Biography.

He lived in a town, identified by Wiesener with Tekrit. He was the principal pupil of Rav, under whom he acquired so much learning that one of Rava's three wishes was to possess Rav Huna's wisdom. He was also styled "one of the Babylonian Hasidim," on account of his great piety. The esteem in which he was held was so great that, though not of a priestly family, he read from the Torah on Shabbat and holy days the first passage, which is usually read by a Kohen (priest). Rav Ammi and Rav Assi, honored Israeli Kohanim, considered Huna as their superior.  Although Rav Huna was related to the family of the exilarch he was so poor at the beginning of his career that in order to buy wine to consecrate the Shabbat he had to pawn his girdle. But Rav blessed him with riches, and Rav Huna displayed great wealth at the wedding of his son Raba bar Rav Huna. He owned numerous flocks of sheep, which were under the special care of his wife, "Hobah", and he traveled in a gilded litter. Rav Huna was very generous. When the houses of the poor people were thrown down by storms he rebuilt them; at meal-times the doors of his house would be left open, while his servants would call out: "He who is hungry, let him come and eat".  After Rav's death, Huna lectured in his stead in the Academy of Sura, but he was not appointed head until after the death of Rav's companion, Samuel (c. 256). It was under Rav Huna that the Academy of Sura, which until then was called "sidra", acquired the designation of "mesivta" (yeshivah), with Rav Huna being the first "Resh Mesivta" (rosh yeshivah). Under Huna the academy increased considerably in importance, and students flocked to it from all directions; during his presidency their number reached 800, all supported by himself. Their instant lecturers ("amora'e") were occupied in teaching them. When his pupils, after the lesson, shook their garments they raised so great a cloud of dust that when the Palestinian sky was overcast it was said, "Huna's pupils in Babylon have risen from their lesson". Under Rav Huna, Palestine lost its ascendency over Babylonia; and on certain occasions he declared the schools of the two countries to be equal. In Babylonia, during his lifetime, the Sura academy held the supremacy. He presided over it for forty years, when he died suddenly, more than eighty years of age. His remains were brought to Israel and buried by the side of Hiyya the Great.  Rav Huna's principal pupil was Rav Chisda, who had previously been his companion under Rav. Other pupils of his whose names are given were: Abba bar Zavda, Rav Giddel, R. Helbo, R. Sheshet, and Huna's own son, Rabbah.

Character traits.

Rav Huna was known to be very tolerant as well as very modest. He was not ashamed, before he was rich, to cultivate his field himself, nor to return home in the evening with his spade on his shoulder. When two contending parties requested him to judge between them, he said to them: "Give me a man to cultivate my field and I will be your judge". He patiently bore Rav's hard words, because the latter was his teacher, but he showed on several occasions that a scholar must not humiliate himself in presence of an inferior.

Teachings.

Halacha.

He transmitted many of Rav's halakhot, sometimes without mentioning Rav's name. His own halakhot are numerous in the Babylonian Talmud, and although some of his decisions were contrary to Rav's, he declared Rav to be the supreme authority in religious law. Rav Huna's deductions were sometimes casuistical; he interpreted the text verbatim even where the context seems to prohibit such an interpretation. According to Rav Huna, the halakhah transmitted in the Mishnah and Baraita is not always to be taken as decisive. He had some knowledge of medicine and natural history, and used his knowledge in many of his halakhic decisions. He also interpreted many of the difficult words met with in the Mishnah and Baraita.

Aggadah.

Rav Huna was equally distinguished as an aggadist, and his aggadot were known in the Land of Israel, to where they were carried by some of his pupils, Rav Zeira among them. His interpretation of Proverbs 14:23, transmitted by Rav Zeira, is styled "the pearl". Many of his aggadot, showing his skill in Biblical exegesis, are found in the Babylonian Talmud, some in the name of Rav, some in his own. He took special pains to reconcile apparently conflicting passages, as, for instance, II Samuel 7:10 and I Chronicles 17:10. He attempted to solve the problem of theodicy, inferring from Isaiah 53:10 that God chastens those whom He loves.

Rav Huna (Hebrew: רב הונא) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, known as an amora of the second generation and head of the Academy of Sura; he was born about 216 (212 according to Gratz) and died in 296-297 (608 of the Seleucidan era) or in 290.

Rab Huna war ein Amoräer der zweiten Generation (250–290) in Babylonien (* um 212 oder 216; nach "Iggeret Rab Scherira Gaon" gestorben 297, was aber unwahrscheinlich ist, vermutlich starb er Jahrzehnte früher).


History.

newLISP design is influenced by the two main Lisp dialects, Common Lisp and Scheme, and by other languages like Pascal and C. newLISP originated in 1991 and was originally developed on a Sun-4 workstation. It later moved to Windows 3.0, where version 1.3 was released on CompuServe around 1993, then became available as a Windows graphical user interface (GUI) graphics-capable application and a DOS console application (both 16-bit). In 1995, with the release of Windows 95, newLISP moved to 32-bit.  In April 1999, newLISP was ported to Linux; some of its core algorithms were rewritten, and all Windows-specific code removed. newLISP was released as an open-source software project licensed under the GPL, and development on Windows stopped after version 6.0.25. During the first half of 2001, newLISP was ported back to Windows on the Cygwin platform without graphics abilities. In the second half of 2001, a cross-platform Tcl/Tk frontend named newLISP-tk was released around version 6.3.0. In 2006, 64-bit precision was introduced for integer arithmetic and for some operations on files in version 9.0.  Since the release of 6.5 in mid-2002, development has been very active, and many new features have been added.

Philosophy.

newLISP attempts to provide a fast, powerful, cross-platform, full-featured scripting version of the language Lisp while using only a modest system resources such as data storage (e.g., disk space) and memory.  It provides Lisp features such as lists, symbol processing, function mapping, anonymous functions (lambda expressions), s-expressions (excluding improper lists), and macros. It also provides the functions expected of a modern scripting language, including supporting regular expressions, XML, Unicode (UTF-8), networking via Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), matrix and array processing, advanced math, statistics and Bayesian statistical analysis, mathematical finance, and distributed computing.  newLISP runs on the operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), Linux, macOS, Solaris, and Windows. It supports MYSQL, SQLite and ODBC database access, Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol (POP) 3, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and XML remote procedure call (XML-RPC). It can run in server mode as a daemon.

Language features.

Contexts.

newLISP supports namespaces termed "contexts", which can be assigned to variables and passed to functions, but which are associated with globally unique symbols, limiting their use as first-class citizens (objects). A prototype-based object-oriented style of programming is possible in newLISP, using contexts as prototypes to construct objects. Variables inside contexts do not interfere with variables of the same name in other contexts, but inside a context, variables behave according to the rules of dynamic scoping.

Scoping.

newLISP uses dynamic scoping. When a function is called, that function can see all variables of its caller, its caller's caller, and so on, within the same context or namespace. It supports both explicitly and implicitly defined local dynamic variables that shadow variables with the same name from the outer environment, thus preventing accidental use or change of the variables from caller environment. Parameter variables of the called function automatically shadow the caller's variable environment. Globally, variables can be grouped in separate namespaces.

Memory management.

newLISP uses a method of automatic memory management different from traditional garbage collection schemes, termed one reference only (ORO) memory management. Each variable is referenced only by its context, and each context is referenced globally.  Sharing of subobjects among objects, cyclic structures, or multiple variables pointing to the same object are unsupported in newLISP. Objects are copied when stored in data structures or passed to functions, except for certain built-in functions. The exceptions are symbols and contexts, which are shared instead of copied, and thus can be used for indirection. Symbols and contexts are globally named and are deleted explicitly; deleting a symbol or context scans all other objects to replace references to it with codice_1.

GUI options.

newLISP graphical user interface (GUI) server (newLISP-GS) is a Java-based Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) server providing a graphical programming interface. A newLISP-GS based development environment is included in newLISP binary distributions, and GTK-server, OpenGL, and Tcl/Tk-based programming interfaces are available.

Standalone binaries.

Any newLISP version allows building executable files, portable applications, for deployment which are self-contained and need no installing.

Interaction with shared libraries.

newLISP has an import function, which allows importing functions from a dynamic-link library (DLL) on Windows API Win32, or from a shared library on Linux or Unix.

Frameworks.

Web frameworks available for newLISP include Dragonfly and Rockets.

newLISP is a scripting language which is a dialect of the Lisp family of programming languages. It was designed and developed by Lutz Mueller. newLISP is free and open-source software released under the GNU General Public License, version 3 or later.

Die Programmiersprache NewLISP (dt.: "neu(es)LISP") ist ein freier Lisp-Dialekt, der vor allem für die Verwendung als Skriptsprache vorgesehen ist. Hierzu geht die Sprache einen eigenen Weg, abseits von klassischen Lisp-Implementierungen, wie etwa dem Industriestandard Common Lisp, oder dem eher im akademischen Umfeld verbreiteten Dialekt Scheme.


Prelude.

The fertile plain of Thyrea was a long-disputed territory that lay between the two city states of Sparta and Argos. During the Battle of the 300 Champions (546 BC) Sparta gained control over this region. Nearly two generations had since passed when Argos reclaimed Thyrea.  The events that occurred after this held significant religious undertones. Once the Oracle of Delphi had foretold the success of Sparta against Argos, Cleomenes lead  his armies to the Erasinos River on the border of the Arigold. Herodotus believes Cleomenes intended to camp his forces there, however when the king presented a sacrifice to the Erasinos River he received bad omens. Rather uncharacteristically, Cleomenes obeyed the signs of the River God proclaiming: "“I admire the God of the River for refusing to betray his countrymen. But the Argives will not get away that easily”" and left. Cleomenes then retreated South and marched his Spartan forces East of Thyrea to Sicyon.  In Thyrea, Cleomenes made another sacrifice to the sea to access the river via a different route. This time the omens appeared favourable. Consequently, Cleomenes made arrangements with the Aeginetans and Sicyonians, to transport the Spartan forces to the district of Tiryns and Nauplia (on the coast of the Argolid). The transportation route Cleomenes arranged was a challenging maritime task to fulfil, involving the transportation of the Spartan forces across the díolkos at Corinth.

