Background.

Suppression of dissenters.

During the American Civil War, the administration of President Abraham Lincoln dealt with Union dissenters by declaring martial law, sanctioning arbitrary arrest and detention, suspending the writ of "habeas corpus" that requires justification of the detention, and initiating trials by military commission rather than conventional civil courts. The rationale for these actions was based on, which authorizes the suspension of the writ of "habeas corpus" "when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it." Lincoln theorized that the civil courts in the United States were established to try individuals and small groups "on charges of crimes well defined in the law" and not to deal with large groups of dissenters, whose actions, while damaging to the war effort, did not constitute a "defined crime" in states loyal to the government. Lincoln believed his administration's plan would suppress anti-government agitators, but he was also optimistic that it would be rescinded after the war ended.  The first test of Lincoln's thesis for silencing dissenters occurred in the spring of 1863. Clement Vallandigham, an Ohio politician and anti-war Democrat, was placed under arrest on May 5, 1863, taken to Cincinnati for a trial before a military commission, and jailed. Vallandigham was found guilty and sentenced to prison for the remainder of the war, but Lincoln commuted the sentence. Vallandigham's petition to the U.S. Supreme Court, known as "Ex parte Vallandigham", was denied.

Trial by military commission.

The next test began with trials by a military commission that led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case known as "Ex parte Milligan". On September 17, 1864, General Alvin Peterson Hovey, commander of the Military District of Indiana, authorized a military commission to meet on September 19 at Indianapolis, Indiana, to begin trials of Harrison H. Dodd, "grand commander" of the Sons of Liberty in Indiana, and others placed under military arrest. These prisoners included Democrats Lambdin P. Milligan, a lawyer living in Huntington, Indiana, and an outspoken critic of President Lincoln and Indiana's Republican governor Oliver P. Morton; Joseph J. Bingham, editor of the "Indianapolis Daily Sentinel" and chairman of Indiana's Democratic State Central Committee; William A. Bowles of French Lick, Indiana; William M. Harrison, secretary of the Democratic Club of Marion County, Indiana; Horace Heffren, editor of the "Washington (Indiana) Democrat"; Stephen Horsey of Martin County, Indiana; and Andrew Humphreys of Bloomfield, Indiana. Two other men, James B. Wilson and David T. Yeakel, were also seized. Dodd, who was the first to be tried, escaped from jail before his trial was completed, and fled to Canada. On October 10, 1864, he was found guilty, convicted "in absentia", and sentenced to hang. Charges against Bingham, Harrison, Yeakel, and Wilson were dismissed. Heffren was released before the proceedings against Milligan began.  The military commission for the trial of Milligan, Horsey, Bowles, and Humphreys convened at Indianapolis on October 21, 1864. The commission considered five charges against the men: conspiracy against the U.S. government, offering aid and comfort to the Confederates, inciting insurrections, "disloyal practices," and "violation of the laws of war." The defendants were alleged to have established a secret organization that planned to liberate Confederate soldiers from Union prisoner-of-war camps in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, and then seize an arsenal, provide the freed prisoners with arms, raise an armed force to incite a general insurrection, and join with the Confederates to invade Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky and make war on the government of the United States.  The military commission's decision on December 10, 1864, found Milligan, Bowles, and Horsey guilty. The men were sentenced to hang on May 19, 1865. Humphreys was found guilty and sentenced to hard labor for the remainder of the war. With President Lincoln's support, General Hovey modified the sentence for Humphreys, allowing his release, but Humphreys was required to remain within two specific townships in Greene County, Indiana, and could not participate in any acts that opposed the war. Efforts were made to secure pardons for Milligan, Bowles, and Horsey, with the decision passing to President Johnson following Lincoln's assassination.

Circuit Court petition.

On May 10, 1865, Jonathan W. Gorden, Milligan's legal counsel, filed a petition for a writ of "habeas corpus" in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Indiana at Indianapolis. A similar one was filed on behalf of Bowles and Horsey. The petitions were based on an act of the Congress titled "An Act Relating to Habeas Corpus and Regulation Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases" that went into effect on March 3, 1863. The act was intended to resolve the question of whether Lincoln had the constitutional authority to suspend the writ of "habeas corpus" as authorized under Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. Milligan's petition alleged that a federal grand jury had met in Indianapolis during January 1865, which it did, and it had not indicted him, which is also true, making him eligible for a release from prison under the congressional act.  On May 16, three days before their execution, Horsey's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and the executions of Milligan and Bowles were postponed to June 2. President Johnson approved commutation of the sentences for Milligan and Bowles to life imprisonment on May 30, 1865. In the interim, Justice David Davis, an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and a federal circuit court judge that included Indiana, and Judge Thomas Drummond, another federal circuit court judge, reviewed Milligan's circuit court petition. The two judges disagreed about the issue of whether the U.S. Constitution prohibited civilians from being tried by a military commission and passed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Arguments.

The U.S. Supreme Court was asked to consider three questions in the "Ex parte Milligan" case: The Court case did not consider the charges or the evidence presented in the trial by the military commission. The only issues considered were whether the military commission's proceedings were constitutional, and whether Milligan was entitled to a discharge.  The case was argued before the Court on March 5 and March 13, 1866. The team representing the United States was U.S. Attorney General James Speed, Henry Stanbery, and Benjamin F. Butler, a Civil War general who became a congressman and governor of Massachusetts. General Butler delivered the argument for the United States. Among the members of Milligan's legal team were Joseph E. McDonald; David Dudley Field, who was a New York lawyer and brother of U.S. Supreme Court justice Stephen Johnson Field; James A. Garfield, a member of Congress in his first ever courtroom argument and a future U.S. president; and Jeremiah S. Black, President James Buchanan's U.S. Attorney General and U.S. Secretary of State.

Decision.

On April 3, 1866, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase handed down the Court's decision, which decreed that the writ of habeas corpus could be issued based on the congressional act of March 3, 1863; the military commission did not have the jurisdiction to try and sentence Milligan; and he was entitled to a discharge. Milligan, Bowles, and Horsey were discharged from prison on April 12, 1866. The Court's opinion was read during the next Court session.  On December 17, 1866, Justice Davis delivered the majority opinion explaining that Milligan, who was a civilian not in military service and resident of a state in which civilian courts were still functioning, had a right, when charged with a crime, to be tried and punished according to the law. Under the U.S. Constitution this included security against unreasonable search and seizure, a warrant for probable cause before arrest, and if indicted, a speedy trial by jury. Justice Davis disagreed with the federal government's argument regarding the propriety of the military commission, stating that "martial rule can never exist when the courts are open" and confined martial law to areas of "military operations, where war really prevails," and when it became a necessity to provide a substitute for a civil authority that had been overthrown. This was not the situation in Indiana, where the civilian courts were still operating at the time of Milligan's arrest, trial, and incarceration. The majority opinion further observed that during the suspension of the writ of "habeas corpus", citizens may be only detained without charges, not "tried" or executed under the jurisdictions of military tribunals. The writ is not the right itself, but merely the ability to issue orders demanding the right's "enforcement."  In "Ex parte Milligan", which in essence was a case about governmental power and personal liberty, the Court's decision stood "on the side of personal liberty." In this case the Court was unwilling to give President Lincoln's administration the power of military commission jurisdiction. The Court's decision avoided the risk of its abuse by future administrations in other situations. It is also important to note the political environment of the decision. Under a Republican Congress immediately after the Civil War, the Court was reluctant to hand down any decision that questioned the legitimacy of military courts, especially in the occupied South. The president's ability to suspend the writ of "habeas corpus" without congressional approval was not addressed in this case, most likely because it was a moot issue with respect to the case at hand. President Lincoln had suspended the writ nationwide on September 24, 1862, and Congress had ratified this action on March 3, 1863, with the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act. Milligan was detained in October 1864, more than a year after Congress formally suspended the writ.

Three types of military jurisdiction.

This case was also important in clarifying the scope of military jurisdiction under the US Constitution. The Supreme Court justices held: There are under the Constitution three kinds of military jurisdiction: one to be exercised both in peace and war; another to be exercised in time of foreign war without the boundaries of the United States, or in time of rebellion and civil war within states or districts occupied by rebels treated [71 U.S. 2, 142] as belligerents; and a third to be exercised in time of invasion or insurrection within the limits of the US, or during rebellion within the limits of states maintaining adhesion to the National Government, when the public danger requires its exercise. The first of these may be called jurisdiction under MILITARY LAW, and is found in acts of Congress prescribing rules and articles of war, or otherwise providing for the government of the national forces; the second may be distinguished as MILITARY GOVERNMENT, superseding, as far as may be deemed expedient, the local law, and exercised by the military commander under the direction of the President, with the express or implied sanction of Congress; while the third may be denominated MARTIAL LAW PROPER, and is called into action by Congress, or temporarily, when the action of Congress cannot be invited, and in the case of justifying or excusing peril, by the President, in times of insurrection or invasion, or of civil or foreign war, within districts or localities where ordinary law no longer adequately secures public safety and private rights.  This distinction between martial law and military government was not commonly made before 1866. However, after the Supreme Court's clarification in this landmark case, it has continued to be referenced. Birkhimer describes the difference on page 1 of his opus "Military Government and Martial Law" (3rd edition, 1914): "Military jurisdiction is treated in the following pages in its two branches of Military Government and Martial Law. The former is exercised over enemy territory; the latter over loyal territory of the State enforcing it." According to the U.S. Army Field Manual FM 27-10, "The Law of Land Warfare", paragraph 362: "Military government is the form of administration by which an occupying power exercises governmental authority over occupied territory. The necessity for such government arises from the failure or inability of the legitimate government to exercise its functions on account of the military occupation, or the undesirability of allowing it to do so."

Concurrence.

Justices David Davis and four others (Nathan Clifford, Stephen Johnson Field, Robert Cooper Grier, and Samuel Nelson) signed the majority opinion. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and Justices James Moore Wayne, Noah Haynes Swayne, and Samuel Freeman Miller filed a separate opinion concurring with the majority in the judgment, but they disagreed with the majority's assertion that Congress did not have the power to authorize military commissions in Indiana. Chief Justice Chase asserted that Congress had the power to authorize a military commission, but it had not done so in Milligan's case. The separate opinion also stated that Congress could "authorize trials for crimes against the security and safety of the national forces," and its authority to do so "may be derived from its constitutional power to raise and support armies and to declare war;" while the civil courts "might be open and undisturbed in their functions... yet wholly incompetent to avert threatened danger, or to punish, with adequate promptitude and certainty, the guilty conspirators." However, as Judge Davis described the status of the federal courts in Indiana at the time, "It needed no bayonets to protect it, and required no military aid to execute its judgments."

