Online Magazine.

The society has recently augmented its traditional book publishing activities with the launch of its Online Magazine, an ever-expanding online archive of miscellaneous British naval records. The online collection includes records in archives and museums as well as those in private collections which would otherwise never be seen. New postings to the archive are made at least once per month throughout the year. Every posting receives a detailed introduction explaining how or why the record is important and is posted alongside relevant links in the collection of the Royal Museums Greenwich and, where appropriate, relevant videos. Members can share their knowledge and comment on every posting.

Leading Figures.

Sir Cyprian Bridge co-founded the Navy Records Society (NRS) with Sir John Knox Laughton. He was born in Newfoundland, the son of the chaplain to its governor, Admiral Sir Thomas John Cochrane.  Bridge entered the Royal Navy in 1853. He saw service in many parts of the globe, notably the Antipodes. In 1889 he became director of the Admiralty's newly instituted naval intelligence department. Reaching flag-rank in 1892, he chaired, the following June, the preliminary meeting which resulted in the foundation of the NRS.  Leaving his Admiralty post in 1894, he was later that year appointed naval C-in-C of the Australian squadron, serving as such until 1898. In that year he was promoted vice-admiral, and in 1899 he was knighted (KCB).  In 1901 he went to China as C-in-C of the squadron, playing a seminal role in the negotiations that led to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1902). He became full admiral and KCB in 1904, the year he relinquished the command and retired from active service.  He served as an assessor on the International Commission of Inquiry into the 1904 Dogger Bank incident, and during the First World War as a member of the Mesopotamia Commission of Inquiry appointed in August 1916.  He held definite views on naval policy, opposing construction of HMS Dreadnought as contrary to British interests, and publishing widely on naval topics. His books included a memoir, Some Recollections (1918).  More information about Sir Cyprian's life and career, and a list of further reading, can be found in Sir Geoffrey Callender's entry on him (revised by James Goldrick) in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB).  Sir John Knox Laughton, the principal founder of the Navy Records Society, was born in Liverpool, son of a former master mariner. He graduated as a wrangler in mathematics from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and entered the Royal Navy as an instructor.  In 1853 he joined the Baltic-bound Royal George, and following the Crimean War was transferred to the Calcutta, which participated in the Second Opium War. His sea-going career ended in 1866, when he commenced teaching at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth. He authored acclaimed pioneering texts on meteorology and nautical surveying, and in 1873 became head of the department of meteorology at the new Royal Naval College, Greenwich.  Having authored Essay on Naval Tactics (1873) and The Scientific Study of Naval History (1874), Laughton in 1876 added naval history to his teaching responsibilities. A prolific author in the field, he was the progenitor of the study of naval history in its modern form. In 1885 he was appointed professor of modern history at King's College, London.  He founded the NRS with a long-standing friend, Admiral Cyprian Bridge (1839–1924), director of naval intelligence at the Admiralty. Many distinguished people supported the venture, including the renowned American naval strategist and commentator Alfred Thayer Mahan, whose writings helped to kindle popular interest in naval topics, and the famed historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner.  As the society's secretary from 1893–1912, Laughton played a pivotal role: directing the NRS, arranging publications, recruiting members, and securing respected scholars to edit its volumes. During the years leading up to the First World War, when Germany was striving to develop an ocean-going force to challenge Britain's mastery of the seas, the NRS (with a membership of around 500 that included opinion-formers from the armed services, academia, politics, and the press) deliberately concentrated on the publication of historical sources which reflected contemporary issues in order to influence policy makers.  Laughton edited the first two volumes in the NRS series of publications, State Papers Relating to the Defeatof the Spanish Armada (1894) as well as Vols. 32, 38, and 39 (Letters and Papers of Charles, Lord Barham, 1758–1813). He co-edited vols. 6 (Journal of Rear Admiral Bartholomew James, 1725–1728) and 31 (The Recollections of Commander James Anthony Gardner, 1775–1814).  As the author of over 900 entries in the Dictionary of National Biography, including virtually all the naval memoirs, he left an enduring legacy and stamped his imprimatur on the interpretation of Britain's past naval personalities for generations to come.  He was knighted in 1907, and in 1910 received the Chesney gold medal of the Royal United Service Institution as well as a testimonial (marking his 80th birthday) from the future George V and many celebrated admirals. As he had wished, when the time came his ashes were committed to the deep at the mouth of the Thames. One of his daughters, Dame Elvira [Vera] Laughton Mathews (1888–1959), was director of the Women's Royal Naval Service, 1939–47.  Further information may be obtained from the following works by former NRS secretary Professor Andrew Lambert: The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy, and the historical profession (1998), Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton (2002; Vol. 143 in the NRS publications series), and the biographical entry on Laughton in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB).  A former barrister who became a distinguished writer on aspects of British naval history, and from 1902 a lecturer at the new Royal Naval War College at Greenwich, Sir Julian Corbett was one of the NRS's foremost early members, and edited several of the society's publications.  The son of a London architect, he attended Marlborough College and graduated with a first-class degree in law from Trinity College, Cambridge. He abandoned the Bar after a few years to travel and write both fiction and non-fiction. His biography of Sir Francis Drake (about whom he wrote two novels) appeared in the "English Men of Action" series during 1890.  His well-received "Drake and the Tudor Navy", based on extensive archival sources and informed by his appreciation of the nexus between state policy and the deployment of naval power, appeared in 1898. That same year he edited, at Laughton's urging, "Papers Relating to the Spanish War", 1585–87, volume 11 in the NRS series of publications.  A few years later he edited Sir William Slyngsbie's "Relation of the Voyage to Cadiz 1596", which appeared in "The Naval Miscellany I" edited by Laughton (Volume 20 in the NRS series). Other volumes edited by Corbett were "Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816" (series vol. 29), "Views of the Battles of the Third Dutch War, Signals and Instructions", 1776–1794 (series vol. 34), and the first two volumes of "The Private Papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer" (series vols. 46 and 48).  In 1914, following publication of the second Spencer volume, he was awarded the Chesney gold medal by the Royal United Service Institution. Books he authored included "The Successors of Drake" (1900), "England in the Mediterranean", 1603–1714 (1904), "England in the Seven Years' War" (1907), "The Campaign of Trafalgar" (1910; reprinted 2005), and "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War", 1904–06 (2 vols., 1915). He also wrote influential pamphlets.  Admiral Sir John Fisher, as First Sea Lord (1904–10), solicited Corbett's endorsement of a number of innovations, including the dreadnought and the battle cruiser. Corbett advised on naval policy during the First World War, was knighted in 1917, and became the historian of the war's maritime conduct in his "Naval Operations" (3 vols., 1920–23), a controversial and difficult task.  More information about Sir Julian's life and career, and a list of further reading, can be found in Sir Geoffrey Callender's entry on Corbett (revised by James Goldrick) in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (ODNB).  Herbert Richmond was perhaps the most brilliant naval officer of his generation. In 1913 he edited the society's vol. 42, "Papers relating to the Loss of Minorca". He was a close friend of Sir Julian Corbett, and took over Corbett's task of editing "The Private papers of George, 2nd Earl Spencer", contributing vols 3 and 4 in 1924 (vols 58 and 59).  Richmond entered the navy in 1885 and rose swiftly, though his well known tendency to offer critical advice to his senior officers, as well as publishing critical articles, limited his naval career. He was a moving spirit in the founding of the "Naval Review" in 1912. Eventually in 1920 he was made Rear-Admiral, between 1923 and 1925 he was Commander-in-Chief, East Indies Station, after which he became the first Commandant of the new Imperial Defence College. In 1929 he was promoted to Admiral at which point he retired.  In addition to the society's volumes, Richmond had also written two fine studies: "The Navy in the War of 1739–48" (1920) and after his retirement, "The Navy in India" (1931). In 1934 he appointed to the Vere Harmsworth Chair of Imperial and Naval History at Cambridge, and two years later was elected as Master of Downing College, Cambridge.  See A.J. Marder, "Portrait of an Admiral: the Life and Papers of Sir Herbert Richmond" (1952); Barry Hunt, "Sailor-Scholar: Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond 1871–1946" (1982).  Michael Lewis was a councillor and a vice-president of the NRS. He edited, with insight and humour, Sir William Henry Dillon's enjoyable and lengthy A Narrative of My Personal Adventures (1790–1839) that comprise Volumes 93 and 97 (1953–56) of the society's publications.  Like Sir John Knox Laughton, Sir Julian Corbett, and Sir Geoffrey Callender, Lewis was a member of ‘the Greenwich School’ of naval historians – to employ C. Northcote Parkinson's phrase. This ‘Greenwich School’ – members of the Admiralty's own teaching staff – dominated the writing and interpretation of naval history at a time when academic historians at the universities concerned themselves rather more with "turnips, spinning-jennies and constitutional progress" than with considerations of Britain's maritime past (see English Historical Review, Vol. 64, 1949, pp. 374–375).  Educated at Uppingham and at Trinity College, Cambridge, Lewis was in 1913 appointed an assistant master at the old Royal Naval College at Osborne, and served throughout the First World War in the Royal Marine Artillery. In 1922 he became assistant head of the history and English department at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and in 1934 the Admiralty appointed him professor of history and English at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in succession to Sir Geoffrey Callender. He held that post until his retirement in 1955.  Initially a writer of fiction and light verse who contributed to Punch, Lewis from 1939 was a prolific and in many ways groundbreaking writer on naval history. His works, often highly original investigations of facets of the navy's story, include "England’s Sea Officers" (1939), "British Ships and British Seamen" (1942), "The Navy of Britain" (1948), "The History of the British Navy" (1959), "A Social History of the Navy", 1793–1815 (1960), "The Spanish Armada" (1960), "Armada Guns" (1961), "Napoleon and his British Captives" (1962), and "The Navy in Transition", 1814–64 (1965).  Professor Michael Arthur Lewis was a fellow of the Society of Arts (FSA), a fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS), and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). An obituary, with photograph, appeared in "The Times" (2 March 1970, p. 12).  Christopher Lloyd took a notable part in the organisation of the society, becoming administrative Secretary in 1949, then adding publications to his responsibilities in 1950. Between 1952 and 1962 he was full Secretary from 1952 to 1962. His first edited volume of five for the society was the second volume of the Keith papers (vol. 90), when he took over a project started in 1926 by W.G.Perrin, the Admiralty Librarian. Lloyd completed the third volume (vol. 96) in 1955. He also edited the fourth "Miscellany" volume in 1952, the "Memoir of James Trevenen, 1760–1790" (vol. 100, 1959) and "The Health of Seamen" in 1965 (vol. 107).  Christopher Lloyd was educated at Oxford, taught in Canada and then at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, until 1945. He was then appointed a lecturer at the RNC Greenwich, where he taught until his retirement in 1966. In 1962 he was appointed professor of history. He was editor of the journal of the Society for Nautical Research in 1971.  His best-known books were "The Navy and the Slave Trade" (1949) and a general history, "The British Seaman" (1968). He also completed, with Jack Coulter, the third volume of "Medicine and the Navy, 1200–1900" (1961). This last volume was a successor to the first two volumes produced by Surgeon Commander John Keevil.  Nicholas Rodger was honorary secretary of the society between 1976 and 1990 during which time he was an Assistant Keeper in the Public Record Office, where he started in 1974. In 1992 he was made Anderson fellow of the National Maritime Museum, created for him so that he could start the three-volume "The Naval History of Britain". In 1999 he became a senior lecturer in history at the University of Exeter, and in 2000 was given a personal chair as professor of naval history. In October 2008 he became a senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.  Dr. Rodger edited a Naval Miscellany volume (vol. 125) and was one of the team of editors who assembled the documents for the Centenary volume, "British Naval Documents, 1204–1960" (vol. 131). He wrote "The Admiralty" (1979), followed by "The Wooden World: an anatomy of the Georgian Navy" (1986). In 1993 his third book was published: "The Insatiable Earl: a life of the Fourth Earl of Sandwich 1718–1792". The first volume of "A Naval History of Britain" appeared in 1997 "The Safeguard of the Sea": vol. 1 660–1649. The second volume, "The Command of the Ocean" 1649–1815, was published in 2004. Professor Rodger is now working on the third volume.  Professor Rodger has a D.Phil. from Oxford and is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. In 2005 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy.  Andrew Lambert was honorary secretary of the society from 1996 until 2005 and has been a member of council for many years. He has edited one of the society's volumes (vol.143) "Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830–1915" (2002).  He has taught in the Department of War Studies at King's College, London since 1991, having previously taught at the RMA, Sandhurst. Professor Lambert was given a chair in naval history at Kings in 1999 and since 2001 he has been Laughton Professor of Naval History. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.  Professor Lambert has published prolifically on the nineteenth century. His books include "Battleships in Transition: the creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1960" (1984); "The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–1856" (1990); "The Last Sailing Battlefleet: Maintaining Naval Master 1815–1850" (1991); "The Foundations of Naval History: John Knox Laughton, the Royal Navy and the Historical Profession" (1998); "War at Sea in the Age of Sail" (2000), Nelson: "Britannia’s God of War" (2004) and "Admirals" (2008). "Franklin at the Gates of Hell: A Polar Tragedy" is to appear in 2009. He also presented the television series "War at Sea" (BBC 2, 2004).