Dating the Battle.

Whilst Herodotus has been used as the primary source for the Battle of Sepeia, other Historians have contested the date of this Battle. Herodotus fails to explicitly date the Battle, recording the event as part of the whole Spartan expedition against Argos. The only mentioning of a date occurs in his Book Pausnias III, where Herodotus suggests the Battle  occurred at the beginning of the reign of Cleomenes I i.e. 520 BC.  However, Modern Historians have attempted to calculate a date for the Battle based on other passages from Herodotus. When the Argives visited the Oracle of Delphi, two predictions were told; the demise of Argos and that of the Milesians, both of which are foretold to occur at the same time. The part of the prophecy concerning the Milesians was fulfilled at the end of the Ionian Revolt (494BC). Thus, the estimated date for the Battle of Sepeia is 494BC.

Strategic and Tactical Deliberations.

The strategic and tactical deliberations of the Battle of Sepeia begin with Spartan’s march to Argos. Initially, Cleomenes lead the Spartans to Erasinos River, on the border of the Arigold, before reporting that the omen’s were not favourable there to set up camp. Interpretations of Cleomenes retreat, suggests the Argives had gained the higher ground on the opposite side of the stream. Cleomenes reconvened his army on the coast of Tiryns. The Argive forces were caught off guard by the Agiad King’s repositioning ; rushing to set up camp in Sepeia at a close distance from the Lacedaemonians. The Argives had lost their high ground advantage.

The Battle.

Ultimately, Sparta won the Battle of Sepeia through deception. Reluctant to engage in battle, the Argives had been mimicking the Spartan Herald's call for meal time breaks. This ensured the Spartans did not attack the Argives when the hoplites were not prepared.  When Cleomenes became aware of this strategy, he was able to weaponize this against them. Cleomenes instructed his forces to ignore the Herald’s announcement and instead attack at this call. The Argive forces were caught off guard, and a slaughter ensued.  However, other historical accounts suggest a seven-day truce had been agreed upon by the two forces. Contrary to Herodotus’ account, Plutarch suggests the Spartan forces broke the truce on the third night and attacked the unsuspecting Argives. When Cleomenes was questioned for his breach of the truce; the King argued the truce was made for seven days and didn’t include nights.  Additionally, Cicero further contests the nature of the Battle in his treatise ‘De Offciss’. Cicero suggests a thirty-day truce was agreed upon between the Spartans and the Argives. However, similarly to Plutarch, Cicero describes a situation in which a general plunders the fields at night, because the truce had been made for days and not nights. Cicero does not mention a specific date of the attack nor explicitly mentions Cleomenes or the Argives. Consequently, due to the large differences between Cicero’s and Plutarch’s account, and Cicero’s inability to name Cleomenes I, it is improbable that Cicero’s recount would be used as evidence for the Battle.

The Aftermath.

After the initial onslaught, many Argive hoplites sought refuge in the ‘Sacred Grove of Apollo’. The Argive men hoped the religious value of the grove would prevent the Spartan forces pursuing further action. However, Cleomenes I was by reputation ruthless, and deceived the Argives to their death. Cleomenes announced that the hoplites who’d been ransomed for the standard fee were free to leave. The names of the men whose ‘ransom’ had been paid were called out individually. However, when an Argive hoplite stepped out of the Sacred Grove, they were executed by the Spartans. According to Herodotus, at least fifty Argive men were deceived by this strategy, until one of the men inside the grove climbed a tree and witnessed what was happening. Thus, when the Argives became aware of the double cross, they stopped responding to the ransom calls. Consequently, Cleomenes set fire to the grove, slaughtering any survivors who attempted to escape.  The Battle of Sepeia and the sacrilege that ensued resulted in six thousand Argive casualties. Whilst Pausanias records a loss of five thousand Argive men, modern historians widely accept Herodotus’ higher figure.  Due to the nature and ambiguity pertaining to historical sources and administration during the time period, an accurate estimation of the Argive population is improbable. However, Aristotle in his fifth book ‘Politics’, recorded a Spartan population of ten thousand. If the assumption was made that we could assume a similar Argive population during the Battle of Sepeia, the losses of six thousand would have compromised a large majority of young and middle-aged Argive men. Ultimately, the Battle of Sepeia was one of the most decisive battles during Ancient Greek history.

The Significance.

The Battle of Sepeia severely depleted Argos’ military power. The Argives were unable to engage in battle for a generation. The next time Sparta and Argos fought would be in the Peloponnesian wars.  Additionally, this Battle holds profound political consequences, provoking an upheaval of the Argive administrative system. Due to the high number of casualties during the Battle of Sepeia, Argos lost majority of their young and middle-aged men. Consequently, the city was in need of men to fulfil the political and administrative roles of recently deceased noblemen. Ultimately, due to the high number of widowed women and shortage of noble Argive men, many doûloι married into political and administrative  positions. Prior to the Battle of Sepeia, the doûloι were slaves and belonged in the bottom echelons of society. The Battle of Sepeia essentially allowed for a political revolution, elevating the status of the doûloι, until Argive born noble men reached maturity.  Furthermore, the Argives defeat at Sepeia anticipated the enhanced social status and role of Argive women. Herodotus glorifies the actions of the Argive women after the Battle of Sepeia. In the absence of Argive hoplite and men, a woman named Telesilla organised the city’s defence, rallying the young, the old men and the women to take up arms against the Cleomenes and his forces. Telesilla and her fellow Argive citizens have been recorded to have used the underlying attached to their households (known as oιkétaι) to wield as weapons.  Consequently, based on the Agrarian economy and serf labour, women of the Dorian ruling class enjoyed greater political, social and economic freedoms (compared to women from Sparta and Crete) during the classical period. Ultimately, the actions of Telesilla and the Argive women, underpinned the acceleration of Greek women’s autonomy during the classical period.

At the Battle of Sepeia () (c. 494 BC), the Spartan forces of Cleomenes I defeated the Argives, fully establishing Spartan dominance in the Peloponnese. The Battle of Sepeia is infamous for holding the highest number of casualties within a battle during the classical Greek period

Die Schlacht bei Sepeia war ein militärischer Zusammenstoß der beiden dorischen Vormächte Sparta und Argos um die lokale Hegemonie auf der Peloponnes. Sie fand während der Feldzugsaison des Jahres 494 v. Chr. statt. Hauptquelle für die Ereignisse ist die Darstellung Herodots.


Early life.

Margaret Mary Rizer was born to Maureen and Kevin Rizer in Staten Island, New York. Her parents divorced before she was a year old when her father announced he was gay. A decade later her mother remarried, to John Breen, and she was raised in Watertown, New York. Her extended family includes four siblings: Julia, Patricia, Katie, and Jake. The family, who lives in upstate New York, appeared in a 2001 "Teen Vogue" layout. Rizer was fourteen when her openly gay father died of AIDS, and she has since become involved in AIDS awareness.

Modeling career.

Rise to Fame.

Her high school graduation portrait was hung in Burns Photography studio and in the local mall. Neighbors saw the photo and encouraged the girl's mother to send the photo to the Ford Modeling Agency in New York City. Rizer's pale skin, covered in freckles, and her bright blue eyes caught the modeling world's attention.  She initially turned down modeling offers to continue her studies at the State University of New York at Geneseo and the Rochester Institute of Technology. Her hair is naturally strawberry blonde, which she dyed red to attract the attention of "Italian Vogue" and photographer Steven Meisel. They booked her for her first cover and 20-page couture layout in September 1997. She was also featured on the April 1999 cover of American "Vogue" with Kate Moss. Her second American "Vogue" cover was in November 2000 with models Carmen Kass, Angela Lindvall, and Frankie Rayder. The same year she was up for the 2000 VH1/Vogue "Model of the Year" award. Carmen Kass was the eventual winner. She has appeared in many fashion spreads and on the covers of dozens of fashion magazines including "Elle, Lucky, Vogue", and "Flare".  She has walked the runway for Fendi, Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, Chanel, Marc Jacobs, Oscar De La Renta, Miu Miu, Michael Kors, Prada, Jean Paul Gaultier, Dolce & Gabbana, Max Mara, Jil Sander, Blumarine, Céline, Givenchy, Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Alexander McQueen, Ralph Lauren, Valentino, Missoni, Yves Saint Laurent, Versace, Balenciaga, Carolina Herrera, Alberta Ferretti, and Viktor & Rolf. Rizer has appeared in fashion campaigns for Versace, Prada, Calvin Klein, Valentino SpA, Céline, Louis Vuitton, Balenciaga, Escada, Lanvin, Clinique, Tommy Hilfiger, Ann Taylor, Fendi, Max Mara, Gap, Dooney & Bourke, and Neiman Marcus.  She was at the peak of her modeling career in the late 1990s and early 2000s. She has done limited film and television work, appearing briefly in "Sex and the City" Season 6 episode ("Let There Be Light"); also briefly on "America's Next Top Model" Cycle 2 Episode 2 ("The Girl Who Floats Like a Butterfly and Stings Like a Bee") while demonstrating proper runway walk to the contestants. She had a more prominent appearance on the CW show "Stylista" Episode 6 ("Model Behavior") while giving the contestants an idea what it's like to cater to the demands of a top model client. She appeared in a scene (later deleted) in the film "Zoolander", asking Ben Stiller's title character (Derek Zoolander) to "come and join our sex party!" with a group of models in a limousine.