Aftermath.

"Ex parte Milligan" became well known as the leading U.S. Supreme Court case that found the president went beyond his legal powers to suppress dissenters during the American Civil War. The decision also helped establish the tradition that presidential and military action "based on war" had limits.  After Milligan's release from prison, he returned to his home and law practice in Huntington, Indiana. In 1868 he filed a civil lawsuit in Huntington County, Indiana, seeking damages related to the "Ex parte Milligan" case. Milligan's civil case was referred to the U.S. Circuit Court for Indiana at Indianapolis. "Milligan v. Hovey", a two-week jury trial held in May 1871, named as defendants several men involved in Milligan's treason trial, including Alvin P. Hovey and Oliver P. Morton. Milligan hired Thomas A. Hendricks as his legal council. The defendants hired Benjamin Harrison. Milligan's civil suit was "the first major civil rights jury trial held before the federal courts." At issue was what damages, if any, Milligan had sustained relating to "Ex parte Milligan". Harrison portrayed Milligan as a traitor, while Hendricks focused on Milligan's "malicious prosecution and false imprisonment." Milligan refused to admit his affiliation or actions with a seditious organization during the civil trial. The jury issued its verdict in Milligan's favor on May 30, 1871. Although Milligan sought thousands of dollars in damages, state and federal statutes limited the claim to five dollars plus court costs.

Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 2 (1866), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that ruled the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional. In this particular case, the Court was unwilling to give President Abraham Lincoln's administration the power of military commission jurisdiction, part of the administration's controversial plan to deal with Union dissenters during the American Civil War. Justice David Davis, who delivered the majority opinion, stated that "martial rule can never exist when the courts are open" and confined martial law to areas of "military operations, where war really prevails", and when it was a necessity to provide a substitute for a civil authority that had been overthrown. Chief Justice Chase and three associate justices filed a separate opinion concurring with the majority in the judgment, but asserted that Congress had the power to authorize a military commission, although it had not done so in Milligan's case.

Als ex parte Milligan wird eine Entscheidung des Obersten Gerichtshofes der Vereinigten Staaten aus dem Jahr 1866 bezeichnet. Die Entscheidung gilt als ein Präzedenzfall für die Bedeutung des Habeas Corpus im Ausnahmezustand und ist eine der wenigen Entscheidungen zum Umfang der Vollmachten des Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten im Kriegsfall und ist insofern auch ein Vorläufer der Entscheidung in Sachen Hamdan v. Rumsfeld von 2005.


Early life and education.

Matsoukas grew up in the Co-op City housing development in the Bronx. Her father worked as a builder, and her mother taught math in a local high school. When Matsoukas was eight, the family moved to Hackensack, New Jersey. Her father is of half Greek and half Jewish descent, and her mother is of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Jamaican descent. Both her name and surname are "." She earned her degree at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and completed her graduate work at the AFI Conservatory with an MFA in cinematography. Her graduate thesis was on music videos.

Career.

Matsoukas started out at Black Dog Film, then the now-defunct Gorilla Flix film production company, and is currently a director at Prettybird, which she has been signed to since 2011.  Her work is described as "chock full of bright colors or crisp black and white images, smooth spotlights, and tasteful retro video models." Matsoukas says that expensive equipment is not necessary for a quality video and one should never think that way: "A good video has the right visuals, a well conceptualised story and should be exciting and elicit reaction." In an interview for "Venus Zine's" Fall 2010 issue, she says about being part of the music video world, "I love it. The quick turnaround, the creativity."  In 2016 and 2017, Matsoukas directed several episodes of the critically and publicly acclaimed television series "Master of None" and "Insecure".  Matsoukas made her directorial debut in film with "Queen & Slim", starring Jodie Turner-Smith and Daniel Kaluuya, and written by Lena Waithe. It was released on November 27, 2019, by Universal Pictures.

Melina Matsoukas (born January 14, 1981) is an American music video, film, commercial and television director. She is a two-time Grammy Award winner and four-time MTV Video Music Awards winner for her "We Found Love" and "Formation" music videos. She was honored with the Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal by the American Film Institute in 2019. Her directorial debut in film was "Queen & Slim", starring Jodie Turner-Smith and Daniel Kaluuya, and written by Lena Waithe. It was released on November 27, 2019, by Universal Pictures.

Melina Matsoukas (; * 14. Januar 1981) ist eine griechisch-amerikanische Musikvideo-Regisseurin, die seit 2006 bei der Produktionsfirma "Black Dog Films" unter Vertrag steht.


History.

1970s: Beginnings.

In 1971, South African musicians Clive Calder and Ralph Simon began a publishing and management company. It was named Zomba Records and relocated to London, England, four years later; their first client was a young Robert "Mutt" Lange. Zomba originally wanted to avoid record labels, choosing instead to focus on their songwriters and producers while allowing other established labels to release the material. Later that decade, the company opened offices in the US, where Calder began a business relationship with Clive Davis, whose Arista Records began releasing material by Zomba artists.

1980s: Formation and early distribution at Arista and RCA.

In 1981, Zomba formed Jive Records, whose operations began with the release of British dance and pop music such as Q-Feel, A Flock of Seagulls, and Tight Fit. Its name was inspired by township Jive, a type of music that originated in South Africa. Davis had hoped that Zomba's connection with Mutt Lange would help alleviate the difficulties Arista was having finding potentially successful rock acts.  By 1982, Calder was introduced to Barry Weiss, a young college graduate who took Calder out to hip-hop clubs in New York City for his job interview with Zomba. He was immediately impressed: Together, they began grooming musicians for what would eventually become Whodini. After two days, the group created and recorded its hit single "Magic's Wand." While the group would eventually leave Jive, the early success allowed the label to focus on hip-hop artists throughout the 1980s. In 1987, Jive cut distribution ties with Arista, effectively separating them from Davis's authority, who eschewed Hip Hop. As the 1980s drew to a close, the label entered a distribution deal with Arista's sister label RCA Records, and it continued to sign Hip hop acts including DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Too $hort, Schoolly D and even Kid Rock.

1990s: Hip Hop and Teen Pop.

In 1991, Jive's distribution deal with RCA expired. At this time, Bertelsmann Music Group acquired a minority share of the label and began to distribute its records directly. By the early 1990s, Jive had opened offices in Chicago as well and had also become a premiere label in the genres of Hip Hop and R&B with the success of D-Nice, E-40, A Tribe Called Quest, Hi-Five, KRS-One/Boogie Down Productions, R. Kelly and Aaliyah. By the late 1990s, Jive began signing pop acts Backstreet Boys, NSYNC and Britney Spears. All three achieved massive success as the 2000s dawned, becoming the three best-selling acts in the label's history.  Weiss became CEO and president of Jive Records in 1991. After two decades, he left Jive in March 2011 for Universal Music Group.

2000s: Acquisition by BMG and Sony.

In 2003, BMG acquired the remainder of Jive's parent company Zomba for US$2.74 billion, which at the time was the largest-ever acquisition of an independent label with major-label distribution. The following year, BMG merged with Sony Music Entertainment to form Sony BMG. During this time, Jive's management and distribution were briefly configured under the newly formed Zomba Label Group. Zomba Label Group, along with Jive, would later be absorbed into the RCA Music Group. In 2008, Sony and BMG dissolved its merger, with the former buying out shares of the latter. As a result of Sony's buyout, Jive (along with its BMG sisters RCA and Arista) became a wholly-owned unit of a refreshed Sony Music Entertainment. The label was later reorganized with some artists moving to a restructured Epic Records, while others remained with Jive at RCA Music Group.

2010s: Dormancy.

On October 7, 2011, it was announced that Jive, along with Arista and J Records, would be retired to refresh and re-brand RCA Records by not confusing or diluting it with other labels. All retained artists on those labels were moved to RCA Records. The label is currently in hibernation, with the distribution of its back catalog handled by Sony Music's Legacy Recordings. Previously, the Jive brand is being exclusively used under the Sony Music France division under the name Jive Epic in France until 2019, when it was absorbed into RCA Records France.

Jive Records was an American record label formed in 1981 and is owned by Sony Music Entertainment. Formerly headquartered in New York City, Jive was best known for its string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s and 1990s, and also in teen pop and boy bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Since 2011, the label has been in hibernation with its previous operations having been absorbed by RCA Records.

Jive Records ist ein britisches Musiklabel, dessen Hauptsitz heute in New York liegt. Das Label gehört mittlerweile zu Sony BMG.


Administration and organization.

UAZ is organized in academic areas, subdivided in academic unities.. The following are the academic areas the university us divided into: Academic Area of Art and Culture, Academic Area of Basic Sciences, Academic Area of Health Sciences, Academic Area of Engineering, Academic Area of Humanities and Education, Academic Area of Social, Economic and Administrative Sciences and Academic Area of Agricultural Sciences. These organizational sets are further divided into academic unities.

Staff and labor Unions.

Most of the staff is unionized under the "Sindicato de los Trabajadores de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas" (Autonomous University of Zacatecas' Workers Union). In addition to this, most of the academia affiliates with the "SPAUAZ" (Autonomous University of Zacatecas Academic Personal Union). UAZ, since its beginnings, has had a history of conflicted and prolonged labor negotiations with each, or both, of these unions, often culminating in strikes

Campus.

"Ciudad Universitaria Campus Siglo XXI" is the university main campus, it's located in the outskirts of the city of Zacatecas

Campus life.

UAZ is a small-sized research university, most of whose students are in the undergraduate and professional schools. Most of the students are native to the State, but an important minority comes from different parts of the Mexican federation. There also exists a small percent of foreigner attendees.

Political Activism.

UAZ students and professors often engage in political and social activism and its members have a long tradition in doing so. Because of this UAZ has been an important figure in the State's policy making decision since its foundation.

Noted alumni.

Being the most important University in Zacatecas many of the most prominent figures in the economical, political, scientific, and artistic life of the State and Mexico were members of the UAZ alumni or faculty.