The Navy Records Society was established in 1893 as a scholarly text publication society to publish historical documents relating to the history of the Royal Navy. Professor Sir John Knox Laughton and Admiral Sir Cyprian Bridge were the key leaders who organized the society, basing it on the model of earlier organisations such as the Hakluyt Society and the Camden Society. The American naval historian, Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, was one of the first overseas members to join the Navy Records Society. The society has published volumes of original documents and papers almost every year since its foundation. The volumes cover all the major figures in British naval history, such as Nelson, Beatty and Cunningham, and a wide range of topics, from signals and shipbuilding to strategy and politics. In 2006 the NRS published its 150th volume.

Die Navy Records Society ist eine 1893 gegründete britische Gesellschaft zur Veröffentlichung wissenschaftlicher Quellentexte und Monographien über britische Marinegeschichte und speziell die Royal Navy. Ihre Gründer, der Marinehistoriker John Knox Laughton (1830–1915), Professor am Royal Naval College in Portsmouth und später Greenwich, und Admiral Cyprian Bridge (1839–1924), Leiter der Marineaufklärung bei der Admiralität, folgten damals dem Beispiel ähnlicher Gesellschaften wie der Camden Society (Veröffentlichung historischer Texte über englische Geschichte) und die Hakluyt Society. Zu den Gründungsmitgliedern gehörten auch Samuel Rawson Gardiner und aus Übersee der Marinehistoriker und Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. Knox war bis 1912 ihr Sekretär, als die Gesellschaft auch offen das Ziel verfolgte, durch ihre Veröffentlichungen die britische Flottenpolitik mitzugestalten.


Biography.

William Turner was born at Kilmallock, Ireland. He received his education at Mungret College in Limerick, the Royal University of Ireland, the Propaganda College in Rome, and the Institut Catholique de Paris. He was ordained to the priesthood on August 13, 1893. That same year, Turner was awarded the Benemerenti medal for a commentary on St. Thomas's "De Anima". The following year he began his career as a professor of Latin and logic at the College of St. Thomas in Minnesota, moving to St. Paul's Seminary in 1895. He was rector of St. Luke's Church in St. Paul, Minnesota. He later became a librarian and professor of philosophy at the Catholic University of America.  On March 10, 1919, Turner was appointed the sixth Bishop of Buffalo, New York by Pope Benedict XV. He received his episcopal consecration on the following March 30 from Cardinal James Gibbons, with Bishops Denis J. O'Connell and Michael Joseph Curley serving as co-consecrators. In July he was down in Cattaraugus County administering confirmation at St. Patrick's in Salamanca and the next day consecrated the Church of St. Mary of the Angels in Olean. (On February 14, 2017, Pope Francis granted the title of Minor Basilica to St. Mary of the Angels Church in Olean, New York) In August 1922, Bishop William Turner helped lay the cornerstone of the Basilica of Our Lady of Victory in Lackawanna. In May 1926 the Bishop gave an address and blessed the "Millet Cross", erected by the New York State Knights of Columbus dedicated "not only to Father Millet, but to those other priests whose heroism took Christianity into the wilderness and whose devotion sought to create in this new world a new France." The cross stands on the shore of Lake Ontario just west of the Fort Denonville's north redoubt. The "Father Millet Cross" was the smallest national monument in the US. In a 1933 reorganization of the National Park Service, the "Father Millet Cross" was delisted as a national monument. It was turned over to New York State in 1949.  His younger brother John, also from County Limerick, was ordained in Rome and came to the United States in 1904. He served as pastor of the Church of St. John the evangelist in White Plains, New York. Rev. Dr. John F. Turner died at his brother's house in Buffalo in 1930 at the age of 51. Later that year, Turner celebrated the feast of the recently canonized North American Martyrs with a solemn pontifical high Mass at the Church of Saint Vincent de Paul in Buffalo. Four days later he laid the cornerstone for the Lyceum at St. John Kanty Parish in East Buffalo, where “...at least 90% of the people were Catholics, but only about a third practiced their religion.”  Turner was a supporter of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, and in 1924 began Catholic Charities in Buffalo in 1924. He established more than 30 new parishes during his administration, including national churches such as Our Lady of Czestochowa Church in North Tonawanda.  Bishop Turner died at age 65 and was buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in the Town of Tonawanda. A celtic cross marks his grave.  The former Bishop Turner High School in Buffalo was named after him. Built in 1960, the school closed in 2003.

Works.

Turner was a contributor to the "Catholic Encyclopedia", the "American Catholic Quarterly Review", "Catholic World", "American Ecclesiastical Review", "America", the "Philosophical Review", "Journal of Philosophy", and the "Irish Theological Quarterly"; and was editor of the "Catholic University Bulletin".

William Turner (April 8, 1871—July 10, 1936) was an Irish-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo, New York from 1919 to 1936. He was ordained in 1893, and spent his early years as a priest teaching in various institutions. Upon his appointment as Bishop of Buffalo he was occupied with pastoral duties in a very large diocese.

William Turner (* 8. April 1871 in Kilmallock, County Limerick, Irland; † 10. Juli 1936 in Buffalo, USA) war Bischof von Buffalo.


Background.

In May 2011, Rocky quit selling drugs and decided to focus on his rap career. When he released a music video for his song "Purple Swag", it garnered Internet buzz and attention from record labels, despite negative feedback from his native hip hop scene in New York. He was courted by several labels, including the RCA-distributed Polo Grounds Music. However, he held off from any deal with a label, instead wanting to explore other pursuits. Rocky and Polo Grounds president Bryan Leach, also a Harlem native, subsequently spent time talking about music and lifestyles.  In August 2011, Rocky following a music video for the song "Peso", which first appeared on internet blogs and eventually received radio airplay on New York City's Hot 97. The song also earned him respect in the New York scene, of which he later said, "It bring a tear to my eye to see native New York people give me my props because New York is stubborn and arrogant". After a bidding war among labels, Rocky signed a record deal with Polo Grounds and RCA on October 14, a week after RCA's parent label, Sony Music, absorbed Jive, J and Arista into RCA itself. It was worth $3 million, with $1.7 million for his solo work and $1.3 million to fund his company ASAP Worldwide. Rocky said that he sought a "bigger platform" for him and his collective with the deal. His first studio album will be planned to be under the deal, but it allowed him to continue releasing mixtapes through RED Distribution.

Recording and production.