Comeback.

After a hiatus, Rizer returned to the industry and graced the cover of Singaporean "L'Officiel" in October 2008, lensed by Leslie Kee. "People", in its December issue, ran a story about Rizer's attempts at a modeling comeback. In late 2009, she began appearing in advertisements for Dooney and Bourke. In 2010, she featured prominently on the website for the L.L.Bean SIGNATURE line and in the print catalog.  In March 2014, Rizer returned to the runway, walking for Louis Vuitton at autumn/winter Paris Fashion Week, and in May at the house's 2015 cruise show in Monaco. In September, Rizer opened for Michael Kors at Spring 2015 New York Fashion Week. Rizer appeared among other "Icons" on the cover of the September 2014 issue of "Vogue" Japan. Rizer was featured on the cover of the November issue of "Numéro" Tokyo. In 2015, Rizer walked for Prabal Gurung at Spring 2016 New York Fashion Week and in August, was shot by Inez and Vinoodh for American "Vogue". In 2016, Rizer appeared in a holiday campaign for Banana Republic.

Personal life.

Marriage.

Rizer married American businessman Alex Mehran on September 18, 2010 in Lake Placid, New York. She has four children : three sons and one girl.

Loss of modeling fortune.

Maggie earned around $20,000 per fashion show and her day-rate started at $30,000. She reportedly amassed a fortune of $7 million in only five years. At age 20, Rizer and her mother hired a New York City financial manager to handle her money in exchange for five percent of her earnings. Weeks later, her stepfather John Breen, who was in the insurance industry, told her that this was a waste of money and that he wanted to handle all of her finances. Breen had a serious drinking problem, however. The family would assume he was at work as he worked for himself at a small local insurance agency. According to him, after he lost his savings, he turned to Rizer's money and sometimes lost over $60,000 of it per day. No one but John was aware of these losses.  Maureen Brennan forced her husband into alcohol rehab and while he was gone, she came across receipts, documents, and forged checks in his trashcan at his office. She slowly unraveled the details of his addiction and discovered that Breen had gambled away all of Maggie's modeling income and the money Maggie had inherited upon the death of her biological father, Kevin, from AIDS in 1992. In 2004, her stepfather was convicted of grand larceny and conspiracy to defraud and was sentenced to sixteen to forty-eight months in prison. The family was left with no money. Ford, and then her new modeling agency, IMG, encouraged Rizer to seek therapy. Rizer mostly dropped out of modeling for the next five years. In consequence, Maureen Brennan briefly went on public assistance to support her family. An article about Rizer appeared in "New York Magazine" (April/May 2005) and online.

Maggie Rizer (born January 9, 1978 in Staten Island, New York) is an American model, and an activist for AIDS-related causes as well as for Operation Smile.

Maggie Rizer (* 9. Januar 1978 als Margaret Mary Rizer in Watertown, New York) ist ein US-amerikanisches Supermodel, Schauspielerin und AIDS-Aktivistin.


Terroranschlag am Flughafen Wien-Schwechat

The attacks.

At 08:15 GMT, four Arab gunmen walked to the shared ticket counter for Israel's El Al Airlines and Trans World Airlines at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport outside Rome, Italy, fired assault rifles and threw grenades. They killed 16 and wounded 99, including American diplomat Wes Wessels, before three of the attackers were killed by El Al security, while the remaining one, Mohammed Sharam, was wounded and captured by the Italian police. The dead included General Donato Miranda Acosta, Mexican military attache, and his secretary, Genoveva Jaime Cisneros.  Minutes later, at Schwechat Airport (Vienna International Airport) in Vienna, Austria, three terrorists carried out a similar attack. Hand grenades were thrown into crowds of passengers queuing to check in for a flight to Tel Aviv, killing two people instantly and wounding 39 others. A third victim died on 22 January 1986, of hand grenade wounds sustained in the attack. First response came from several Austrian police officers, which opened fire on the terrorists. They were supported by two EL AL security guards who helped to repel the attackers. Over 200 bullets were fired during the fight. The terrorists fled by car, and Austrian police and El Al security guards gave chase. They killed one terrorist and captured the other two.  In all, the two strikes killed 19, including a child, and wounded around 140. Some contemporary reports claimed the gunmen originally intended to hijack El Al jets at the airports and blow them up over Tel Aviv; others concluded that the attack on waiting passengers was the original plan and that the Frankfurt airport was meant to be hit as well.

Perpetrators.

The attacks were first blamed on the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), but its leader, Yasser Arafat, denied the accusations and denounced the strikes. The PLO asserted that the attacks were intended to force Austria and Italy into severing ties with the Palestinians.  Responsibility for the two attacks was later claimed by the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) in retaliation for Operation Wooden Leg, the Israeli bombing of PLO headquarters in Tunis on 1 October 1985. Libya was accused, by the US, of funding the terrorists who carried out the attacks; although they denied the charges, they did praise the assaults. According to published reports, sources close to Abu Nidal said Libyan intelligence supplied the weapons and the ANO's head of the Intelligence Directorate's Committee for Special Missions, Dr. Ghassan al-Ali, organized the attacks. Libya denied these charges as well, notwithstanding that it claimed they were "heroic operations carried out by the sons of the martyrs of Sabra and Shatila." Italian secret services blamed Syria and Iran.  The surviving terrorist in the Rome airport attack, Mahmoud Ibrahim Khaled (Khalid Ibrahim), was sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in 1988. He was released early on good behavior in June 2010 and was living in Rome in 2011. An Austrian court reportedly sentenced the two surviving terrorists in the Vienna airport attack to 25 years imprisonment.

The Rome and Vienna airport attacks were two major terrorist attacks carried out on 27 December 1985. Seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria with assault rifles and hand grenades. Nineteen civilians were killed and over a hundred others were injured before four of the terrorists were killed by El Al Security personnel and local police, who captured the remaining three.

Der Terroranschlag auf den El-Al-Schalter auf dem Flughafen Wien-Schwechat ereignete sich am 27. Dezember 1985, als drei Terroristen mit Handgranaten und Sturmgewehren eine Passagierschlange, die auf die Abfertigung für einen El-Al-Flug wartete, angriffen. Dabei und bei der anschließenden Verfolgung der Täter wurden vier Menschen getötet und 39 weitere verletzt.


Status.

The University College of Teacher Education Styria is an Austrian educational and research institution in the tertiary sector. It specialises in teacher education degrees and programs, and research into development and improvement of the education system. It trains primary and secondary teachers, and vocational teachers. There are also continuing courses for practicing teachers.

Background.

The oldest component college was the former Teachers' Educational Institute dating from 1870, and was located at Burggasse 13 in Graz. It relocated to the current main building on Hasnerplatz in Graz-Geidorf and was reopened in 1909 by the governor of Styria, Manfred von Clary and Aldringen (1852-1928), in the presence of Governor Edmund von Attems-Heiligenkreuz (1847-1929) and the mayor of the city of Graz, Franz Count (1837-1921).  The Teacher Education Act (Hochschulgesetz, HG) of 2005 established 9 public university colleges of teacher education (Pädagogische Hochschule) in place of the post-secondary colleges for teacher training (Akademien für Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung). University colleges of teacher education operate teacher training programmes (Lehramtsstudien) as bachelor's and master's degree programmes as well as further-education programmes (weiterbildende Lehrgänge). The University College was founded on 1 October 2007 from a merger of the Federal Education Academy in Styria, the Graz Vocational Education Academy and the Pedagogical Institute Styria, giving it several buildings in Graz.  Activities are managed by a Rector, a Hochshule Council (Hochschulrat), and curriculum committees (Studienkommission). All matters regarding the university colleges of teacher education come under the competence of the Federal Minister of Education and Women's Affairs (Bundesministerin bzw. Bundesminister für Bildung und Frauen), and not the Federal Minister of Science, Research and Economy (Bundesministerin bzw. Bundesminister für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft) as for the PhD-awarding public universities.

Core mission.

The aims of the University College are:

Teaching.

Teacher training courses consist of four-year Bachelors and one to two-year Masters courses, and some summer and continuing education courses. Applicants for teaching courses in Austria must be fluent in German, among other criteria. Fees are set federally, and are free or no more than 400 euro per semester (more for students coming from outside the EU). Courses include:  Secondary teacher education takes place in cooperation with colleges and universities in Styria, Carinthia and Burgenland, particularly the University of Graz, which is situated on the same street and where students obtain some disciplinary instruction.

Research.

The main focus is on the analysis of teaching and learning processes in school and extracurricular areas. Ongoing research at the University College involves a wide range of cooperating institutions and schools. There are eight research centres, and two Federal research centres; the Federal Center for Interculturality, Migration and Multilingualism (BIMM) and the Federal Center for Professionalization in Educational Research (BZBF).  A number of qualified academic staff attain the title of Professor with a permanent contract, and complete a mid-career Habilitation degree. However this is an individual title - they do not chair university-funded research groups of junior staff and PhD students, as in the larger Austrian universities or in Germany. Their time for research may be more constrained than in the public universities.

The University College of Teacher Education Styria () is a teacher training university in Graz, Austria awarding undergraduate and master's degrees. It also operates continuing education programs.

