Background.

Pink told "Q" magazine that the song got her into trouble with her mother. The singer commented: "She went to the "National Enquirer". We laugh about it now, but it wasn't the best way to address family problems."

Critical reception.

The single received praise from critics. Paul Matthew from UKMIX gave the song 4 out of 5 stars, saying that it is strong, catchy and different from anything she had released to date. Dr. Bruce L. Thiessen praised the song's stripped down nature, stating that 'Pink has never been afraid to show her true colors. The haunting, yet urgently importuning nature of the music matches and magnifies the meaning. The intensity of every earnest guitar strum and run echoes the sense of longing for familial harmony expressed in the chorus. Pink's voice on “Family Portrait” further reflects the urgency underlying the song.' Malaimport from StudyMode.com gave Pink the credit for the song in his article, 'Pink positioned the audience to understand and accept her representations of pain and frustration was clear through the uses language choices and imagery devices such as repetition and use of strong and forceful words.'

Music video.

The music video stars P!nk and Kelsey Lewis and was directed by Sophie Muller. The video opens with P!nk lying in different positions on the bed; as she answers a phone call, she smashes a glass and Kelsey pops up. They are then shown in what looks like a kitchen. Kelsey tries to get the attention of P!nk, who is trying to cook. Then, the two are shown eating cereal on a couch while watching a commercial for a cereal named Pretty Happy. P!nk is seen opening a door, which a man comes in, and they sit at a table.  At the end of the video, the family in the TV commercial pulls Kelsey into it. The TV then shows P!nk singing alone. Finally, the family in the TV (now with the child Kelsey) gathers around and P!nk lies down on a pillow.

Cultural impact.

According to Pink's father, James Moore Jr., during an E! Entertainment's "E! True Hollywood Story," this song has been unofficially named the national anthem for young kids who have been through the harsh effects of divorce of their parents: "I have got letters from parents thanking us from this song." The song, which she wrote and composed in collaboration with Scott Storch, was still going strong as of late April 2017, with millions of hits on YouTube and millions of albums sold from "Missundaztood." "It took me a while to listen to 'Family Portrait' without getting emotional," Pink's mother told "E! True Hollywood Story." Although the song addresses how Pink struggled through her parents's divorce, it is also addressed to kids, to encourage them to talk with their parents about how they feel about their divorce.

"Family Portrait" is a song by Pink for her second album "Missundaztood" (2001). Co-written by Pink and Scott Storch and produced by Storch, the song is about relationships and her family that was about to fall to pieces, portraying the conflict through the eyes of her as a child. It was released as the album's fourth and final single in December 2002. It peaked in the top 20 in both the U.K. and U.S.

Family Portrait ist ein Popsong der US-amerikanischen Sängerin P!nk und des amerikanischen Keyboarders und Musikproduzenten Scott Storch. Der Titel wurde 2001 auf P!nks Album "Missundaztood" bei Arista Records veröffentlicht und 2002 als vierte Single aus diesem Album ausgekoppelt.


Early life.

Charlotte and her two brothers, Andrea and Pierre, were born in the Mediterranean Principality of Monaco, ruled by their maternal grandfather, Prince Rainier III. When she was four years old, her father was killed in a boating accident. After his death, Princess Caroline moved the family to the Midi village of Saint-Rémy-de-Provence in France, with the intention of minimising their exposure to the press.  One of her first acts of public life was to become a delegate from Monaco to the "Club des Habits Rouges", which is similar to The Pony Club in the UK. At the same time, her grandfather Rainier III, Prince of Monaco designated her patron of the Public Safety Division in Monaco.  In January 1999, Charlotte gained a stepfather and two stepbrothers, (Prince Ernst of Hanover and Prince Christian of Hanover), when her mother married Ernst August, Prince of Hanover. Six months later, Casiraghi's half-sister, Princess Alexandra of Hanover, was born at a clinic in Voecklabruck, Austria. Casiraghi is godmother to her sister. The family then moved to the Parisian suburb of Fontainebleau.  From 2001 through 2004, as a member of Marcel Rozier's Team Marionnaud, Casiraghi participated in a number of Junior and Amateur class show jumping competitions. She was trained successively by both of Rozier's sons, first Philippe and then Thierry Rozier.

Education.

From the ages of two to six, Casiraghi attended Les Dames de Saint Maur, which is part of the Catholic schools of François d'assisi Nicolas Barré in Monaco. At the age of six, she moved on to the "École de la République" (state school system) in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. From 2000 to 2004 she attended the Lycée François-Couperin, Fontainebleau.  She obtained an "excellent" (in French: "très bien", the highest possible) mark on her baccalaureate exam in July 2004. After passing her "bac", she enrolled in the "hypokhâgne" and "khâgne" course at the Lycée Fénelon, in St-Germain-des-Près, Paris, in the hope of entering the École normale supérieure (Paris). She took the written entrance exam for ENS in June 2006, but failed to make the list of candidates eligible to proceed to the oral exam.  In 2007, Casiraghi earned a License of Philosophy (B.A.) from the ; Casiraghi completed two internships, firstly with the publishing house of Robert Laffont in Paris, and then later from October 2007 with the Sunday magazine supplement of "The Independent" newspaper of London. In 2018, Casiraghi told Clara Le Fort of "Billionaire" magazine: "I continued studying philosophy while at the Sciences Po Doctoral School."

Activities.

In 2010, she assumed the role of honorary president of the Global Champions Tour (now the Longines Global Champions Tour) in Monaco; her mother had been honorary president of the event as it existed prior to its inclusion in the Global Champions Tour. Since 1997, by the appointment of her grandfather, Casiraghi has been patron of the Public Safety Division, Maritime and Airport Police of Monaco. In 2009, and again in 2011, she joined her uncle for the presentation of the trophies for the Monaco Grand Prix, a task usually undertaken by her mother. Every year since 2006, she has attended the Rose Ball ("Bal de la Rose") to help raise funds for the Princess Grace Foundation.  Casiraghi founded Swoon Productions in 2012. In 2015, she joined the board of directors of FXB France, an organization founded by her godmother Albina du Boisrouvray in 1989 to combat AIDS and poverty.  Casiraghi modeled for the lens of Collier Schorr in the eighth issue of "System" magazine. In a gender fluid framework, Casiraghi modeled clothing from the Gucci menswear line.  Yves Saint Laurent launched a new campaign for its Fall 2018 collection, giving it the hashtag #YSL15. Casiraghi was photographed by David Sims to be the face of the campaign.

Philosophy.

In 2015, Casiraghi founded "Les Rencontres Philosophiques de Monaco" (literally, "Philosophical Encounters). Her co-founders include her former teacher in Fontainebleau, the philosopher. The others founders are and. Her mother is among the many honorary members of the group, which is really a think tank on philosophy. They discuss contemporary issues and new publications in the field of philosophy. The writings and the life of Anne Dufourmantelle made a strong impact on Casiraghi, who wrote in particular about Dufourmantelle's book "Défense du Secret" in an article for Libération. Casiraghi and Dufourmantelle, who died in 2017, were friends, sharing, by the admission of Casiraghi herself, a passion for not only philosophy but for horses.  Casiraghi wrote the preface for a book published in 2017 by the psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva. The two women also published their letters to each other, reflecting on philosophy.  In March 2018, Casiraghi and Maggiori published their Kindle book, through Éditions du Seuil. The title is "Archipel des Passions" (Archipelago of the Passions). It is a series of dialogues between the professor and the student about the various passions (i.e. arrogance, joy, cruelty, love) and their affects. It is also "an essay on the passion of thought." The book is dedicated to her father and the passions explored amount to about forty. It "reads like a treatise of the passions."

Equestrian.

In June 2009, Casiraghi, accompanied by her uncle Albert II, Prince of Monaco, appeared on the French television programme Stade 2 to speak about her recent enrollment in the Global Champions Tour. It was her first experience of public speaking and she appeared poised and confident.  Since returning to the show jumping sport in April 2009 (after a four-year hiatus), she continues to train with Thierry Rozier. Casiraghi and the bay gelding named GI Joe (owner: Jan Tops), participated in the 2009 Global Champions Tour in Valencia, Spain, Monte Carlo, Cannes, Estoril, Rio de Janeiro, and Valkenswaard.  Casiraghi continued participation in the Global Champions Tour throughout 2010. For the most part, she rode horses Troy (a chestnut stallion) and Tintero (a grey gelding). The GCT "Pro-Am Cup" (Professional-Amateur) relay was her original concept. It is a staple of the GCT Monaco event to this day.  Casiraghi is the official equestrian "ambassador" of the Gucci label.  2015 was really the last year that Casiraghi participated in multiple phases of the Longines Global Champions Tour. After that year, she reduced her participation to the Monaco phase only.

Journalism.

Casiraghi is a published writer and magazine editor. Her credits include work for AnOther Magazine (its issue for January 2008) and the Sunday supplement to the British The Independent newspaper in the late months of 2007. She was the editor-at-large for "Above" magazine in 2009. With two friends, she left that role in order to focus on the founding of the ecological/fashion-related "Ever Manifesto".  Through her work as the editor-at-large for "Above" magazine, Casiraghi befriended Stella McCartney, whom she interviewed for the magazine's first issue. McCartney enlightened Casiraghi and readers as to the many ways the fashion industry can harm the ecosystem. Also for "Above", Casiraghi was reported in Women's Wear Daily as being "instrumental in securing an interview with "Gomorrah" author Roberto Saviano (which took place in hiding thanks to Saviano's dissection of the Mafia)."  On 21 September 2009, Casiraghi announced plans to publish 3,000 copies of "Ever Manifesto," a free publication on what she considers the fashion industry's harmful impact on the global environment and to promote sustainability in fashion. Casiraghi revealed that her collaborators with the Loro Piana-funded project are the socialite Alexia Niedzielski and advertising executive Elizabeth von Guttman. She also revealed that the environmentally conscious designer Stella McCartney, as well as her own uncle Prince Albert II, greatly enlightened and influenced her. Specifically, she said: "It's only recently that I've questioned the way that I've been consuming. I haven't been as conscious as I should have been."  The debut issue of "Ever Manifesto" was distributed free at the 10 Corso Como boutique during Milan Fashion Week and again at Colette in Paris during Paris Fashion Week. Casiraghi explained that the magazine will not have a predetermined publication schedule. "We want to publish when we have something to say or people to support," she said. "It will be short and meaningful so that people will read it."  The day after the publication of her "La Stampa" interview, 22 September, Casiraghi joined her partners, Niedzielski and Guttman, at the gallery of Michelangelo Pistoletto, in the town of Biella, in the Italian region of Piedmont. Along with the artist and the Vogue Italia editor-in-chief Franca Sozzani, Casiraghi unveiled plans for "Ever Manifesto" and the.  In October 2009, Casiraghi was a guest at the Stella McCartney show in Paris. Sitting in the front row with Dasha Zhukova, Paul McCartney and Gwyneth Paltrow, she told Women's Wear Daily about "Ever Manifesto". Copies of the magazine's first issue were left on the seats before the show. "We will announce [succeeding issues] on the website soon," she said.  Casiraghi contributed to the October 2009 issue of "20", the free newspaper of Alex Dellal's gallery, 20 Hoxton Square Projects.