In an interview with MTV, production group The KickDrums spoke about their collaboration with Rocky and singer Lana Del Rey. They admitted that the collaboration was Fitts' one of their members' idea. Del Rey and his production background, Fitts said: "...she's a fan of hip-hop, and he's a fan of hers, and the beat managed to just kinda bring them together. That's actually the idea of this whole tape, the genre-bending that we as the KickDrums naturally do, 'cause we grew up with a bunch of different influences, like listening to everything from Nirvana and Pink Floyd, Radiohead to Dr. Dre and Jay-Z."  The track, featuring Del Rey was intended for a mixtape release to display KickDrums production, but instead it was cut for Rocky's album, after Sony Music Group and Interscope Records both enjoyed the track. KickDrums respected the decision and agreed to give the track to Rocky for his debut album. Previously, though, the unfinished song had been intentionally leaked online, and KickDrums were alarmed by the impact and attention it had already received. Rocky described Del Rey as his "dream girl", after the two co-starred in Del Rey's music video for "National Anthem", where he plays ex-president, John F. Kennedy. The track however did not make the final track list.  The song "1 Train" features an ensemble of young rappers such as Kendrick Lamar, Joey Badass, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson and Big K.R.I.T. Rocky has described the song as "I wanted to make a posse cut that felt like an original '90s underground track, and I didn't have to tell anyone what to do." He also said he "took it upon myself to feature all the people who I respect as artists of my generation." He also said his favorite verse is K.R.I.T.'s.  The remix to Rocky's song, "Pretty Flacko", which features Gucci Mane, Waka Flocka Flame and Pharrell Williams, was originally going to be included on the album, however it was removed due to his feud with the producer of the song SpaceGhostPurrp. It would be included for free along with the album preorder on Rocky's official website.  Additional production was handled by ASAP Ty Beats, Soufien3000, Clams Casino, Friendzone, Joey Fatts, Hector Delgado, V Don, Jonathan "MP" Williams and self-production from Rocky as Lord Flacko.

Release and promotion.

The album was to be officially released on September 11, 2012, but was pushed back to Halloween 2012, then delayed further, to the first quarter of 2013, to put finishing touches on it; copyright holders have stalled to grant permission for the use of particular samples on the album, and Rocky refuses to omit them. With MTV, Rocky said on the topic: "The issue with my album is I got things on it that's so out of this world that it's taking so long to get mastered. That's the issue, and I refuse to take anything off. It's complete. Everything is being mastered and cleared right now...It's just so hard to get things cleared, because you got to find people to clear samples".  In 2012, Rocky embarked on his Long. Live. ASAP tour with Schoolboy Q and Danny Brown. The tour was designed to promote the album when it was scheduled for a September release date.  On December 3, 2012, while premiering his video for "Fuckin Problems", ASAP announced that his album would be released on January 15, 2013. A music video for the album's title track premiered on MTV on December 23, 2012. To celebrate his album release he performed at The Hole in downtown New York City along with his group ASAP Mob. His iPhone was also stolen at the event.

Singles.

The album's lead single, "Goldie", was released on April 30, 2012. The song was produced by Hit-Boy. For the song, Hit-Boy wanted to play-off Rocky's laid-back style of rapping, accompanied by intentional vocal distortions, to produce a sound bordering along comatose. Beneath the beat, Hit-Boy added a reverberating chant meant to add a sinister atmosphere to the track. "Goldie" peaked at number 65 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. On May 3, 2012, the music video was released for "Goldie".  On October 25, 2012, Rocky and Kendrick Lamar premiered the album's second single, "Fuckin' Problems", live on tour in Oakland, California. The song features guest appearances from rappers 2 Chainz, Kendrick Lamar and Drake. The song charted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number eight. "Billboard" labeled the production on the record's second single, "Fuckin' Problems", as a "new scorcher". To produce the beat, Rocky recruited Noah "40" Shebib, who co-produced it along with Drake under the pseudonym C. Papi. On December 4, 2012, the music video was released for "Fuckin' Problems" featuring 2 Chainz, Kendrick Lamar and Drake.  "Wild for the Night" was first released as the album's second promotional single on January 11, 2013. The single listed both Skrillex and Birdy Nam Nam as featured guests, although the only guest listed on the album is Skrillex who produced the track along with Birdy Nam Nam and later remixed it with Rocky as Lord Flacko. On March 26, 2013, the song was officially released to rhythmic crossover radio as the album's third single. The music video for "Wild for the Night" was released on March 26, 2013, and was shot in the Dominican Republic with Skrillex and featured cameos from the ASAP Mob. The song has since peaked at number 82 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.  The album's fourth and final single, "Fashion Killa", was released on June 17, 2013. On September 25, 2013, the music video for "Fashion Killa" premiered on "106 & Park". In November 2013, "Fashion Killa" was serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio in the United States.

Promotional singles.

The first promotional single was the album's title track, "Long Live ASAP", which also serves as the opening track on the album. It was produced by both Jim Jonsin, Rico Love and co-produced by Finatik N Zac, Frank Romano and Rocky himself as Lord Flacko, it was released for streaming in December 20, 2012. On December 23, 2012, the music video was released for "Long Live ASAP".

Other songs.

On November 1, 2013, the music video was released for "Angels". On November 13, 2013, the music video was released for "Phoenix", dubbed as a short film it was written by Italian actress Asia Argento along with Italian director Francesco Carrozzini, it stars actor Michael K. Williams and model Joan Smalls.

Critical reception.

"Long. Live. ASAP" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 75, based on 40 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.0 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.  Chris DeVille of "The A.V. Club" called it "an aesthetic marvel, fully realized and unmistakably distinct." Simon Vozick-Levinson of "Rolling Stone" wrote that it "ups the ante" musically "without losing what made the [mixtape] compelling." "Pitchfork"s Jayson Greene praised Rocky's "malleability", writing that he "sounds natural in every setting", and called the album "a triumph of craft and curation, preserving Rocky's immaculate taste while smartly upgrading his sound."  Kyle Anderson of "Entertainment Weekly" viewed that Rocky turns "radio-baller clichés... into contagious comic relief", and Simon Price of "The Independent" wrote that "Rocky's rhymes are believable when reminiscing about growing up poor. And when he slides into sexism, at least he's funny with it." AllMusic's David Jeffries described him as "rap's Jim Morrison, offering an accessible, attractive, and brutish journey into darkness while remaining true to his spirit." Chris Kelly of "Fact" commented that he has "an ear for captivating beats whose lyrical shortcomings can be glossed over with healthy servings of charisma and panache." Lucy Jones from "NME" stated that "Rocky's debut is full of superb moments and offers a rich tasting menu of unique sounds." In a mixed review, "Slant Magazine"s Jesse Cataldo felt that the album still finds Rocky "routinely underplaying material that demands a strong anchoring presence and refusing to push his lyrical focus beyond the usual hackneyed tropes."  Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" called its music "frequently thrilling", but found the lyrics occasionally "boring". David Amidon from "PopMatters" found it relatively "safe" compared to other "cloud rap" offerings and stated, "He's still a great talent vocally, but it remains to be seen if he can match his voice with his pen." Andrew Nosnitsky of "Spin" found Rocky's lyrics superficial and clichéd, writing that "there's no personal narrative or identity here to compensate for the hollowness of his craft." Writing for "MSN Music", Robert Christgau said "the beat hooks" only on "six highly listenable, casually unmatched tracks" and wrote of Rocky, "Skillfully but never dazzlingly, congenially but never charismatically, with entertainment value added by a screwed-and-chopped alter ego, Rocky raps over the music without saying a damn thing older, meaner, and sharper rappers haven't said before."

Accolades.

"Long. Live. ASAP" was named the seventh best hip hop album of 2013 by "Exclaim!". "Complex" ranked it at number 19 on their list of the 50 best albums of 2013. "Pigeons & Planes" positioned it at number 25 on their list of the best albums of 2013. "Pitchfork" placed it at number 39 on their list of the 50 best albums of 2013.

Commercial performance.

"Long. Live. ASAP" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, with 139,000 album-equivalent units and 139,000 copies in pure album sales in its first week. As of April 17, 2013, the album had sold 312,000 copies in the United States. As of April 30, 2015, the album has sold 518,000 in the United States. On October 16, 2019, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 2,000,000 units in the United States.

Track listing.

Notes  Sample credits

Personnel.

Credits for "Long. Live. ASAP" adapted from AllMusic.

Long. Live. ASAP (stylized as LONG.LIVE.A$AP) is the debut studio album by American rapper ASAP Rocky. It was released on January 15, 2013, by ASAP Worldwide, Polo Grounds Music, and RCA Records. The album features guest appearances from Kendrick Lamar, Schoolboy Q, 2 Chainz, Drake, Big K.R.I.T., Santigold, Overdoz, Yelawolf, Florence Welch, Danny Brown, Action Bronson, Joey Badass, Gunplay, and ASAP Ferg. The album's production was handled by Rocky himself (under the pseudonym Lord Flacko), Hector Delgado, Hit-Boy, Clams Casino, Jim Jonsin, T-Minus, Danger Mouse, 40, Skrillex, and Emile Haynie, among other high-profile producers.

Long.Live.A$AP ist das erste Soloalbum des US-amerikanischen Rappers A$AP Rocky. Es erschien am 15. Januar 2013 über die Labels "ASAP Worldwide", "Polo Grounds Music" und "RCA Records".


Plot.