Die Pädagogische Hochschule Steiermark (PHSt) ist eine österreichische Bildungs- und Forschungsinstitution des tertiären Bereichs zur Professionalisierung von Pädagogen und zur Qualitätsentwicklung des Bildungswesens. Sie bildet Lehrer der Primarstufe und der Sekundarstufe Allgemeinbildung sowie der Berufsbildung aus. Im Sinne des Professionalisierungskontinuums umfasst ihr Bildungsangebot auch die Fort- und Weiterbildung für Lehrer. Weiters betreibt sie berufsfeldbezogene Bildungs- und Praxisforschung und berät Bildungseinrichtungen bei Qualitätsentwicklung. Sie wurde am 1. Oktober 2007 gegründet und ging aus der Pädagogischen Akademie des Bundes in der Steiermark, der Berufspädagogischen Akademie Graz und dem Pädagogischen Institut Steiermark hervor.


Plot.

When Katie Gregerstitch, from Minden, Louisiana, visits her boyfriend Billy, an aspiring model, in New York City, she catches him in bed with another woman. Thus, Billy breaks up with Katie, who then leaves to stay with her close friend Haley. She convinces Katie to start an independent life of her own, instead of sitting around doing nothing. One day, when Haley has to go to an audition, Katie takes over her job as a messenger and eventually has to deliver a shipment to a large building construction company.  The deputy director of that company, Debra, preys on the job of Richard and has come up with a plan to frame Richard for sabotage, in order to take over the company. To help herself with that, she makes sure that Richard’s secretary gets dismissed and that the naive Katie takes her place. Katie meanwhile meets Ben, who works as a postman in the building, and befriends him.  After losing a contract, by Debra’s doing, Katie gets fired, but by using her charms, she manages to get a second chance from Richard. When she manages to get the interest of a group of Norwegian investors, Richard shares an important confidential project with her. Debra manages to get the confidential information out of Katie and thereby make sure that the Board of Directors fires Richard.  Meanwhile, Katie has discovered that Ben is actually Richard’s son. Together with him, she devises a ruse to outsmart Debra. When Debra proposes the project to the investors, she sends out Haley and some friends, who pose as the investors. At the same time, she presents her own proposal to the real investors, who satisfyingly take it. When Debra discovers the deception, she goes ballistic and thus gets fired.

Box office.

"Blonde Ambition" was released into eight theatres in Texas, the home state for stars Simpson and Wilson, on December 22, 2007, before a DVD release date on January 22, 2008. The film averaged $48 per screen on December 22, 2007, for a total box office of $384, meaning that, based on an $8 ticket price, six people paid to see the film at each of those eight theatres and 48 people in total went to see the film.  Opening weekend, the film finished 54th at the North American box office with a three-day gross of $1,332 and a per-theatre-average of $165. In Ukraine, however, the film opened at #1 in its first weekend (February 16–17, 2008), earning $253,008. In Russia, "Blonde Ambition" opened up at #7 at box office and has grossed $399,854 to date, and in the Philippines it opened at #5 and has grossed $16,538 to date.  "Blonde Ambition", despite being a box office disappointment, impressively grossed $2.7 million in the first five days of DVD release ranking #23 on the DVD sales chart. This is possibly due to Jessica Simpson's fanbase supporting her. Since the movie's DVD release date it has grossed $11.56 million in the United States.

DVD release.

The DVD was officially released in the US on January 22, 2008, and has also been released on iTunes. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film was released direct to DVD in June 2010.

Blonde Ambition is a 2007 American romantic comedy film directed by Scott Marshall and starring Jessica Simpson as a small-town girl who moves to New York City and rises up into a career as a business woman. The film also stars Luke Wilson, Rachael Leigh Cook, Penelope Ann Miller, Andy Dick, Drew Fuller, Larry Miller and Willie Nelson.

Blonde Ambition ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie aus dem Jahr 2007. Regie führte Scott Marshall, das Drehbuch schrieben David McHugh und Matthew Flanagan.


History.

Granted as Upper Coos in 1763 by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth to Captain David Page of Petersham, Massachusetts, the town was settled in 1764 by his son, David Page, Jr. and Emmons Stockwell. It was the first settlement north of Haverhill, to the south, and originally included land in what is now Vermont. Situated on the northern Connecticut River, the community endured many Indian hostilities. It would be named for Lancaster, Massachusetts, hometown of an early inhabitant. Reverend Joshua Weeks, a grantee of the town, was among the group of explorers who named the mountains of the Presidential Range. Other grantees were Timothy Nash and Benjamin Sawyer, who discovered Crawford Notch in 1771, making a shorter route to Portland, Maine, possible.  Many water-powered mills have come and gone, including sawmills, several potato starch mills, one of the largest gristmills in the state, and carriage factories. A granite quarry operated in the Kilkenny Range. With fertile meadows beside the Connecticut River, Lancaster was in 1874 the twelfth most productive agricultural town in the state. An extension of the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad shipped products to market, and brought tourists to the grand hotels in the area.  Just south of the village center is Mount Prospect, summer home to Senator John W. Weeks, who sponsored congressional legislation creating White Mountain National Forest. In 1910, he purchased several farms to assemble the estate. It is now Weeks State Park, which features a fire lookout and his mansion, open for tours during the summer. A ski rope tow operates on the slope in winter. Many of the White Mountains and Green Mountains can be seen from the stone observation tower built in 1912 atop the summit. The Presidential Range is to the southeast, with the Franconia Range to the south. Mount Weeks, elevation, is in the Kilkenny Range to the northeast. It is named for the senator, as is the Weeks Medical Center. Weeks Memorial Library, a Beaux Arts landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, was given by John W. Weeks in memory of his father, William Dennis Weeks.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and is water, comprising 1.73% of the town.  Lancaster is drained by the Israel River, and is fully within the Connecticut River watershed. The town also includes Martin Meadow Pond. The town's highest point is located on a western spur of Mount Cabot at above sea level.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,507 people, 1,399 households, and 880 families residing in the town. The population density was 70.4 people per square mile (27.2/km2). There were 1,687 housing units at an average density of 33.9 units/sq mi (13.1 units/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.8% White, 0.3% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.03% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.4% some other race, and 1.1% from two or more races. 1.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 1,399 households, out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were headed by married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35, and the average family size was 2.85. In the town, the population was spread out with 21.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 20.2% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.  For the period 2007–11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the town was $40,455, and the median income for a family was $53,542. Male full-time workers had a median income of $48,438 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,245. 13.0% of the population and 10.4% of families were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of people under the age of 18 and 19.2% age 65 or older.

Transportation.

Lancaster is at the intersection of U.S. Route 2 and U.S. Route 3 and is the northern terminus of New Hampshire Route 135, which leads to Dalton and points beyond. A seldom-used railroad track of the Maine Central Railroad skirts the Connecticut River, and a branch at Coos Junction leaves for Jefferson and Waumbek Junction. The Mount Washington Regional Airport is located away in adjacent Whitefield. As of January 2006, Lancaster is also served by The Tri-Town Bus, a public transportation route connecting with Whitefield and Littleton.

Lancaster is a town in Coos County, New Hampshire, United States, on the Connecticut River. The town is named after the city of Lancaster in England. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 3,507, the second largest in the county after Berlin. It is the county seat of Coos County and gateway to the Great North Woods Region. Lancaster, which includes the villages of Grange and South Lancaster, is home to Weeks State Park and the Lancaster Fair. Part of the White Mountain National Forest is in the eastern portion. The town is part of the Berlin, NH−VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Lancaster ist eine Stadt ("town") im US-Bundesstaat New Hampshire und Verwaltungssitz von Coös County mit 3507 Einwohnern. Lancaster wird als Tor zur Great North Woods Region bezeichnet. Das östliche Stadtgebiet gehört teilweise zum White Mountain National Forest.


Armament.

The BTR-3U is fitted with the one-person KBA-105 "Shkval" unified fighting module which can accommodate 30mm gun, 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, 30mm automatic grenade launcher and anti-tank guided weapons. This module was developed by the State Scientific Technical Centre of Artillery & Rifle Arms of Ukraine. The Shkval fighting module design is versatile, but can also with another turret.  BTR-3DA has BM-3M Shturm-M weapon station armed with ZTM-1 30mm autocannon, KT-7,62 machine gun, KBA-117 30mm grenade launcher, six smoke grenade launchers 902B Tucha, and ATGM system, Barrier.

Equipment design.

The standard equipment of the BTR-3U also includes hydraulically amplified powered steering on the front four road wheels and a central tire-pressure regulation system that allows the driver to adjust the tire-pressure to suit the terrain being crossed. The BTR-3U is fitted with French Michelin tires.  The BTR-3U engine compartment consists of a Deutz BF6M1015 diesel developing 326 hp coupled to an Allison MD3066 fully automatic transmission. The power pack and transmission are fitted by the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau with the technical assistance of the Deutz AG and the Allison Transmission companies. The engine compartment is fitted with an automatic double-action fire extinguishing system.  The vehicle is fully amphibious, propelled when afloat by a single water jet mounted at the rear of the hull. To prepare the vehicle for water, the driver erects a trim vane and switches on the bilge pumps from within the vehicle.  The troop compartment accommodates six soldiers who enter and leave the vehicle by a door in either side of the hull. The lower part of the door folds downward to form a step, with the upper part opening forwards. There are also hatches in the roof and firing ports with associated vision devices provided in the sides and front of the vehicle. An air conditioning system is fitted as standard to ensure crew comfort in hot conditions.

Operators.

Current operators.

Indonesia signed a deal to order 21 BTR-3s

The BTR-3 is an Eight-wheel drive armored personnel carrier developed in 2000-2001 by an international consortium. The companies involved in the project include the Kharkiv Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau of Ukraine, the ADCOM MANUFACTURING Company of Abu-Dhabi, UAE, and the State Scientific Technical Centre of Artillery & Rifle Arms of Ukraine. Although somewhat similar in appearance to the Russian BTR-80, the BTR-3U is an all-new production vehicle rather than an update of the existing in-service vehicle.