References.

The Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (UAZ) (Autonomous University of Zacatecas) is a Mexican public research university based in the city of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, but with several campuses across the state. It is considered both the most prestigious and most important college in the State. According to Mexican business and economics newspaper El Economista the UAZ is among the 20 best Mexican universities.

Die Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (UAZ) ist eine öffentliche Universität im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Zacatecas. Sie ist nach dem Politiker Francisco García Salinas benannt. Die Institution ist in 28 lehrenden Einheiten organisiert und verfügt über eigene Museen.


History.

Toponymy.

The place-name "Greenwich" is first attested in a Saxon charter of 918, where it appears as "Gronewic". It is recorded as "Grenewic" in 964, and as "Grenawic" in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 1013. It is "Grenviz" in the Domesday Book of 1086, and "Grenewych" in the "Taxatio Ecclesiastica" of 1291. The name means 'green "wic" or settlement' (from the Latin 'vicus').  The settlement later became known as "East Greenwich" to distinguish it from "West Greenwich" or "Deptford Strond", the part of Deptford adjacent to the River Thames, but the use of "East Greenwich" to mean the whole of the town of Greenwich died out in the 19th century. However, Greenwich was divided into the registration subdistricts of "Greenwich East" and "Greenwich West" from the beginning of civil registration in 1837, the boundary running down what is now Greenwich Church Street and Crooms Hill, although more modern references to ""East"" and ""West"" Greenwich probably refer to the areas east and west of the Royal Naval College and National Maritime Museum corresponding with the West Greenwich council ward. An article in "The Times" of 13 October 1967 stated:  "East Greenwich", gateway to the Blackwall Tunnel, remains solidly working class, the manpower for one eighth of London's heavy industry. "West Greenwich" is a hybrid: the spirit of Nelson, the "Cutty Sark", the Maritime Museum, an industrial waterfront and a number of elegant houses, ripe for development.

Manor of East Greenwich.

Royal charters granted to English colonists in North America, often used the name of the manor of East Greenwich for describing the tenure (from the Latin verb "teneo", hold) as that of free socage. New England charters provided that the grantees should hold their lands "as of his Majesty's manor of East Greenwich." This was in relation to the principle of land tenure under English law, that the ruling monarch (king or queen) was paramount lord of all the soil in the "terra regis", while all others held their lands, directly or indirectly, under the monarch. Land outside the physical boundaries of England, as in America, was treated as belonging constructively to one of the existing royal manors, and from Tudor times grants frequently used the name of the manor of East Greenwich, but some 17c. grants named the castle of Windsor. Places in North America that have taken the name "East Greenwich" include a township in Gloucester County, New Jersey, a hamlet in Washington County, New York, and a town in Kent County, Rhode Island. Greenwich, Connecticut was also named after Greenwich.

Early settlement.

Tumuli to the south-west of Flamsteed House, in Greenwich Park, are thought to be early Bronze Age barrows re-used by the Saxons in the 6th century as burial grounds. To the east between the Vanbrugh and Maze Hill Gates is the site of a Roman villa or temple. A small area of red paving tesserae protected by railings marks the spot. It was excavated in 1902 and 300 coins were found dating from the emperors Claudius and Honorius to the 5th century. This was excavated by the Channel 4 television programme "Time Team" in 1999, broadcast in 2000, and further investigations were made by the same group in 2003.  The Roman road from London to Dover, Watling Street crossed the high ground to the south of Greenwich, through Blackheath. This followed the line of an earlier Celtic route from Canterbury to St Albans. As late as Henry V, Greenwich was only a fishing town, with a safe anchorage in the river.

Viking.

During the reign of Ethelred the Unready, the Danish fleet anchored in the River Thames off Greenwich for over three years, with the army being encamped on the hill above. From here they attacked Kent and, in the year 1012, took the city of Canterbury, making Archbishop Alphege their prisoner for seven months in their camp at Greenwich, at that time within the county of Kent. They stoned him to death for his refusal to allow his ransom (3,000 pieces of silver) to be paid; and kept his body, until the blossoming of a stick that had been immersed in his blood. For this miracle his body was released to his followers, he achieved sainthood for his martyrdom and, in the 12th century, the parish church was dedicated to him. The present church on the site west of the town centre is St Alfege's Church, designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor in 1714 and completed in 1718. Some vestiges of the Danish camps may be traced in the names of Eastcombe and Westcombe, on the borders of nearby Blackheath.

Norman.

The Domesday Book records the manor of "Grenviz" in the hundred of "Grenviz" as held by Bishop Odo of Bayeux; his lands were seized by the crown in 1082. The name of the hundred was changed to Blackheath when the site of the hundred court was moved there in the 12th century. A royal palace, or hunting lodge, has existed here since before 1300, when Edward I is known to have made offerings at the chapel of the Virgin Mary.

Plantagenet.

Subsequent monarchs were regular visitors, with Henry IV making his will here, and Henry V granting the manor (for life) to Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, who died at Greenwich in 1426. The palace was created by Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry V's half-brother and the regent to Henry VI in 1447; he enclosed the park and erected a tower on the hill now occupied by the Royal Observatory. It was renamed the Palace of Placentia or Pleasaunce by Henry VI's consort Margaret of Anjou after Humphrey's death. The palace was completed and further enlarged by Edward IV, and in 1466 it was granted to his queen, Elizabeth.  Ultimately it was because the palace and its grounds were a royal possession that it was chosen as the site for Charles II's Royal Observatory, from which stemmed Greenwich's subsequent global role as originator of the modern Prime Meridian.

Tudor.

The palace was the principal residence of Henry VII whose sons Henry (later Henry VIII) and Edmund Tudor were born here, and baptised in St Alphege's. Henry favoured Greenwich over nearby Eltham Palace, the former principal royal palace. He extended Greenwich Palace and it became his principal London seat until Whitehall Palace was built in the 1530s. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon and Anne of Cleves at Greenwich, and both Mary (18 February 1516) and Elizabeth (7 September 1533) were born at Greenwich. His son Edward VI also died there at age 15.  The palace of Placentia, in turn, became Elizabeth's favourite summer residence. Both she and her sister Mary I used the palace extensively, and Elizabeth's Council planned the Spanish Armada campaign there in 1588.

Stuart.

James I carried out the final remodelling work on Greenwich Palace, granting the manor to his wife Queen Anne of Denmark. In 1616 Anne commissioned Inigo Jones to design and build the surviving Queen's House as the final addition to the palace.  Charles I granted the manor to his wife Queen Henrietta Maria, for whom Inigo Jones completed the Queen's House. During the English Civil War, the palace was used as a biscuit factory and prisoner-of-war camp. Then, in the Interregnum, the palace and park were seized to become a'mansion' for the Lord Protector.  By the time of the Restoration, the Palace of Placentia had fallen into disuse and was pulled down. New buildings began to be established as a grand palace for Charles II, but only the King Charles block was completed. Charles II also redesigned and replanted Greenwich Park and founded and built the Royal Observatory.  Prince James (later King James II & VII), as Duke of York and Lord Admiral until 1673, was often at Greenwich with his brother Charles and, according to Samuel Pepys, he proposed the idea of creating a Royal Naval Hospital. This was eventually established at Greenwich by his daughter Mary II, who in 1692–1693 commissioned Christopher Wren to design the Royal Hospital for Seamen (now the Old Royal Naval College). The work was begun under her widower William III in 1696 and completed by Hawksmoor. Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark continued to patronise the project.

Hanoverian.

George I landed at Greenwich from Hanover on his accession in 1714. His successor George II granted the Royal Hospital for Seamen the forfeited estates of the Jacobite Earl of Derwentwater, which allowed the building to be completed by 1751.  In 1805, George III granted the Queen's House to the Royal Naval Asylum (an orphanage school), which amalgamated in 1821–1825 with the Greenwich Hospital School. Extended with the buildings that now house the National Maritime Museum, it was renamed the Royal Hospital School by Queen Victoria in 1892.  George IV donated nearly 40 paintings to the hospital in 1824, at a stroke creating a gallery in the Painted Hall. These now form the Greenwich Hospital Collection at the National Maritime Museum. Subsequently, William IV and Queen Adelaide were both regular donors and visitors to the gallery.

Victorian and Edwardian.

Queen Victoria rarely visited Greenwich but in 1845 her husband Prince Albert personally bought Nelson's Trafalgar coat for the Naval Gallery.  In 1838 the London and Greenwich Railway (L&GR) completed the very first steam railway in London. It started at London Bridge and had its terminus at London Street (now Greenwich High Road). It was also the first to be built specifically for passengers, and the first ever elevated railway, having 878 arches over its almost four mile stretch. South of the railway's viaduct over Deptford Creek is a Victorian pumping station constructed in 1864 as part of Sir Joseph Bazalgette's London sewerage system (the Southern Outfall Sewer flows under Greenwich town centre).  In 1853 the local Scottish Presbyterian community built a church, St Mark's, nearby which was extended twice in the 1860s during the ministry of Adolph Saphir, eventually accommodating 1,000 worshippers.  In 1864 opposite the railway terminus, theatrical entrepreneur Sefton Parry built the thousand seater New Greenwich Theatre. William Morton was one of its more successful managers. The theatre was demolished in 1937 to make way for a new Town Hall, now a listed building under new ownership and renamed Meridian House.  Greenwich Station is at the northern apex of the Ashburnham Triangle, a residential estate developed by the Ashburnham family, mainly between 1830 and 1870, on land previously developed as market gardens. It is now a designated conservation area. The present Greenwich Theatre, further to the east, was constructed inside the shell of a Victorian music hall. Beginning life in 1855 as an annexe to the Rose and Crown, the music hall was rebuilt in 1871 by Charles Crowder and subsequently operated under many names. The meridian was established in 1851.

Modern and the present.