The film focuses on one single day in the life of three abused and neglected sisters, 14-year-old Agnes (Jennifer Lawrence), 12-year-old Bee (Sophi Bairley), and 8-year-old Cammie (Chloë Grace Moretz). Their mother, Sarah (Selma Blair), addicted to alcohol and drugs, has been coerced into prostitution to support her pimp, Duval (Bokeem Woodbine). Sarah is unable to care for the girls, forcing Agnes to take responsibility for her two younger sisters. Sarah's house has become known as the Poker House, where neighborhood pimps and criminals gather to play poker, as well as buying sex. Agnes believes Duval loves her, as a boyfriend would, despite his abuse towards her mother.  Agnes arrives home very early one morning to tidy the house and wakes Bee, after preparing her paper route for her. As Bee gets ready to leave they reveal that Cammie often stays the night at her friend Sheila's house, and before they left their father, who was a preacher, he used to beat Sarah and the girls. The four fled, and Sarah, struggling to take care of the girls on her own, became a prostitute after meeting Duval.  The day shifts from girl to girl. Little interaction occurs among the three. Bee speaks of moving into a foster home, hoping to be adopted. Cammie spends the day at a bar, making friends with Dolly (Natalie West), the bar owner, and Stymie (David Alan Grier), an alcoholic. Agnes rides through town, talking with a few friends, playing a game of basketball, and picking up a couple of paychecks from her part-time jobs.  Towards the end of the day, Agnes climbs through Bee's window, avoiding the living room, which is full of gamblers, pimps, and drunks. Bee has locked herself in her room, and like Agnes, avoids the downstairs chaos. Agnes makes Bee leave the house, telling her not to come back for a while. She then makes her way into the living room, and a stranger begins to talk to her. He asks her why she is there, and she responds by telling him that this is where she lives and that Sarah is her mother. When the man finds out that Agnes is a star basketball player for her high school team, with an important game that night, the man gives her a sympathetic look and tells her to get out of the house and go to the game, but she ignores him.  Later that evening, Duval and Agnes begin kissing again, Agnes narrates over the entire scene, after a few minutes, Duval then rapes Agnes. As Duval releases her, she runs to the bathroom to clean herself, horrified by the thoughts of the violence and possibility of pregnancy. She is completely traumatized. Her mother enters the bathroom, and as Agnes reaches for her in utter distress, Sarah refuses to touch her, and instead tells Agnes to go to the store to pick up alcohol after reminiscing on Agnes being a handful as a young child, showing intelligence even when she was a one-year-old.  Soon after, Agnes overhears Duval telling Sarah that he will begin pimping and selling Agnes, as well. Agnes threatens to shoot Duval, firing a couple of shots to prevent Duval from leaving, screaming to her mother that he raped her and deserves to be shot for what he does to Sarah, too. Sarah only tells Agnes that she will defend him. Agnes leaves for her basketball game.  Agnes scores 27 points in the second half alone, a record that lasts for years to come. However, she falls when she scores the last goal, limps to the car, and has a meltdown. She then wipes her tears and puts the horrific events of the night in the back of her mind. She drives off and finds Bee and Cammie at a nearby bridge. The two get in the car, with Agnes not telling her young sisters of events that took place that evening, and instead takes them to get dinner. Bee reveals that she went to the bar after she went to a friend's house and that she found Cammie. Cammie then plays "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", and the movie closes as the three girls sing together.  At the start of the film credits, Agnes is revealed to have left Iowa to go to New York and become an actress and artist. Some 20 years later, she is shown to have directed the movie, and the movie is the true story of director and actress Lori Petty's childhood.

Cast.

Jennifer Lawrence's father, Gary Lawrence, appears uncredited in the film as the basketball coach of the other team.

Reception.

Critical response.

"The Poker House" has received mixed reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63% of critics have given the film a positive review based on eight reviews, with an average score of 6.2/10.

The Poker House, subsequently retitled as Behind Closed Doors, is a 2008 American drama film written and directed by Lori Petty, in her directorial debut. The film depicts a painful day in the life of a teenaged girl who is raising her two younger sisters in their mother's whorehouse. The story is based on Petty's own early life during the mid-1970s.

The Poker House ist ein US-amerikanisches Drama aus dem Jahr 2008. Der autobiografische Film ist das Regiedebüt der Drehbuchautorin und Regisseurin Lori Petty. In den Hauptrollen spielen Selma Blair, Chloë Grace Moretz sowie Jennifer Lawrence, die zum ersten Mal eine Hauptrolle übernahm. Im Film spielt sie Agnes, die älteste von drei Schwestern, die ihre beiden jüngeren Geschwister im Hurenhaus ihrer Mutter großzieht.


Description.

"Syzygium samarangense" is a tropical tree growing to tall, with evergreen leaves long and broad. The leaves are elliptic, but rounded at the base; they are aromatic when crushed. The trunk is relatively short, with a wide yet open crown starting low on the tree. The bark is pinkish-gray in color, and flakes readily.  The flowers are white to yellowish-white, diameter, with four petals and numerous stamens. They form in panicles of between 3 and 30 near branch tips. The resulting fruit is a bell-shaped, edible berry, with colors ranging from white, pale green, or green to red, purple, or crimson, to deep purple or even black. The fruit grows long in wild plants, and has 4 fleshy calyx lobes at the tip. The skin is thin, and the flesh is white and spongy. Each berry holds 1–2 rounded seeds not larger than. The flowers and resulting fruit are not limited to the axils of the leaves, and can appear on nearly any point on the surface of the trunk and branches. When mature, the tree is considered a heavy bearer, yielding a crop of up to 700 fruits.  When ripe, the fruit will puff outwards, with a slight concavity in the middle of the underside of the "bell". Healthy wax apples have a light sheen to them. Despite its name, a ripe wax apple only resembles an apple on the outside in color. It does not taste like an apple, and it has neither the fragrance nor the density of an apple. Its flavor is similar to a snow pear, and the liquid-to-flesh ratio of the wax apple is comparable to a watermelon. Unlike either apple or watermelon, the wax apple's flesh has a very loose weave. The very middle holds a seed situated in a sort of cotton-candy-like mesh. This mesh is edible, but flavorless. The color of its juice depends on the cultivar; it may be purple to entirely colorless.

Food.

A number of cultivars with larger fruit have been selected. In general, the paler or darker the color, the sweeter it is. In Southeast Asia, the black ones are nicknamed "Black Pearl" or "Black Diamond", while the very pale greenish-white ones, called "Pearl", are among the highest priced ones in fruit markets. The fruit is often served uncut, but with the core removed, to preserve the unique bell-shaped presentation. In the cuisine of Indian Ocean islands, the fruit is frequently used in salads, as well as in lightly sautéed dishes. It is mainly eaten as a fruit and also used to make pickles (chambakka achar). In the Philippines, its local name is "macopa" (it's ancient name before colonialism, is 'dambo'). Because of their similarity in appearance, it is often confused with "tambis" ("Syzygium aqueum"), although the latter is more commonly cultivated.

Syzygium samarangense is a plant species in the family Myrtaceae, native to an area that includes the Greater Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but introduced in prehistoric times to a wider area and now widely cultivated in the tropics. Common names in English include wax apple, Java apple, Semarang rose-apple and wax jambu.

Der Javaapfel oder Rosenapfel ("Syzygium samarangense"), auch aus dem englischen Trivialnamen "wax apple" Wachsapfel genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung "Syzygium" innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie wird als Obst in den Tropen und Subtropen angepflanzt.


History.

The name of the street derives from the riding facilities it contained and the proximity to the city wall. On an 1834 map it is shown as the "riding by Hanover's walls of fortification" and ran from Steintor towards the Leine (A tributary of the river Aller). There was a riding school, a riding arena and stables, which belonged to the court stables of the Leineschloss. Around the middle of the 19th century, the street was renamed "Schillerstraße" (later renamed "Am Marstall"), and the name Reitwallstraße given to the side street that currently bears the name.  No. 15 Reitwallstraße was the location of the printing and publishing house called Berenbergsche Buchdruckerei, which published, amongst others, the 1846 court and state handbook for the Kingdom of Hanover.

Modern times.

The street now extends between "Goethestraße" and "Am Marstall". The situation in Reitwallstraße is rated by the police as "delicate". 300 crimes occurred in this area alone between early 2009 and 2010. Reitwallstrasse is considered a retreat for drug dealers and thugs. The road was declared a "dangerous place" for the purposes of the Lower Saxony law on public order and safety.  The entertainment area of the red light district with brothels, strip clubs, clubs, bars and tattoo shops was under the control of the Hells Angels for many years. The "King" of the area was Frank Hanebuth up until 2011. Hanebuth was the leader of the outlaw motorcycle club, which in 1999 amalgamated with the Hells Angels. In 2010, the Hells Angels met with rivals, the Bandidos, in the restaurant "Little Italy" and under lawyer Götz von Fromberg agreed a "peace treaty". The Hanover Hells Angels were dissolved in 2012 and the following year the Black Jackets attempted to control the district.  The Reitwallstraße has declined as a red-light district in recent years. A plan for a new 167 room hotel on the street was proposed in 2019 and also im 2019 the laufhaus "Sexworld" was closed and converted into 20 apartments.

The Reitwallstraße is a street in Hanover, Germany, near the pedestrianised "Am Steintor". It is part of the red-light district, which is bounded by "Reuterstraße", "Goethestraße", "Reitwallstraße" and "Am Marstall" and is crossed by "Scholvinstraße". The street is known for prostitution and strip clubs.

Die Reitwallstraße ist die Bordellstraße in Hannover, die nahe dem Platz Steintor liegt. Sie ist Teil des Rotlichtviertels, das als Rechteck zwischen Reuterstraße, Goethestraße, Reitwallstraße sowie Am Marstall besteht und von der Scholvinstraße durchzogen wird.


Background.

In advance of the premiere for "Four Weddings and a Funeral" and as a newcomer to high profile premieres, Grant had been told that he and his partner would be able to borrow designer clothing to wear to such an event. Inexperienced in such matters and relatively unknown, Hurley contacted various fashion houses asking for such a loan but was rebuffed several times because they did not know who she was. Finally, Versace agreed to loan a dress.

Design.

The black dress was made from pieces of silk and lycra fabric, with oversized gold safety pins placed at "strategical places". The dress was wide open at the front, from the neck down to at least halfway across the bosom, with two slimline straps on the shoulders each side connected by a gold safety pin and two cut-away parts on both sides that were held together with six gold safety pins on each side and one at the top of the cut-away on each side connecting it to the bosom section. The dress is said to be punk-inspired, "neo-punk", and something which "emerged from the sari development" according to Gianni Versace himself.

Influence.

The dress is perhaps Versace's best-known creation, as it received considerable global coverage in newspapers and magazines around the world for a long time after the event and was credited for boosting Hurley's profile, hurling her from being a virtually unknown actress to worldwide media recognition. Hurley has also been credited for making the Versace fashion brand a household name. The brand has since, with its omnipresent Medusa-head logo, "defined the paradoxes of a controversial, new-generation feminism which celebrates empowerment in the act of attracting and manipulating a male gaze." The dress topped a 2008 Debenhams' poll that asked 3,000 women to select their favourite iconic red-carpet dress.  In 2007, a copy of the dress worn by Hurley was put on sale for the first time – with a price tag of £10,690 – at Harrods, as part of an exhibition dedicated to "the little black dress" at the London store. The exhibition included the famous black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1963 movie "Charade", as part of the Harrods Timeless Luxury promotion.  In 2012, pop singer Lady Gaga wore the dress to meet Donatella Versace in Milan. Gaga promoted Versace by wearing archive pieces in her music video for the song "The Edge of Glory".