Der BTR-3 ( / Transkription, dt.: "gepanzerter Transporter") ist ein achträdriger (8 × 8) allradgetriebener amphibischer ukrainischer Schützenpanzer. Der BTR-3 wird von ChKMB hergestellt. Er ist eine Weiterentwicklung des sowjetischen BTR-80.


Early life and education.

John Lawson was born in England. Little is known definitively about his early life. His education seems evidenced by his book. His freedom to explore and take charge suggest he was well-placed in society. After an acquaintance in London assured him that "Carolina was the best country", Lawson as a young man sailed for the North American colonies, arriving in Charleston, South Carolina on August 15, 1700.

Exploration.

Beginning December 28, 1700, Lawson participated in a small expedition out of Charleston in the Carolina Colony to the interior. They traveled up the Santee River by canoe, and then on foot, to explore the Carolina backcountry. Along the way he was guided by American Indians; he took careful note of the vegetation, wildlife and, in particular, the many Indian tribes he encountered. He traveled nearly 600 miles through the wilderness, ending his journey near the mouth of the Pamlico River in what was later designated as North Carolina.  After his expedition, Lawson settled near the Pamlico River, where he earned a living as a private land surveyor. In 1705, he was appointed deputy surveyor for the Lords Proprietor of Carolina. In 1708, he succeeded Edward Moseley to become surveyor-general of the colony, a lucrative position.  Lawson played a major role in the founding of two of North Carolina's earliest permanent European settlements: Bath and New Bern. On March 8, 1705, Bath was the first town incorporated in what was to become North Carolina. Part of the incorporated land was owned by Lawson. He became one of the first town commissioners. Later he became clerk of the court and public register for Bath County.  In 1709, Lawson returned to London to oversee the publication of his book, "A New Voyage to Carolina", in which he described the native inhabitants and the natural environment of the region. The book was an instant success. Several editions were published, including translations into German and French. The resulting publicity attracted many immigrant settlers to the colony of North Carolina.  While in London, Lawson represented the colony before the government in a boundary dispute with Virginia. He also organized a group of Germans from the Electorate of the Palatinate to settle in Carolina, returning with them in 1710 to found New Bern on the Neuse River. The government of Queen Anne had invited the Protestant refugees to England for passage to the colonies. They were fleeing extended hardship in their homeland, due to a record cold, and French invasions. Nearly 3000 Palatine Germans were settled in the New York Colony in 1710 as well, and worked in naval stores camps on the Hudson River to pay off their transportation.  In September 1711, Lawson and his associate Christopher von Graffenried were captured by Tuscarora Indians while ascending the Neuse River. The Tuscarora released von Graffenried, but they subjected Lawson to ritual torture, typical of warriors, and killed him. Shortly thereafter, tensions between the Tuscarora and their allies and settlers erupted into a bloody conflict known as the Tuscarora War, lasting until the defeat of the Tuscarora in 1715. The colonists gathered their own American Indian allies, especially from among the Yamasee and Cherokee, traditional enemies and competitors of the Tuscarora.

Bibliography.

Online versions of this work:

John Lawson (1674? – 1711) was an English explorer, naturalist and writer. He played an important role in exploring the interior of colonial North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, publicizing his expeditions in a book. He founded two settlements in North Carolina: Bath and New Bern, both located on rivers in the coastal plain. He was killed by Tuscarora people, who were beginning to resist European encroachment.

John Lawson (* 27. Dezember 1674 in London; † September 1711 in Carolina) war ein englischer Entdecker, Abenteurer und Schriftsteller. Lawson war ab 1700 maßgeblich an der Erkundung und Entwicklung des Nordteils der damaligen britischen Kolonie Carolina, dem heutigen US-Bundesstaat North Carolina, beteiligt.


Plot.

Nancy Drew, an amateur sleuth, and her widowed father, Carson Drew, move from their quaint hometown River Heights to California, where Carson has a temporary job. Carson encourages Nancy to focus on living like a normal teenager, instead of getting herself into trouble with crime- and mystery-solving. However, unbeknownst to Carson, Nancy chose their California house because of its famously unsolved mystery of the death of the movie star Dehlia Draycott. Nancy struggles to fit in at her new school, only befriending a younger boy, Corky. She wears 50's outfits and penny loafers, becoming subject to teasing from Corky's older sister and her best friend. After discovering many clues about the Draycott mystery, she begins secretly sleuthing behind her father's back. Nancy eventually finds Draycott's lost child, Jane Brighton, who turns out to be the sole beneficiary of Draycott's will, which has disappeared. Nancy contacts her father's business associate, Dashiel Biedermeyer, the lawyer of the Draycott estate, to assist her with the case.  Meanwhile, as an early birthday present, Ned Nickerson, Nancy's good friend with implied romantic interest, visits from River Heights. Corky becomes jealous of Nancy and Ned's close relationship and tries his best to get Nancy's attention. Nancy begins experiencing worsening attacks against her as she learns that someone does not want her to solve the case. One afternoon, a tearful Jane arrives on Nancy's doorstep and announces that her daughter has been taken away from her. While watching a Dehlia Draycott film, Nancy realizes that Draycott has hidden her will in a prop from one of her last movies. After retrieving the will, Nancy is kidnapped by the villain's henchmen. Nancy escapes with the will but gets into a car crash. Her father arrives and demands to know what is going on. After explaining her sleuthing, Biedermeyer offers them a ride home so he can finalize the legacy to Jane.  Nancy concludes that Biedermeyer was Dehlia Draycott's supposed love who stands to lose money if the will goes to Jane. However, when he questions Nancy about the will, she manages to jump out of the car. She is caught by Biedermeyer who threatens her; when Nancy asks him why he killed Dehlia, he replies that Dehlia went crazy after she put Jane up for adoption, and wanted to leave to be with her caretaker Leshing. Nancy escapes but is once again cornered. Leshing arrives and knocks the henchmen unconscious as Nancy reveals that she secretly recorded Biedermeyer's confession. While the police arrive to arrest Biedermeyer, Nancy reveals to Leshing that Jane is his daughter. The will is restored to Jane, who is able to get her daughter back and convert the Draycott mansion into a home for single mothers.  Back at River Heights, Nancy visits Ned as he repairs her car and they share a kiss. She receives a long-distance phone call regarding a new mystery in Scotland.

Cast.

Several well-known actors make uncredited guest appearances throughout the movie. Bruce Willis appears as himself, shooting a crime film in Los Angeles; Adam Goldberg plays Willis' director Andy; Chris Kattan plays one of the burglars Nancy catches in the opening sequence of the film; Lindsay Sloane plays a saleslady in a clothing boutique; Eddie Jemison appears as an adoption clerk; and Geraint Wyn Davies makes a brief appearance as a drama teacher.

Background and production.

The film was shot in Los Angeles from January 30, 2006, to April 3, 2006. At that time, Emma Roberts did not have her driver's license. Though she was in possession of a permit, by law she was unable to drive the roadster for the car chase scenes all by herself. The movie was filmed in several California cities, including South Pasadena, Los Angeles, Santa Clarita, Long Beach, La Canada Flintridge and Burbank.  Before Roberts was cast, actress Amanda Bynes was considered to portray Nancy, but her schedule prevented her from taking the role. Skye Sweetnam also auditioned for the role.  Nancy's car in the film is a blue Nash Metropolitan convertible.

Home media.

"Nancy Drew" was released on DVD on February 11, 2008.

United States TV rights.

U.S. cable networks, such as ABC Family and the Disney Channel, acquired the rights to the 2007 film version of "Nancy Drew".

Reception.

Box office.

Opening at #7 in the U.S. box office, the film grossed $6,832,318 on its opening weekend and has since grossed $25,612,520 in the US and $5,054,410 internationally for a total $30,666,930 worldwide.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 50%, with the site's consensuses reading, "Emma Roberts is bubbly and charming as Nancy Drew, the junior detective. But despite her best efforts, "Nancy Drew" still lacks excitement, surprise, and compelling secondary characters." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100, based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.  Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The culture-clash procedural, which brings the small-town teen to big bad Hollywood, feels more perfunctory than inspired." Lael Loewenstein of Variety magazine, said the film "serves up stale mystery-movie cliches and overcooked red herrings in a thoroughly wooden adaptation" and "the cast is as stiff as the dialogue".  "Plugged In" said that "the film has all of the oversimplifications of a teen mystery novel with a little—but not enough—humorous self-awareness tossed in to make the story satisfying for adults".

Book adaptations.

A novelization of the movie was written by Daniela Burr the year of the film's release and published by Simon Spotlight. Plus, books in the "Nancy Drew, Girl Detective" and "Nancy Drew Clue Crew" series both had movie-themed books.

Nancy Drew is a 2007 American mystery comedy film loosely based on the popular series of mystery novels about the titular teen detective of the same name by Edward Stratemeyer. It stars Emma Roberts as Nancy Drew, with Josh Flitter and Max Thieriot. Set in Los Angeles, it was directed by Andrew Fleming. Critical reactions were mixed, but the film grossed $30 million worldwide on a $20 million budget.

Nancy Drew – Girl Detective (Originaltitel: "Nancy Drew") ist ein US-amerikanischer Kriminalfilm aus dem Jahr 2007 von Regisseur Andrew Fleming, der auch gemeinsam mit Tiffany Paulsen das Drehbuch schrieb. Die Figur der Nancy Drew basiert auf einer amerikanischen Jugendbuch-Reihe.


Early life.