Film.

In 2014, Casiraghi bought the rights to the book "Our Lady of the Nile", which will be released as a feature film in 2020. Casiraghi is one of the producers of the film.

Personal life.

Casiraghi is a private citizen, but occasionally attends official functions in Monaco, such as a fundraising gala for AMADE Mondiale and Nelson Mandela's foundation in September 2007. In 2006, she made her debut appearance at Monaco's Rose Ball (in French: "Bal de la Rose"), which also raises money for the Princess Grace Foundation.  At the age of 16, Casiraghi was named number ten on a list of the world's most eligible young women. "Vanity Fair" selected Casiraghi as one of the International Best Dressed List of 2006.  Casiraghi is often photographed at fashion shows, art exhibits, and equestrian events.  In December 2011, Casiraghi started dating stand-up comedian and actor Gad Elmaleh. Their son, Raphaël, was born in December 2013. As Raphaël's parents were not married, he is not included in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne. The couple split in June 2015.  She married film producer Dimitri Rassam, the son of French actress Carole Bouquet, in Monaco's princely palace on 1 June 2019. In March 2018, several credible media sources reported her engagement to Rassam and it was widely noted that she wore a diamond ring at Monaco's Rose Ball on 24 March. Casiraghi was visibly pregnant by the summer and the couple chose to postpone a wedding until after the birth of their child. On 23 October 2018, Casiraghi gave birth to a second child, a son named Balthazar, who is 12th in line to Monaco's princely succession, after his mother. The couple married civilly at the Prince's Palace of Monaco on 1 June 2019. They celebrated in a reception at nearby hotel Villa La Vigie.  On 29 June 2019, they married religiously at the Abbey of Sainte-Marie de Pierredon, outside Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

Charlotte Marie Pomeline Casiraghi (born 3 August 1986) is the second child of Caroline, Princess of Hanover, and Stefano Casiraghi, an Italian industrialist. She is eleventh in line to the throne of Monaco. Her maternal grandparents were Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and American actress Grace Kelly. She is named after her maternal great-grandmother, Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Valentinois. She was christened on 20 September 1986. Her godparents are Albina du Boisrouvray and Stefano Casiraghi's brother-in-law, Massimo Bianchi.

Charlotte Marie Pomeline Casiraghi (* 3. August 1986 in La Colle, Monaco) ist das zweite Kind von Caroline von Hannover und ihrem zweiten Ehemann, dem italienischen Unternehmer Stefano Casiraghi. Sie hat zwei Brüder, Andrea Casiraghi und Pierre Casiraghi, sowie eine Halbschwester, Alexandra Prinzessin von Hannover.


Results.

Preliminary round.

This round will be entered by the bottom four from the ten 2011–12 Segona Divisió teams at the time of the mid-season break: Penya Encarnada d'Andorra, FS La Massana, Principat B and Atlètic Club d'Escaldes. The matches will be played on 15 January 2012.

First elimination round.

This round will be entered by the top six from the ten 2011–12 Segona Divisió teams at the time of the mid-season break: Lusitanos B, UE Extremenya, FC Encamp, UE Santa Coloma B, Casa Estrella del Benfica and FC Santa Coloma B and will join the winners of the preliminary elimination round. The matches will be played on 22 January 2012.

Second elimination round.

The teams from 2011–12 Primera Divisió placed fifth to eighth after 10 rounds played – Inter Club d'Escaldes, CE Principat, UE Engordany and FC Rànger's – enter in this round and will join the winners of the first elimination round. For each match, one Segona Divisió and one Primera Divisió team have been drawn together. The matches will be played on 29 January 2012.

Third elimination round.

The winners from the previous round will compete in this round together with the teams from Primera Divisió placed first to fourth after 10 rounds played – FC Santa Coloma, FC Lusitanos, UE Sant Julià, and UE Santa Coloma. The first legs will be played on 5 and 12 February 2012, while the second legs took place on 19 February 2012.

Semifinals.

The first legs were played on 6 May 2012 while the second legs were played on 13 May 2012.

The 2012 Copa Constitució was the twentieth season of Andorra's football knockout tournament. The competition began on 15 January 2012 with the matches of the first elimination round and ended in May 2012 with the Final. UE Sant Julià are the defending champions. The winners earned a place in the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.

Der Copa Constitució 2012 war die 20. Auflage des andorranischen Fußballpokals. Alle Mannschaften der Primera und der Segona Divisió waren antrittsberechtigt. Der Bewerb wird zwischen dem 15. Januar 2012 und dem 27. Mai 2012 ausgetragen. Der Sieger qualifizierte sich für die 1. Qualifikationsrunde zur UEFA Europa League 2012/13.


Life.

Born in 1967, Eisenstein graduated from Yale University in 1989 with a degree in Mathematics and Philosophy. He lived in Taiwan for nine years, where he became fluent in Mandarin Chinese and worked as a translator. He married there, had children, and later returned to the United States. He describes his late 20s through his mid 30s as "long period of intensifying crisis". During this time, he held short term positions as a construction worker, college instructor, and yoga teacher, but spent most of his time as a stay-at-home dad. He then spent four years writing "The Ascent of Humanity", which was published in 2007 and became his first commercially successful book, launching his writing career. Eisenstein has four sons; one with his current wife, Stella, and three with his previous wife, Patsy. He currently lives in Asheville, North Carolina.  Eisenstein has spoken at various conferences and events over the years. His events are held voluntarily, organized by others who invite him to speak. He generally charges people expenses but no fee, leaving it up to them to give him something if they feel the urge. This appeals to his ideal of generosity and "living in the gift."

Writings.

The Ascent of Humanity.

"The Ascent of Humanity", published in 2007, draws together Eisenstein's thoughts about the history of human civilization. It explores the development of what he calls the "separate human realm", drawing distinctions between hunter-gatherer and agricultural societies. In Eisenstein's view, a greater sense of separation from natural began with the emergence of agriculture and has been accelerating to the present day.  Other themes include the role of various languages, mathematical, art, religions and other symbolic systems to structure subjective reality at the levels of the individual and of culture. He argues that these have a strong, largely unconscious effect on attitudes toward time and the natural world.  It was read on the Unwelcome Guests radio show and the reading was later released as an audiobook.

Sacred Economics.

Eisenstein wrote his 2011 book "Sacred Economics" as part of the New Economy movement. The book revolves around the theme of how the current monetary system based on interest and usury, along with the abandonment of the gift economy, led to social alienation, competition and need for an economic system predicated on continuous growth. It has been either fully or partially translated into at least nine languages. Accordingly, his primary goal is the reestablishment of some form of gift economy as a means of strengthening relationships in contrast to money economies which commodify our relationships and renders people interchangeable. He asserts that money is created by the conversion of free human interactions into paid services. Eisenstein himself attempts to practice the gift economy in his own life.  The book explores additional economic proposals including a negative-interest currency following Silvio Gesell, social dividends, economic degrowth, and a personal emphasis on right livelihood over financial motivation. In other writings, he has also advocated for universal basic income. He describes and rejects what he describes as the myth of scarcity which he claims fosters greed and anxiety.

The More Beautiful World Our Hearts Know is Possible.

"The More Beautiful World Our Hearts Know is Possible" was published in November 2013. It argues that many of the social, economic, political, and environmental problems covered in his earlier works can be traced to an underlying worldview that he calls the "Story of Separation"—that humans are separate from each other and from the rest of the natural world. A new story that is emerging, the "Story of Interbeing", is a "story of the world that we really care about". The book describes this as a time of transition between these stories: "Internally, it [the transition] is... a transformation in the experience of being alive. Externally is it... a transformation of humanity's role on planet Earth". He deconstructs the old story while describing the new. For example, the best way to interrupt the story of separation is to give someone an experience of non-separation. "Publishers' Weekly" described it as "a revolutionary and interactive book—in the sense that it inspires the reader to think out of the ordinary", adding that Eisenstein "will be noted in antiquity as one of the seminal and pioneering storytellers of this new world".

Climate—A New Story.

"Climate—A New Story" was published in 2018. It is described as 'flipping the script on climate change', and addresses the framing, tactics and goals of our approach to environmental issues. Eisenstein proposes that if we were to feel that the rivers, forests, and creatures of the natural and material world were sacred or at least valuable in their own right, then our response might be more wholesome and ultimately effective. He decries valuing the living world simply for its carbon credits or for preventing the extinction of one species or another.

Other work.

Eisenstein has published op-ed pieces in "The Guardian" and "The Huffington Post" on topics including genetic modification, the patenting of seeds and debt. He is a contributing editor at the website "Reality Sandwich". He appeared on Oprah Winfrey's Super Soul Sunday on July 16, 2017.  Eisenstein periodically publishes essays on his website.

Reception.

In 2013, journalist and author Rory Spowers described Eisenstein as a "refreshing new voice", saying that he's young, fresh, well-informed, humble but articulate, with a very spiritual perspective. He added that Eisenstein is too intelligent to be confrontational but that, through his works, especially "The Ascent of Humanity" and "Sacred Economics", "he's really moved the whole thing along in a number of ways." Eisenstein was influential in the Occupy Movement

Charles Eisenstein (born 1967) is an American public speaker and author. His work covers a wide range of topics, including the history of human civilization, economics, spirituality, and the ecology movement. Key themes explored include anti-consumerism, interdependence, and how myth and narrative influence culture. According to Eisenstein, global culture is immersed in a destructive "story of separation", and one of the main goals of his work is to present an alternative "story of interbeing". Much of his work draws on ideas from Eastern philosophy and the spiritual teachings of various indigenous peoples. Eisenstein has been involved in the Occupy, New Economy, and permaculture movements. His work has also been popular with countercultural and New Age audiences. An advocate of the gift economy, he makes much of his work available for free on his website.