Controversy.

Hurley said of the dress, "That dress was a favour from Versace because I couldn't afford to buy one. His [Gianni Versace's] people told me they didn't have any evening wear, but there was one item left in their press office. So I tried it on and that was it." However, some viewed the dress as too lewd or distastefully revealing. Hurley said in response to comments about the revealing nature of the dress, "Unlike many other designers, Versace designs clothes to celebrate the female form rather than eliminate it."

English actress and model Elizabeth Hurley wore a black Versace dress, often referred to as "THAT Dress", when she accompanied Hugh Grant to the premiere of "Four Weddings and a Funeral" in 1994. The dress was held together by several oversized gold safety pins. The dress is perhaps Versace's best-known creation, and is considered by some to be largely responsible for launching Hurley onto the global media stage.

Das Sicherheitsnadelkleid (englisch: "safety pin dress" oder auch "„That Dress“" ) ist ein Abendkleid, das der Modedesigner Gianni Versace schuf. Es gilt als Ikone der Modegeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Das Kleid wurde von der Schauspielerin Liz Hurley im Jahr 1994 bei der Filmpremiere von Vier Hochzeiten und ein Todesfall getragen, die Hurley zusammen mit ihrem damaligen Lebensgefährten Hugh Grant, dem Hauptdarsteller des Filmes, besuchte.


Location.

Avan is located on the hills north of the Nor Nork district and east of Kanaker. Avan has common borders with the districts of Arabkir and Kanaker-Zeytun from the east and the district of Nor Nork from the south. It is bordered by the Kotayk Province from the north and west. The district has an altitude ranging between 1250 and 1300 meters, which is almost 250 meters higher than the centre of Yerevan.  The district is unofficially divided into smaller neighborhoods such as Avan blocks, Avan-Arinj and Aghi Hank.  Due to its location at a higher area, Avan is known among the districts of Yerevan for its clean atmosphere.

History.

After the 2nd Synod of Dvin of the Armenian Apostolic Church in 554, the Armenian Church reaffirmed its rejection of the Chalcedonian Definition, causing controversy between the Monophysitists and the pro-Byzantine clerics within the Armenian Church. According to the 7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos, the Eastern Orthodox Church has appointed the pro-Byzantine Armenian cleric John of Bagavan as a counter-Cathoicos of the Armenian Church. In 591, John of Bagavan built the Holy Mother of God Katoghike Tsiranavor Church in Avan village as the seat of his then unrecognized Catholicos. The many inscriptions in the Greek and Georgian languages on the church façade, dating back to the 7th and the 13th centuries respectively, suggest that the Avan was still the centre of the breakaway of pro-Byzantine Armenian Church. However, Avan was severely damaged during the devastating Yerevan earthquake of 1679.  After the Sovietization of Armenia, the city of Yerevan was entirely remodeled by architect Alexander Tamanian. By the mid-1960s, within the original plan of Tamanian, new cheaper Soviet apartment blocks with more than five stories were constructed at the outskirts of Yerevan, including the districts of Avan and Nor Nork. As a result of the expansion of the capital city, Avan was eventually absorbed by Yerevan.

Avan (), is one of the 12 districts of Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. With an estimated population of 51,000, Avan forms the northern gate of Yerevan. Originally, an ancient village on a hill at the northeastern outskirts of Yerevan, Avan was inhabited since pre-Christian times. In the 20th century, during the Soviet rule, the village was incorporated to become part of the capital Yerevan. According to the 2011 census, Avan has a population of 53,231.

Awan (, häufig als Suffix "-awan"), andere Umschrift "Avan", ist einer von zwölf Distrikten der armenischen Hauptstadt Jerewan. Das seit der vorchristlichen Zeit existierende Dorf auf einer Anhöhe am nordöstlichen Rand von Jerewan wurde Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts von Neubauvierteln der schnell expandierenden Stadt einverleibt. Aus dem Ende des 6. Jahrhunderts blieb die Ruine der ältesten Kirche im Stadtgebiet von Jerewan erhalten: Die Kathedrale von Awan ("Tsiranawor") war eine der bedeutendsten strahlenförmigen Kuppelkirchen und namensgebend für den „Awan-Hripsime-Typ“, einen charakteristischen Stil der armenischen Sakralarchitektur. Damals war Awan Sitz eines pro-byzantinischen Gegenkatholikos, der nicht die in Armenien mehrheitliche armenisch-apostolische, sondern die chalcedonische Glaubensrichtung vertrat. Weitere sakrale Bauten aus frühchristlicher Zeit bis zum späten Mittelalter liegen inmitten eines Wohngebiets, das noch einen gewissen dörflichen Charakter bewahrt hat.


Refereeing career.

During the summer of 2006 Mažić was selected to referee the Serbian SuperLiga matches for the upcoming 2006–07 season.  In 2008, Mažić refereed for the first time the Eternal derby between Belgrade football clubs Red Star Belgrade and FK Partizan; throughout the years, he achieved the absolute record (both in former Yugoslav and Serbian football history), refereeing 13 matches between Belgrade's "eternal rivals".  His first international appearance happened in March 2009 at the European Under-17 Championship qualifications, and also at the Championship itself, where he officiated the match between Germany and Italy. Soon thereafter, he refereed the friendly match between Montenegro and Wales on 12 August 2009. On 7 September 2009, Mažić acquired his first experience in the European club competition, refereeing the return leg of the Europa League first qualifying phase tie between Llanelli and Motherwell. In total, Mažić refereed 12 league matches that season in Serbia's top flight.  In October 2009 he refereed his first international senior match — a 2010 World Cup qualifier between Finland and Wales in Helsinki. The same season also saw him referee a Romanian Liga I match between FC Politehnica Timișoara and Dinamo București on 23 November 2009.  In the UEFA Champions League, Mažić first appeared at the Camp Nou Stadium on 19 September 2012, refereeing Barcelona's 3–2 win over Spartak Moscow match. During the same season, as referee of the UEFA Elite-development category, he officiated one of the semi-final matches of the UEFA Europa League – at the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium in Istanbul, on 25 April 2013, which was a precedent for a referee of the Elite-development category. He also refereed the semi-final first leg match between Fenerbahçe and Benfica. Soon thereafter, following his success in that match, he was awarded the UEFA Elite category in June 2013.  In early April 2014, Mažić was selected as the referee of the Champions League quarter-final first leg match between Paris Saint-Germain and Chelsea at Parc des Princes. A month later, he refereed a Europa League semi-final match, the return leg between Valencia and Sevilla at Mestalla.

2014 World Cup.

Mažić refereed the Germany vs. Portugal group stage match in Salvador da Bahia. In the 11th minute of the contest, he awarded a penalty shot to Germany, and later, in the 37th minute with Germany now up 2–0, Mažić showed red card to Portugal's Pepe. In the next game, Mažić refereed the Argentina vs. Iran group stage match in Belo Horizonte. After the game, Iranian manager Carlos Queiroz, unsatisfied with the referee, was quoted saying: "Will this man be able to sleep tonight? Or for the rest of his life?".

2014–2016.

Having refereed the Champions League round-of-16 return leg in March 2015 between Borussia Dortmund and Juventus, Mažić was awarded the quarter-final first leg between Atlético Madrid and Real Madrid. The match ended 0–0 and he handed out five yellow cards. After the match Mario Suárez, who received one of the cards, said "The referee is very bad. They can't use a Serbian referee for these type of games". This was taken by some as an ethnic slur. Mario Suárez later apologized, tweeting that he just meant "that games of this magnitude should be given to a referee from one of the big leagues". However, after that match, Mažić was positively evaluated. Mažić later refereed the Europa League semi-final return leg in mid-May, his third time being involved in a match at this stage of competition, between Dnipro and Napoli that was played in Kiev instead of Dnipropetrovsk due to the Ukrainian conflict.  In July 2015 Mažić got hired by the Egyptian FA to referee the country's biggest league derby between Cairo cross-town rivals Al Ahly and Zamalek. The match of the Egyptian Premier League was played on 22 July 2015 in a neutral venue in Alexandria without a crowd. Mažić was appointed in February 2016 to referee the UEFA Europa League match between Manchester United and Liverpool at the Old Trafford Stadium, and was the only non-British referee alongside Carlos Velasco Carballo to referee the derby between these two giants.

Euro 2016.

UEFA Referees Committee appointed the Serbian referee team, led by Mažić, to run matches at the Euro 2016 in France. The Serbian referee team was firstly appointed to referee the Republic of Ireland vs Sweden group stage match at the Stade de France in Paris on 13 June, which ended 1–1. They refereed the match on 17 June in group D between Spain and Turkey at the Alianz Riviera in Nice which Spain won 3–0. In the next phase of the Cup, the Serbian team was appointed to run the Round of 16 match between Hungary and Belgium at the Stadium Municipal in Toulouse, which the Belgians won 4–0.  During the tournament, Mažić also worked as a fourth official twice, at the Poland vs Portugal and France vs Iceland quarter-final matches. The general impression was that Mažić refereed successfully in all three of his matches, keeping constant quality and even enhancing it. Thus, he was proposed, beside Mark Clattenburg from England and Viktor Kassai from Hungary, to be a candidate for the final match. Ultimately, Clattenburg was appointed to be the referee at the final match.

2016–2018.

At the beginning of the 2016–17 season, the UEFA Referees Committee appointed Mažić to officiate the 2016 UEFA Super Cup between Real Madrid and Sevilla at the Lerkendal Stadium in Trondheim, Norway. After an exciting match, Real Madrid won hitting a goal at the very end of the 120 minutes lasting match.  Mažić refereed the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Final match between Chile and Germany played in Saint Petersburg on 2 July 2017; Germany upset Chile in a hard-fought, physical match winning 1–0.  On 26 May 2018, Mažić and his assistants Milovan Ristić and Dalibor Đurđević refereed the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final between Liverpool and Real Madrid in Kiev.