George V and Queen Mary both supported the creation of the National Maritime Museum, and Mary presented the museum with many items.  The Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), laid the foundation stone of the new Royal Hospital School when it moved out to Holbrook, Suffolk. In 1937 his first public act as king (three weeks before coronation) was to open the National Maritime Museum in the buildings vacated by the school. The king was accompanied by his mother Queen Mary, his wife Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) and the Princess Elizabeth (now Elizabeth II.)  Princess Elizabeth and her consort Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (who was ennobled Baron Greenwich on marriage in 1947) made their first public and official visit to Greenwich in 1948 to receive the Freedom of the Borough for Philip. In the same year, he became a trustee of the National Maritime Museum. Philip, now the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was a trustee for 52 years until 2000, when he became its first patron. The Duke of Edinburgh has also been a patron of the "Cutty Sark" (which was opened by the Queen in 1957) since 1952.  During the Silver Jubilee of 1977, the Queen embarked at Greenwich for the Jubilee River Pageant. In 1987, she was aboard the P&O ship Pacific Princess when it moored alongside the Old Royal Naval College for the company's 150th anniversary celebrations.  To mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, it was announced on 5 January 2010 that on 3 February 2012 the London Borough of Greenwich would become the fourth to have Royal Borough status, the others being the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead. The status was granted in recognition of the borough's historic links with the Royal Family, the location of the Prime Meridian and its being a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Governance.

Greenwich is covered by the Greenwich West and Peninsula wards of the London Borough of Greenwich, which was formed in 1965 by merging the former Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich with that part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich which lay south of the River Thames. Along with Blackheath Westcombe, Charlton, Glyndon, Woolwich Riverside, and Woolwich Common, it elects a Member of Parliament (MP) for Greenwich and Woolwich; currently the MP is Matthew Pennycook.

Geography.

Topography.

The town of Greenwich is built on a broad platform to the south of the outside of a broad meander in the River Thames, with a safe deep water anchorage lying in the river. To the south, the land rises steeply, through Greenwich Park to the town of Blackheath. The higher areas consist of a sedimentary layer of gravelly soils, known as the "Blackheath Beds", that spread through much of the south-east over a chalk outcrop—with sands, loam and seams of clay at the lower levels by the river.  Greenwich is bordered by Deptford Creek and Deptford to the west; the residential area of Westcombe Park to the east; the River Thames to the north; and the A2 and Blackheath to the south. The Greenwich Peninsula, also known as North Greenwich, forms the main projection of the town (to the northeast of the town centre).

Climate.

This data was collected between 1971 and 2000 at the weather station in Greenwich:  Historically, the record high is on 9 August 1911. This was the record for London until 2003.  Greenwich has an oceanic climate (Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters.

Sites of interest.

Riverfront.

The "Cutty Sark" (a clipper ship) has been preserved in a dry dock by the river. A major fire in May 2007 destroyed a part of the ship, although much had already been removed for restoration. Nearby for many years was also displayed "Gipsy Moth IV", the yacht sailed by Sir Francis Chichester in his single-handed, 226-day circumnavigation of the globe during 1966–67. In 2004, "Gipsy Moth IV" was removed from Greenwich, and after restoration work completed a second circumnavigation in May 2007. On the riverside in front of the north-west corner of the Hospital is an obelisk erected in memory of Arctic explorer Joseph René Bellot.  Near the Cutty Sark site, a circular building contains the entrance to the Greenwich foot tunnel, opened on 4 August 1902. This connects Greenwich to the Isle of Dogs on the northern side of the River Thames. The north exit of the tunnel is at Island Gardens, from where the famous view of Greenwich Hospital painted by Canaletto can be seen.  Rowing has been part of life on the river at Greenwich for hundreds of years and the first Greenwich Regatta was held in 1785. The annual Great River Race along the Thames Tideway finishes at the Cutty Sark. The nearby Trafalgar Rowing Centre in Crane Street is home to Curlew and Globe rowing clubs.  The Old Royal Naval College is Sir Christopher Wren's domed masterpiece at the centre of the heritage site. The site is administered by the Greenwich Foundation and several of the buildings are let to the University of Greenwich and one, the King Charles block, to Trinity College of Music. Within the complex is the former college dining room, the Painted Hall, this was painted by James Thornhill, and the Chapel of St Peter and St Paul, with an interior designed by James 'Athenian' Stuart. The Naval College had a training reactor, the JASON reactor, within the King William building that was operational between 1962 and 1996. The reactor was decommissioned and removed in 1999. To the east of the Naval College is the Trinity Hospital almshouse, founded in 1613, the oldest surviving building in the town centre. This is next to the massive brick walls and the landing stage of Greenwich Power Station. Built between 1902 and 1910 as a coal-fired station to supply power to London's tram system, and later the London underground, it is now oil- and gas-powered and serves as a backup station for London Underground. East Greenwich also has a small park, East Greenwich Pleasaunce, which was formerly the burial ground of Greenwich Hospital.  The O (formerly the Millennium Dome) was built on part of the site of East Greenwich Gas Works, a disused British Gas site on the Greenwich Peninsula. It is next to North Greenwich Underground station, about east from the Greenwich town centre, North West of Charlton. Pear Tree Wharf was associated with the gas works, being used to unload coal for the manufacturing of town gas, and is now home to the Greenwich Yacht Club. The Greenwich Millennium Village is a new urban regeneration development to the south of the Dome. Enderby's Wharf is a site associated with submarine cable manufacture for over 150 years.

Greenwich Park.

Behind the former Naval College is the National Maritime Museum housed in buildings forming another symmetrical group and grand arcade around the Queen's House, designed by Inigo Jones. Continuing to the south, Greenwich Park is a Royal Park of, laid out in the 17th century and formed from the hunting grounds of the Royal Palace of Placentia.  The park rises towards Blackheath and at the top of this hill is a statue of James Wolfe, commander of the British expedition to capture Quebec. Nearby a major group of buildings within the park includes the former Royal Observatory, Greenwich; the Prime Meridian passes through this building.  Greenwich Mean Time was at one time based on the time observations made at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, before being superseded by Coordinated Universal Time. While there is no longer a working astronomical observatory at Greenwich, a ball still drops daily to mark the exact moment of 1 p.m., and there is a museum of astronomical and navigational tools, particularly John Harrison's marine chronometers.  The Ranger's House lies at the Blackheath end of the park and houses the Wernher Collection of art, and many fine houses, including Vanbrugh's house lie on Maze Hill, on the western edge of the park.

Town centre.

Georgian and Victorian architecture dominates in the town centre which spreads to the west of the park and Royal Naval College. Much of this forms a one-way system around a covered market, Greenwich Market and the arthouse Greenwich Cinema. Up the hill from the centre, there are many streets of Georgian houses, including the Fan Museum, on Croom's Hill. Nearby at the junction of Croom's Hill with Nevada Street, is Greenwich Theatre. The Greenwich Playhouse closed in 2012.

Market.

There has been a market at Greenwich since the 14th century, but the history of the present market dates from 1700 when a charter to run two markets, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, was assigned by Lord Romney (Henry, Earl of Romney) to the Commissioners of Greenwich Hospital for 1000 years.  The market is part of "the Island site", bounded by College Approach, Greenwich Church Street, King William Walk and Nelson Road, near the National Maritime Museum and the Royal Observatory. The buildings surrounding the market are Grade 2 listed and were established in 1827–1833 under the direction of Joseph Kay. A market roof was added in 1902–08 (and replaced in 2016). Later significant development occurred in 1958–60 and during the 1980s. The landowner, Greenwich Hospital, enhanced the market between 2014 and early 2016.

Millennium Leisure Park.

About east of Greenwich town centre, the Millennium Leisure Park is an out-of-town retail park on Bugsby's Way in east Greenwich. It consists of retail outlets (IKEA and B&Q), restaurants and an Odeon cinema. Greenwich Shopping Park is about further east, in Charlton.

Greenwich Mean Time.

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is a term originally referring to mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in Greenwich. It is commonly used in practice to refer to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) when this is viewed as a time zone, especially by bodies connected with the United Kingdom, such as the BBC World Service, the Royal Navy, the Met Office and others, although strictly UTC is an atomic time scale which only approximates GMT with a tolerance of 0.9 second. It is also used to refer to Universal Time (UT), which is a standard astronomical concept used in many technical fields and is referred to by the phrase Zulu time.  As the United Kingdom grew into an advanced maritime nation, British mariners kept at least one chronometer on GMT in order to calculate their longitude from the Greenwich meridian, which was by convention considered to have longitude zero degrees (this convention was internationally adopted in the International Meridian Conference of 1884). Note that the synchronization of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time itself, which was still solar time. But this practice, combined with mariners from other nations drawing from Nevil Maskelyne's method of lunar distances based on observations at Greenwich, eventually led to GMT being used worldwide as a reference time independent of location. Most time zones were based upon this reference as a number of hours and half-hours "ahead of GMT" or "behind GMT".  In recognition of the suburb's astronomical links, Asteroid 2830 has been named 'Greenwich'.

World heritage site.

In 1997 Maritime Greenwich was added to the list of World Heritage Sites, for the concentration and quality of buildings of historic and architectural interest. These can be divided into the group of buildings along the riverfront, Greenwich Park and the Georgian and Victorian town centre.

Discover Greenwich Visitor Centre.

The Discover Greenwich Visitor Centre provides an introduction to the history and attractions in the Greenwich World Heritage Site. It is in The Pepys Building near to the Cutty Sark within the grounds of the Old Royal Naval College (formerly Greenwich Hospital); the building began life as an engineering laboratory for the College. The centre opened in March 2010, and admission is free.  The Centre explains the history of Greenwich as a royal residence and a maritime centre. Exhibits include:

Education.

The University of Greenwich main campus occupies most of the grand, landmark riverside vista buildings of the former Royal Naval College. The university has other campuses at Avery Hill in Eltham and at Medway. The Greenwich campus also houses the Trinity College of Music.  Secondary schools in the area include John Roan School, founded 1677, and St Ursula's Convent School, established 1850.

Transport.

National Rail.

Greenwich is served by Greenwich and Maze Hill stations with Southeastern services to London Cannon Street, Dartford, Barnehurst and Crayford as well as Thameslink services to Luton via London Blackfriars and to Rainham.

London Underground.

The area is also served by North Greenwich station with Jubilee Line services to Stanmore and Stratford.

DLR.

Greenwich is served by the DLR, with services from Greenwich and Cutty Sark stations to Bank via Canary Wharf and to Lewisham.

Buses.

Greenwich is served by many London Buses routes.

Boat.