Alison Lapper was born on 7 April 1965 in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire. She was born without arms and with shortened legs, a condition called phocomelia. She was institutionalized in her infancy, and is still distant from her relatives. When she was fitted with artificial limbs, she felt that their aim was not to help her, but merely to make her look less disconcerting to others: she therefore abandoned them, and learned to live without external aids.  She left Chailey Heritage School at the age of 17 with a CSE in Art, and moved to London. She then attended the Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People, in Banstead, Surrey until the age of 19, where she learned to drive. She completed both 'O' and 'A'-levels in art at Sutton College of Learning for Adults, before pre-foundation and foundation courses at Heatherley School of Fine Art.  Lapper then moved to Brighton and studied in the Faculty of Art and Architecture at the University of Brighton, graduating with a first class honours degree in Fine Art in 1994.

Career.

Lapper uses photography, digital imaging, and painting to, as she says, question physical normality and beauty, using herself as a subject. She is a member of the Association of Mouth and Foot Painting Artists of the World (AMFPA), having joined as a student member and receiving a full membership after her college graduation. One particular influence is the sculpture Venus de Milo, due to the physical similarities between the idealised classical female statue and Lapper's own body. She has taken part in various British exhibitions, including in the Royal Festival Hall. In May 2003, Lapper was awarded an MBE for her services for art.  After she had given birth to her son Parys in 2000, she created an installation of photographs of herself with him. Lapper and her son featured on the BBC television documentary "Child of Our Time". In 2006, she published her book "My Life in My Hands".

Marc Quinn sculpture.

Lapper was the subject of Marc Quinn's sculpture, "Alison Lapper Pregnant". Initially she refused to pose for him, unsure of the manner in which he intended to depict disability. She wanted to be sure his perspective was not one of pity.  Quinn observed that ancient statues whose limbs had fallen off were now often highly regarded. His aim was to create equally beautiful representations of bodies born naturally in that way. When he phoned again a few months later, Lapper informed him she was now seven months pregnant. His reply was, "That's even better!" In November 1999, Lapper went to Quinn's studio to have a cast made.  The sculpture is made of Carrara marble. It occupied the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square between September 2005 and late 2007. A large replica featured in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony.

Honours.

In May 2003, Lapper was awarded an MBE for services to art.  In July 2014, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Brighton.

Personal life.

Lapper had a son, Parys, with whom she was pregnant when posing for the Marc Quinn sculpture. He died suddenly from a suspected accidental drug overdose in August 2019, aged 19. His mother afterwards said that he had been bullied at school over her disability, which led to his being sectioned for mental health problems at the age of 17.

Alison Lapper MBE (born 7 April 1965) is an English artist. She is the subject of the sculpture Alison Lapper Pregnant, which was displayed on the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square from September 2005 until late 2007. She and her son Parys featured in the BBC docuseries "Child of Our Time.

Alison Lapper MBE (* 7. April 1965 in Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire) ist eine englische Künstlerin, die ohne Arme geboren wurde. Sie ist zudem Sujet des Werks "Alison Lapper Pregnant", das bis Ende 2007 auf dem Trafalgar Square ausgestellt war.


Administrative divisions.

Middlesex County is composed of eight incorporated municipalities (in order of population):  First Nations reserves located within the Middlesex census division but separate from Middlesex County:

History.

The area was originally organized as Suffolk County, created in July 1792 by Governor Simcoe by his first proclamation issued at Kingston, which also defined it as a constituency for the purposes of returning a member to the new Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, and was described as having the following territory:  Simcoe toured the southwestern portion of the province's territory in early 1793 and concluded that the lower forks of the Thames would be best suited as the future site of the provincial capital. The names London in Middlesex were considered more appropriate for this. Suffolk County was reorganized as Middlesex County, as part of the London District, in 1798 by the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, consisting of the townships of London, Westminster, Dorchester, Yarmouth, Southwold, Dunwich, Aldborough and Delaware. Middlesex County was expanded several times thereafter, starting in 1821 with the addition of the townships of Moza, Ecfrid "(sic)", Carradoc "(sic)" and Lobo. Adelaide Township came from the Huron Tract in 1835, and Williams Township was withdrawn from Huron County and annexed to Middlesex in 1845. In 1837, Bayham and Malahide Townships were transferred to Middlesex from Norfolk County. Metcalfe Township was formed from the north part of Ekfrid and the south part of Adelaide in 1845.  Upon the abolition of the London District in January 1850, Middlesex County was constituted for municipal purposes. The County was reorganized as the United Counties of Middlesex and Elgin in 1851, with its townships divided thus:  Elgin County was separated from Middlesex in September 1853.  The townships of Biddulph and McGillivray were withdrawn from Huron County and annexed to Middlesex in 1862.  The historic townships of the County (including those originally part of Huron County marked in red) are shown below:

Withdrawal and evolution of the City of London.

London, when it became a city in 1855, separated from Middlesex County, and it expanded later in stages:

Municipal government.

Members of the County Council are the mayors (or reeves) of the municipalities of Adelaide Metcalfe, Lucan Biddulph, Middlesex Centre, North Middlesex, Southwest Middlesex, Strathroy-Caradoc and Thames Centre as well as the Village of Newbury. Centres with a population exceeding 5,000 also get an additional seat for their deputy mayors. The head of council is one of its members who is elected as reeve for a one year term by the councillors.

Middlesex County (2016 population 71,551) is a primarily rural county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada covering 3,317.27 square kilometres. Landlocked, the county is bordered by Huron and Perth counties on the north, Oxford County on the east, Elgin County on the south, and Chatham-Kent and Lambton County on the west.

Middlesex County ist ein County im Südwesten der kanadischen Provinz Ontario. Der County Seat ist London. Die Einwohnerzahl beträgt 439.151 (2011), die Fläche 3317,54 km2, was einer Bevölkerungsdichte von 132,4 Einwohnern je km2 entspricht. Das County ist nach der englischen Grafschaft Middlesex benannt.


Early life.

Doughty grew up on army bases throughout the United States, including Fort Knox, Fort Hood, and Fort Leavenworth, and spent his teenage years living on the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He came to New York City at age 19 to study poetry at The New School, where singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco was one of his classmates in Sekou Sundiata's poetry course, "The Shape and Nature of Things to Come".

Career.

Soul Coughing.

While a doorman at the New York club The Knitting Factory (in that era, a hotbed of avant-garde jazz), Doughty founded Soul Coughing. The band released three critically and commercially successful albums, "Ruby Vroom" (1994), "Irresistible Bliss" (1996) and "El Oso" (1998). The greatest hits album "Lust in Phaze" was released in 2002.

Solo career.

Doughty broke up Soul Coughing in 2000 due to personal problems: He was wearying of the band, and he was addicted to opiate painkillers, heroin, and alcohol. He was promptly dropped by Warner Brothers, and began traveling in a rental car (covering 9,000 miles on his first tour) playing acoustic shows. After shows he would sit at the front of the stage and sell copies of his acoustic album "Skittish" — then on CD-Rs in plain white sleeves. Warner Brothers had rejected the record in 1996. During his three-year tour, Doughty sold 20,000 copies of "Skittish" and gradually developed a following independent of Soul Coughing. Doughty collaborated with BT on "Never Gonna Come Back Down" providing lyrics and vocals. "Never Gonna Come Back Down" was contained on BT's album "Movements in Still Life" and released in 1999.  He remained without a label until, when playing the Bonnaroo music festival in 2004, Doughty bumped into Dave Matthews, a longtime Soul Coughing fan who had the band open for him on two US tours, including shows at Madison Square Garden. When Matthews professed to be a fan of Doughty's solo record "Rockity Roll" and the song "27 Jennifers", Doughty gave him a CD with rough mixes of an album he had been working on in Minneapolis with singer-songwriter and producer Dan Wilson. Matthews eventually released the album on his ATO label as "Haughty Melodic" (an anagram for 'Michael Doughty'.) "Haughty Melodic"s singles "Looking at the World from the Bottom of a Well" and "I Hear the Bells" were each featured on episodes of "Grey's Anatomy" and "Veronica Mars", and Doughty appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman", marking a return to the musical mainstream. He has since released a number of follow-up albums. Some of Doughty's more recent albums, including "Circles, Super Bon Bon and The Very Best of Soul Coughing", "Live at Ken’s", and "Stellar Motel", have used crowdfunding to finance their creation. He has also used Patreon to release a song every week for those paying $5 a month.  In 2012, Doughty published a memoir called "The Book of Drugs", covering his formative years as a musician, what he called the "dark, abusive marriage" that was Soul Coughing, and his experiences with addiction and recovery.  In 2014, Mike Doughty created a rock opera based on the Book of Revelation called "Revelation".  In 2015, he moved to Memphis, TN.  In 2019, Doughty mounted a U.S. tour in honor of the 25th anniversary of Ruby Vroom in which he played the album in its entirety.

Michael Ross Doughty ( ; born June 10, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter and author. He founded the band Soul Coughing in 1992, and as of "The Heart Watches While the Brain Burns" (2016), has released 18 studio albums, live albums, and EPs, all since 2000.

Mike Doughty (* 10. Juni 1970 in Fort Knox, Kentucky als "Michael Doughty") ist ein US-amerikanischer Sänger und Songwriter. Seine berühmtesten Lieder sind „Looking at the World from the Bottom of a Well“ und „I Hear the Bells“, die in bekannten Fernsehsendungen (u. a. Grey’s Anatomy und Veronica Mars) Verwendung fanden.


Geography.

Location.

Eckfeld lies in the middle of the Vulkaneifel with its low-mountain landscape right near the Eifelmaare (sunken volcanoes). Nearby is the Eckfelder Trockenmaar (a dry maar) with its many palaeontological finds. Especially well known are small ancient horses and the world's oldest honeybee.  Eckfeld belongs to the "Verbandsgemeinde" Wittlich-Land.

