Giovanni Sagredo. Giovanni Sagredo quickly secured the votes of thirty of the forty electors. His opponents, however, believed he had used fraudulent means to do so, and they therefore rioted. Alarmed, the Great Council chose forty new electors, and when these electors met on 26 August 1676, they decided on Alvise Contarini as a compromise candidate.  Most of Contarini's reign as Doge was occupied with festivities and fun, and he made little attempt to exercise strong dogal powers. Contarini did, however, oversee a major judicial reform in the early part of his reign. Also, many new relics were brought in from Crete (now under Ottoman control) and installed in Venetian churches during Contarini's reign.  Several notable firsts occurred in Contarini's reign. On 25 June 1678, Venetian mathematician Elena Cornaro Piscopia became the first woman in the world to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree, from the University of Padua. In a first of a very different sort, Venice's first coffeehouse opened in 1683, and drinking coffee soon became immensely popular.  In terms of foreign policy, these were anxious years for Venice. Venetians watched the progress of the Great Turkish War closely, as Venice's enemy, the Ottoman Empire, made territorial gains in the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy (including all of the Balkans by 1682) before finally being halted by the forces of John III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683. In Venice, debates about entering the war on the side of the Habsburgs dominated throughout 1683. Contarini died on 15 January 1684, shortly before Venice decided to enter the war in mid-1684, thus beginning the Morean War (1684-99).  Alvise Contarini was buried in the Contarini family chapel in the church of San Francesco della Vigna. There is a bust of Alvise Contarini on his tomb.

References.

This article was based on on German Wikipedia and on Italian Wikipedia.

Alvise Contarini (24 October 1601 – 15 January 1684) was the 106th Doge of Venice, reigning from his election on 26 August 1676 until his death seven and a half years later. He was the eighth and final member of the House of Contarini to serve as Doge of Venice (with the first being Domenico I Contarini, who became Doge in 1043).

Alvise Contarini (* 24. Oktober 1601 in Venedig; † 14. Januar 1684 ebenda) war der 106. Doge von Venedig. Er regierte von 1676 bis 1684.


History.

"Blaenavon" literally means "front of the river" or loosely "river's source" in the Welsh language. Blaenavon grew around an ironworks opened in 1788 by the West Midlands industrialist, Thomas Hill, and his partners, Thomas Hopkins and Benjamin Pratt. The businessmen invested £40,000 into the iron works project and erected three blast furnaces. Hopkins, through operating the Cannock Wood Forge in Rugeley, Staffordshire, was in contact with skilled and experienced ironworkers, and managed to persuade many of them to migrate to Blaenavon to help establish the new iron works. In 1836 Robert William Kennard formed the Blaenavon Coal and Iron Company, which subsequently bought the Blaenavon Ironworks.  Blaenavon House, a mansion constructed in 1798 by Thomas Hopkins, was re-purposed as a hospital supported by the subscriptions of local Iron and Coal workers in 1924. In the 1940s, the hospital site was gifted by the then owners of the site, the National Coal Board, to the Ministry of Health and was run as a cottage hospital until 1985. When the hospital closed the building was sold by the local authority and refurbished as a nursing home for the elderly. In 1995 the Building was listed as a Grade 2 Historic Building. The Building was left empty following the closure of the nursing home in 2007 and was badly vandalised and stripped of its lead work, slate Roof and original interiors, the building was placed on the Buildings At Risk register. In 2016, a fire caused severe damage to the ballroom wing and adjoining extension. The House was sold in 2017 to private owners and is currently undergoing restoration as a family home once again.

Governance.

Blaenavon is a community represented by Blaenavon Town Council and electoral ward of Torfaen County Borough Council. Blaenavon is twinned with Coutras in France.

Geography.

The town lies near the source of the Afon Lwyd river, north of Cwmbran.

Demography.

Following twenty years after the closure of the ironworks in 1900 the population has declined gradually at each ten-year census, including rapidly after closure of the coal mine in 1980; it had however already fallen to 8,451 in 1961. Part of this decline was not emigration but a decrease in birth rate.

Economy.

The Blaenavon Coal and Iron Company developed the Big Pit coalworks with adjoining steel works particularly rail manufacture, part of which since 1988 is the museum. The steel-making and coal mining industries followed, boosting the town's population to over 20,000 at one time before 1890.

Culture and community.

Government, publishers and mainly Welsh writers sought in 2003 to attract more visitors by introducing Blaenavon as Wales' second "book town" (the first being Hay-on-Wye on the English border). However the project did not succeed. This can be attributed to a combination of the town's remote location and the established competition from Hay. Many thriving community groups serve and improve the town, including Future Blaenavon, which has helped to create a community garden at the bottom of the town.

Landmarks.

Parts of the town and surrounding country form the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. Attractions in the town include the Big Pit National Coal Museum (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The European Route of Industrial Heritage), Blaenavon Ironworks, the Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway, Blaenavon World Heritage Centre, Blaenavon Male Voice Choir, Blaenavon Town Band and many historical walks through Blaenavon's mountains.

Transport.