There are a number of river boat services running from Greenwich Pier, managed by London River Services. The main services include the Thames commuter catamaran service run by Thames Clippers from Embankment, via Tower Millennium Pier, Canary Wharf and on to the O and Woolwich Arsenal Pier; the Westminster-Greenwich cruise service by Thames River Services; and the City Cruises tourist cruise via Westminster, Waterloo and Tower piers.

Pedestrian and cycle routes.

The Thames Path National Trail runs along the riverside. The Greenwich foot tunnel provides pedestrian access to the southern end of the Isle of Dogs, across the river Thames.  The National Cycle Network Route 1 includes the foot tunnel, though cycling is not permitted in the tunnel itself.

Sports.

Rowing.

Greenwich is home to a variety of amateur sports clubs. Its location on the tidal Thames makes it a good location for rowing; the Trafalgar Rowing Centre in Crane Street is the clubhouse of the Curlew and Globe rowing clubs. The Globe has senior and junior squads, the latter renowned for its achievements at national and international level.

Literature.

Edward Lear makes reference to Greenwich in "More Nonsense Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc":
  There was a young lady of Greenwich,
 Whose garments were bordered with Spinach;
 But a large spotty calf
 Bit her shawl quite in half,
 Which alarmed that young lady of Greenwich.

Greenwich (,,, or ) is an area of South East London, England, centred east-southeast of Charing Cross. It is within the Royal Borough of Greenwich, to which it lends its name. Historically it was in the county of Kent for hundreds of years, then the County of London from 1889 to 1965.

Greenwich ([] oder []) ist ein Stadtteil im Südosten Londons. Er liegt am Südufer der Themse im Stadtbezirk Royal Borough of Greenwich. Der Stadtteil war früher das Zentrum der britischen Marine, durch seine Sternwarte verläuft der historische Nullmeridian, und die Zeitzone Greenwich Mean Time ist nach ihm benannt.


History.

Formation and "The Way of the Fist" (2005–2009).

Five Finger Death Punch was founded in 2005 by former U.P.O. bassist Zoltan Bathory and drummer Jeremy Spencer, Zoltan deriving the band's name from classic martial arts cinema. Bassist Matt Snell joined in early 2006. Later that year, Bathory contacted former Motograter vocalist Ivan Moody, sending him some of the material the band had recorded and asked him to audition for the vocalist position. Moody flew from his home in Denver, Colorado to Los Angeles and quickly began recording material with the band. By the end of 2006, their debut album, "The Way of the Fist" had been recorded and entirely self-produced. The album was recorded with Stevo "Shotgun" Bruno and Mike Sarkisyan and was mixed by guitarist Logan Mader. After searching for a second guitarist, they found Caleb Bingham who played some shows with the band, but was later replaced by Darrell Roberts. Shortly after recording the album, they signed a record deal with Firm Music, a branch of "The Firm". On July 10, 2007, they released an EP, "Pre-Emptive Strike" exclusively through the American iTunes Store. The album's lead single, "The Bleeding", was released on July 13, 2007. "The Way of the Fist" was released on July 31, 2007. The album entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 199 and was certified gold in 2011. From July 30 – September 2, 2007, the band went on their first major tour cycle as one of the supporting acts on Korn's Family Values Tour. They were also a supporting act of the North American leg of Korn's Bitch We Have a Problem Tour from September 22 – October 27, 2007. They were set to tour with Chimaira and All That Remains from January through March 2008, but due to singer Moody developing cysts on his vocal cords they were forced to pull out. He made a full recovery and they began to tour again. They supported Disturbed on their "Indestructible" US Tour from April through May 2008.  "The Way of the Fist" was re-released on May 13, 2008, with 3 bonus tracks. One of the bonus tracks, "Never Enough" was released as the album's second single on July 15, 2008. Later that year they were a part of the 2008 Mayhem Festival playing the Jägermeister Stage. The third single from "The Way of the Fist", "Stranger Than Fiction" was released on September 17, 2008. "The Way of the Fist" was released through Spinefarm Records in Canada on November 4, 2008, and in Europe on January 19, 2009. In January 2009, Darrell Roberts was rumored to have been fired; the split was confirmed a few days later, and Roberts was replaced by guitarist Jason Hook. They ended their support for their first album playing the main stage at the 2009 Download Festival.

"War Is the Answer" (2009–2010).

In May 2009, Five Finger Death Punch announced their second studio album, "War Is the Answer". The album was produced by Kevin Churko and mixed by Randy Staub. The album debuted at number 7 on the "Billboard" 200 and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. The first single from the album, "Hard to See", was released on July 21, 2009. To promote "War Is the Answer", Five Finger Death Punch embarked on "The Shock and Raw" US Tour. Main support on the tour was provided by Shadows Fall, with additional support coming from Otep and 2Cents. Upon completing the US run of the tour, Five Finger Death Punch then brought the Shock and Raw tour to Europe, finishing off with a run of dates in the UK. Main support for these dates was again Shadows Fall, and opening acts for the UK portion of the tour were Rise To Remain and Magnacult. The second single from "War Is the Answer", "Walk Away", was released on November 2, 2009. The album also spawned two UK-only singles, "Dying Breed", released on November 16, 2009, and "No One Gets Left Behind", released on March 8, 2010. During March 2010, Five Finger Death Punch traveled to Iraq and played 10 shows for the United States troops. The band's cover of Bad Company's self-titled song was released as the fifth single from "War Is the Answer" on May 17, 2010. On their way to perform at Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Zoltan Bathory, Matt Snell and Jeremy Spencer were detained by German police for alleged international weapons violations. After recognizing the event as a misunderstanding, German police released the band members and they appeared at both Rock im Park on June 4, 2010, and Rock am Ring June 6, 2010, as scheduled.  Five Finger Death Punch also played the Maurice Jones Main Stage at the 2010 Download Festival on June 12, 2010. While playing the song "Dying Breed", their set was cut due to too many people crowd surfing up to the stage. They were allowed to play one final song, "The Bleeding". They played the main stage at Mayhem Festival 2010 with Korn, Rob Zombie and Lamb of God from July 10 until August 14, 2010. On August 17, 2010, they performed the songs "Bad Company" and "Hard to See" on the ABC show "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". On September 16, 2010, The band released "Far from Home" as the sixth single from "War Is the Answer". They supported Godsmack on their "The Oracle 2010" tour from October 3 – November 4, 2010. The song, "Dying Breed" was featured on the soundtrack for Namco Bandai Games' remake of Splatterhouse, released on November 23, 2010.

"American Capitalist" (2010–2013).

The band began to record their third studio album in November 2010 at The Hideout studios in Las Vegas, Nevada. Bassist Matt Snell departed from the band in December 2010, and in June 2011, Chris Kael was announced as Snell's replacement. The band's third album, titled "American Capitalist", was released October 11, 2011. Production for the album was handled again by Kevin Churko. The first single from "American Capitalist", entitled "Under and Over It", was released on July 27, 2011, following a music video in September 2011. In support of the album, Five Finger Death Punch embarked on their "Share the Welt" tour from October 16 – December 14, 2011 with support from All That Remains, Hatebreed and Rains and their "Furious and Deadly" tour from March 23 – April 12, 2012 with support from Soulfly, Windowpane, and Persist. The song "Back For More" is included on the soundtrack for the video game Madden NFL 12. "Back for More" was released as a digital single on September 13, 2011. "Remember Everything" was released as the second official single for "American Capitalist" in November 2011, with a music video following in February 2012. "Coming Down" was released as the third official single from "American Capitalist" in April 2012, with a music video, directed by Nick Peterson, following in June 2012. The song also won the band an Independent Music Award in 2013 for Best Metal/Hardcore Song.  From July 13 to August 28, 2012, Five Finger Death Punch took part in Metal Hammer's "Trespass America Festival" with support from Battlecross, God Forbid, Emmure, Pop Evil, Trivium and Killswitch Engage.

"The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell" (2013–2015).

On February 15, 2013, Five Finger Death Punch stated on Facebook that they were working on a fourth album, due in the summer. On February 28, the band posted a picture on Facebook of Moody recording vocals for the album. On March 12, an update video was posted to YouTube. On March 18, the band was announced to be playing Mayhem Festival 2013. On March 18, Five Finger Death Punch posted a promotional video for their next tour with a new song "Here to Die".  On May 1, 2013, Five Finger Death Punch announced the release of their next two studio albums collectively titled "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell" with Volume 1 being released on July 30, and Volume 2 following on November 19. During the fifth annual Golden Gods Awards, Five Finger Death Punch performed a new song with Rob Halford of Judas Priest entitled "Lift Me Up". The song was released as a single on May 14.  On June 6, Five Finger Death Punch revealed the artwork for "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1" and also released a snippet of future single "Dot Your Eyes" Volume 1 reached the #2 position on the Billboard 200 with 113,000 copies sold in its first week, making it the band's most successful debut to date. "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell Volume 1" has sold over 210,000 copies.  On September 9, 2013, Five Finger Death Punch released a new single: "Battle Born", in anticipation of their fifth studio album "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2". It sold 77,000 copies in its first week, and once again landed in the number 2 position on the Billboard 200.  On August 11, 2014, Five Finger Death Punch released a video for the song "Wrong Side of Heaven". The video is about homeless veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, traumatic brain injury and depression after serving in the military, and not receiving the help they need for their illnesses.

"Got Your Six" (2015–2017).

On December 12, 2013, Five Finger Death Punch revealed in a radio interview that they had already begun working on a sixth studio album.  On January 14, 2015, Five Finger Death Punch announced US Spring headline tour dates from April 25 to May 9, 2015 and their intention to enter the studio to write and record a new album.  On May 2, 2015, the band released the title of their sixth album, "Got Your Six" as well as a teaser for a new song titled "Ain't My Last Dance" on their official Facebook page. The album, which was slated for release on August 28, 2015, was later pushed back to September 4.  On May 19, 2015, the band announced a co-headlining North American Tour with Papa Roach to promote the upcoming album and were accompanied by In This Moment as special guests with support by From Ashes to New for the tour. The band also performed on the main stage as part of Download Festival 2015.

"A Decade of Destruction" alongside "And Justice for None" (2016–2019).