2018 FIFA World Cup.

On 29 March 2018, FIFA announced that he will officiate some matches at 2018 FIFA World Cup along with Ristić and Đurđević as assistant referees.  The Serbian team officiated three matches. The first match was between South Korea and Mexico in Rostov-on-Don on 23 June. After that they were appointed to referee the match between Senegal and Colombia in Samara on 28 June. At the next phase, the Serbian team was appointed to officiate quarter-final match between Brazil and Belgium in Kazan on 6 July. Mažić was once the fourth official at the tournament.  Mažić was very successful in all three of his matches. Serbian team stayed until the end of the World Cup with other candidates for the final match. Due to Croatia playing in the finals, the Serbian team was not eligible for the final match.

China.

On 23 February 2019, it was announced that Mažić had been hired by CFA to become one of the professional referees in China. The same year he would be selected as the best referee of the Chinese Super League and thus become the first foreigner to win that recognition.

Milorad Mažić (, ; born 23 March 1973) is a Serbian international association football referee. He became a FIFA referee in 2009. Beside working in the Serbian football league system, Mažić officiated numerous matches in the UEFA Champions League (including the 2018 final) and the Europa League, as well as the 2016 UEFA Super Cup. He refereed matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2016, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup (including the final match). He was selected as a referee for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was awarded a Silver Medal for Merits of the Republic of Serbia. He was selected the best Serbian referee nine times in a row.

Milorad Mažić (; * 23. März 1973 in Titov Vrbas, SFR Jugoslawien, heute Serbien) ist ein serbischer Fußballschiedsrichter und seit 2009 internationaler FIFA-Schiedsrichter. Neben Einsätzen in der serbischen SuperLiga leitete er auch Spiele im nationalen Pokalwettbewerb, der rumänischen Liga 1 und der Qatar Stars League. Mažić kam auch bei der U-21-Europameisterschaft 2011 und der U-20-Weltmeisterschaft 2013 sowie diversen europäischen Wettbewerben zum Einsatz, darunter die Champions League und die Europa League. Mažić gehörte sowohl zu den 25 Schiedsrichtern der Weltmeisterschaft 2014 als auch zu den 18 Schiedsrichtern der Europameisterschaft 2016.


Quotes.

The hindrance before the advancement of the Assyrian people was not so much the attacks from without as it was from within, the doctrinal and sectarian disputes and struggles, like Monophysitism (One nature of Christ) Dyophysitism (Two natures of Christ) is a good example, these caused division, spiritually, and nationally, among the people who quarreled among themselves even to the point of shedding blood. To this very day the Assyrians are still known by various names, such as Nestorians, Jacobites, Chaldeans  A letter sent by Ashur Yusef to his brother Hanna Yusef in the U.S., during his jail term before his execution: Monday April 20, 1915  From my cell to my beloved brother, Hanna Yousouf in America.  Yesterday on Sunday morning April 19th 1915 when we had heard that the Turks were crazed with the anger of beastly slaughter, sparing neither man woman or child we became terrified. Especially when the news came of the arrests of my comrades, I began to shiver, and during the course of preparing a hiding place, I myself was arrested and brought to this cell.  This is a good opportunity that I am enjoying to write you my last letter, for I know we will be cut to pieces when we leave here, though I do not know when and where.  Do not worry over my death-it is God's will- I am going to heaven to protect the rights of the Assyrians at the presence of the biggest and greatest Judge. The books and the work I had started about our nation's education remains unfinished. I am afraid they will be destroyed in a very short time. One of my biggest desires has been to keep our brother Donabed away from drink. I'd have given anything under the sun to have made him temperate but it was in vain. I will give him my last advice after I finish writing to you.  I leave my loving wife and children in your care. My son Isaak was to graduate from high school this year. I had intended to give him a college education, which is another unfinished task I leave in your hands.  The time is almost up and I close this sad missive with wishes for your welfare and safety, so that God may some day lead you to revenge on your enemies!  Farewell brother, farewell" Ashur S. Yousouf"

Ashur Yousif (Syriac: ܐܫܘܪ ܝܘܣܦ ܐܦܢܕܝ, Ašur Yousep Afendi) born Abraham Yusef; (1858 Harput, Ottoman Empire - June 23, 1915 Diyarbekir, Ottoman Empire) was a professor and an ethnic Assyrian intellectual prior to World War I and the Assyrian Genocide. He was Protestant, as was his wife Arshaluys Oghkasian, daughter of an Armenian Protestant minister. He studied (but did not graduate) at the Central Turkey College in Antep, and later became professor of Classical Armenian language at the Euphrates College in Harput. In 1909, Ashur started publishing a Turkish-language newspaper named "Murshid Athuriyion" ("the spiritual guide of the Assyrians"). He also composed poems in Armenian and Turkish.

Ashour Yousif Effendi ( ; * 1858 als "Abraham Yusef" in Charpert, Osmanisches Reich; † 23. Juni 1915 in Diyarbakır) war ein assyrischstämmiger Professor, Journalist und vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg ein assyrischer Volksgruppenführer. Er war eines der Opfer des Völkermords an den Assyrern 1915.


Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 27.7 square miles (71.7 km2), 99.7% of it land and 0.3% of it water.  Regional geographic subdivisions of the unincorporated town include Anza Valley and Cave Rocks (Central); Tripp Flats, Chandler Heights and Cahuilla (West) as well as Oak Spring, Burnt Spring and Heller Spring (East). The Anza Valley in which the unincorporated town is nestled is bordered by three significant mountains: Cahuilla Mountain to the west, Thomas Mountain to the northeast and Beauty Mountain to the southwest.  The area is characterized as high desert, experiencing somewhat stronger temperature variations than those of the coastal cities, including sudden dips of temperature even on summer evenings, due to the high elevation. The Anza Trail—originally travelled on horseback by Juan Bautista de Anza in 1774 through what was then referred to as the Cahuilla Valley—traverses the city from southeast to northwest.

Climate.

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Anza has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate. Anza weather can range from warm to hot with common afternoon thunderstorms during summer, to chilly with occasional rain and snow during fall and winter. Its higher 4000 ft elevation at the edge of the mountains makes the weather much cooler and far more variable then the lower surrounding cities with often drastic day-to-day changes.  During the summer months, highs range from the lower 80s to mid 90s with low temperatures in the 50s and 60s. Monsoon thunderstorms are common in the afternoon between July and September when typically 3–6" of rain falls. October high temperatures are in the 60s and 70s with night lows in the 40s and 50s with under.25" of rain. Between November and early December, high temperatures are typically in the lower 50s and 60s with lows in the upper 20s and 30s. Rain doesn't fall often and is usually light, occasionally turning to snow with light dustings. Total rainfall is typically 1" or less.  During winter, typical highs are in the 40s and 50s with overnight lows in the lower 20s and 30s. Precipitation is a varied with rain and snowfall occurring 1–2 days a week. An entire winter typically sees 5–10" of rain and 8–16" of snow with a couple snowfalls of a several inches to 1 ft common over the higher east side of town. Snowfall melts quickly in the much warmer daytime temperatures with little tree coverage, although deeper more regular snowpack can found over the upper reaches of town near the treeline at 5000 ft at the border of the San Bernardino National Forest. Spring is brief with any snowfall ending by early April and rain becoming a rarity by May and June with 1–2" of rain falling mostly in March and April.

History.

It is estimated that the Cahuilla aboriginal tribes inhabited an area including what is today the Anza Valley more than two thousand years ago and encountered Europeans only as late as 1774, when a Spanish expedition in search of an overland route from Sonora to Alta California made its way from Tubac, Sonora through the valley to Monterey, Alta California. Explorer Juan Bautista de Anza first passed through the valley on March 16, 1774, and again on December 27, 1775. De Anza originally named the valley "San Carlos"; it was renamed in his honor from Cahuilla Valley to Anza Valley on September 16, 1926.  Up until about 1580 the area was in the proximity of a larger body of inland water known as Lake Cahuilla, but that inland lake larger than the current Salton Sea, which occupies a portion of its former location, evaporated, thus increasing the desert character of the Anza Valley. These climatic and cultural factors can be seen as having exercised a unique influence on the early European settlers of the Anza Valley. During the 19th century, settlement included ranchers, a limited number of miners, and honey producers. The mid-to-late 19th century witnessed moderate population and above average economic prosperity for this isolated community.  From the late 1860s on, Anza was largely settled by families seeking to build ranches under the Homestead Act. Of the homesteads in the area, one, the Cary Ranch on Cary Road (south of Anza, east of the Tripp Flats Ranger Station) still exists and is still owned and occupied by family members of the original settlers. The ranch is now occupied by the Hopkins family. The Hopkins are direct descendants of the Cary family. Although the Cary Ranch used to encompass hundreds of acres of land, most has been sold off, and only a parcel and several original buildings exist.  The post office opened in 1926.  Already in the 1970s sales of property parcels and lots in Anza were promoted with particular emphasis on the proximity of this unspoiled countryside to larger coastal cities of southern California. Though perceived by outsiders as friendly and open to newcomers, Anza has been among those unique rural communities determined to systematically avoid the social and environmental problems of over-urbanization and since the 1980s this close-knit community has sought to preserve its unique artistic and creative culture by closely scrutinizing any development plans that could give rise to dysfunctions experienced in other regions of the state.  Currently, Anza seeks incorporation as a town, or develop a community council. If they incorporate, they would be the smallest in Riverside County. Meanwhile, Cabazon, California seeks incorporation, and they would be similarly small like Anza, if this occurs. There are over 3,000 permanent residents, as well a seasonal summer population to double the community to near 6,000.

Culture.

Due to its history and relative isolation for hundreds of years, Anza is dissimilar to many areas in California settled during the same period. The cultural identity of many long-time Anzanites exhibits the marked influence of Cahuillan aboriginal culture on the White population, expressed in terms of art and folklore.  During the 1990s, the community enjoyed an increasingly widespread reputation as a growing artists colony featuring newcomers from as far away as Europe. Common free-time activities include trail wandering, local historical activities and festivals as well as motorbiking, rockhounding and horseback riding along the Anza Trail. The Mountain Cahuilla operate a casino from their reservation on the southwestern edge of the community.  Every summer, Anza has a parade to celebrate the Fourth of July. This festival is called Anza Days and is celebrated by the whole town, and people travel miles each year to see it.  Anza also has a local gymkhana horseshowing circuit put on by the Lions Club six months out of the year. This is also a popular event the public enjoys.