History.

The municipality had its first documentary mention in 973 in a donation document from Emperor Otto I at the Abbey of Echternach. Beginning in 1794, Eckfeld lay under French rule. In 1814 it was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1947, it has been part of the then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Politics.

Municipal council.

The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman.

Culture and sightseeing.

Fossil finds at the 44.3-million-year-old Eckfelder Maar (for example the “Eckfeld Ancient Horse” and the “World’s Oldest Honeybee”) have been made available to the Maar Museum in Manderscheid by the Rhineland-Palatinate State Assembly for Natural History ("Landessammlung für Naturkunde Rheinland-Pfalz").

Church and monastery.

The tower at Saint Catherine's Church ("Kirche St. Katharina") in Eckfeld was built in 1450 and expanded into a defensive tower. Built onto the tower in 1882 was a new nave.  To Eckfeld belongs the former Buchholz Monastery with the Church of the Visitation of Mary ("Kirche Mariä Heimsuchung"). Saint Catherine's Church in Eckfeld is, like the church in Pantenburg, a branch church of the Buchholz church.

Eckfeld is an "Ortsgemeinde" – a municipality belonging to a "Verbandsgemeinde", a kind of collective municipality – in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Eckfeld ist eine Ortsgemeinde im Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich in Rheinland-Pfalz. Sie gehört seit dem 1. Juli 2014 der Verbandsgemeinde Wittlich-Land an.


Biography.

Brigitte D'Ortschy grew up in Berlin. As a teenager she became intrigued by the reading of Angelus Silesius, Meister Eckhart, Teresa of Avila and Chuang-tzu. She completed her education by studying architecture and engineering in Berlin and Graz. The sociological and psychological aspects of architecture were one of the main fields of her studies. In 1945 she received her diploma in architecture.  From 1947 to 1950 Brigitte D'Ortschy worked as a research assistant at the Technical University of Munich in the field of the building history and archaeology. 1950 she accepted an invitation by the Washington State Department and went to the US to gain experiences in urban and regional planning for the rebuilding of postwar Germany. She concluded her graduate studies at the University of North Carolina and worked for the Planning Commission of Philadelphia. During this time she met Frank Lloyd Wright.  In 1951 Brigitte D'Ortschy became a founding member of the Bavarian Committee for Urban and Regional Planning. In 1952 she took the initiative to bring the exhibition "60 years of Living Architecture" on the work of Frank Lloyd Wright to Munich. In 1953 Frank Lloyd Wright invited her to work for him in his architectural atelier in Taliesin West (Arizona). Frank Lloyd Wright's concept of "organic architecture" resonated with Brigitte D’Ortschy. It also sharpened her awareness of physical form as "cultural language" and helped her later to grasp the characteristic features of Japanese culture.  In 1954, on her return to Europe, she became the coordinator of the German section of the international "Triennale" exhibition in Milano. In the following years she organized exhibitions in Helsingborg (Sweden), Milano, Israel, Berlin and Munich. In addition she did design work (i.e. she furnished dwellings of the house of Finnish architect Alvar Aalto), gave lectures and wrote articles for the trade press.  In 1960 she traveled to Israel to prepare the first exhibition about the Art and Craft of Israel in postwar Germany, setting it up in Munich and Berlin. Besides her professional life she engaged in intense discussions and exchange of letters with leading thinkers of her time on the many aspects of science and religious philosophy. During these years she read the book "Zen and the Art of Archery" by Eugen Herrigel. "This book about Zen...awakened in me the feeling that Japan was holding sth. extremely important for me" she later writes. Up to 1963 she worked both as a freelance architect and for the Bavaria Film Company while continuing to publish articles and a series of books about architectural design. In 1963 she decided to move to Japan.

Zen-training and teaching.

Shortly after her arrival in Japan Brigitte D'Ortschy met Zen-Master Ryoko Roshi (1885–1973) and in April 1964 she began her rigorous Zen-training under him in the Fukusho-ji in Tokio and in the Mokuso-in in Kamakura. She earned a living as lecturer at the Waseda, Yokohama and Tokio universities, and being an articulate writer, she wrote many articles about traditional Japanese culture and its Zen schools of art. Brigitte D'Ortschy underwent the entire Koan-training which she completed in 1972 when she received Inka Shomei. Yasutani Haku'un Roshi bestowed on her the Dharma name Doru Chiko Daishi and she became his Dharma heir. In 1973 Yamada Koun Ken Enko Zenshin Roshi (1907–1989) held the Hasan-Sai ceremony for her and she inherited his Dharma too. Yamada Koun gave her the name Koun An Roshi. From then on she was called Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi (=Daishi). In 1983 Yamada Roshi confirmed her as an authentic Zen-Master in her own right (Shoshike) of the Sanbo Kyodan lineage. Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi is the 85th generation after Shakyamuni Buddha and the 35th generation after Dogen Zenji.  In the San'un zendo in Kamakura she befriended her Zen companion Philip Kapleau who was then writing his zen classic "The Three Pillars of Zen". She designed the cover of this book and translated it into German. Those parts of Phillip Kapleau's book which were originally written in Kanbun she translated anew into English to keep her German translation as faithful as possible. The German edition ("Die Drei Pfeiler des Zen") was eventually published in 1969. During these years Hugo Makibi Enomiya Lassalle SJ became her Zen companion, as well as the Californian Jesuit Father Thomas Hand, one of the first Catholic priests in the San'un zendo and pioneer of the Christian/Buddhist dialogue. Her long friendship with Father Hand is documented in an exchange of letters spanning 20 years.  From 1973 onwards, together with Yamada Koun Roshi she held the first Sesshin in Germany. In 1975 she established her own zendo in Munich. This zendo grew into a community of zen disciples from all over the world. Koun An pursued her teaching during intense summer training periods. During winter time she continued her zen training in Japan and kept working on her translations and writings. She shielded her Munich zendo and her students from public limelight in order to guarantee an intense and authentic zen-training and did so in line with her view that "spiritual training is always for free".  Under the pseudonym of Michael Mueller, Brigitte D'Ortschy published a teisho (dharma talk) about the koan "MU". With the title "ZEN" (photos by Eberhard Grames) it was published in 1984 for the first time.  Until her death in 1990 she spent the winter months in her garden hut (Jap. "hanare") in Kita-Kamakura, Yama-no-uchi, and continued her own Zen training. With the support of Yamada Koun Roshi in the San'un Zendo in Kamakura she translated the classic texts of Zen-Buddhism from the Chinese and Japanese originals into English and/or German: "Hui-Neng" (Eno) (638-713) "The Dharma-Treasure Rostrum Sutra of the Great Master, the Sixth Patriarch", "Sosan no hanashi", and complete classic koan collections, like "Mumon Ekai: Mumon-kan" (The Gateless Gate), "Setcho/Engo: Hekigan Roku" (The Blue Cliff Record), "Keizan Jokin: Denko-Roku" (Transmission of Light), "Wanshi Shogaku: Shoyu Roku" (The Book of Equanimity), etc. and wrote her own teisho (Dharma talks) about all of the respective koan. Her contribution in the context of Christian/Buddhist dialogue is most comprehensively documented in her exchange of letters over 15 years with a Carthusian monk who was her disciple.  While Yasutani Haku'un Roshi is regarded as the pioneer of Zen in the US, Koun-An Doru Chiko Roshi is regarded as the first German Zen-Master with students from all over the world.

Bibliography.

Wolkenverlag Munich (www.wolkenverlag.de) now offers free downloads of its publications to date (see list below), all of which are translations, books or essays and articles by Brigitte D'Ortschy, plus already some as yet unpublished original manuscripts, i.e. "The 6th Patriarch's Rostrum (Platform) Sutra" (Hui-Neng) translated from Japanese into English and German, by Brigitte D'Ortschy. The Wolkenverlag library of free downloads will grow continuously as more essays, articles, teisho, notes and translations are being prepared for upload. Original manuscripts, written in German only, will be translated into English in due time.  www.wolkenverlag.de: "Denko-Roku" Koan collection, "Shoyo-Roku" Koan collection. Translated from Chinese and Japanese into English, by Brigitte D'Ortschy, Koun-An Roshi. www.wolkenverlag.de: "The Sixth Patriarch's Rostrum Sutra". Translated from Chinese and Japanese manuscripts into English, by Brigitte D'Ortschy, Koun-An Roshi.

Brigitte D'Ortschy (May 31, 1921 – July 9, 1990), or Koun-An Doru Chiko, was an architect, journalist, translator, author, and the first Zen master from Germany in the Sanbo Kyodan school of Japan.

Brigitte D’Ortschy (* 31. Mai 1921 in Berlin; † 9. Juli 1990 in Grünwald, Landkreis München) war eine deutsche Architektin, Übersetzerin, Journalistin und Autorin. Sie war die erste deutsche Zen-Meisterin und bekannt unter dem Namen Koun-An Doru Chiko Roshi, Shoshike der Sanbo Kyodan Linie, Kamakura, Japan.


Club career.

Early years.

Born in Murillo de Río Leza, La Rioja, Pinillos played professionally for modest clubs in his early years, working as a bricklayer before arriving at third division team Pontevedra CF in 1996, eight hours a day.  After an uneventful two-year stint with Deportivo de La Coruña, he moved to second level sides CD Toledo, SD Compostela and Levante UD, achieving La Liga promotion at the end of the 2003–04 season with the latter.

Racing Santander.