On April 27, 2016, "Billboard" reported that Five Finger Death Punch's record label Prospect Park had filed a lawsuit against the band on April 21, 2016 for breaching their contract. The basis of the claim cites that the band began working on a new album without Prospect Park's consent and will be working with Rise Records. In a recent interview, vocalist Ivan Moody has said he will be completing the current tour and leave the band at the end of 2017. The next day however, an announcement was published on the official site of FFDP, where it was revealed, that rumors about Ivan's departure are false. According to the announcement, the vocalist plans to start a side project beside Five Finger Death Punch, which does not mean he has plans on leaving.  However, during a concert in the Netherlands, Moody did not show up to perform the first song, which was sung by Tommy Vext, with Moody saying he was running "a little bit late". Vext also sang a second song during the set later in the evening while Moody walked off stage. During the show all of the members left the stage for long periods on several occasions, and Hook also threw his guitar down and walked offstage at one point. During the set, Moody said that "there is no other singer for Five Finger Death Punch", and then later said "This is my last show with Five Finger Death Punch" before making a slit-throat gesture. Bathory shortly after the show tweeted that the events that transpired were "not a publicity stunt."  The day after the show in Tilburg, Netherlands, the band announced a headline European tour with In Flames and Of Mice & Men in late 2017. Later that same day, the band released a statement addressing what happened at the show via their Facebook page, stating that bands that tour as heavily as they do will "inevitably have a few derailments, but the train always keeps on moving", implying that all shows would proceed as planned and that Moody would remain as the band's frontman. Ivan Moody subsequently checked himself into rehab and sat out the remainder of the tour. Tommy Vext filled in for Moody while he sought treatment. On August 19, Ivan Moody returned to the stage at the Illinois State Fair, although just days prior it was still unknown if he would be taking the stage.  In December 2017, it was announced that the band was working on their seventh studio album. The album, "And Justice for None" was released May 18, 2018. On December 21, 2017, the band released a video for their cover of "Gone Away" by The Offspring. The cover song was featured on Five Finger Death Punch's greatest hits album, "A Decade of Destruction". On April 5, 2018, the band released "Fake" as the lead single from "And Justice for None". On April 20, 2018, a second single was released, titled "Sham Pain". A third single "When the Seasons Change" was released on May 4, 2018.  For a Fall 2018 tour with Breaking Benjamin, Charlie Engen replaced Jeremy Spencer to allow him to undergo back surgery. On December 18, it was announced that Spencer had departed the band permanently. In June 2019, it was announced that Jeremy Spencer has continued the band's support of 1st responders and was sworn in as a reserve police officer in Indiana.  Five Finger Death Punch have also worked with Brantley Gilbert, Brian May of Queen and Kenny Wayne Shepherd to re-record a new version of Sheperd's song "Blue On Black". The proceeds from the recording support The Gary Sinise Foundation. While a cover of the song had already appeared on "And Justice for None", this new version merged Sheperd's blues rock, Gilbert's country, May's classic rock and Five Finger Death Punch's mainstream rock styles.

"F8" (2019–present).

On May 9, 2019, the band released a video announcing a "new record in the making". The album, "F8" was released on February 28, 2020. The album's lead single, "Inside Out", was released on December 2, 2019. On February 4, 2020, it was announced that lead guitarist Jason Hook was forced to miss the remainings shows of the European tour due to health issues. Andy James was named as substitute lead guitarist for the rest of the tour.

Musical style and influences.

Five Finger Death Punch's musical style has generally been regarded as heavy metal,,, alternative metal, and nu metal. Thom Jurek of AllMusic wrote that Five Finger Death Punch's "instantly recognizable sound is equal parts melodic and meaty guitar riffs, fat vamps, catchy hooks, tight, flashy solos, and hard-grooving bass and drums". Five Finger Death Punch vocalist Ivan Moody's vocals are usually singing and screaming. The band has also released successful ballads, as well.  Bathory described Five Finger Death Punch as "a straight-up heavy metal band with a hint of thrash metal—maybe a hint of the Euro stuff in there" and then said, "that's pretty much what we are". He cited Pantera, Voivod, Accept, W.A.S.P., Yngwie Malmsteen as influences. Ivan Moody cited vocalists such as Mike Patton, Phil Anselmo, Layne Staley and Lynn Strait as influences. Moody also said, "Pantera is one of our biggest influences". Jeremy Spencer cited drummers such as Lars Ulrich, Dave Lombardo, Gene Hoglan, Dave Grohl, Buddy Rich and Tommy Aldridge as influences. Spencer also cited Prince and David Bowie as influences.

Members.

Current members Former members Touring musicians

Discography.

Studio albums

Awards and nominations.

Revolver Golden Gods Awards Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards Kerrang! Awards Radio Contraband Rock Radio Awards Bandit Rock Awards Loudwire Music Awards SiriusXM Octane Music Awards iHeartRadio Music Awards

Five Finger Death Punch, also abbreviated as 5FDP or FFDP, is an American heavy metal band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2005. The band's name comes from kung fu cinema. The band originally consisted of vocalist Ivan Moody, guitarist Zoltan Bathory, guitarist Caleb Andrew Bingham, bassist Matt Snell, and drummer Jeremy Spencer. Bingham was replaced by guitarist Darrell Roberts in 2006, who was then replaced by Jason Hook in 2009. Bassist Matt Snell departed from the band in 2010, and was replaced by Chris Kael in 2011. Spencer then departed the band in 2018 due to re-occurring back issues, and was replaced by Charlie Engen, making guitarist Bathory the only remaining original member of the band.

Five Finger Death Punch (kurz 5FDP oder FFDP) ist eine US-amerikanische Metal-Band aus Las Vegas, Nevada. Der Bandname bezieht sich auf den Martial-Arts-Film "Zhao - Der Unbesiegbare" (1972). Leadsänger Ivan Moody hält bei Live-Auftritten anstelle einer Faust oder der Metalhörner seine Hände des Öfteren in einer Pose, die jene ausgedachte Kung-Fu-Geste andeuten soll.


Description.

"Leptoceratops" could probably stand and run on their hind legs: analysis of forelimb function indicates that even though they could not pronate their hands, they could walk on four legs. "Leptoceratops" was around long and could have weighed between.

Discovery and species.

The first small ceratopsian named "Leptoceratops" was discovered in 1910 by Barnum Brown in the Red Deer Valley in Alberta, Canada. He described it four years later. The first specimen had a part of its skull missing, but there were later well-preserved finds by C. M. Sternberg in 1947, including one complete fossil. Later material was found in 1978 in the Bighorn Basin of northern Wyoming.  The type species is "Leptoceratops gracilis". In 1942, material collected in Montana was named "Leptoceratops cerorhynchos," but this was later renamed "Montanoceratops".

Classification.

"Leptoceratops" belonged to the Ceratopsia, a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks that thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period. Although traditionally allied with the Protoceratopsidae, it is now placed in its own family, Leptoceratopsidae, along with dinosaurs such as "Udanoceratops" and "Prenoceratops". The relationships of Leptoceratops to ceratopsids are not entirely clear. Although most studies suggest that they lie outside the protoceratopsids and ceratopsids, some studies suggest that they may be allied with Ceratopsidae. The absence of premaxillary teeth is one feature that supports this arrangement.

Paleobiology.

Diet.

"Leptoceratops", like other ceratopsians, would have been a herbivore. The jaws were relatively short and deep, and the jaw muscles would have inserted over the large parietosquamosal frill, giving "Leptoceratops" a powerful bite. The teeth are unusual in that the dentary teeth have dual wear facets, with a vertical wear facet where the maxillary teeth sheared past the crown, and a horizontal wear facet where the maxillary teeth crushed against the dentary teeth. This shows that "Leptoceratops" chewed with a combination of shearing and crushing. Between the shearing/crushing action of the teeth and the powerful jaws, "Leptoceratops" was probably able to chew extremely tough plant matter.  Given its small size and quadrupedal stance, "Leptoceratops" would have been a low feeder. Flowering plants were the most diverse plants of the day, although ferns and conifers may still have been more common in terms of numbers.  A 2016 study revealed that Leptoceratops was able to chew its food much like several groups of mammals.

Leptoceratops (meaning 'little-horned face' and derived from Greek "lepto-/λεπτο-" meaning'small', 'insignificant','slender','meagre' or 'lean', "kerat-/κερατ-" meaning 'horn' and "-ops/ωψ" meaning face), is a genus of primitive ceratopsian dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous Period (late Maastrichtian age, 66.8-66 Ma ago) of what is now Western North America. Their skulls have been found in Alberta, Canada and Wyoming.

Leptoceratops ist eine Gattung der Vogelbeckensaurier (Ornithischia) aus der Gruppe der Ceratopsia, innerhalb derer er zu den Leptoceratopsidae gerechnet wird.


Plot.

New York federal agent Irving Greenfield confers with a Southern governor about the corruption problem in fictional Dunston County and local boss "Bama" McCall. Irving intends to find Gator McKlusky, an old buddy of Bama's just out of prison, to help get the goods on Bama. When Irving mentions that "cleaning up" Dunston County would help his re-election, the governor agrees to give Irving whatever he needs.  Irving visits Gator who is back with his father and daughter in Okeefenokee. Gator is disinterested in helping Irving get Bama, but reconsiders when Irving threatens to put his father in jail and his daughter in foster care. They drive to Dunston, where Gator reunites with Bama at a political rally and is immediately given a job as a collector. Gator also locks eyes with TV reporter Aggie Maybank who is after a story. After treating Gator to a taste of the high life, Bama secretly orders a background check on him, and Gator gets a closer look at Bama's empire: extortion, drugs, and corruption at every level. When Bama sets Gator up with one of the girls at his brothel, the girl is a drugged cheerleader Gator remembers from the rally. She says that all the girls there are minors, which Bama prefers.  Disgusted, Gator tells Bama he wants out. He gives Gator a spiked drink and tells him he will wake up in his car parked at the county line pointed toward home. As promised, Gator wakes up in his car at daybreak, but now he wants to get Bama. Meanwhile, Irving is trying to fit in by hanging out at a local bar and making conversation when a corrupt cop recognizes him and gets word to Bama's enforcers Smiley and Bones, who injure Irving bad enough to be hospitalized.  At the hospital, Gator meets Aggie who wants to see Irving. She tells of Emmeline, a "cat lady" just fired after working 22 years in the Dunston County courthouse. Gator and Aggie visit the woman who mentions secret tax ledgers in the courthouse basement. That night, using stolen keys, they sneak into the courthouse basement and find the ledgers, but a guard hits the alarm, and police quickly converge, but they escape in a patrol car, pick up Irving, and go to Aggie's uncle's beach house nearby. Gator and Aggie slip out to the beach for the night while Irving and Emmeline get acquainted.  At daybreak, while Gator and Aggie go to call Irving's boss, Bama and Bones arrive, kill Irving, and set fire to the house to destroy the records; Bones tries to haul Emmeline away, but she breaks loose and is killed when she runs back to rescue her cats. Seeing the fire, Gator and Aggie run to a motel outside of town. He calls Irving's boss first to come and get them and then phones Bama to tell him that he still has some of the tax records, and wants $2000 and a plane ticket home in exchange for his location; Bama apparently agrees. When they arrive, Bama sends Bones into the room to kill Gator, but Bones is killed by an exploding booby trap Gator set in the room. Gator emerges and chases Bama through the parking lot and to the nearby beach where they get into a huge fistfight. Gator beats Bama just as a helicopter approaches.  Later, Aggie is in a celebratory mood; her story went national and CBS wants her to work in New York. Gator tells her he loves her, but realizing they have no future together, Gator reluctantly heads home.