Charles Eisenstein (* 1967) ist ein US-amerikanischer Kulturphilosoph und Autor. Neben seiner schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit arbeitet er als Vortragsredner und freier Dozent. Er gilt als wichtiger Theoretiker der Occupy-Bewegung.


History.

Aboriginal anthropology.

Leichhardt was once an area broadly inhabited by the Wangal band of the Dharug (Eora) language group. The 'Eora people' was the name given to coastal Aborigines around Sydney – Eora means "from this place" – local Aboriginal people used this word to describe to Europeans where they came from, and in time the term became used to define Aboriginal people themselves. Wangal country was known as 'wanne' and it originally extended from the suburbs of Balmain and Birchgrove in the east to Silverwater and Auburn in the west. It is unclear how many people were in the tribe, some research indicates in the broader Sydney region there was between 8000 – 10000 indigenous people, migration over the seasons and violence between tribes would alter this number at different periods. The northern boundary was the Parramatta River. Neighbouring Darug bands were the Cadigal to the east, the Wallumattagal on the northern shore of the Parramatta River and the Bediagal to the south.

European settlement.

Leichhardt is named after the Prussian explorer Ludwig Leichhardt, who in the 1840s was feted for his 4,800 km (c. 3000 mi) expedition in search of an overland route from southern Queensland to Port Essington, a British settlement on the far northern coast of Australia (some 300 km to the north of the modern city of Darwin). In 1848, he famously vanished without trace on his attempt to cross the continent from the Darling Downs in Queensland to the Swan River Colony on the Western Australia coast.  Leichhardt was proclaimed a municipality in 1871. In 1949, it was merged with the municipalities of Annandale and Balmain. In 1967, the municipal boundary was altered to include Glebe and parts of Camperdown. In 2003, the municipal boundary was again changed, to exclude Glebe and Forest Lodge, which are now part of the City of Sydney.

Commercial area.

The main commercial area in Leichhardt is located on Norton Street, north of Parramatta Road and parallel to Balmain Road. The Norton Street commercial area contains a mix of residential buildings, restaurants (Italian and others), cafés, eateries and individual retail outlets, including several bookstores and grocery shops. There are also hotels, a Palace Cinema and two of the suburb's two shopping centres – MarketPlace Leichhardt and Norton Plaza. Commercial developments are also found along the length of Parramatta Road.  The Italian Forum, located just off Norton Street, is notable for its design which seeks to emulate the feel of a Mediterranean town piazza. A pedestrian-only central courtyard featuring outdoors and indoors restaurant dining as well as Leichhardt Library is surrounded by small shops and boutiques on the level above, and all overlooked by residential apartments. Norton Street plays host to various events throughout the year, notably the Italian Fiesta in October, which showcases the Italian culture of the area.  The second shopping centre, MarketPlace Leichhardt (formerly Market Town), is located towards Haberfield on the corner of Marion and Flood Streets. MarketPlace Leichhardt has free car parking and is home to Woolworths, Aldi, Target and over 60 specialty stores. The centre recently celebrated its 40th birthday milestone of being in the heart of Leichhardt.

Transport.

Leichhardt can be accessed by several main roads including Parramatta Road, Norton Street, Balmain Road, Marion Street and Catherine Street. The City West Link runs along the northern border of Leichhardt and is a major arterial road, which is part of the A4 and crosses the Anzac Bridge to the CBD.  Leichhardt is well serviced by State Transit and Transit Systems through city and cross regional services. Leichhardt Bus Depot is located on the corner of William and Derbyshire Street. The following list provides the bus routes in Leichhardt:  The southern portion of Leichhardt is serviced by trains at the nearby Petersham railway station, on the Inner West & Leppington Line. The station is an eight-minute walk from Norton Street, along Railway Street.  The western and northern portions of Leichhardt are serviced by light rail on the Dulwich Hill Line of Sydney's light rail network. Leichhardt North lies on the northern border with Lilyfield, adjacent to the City West Link. Hawthorne, serving the north-west of the suburb, and Marion, near Marion Street, are on the western border with Haberfield. Taverners Hill is adjacent to Parramatta Road and lies in the south-west corner of the suburb.  Leichhardt was served by trams from Sydney's former network from 1887 to the 1950s. The Annandale Line ran down Norton Street. The current bus depot at the top of William Street was a 12 road depot, designed to serve a number of planned lines that were never built. Instead, it was used to stored surplus trams in the off peak period, and was rebuilt as the Government Bus Workshops in 1937. A small spur of track remained and was later used by tour trams going through the depot yard nearest Pioneer Park.

Houses.

Being situated close to the city, Leichhardt is an area for great capital growth as it very central and has a lot to offer, so housing is not very cheap and is a much sought after. The architecture in Leichhardt ranges from Victorian single fronted brick homes to modern new homes and apartment blocks.

Churches and schools.

Leichhardt has a number of primary schools and one secondary school.

Landmarks.

The following buildings are listed on the Register of the National Estate:

Culture.

Leichhardt is home to many creative industry workers and is known for its colourful and inventive mural art, such as the panorama at the Renwick Lane and at the Hawthorne Canal Railway Underpass. Leichhardt has access to many art and cultural organisations. Commercial galleries are found throughout the area and Boomali Gallery, the Aboriginal Arts Organisation is situated in Flood Street in Leichhardt.  The Italian community has a wealth of social and cultural organisations located in Leichhardt, and work is underway everyday to develop the Italian Forum Cultural Centre. Co.As.It. is one of them and they provide a range of culturally and linguistically appropriate services to enhance the quality of life of the community and to promote the Italian language and culture in New South Wales. The suburb was originally considered to be Sydney's 'little Italy', but that reputation has since decreased.  Leichhardt is the yearly host of the Italian Festa on Norton Street where local traffic is temporarily closed on Norton and neighbouring streets transforming surroundings into a huge European style outdoor café, celebrating Leichhardt's cultural diversity with an International Food Fair, gift stalls, community expos and live entertainment throughout the day. Leichhardt is also known for its café culture with cafés in abundance. The oldest café in the area is Café Sport, which is located on Norton Street.

Population.

According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 14,625 people in Leichhardt.  41% of occupied dwellings were terraces, semis or townhouses, 35% were separate density housing houses and 22% were apartments. The average age of people in the suburb was similar to the rest of Sydney (36) and a lower percentage of people owned their homes outright (23.4%) than those paying them off (34.2%) or renting (40.1%). Median loan repayments ($3,000 per month) were much higher than the national figure ($1,755).  Since the middle of the 20th century, Leichhardt has been a centre for the Italian community, reflected in the many Italian-owned businesses in the area. Although it has become less distinctively Italian with the increasing gentrification of the suburb and movement of families to suburbs with larger blocks of land, its Italian character is still palpable, particularly in the popular restaurants and cafés of its main street, Norton Street. Many residents moved to suburbs further away from Sydney as the city has expanded and larger housing blocks became available.

Leichhardt is a suburb in the Inner West of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Leichhardt is located 5 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district (CBD) and is the administrative centre for the local government area (LGA) of the Inner West Council. The suburb is bordered by Haberfield to the west, Annandale to the east, Lilyfield to the north and Petersham, Lewisham and Stanmore to the south.

Leichhardt ist ein Stadtteil von Sydney in New South Wales, Australien. Er liegt 5 Kilometer westlich des "Central Business Districts" (Stadtzentrum) und ist das Verwaltungszentrum der Leichhardt Municipality. Im Westen grenzt Leichhardt an die Stadtteile Haberfield, im Osten an Annandale, im Norden an Lilyfield und im Süden an Petersham, Lewisham und Stanmore.


History.

In the 16th century this area was called "north of the central Mexico plateau" that was never conquered by the Aztecs, "La Gran Chichimeca". It now comprises the States of Jalisco, Aguascalientes, Nayarit, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosí Durango, Coahuila and Zacatecas. The Aztec and Spaniards called the residents of this great area, Chichimecas, although they were of different cultures, languages, or civilizations. It reported that four primary nations lived in what is now Zacatecas: the Caxcan, Guachichil, Tepehuán and Zacatecos. The state was named after the Zacatecos, it was the nickname given by the Aztecs to the Bufa hill inhabitants. Is a composed nahuatl word that means "inhabitants of the land where grass abounds", it derives from the zacatl, “Reed” or grass, and locative co.  The majority of its inhabitants were hunting nomads, but also settled in several places. Some parts of the territory, particularly the south was under Mesoamerican influence, while the rest of the territory formed part of what is now called Aridoamérica. Zacatecas has other important archaeological sites like La Quemada, located in the Villanueva municipality and Altavista in the Chalchihuites municipality. These areas have ceremonial buildings and pyramids with architectural features of the Mesoamerican cultures.

Chichimecs.

Chichimeca was the name that the Nahua peoples of Mexico generically applied to a large number of bands and tribes of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico and southwestern United States, and carried the same sense as the European term "barbarian". The name was adopted with a pejorative tone by the Spaniards when referring especially to the hunter-gatherer peoples of northern Mexico. In modern times only one ethnic group is customarily referred to as Chichimecs, namely the Chichimeca Jonaz, although lately this usage is being changed for simply "Jonáz" or their own name for themselves ""Úza"".  Many of the peoples called Chichimeca are virtually unknown today; few descriptions mention them and they seem to have been absorbed into mestizo culture or into other indigenous ethnic groups. For example, virtually nothing is known about the peoples referred to as "Guachichiles", "Caxcanes", "Zacatecos", "Tecuexes", or "Guamares". Others like the "Opata" or ""Eudeve"" are well described but extinct as a people.

Caxcanes.