Demographics.

The 2010 United States Census reported that Anza had a population of 3,014. The population density was 108.9 people per square mile (42.0/km2). The racial makeup of Anza was 2,411 (80.0%) White (67.5% Non-Hispanic White), 34 (1.1%) African American, 57 (1.9%) Native American, 36 (1.2%) Asian, 3 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 347 (11.5%) from other races, and 126 (4.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 791 persons (26.2%).  The Census reported that 3,014 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.  There were 1,160 households, out of which 331 (28.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 592 (51.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 115 (9.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 67 (5.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 84 (7.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 14 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 294 households (25.3%) were made up of individuals and 106 (9.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60. There were 774 families (66.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.10.  The population was spread out with 679 people (22.5%) under the age of 18, 215 people (7.1%) aged 18 to 24, 620 people (20.6%) aged 25 to 44, 1,003 people (33.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 497 people (16.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.  There were 1,508 housing units at an average density of 54.5 per square mile (21.0/km2), of which 830 (71.6%) were owner-occupied, and 330 (28.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.8%. 2,103 people (69.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 911 people (30.2%) lived in rental housing units.  According to the 2010 United States Census, Anza had a median household income of $39,637, with 11.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.

Anza is a census-designated place located in southern Riverside County, California, in the Anza Valley, a semi-arid region at a mean elevation of above sea level. It is located south of Idyllwild, east-northeast of Temecula, southwest of Palm Springs, and northeast of San Diego, being traversed by State Route 371. The population was 3,014 at the 2010 census.

Anza ist ein Census-designated place im südlichen Riverside County im US-Bundesstaat Kalifornien mit 3014 Einwohnern (Stand 2010). Benannt ist der Ort nach dem spanischen Entdecker Juan Bautista de Anza.


Orbit and classification.

"BAM" is a member of the Flora family (), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.6 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,220 days; semi-major axis of 2.23 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic.  The body's observation arc begins with its identification as at Uccle Observatory in November 1939, almost 30 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnyj.

Physical characteristics.

"BAM" has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.

Rotation period.

In October 2016, a rotational lightcurve of "BAM" was obtained from photometric observations by amateur astronomer Matthieu Conjat. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.774 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.15 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, "BAM" measures 8.14 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.170. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the parent body of the Flora family – and calculates a diameter of 7.14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after those who constructed the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM; БАМ) through eastern Russia from 1974 to 1986. The rail line opened in 1989, and runs between Ust-Kut (near Lake Baikal and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 September 1978 ().

2031 BAM, provisional designation, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1969, by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj, on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for those who built the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM; БАМ), a Siberian railway line.

(2031) BAM ("1972 RA"; "1969 TG"; "1939 VB"; "1959 TW"; "1972 NQ") ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der von der sowjetischen Astronomin Ljudmila Iwanowna Tschernych (* 1935) am 8. Oktober 1969 am Krim-Observatorium in Nautschnyj entdeckt wurde.


Premise.

"The Goldbergs" is set in the era in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania and shows the reality of the 1980s through a preadolescent's, and later in the series, teenager's, eyes. The show is loosely based on the showrunner's childhood, during which he regularly videotaped events – many of these videos are reenacted throughout the program, with the original version then shown before the end credits.  The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon-Covey as matriarch Beverly. Their two older children are Erica (Hayley Orrantia) and Barry (Troy Gentile). The youngest child, Adam (Sean Giambrone), documents his family life with his video camera. Beverly's father, Albert "Pops" Solomon (George Segal), is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren (often behind his daughter's back).  The present-day "Adult Adam" (Patton Oswalt) narrates every episode as taking place in "1980-something". The show's episodes are frequently built around the era's pop culture in a non-chronological order, and each season contains references from throughout the decade.  Many references to real-life Philadelphia-area businesses are made, including the Wawa convenience store chain, Gimbel's department store, Willow Grove Park Mall, and Kremp's Florist of Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. Additionally, several 1980s cultural icons guest star as themselves on the show and a number of figures from Goldberg's actual life guest star as fictional characters.

Production.

Casting.

The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011. After Adam Goldberg's previous show, "Breaking In", was canceled, he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC, who agreed to produce it immediately. On January 11, 2013, Wendi McLendon-Covey was cast as the pilot's lead; later, Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast.

Filming.

The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon. On May 10, 2013, ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013–14 American television season. It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1, 2013. The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios. In March 2020, Sony stopped production due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Music.

The show's theme song, "Rewind," was written at Goldberg's request by I Fight Dragons, his favorite band, specifically for the show. A soundtrack, featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members, was released on December 6, 2017.

Reception.

Critical reception.

"The Goldbergs" first season received mixed reviews, averaging a score of 52% on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics.  Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver", giving credit to the show's "outstanding writing" and "strong cast". David Wiegand of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote, "you'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations".  Hank Stuever of "The Washington Post" said the show was "obnoxiously loud". David Hinckley of "The New York Daily News" said the show is "just awful". Tierney Bricker of "E! News" gave a more positive review, saying that the show is "like "Modern Family" mixed with "A Christmas Story"".  "The Goldbergs" was included in TV Guides 2013 Top Twenty "Best Shows of the Year", along with "The Hollywood Reporter" and "Today". In addition, SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013–2014.  The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100% fresh with five reviews, and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season. The show continued to be well received, with "Entertainment Weekly" calling the season two premiere "the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate, real-world term: love".  After the series was renewed for season 3, ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for "a long time".

Broadcast.

"The Goldbergs" originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013. The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television.  In Australia, the show airs on the Seven Network. It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015, in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015. In France, the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+.  The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since. In India, the series is aired on Star World. In Germany, the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16, 2016. In Portugal, the series is aired on Fox Comedy, while in Italy on Italia Uno, Mediaset.  In Israel, it is broadcast by satellite provider yes.

Syndication.

The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11, Nick at Nite on September 18, and Pop on September 24. The show premiered on TV Land on September 23, 2018.

Spin-off.

In November 2016, it was first reported that ABC was developing a spin-off that would centre around recurring character Rick Mellor, played by Bryan Callen. On January 10, 2017, Wendi McClendon-Covey's character was reported as appearing in the script in a guest appearance. The script was ordered to pilot on February 2, 2017.  On March 16, 2017, it was confirmed that Nia Long had been cast as the female lead in the role of Lucy Winston. At the same time it was confirmed that Tim Meadows would reprise his recurring role from "The Goldbergs" as Andre Glascott. Jay Chandrasekhar was also confirmed to direct.  On May 17, 2017, ABC passed on the spin-off, despite it reportedly testing very well – going as far to test better than the pilot of the original series. At the same time, Adam F. Goldberg revealed the title of the failed spin-off "Schooled".  On January 8, 2018, it was announced that the pilot would air as a special episode of "The Goldbergs" on January 24, 2018, under the episode title "The Goldbergs: 1990-Something". Along with Nia Long as Lucy Winston and Tim Meadows as teacher-turned-principal Andre Glascott (who is also revealed to be Lucy's brother), the pilot also starred Rachel Crow as Lucy's rebellious teenage daughter Felicia, and Summer Parker as Felicia's bubbly younger sister Gigi, with Octavia Spencer narrating as the present-day Felicia.  After the pilot aired, Goldberg had expressed hope that the airing would prompt discussions with ABC that could lead to the series being picked up for the 2018–19 TV season. Three months later, on April 16, 2018, it was announced that ABC had officially picked up the spin-off, "Schooled", for a 13-episode season slated to air in 2019. It was also announced that AJ Michalka would reprise her role as Lainey Lewis from "The Goldbergs" in the new show, but Nia Long will not return to the spin-off due to being a regular cast member on the CBS drama series "".

The Goldbergs is an American period sitcom television series that premiered on September 24, 2013, on ABC. The series was created by Adam F. Goldberg and stars Jeff Garlin, Wendi McLendon-Covey, Sean Giambrone, Troy Gentile, Hayley Orrantia and George Segal. The show is produced by Adam F. Goldberg, Seth Gordon, and Doug Robinson. It is based on Goldberg's childhood and family in the 1980s, complete with a childhood version of himself. On May 21, 2020, ABC renewed the series for an eighth season.

Die Goldbergs ist eine US-amerikanische Comedyserie von Adam F. Goldberg, die seit 2013 von ABC ausgestrahlt wird. Die Serie wird von Happy Madison Productions produziert.


Orbit and classification.

belongs to the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. They are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known members.  This object orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.76–4.0 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,357 days; semi-major axis of 2.40 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.68 and an inclination of 1° with respect to the ecliptic. Due to this close proximity, NASA has classified this object as a potential threat. At the time of the first WISE observations, this object was moving at a rate of 3.2° per day (for comparison the apparent diameter of the Moon is 0.5°).

Close approaches.

has a minimum orbital intersection distance with Earth of, which corresponds to 1.6 lunar distances (LD). In August 2002 and December 2013, approached Earth at 4.1 LD and 94 LD, respectively. On 12 December 2069, it will pass Earth at a nominal distance of, or nearly 3 LD. It also makes close approaches to Jupiter, Venus, Mars and the Moon.

First WISE observations.

The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer's Near-Earth Object WISE (NEOWISE) program was put into hibernation on 1 February 2011, following several program extensions, from which approximately 34,000 asteroids were detected. On 21 August 2013, however, the program was reactivated. The new mission of the NEOWISE was to identify the population of potentially hazardous near-Earth objects.  The data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer was transmitted to the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology, located in Pasadena, California. To confirm the discovery, researchers at the University of Arizona utilized the Spacewatch telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona. is considered by NASA to be the first in what is expected to be thousands of objects to be detected by NEOWISE's new mission. Due to the trajectory of the asteroid, which puts it within a potentially dangerous range in over one hundred years following its discovery, NASA stated that they would keep a watchful eye on it.

Physical characteristics.

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, measures 0.402 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an exceptionally low albedo of 0.025. Estimates from 2014 gave a somewhat larger diameter of 0.650 kilometers (0.404 miles). Its very dark surface, has an albedo comparable to a piece of coal.