Cast.

Reynolds honored his favorite professor from college, Watson B. Duncan III, with a cameo role in the film – casting him as the Governor's press secretary.

Production.

Reynolds says they sent him the script for the film and he refused to do it saying "it's a terrible script. Then, they asked me if I wanted to direct? And I said 'It's a wonderful script'."  "I waited 20 years to do it and I enjoyed it more than anything I've ever done in this business," Reynolds said after filming. "And I happen to think it's what I do best."  Reynolds said he asked advice from Peter Bogdanovich, Robert Aldrich and Mel Brooks about how to direct. He says Bogdanovich told him "only cut on a move", Aldrich said to "listen to everyone then make up your own mind" and Brooks said to fire someone on the first day.  "I think I'm an actor's director," said Reynolds. "I love actors. And I don't mean that to sound like a stupid thing coming from an actor. I realize how terribly personal acting is, how difficult it is. And I also realize and know some actors need to be coerced, some have to be kissed, some have to be driven, some have to be spoiled, some have to be yelled at, and you can't treat them all the same."  Filmed on Banks Lake, Lakeland, GA.

Reception.

The film currently holds a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 0%, with six critical ratings.  Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and called it "yet another Good Ol' Movie... If only it had a Good Ol' Plot worth a damn, it might have even been a halfway tolerable ol' movie." Richard Eder of "The New York Times" wrote, "It is not a terrible picture, and it has some good things in it. But it proceeds like a sleepwalker, perpetually waking and wondering what it is doing, and falling asleep and doing it some more." Arthur D. Murphy of "Variety" declared, "There's nothing wrong with an unabashed popcorn picture, but there's no reason for 'Gator' to be as uneven, contrived, untidy as it is... The United Artists release never takes itself seriously, veering as it does through many incompatible dramatic and violent moods for nearly two hours." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and wrote, "Unfortunately, the makers of the sequel forgot to include the very elements that made 'White Lightning' a hit: a good story and a fine romance." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "'Gator' looks exactly what it is, a commercial concoction assembled for an undemanding mass market. On those terms it will probably work well enough; it is fast and splashy pulp stuff, coming as near as the movies get to Dime Adventure." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" described the film as "peculiarly ambivalent and dismaying," which "derives directly from Reynolds. One can see it in his glum, detached performance as well as feel it in the aimless, miscalculated turns the story takes." Richard Combs of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote, "Elaborately gauche in all its parts as it is, however, "Gator" acquires a certain shaggy-dog charm overall, perhaps because of the exemplary lack of seriousness with which everyone takes it."

Gator is a 1976 American action comedy film and a sequel to "White Lightning" starring and directed by Burt Reynolds in his directorial debut.

Mein Name ist Gator (Originaltitel: "Gator") ist ein US-amerikanischer Actionfilm aus dem Jahr 1976 und der Nachfolger von "Der Tiger hetzt die Meute" aus dem Jahr 1973. Regie führte Burt Reynolds, der auch die Hauptrolle übernahm; das Drehbuch schrieb William W. Norton.


Protein structure and function.

PC1 is a membrane-bound protein 4303 amino acids in length expressed largely upon the primary cilium, as well as apical membranes, adherens junctions, and desmosomes. It has 11 transmembrane domains, a large extracellular N-terminal domain, and a short (about 200 amino acid) cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. This intracellular domain contains a coiled-coil domain through which PC1 interacts with polycystin 2 (PC2), a membrane-bound Ca-permeable ion channel.  PC1 has been proposed to act as a G protein–coupled receptor. The C-terminal domain may be cleaved in a number of different ways. In one instance, a ~35 kDa portion of the tail has been found to accumulate in the cell nucleus in response to decreased fluid flow in the mouse kidney. In another instance, a 15 kDa fragment may be yielded, interacting with transcriptional activator and co-activator STAT6 and p100, or components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in an inhibitory manner.  The structure of the human PKD1-PKD2 complex has been solved by cryo-electron microscopy, which showed a 1:3 ratio of PKD1 and PKD2 in the structure. PKD1 consists of a voltage-gated ion channel fold that interacts with PKD2.  PC1 mediates mechanosensation of fluid flow by the primary cilium in the renal epithelium and of mechanical deformation of articular cartilage.

Gene.

Splice variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for "PKD1". The gene is closely linked to six pseudogenes in a known duplicated region on chromosome 16p.

Polycystin 1 (often abbreviated to PC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "PKD1" gene. Mutations of "PKD1" are associated with most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a severe hereditary disorder of the kidneys characterised by the development of renal cysts and severe kidney dysfunction.

PKD1 (engl. Abk. für "polycystic kidney disease 1 (autosomal dominant)" = „polyzystische Nierenerkrankung 1 (autosomal-dominant)“) ist ein Gen, das sowohl beim Menschen als auch anderen Säugetier-Arten im Genom enthalten ist.


Biography.

Gordon was born in Morrilton, the seat of Conway County in central Arkansas, to Edward Gordon and the former Ada Ruth Bearden. After attending Morrilton public schools through the 10th grade, he graduated from Columbia Military Academy, in Columbia, Tennessee, in 1933, where he was salutatorian. Gordon then went on to college at Arkansas Polytechnic College in Russellville. While enrolled in Arkansas Polytechnical College, he enlisted in Battery D, 206th Coast Artillery, Arkansas Army National Guard. Following graduation, he attend law school at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. While attending law school Gordon joined Sigma Nu Fraternity and served as chapter president. He graduated with a Juris Doctor degree in 1939.  Gordon practiced law in his hometown of Morrilton before joining the Navy in May 1941. After qualifying as a naval aviator, he was sent to the southwest Pacific Ocean, where he would serve more than two years. He joined Patrol Squadron 34, nicknamed the "Black Cats", a PBY Catalina patrol and rescue squadron based at Samarai Advanced Seaplane Base in Milne Bay, New Guinea.  By February 15, 1944, he was a lieutenant, junior grade, in command of a Catalina, Bureau Number 08139, which he nicknamed "Arkansas Traveler". On that day, Gordon rescued 15 survivors of several downed aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant, and served in the Navy until 1945, when he was released from active duty.  After the war, Gordon formed a business partnership with his brother, Edward Gordon, Jr., and returned to the practice of law in Morrilton. His political career began in 1946, when he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas under Governor Benjamin Travis Laney. He took office in January 1947 and was re-elected to nine more two-year terms, finally leaving office in January 1967. During his tenure he served under four different Governors: Laney (1945–1949), Sid McMath (1949–1953), Francis Cherry (1953–1955), and Orval Faubus (1955–1967).  Gordon did not seek reelection in 1966, when the Democratic nominee, James Pilkinton of Hope, narrowly lost the general election to Maurice L. Britt, the first Republican to hold the state's second highest office since Reconstruction. Like Gordon, Britt was also a military hero.  The Arkansas Aviation Historical Society selected Gordon in 1980 as one of five initial inductees in the Arkansas Aviation Hall of Fame.

Medal of Honor mission.

On February 15, the Fifth Air Force attacked Kavieng on the island of New Ireland. The mission consisted of four squadrons of A-20 Havocs from the 3rd Bombardment Group that attacked shipping in the harbor, and seven squadrons of B-25's from the 38th and 345th Groups that bombed facilities along the harbor front. Accurate antiaircraft fire shot down eight of the low-level strafers.  Gordon's PBY Catalina, "Arkansas Traveler", was on station near Witu, escorted by four P-47 Thunderbolts of the 348th Fighter Group. In one of the "most striking rescues of the war," he made four separate landings and take-offs under Japanese fire. On his first landing, endangered by waves that were breaking 16 to 18 feet high, he searched for the crew of a downed A-20 without locating survivors. The aircraft was severely stressed and took on water from numerous burst seams.  After taking off, Gordon was directed twice to pick up nine men of two B-25s that had ditched, forced to shut down one or both engines to effect the rescues, while two other B-25s strafed the Japanese gun positions to suppress their fire. After the PBY started back to base and its fighter escorts had departed, low on fuel, one of the B-25s spotted two rafts and called back the rescue aircraft. Despite heavy seas and a damaged aircraft, Lt.(j.g.) Gordon executed another landing only 600 yards from shore, overflying Japanese gun positions at low level to land, and picked up an additional six airmen. His final takeoff with 24 men aboard was with a dangerously overloaded aircraft, but he managed to keep the Catalina's nose up until he reached flying speed without nosing over in the rough seas.  Gordon received the Medal of Honor in September 1944, and his crew of eight each received the Silver Star.

Medal of Honor citation.

Lieutenant Gordon's official Medal of Honor citation reads:  For extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call of duty as commander of a Catalina patrol plane in rescuing personnel of the U.S. Army 5th Air Force shot down in combat over Kavieng Harbor in the Bismarck Sea, February 15, 1944. On air alert in the vicinity of Vitu Islands, Lt. (then Lt. j.g.) Gordon unhesitatingly responded to a report of the crash and flew boldly into the harbor, defying close-range fire from enemy shore guns to make 3 separate landings in full view of the Japanese and pick up 9 men, several of them injured. With his cumbersome flying boat dangerously overloaded, he made a brilliant takeoff despite heavy swells and almost total absence of wind and set a course for base, only to receive the report of another group stranded in a rubber life raft 600 yards from the enemy shore. Promptly turning back, he again risked his life to set his plane down under direct fire of the heaviest defenses of Kavieng and take aboard 6 more survivors, coolly making his fourth dexterous takeoff with 15 rescued officers and men. By his exceptional daring, personal valor, and incomparable airmanship under most perilous conditions, Lieutenant Gordon prevented certain death or capture of our airmen by the Japanese.