The Caxcan caxcanes o cazcanes were a partly nomadic people that spoke Uto-Aztecan languages. The Caxcan were allied with the Zacatecos against the Spaniards during the Mixtón Rebellion During the rebellion, they were described as "the heart and the center of the Indian Rebellion". They were famously led by Tenamaxtli. After the rebellion, they were at constant target by the Zacatecos and Guachichiles due to their ceasefire agreement with the Spaniards. Their principal religious and population centers were at Teul, Tlaltenango, Juchipila, and Teocaltiche.  Represented the largest group and lived around El Teúl, Tlaltenango, Juchipila, Teocaltiche, Nochistlán, Aguascalientes, and Jalisco. Within the group, a subgroup called "tezoles" believed they descended from the 7 Aztlán tribes, searching for the land promised by Huitzilopochtli; this is known from the miscellaneous Chronicle of Father Antonio Tello, who noted that the caxcans have some similarity in language of the Aztecs; refers to "caxcans peoples are people who speaks almost the Aztec language and claimed to be Aztec descendants, but do not speak the language as cultured and refined as the Aztec".  It is also believed that as a consequence of the Chalchihuites collapse, there was a migration to the south, and would eventually become the caxcanes. The word caxcan means "there is no", and the name remained because "when the spaniards arrived and asked for food or other things, the people responded in their native language, "I do not have or there is no...".  The caxcans were conquerors, through their history, conquered and founded towns as Amecatl, Tuitlán, Juchipila, El Teúl, Nochistlán and Teocaltiche, "a center of Tecuexe warriors who were allied with caxcan neighbors, the Zacatecas and guachichiles".  The caxcans had a political and social system structured, had a larger village as capital, and several smaller dependent neighborhoods. Unlike other Chichimeca groups, the caxcans became sedentary due to their relations with Otomí and Purépecha peoples.

Regional Trade.

Nayarit ceramics evidence has been found, in the coastal Nayarit region have found copper artifacts.  Absence thus far of copper oxide minerals as well as Nayarit ceramic on this site, infer of trade relations, and the possibility that foundries here manufactured ornaments for Nayarit. This opens an interesting debate on the old economies and regional trade.  It is known that the El Teúl inhabitants had links with the Atemajac Valley, the tequila Valley and the Sayula basin. Also with La Quemada and Chalchihuites (Zacatecas) in addition to relations with Bolaños and the aztatlán network, a culture located in Nayarit and Sinaloa.

Occupation Periods.

It is believed that the site is one of the few places on the continent with an uninterrupted occupation from 200 BCE to 1531 CE. The occupation chronology is comparable with cities such as Cholula.  It is possible that the site was a Caxcanes ceremonial center, one of the most warrior groups against the Spanish invaders and those who were about to defeat them in the famous Mixtón war.  El Teúl caxcan occupation is estimated at two centuries (1350 / 1400 to 1531 CE). The destruction of the ceremonial area, this particular stage, occurred when the caxcans reused it a place of worship.  In Zacatecas, El Teúl was occupied at least six centuries before other ceremonial centers, such as La Quemada and Altavista, and was contemporary during the mid-classical and epiclassical periods, from 400 to 1000 CE, to be then occupied again 500 years after the abandonment.  Fire evidence has been found during the epiclassical period (600-900 CE.) such as “box tombs”. These are dated between 200 and 500 CE, evidence of changes in funerary patterns from shaft tombs to box tombs.  This is important because represents the time when western cultures begin to integrate to the Bajío and the Valley of Mexico.  So far it is not known who the caxcanes were and what their pottery was like. In relation to the occupation of this site, it is not known who built it originally and who lived here before the caxcans.  El Teúl was inhabited during 1,800 years, three times more than sites such as La Quemada, and Alta Vista, also in Zacatecas, they only had six centuries of occupation.

The Site.

The site has a total area of 150 hectares; there is only exploration in an area of five to six hectares. The site is not yet open to the public.  Two pyramids and a portion of a ball game court have only been uncovered, several human burials were found, that reveal changes in funerary patterns of their former inhabitants.  Objects found reflect the life of the ancient inhabitants of the site, such as a fetus representation found in the pyramid at the altar.  Also found shell beads and green stone were found from shaft tombs, in addition to earflaps with Teotihuacan’s motifs and polychrome ceramic style Codex, among others.

Structures.

Investigation and exploration work is ongoing, thus far several structures have been found:

Circular Altar.

A circular altar was found, measuring over six meters in diameter.

Eastern Complex.

This complex has the following reported structures:

Sculpture.

A prehispanic sculpture was found, representing a life-size decapitated ballgame player.  It is a stone sculpture dated between 900-1100 CE, there is evidence that it was intentionally manufactured without head, probably for the ball game rituals.  It is a cylindrical sculpture measuring 1.97 meters high, 52 centimeters in diameter, with an approximate weight of one ton, found on the south side, east of the ballgame court.  Also found fragments of another such sculpture at the other side, it is possible that there are other similar sculptures.

Furnace.

An almost intact copper smelting furnace was found, one of the metallurgy problems is how to fire furnaces; evidence found indicate that corn cobs were apparently used, used as fuel and wick.  The prehispanic furnace built over 800 years ago, was used for copper smelter.  Finding this furnace is of great importance, is the oldest in prehispanic Mexico and was used during the early postclassical, i.e. between 900 and 1200 CE.  The furnace was built with Stone and masonry, has ashes and corn traces and burnt corn, that was used as fuel, these organic materials will allow a more precise dating.  In some Michoacán Purépecha sites, have found structures resembling furnaces but very damaged, this is the first one complete, allowing analyzing aspects of technologies used, which was not known in Mexico.

Tombs.

Seven graves of the so-called "shaft tomb” were found, characteristic of western cultures, and correspond to the late preclassical (200 BCE to 200 CE) period.  These are deep burials.  At the sunken patio, several human burials were found, depicting the box burial tradition. These burials are characterized by the flexed position of the human remains and placed in masonry “boxes”, with their respective offerings.  These burials are dated from 200 to 500 CE, and reflect funeral changes of the ancient inhabitants, from shaft tomb patterns to box burials.

El Teúl is an important archaeological mesoamerican site located on a hill with the same name in the Teúl Municipality in the south of the Zacatecas State, Mexico, near the Jalisco State.

Der archäologische Fundplatz El Teúl gehört zu den wichtigen archäologischen Stätten im Nordwesten Mexikos. Er liegt in der Nähe der Stadt Teúl de González Ortega nahe der südlichen Grenze von Zacatecas zum Bundesstaat Jalisco.


Characteristics.

Mass, radius and temperature.

Kepler-62e is a super-Earth with a radius 1.61 times that of Earth. This is just above the limit where planets with more than 1.6 may be more gaseous than they are rocky, so Kepler-62e may likely be a mini-Neptune. It has an equilibrium temperature of. It has an estimated mass of 4.5, however the true parameter could not be determined, upper limits place it at 36, which is unlikely to actually be true.

Host star.

The planet orbits a (K-type) star named Kepler-62, orbited by a total of five planets. The star has a mass of 0.69 and a radius of 0.64. It has a temperature of 4925 K and is 7 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is 4.6 billion years old and has a temperature of 5778 K. The star is somewhat metal-poor, with a metallicity ([Fe/H]) of −0.37, or 42% of the solar amount. Its luminosity () is 21% that of the Sun.  The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.65. Therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

Orbit.

Kepler-62e orbits its host star with an orbital period of 122.3 days at a distance of about 0.42 AU (compared to the distance of Mercury from the Sun, which is about 0.38 AU). A 2016 study came to a conclusion that the orbits of Kepler-62f and Kepler-62e are likely in a 2:1 orbital resonance. This means that for every two orbits of planet "e", "f" completes one around its star. It receives 20% more sunlight than Earth does from the Sun.

Habitability.

Given the planet's age (7 ± 4 billion years), stellar flux (1.2 ± 0.2 times Earth's) and radius (1.61 ± 0.05 times Earth's), a rocky (silicate-iron) composition with the addition of a possibly substantial amount of water is considered plausible. A modeling study suggests it is likely that a great majority of planets in Kepler-62e's size range are completely covered by ocean. However, given that some studies show that super-Earths above 1.6 may have a volatile-rich composition (similar to a mini-Neptune), and Kepler-62e's radius is estimated to be 1.61, it may be a gaseous planet with no definite surface, and thus may not be habitable to known terrestrial life forms.  Another factor that is critical is the stellar flux. Given that the stellar flux of Kepler-62e is 20% more than what Earth receives from the Sun, it is possible that the surface temperature of Kepler-62e may be over, enough to trigger a runaway greenhouse effect. Such flux may reduce the habitability factors.

Discovery and cultural impact.

In 2009, NASA's Kepler spacecraft was completing observing stars on its photometer, the instrument it uses to detect transit events, in which a planet crosses in front of and dims its host star for a brief and roughly regular period of time. In this last test, Kepler observed stars in the Kepler Input Catalog, including Kepler-62; the preliminary light curves were sent to the Kepler science team for analysis, who chose obvious planetary companions from the bunch for follow-up at observatories. Observations for the potential exoplanet candidates took place between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. After observing the respective transits, which for Kepler-62e occurred roughly every 122 days (its orbital period), it was eventually concluded that a planetary body was responsible for the periodic 122-day transits. The discovery, along with the planetary system of the star Kepler-69 were announced on April 18, 2013.  On 9 May 2013, a congressional hearing by two U.S. House of Representatives subcommittees discussed "Exoplanet Discoveries: Have We Found Other Earths?," prompted by the discovery of exoplanet Kepler-62f, along with "Kepler-62e" and Kepler-69c. A related special issue of the journal Science, published earlier, described the discovery of the exoplanets. "Kepler-62f" and the other Kepler-62 exoplanets are being specially targeted as part of the SETI search programs.  At nearly distant, Kepler-62e is too remote and its star too far for current telescopes or the next generation of planned telescopes to determine its mass or whether it has an atmosphere. The Kepler spacecraft focused on a single small region of the sky but next-generation planet-hunting space telescopes, such as TESS and CHEOPS, will examine nearby stars throughout the sky.  Nearby stars with planets can then be studied by the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and future large ground-based telescopes to analyze atmospheres, determine masses and infer compositions. Additionally the Square Kilometer Array would significantly improve radio observations over the Arecibo Observatory and Green Bank Telescope.