A railway viaduct was constructed in 1790 - a structure that disappeared and was unearthed in a 2001 episode of the archaeology television programme, "Time Team". The Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway is a scenic attraction rich in geological and historical interest. Blaenavon lost both of its passenger railway stations — Blaenavon High Level station closed in 1941; the last train from Blaenavon (Low Level) (namely to Newport via Pontypool Crane Street) ran in April 1962. Contrary to an oral tradition, the lower line had already been closed for more than a year before the anti-subsidy Beeching Axe took place. The lower lines passenger service was among many in Gwent (Monmouthshire) were Ministry of Transport de-classified papers reveal were axed due to rail congestion in the Newport area following the newly opened Llanwern steelworks.

Education.

Following Samuel Hopkins death in 1815, his sister Sarah Hopkins of Rugeley, who had inherited much money from her late brother, erected Blaenavon Endowed School in his memory.

Religious sites.

St Peter's Church was constructed in 1804, gifted to the parish by Thomas Hill and Samuel Hopkins.

Sport.

Blaenavon Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1906. The club closed in 1937.

Notable people.

Notable Broadway and film actor E. E. Clive, award-winning mystery writer Dorothy Simpson, and international rugby union players Mark Taylor (Wales), Ken Jones (Wales and British Lions and also Olympic athlete), John Perkins (Wales), Chris Huish (Wales) Terry Cobner (Wales and British Lions) were all born in Blaenavon. Nick Thomas-Symonds, elected MP for Torfaen in 2015, was brought up in the town. The artist David Parfitt grew up in Blaenavon. Well-known for his portraits and paintings of the River Thames, the influence of the hybrid rural-industrial Welsh valleys of the 1950s and early 1960s is clear in his early work, and continues to inspire his painting today.

Blaenavon () is a town and community in Torfaen county borough, south eastern Wales. It lies at the source of the Afon Lwyd north of Pontypool, and is within the boundaries of the historic county of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent. The town lies high on a hillside and has a population of 6,055.

Blaenavon (walisisch: "Blaenafon") ist eine Stadt im südlichen Wales an der Quelle des Afon Llwyd. Die an einem Hügel gelegene Stadt ist ein UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe.


Description.

Peters' elephantnose fish are native to the rivers of West and Central Africa, in particular the lower Niger River basin, the Ogun River basin and in the upper Chari River. It prefers muddy, slowly moving rivers and pools with cover such as submerged branches. It is a dark brown to black in colour, laterally compressed (averaging 23–25 cm), with a rear dorsal fin and anal fin of the same length. Its caudal or tail fin is forked. It has two stripes on its lower pendicular. Its most striking feature, as its names suggest, is a trunk-like protrusion on the head. This is not actually a nose, but a sensitive extension of the mouth, that it uses for self-defense, communication, navigation, and finding worms and insects to eat. This organ, called the Schnauzenorgan, is covered in electroreceptors, as is much of the rest of its body. The elephantnose uses a weak electric field, which it generates with specialized cells called electrocytes, which evolved from muscle cells, to find food, to navigate in dark or turbid waters, and to find a mate. Peters' elephantnose fish live to about 6–10 years, but there are reports of them living even longer.

In the aquarium.

Peters' elephantnose fish is among the most commonly available Mormyrid in aquarium stores in the USA. In the aquarium it is timid, preferring a heavily planted environment with subdued lighting and thrives in a tank of more than 200 liters. Ideally, a pipe or hollow log should be provided and the optimum substrate is some soft sand that allows the fish to sift through it with its delicate extended lip. It feeds on small worms (bloodworms being the most common) and aquatic invertebrates such as mosquito larvae, but in the aquarium will accept frozen or flake food. How peaceful an elephantnose fish is can depend on the individual; some are quite aggressive with other species, while others are retiring. They may be kept in a community aquarium with peaceful species who share their water preferences. However, unless kept in an aquarium of over 400 liters, it is unwise to keep more than one elephantnose fish as they can be territorial. The elephantnose is suggested to be kept in the following conditions: pH of 6.8 to 7.2, water temperature 26C to 28C, and water of medium hardness.  The weak electrical impulses generated by this fish can be made audible by placing two electrodes in the fish tank that are then hooked up to an audio amplifier or a piezoelectric earbud. The elephant nose fish can use its electosensing to detect moving prey and worms in the substrate.  Although the elephant nose fish was once thought to have poor eyesight, it is now known to have good low light vision. Its eyes use a combination of photonic crystals, parabolic mirrors and a clustered arrangement of rods and cones.

Peters' elephant-nose fish ("Gnathonemus petersii") is an African freshwater elephantfish in the genus "Gnathonemus". Other names in English include elephantnose fish, long-nosed elephant fish, and Ubangi mormyrid, after the Ubangi River. As the Latin name "petersii" confirms it is named after someone called "Peters" (probably Wilhelm Peters), although the apostrophe is often misplaced and the common name given as "Peter's elephantnose fish". It uses electrolocation to find prey, and has the largest brain-to-body oxygen use ratio of all known vertebrates (around 0.6).

Der Elefantenrüsselfisch ("Gnathonemus petersii") gehört zur Familie der nur in Afrika, dort aber weit und artenreich verbreiteten Nilhechte (Mormyridae) aus der Ordnung der Knochenzünglerfische (Osteoglossiformes).


History.

In the 19th century, two contrasting methods of describing the flower were introduced: the textual floral formulae and pictorial floral diagrams. Floral diagrams are credited to A. W. Eichler, his extensive work "Blüthendiagramme" (1875, 1878) remains a valuable source of information on floral morphology. Eichler inspired later generation of scientists, including John Henry Schaffner. Diagrams were included e.g. in "Types of Floral Mechanism" by Church (1908). They were used in different textbooks, e.g. "Organogenesis of Flowers"" "by Sattler (1973), "Botanische Bestimmungsübungen" by Stützel (2006) or "Plant Systematics" by Simpson (2010). "Floral Diagrams" (2010) by Ronse De Craene followed Eichler’s approach using the contemporary APG II system.

Basic characteristics and significance.

A floral diagram is a schematic cross-section through a young flower. It may be also defined as “projection of the flower perpendicular to its axis”. It usually shows the number of floral parts, their sizes, relative positions and fusion. Different organs are represented by distinguishable symbols, which may be uniform for one organ type, or may reflect concrete morphology. The diagram may also include symbols that don’t represent physical structures, but carry additional information (e.g. symmetry plane orientation).  There is no agreement on how floral diagrams should be drawn, it depends on the author whether it is just a rough representation, or whether structural details of the flower are included.  Diagrams can describe the ontogeny of flowers, or can show evolutionary relationships. They can be generalized to show the typical floral structure of a taxon. It is also possible to represent (partial) inflorescences by diagrams.  Substantial amount of information may be included in a good diagram. It can be useful for flower identification or comparison between angiosperm taxa. Paleontologists can take advantage of diagrams for reconstruction of fossil flowers. Floral diagrams are also of didactic value.

Orientation.

Diagrams are usually depicted with the subtending bract "below" and the axis "above" the flower itself, both in the median line. The axis corresponds to the position of the main stem relative to a lateral flower. When a terminal flower is depicted, the axis is not present and therefore cannot be shown. Bracteoles, if they are present, are usually drawn on the sides of the diagram.

Symbols used in diagrams.

Not only the information contained within diagrams, but also their appearance commonly varies between authors. Just some publications incorporate an overview of used symbols.

Bracts and bracteoles, axes.

Bracts and bracteoles are commonly shown as arcs. In "Floral Diagrams" by Ronse De Craene they consistently have a black fill and a little triangle on the outer side to distinguish them from the perianth. In Eichler’s "Blüthendiagramme" their representation alters between diagrams.  The axis relative to the flower is shown as black circle in "Floral Diagrams". When inflorescence is depicted, the position of its main stem is illustrated by a crossed circle. Eichler’s depiction of axes alternates between diagrams.

Perianth.

Perianth parts are also shown as arcs. They may be colored according to their type. In "Blüthendiagramme" the tepals are usually white with black stroke, sepals are hatched and petals are black. Ronse De Craene implies that it may be sometimes impossible to classify the organs, he shows green perianth parts as black and pigmented as white. Estivation can be accurately shown in the diagram.

Androecium.

Stamens are represented by a cross-section through anthers. In case there are many stamens in the flower, they can be simplified and drawn as circles. Staminodes have a small black circle inside or are painted black in "Floral Diagrams", Eichler also fills them black.

Gynoecium.

The pistil is shown as a sectional view of the ovary. Ovary position is highlighted by small triangles in "Floral Diagrams". Ronse De Craene also incorporates ovule morphology or shows the position of stigmatic lobes by white shapes.

Nectaries.

In "Floral Diagrams", nectaries are filled by grey color, Eichler fills them by hatching.

Other.

Fusion can be shown in diagrams by full connecting lines between organs. Lost organs can be represented by a star (✶), lost perianth parts or bracts/bracteoles can be shown with dashed stroke. It is possible to show the direction of monosymmetry by a large arrow. Resupination may be illustrated by a curved arrow. Floral parts can be accompanied by numbers to show their sequence of initialization.

Floral diagrams and floral formulae.

Each of these two concepts is better in expressing some information. Floral diagrams can show the size and relative position of the organs. On the other hand, floral formulae are capable of broader generalization. Prenner "et al." view them as complementary methods and state they make an “identikit” flower when utilized together. Ronse De Craene also approves of their combined use.

Floral diagram is a graphic representation of flower structure. It shows the number of floral organs, their arrangement and fusion. Different parts of the flower are represented by their respective symbols. Floral diagrams are useful for flower identification or can help in understanding angiosperm evolution. They were introduced in the late 19th century and are generally attributed to A. W. Eichler.

Als Blütendiagramm bezeichnet man in der Botanik einen schematischen Grundriss einer Blüte. Das Diagramm stellt die Morphologie einer Blüte meist anschaulicher dar als eine Blütenformel.