It was first observed as by NEAT at Palomar Observatory on 29 June 2002, and by the WISE space telescope on 29 December 2013, under its current, principal provisional designation. This object was the first possible discovery of the reinstated NEOWISE program of the WISE telescope, following the program's hibernation in 2011.

2013 YP ist ein erdnaher Asteroid, der am 29. Dezember 2013 von dem "Near-Earth-Object-WISE"-Programm ("NEOWISE") der NASA entdeckt wurde. Der Asteroid ist schätzungsweise 650 Meter im Durchmesser. Er wird innerhalb der nächsten 100 Jahre der Erde nicht näher als etwas mehr als eine Monddistanz kommen. Der Asteroid gilt als ein potentiell gefährliches Objekt (PHA).


Plot.

Grégoire Canvel (Louis-Do de Lencquesaing) is a French film producer who has his own film company. Despite his luxurious country home, apartment in Paris and film company he is drowning in debt. Grégoire continues to take on more work despite his slate of current films continuing to rack up costs. Upon learning that he is 4 million euros in debt and that his catalogue of films, already mortgaged, is only worth less than a million euros and that his bank refuses to extend him any more credit Grégoire burns his bills and then shoots himself in the street.  In the wake of his death his wife Sylvia attempts to honour her husband's memory by completing the work currently in production. However her attempts fail and she is forced to liquidate the company.  Meanwhile, while waiting for her mother outside of the production office, Grégoire and Sylvia's eldest daughter, Clémence (Alice de Lencquesaing), overhears people talking about her father and how he led a double life and had a son from whom he was estranged. While Sylvia is in Sweden trying to secure funding for one of Grégoire's last films, Clémence digs through her fathers papers and discovers he did have a son named Moune to whom he sent money. Though she meets with Moune's mother, Isabelle, she ultimately does not meet Moune himself.  On the day the company is dissolved, Sylvia and her three daughters go to Grégoire's office one final time. Afterwards they leave Paris and though Clémence had wanted to visit her father's grave in order to say goodbye, her mother tells her there is simply no time. In the backseat of the car Clémence begins to cry as they pass through the city.

Production.

Hansen-Løve based the character of Grégoire on Humbert Balsan whom she had met after she had made her first short film and who had originally intended to produce her first film "All Is Forgiven" before he committed suicide.  She cast her cousin Igor Hansen-Løve in the role of Arthur Malkavian, a young screen writer whose film Grégoire wants to produce, giving him an experience similar to her own with Humbert Balsan.

Reception.

"Father of My Children" has a rating of 76 on Metacritic and 91% on Rotten Tomatoes indicating widespread positive acclaim.

Father of My Children () is a 2009 French drama film directed by Mia Hansen-Løve. It won the Jury Special Prize in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. It is based in part on the life of the late Humbert Balsan.

Der Vater meiner Kinder ist ein französisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahr 2009. Für Drehbuch und Regie zeichnet die junge Französin Mia Hansen-Løve verantwortlich. Der Film zeigt, wie eine Familie mit dem Selbstmord des Vaters fertigwird. Seine Premiere feierte der Film am 17. Mai 2009 auf dem Filmfestival in Cannes.


Biography.

Wells was born in Hull, the son of Stanley Cecil Wells MBE and Doris Wells. His father was a bus company traffic manager. Wells was educated at the Kingston High School grammar school in Hull. Wells took a degree in English at University College, London. He was invalided out of national service for the RAF in 1951. He became a Hampshire school teacher before moving to Stratford to complete his PhD. He was awarded his PhD in English by Birmingham University in 1961.  He was Professor of Shakespeare Studies and director of the Shakespeare Institute (University of Birmingham) 1988–1997, and is now emeritus professor of Shakespeare Studies.  Wells is co-editor (with Gary Taylor, John Jowett and William Montgomery) of the Oxford Complete Works and (with Michael Dobson) the "Oxford Companion to Shakespeare", and has been general editor of the "Oxford Shakespeare" series since 1978. He edited several volumes for the New Penguin Shakespeare series.  In 2009, Wells revealed the existence of the Cobbe portrait. He stated his belief, based on three years of research, that the portrait is a true portrait of Shakespeare, painted from life.  On 20 October 2009 he appeared on BBC 4's comedy panel show "It's Only a Theory" – defending the prevailing opinion within contemporary Shakespeare studies that 'The plays of William Shakespeare were written by William Shakespeare of Stratford-Upon-Avon' and debunking the theory that Shakespeare's plays were written by some of his contemporaries.  In June 2010, he was awarded the Sam Wanamaker Award by Shakespeare's Globe, an award given annually in the name of the Globe's founder Sam Wanamaker to celebrate work which has increased the understanding and enjoyment of Shakespeare.  In 2013, together with Rev. Dr. Paul Edmondson, he called upon the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey to remove the question mark which appears in place of a date of death in the memorial window to Christopher Marlowe in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Personal life.

Wells is married to novelist Susan Hill, and the couple was once considered part of the “Gloucestershire mafia” set of well-connected writers and socialites. The couple separated around 2011 after nearly 40 years of marriage when Hill moved in with scriptwriter Barbara Machin, who at the time was adapting Hill's crime fiction for television.  He is the father of author Jessica Ruston and of Clemency Wells. Imogen, Hill and Wells' second-born child, died in infancy.

Honours.

Wells was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2007 Birthday Honours for services to literature. He was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to scholarship.  Wells was awarded an honorary DLitt by the University of Warwick in 2008.  In 2016, he was awarded the President's Medal by the British Academy "for his lifetime service to the study, knowledge and enjoyment of William Shakespeare".

Sir Stanley William Wells, (born 21 May 1930) is a Shakespearean scholar, writer, professor and editor who has been honorary president of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, professor emeritus at Birmingham University, and author of many books about Shakespeare, including "Shakespeare Sex and Love", and is general editor of the Oxford and Penguin Shakespeares. He lives in Stratford-upon-Avon and was educated in English at University College, London.

Sir Stanley William Wells, CBE (geb. 21. Mai 1930 in Hull, Vereinigtes Königreich) ist ein britischer Shakespearewissenschaftler und emeritierter Professor für englische Sprache an der University of Birmingham.


History.

The town of Posse arose with the arrival of Northeastern migrants fleeing the drought in search of fertile lands in the mid-19th century. Among the pioneers there were many descendants of Argentinians and Portuguese and many of the steams and rivers had names remembering those far away lands—Rio Corrente, Rio Prata, and Porto Buenos Aires. The settlement was first called Buenos Aires, located below the joining of the Rio Corrente with the Rio Paranã. The town did not progress because it was hit by malaria and the first settlers went to the higher lands at the foot of Serra Geral, where they formed another settlement.  Nazário da Silva Ribeiro, the founder had a chapel built in honor of Nossa Senora Santana. The new town received the name "Posse" (possession) because the inhabitants had seized the land along the Passagem do Gerais stream, in 1830. The town became a district in the municipality of São Domingos. In 1872 it got its autonomy and the name was changed from Nossa Senora Santa de Posse to just "Posse". In 1970 the BR-70 (Brasília-Salvador) was built and Posse began to grow.

Geography.

Posse has a privileged location at the foot of the Serra das Araras, with an average temperature of 25 °C and a supply of mineral water taken from the slopes of the mountains. The eastern part of the municipality is crossed by the Rio Paranã and its tributaries. This corresponds to the so-called gap (vão), an area that stretches from the high valley of the river to the plateaus that surround it. Its lands are fertile, with natural pasture and forests rich in hardwoods. The lands have a natural fertilizer—phosphate—which helps to renew the soil.  There are many waterfalls in the region, the most important being those of Rio Água Quente, on Fazenda Quebradas; Rio Prata, on Fazenda Campo Bonito; Rio Piracanjuba, on Fazenda Santo Antônio; and Rio Buriti, on the ranch of the same name.

Boundaries.

Municipal boundaries are with Alvorada do Norte, Buritinópolis, Iaciara, Guarani de Goiás, Mambaí, Simolândia and the state of Bahia. The capital, Goiânia, lies at a distance of 515 km and connections are made by taking BR-153 / Anápolis / BR-060 / Abadiânia / Alexânia / Sobradinho / Planaltina / (DF) / Formosa / BR-020 / BR-030 / Bezerra / BR-020 / Vila Boa / Alvorada do Norte / GO-108.

Economy.

The main economic activity of the town is commerce. The preponderance of commerce is due to the strategic location of being on the border between Goiás and Bahia. Besides the inhabitants of the town, the population of the west of Bahia also shops in Posse. The town serves a population of 50,000 people. With the distance to the state capital being so great Posse has always had stronger ties with the state of Bahia and the Federal District. Agriculture stimulates the commerce of the town, with farmers coming from the vast agricultural region of the west of Bahia. Machines, seeds, fertilizers, and other products are acquired in Posse. Although they have farms in Bahia, most of the large farmers, who are mainly from the south of the country, live in Posse.  After commerce, cattle raising is the second most important economic activity of the region. There were 109,500 head of cattle in 2006. Other animals raised were poultry and swine. The main agricultural products were rice, bananas, sugarcane, beans, manioc, and corn. Corn was the largest in planted area with 2,000 hectares in 2006.  Agricultural data 2006

Health and education.

In 2006 there was 1 hospital, with 62 beds. There were 44 schools with 9,869 students. In 2000 the infant mortality rate was 24.55, below the national average of 33.0. There was a campus of the State University of Goiás—UEG - Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras de Posse, with 986 students in 2003. In 2000 the adult literacy rate was 79%, below the national average of 86.4%. On the Human Development Index Posse was ranked in the bottom tier with a rating of 0.711.

Posse is a municipality in northeastern Goiás state, Brazil. It is located northeast of Brasília, 24 km from the state boundary with Bahia, on interstate highway BR-020 (Brasília-Salvador).

Posse ist eine Gemeinde (municipio) in der Region Vão do Paranã im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Goiás. Er liegt am Highway BR-020 von Brasília nach Salvador da Bahia, knapp 300 km nordöstlich der brasilianischen Hauptstadt nur etwa 25 km vor der Grenze zu Bahia.