Upon Levante's 2005 relegation, Pinillos joined Cantabria's Racing de Santander, where he coincided with former Levante coach Manuel Preciado. There, he was an undisputed defensive starter and one of the team's captains, being instrumental in their 2007–08 historical qualification to the UEFA Cup – 32 matches, 2,716 minutes.  In the following campaign, the 34-year-old Pinillos played 29 league games plus three in the continental competition, as Racing finished in 12th position. He scored his first goal in the top flight on 26 April 2009, but in a 1–2 away loss against Athletic Bilbao.  In early July 2011, after 191 official appearances with Racing (and 20 during the season as they again retained their division status), Pinillos retired from football at the age of 37, having taken part in 354 matches both major levels of Spanish football combined. He immediately joined the club's coaching staff.  After the dismissal of manager Juanjo González on 7 March 2012, Pinillos was promoted to caretaker manager alongside Fede Castaños until the end of the campaign. Shortly after, however, Álvaro Cervera was appointed as the new coach.

Honours.

Calahorra  Levante

Pablo Pinillos Caro (born 9 July 1974) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a right back. In a 15-year old professional career, he appeared in 213 La Liga games over the course of eight seasons (three goals), mainly representing Racing de Santander.

Pablo Pinillos Caro (* 9. Juli 1974 in Murillo de Río Leza) ist ein ehemaliger spanischer Fußballspieler. Pablo Pinillos ist wohl was man einen "Spätstarter" im Profifußball nennt. Nach Engagements bei mehreren kleineren Vereinen kam er 1997 mit 23 Jahren zu Deportivo La Coruña. Doch das Glück blieb ihm zunächst nur zwei Jahre Hold ehe er vier Jahre in Toledo und bei SD Compostela spielte. Seit 2003 ging es aber dann doch bergauf für ihn mit Engagements bei UD Levante und danach ab 2005 bei Racing Santander, wo er seine Karriere auch beendete.


History.

Although the bank has existed under its current name since 1945, it is a continuation of two previous central banks of Poland, both named simply "Bank of Poland" ("Bank Polski"). The first one was founded in Warsaw in 1828 by Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki. An institution of the government of the Kingdom of Poland, it was entitled with issuance of the Polish currency as well as control over the credit rates. It was also entitled with a concession to operate foreign currencies and buy off credits issued by foreign companies and banks.  During the Second World War the gold reserves of Poland were transferred to Romania, Great Britain and Canada. In November 1946, following the cancellation of Polands wartime debt, the larger part of prewar gold reserves were returned to Poland's new communist authorities. In 1947 the gold deposited in Romania in 1939 was returned, while the former Bank of Poland itself was closed down and finally in 1952 absorbed by the newly created Narodowy Bank Polski.  The latter was one of two banks allowed to operate in Poland's postwar planned economy. It had a monopoly for currency, credits and cumulation of savings. The other bank, "PKO Bank Polski", was responsible for private accounts. After the fall of the communist system in 1989, the market economy was reintroduced and the "NBP" limited its functions to currency control and supervision of other, privately controlled banks.

Structure.

The structure and functioning of the Narodowy Bank Polski are regulated by article 227 of the Constitution of Poland of 1997 and the Narodowy Bank Polski Act of the same year. The President of the NBP is appointed by the Sejm, at the request of the President of the Republic of Poland, for a term of six years. The NBP President is responsible for the organisation and functioning of the Polish's central bank. The same person cannot serve as President of the NBP for more than two terms of office. Apart from his function as the superior of the NBP staff, he is also the chairman of the Monetary Policy Council, the NBP Management Board and the Commission for Banking Supervision. He is also responsible for representing Poland in international banking and financial institutions.

Narodowy Bank Polski ("National Bank of Poland", NBP) is the central bank of Poland. It controls the issuing of Poland's currency, the "złoty". The Bank is headquartered in Warsaw, and has branches in 16 major Polish towns. The NBP represents Poland in the European System of Central Banks, an EU organization.

Die Narodowy Bank Polski ("NBP", deutsch "Polnische Nationalbank") ist die Zentralbank Polens mit Sitz in Warschau. Sie ist Mitglied im Europäischen System der Zentralbanken.


History.

In 1904, land was surrendered from the Coté First Nation for the Canadian Northern Railway station and the town site of Kamsack. Between 1905 and 1907 additional land was allocated, the northern sections of which were returned to Indian reserve status. In 1913 a further two-mile strip of land on the southern boundary was given, but returned in 1915 when it was identified the Coté people had lost too much of their best agricultural land. In 1963, further acres surrendered in 1905 were also reconstituted as reserve land. The interest in and surrender of land from the reserve’s southern boundary—nearest the Kamsack town site—resulted in part from speculation of its value for settlement.  The lands around what is now Kamsack were settled in the 1880s by a handful of agricultural settlers. The farming area around Kamsack was well settled by 1905. These farms consisted of a variety of ethnic groups which are still present to this day: Doukhobors, Ukrainians, Europeans, Americans and Eastern Canadians were all among the early settlers to the area.  In 1903 the Canadian National Railway and Kamsack railway station were built which literally forced the birth of Kamsack. The town is still today served by Via Rail passenger service.  The name Kamsack came from an early post office of the same name, which was located in one of the early settlers' homes. The name "Kamsack" came from a native word meaning "something vast and large". In the 1900s, the Doukhobor village called Nadezhda (, 'Hope'), some 15 km to the northwest of Kamsack, was the site of the annual general meetings of the Doukhobor community of Saskatchewan. By around 1910, the meeting site has shifted to the village of Veregin, some 10 km west of Kamsack, where a permanent Doukhobor central office was established.  The first buildings were constructed in 1904 along the north side of the Canadian National Railway Right-of-way. These included a general store, drug store, pool room, hotel and post office. In the spring of 1905 the first school was opened in the Hallson building (named after a local businessman and town councillor). The village grew rapidly and by 1911 it had a population of over 500 people and was declared a town. The town continued to expand and by 1913 its assessment totalled C$1.2 million. In the summer of 1914 construction was started on the waterworks, sewage system and electric light plant. By 1921 the population was in excess of 2,000 people and the expansion of services continued to take place.  During the depression years Kamsack suffered, as did all communities during the period, and as a result the town's population dropped to 1,800 people. This exodus of people was small compared to many other communities and Kamsack survived. During the summer of 1944 Kamsack once again faced adversity when it was hit by a tornado that is now referred to as the "Kamsack Cyclone." The devastation involved 400 homes and 100 businesses and caused over C$2 million damage. The rebuilding process began again with the help of the veterans returning from World War II. As it turned out, this period turned into the biggest building boom in the town's history.  This building period included business, public and residential sections of the town. Water and sewer systems were extended, streets were paved and cement sidewalks were built. The building boom continued right up to 1961 when the census showed 2941 residents in the town. In the 1970s Kamsack saw its business district continue to grow with the arrival of the Royal Bank, the construction of the "Kamplex" (a dual purpose hockey and curling rink) and construction began on the new hospital.

Education.

The public schools in Kamsack are part of Good Spirit School Division. Victoria School offers Pre-Kindergarten to Grade 4 and Kamsack Comprehensive Institute offers grades 5 to 12.  Parkland Regional College offers post-secondary education, SIAST and general interest classes.

People.

Notable residents of Kamsack have included writers Eleanor Coerr, Myrna Dey and John Newlove, jurist Wilbur Jackett and hockey players Jack Church, Darcy Hordichuk, Harold Phillipoff, and Tyler Wright.

Kamsack, Saskatchewan, Canada is a town in the Assiniboine River Valley, where the Whitesand River joins the Assiniboine River. It is northeast of Yorkton. Highway 8 and Highway 5 intersect in the town.

Kamsack ("Town of Kamsack") ist eine Kleinstadt in der kanadischen Provinz Saskatchewan. Sie liegt im Flusstal des Assiniboine River an der Mündung des Whitesand River. Wegen des fruchtbaren Bodens, der sehenswerten Landschaft und dem meist schönem Wetter nennt man Kamsack auch den "Garten von Saskatchewan".


Geography.

The village of Rhinau is situated on the Rhine about 30 kilometers sound of Strasbourg. It is a notable city in that it has 997 hectares of territory on the right bank of the Rhine, in Germany. These 997 hectares are thus managed under German sovereignty, but, "de facto" run by the commune of Rhinau. This is due to a meander of the Rhine in 1541, and was made note of in the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as the Thirty Years Wars was brought to a close.  Rhinau belongs to the canton of Erstein and the arrondissement of Sélestat-Erstein. The inhabitants are called the "Rhinois". Access to all territories of Rhinau are maintained by the ferry "Rhenanus", giving access to one of the more beautiful natural preserves of countryside in the Ried.  Rhinau is a stop in the Véloroute Rhin EV 15 (1,320 km) which connects the source of the Rhine in Andermatt, Switzerland and its terminus in Rotterdam.

History.

Prior to 1398, the village of Rhinau was situated at the bank of Rhine. Today's village dates from the 16th Century. At that time, the city was being gradually submerged into the waters of the Rhin. To avoid this fate, the village was rebuilt further inland, where it sits today. Though further from the river that gave it its name, the name continued.  In 1267 Rhinau allied with the city of Strasbourg. In 1290, the bishop of Strasbourg transferred the chapter of Honau to Rhinau, and conferred the full rights over this chapter to Rhinau, without prejudice for the rector of the local parish church.

Rhinau () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department of Grand Est in north-eastern France. Until 1398, the village was located on the bank of the Rhine. The present village dates from the sixteenth century. At periods of low water in the Rhine, it is possible to see the old foundations of the village, as happened in 1749.

Rhinau (deutsch "Rheinau") ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) am linken Ufer des Rheins im Département Bas-Rhin in der Region Grand Est (bis 2015 Elsass). Die nächste Nachbargemeinde ist Boofzheim.