Kepler-62e (also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation "KOI-701.03") is a super-Earth exoplanet (extrasolar planet) discovered orbiting within the habitable zone of Kepler-62, the second outermost of five such planets discovered by NASA's Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-62e is located about from Earth in the constellation of Lyra. The exoplanet was found using the transit method, in which the dimming effect that a planet causes as it crosses in front of its star is measured. Kepler-62e may be a terrestrial or ocean-covered planet; it lies in the inner part of its host star's habitable zone. Kepler-62e orbits its host star every 122 days and is roughly 60 percent larger (in diameter) than Earth.

Kepler-62e ist ein Exoplanet, der den Stern Kepler-62 umkreist. Er wurde mithilfe der Transitmethode durch das Kepler-Weltraumteleskop entdeckt. Kepler-62e ist wahrscheinlich ein erdähnlicher Planet. Er befindet sich in der habitablen Zone seines Sternes. Es wäre somit möglich, dass auf dem Planeten Leben existiert.


Etymology.

A"llostasis" from the Greek prefix "ἄλλος", "állos", "other," "different" + the suffix "στάσις", "stasis," "standing still".

Nature of concept.

The concept of allostasis was proposed by Sterling and Eyer in 1988 as a process of reestablishing stability in response to a challenge. Allostasis was coined from the Greek allo, which means "variable;" thus, "remaining stable by being variable" (; ). Allostatic regulation reflects, at least partly, cephalic involvement in primary regulatory events, in that it is anticipatory to systemic physiological regulation (; ). This is different from homeostasis, which occurs in response to subtle ebb and flow. Both homeostasis and allostasis are endogenous systems responsible for maintaining the internal stability of an organism. Homeostasis, from the Greek homeo, means "similar," while stasis means "stand;" thus, "standing at about the same level." ;  The term heterostasis is also used in place of allostasis, particularly where state changes are finite in number and therefore discrete (e.g. computational processes). Wingfield states:The concept of allostasis, maintaining stability through change, is a fundamental process through which organisms actively adjust to both predictable and unpredictable events... Allostatic load refers to the cumulative cost to the body of allostasis, with allostatic overload... being a state in which serious pathophysiology can occur... Using the balance between energy input and expenditure as the basis for applying the concept of allostasis, two types of allostatic overload have been proposed.

Types.

McEwen and Wingfield propose two types of allostatic load which result in different responses:  Type 1 allostatic overload occurs when energy demand exceeds supply, resulting in activation of the emergency life history stage. This serves to direct the animal away from normal life history stages into a survival mode that decreases allostatic load and regains positive energy balance. The normal life cycle can be resumed when the perturbation passes.  Type 2 allostatic overload begins when there is sufficient or even excess energy consumption accompanied by social conflict and other types of social dysfunction. The latter is the case in human society and certain situations affecting animals in captivity. In all cases, secretion of glucocorticosteroids and activity of other mediators of allostasis such as the autonomic nervous system, CNS neurotransmitters, and inflammatory cytokines wax and wane with allostatic load. If allostatic load is chronically high, then pathologies develop. Type 2 allostatic overload does not trigger an escape response, and can only be counteracted through learning and changes in the social structure (; )  Whereas both types of allostasis are associated with increased release of cortisol and catecholamines, they differentially affect thyroid homeostasis: Concentrations of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine are decreased in type 1 allostasis, but elevated in type 2 allostasis.

Allostatic load.

In the long run, the maintenance of allostatic changes over a long period may result in wear and tear, the so-called allostatic load. If a dehydrated individual is helped but continues to be stressed and hence does not reinstate normal body function, the individual's body systems will wear out.

Controversy.

In 2005, Trevor A. Day has argued that the concept of allostasis is no more than a renaming of the original concept of homeostasis.

Allostasis is the process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change. This can be carried out by means of alteration in HPA axis hormones, the autonomic nervous system, cytokines, or a number of other systems, and is generally adaptive in the short term. Allostasis is essential in order to maintain internal viability amid changing conditions (; ; ; ).

Allostase (zusammengesetzt aus dem Griechischen "„allo“" für "„variabel“" und "„stase“" für "„stehend“", meist wörtlich mit "„Erreichen von Stabilität durch Änderung“" übersetzt) beschreibt den Prozess, durch den der Körper in Anforderungssituationen (Stress) durch physiologische und psychologische Verhaltensänderungen eine – auch zukünftige Belastungen einbeziehende – Stabilität aufrechterhält. Diese Anpassungsreaktion ist zunächst grundsätzlich adaptiv, geht jedoch mit erhöhten körperlichen Anforderungen und damit größerer „Abnutzung“ („wear and tear“) einher.


Internationale Filmfestspiele von Cannes 2013

Juries.

Independent juries.

The following independent juries awarded films in the frame of the International Critics' Week.  Nespresso Grand Prize  Discovery Award for Short Film  France 4 Visionary Award

Official selection.

In competition - Feature films.

The following films have been selected for the In Competition section. The Palme d'Or winner has been highlighted.

Un Certain Regard.

The following films have been selected in the Un Certain Regard section. The Un Certain Regard Prize winner has been highlighted.

Films out of Competition.

The following films were selected to play out of competition:

Special screenings.

The following films were presented in the Special screenings section:

Cinéfondation.

The Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools. The following 18 entries (14 fiction films and 4 animation films) were selected, out of 1,550 submissions from 277 different schools. One-third of the films selected represented schools competing for the first time. It was also the first time for a Chilean film to be selected in Cinéfondation. The winner of the Cinéfondation First Prize has been highlighted.

Short film competition.

Out of 3,500 submissions, the following films were selected to compete for the Short Film Palme d'Or. The Short film Palme d'Or winner has been highlighted.

Cannes Classics.

The Festival uses Cannes Classics to place the spotlight on rediscovered or restored masterworks from the past, or ones that have been re-released in theatres or on DVD.

Cinéma de la Plage.

The Cinéma de la Plage is a part of the Official Selection. The outdoors screenings at the beach cinema of Cannes are open to the public.

Parallel sections.

International Critics' Week.

The line-up for the International Critics’ Week was announced on 22 April at the section's website. The following films were selected:  Feature films - The winner of the Grand Prix Nespresso has been highlighted.  Short films - The winner of the Canal+ Award has been highlighted. Special Screenings

Directors' Fortnight.

The line-up for the Directors' Fortnight was announced at a press conference on 23 April with the following films being selected.  Feature films - The winner of the Art Cinema Award (and the Prix SACD) has been highlighted.  Short films

Awards.

Official awards.

The French film "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", directed by Abdellatif Kechiche, won the Palme d'Or. In a first for the competition, the jury decided to award the Palme d'Or to Kechiche and the actresses who star in the film: Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux. "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" is a coming-of-age film that tells the story of a lesbian relationship between a 15-year-old girl and an older woman. It has shocked some critics with its graphic and controversial sex scenes. A reporter for the Radio France Internationale stated that Kechiche paid tribute to the "Tunisian revolution" and "the right to love freely" during his acceptance speech. The president of the jury, Steven Spielberg, said "The film is a great love story... We were absolutely spellbound by the two brilliant young actresses, and the way the director observed his young players." The Grand Prix was won by the Coen brothers's "Inside Llewyn Davis", while Bruce Dern and Bérénice Bejo were awarded Best Actor and Best Actress respectively.  The following films and people received the 2013 Official Selection awards:  In Competition  Un Certain Regard  Golden Camera  Cinéfondation  Short Films

Independent awards.

FIPRESCI Prizes  Vulcan Award of the Technical Artist  Ecumenical Jury  Awards in the frame of International Critics' Week  Awards in the frame of Directors' Fortnight  Association Prix François Chalais  Queer Palm Jury  Palm Dog Jury

The 66th Cannes Film Festival took place in Cannes, France, from 15 to 26 May 2013. Steven Spielberg was the head of the jury for the main competition. New Zealand film director Jane Campion was the head of the jury for the Cinéfondation and Short Film sections. French actress Audrey Tautou hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. Actress Kim Novak was named guest of honour and introduced a new restored version of Alfred Hitchcock's "Vertigo".

Die 66. Internationalen Filmfestspiele von Cannes fanden vom 15. bis 26. Mai 2013 statt. Eröffnet wurde das Filmfestival mit Baz Luhrmanns US-amerikanischer 3D-Literaturverfilmung "Der große Gatsby". Als Abschlussfilm wurde der in Südafrika spielende französische Kriminalfilm "Zulu" von Jérôme Salle benannt. Beide Filme wurden außer Konkurrenz gezeigt. Der internationalen Jury, die unter anderem die Goldene Palme, den Hauptpreis des Festivals, vergibt, stand in diesem Jahr der US-amerikanische Regisseur Steven Spielberg vor.


Development.

Kali Linux has over 600 preinstalled penetration-testing programs, including Armitage (a graphical cyber attack management tool), Nmap (a port scanner), Wireshark (a packet analyzer), John the Ripper (a password cracker), Aircrack-ng (a software suite for penetration-testing wireless LANs), Burp suite and OWASP ZAP web application security scanners.  It was developed by Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns of Offensive Security through the rewrite of BackTrack, their previous information security testing Linux distribution based on Knoppix. Originally, it was designed with a focus on kernel auditing, from which it got its name Kernel Auditing LInux. The name is sometimes incorrectly assumed to come from Kali the Hindu goddess. The third core developer, Raphaël Hertzog, joined them as a Debian expert.  Kali Linux is based on the Debian "Testing" branch. Most packages Kali uses are imported from the Debian repositories.  Kali Linux popularity grew when it was featured in multiple episodes of the TV series Mr. Robot. Tools highlighted in the show and provided by Kali Linux include Bluesniff, Bluetooth Scanner (btscanner), John the Ripper, Metasploit Framework, nmap, Shellshock, and Wget.  With version 2019.4 in November 2019, the default user interface was switched from GNOME to Xfce, with a GNOME version still available.

Recommended.

The recommended hardware specification for smooth run are:

Supported platforms.

Kali Linux is distributed in 32-bit and 64-bit images for use on hosts based on the x86 instruction set and as an image for the ARM architecture for use on the Beagle Board computer and on Samsung's ARM Chromebook.  The developers of Kali Linux aim to make Kali Linux available for even more ARM devices.  Kali Linux is already available for Asus Chromebook Flip C100P, BeagleBone Black, HP Chromebook, CubieBoard 2, CuBox, CuBox-i, Raspberry Pi, EfikaMX, Odroid U2, Odroid XU, Odroid XU3, Samsung Chromebook, Utilite Pro, Galaxy Note 10.1, and SS808.  With the arrival of Kali NetHunter, Kali Linux is also officially available on Android devices such as the Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 7, Nexus 9, Nexus 10, OnePlus One, and some Samsung Galaxy models. It has also been made available for more Android devices through unofficial community builds.  Kali Linux is available on Windows 10, on top of Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). The official Kali distribution for Windows can be downloaded from the Microsoft Store.

Features.

Kali Linux has a dedicated project set aside for compatibility and porting to specific Android devices, called Kali NetHunter.  It is the first Open Source Android penetration testing platform for Nexus devices, created as a joint effort between the Kali community member "BinkyBear" and Offensive Security. It supports Wireless 802.11 frame injection, one-click MANA Evil Access Point setups, HID keyboard (Teensy like attacks), as well as Bad USB MITM attacks.  BackTrack (Kali's predecessor) contained a mode known as forensic mode, which was carried over to Kali via live boot. This mode is very popular for many reasons, partly because many Kali users already have a bootable Kali USB drive or CD, and this option makes it easy to apply Kali to a forensic job. When booted in forensic mode, the system doesn't touch the internal hard drive or swap space and auto mounting is disabled. However, the developers recommend that users test these features extensively before using Kali for real world forensics.

Tools.

Kali Linux includes security tools, such as:  These tools can be used for a number of purposes, most of which involve exploiting a victim network or application, performing network discovery, or scanning a target IP address. Many tools from the previous version (BackTrack) were eliminated to focus on the most popular penetration testing applications.  Offensive Security provides a book, "Kali Linux Revealed", and makes it available for free download.

Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It is maintained and funded by Offensive Security.

Kali Linux ist eine auf Debian basierende Linux-Distribution, die vor allem Programme für Penetrationstests und digitale Forensik umfasst. Kali Linux richtet sich in erster Linie an professionelle und fortgeschrittene Anwender.


Biography.

Comunal and Regional experiences.

Very close to Romano Prodi, Civati was elected to the City Council of Monza in 1997 and the following year he became city secretary of the Democrats of the Left. From 2002 to 2004 Civati has been a member of the provincial secretariat of the DS in Milan, while from 2005 to 2006 he has been a member of the regional secretariat of the party in Lombardy. On April 2005, Civati was elected in the Regional Council of Lombardy.

In the Democratic Party.

After Walter Veltroni's resignation, on the occasion of the 2009 Democratic Party primaries, Civati supported Ignazio Marino.  Together with Matteo Renzi, Civati started in 2010 the Leopolda convention, being a member of the current of "Rottamatori" (Scrappers). With the passing years, Civati became critical of Renzi's positions and the two split.  With the 2013 election, Civati is elected to the Chamber of Deputies and promoted a dialogue between his party and the Five Star Movement. Civati criticized the decision to form a government with The People of Freedom, so he didn't support the Letta Cabinet and later voted against the Renzi Cabinet.  Civati ran for the role of Secretary of the PD in occasion of the 2013 primaries, but was defeated by Matteo Renzi. When Renzi became Prime Minister, Civati began to clash with the leadership of the party, until he decided to leave the Democratic Party in May 2015 and founded a new centre-left party named Possible.

Free and Equal.

Possible was one of the founder parties of the left-wing Free and Equal coalition. Civati ran for the Chamber of Deputies in occasion of the 2018 election, but failed the election and later resigned from the office of Secretary of Possible.

2019 European Parliament election.

On the occasion of the 2019 European Parliament election Civati he was a candidate on the Green Europe list. After that an article by Il Foglio reported that two candidates on the list (Giuliana Farinaro and Elvira Maria Vernengo) had received support from the Green Front (led by Vincenzo Galizia, former leader of the youth section of the Tricolour Flame), Civati withdrew (informally) his candidacy and suspended his election campaign.  Finally Civati was the most voted candidate on the list with 12,247 preferences, but he was not elected because EV got only 2.29% of the votes, below the 4% threshold established by the Italian electoral law.

Giuseppe "Pippo" Civati (born 4 August 1975) is an Italian politician, former leader of Possible and a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 2013 to 2018.

Giuseppe „Pippo“ Civati (* 4. August 1975 in Monza) ist ein italienischer Autor und Politiker. Er war von 2013 bis 2018 Mitglied der italienischen Abgeordnetenkammer und initiierte 2015 die linke Kleinpartei "Possibile".


Synopsis.

During the Siege of Leningrad of World War II, a small group of Norwegian Waffen-SS volunteers are manning trenches just a short distance from the western lines. One of their number, Daniel Gudeson, is shot through the head and killed when he stands up to celebrate midnight on New Year's Eve. His body and face are covered up and he is laid to wait for a burial committee the following day. That same night, another soldier named Sindre Fauke disappears, believed to have defected to the Russians. Oddly, later that night, Gudeson's body mysteriously reappears in the trench. After a hand grenade lands the soldiers in the hospital, one of them, under the guise of "Uriah", falls in love with a nurse. After an unsuccessful attempt to elope, the two are separated.  Decades later, when the U.S. President visits Norway for an Israeli-Palestinian peace conference, Oslo policeman Harry Hole is assigned to the security detail. After shooting a suspected assassin during the approach of the President's convoy, Hole is promoted to inspector and investigates a crime involving a very expensive sniper rifle. In addition, a group of neo-Nazis with which Hole has a prior history is suspected in the murder of an elderly drunkard. Hole and his colleague, Ellen Gjelten, hear of a man connected to the arms dealings called 'The Prince' and set out to learn his identity. Hole shares a mutual attraction with a colleague named Rakel, who is reluctant to take things further with him due to a custody battle for her son, Oleg; unbeknownst to her and Hole, the matter is being orchestrated by Rakel's superior, who is also infatuated with her.  Ellen accidentally discovers the identity of The Prince, but she is murdered by Sverre Olsen, one of the neo-Nazis, before she can identify him to Hole. When Hole and his new assistant, Halvorsen, attempt to arrest Olsen, they discover that another police inspector, Tom Waaler, has apparently shot him in self defence. When Rakel's superior and an elderly woman named Signe Juul are both murdered by the sniper rifle, Hole finds a link between the killings and Norwegian collaborators during the Nazi occupation. He also realizes that the killer has a split personality, with the second personality being that of Daniel Gudeson. Hole is led to believe that Juul's husband Even, who was obsessed with Gudeson, is behind the killings. However, Hole finds that Even has apparently committed suicide in an attempt to stop his "other personality" from continuing the murders.  Hole realizes he is wrong when he comes across the actual killer's journal, in which he attacks the Norwegian Royal Family and other government officials who fled to England during the occupation, and who later labeled the collaborators as 'traitors' despite their resistance to the onslaught of the Soviet forces. The killer also reveals the details behind the mysterious reappearance of Gudeson's body in the trenches and the truth behind Fauke's supposed defection. Finally, the killer threatens to assassinate Norway's Crown Prince during the Constitution Day celebrations later in the day as retribution for the 'betrayal' of Norway's leadership during the war. Hole rushes to prevent the assassination, managing to stop the attempt at almost the last second in a hotel room. To keep the assassination attempt out of the press - and to prevent any problems for the assassin's surviving family (which includes those close to Hole) - Hole's success is covered up.

The Redbreast (, 2000) is a crime novel by Norwegian writer Jo Nesbø, the third in the Harry Hole series (although the first in the series to be available in English).

Rotkehlchen ist ein im Jahr 2000 mit dem Originaltitel "Rødstrupe" erschienener Kriminalroman des norwegischen Autors Jo Nesbø. In der Harry-Hole-Reihe ist es der dritte Teil.


History.

The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" was a daily newspaper founded on 9 December 1985 by publisher Eugenia Apóstol, columnist Max Solivén, together with Betty Go-Belmonte during the last days of the regime of the Philippine dictator, Ferdinand Marcos, becoming one of the first private newspapers to be established under the Marcos regime. The "Inquirer" succeeded the weekly "Philippine Inquirer", created in 1985 by Apostol to cover the trial of 25 soldiers accused of complicity in the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. Apostol also published the "Mr & Ms Special Edition", a weekly tabloid opposed to the Marcos regime.

Beltran years (1985–89).

As the successor to the previous "Mr. and Mrs. Special Edition" and the weekly "Philippine Inquirer", it was founded on a budget of P1 million and enjoyed a daily circulation of 30,000 in its early days. The new daily was housed in the dilapidated one-story Star Building on 13th and Railroad streets in Port Area, Manila. It was put out by 40 editors, reporters, correspondents, photographers and other editorial employees working in a 100 square meter newsroom. Columnist Louie Beltran was named its editor-in-chief.  The newspaper was instrumental then in documenting the campaign of Corazon Aquino during the 1986 presidential elections and, in turn, the 1986 People Power Revolution. Its slogan, "Balanced News, Fearless Views", was incorporated to the newspaper in January 1986 after a slogan-making contest held during the first month of the "Inquirer's" existence.  In July 1986, questions about finances and a divergence of priorities caused a rift among the founders which led Belmonte, Soliven, and Art Borjal's split from the Inquirer to establish "The Philippine Star". As Belmonte owned the Star Building where the Inquirer was headquartered, the newspaper amicably transferred to the Soliven-owned BF Condominium in Aduana Street, Intramuros.

Pascual years (1989–91).

In February 1987, Federico D. Pascual, former assistant managing editor of the "Daily Express", was named executive editor of Inquirer and was appointed editor-in-chief two years later. It was during his term in 1990 that the "Inquirer" took the lead from the "Manila Bulletin" to become the Philippines' largest newspaper in terms of circulation.  However, in July 1990, the Inquirer headquarters in Intramuros was damaged by the 1990 Luzon earthquake. On January 5, 1991, the newspaper transferred to the YIC building along United Nations Avenue and Romualdez Street in Malate.

Jimenez-Magsanoc years (1991–2015).

"Inquirer's" longest-serving and first woman editor-in-chief, the late Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc, was appointed on June 14, 1991. She was a former columnist and editor of the "Panorama" Sunday magazine of "Bulletin Today (now Manila Bulletin)" who was sacked for writing articles poking fun at Marcos. She edited "Mr & Ms Special Edition" until the fall of the Marcos regime. She is also the first editor in chief of Sunday Inquirer Magazine.  Under her term, in 1995, the "Inquirer" moved to its current headquarters in Makati after transferring headquarters four times.  During the administration of president Joseph Estrada, he criticized the "Inquirer" for "bias, malice, and fabrication" against him—this charge to the newspaper was denied. In 1999, several government organizations, pro-Estrada businesses, and movie producers simultaneously pulled their advertisements from the "Inquirer" in a boycott that lasted for five months. Malacañang Palace was widely implicated in the advertising boycott, which was denounced by then publisher Isagani Yambot as an attack on the freedom of the press.  In 2007, according to the survey conducted by AGB Nielsen, the "Inquirer" was the most widely-read newspaper in the Philippines. "The Manila Bulletin" and "The Philippine Star" followed as the second and the third most widely read papers, respectively. Magsanoc died on December 24, 2015 at St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig. A month after her death, Jimenez-Magsanoc was recognized as the Filipino of the Year 2015 by the Inquirer.

Nolasco years (2016–present).

On February 2, 2016, the Inquirer appointed its managing editor Jose Ma. Nolasco as the executive editor, the new top position of the newspaper, replacing the traditional editor-in-chief position that used by Inquirer for more than three decades.  Nolasco was the managing editor of the "Inquirer" for 24 years, and he is part of the first batch of reporters of the "Inquirer" when the paper started its publication in 1985.  On October 6, 2016, the Inquirer launched a "rethink" of its print and digital presence by overhauling its newspaper design and website, Inquirer.net and the launch of "My Inquirer" which converged the platforms of Inquirer in print, desktop, smartphone, tablet, and smartwatch. The redesign was done in collaboration with Dr. Mario Garcia of Garcia Media.

Filipino of the Year.

The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" annually names a "Filipino of the Year", honoring a Filipino who has made the most positive impact on the life of the nation.

The Philippine Daily Inquirer, popularly known as the Inquirer, is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines. Founded in 1985, it is often regarded as the Philippines' newspaper of record.

Die Tageszeitung Philippine Daily Inquirer, auch unter Inquirer bekannt, ist nach eigenen Angaben die meistgelesene Zeitung der Philippinen und hat eine Auflage von täglich. Sie ist Mitglied des ANN (Asia News Network) und gehört zur Inquirer-Firmengruppe.


Acting career.

Lynen was born on 24 May 1920 in Nermier and spent the first years of his life in his native Jura, where his parents raised animals. In 1923, his family moved to Paris where his father became a draftsman.  Being from an artistic family (his father painted and his mother was a singer and pianist), he was noticed at age 12 by filmmaker Julien Duvivier while he was studying at the École du Spectacle. After some tests, he was cast for the lead role of "Poil de carotte" (1932) with Harry Baur.  Following the film's public success, Lynen became the child star of French cinema. He played Rémi in the 1934 film adaptation of Hector Malot's novel, "Sans Famille".  In 1937, he acted in Robert Siodmak's movie "Mollenard", then in "Le Fraudeur" by Léopold Simons.  At age 18, he played Alphonse Daudet's "Le Petit Chose" for Maurice Cloche, then "La vie est magnifique" with the same filmmaker.

World War II.

In 1940, at age 20, he acted in "Espoirs" by Willy Rozier, before being sent to a Vichy-sponsored youth camp, where he joined the French Resistance, becoming a second lieutenant in the French Forces network "Alliance". In 1941, he went on a theater tour and acted in his last film "Cap au large" by Jean-Paul Paulin.  He performed many missions before being arrested by the Gestapo in Cassis, on 7 February 1943. He was tortured and deported to Germany. After several months in prison, and two escape attempts, he was sentenced to death by a military tribunal and executed, with 14 other Resistance members, on 1 April 1944 in Karlsruhe, at the age of 23. When his body, which had been buried in a common grave, was repatriated to France in 1947, it was reburied in the military section of the Gentilly cemetery.

Robert Lynen (24 May 1920 in Nermier, France – 1 April 1944 in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a French actor. A child star of French cinema, he joined the French Resistance during his country's occupation during World War II, was arrested and deported to Germany, and shot by a Nazi firing squad after repeated escape attempts.

Robert Henri Lynen (* 24. Mai 1920 in Sarrogna-Nermier, Département Jura, Frankreich; † 1. April 1944 in Karlsruhe, Deutschland) war ein französischer Schauspieler und Kinderstar im Film der 1930er Jahre und ein Widerstandskämpfer.


Early life.

Born in Portland, Oregon, Simpson was an accomplished clarinetist and saxophonist in his early years, receiving an award in high school for his virtuosity. He received an AB degree from Reed College in 1940, where he became interested in the history of science and technology from the Greeks to the Middle Ages to the most recent discoveries in astronomy and physics. He obtained an MS from New York University in 1943, and a Ph.D a year later. It was at New York University in 1943 when Simpson was invited to be employed at University of Chicago. Volney Wilson, an administrator at the university's Metallurgical Laboratory asked him to help invent instruments for measuring high levels of radioactivity. It took much convincing, but Simpson finally agreed to help.

Research.

Simpson began his professional career as a physicist in 1943 where he acted as a group leader on the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was the codename for a United States project with the United Kingdom and Canada conducted during World War II to develop the first atomic bombs. It was common for government to recruit physicists during World War II for such tasks. Simpson had taken up the offer after recognizing the social and human implications of nuclear energy and wanted to partake in its development. Because of this, Simpson became a founding member and first chairman of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago in August 1945, a day after the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and two years after the start of his career. He was also a co-founder that same year of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The bulletin's aim was to spell out the implications of the atomic bomb and provide rational courses of action in response to the implications. In the October 29, 1945 issue of "Life", Simpson, along with Eugene Rabinowitch, spoke about their involvement with nuclear energy, and said that scientists for the first time had recognized a moral responsibility to warn of the danger of any further use of nuclear weapons. Simpson felt that scientists and engineers could no longer remain aloof from the consequences of their work.  This same year Simpson began his tenure as a faculty member at the University of Chicago as a physics instructor, and remained there throughout his career partaking in research until shortly before his death in August 2000. In 1945 he also worked as an unofficial adviser to Connecticut Senator Brien McMahon after taking a leave of absence from the university. As part of the university faculty, Simpson invented and patented a "gas flow α-particle proportional counter for measuring plutonium yields in the presence of high intensity fission products" by piping the plutonium-bearing gas through the counter itself.  Simpson has 15 patents under his name which include the "multiwire proportional counter", a device that improves accuracy and reading speed of radiation, and the "Neutron monitor". Nancy Farley Wood worked with Simpson and is credited with the development and production of the radiation detectors for the laboratory.  In 1946 Simpson developed a special interest in cosmic rays. Beginning with investigations into cosmic ray neutrons in the lower atmosphere, Simpson was there from the beginning phases of the field, and contributed significantly throughout the years to its development with his scientific investigations. Simpson's contributions were unique in that he accomplished his work in a way that boosted the accomplishments and careers of others around him. In 1955 he gave Eugene N. Parker a job as a research associate in the Enrico Fermi Institute of the University of Chicago, and his progress was largely a consequence of Simpson's continued support. His research on cosmic ray neutrons in the lower atmosphere was developed from work by Serge Korff before World War II. In 1949, Simpson contributed to the discovery that the latitude effect seen with neutrons is around 20 times greater than with ionization chambers. In 1951 he found that the time variations are much greater as well. He had recognized the potential of neutrons and lower energy cosmic ray particles for exploring the causes of the time variations. That year he also invented the neutron monitor to fulfill the need for a stable ground-based neutron detector. In doing so, he established neutron monitor stations at various locations including Peru, Huancayo, Mexico, Mexico City, New Mexico, Sacramento Peak, Colorado, Climax, and Chicago Illinois.  In 1954 and 1955, Simpson explored the global and time variations of cosmic rays around the world at these neutron monitor stations. In 1956, a giant cosmic ray flare provided the first direct glimpse of the state of things in interplanetary space. At this point the scientific community surrounding cosmic rays and solar activity had grown large, and for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58) Simpson was one of 12 scientists responsible for organizing and coordinating the international program, helping to make it a huge success.  At the end of 1957 after the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union, Simpson, realizing the necessity for the U.S. to send instruments into space, outlined the scientific situation and his plans for such activity to University Chancellor Lawrence Kimpton. Kimpton granted Simpson $5000 to get the project off the ground, and partnered with Peter Meyer to develop small lightweight particle detectors suited for the space environment. Simpson's first particle detector was launched in 1958 on spacecraft Pioneer 2.  In 1962 Simpson and Professor Peter Meyer established the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) which was built within the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. NASA contributed towards the laboratory and funded a building for LASR which was completed in 1964. In the laboratory instrument development and space research were consolidated under one roof, along with theoretical research connected with the results of the ongoing research and space experiments. In 1965 Simpson, along with his students and co-workers, built the first cosmic ray (energy particle) detectors to visit Mars. In 1973 it was the first to visit Jupiter; in 1974 Mercury; in 1979 Saturn was visited. Jupiter's mission detected the relativistic (3-30 MeV) electron population the planet was emitting for the first time; electrons were observed within the Jovian magnetosphere and then escaping at distances of at least 1 AU. Simpson's detection in 1974 is what first established that the magnetic fields being observed at Mercury were not being carried from the Sun by the impacting solar wind, but in fact belonged to the planet itself. Simpson had been helping to develop the mission from concept since 1959. Also, in 1980, his detection of a tiny gap in the distribution of energetic particles trapped in the magnetic field of Saturn indicated to them the presence of a previously undetected small moon orbiting at that position in space and absorbing particles which would otherwise be found with no disruption. Subsequently, scientists identified Saturn's moon optically. In 1976 and 1982 Simpson also detected bursts of energetic particles associated with the passage of shock waves in the solar wind, and provided evidence that the transition serves as an efficient accelerator of particles.  In 1970 Simpson, William Dietrich and John David Anglin discovered that some impulsive sun flares produce energetic particles among which Helium-3, a light non-radioactive isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron, is at least ten times more abundant than Helium-4, a non-radioactive and light isotope of helium. On Earth, Helium-4 is what makes up about 99.986% of the helium here. In 1973 his instruments on Pioneer 10 and 11 indicated a cosmic ray intensity increase of about 1 percent per AU. In 1975 he found that during the low point of activity three years prior, the abundance of cosmic ray helium was strangely enhanced at these very low energies, as opposed to it dropping off with declining energies like protons do toward zero energy.  In 1975 and 1977 Simpson discovered that Beryllium-10 nuclei are scarce in cosmic rays, and that this scarcity indicates that they have been around for about 2 x 10 years. This led him to conclude that cosmic rays pass freely between the gaseous disk and the extended magnetic halo portion of the galaxy, where the ambient gas density is more like 10 atoms/cm or less.  In the 1980s Simpson and A. J. Tuzzolino developed the dust flux monitor instrument which involved a thin sheet of plastic that was polymerized in the presence of a strong electric field perpendicular to the plane of the plastic, and then electrically polarized carrying a positive electric charge on one of its surfaces and a negative charge on the other. The way it operated was such that a dust particle or heavy nucleus penetrating through the sheet first vaporizes in a small area, releasing the charges, and then the electrical signal indicates the location and size of the hole in the plastic which is calibrated to give information on its speed and size. These calibrations took place from 1985 until 1989. Simpson's device was used on spacecraft Vega 1 and Vega 2 to Halley's comet in 1986, and earned him the Gagarin Medal for Space Exploration that year for his contribution towards the success of the Vega mission, as his instruments had been the only ones from the United States to encounter the comet.

Accomplishments.

John Alexander Simpson is known for inventions such as the "gas flow α-particle proportional counter for measuring plutonium yields in the presence of high intensity fission products", and a "neutron monitor". His obituary in The Guardian noted that he was one of the most prolific inventors of scientific instruments for space exploration. In 1958 his first created instrument was launched into space, and the last two were launched in 1999. One on board the "Stardust", met up with Comet Wild-2, a frozen snowball one and a half miles in diameter in 2004.  In 1959 Simpson was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, in 1968 he held the first Ryerson Chair and was made Distinguished Service Professor at his university, in 1974 was the first to be appointed to the Compton Chair, and in 1986 he became Emeritus. Simpson is the recipient of the 1986 Gagarin Medal for Space Exploration for his contribution towards the success of the Vega mission, which sent satellites to Halley's comet earlier that year. In 1991 he was awarded the Bruno Rossi Prize by the American Astronomical Society for his contributions towards high-energy astrophysics, and in 1993 was awarded the Arctowski Medal of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1999 he was awarded the Leo Szilard Lectureship Award for his role in educating scientists, members of the United States Congress and the public on the importance of civilian control of nuclear policy and his critical efforts in planning and execution of the "International Geophysical Year". In 2000 he was also additionally awarded the William Bowie Medal which is the highest award given by the American Geophysical Union, for his extensive explorations of the cosmic rays and other energetic particles that our planet is continually bombarded by. He is known as having been an outstanding professor, having throughout the course of his academic career supervised the research of 34 doctoral students, many who are now leaders in the space sciences. Simpson has also provided lectures to the public using funds in 1974 which came from his Compton Chair in an attempt to reach a larger audience with his research. In 1982 he also established and became the first chairman of the Universities Space Science Working Group located in Washington, D.C. in order to represent the space science laboratories in their dealings with congress and NASA

John Alexander Simpson (November 3, 1916 – August 31, 2000) was an American physicist and science educator. He was deeply committed to educating the public and political leaders about science and its implications, most notably as a principal founder of the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" and a long-time member of the organizations Board of Sponsors.

John Alexander Simpson (* 3. November 1916 in Portland, Oregon; † 31. August 2000 in Chicago, Illinois) war ein US-amerikanischer Astrophysiker und Physiker. Er ist bekannt als Konstrukteur von Messinstrumenten für Weltraumsonden.


Natural habitat.

The spruce's natural habitat is situated on Hokkaido Island. It also appears on Mount Hayachine of the Kitakami range in the Northern part of Honshu (Iwate prefecture), as well as in the Southern part of Russian island Sakhalin (along Aniva Bay, in the Mereya river valley, near Bolshoye Vavaiskoye lake and Busse lagoon). The tree also grows on Southern Kuril Islands (Kunashir, Shikotan and Southern Iturup).  Glehn's spruce grows within the range of 0 to 1600 meters above sea level in low places and on cold and excessively wet soil on rocky subsoil.

Description.

The tree has thick cone-shaped branches with a trunk of about 62–73 centimeters in diameter. Spruces on Sakhalin grow as high as 17 meters, while some specimens growing on Japanese mountains are even 30 meters tall. Old trees’ bark is scaly and placoid and is colored in chocolate brown (this is the feature that distinguishes this species from others). Young sprouts are usually orange or wine red, haired in grooves and on stalk 1 millimeter in length. The buds are usually 3–7 millimeters long, nearly 5 millimeters wide and have a conical or ovoid form. The color of buds is reddish brown and they are slightly covered with resin. Their scales are triangle- or trigonal-shaped with a long awl-like tip.  The tree's needles are about 10 millimeters long and 2,5 millimeters wide. They are four-sided and a bit curved, mature trees have blunt needles, while young ones have pointed bluish-green ones. When a needle is rubbed, it smells harsh.  The cone has an oblong ovoid or oval form with almost flat base. It is 2–4 centimeters thick and 3,6–8,7 centimeters long. Its color is purple or green, brown and dark-red when mature with inversely ovoid seed scale and dark-red and brown base. The light-brown seeds are 2–2,4 centimeters long with yellowish orange wings which are 2–3 times longer than the seed itself.  The tree is shadow and frost tolerant. In planting it is well matched with Dahurian larch.

Hybrids.

The tree makes a "Picea" × nothohybrid with Yezo spruce ("Picea jezoensis").

Conservation.

The spruce is included into the Red Book of Sakhalin region, it is also kept under protection in Japanese national parks, especially in the area of Honshu Island.

Picea glehnii, the Sakhalin spruce or Glehn's spruce, is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It was named after a Russian botanist, taxonomist, Sakhalin and Amur river regions explorer, geographer and hydrographer Peter von Glehn (1835—1876), the person who was the first to describe this conifer. In Japan people call this tree アカエゾマツ, which means “red spruce”.

Die Sachalin-Fichte ("Picea glehnii") ist eine Art aus der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist im östlichen Russland sowie in Japan heimisch.


Background.

Albert del Rosario was born in Manila on November 14, 1939, to Luis del Rosario and Amparo Ferreros. His great grandmother Teresa Sempio was a sister of Felipa Sempio, the mother of Gregorio del Pilar. His grandfather, Judge Simplicio Sempio del Rosario, was a delegate to the Malolos Congress.  Del Rosario graduated from Xavier High School in New York and subsequently attended college at New York University, graduating with a degree in Economics. In 2006, he was inducted into the Xavier High School Hall of Fame.  Before being appointed by Benigno Aquino III to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs post, del Rosario was the Philippine Ambassador to the United States under then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo from 2001 to 2006. He stepped down after disagreements with the Arroyo government. He reportedly opposed the hiring of more lobby groups for the Philippine government and had cautioned the Arroyo government on its move to declare emergency rule in 2006, following reported threats to national security.  In 2008, he wrote that he could not defend the emergency rule to Washington since it was "unjustifiable".  On September 15, 2014, del Rosario was awarded the Tanging Dangal Award (Gawad Dangal na Lipi), the highest recognition given to a Bulakenyo who demonstrated outstanding contributions to society. del Rosario's family hails from Bulakan, Bulacan.  On September 24, 2015, he was conferred an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (Honoris Causa) from New York's College of Mount Saint Vincent for his commitment to democracy, advocacy to the poor, opposing corruption and promoting peaceful change in the Philippines. In his acceptance speech, del Rosario said,  “"As an official of the Philippine government, I am truly humbled to be honored after President Corazon Aquino, a Mount alumna. Thus, the honorary Doctor of Laws that the Mount has conferred upon me will always be my treasure as well as my inspiration. The Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs that I lead closely shares Mount Saint Vincent’s commitment to institutional integrity and excellence. I, therefore, consider the honor bestowed on me as recognition also for the hardworking men and women of the Philippine Foreign Service.”"

Ties with the Aquinos.

His ties with the Aquino family go back to President Aquino's parents. When the late Corazon Aquino was President for 6 years starting in 1986, he accompanied her on her state visits to the United States.  In 1991, Aquino conferred the Philippine Army Award to del Rosario for his initiatives as Chair of the Makati Foundation for Education.

Secretary of Foreign Affairs.

On February 24, 2011, President Benigno Aquino III swore in del Rosario as his Secretary of Foreign Affairs replacing Alberto Romulo.In May 2012, del Rosario called on the United States to supply the Philippines with "naval patrol vessels, aircraft, advanced radar systems and coastal surveillance facilities" in order to maintain his nation's sovereignty against Chinese claims in the South China Sea.  On March 30, 2014, the Philippines submitted its country's Memorial to the Arbitral Tribunal in the Hague that is hearing the case it brought against the People’s Republic of China under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Memorial seeks to have China’s claim of 90% of the South China Sea, including several features within the Philippine Exclusive Economic Zone, declared invalid. The case would be the first time international legal experts formally considered the validity of China’s territorial claims in the South China Sea. Del Rosario stated  "" With firm conviction, the ultimate purpose of the Memorial is our national interest. It is about defending what is legitimately ours. It is about securing our children’s future. It is about guaranteeing freedom of navigation for all nations. It is about helping to preserve regional peace, security and stability. And finally, it is about seeking not just any kind of resolution but a just and durable solution grounded in International Law.""  On July 7, 2015, del Rosario appeared before the Arbitral Tribunal in the Hague to present "Why the Philippines brought this case to Arbitration and its importance to the region and the world".  On February 8, 2016, del Rosario announced that he would resign as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, citing health reasons. He stepped down on March 7, 2016.

Albert Ferreros del Rosario (born November 14, 1939) is a Filipino diplomat. He was the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 2011-2016.

Albert del Rosario (* 14. November 1939 in Manila) ist ein Politiker und amtierender Außenminister der Philippinen. Er studierte Wirtschaft in New York und war von 2001 bis 2006 Botschafter in den USA. Am 24. Februar 2011 wurde er zum interimistischen Außenminister ernannt, am 2. März 2011 übernahm er das Amt endgültig.