Nathan Green Gordon (September 4, 1916 – September 8, 2008) was an American lawyer, politician, and decorated naval aviator. A Democrat, he served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas for ten terms, from 1947 to 1967. As a United States Navy officer in World War II, he received the U.S. military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for rescuing the crews of several downed airplanes.

Nathan Green Gordon (* 4. September 1916 in Morrilton, Arkansas; † 8. September 2008 in Little Rock, Arkansas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker.


Early life and education.

Wilbur was born May 10, 1867, in Boonesboro, Iowa, to Dwight Locke Wilbur and Edna M. Lyman. His family moved to Jamestown, Dakota Territory (now North Dakota), where he graduated high school. In 1884, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1888. Shortly after graduation, Wilbur resigned his commission, a common practice at the time, and moved to Riverside, California. He read law at night while teaching mathematics during the day, and was admitted to the California bar in 1890.

Career.

Wilbur associated with the firm of Bruson, Wilson & Lamme, and engaged in private practice for eight years in Los Angeles, California. He was active in Republican politics, and in 1898 was president of the Fourth Ward Republican club. In 1898, he served as Los Angeles County Deputy Assistant District Attorney in the office of John C. Donnell, and by 1899 he was the Chief Deputy under District Attorney James C. Rives.  In September 1902, the Republican Party nominated Wilbur for the post of judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court to the take the seat of Lucien Shaw, who was running for Supreme Court. Wilbur won the election and in November 1902 began to hear cases "pro tempore". He was especially interested in promoting children's welfare: on the Superior Court, he was presiding judge of the juvenile department; in 1910, he was a founding director of the Juvenile Improvement Association; in 1912, he was president of the Social Purity League, which offered religious lectures to the public; in 1915, he helped organize the Boy Scouts in Los Angeles, and was named council president; and he served as president of the state Sunday School Association, organizing evangelical gatherings for young people.  It was during his time on the California Superior Court that he wrote and first published (in 1905) his popular "Bear Family" stories for children.  He taught at the newly-founded law school of the University of Southern California from about 1904 until 1917, while he sat on the Superior Court. Annually, he taught one course, extraordinary legal remedies.  In 1917, Governor William Stephens appointed Wilbur to the California Supreme Court, where he served as an Associate Justice from January 1, 1918. In September 1922, Wilbur defeated William P. Lawlor in the primary election, and in November was chosen as the 19th Chief Justice of California, holding the position from January 1923 to March 19, 1924. When Wilbur resigned, Governor Friend Richardson appointed Louis Wescott Myers to take the post of Chief Justice.

Secretary of the Navy.

On March 19, 1924, Wilbur was sworn in as United States Secretary of the Navy. The first appointee of President Calvin Coolidge, Wilbur came into the position with a reputation as a man of high intellect and a character of "unimpeachable integrity." However, one critic called Wilbur "a good Sunday school teacher who wants to make the Navy safe for boys." In July 1925, he accompanied three battleships on a cruise of the Pacific coast, stopping in Marin County for a picnic of 600 midshipmen with a group of more than 100 society women on Mount Tamalpais. In August 1928, he again accompanied a fleet to San Francisco, California on its way to Pacific training exercises. By the end of his term, Wilbur had achieved success in enlarging and modernizing the fleet and established a naval air force, which would grow to become a potent component in the war with Japan during World War II.

Federal judicial service.

On March 1, 1929, in the last hours of his presidency, President Coolidge nominated Wilbur to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in San Francisco. However, when the 70th Congress ended that week, the Senate had not acted on the nomination, so it expired. Wilbur was nominated by President Herbert Hoover on April 18, 1929, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to a new seat authorized by 45 Stat. 1414. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 2, 1929, and received his commission the same day. He was a member of the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges (now the Judicial Conference of the United States) from 1931 to 1944. He assumed senior status on May 10, 1945. His service terminated on September 8, 1954, due to his death in Palo Alto, California.

Legacy.

The guided missile destroyer USS "Curtis Wilbur" (DDG-54) is named for him.

Personal life.

Wilbur was married twice. On November 9, 1893, Wilbur married Ella T. Chilson. She died on December 10, 1896. Next, on January 13, 1898, he remarried to Olive Doolittle. They lived in a grand home completed in 1904 on Frederick Knob in San Francisco. Following retirement, Wilbur spent time with his wife and their three surviving children: Edna, Paul C. and Lyman Dwight.  In the 1930s, one of his children, Dr. Leonard Wilbur, established a mission hospital in the province of northern China now known as Shanxi. Leonard, his wife, Jean Spaulding, and two children, Ruth and Lyman, survived invasions by Chinese communist insurgents and Japanese troops. However, on Easter Sunday 1940, Leonard died in Shanxi of typhus. His wife later gave birth to their third child, Bruce, before departing China for San Francisco.  Wilbur's brother, Ray Lyman Wilbur, was United States Secretary of the Interior under Herbert Hoover, and a president of Stanford University.

Curtis Dwight Wilbur (May 10, 1867 – September 8, 1954) was an American lawyer, California state judge, 43rd United States Secretary of the Navy and a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

Curtis Dwight Wilbur (* 10. Mai 1867 im Boone County, Iowa; † 8. September 1954 in San Francisco, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker (Republikanische Partei), der dem Kabinett von Präsident Calvin Coolidge als Marineminister angehörte.


Design and description.

Six vessels were ordered and four vessels of a second variant, MEKO 360H2, were constructed for Argentina. They were locally named the "Almirante Brown" class. They are considered frigates and destroyers by different publications. The design is based on the concept of modular systems and is capable of changing the armament of the ship swiftly and can be modernized/refitted with more ease. Each ship is capable of being used as a flagship.  The ships have a standard displacement of and at full load. The vessels are long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of and a draught of. The vessels are powered by a COGOG system driving two shafts composed of two Olympus TM 3B gas turbines rated at and two Tyne RM-IC gas turbines rated at. The ships have a maximum speed of while using their Olympus gas turbines at using their Tyne turbines. The MEKOs have a maximum range of at 18 knots.  The Argentinian vessels are armed with eight Exocet surface-to-surface missiles in two quad launchers mounted centrally and one octuple launcher for Aspide surface-to-air missiles mounted aft of the superstructure. The MEKO 360H2 are also equipped with one OTO Melara /54 calibre naval gun forward of the superstructure, eight Bofors 40 mm/70 calibre guns, and two triple-mounted ILAS torpedo tubes.  The ships are equipped with a Graseby G1738 towed decoy countermeasure system, two Breda SCLAR chaff rocket launchers with each launcher sporting 20 tubes. For electronic support measures, the vessels are armed with the Sphinx system and the Scimitar system for electronic countermeasures. The class is equipped with two Signaal DA08A air/surface search radar operating on the F band and Signaal ZW06 surface search radar operating on I band. They have Decca 1226 navigational radar operating on the I band and their fire control systems are controlled by the Signaal SEWACO Link 10/11 system supported by Signaal STIR radar operating on the I/J and K bands, Signaal WM25 operating on I and J band, along with LIRODA radar systems that control the 40 mm gun mounts. For sub-surface search, the vessels have Atlas Elektronik 80 hull-mounted active search sonar.  All of the "Almirante Brown" class are equipped with a helicopter deck and hangar. They all deploy with AS 555 Fennec helicopters, while only "La Argentina" and "Sarandí" can employ SH-3D Sea King helicopters. The ships have a complement of 200, including 26 officers.

Construction and career.

Initially, six vessels were ordered, but this was later reduced to four after an order for six MEKO 140 type ships was placed. All four vessels were constructed at the Blohm+Voss shipyard in Hamburg, Germany. However, construction was delayed during the Falklands War as the British-built gas turbines were placed under embargo. The class was intended for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and an initial order for Westland Lynx helicopters was made to complement the ships. The order was cancelled in 1982 and a planned replacement, the Agusta-Bell AB 212 helicopters, was not financed. Until the delivery of the AS 555 Fennec helicopters in 1996, the Argentinian Navy used Aérospatiale Alouette SA 319 helicopters aboard the ships. The first ship, "Almirante Brown" entered service in 1983 and the fourth and last, "Sarandí" in 1984. "Almirante Brown" took part in Gulf War operations in the Persian Gulf in 1990.  In 2006, "La Argentina" completed a two-year refit which included extensions to the flight deck to accommodate the Sea King helicopters. "Sarandí" underwent a similar refit in 2008–2010. The four vessels form the 2nd Destroyer Squadron, based at Puerto Belgrano Naval Base. The Argentine Navy struggles to meet maintenance and training requirements because of financial problems and import restrictions. The "Almirante Brown" class were reported to be short of spares and suffering engine problems. In addition it has been reported that the ordinance for the ships is past its expiration date.

The "Almirante Brown" class is a class (MEKO 360H2 type) of warships built in Germany for the Argentine Navy. They were commissioned between 1983 and 1984, after the Falklands War. The class comprises four ships;,, and. They are classified as either frigates or destroyers by different publications. The MEKO 360 type warships are based on modular designs which allow quick changes to the vessel's armaments depending on mission requirements. The modular nature of the construction also allows the ships to be modernized or refitted with greater ease. Six vessels were initially ordered, however two ships were cancelled and replaced with orders for MEKO 140 type hulls.

Die "Almirante-Brown"-Klasse gehört zur MEKO-Schiffsbaureihe von Blohm + Voss. Am 23. Januar 1979 bekam die deutsche Werft von der argentinischen Marine im Rahmen des „Nationalen Schiffbauplanes“ („Plan Nacional de Construcciones Navales“) den Auftrag zum Bau von vier Schiffen des Types Meko 360. Die Schiffe wurden in den Jahren 1983 im 2. Zerstörergeschwader (heute: Division der Zerstörer) in Dienst gestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um: