Career.

Van Roosmalen studied biology at the University of Amsterdam and did four years of doctoral fieldwork beginning in 1976 studying the red-faced spider monkey in Suriname. He later did two more years of work in French Guiana, following which he published the book "Fruits of the Guianan Flora". In 1986 he was hired by the INPA (Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research, where he initially thrived. During this period, he launched a non-governmental organization focused on creating wilderness preserves in the deep Amazon. He became a naturalized Brazilian citizen in 1997. Marc considers Alfred Russel Wallace a hero and is an advocate of Wallace's "river barrier" hypothesis that the major rivers of the Amazonian basin serve as barriers that create separate genetically distinct evolutionary regions.

Personal life.

Marc grew up in Tilburg, a city in the southern part of the Netherlands. His father was a chemist. He met and married his first wife while living in Utrecht, where he had moved for school at age 17. They had two sons. In early 2008, he divorced his first wife and married his Brazilian girlfriend.

Controversies.

In 2002, he was fined by the IBAMA (Brazilian Ministry of the Environment's Enforcement Agency) for illegal transportation of monkeys and orchids from the unexplored Amazonian region of Serra do Aracá. In April 2003, Roosmalen was fired from his job with the INPA for illegally exportation of environmental genetic samples to outside Brazil. Around this time, his younger son learned of his affair and told his mother, leading to separation. Also around this time, the board of the NGO removed him as president and removed its resources from his control.  In 2007, he was arrested by the Brazilian government for illegally keeping orphaned monkeys in a monkey refuge at his house in the Amazon and for misappropriation of Brazilian public funds. He was sentenced to nearly 16 years in prison. Van Roosmalen claims that he applied for permits for his monkey preserve. The bulk of his sentence was for an embezzling charge after he was accused of stealing scaffolding tower in 1996. He was placed in the notorious Raimundo Vidal Pessoa Penitentiary. At one point Van Roosmalen shared a cell with two violent crack addicts whose drug debts he paid. He is currently free on appeal.  Van Roosmalen told a "Wired" news reporter that he has a video of two ex-policemen knocking on his door immediately after tucking revolvers into their pants. Believing that he would be killed if he stayed, he and his wife are on the run with no plans to return to their home in Manaus as of May 2008.  Roosmalen's dwarf porcupine and Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset are discovered by and named after him. He named the Prince Bernhard's titi after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, co-founder and former president of the WWF.

Dr. Marc van Roosmalen (born June 23, 1947) is a Dutch-Brazilian primatologist. He was elected as one of the "Heroes of the Planet" by "Time" magazine in 2000. His research has led to the identification of several new monkey species, as well as other animals and plants, although some of these identifications are challenged as dubious, unconvincing, or contradictory to the evidence. He is also an activist in the protection of the Brazilian rainforest. Van Roosmalen was awarded the honour of officer in the Order of the Golden Ark by Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands in 1997.

Marcus Gerardus Maria van Roosmalen (* 24. Juli 1947 in Tilburg) ist ein niederländischer Primatologe und Naturforscher mit niederländischer und brasilianischer Staatsangehörigkeit. Er gilt unter anderem als Entdecker von 20 Affenarten und 17 weiteren Säugetierarten. Weiterhin hat er nach eigenen Angaben 5 Vogelarten und etwa 50 Pflanzenarten entdeckt.


Beginnings (1985–87).

The band originally was a duo consisting of Thomas Elbern (vocals and guitars), Mic Jogwer (vocals, bass and keyboards) and a drum machine.  In 1985, Elbern was part of an NDW-ensemble called Seltsame Zustände but wanted to form a new band in Cologne and was looking for musicians via an ad. The music student Mic Jogwer answered, and they had several small appearances around Cologne under the name Pink Turns Blue (named after the Hüsker Dü song "Pink Turns to Blue"). Musically they were oriented towards post-punk bands like early The Cure, The Chameleons or The Sound. In early 1986, art student and drummer Marcus Giltjes joined the band. The trio won a 'new talent award' from Germany’s biggest radio station WDR which included as a prize a studio session with producer and radio host Volkmar Kramarz.

The years as German indie insider tip (1987–91).

In June 1987, Mic Jogwer switched from bass to guitar and Ruebi Walter, who joined the band in 1986 as a keyboard player, moved to bass.  In August the band were signed by the newly found record label Fun Factory! The band recorded a few new songs and remixed existing material from 1986 for their debut album "If Two Worlds Kiss", released in October 1987.  From October 1987 to March 1988, the band toured and the song "Walking On Both Sides" got them TV appearances and was played on the radio. They were invited to tour with the controversial Yugoslavian band Laibach, and Jogwer became friends with their soundman Janez Križaj. Križaj invited Pink Turns Blue to record their second album in Ljubljana. To pay for the recordings, the band smuggled Western studio equipment across the border.  In August 1988, the single "Touch The Skies" was released, and Pink Turns Blue played their first concerts in England, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands. In October, their second album "Meta" was released which carried the keyboard heavy The Cure sound to extremes and which sold 2,300 units within 8 weeks. As second single, "Your Master Is Calling", was released which got them TV appearance in Tele 5, was on rotation of many radio stations and is their most popular song to date with more than 2.4 million YouTube views.  The third album "Eremite" also was recorded with Janez Križaj in Ljubljana and was finished in August 1989. However, their record label Fun Factory got into financial difficulties and Pink Turns Blue switched to the Rough Trade Records sub-label Our Choice, which released the album in April 1990. "Michelle" was remixed in Manchester and released in October as a single. Early 1990, Ruebi Walter’s younger brother Reinhold joined on keyboards, and drummer Marcus Giltjes left the band.  The fourth studio album, "Aerdt" (Art+Earth), was recorded between January and February 1991 in Ljubljana by Mic Jogwer and Ruebi Walter as a duo. A drum machine was used. The album was released in August. The band performed the songs live with a conventional setup supported a hired drummer.

Relocation to London (1991–95).

In spring 1991, after finishing the album "Aerdt," Mic Jogwer and Ruebi Walter moved to London. The song "Seven Years" from "Aerdt" was re-recorded in a dance version and released as a single in September. In early 1992, two more dance oriented singles followed: "Overloaded" and "Star".  In May 1992 Pink Turns Blue recorded their fifth album, "Sonic Dust", with their new English drummer Louis Pavlou, and it was released in August.  In December 1992, Pink Turns Blue recorded their sixth album, "Perfect Sex", with David M. Allen, the producer of The Cure and Sisters Of Mercy. It was released after some delay in 1994. Louis Pavlou left the band to join The Cure to record "Wild Mood Swings".  In November 1994, the unplugged album "Muzak" was released which was recorded by Mic Jogwer and his sound engineer colleague Marc Williams in his London flat. It contains a selection of Pink Turns Blue songs performed with acoustic instruments.  In 1995, Pink Turns Blue disbanded. Mic Jogwer later remarked that with the move to London, the band lost its musical orientation and spread itself too thin. Mic Jogwer made a career in the music and media industry producing CD ROMs and websites.

Re-union (2003–today).

In April 2001, Mic Jogwer produced three songs with Violetta Superstar, the band of Brigid Anderson which was released in October 2001 on a compilation CD ("Die fiesen Diven"). The two formed an electronic duo called "Orden" and started to write songs together and recorded some Demos.  Early 2003, Thomas Görnert, the manager of the Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Leipzig, requested a performance of Orden and he addressed Mic Jogwer’s band Pink Turns Blue. Jogwer and Andersen persuaded Thomas Elbern, Reini Walter and Louis Pavlou into a one-off Re-Union show and Pink Turns Blue performed at the Wave-Gotik-Treffen in June 2003. Following this, the band reformed and played as headliners at M'era Luna 2004.  The restart was announced in combination with a greatest hits album called "Re-Union".  The seventh studio album "Phoenix" was recorded in Berlin in winter 2004/2005, mixed by Janez Križaj in Ljubljana and released in April 2005. The album received 'album of the months awards' in three music magazines (Sonic Seducer, Orkus, Zillo) and spent eight weeks on chart position 3 in the German Alternative Charts.  The eighth album, "Ghost", which came about in the same setting in fall/winter 2006/2007 followed in May 2007. The release was presented at the Wave-Gotik-Treffen 2007 and again got 'album of the month awards', made it to chart position 37 of the annual German Alternative Charts.  In November 2009 the band recorded their ninth album "Storm" with the singles "Storm Rider" and "Run From Me" which made it to chart position 2 in the German Alternative Charts. Storm also got critical acclaim from the mainstream press (laut.de) and brought international attention and festival invitations.  In April 2016 Pink Turns Blue released their tenth studio album "The AERDT – Untold Stories" with their Club EP staying on chart position 3 for eight consecutive weeks in the German Alternative Charts. With the some success on the alternative chart in combination with placements and attention on the Internet as on Apple Music, Spotify, YouTube, Facebook and Last FM the band has since played at various alternative music clubs and festivals in Europe and worldwide.

Pink Turns Blue are a post-punk band from Berlin, Germany. Formed in 1985, they were part of the first generation of gothic rock in Germany, and released their first LP, "If Two Worlds Kiss" with a sound reminiscent of new wave with very dark undertones and use of synthesizers, and went to become part of the developing sub-genre of dark wave.

Pink Turns Blue ist eine deutsche Rockband, die 1985 in Köln gegründet wurde. Sie fand vor allem im Dark-Wave-Umfeld der späten 1980er Jahre Anklang, wandte sich jedoch zu Beginn der 1990er und unter Einfluss der Madchester-Bewegung dem Indie-Rock zu.


History.

The airport was built in 1938. Germans invaded Greece in 1941, and Kalamaki Airfield (as the site was then known) was used as a Luftwaffe air base during the occupation. After World War II, the Greek government allowed the United States to use the airport from 1945 until 1993. Known as Hassani Airport in 1945, it was used by the United States Army Air Forces as early as 1 October 1945, as a base of operations for Air Transport Command flights between Rome, Italy and points in the Middle East. By agreement with Greece, the USAF operated out of the airport for well over four decades. In 1988, Greece decided not to extend the arrangement, and the USAF concluded its operations there in 1991. The airport was the base of operations by the Greek national carrier Olympic Airways.  The airport had two terminals: the West Terminal for Olympic Airways, and the East Terminal for all other carriers. The East Terminal building was designed between 1960 and 1969 by Finnish architect Eero Saarinen. Just before its closure in 2001, the airport recorded a 15.6% growth rate over its previous year, serving 13.5 million passengers per year and handling 57 airlines flying to 87 destinations. The airport's official capacity was 11 million passengers per year.  On 5 August 1973, two Palestinian militants claiming affiliation with the Black September Organisation opened fire on a passenger lounge, killing three and wounding 55.  The last aircraft to depart from Ellinikon was an Olympic Airways Boeing 737 bound for Thessaloníki.  The airport is bounded in the west by beaches, in the south by the Glyfada Golf Club and the Ellinikon-Glyfada municipal boundary, and by residential area.  In April 2011 the Olympic Airways Museum opened in the West Terminal, including three airplanes that had been parked there since the airport's closure. The Athens radar center is still based at Ellinikon.

Redevelopment.

After its closure the northwest portion of the airport was redeveloped, converting aprons into a sports park that housed the 2004 Summer Olympics venues for canoe and kayak slalom, field hockey, baseball, and softball. Other Olympics-related upgrades to the airport included refitting one of the airport's western hangars to become the main Olympic fencing venue and one of the larger Olympic indoor basketball arenas.  In 2005, a team led by architects David Serero, Elena Fernandez, and landscape architect Philippe Coignet, won the competition to design a metropolitan park on the former site of the Ellinikon Airport over more than 300 other teams of architects. The competition was sponsored by UIA (International Union of Architects), the Greek Ministry of Environment, and the Organization for the Planning and Environmental Protection of Athens (ORSA). The project was further developed in 2006 and 2007 by this team through two development phases with the planning organizations of Athens. By 2012, government plans to attract investors and develop the site commercially were eclipsing the proposed park, though nearby communities remained vocal about their preference for a park. There was also another plan to turn the airport into a coastal resort.  A large part of the airport is still derelict and not much has been done to change that. Many immigrants and refugees have set up camp at the former airport, much to the annoyance of the local population.

Accidents and incidents.

Following is a list of accidents and incidents experienced by aircraft at Ellinikon. It only includes events that occurred at the airport or in its vicinity, and only deadly occurrences or hull-losses are listed.

Ellinikon International Airport, sometimes spelled "Hellinikon" () was the international airport of Athens, Greece for 63 years up until 28 March 2001, when it was replaced by the new Athens International Airport, "Eleftherios Venizelos". The grounds of the airport are located south of Athens, and just west of Glyfada. It was named after the village of Elliniko (Elleniko), now a suburb of Athens. The airport had an official capacity of 11 million passengers per year, but had served 13.5 million passengers during its last year of operations.

Der Flughafen Athen-Ellinikon () war von 1938 bis 2001 der internationale Verkehrsflughafen der griechischen Hauptstadt Athen. Er wurde durch den neuen Flughafen Athen-Eleftherios Venizelos abgelöst und geschlossen.


Early life.

Rocha was born in Memphis, Tennessee and grew up in Providence, Rhode Island, graduating from Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in 1993.

Career.

Rocha's career began on stage in the August 1993 revival of the Jane Bowles play "In the Summer House" at the Vivian Beaumont Theater. Since then she has been in multiple Broadway and Off-Broadway productions including "Noises Off" and Nicky Silver's comedy "The Altruists" where she created the role of Cybil.  Her on-screen debut was in the 1996 cinematic adaptation of Arthur Miller's "The Crucible", as Mercy Lewis. She stood out when she played the Atlantic American flight attendant who argued with Ben Stiller's character at the airport in the 2000 comedy "Meet the Parents", a role she reprised in the sequel "Meet the Fockers". She also had a recurring role on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" as Anya's vengeance demon friend, Halfrek, and as William the Bloody's love interest, Cecily. Rocha played Stonewall Jackson's wife, Anna in Ron Maxwell's "Gods and Generals", an epic drama about the first two years of the American Civil War. Other films include "The Object of My Affection", "Autumn in New York", "White Oleander", "When Billie Beat Bobby", and "Ready? OK!".  She has appeared on the "Will & Grace" episode "Strangers With Candice", as a straight woman who flirts with Will. In spring 2006, Rocha began acting in the short-lived NBC sitcom "Teachers". She guest-starred in an episode of "" as Cindy Marino, an aggressive TV reporter. Also, she appeared on an episode of "Bones" as a victim's mother. Rocha has also played the character of a fourth-year resident surgeon, Dr. Sydney Heron, at Seattle Grace Hospital in the ABC TV series "Grey's Anatomy".  In 2009, Rocha appeared with fellow "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" alum Emma Caulfield in the film "TiMER". Rocha starred in the first and only season of "Sherri" starring Sherri Shepherd from "The View" which was loosely based on Shepherd's life. She played Summer, Sherri's boss and eventual friend. It aired on the Lifetime Network.  In 2016, Rocha was cast as Marcy Burns, a recurring character on the CBS sitcom "Man With a Plan." In 2018, she was upgraded to a series regular for the third season.

Personal life.

In January 2008, Rocha announced that she was pregnant. She gave birth to her son Barlow Aix Krikorian on August 4, 2008, and her daughter Savria Dune Krikorian on January 25, 2011.

Kali Michele Rocha (born December 5, 1971) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Karen Rooney, the mother of four Rooney children and school's vice principal, in the Disney Channel sitcom, "Liv and Maddie". She has also co-written four episodes of the show.

Kali Michele Rocha (* 5. Dezember 1971 in Memphis, Tennessee) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin. Rocha wuchs in Providence (Rhode Island) auf und absolvierte 1993 ihre Schauspielausbildung an der Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Seit 1996 war sie in mehr als 60 Film- und vor allem Fernsehproduktionen zu sehen. Als Drehbuchautorin war sie an dem Film "Space Station 76 "(2014) und der Serie "Liv und Maddie" beteiligt. In beiden trat sie auch als Schauspielerin in Erscheinung.


Pre-political life.

Riordan, an Irish-American, was born in Flushing, New York, and raised in New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York. Riordan graduated with an A.B. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1952 after completing a senior thesis titled "A Study of the Thomistic Faculty Psychology." He then received a J.D. from Michigan Law School in 1956. He moved to Los Angeles to begin work as an attorney for the downtown law firm of O'Melveny & Myers in 1956, leaving in 1959 to become a partner of Nossaman LLP.

Mayor.

When Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley announced his retirement, Riordan's interest turned to the 1993 mayoral election. On election day, Riordan won, 54%–46%, becoming the first Republican mayor in over thirty years. Many of his proposals were blocked by the heavily Democratic City Council or proved simply unfeasible in reality; for example, the police academy did not have enough classroom space and instructors to train as many new police officers as Riordan had initially promised. He streamlined certain business regulations and established "one-stop" centers around the city for functions such as permit applications. He feuded with Gates' successor, former Philadelphia police commissioner Willie Williams, but oversaw a general decline in crime. (In 1997, Riordan replaced Williams with LAPD veteran Bernard Parks.) That year, he was reelected against California State Senator Tom Hayden.  Riordan's tenure was marked by a controversy over the massive cost overruns occurring during the construction of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Red Line subway. At the same time, a previously little-known group called the Bus Riders Union sued the city – on the basis of racial discrimination – over diversion of funds from buses to Red Line construction, and managed to force it into a ten-year consent decree in 1996 that eviscerated MTA funding for the construction of subway and light rail projects. Riordan has publicly regretted having signed the consent decree and counts it as the biggest mistake of his mayoral tenure.  Riordan was succeeded in 2001 by James Hahn after becoming the first Mayor of Los Angeles to be term-limited out of office; it was Riordan who spearheaded the city's term limit ballot initiative, prior to becoming mayor. In the mayoral primary election that year, Riordan had endorsed his advisor and friend Steve Soboroff. Soboroff came in third in the nonpartisan race, and Hahn and former California State Assembly Speaker Antonio Villaraigosa advanced to the runoff. In the runoff election, Hahn defeated Villaraigosa, whom Riordan endorsed for the second round of balloting. Villaraigosa would go on to beat Hahn in a 2005 rematch for Mayor.

2002 gubernatorial race.

In 2002, Riordan, a moderate Republican, decided to seek the governorship. He was opposed in the Republican primary election by conservative businessman Bill Simon and former California Secretary of State Bill Jones. Although he led early in the race by over 30%, he eventually lost to Simon by 18%. Riordan was hampered by a conservative Republican party base that rejected his appeal to move the party toward the center.  Governor Gray Davis' campaign spent millions of dollars running attack ads against Riordan, essentially helping the Simon campaign. Davis felt that he had a much better chance against the conservative Simon than the moderate Riordan and that the move was worth the risk. Riordan lost the primary, and Davis went on to defeat Simon 47%–42% in the general election.

"The Los Angeles Examiner".

In early 2003, Riordan began circulating a prototype of a weekly newspaper he intended to begin publishing that June. "The Los Angeles Examiner" was intended to be a locally focused, sophisticated, and politically-independent publication. It was never published. Riordan put the project on hold when he was appointed as secretary for education.

Involvement in city politics since 2000.

In the 2001 election for Mayor, Riordan endorsed his friend and advisor Steve Soboroff in the primary and Antonio Villaraigosa in the general election. In 2005, he backed former State Assembly Speaker Robert Hertzberg in the primary and Antonio Villaraigosa in the general election. In both races, he chose not to endorse James Hahn.  Riordan has played a role in City Council elections, becoming a supporter of candidates Bill Rosendahl in 2005, Monica Rodriguez in 2007, and Adeena Bleich in 2009. Rosendahl won the election in the Eleventh District; Rodriguez lost to Seventh District Councilman Richard Alarcon and Bleich lost to Paul Koretz and David Vahedi who advanced to the runoff election. In 2013, Riordan endorsed mayoral candidate Wendy Greuel. Greuel was ultimately defeated by then-Councilmember Eric Garcetti.

Personal life.

Riordan is the owner of the Original Pantry Cafe in Los Angeles, which has been in operation since 1924. He also owns Gladstones Malibu which has been open since 1972.

Richard Joseph Riordan (born May 1, 1930) is an American investment banker, businessman, and politician who served as the 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California serving from 1993 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party. To date, Riordan remains the most recent Republican to serve as Mayor of Los Angeles.

Richard J. Riordan (* 1. Mai 1930 in New York City) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker (Republikanische Partei) aus Kalifornien, der von 2003 bis 2005 kalifornischer Bildungsminister und von 1993 bis 2001 Bürgermeister von Los Angeles war. 2002 trat Riordan bei den Wahlen zum Gouverneur von Kalifornien an, war aber nicht erfolgreich. Er ist katholisch, ist mit Nancy Daly Riordan verheiratet und hat aus seiner ersten Ehe drei Töchter.


Rare wine tastings.

From 1980, Rodenstock arranged annual high-profile wine tastings of old and rare wines from his collections to which he invited friends and other prominent people. The tastings would be weekend tastings held at gourmet restaurants, hotels, and resorts, and they featured huge quantities of wine at Rodenstock's expense. The participants included German celebrities and later, expanded to include some of the most prominent international wine critics.  The most famous Rodenstock tasting was held from August 30 to September 5, 1998 at Hotel Königshof in Munich, when a tasting of 125 vintages of Château d'Yquem, the oldest of which were of the 1784 vintage, was held. Two eighteenth-century, forty nineteenth-century, and all released twentieth-century vintages of Château d'Yquem up to 1991 were featured in this vertical tasting, which was conducted over the course of a week. The events of the week included five luncheons, seven dinners, and more than 175 other wines. It is most likely the most extensive Yquem tasting to that date and it has been the subject of a book.  The exclusive nature of the wine selection featured at Rodenstock's tastings is indicated by the fact that Michael Broadbent, who was considered to be the world's leading authority on old wines, had tasted many of the rarest and oldest wines at Rodenstock's tastings, in particular, most eighteenth-century wines he has tasted.  Other participants at the Rodenstock tastings included Jancis Robinson, Robert M. Parker, Jr., and the then-owner of Château d'Yquem, Alexandre de Lur-Saluces.

Sales at wine auctions.

Rodenstock had not just served wines at his annual tasting, but also bought and sold at wine auctions. In 1985, he came into possession of his most famous bottles, which later, have become the subject of considerable controversy as to their authenticity and provenance. According to Rodenstock's own account, in early 1985 he received a telephone call about a discovery of old wine bottles in Paris. The bottles had been found in a walled-up old cellar, and were engraved with vintage years from the late eighteenth century. This had in itself been an interesting find for a collector of old wines, but the bottles also were engraved with the initials "Th. J.", which was taken as an indication that they had belonged to Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was an active œnophile and wine collector, who spent much time in France during the 1780s and whose interest in wine is well documented.  Later in the same year, on December 5, 1985, Rodenstock put one of the "Th. J." bottles up for auction at Christie's in London: a bottle of 1787 Château Lafite, engraved "1787 Lafitte Th. J.". The auction catalogue simply listed the value as "inestimable", and it was sold for 105,000 pound sterling, which as of 2007 remained the worldwide auction record for a single bottle of wine. The buyer was Christopher Forbes, bidding against Marvin Shanken of "Wine Spectator" Magazine, with Michael Broadbent handling the gavel at the auction.  Additional "Th. J." bottles were sold, via other auction houses.

Pétrus imperial bottle controversy.

In late 1990s, David Peppercorn and his wife, Serena Sutcliffe, created controversy when they questioned the authenticity of Imperial (6 liter) bottles of Château Pétrus from the 1921, 1924, 1926, 1928, and 1934 vintages that were served at collectors' wine tasting events in 1989 and 1990. The tastings were conducted from the personal collection of Rodenstock, who claimed to have purchased them from a private collector in England. While Peppercorn and Sutcliffe's concerns were never proven, and were disputed by Rodenstock, the current manager of Château Pétrus, Christian Moueix, confirmed that the estate has no records of producing Imperials during those vintages.  Subsequently, the authenticity of some magnums (1.5-liter bottles) of 1921 Pétrus that Rodenstock sold, also have been the subject of litigation. The 1921 is notable as having been awarded a perfect 100-point score by Robert Parker, based on his tasting at the 1995 Munich event.

Thomas Jefferson bottles.

In 2005, U.S. art and wine collector Bill Koch, who had bought some of the bottles attributed to Thomas Jefferson, prepared to exhibit items from his collection at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, including the Jefferson bottles. The museum asked for provenance of the items to be displayed. In 1988, Koch had bought four bottles of Château Lafite and Branne-Mouton (present-day Château Mouton-Rothschild) of the 1784 and 1787 vintages, at a U.S. wine auction house (Chicago Wine Company) and a UK rare wine dealer (Farr Vintners), and paid a total of about 500,000 U.S. dollars for them. When Koch's staff couldn't find anything except Michael Broadbent's authentification of the bottles to confirm their provenance, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia was contacted. The foundation's curator replied that based on Jefferson's records, the foundation didn't think that the bottles had been in the possession of Thomas Jefferson. Inquiries at Chicago Wine Company and Farr Vintners came up with the result that all four of Koch's bottles originated with Rodenstock.  After initial attempts at contacts with Rodenstock gave no significant results, Koch hired a retired Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent to form a team to start private investigations into Rodenstock's sales of wine. David Molyneux-Berry, former head of Sotheby's wine department was hired as a consultant, and several forensic investigations were conducted on the wines, bottles, and engravings; Koch alleges that the engravings were made with an electric power tool, which would not have been possible in the eighteenth century and would indicate modern forgery.  On August 31, 2006, Koch filed a civil lawsuit against Rodenstock (a.k.a. Görke) in a New York federal court, claiming that he had been the victim of fraud. The reason that Rodenstock personally was named as defendant, rather than Chicago Wine Company or Farr Vintners, was that Koch claimed that Rodenstock had orchestrated an ongoing scheme to defraud wine collectors. Koch's lawsuit included many results from his team's forensic investigations. This lawsuit was then the subject of many legal turns during 2007 and 2008, primarily focused on procedural and statutory issues. A default judgment was entered against Rodenstock in May 2010. Rodenstock refused to participate in the trial.

Details of legal turns during 2007 and 2008.

Rodenstock maintained that as a German citizen living in Germany, the court had no jurisdiction over him, especially since the bottles were bought from third parties, and, that the statute of limitation should bar the case. Thus, he refused to take part in the proceedings. Therefore, on August 14, 2007 the magistrate judge supervising the pretrial procedures recommended that the court should enter a default judgment against Rodenstock, provided that the case was not thrown out by the trial judge because of Rodenstock's procedural defences.  On January 11, 2008, the case was thrown out of court by the judge because the court was lacking personal jurisdiction over Rodenstock as defendant. Koch was given 30 days to refile his lawsuit if he was dissatisfied with the court's ruling. He did so on February 11, 2008. The refiled lawsuit attempted to address the issue of the court's jurisdiction over Rodenstock. When the case was refiled, it was not known when the court would next respond to it. When Rodenstock still refused to take part in the proceedings after the lawsuit was refiled, Koch argued on March 27, 2008 that Rodenstock should be found in default. At the same time, Koch filed a lawsuit in Chicago against the Chicago Wine Company and the Chicago-based Julienne Importing Company.  Sometime later, Koch claimed to have obtained evidence that nine additional bottles in his possession, dated from 1737 to 1936, also were fakes or "highly suspect" and they had originated with Rodenstock. Therefore, in June 2008, Koch asked the court's permission to file a second, amended complaint.

Rodenstock's position.

To media covering the trial, Rodenstock presented various arguments to support the authenticity of the "Th. J." bottles, and counter-arguments to Koch's claim. He never revealed the name of the person who sold the bottles to him, the address in Paris where the bottles were purportedly found, nor the exact number of bottles found. Figures ranging from "a dozen or so" to thirty have been quoted throughout the years. The German magazine "Stern", which ran a story on the Jefferson bottle controversy in March 2007, has offered Rodenstock to have bottles still in his possession analysed by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (which determined the Hitler Diaries to be faked) at their expense, but Rodenstock has declined.

Book on the controversy.

In May 2008, a book about the controversy was published under the title "The Billionaire's Vinegar", written by Benjamin Wallace. In the book a tritium test and two carbon-14 tests date the wine circa 1962. Later, a cesium-137 test gave similar results. Rodenstock was not available for comments on the publication of the book. Auctioneer Michael Broadbent, on the other hand, was unhappy with how his relationship to Rodenstock was portrayed in the book.  In July 2009 it was announced that Michael Broadbent would sue Random House, the publishers of "The Billionaire's Vinegar", for libel and defamation of character, on claims that the book made allegations that suggested that Broadbent had behaved in an unprofessional manner in the way in which he had auctioned some of these bottles and that his relationship and dealings with Hardy Rodenstock was suspected of being improper. The suit was filed in the United Kingdom, whose libel laws are favorable to the plaintiff. Unlike U.S. law, in English defamation law even true allegations can be defamatory. Random House initially stated it did not believe it had defamed Broadbent and would defend the lawsuit.  In October 2009, Random House, avoiding trial, entered into a settlement agreement with Broadbent. In a statement read out in open court, Random House apologised unreservedly for making the allegations, and accepted that they were untrue. It gave an undertaking not to repeat the allegations and paid Broadbent undisclosed damages. It removed the book from sale in the United Kingdom. It also was reported that Wallace was not a party to the lawsuit or settlement, that Random House would be making no changes to the book, and that it would continue to publish the book in all territories except the UK.  The film rights to "The Billionaire's Vinegar" have been purchased by a Hollywood consortium, while HBO simultaneously had bought the film rights to the corresponding The New Yorker article.

Royal Wine Merchants.

In a March 2010 lawsuit filed against Christie's, Koch alleges, inter alia, that Rodenstock distributed many bottles in the United States via Daniel Oliveros and Jeff Sokolin of Royal Wine Merchants – 818 bottles between 1998 and 2008, virtually all rarities, of which 87% were magnum size (1.5 L). Such a volume of rare wines in a rare format has provoked skepticism, and Oliveros and Sokolin have been accused by various sources, including Robert Parker, of selling fake wine, which they deny; some of the wines in question are documented as having originated with Rodenstock, though Royal and Rodenstock disagree on specifics. In May 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the claims against Christie's were time-barred and affirmed the dismissal of the case.

Hardy Rodenstock (December 7, 1941 in Marienwerder (Kwidzyn) – May 19, 2018 in Oberaudorf; legal name Meinhard Görke) was a publisher and manager of pop and Schlager music in Germany and a prominent wine collector, connoisseur, and trader, with a special interest in old and rare wines. He became famous for his allegedly uncanny ability to track down old and very rare wines, and for arranging extravagant wine tastings featuring these wines. It has been alleged that Rodenstock was the perpetrator of an elaborate wine fraud. In 1992, a German court found that Rodenstock had "knowingly offered adulterated wine" for sale. On appeal, the case was settled out of court.

Hardy Rodenstock (Pseudonym; bürgerlich: Meinhard Görke; * 7. Dezember 1941 in Marienwerder; † 19. Mai 2018 in Oberaudorf) war ein Künstlermanager und Musikverleger, der vor allem als Weinkenner und -händler bekannt geworden ist. In mehreren Prozessen musste Rodenstock sich gegen den Vorwurf der Verfälschung von Weinen verteidigen. Er war verheiratet mit der Schauspielerin Helga Lehner.


Introduction.

Kashima Shrine is located at the top of the Kashima plateau in south-east Ibaraki Prefecture (茨城県 "Ibaraki-ken"), intersecting Kitaura (北浦) and Kashimanada (鹿島灘). Before the Meiji restoration, together with Ise Grand Shrine (伊勢神宮 "Ise Jingū") and Katori Shrine (香取神宮 "Katori Jingū"), all three were given status as Jingū (神宮). A shrine of high Imperial status.  The deities Takemikazuchi (武甕槌大神 "Takemikazuchi-no-Ōkami") of Kashima Shrine and Futsunushi (経津主神 "Futsunushi-no-kami") of Katori Shrine were considered great gods of the martial practices during the time of the Tenson kōrin (天孫降臨 "Tenson Kōrin") (the descent of Amaterasu's (天照) grandson Ninigi (瓊瓊杵尊 "Ninigi-no-Mikoto") from the heavens).  Due to the proximity of the Kashima and Katori Shrines to the Emishi or Ezo (蝦夷) people's territories, they became important frontline bases in the imperial court's war against the native people. This meant that both shrines saw a large flow of officials and military personnel through them. Even today on the first day of the new year emissaries and Shinto priests perform the Shihōhai (四方拝), the Imperial New Year's ceremony, as a display of respect for the services during the war.  Both shrines have maintained a strong connection to the martial arts for many years due to their kindred deities and many dojo throughout Japan display hanging scrolls with the two gods. A large blade designated as a National Treasure of Japan known as the Futsu-no-Mitama Sword (布都御魂剣) is housed in the treasure house of Kashima Shrine. The main shrine (本殿 "Honden"), prayer hall (拝殿 "Haiden") and tower gate entrance (楼門 "Rōmon") are also Important Cultural Property of Japan. The gate is one of the largest three shrine entrances in Japan. A deer enclosure is also located down the forest path. Both Kashima Shrine's deer and those of Nara are considered messengers of the gods and hence share a strong connection.

Enshrined deity.

Kashima Ōkami (鹿島大神 "Kashima-no-Ōkami") is the official title of the main enshrined deity and named as Takemikazuchi (武甕槌大神). In historical texts he is also known as the great god of thunder.  According to legend the father of Japan, Izanagi (伊邪那岐 "Izanagi"), beheaded his own son Kagutsuchi (軻遇突智 "Kagutsuchi") the fire deity, as punishment for burning his mother to death. As he performed the act the blood dripped from his sword splashing onto the rocks below him, giving birth to several gods. Two of which were Takemikazuchi along with Futsunushi (経津主神 "Futsunushi-no-kami") the deity of Katori Shrine. Both are considered great deities of the military arts and have been sought by many swordsmen and those pursuing the martial arts throughout history.

History.

According to records the shrine was established in the first year of Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇 "Jimmu-tennō") in approximately 600BC. The ancient Fudoki (風土記) of Hitachi province (常陸国 "Hitachi-no-Kuni") claims that in the time before heaven and earth, the great celestial god Kashima (香島の天の大神 "Kashima-no-ten-no-Ōkami") descended from the heavens and throughout the reigns of Emperor Sujin (崇神天皇 "Sujin-tennō"), Emperor Yamato Takeru (日本武尊 "Yamato Takeru-no-mikoto") and Emperor Tenji (天智天皇 "Tenji-tennō") religious festivals and construction was carried out in the area of Kashima shrine in dedication and respect to the celestial god.  During the Heian period (平安時代 "Heian-jidai") the Ise Grand Shrine (伊勢神宮 "Ise Jingū"), Kashima Shrine (鹿島神宮 "Kashima Jingū") and Katori Shrine (香取神宮 "Katori Jingū") were given imperial Shinto status under the ancient Engishiki doctrine (延喜式神名帳 "Engi-Shiki Jinmyouchou"). Since ancient times both Kashima shrine and Katori Shrine have been closely connected and served as important forward positions for the Yamato dynasty Imperial Court (大和朝廷 "Yamato Chōtei") during their opposition of the Ezo and Emishi (蝦夷 "Emishi, Ezo or Ebisu") peoples of northern Japan.  The treasure house of the shrine is said to hold the neck and its Japanese oke bucket container of Akurōu (悪路王), otherwise known as Aterui (アテルイ), which were presented for enshrinement by Fujiwara Mitsuru (藤原満 "Fujiwara Mitsuru") of Mutsu province (陸奥国 "Mutsu-no-kuni") in 1664, the fourth year of the Kanbun era (寛文 "Kanbun").

2011 Tōhoku Earthquake.

In the 2011 Tōhoku Disaster (東北地方太平洋沖地震 "Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin") on March 11, the large Shrine Torii (鳥居) gate was completely destroyed after it collapsed from the shock. Many of the shrine's large stone lanterns also fell over during the tremors and the water level of the pond at the back of the shrine also decreased. None of the treasures or Important Cultural Properties were damaged. In January 2012 construction of a new Torii (鳥居) gate began using Japanese Sugi (杉) Cedars from the grounds of the shrine. The work was scheduled to be completed in 2014.

Grand Imperial Ofuna Festival.

This special festival held once every 12 years in the Year of the Horse is to honour the great deities Takemikazuchi (武甕槌大神 "Takemikazuchi-no-Ōkami") of Kashima Shrine and Futsunushi (経津主神 "Futsunushi-no-kami") of Katori Shrine. The festival is one of great pride for the people in the areas of Kashima and Katori and said to be one of the biggest in Japan. The next Grand Imperial Ofuna Festival will be in 2026.  The festival began during the time of Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇 "Ōjin-tenno") although it was stopped once during the civil warring of the Muromachi period (室町時代 "Muromachi-jidai"). In 1870, the third year of the Meiji period (明治時代 "Meiji-jidai"), the tradition of the festival was revived and given grand imperial status. In 1887 it was decided that the festival would be held every 12 years in the Year of the Horse.  Today the Grand Imperial Ofuna festival begins in the morning on the first of September and officials from the imperial court are sent to convey the blessings of the Emperor. In the early morning of the second day a Mikoshi (神輿 or 御輿) from Kashima Shrine is carried overland along the edge of Lake Kitaura (北浦), a smaller part of Lake Kasumigaura (霞ヶ浦), to a large boat waiting in the harbor. The boat, adorned with a great Ryūtō (龍頭) dragon motif, then joins a larger fleet of other colourful boats (in 2002 there were around 90) and carries the Mikoshi across the lake to the other side. From there a divine procession awaits to take the Mikoshi to Katori Shrine (香取神宮 "Katori Jingū") where the main festival takes place. After the festival a special temporary logging known as an Angu (行宮) is constructed and the Mikoshi is taken there before being returned to its main shrine in the afternoon of the third day.

Festivals and annual events.

January  February  March  April  May  June  September  October  November  December  Monthly service

Kashima Shrine (鹿島神宮 "Kashima Jingū") is a shrine dedicated to the Shinto Kami Takemikazuchi-no-Ōkami (武甕槌大神), one of the patron deities of martial arts. Various dojo (道場 "Dōjō") of kenjutsu (剣術) and kendo (剣道 "Kendō") sometimes display a Kakejiku (掛軸) hanging scroll emblazoned with Takemikazuchi-no-Ōkami. The shrine is located in Kashima, Ibaraki and is the home of Kashima Shintō-ryū (鹿島新当流). During the New Year period, from the first to the third of January, Kashima Shrine is visited by over 600,000 people from all over Japan. It is the second most visited shrine in Ibaraki prefecture (茨城県 "Ibaraki-ken") for new year pilgrims.

Der Kashima-jingū (jap. ) ist ein Shintō-Schrein in der japanischen Stadt Kashima, Präfektur Ibaraki. Er ist einer der bekanntesten Schreine in der Kantō-Region.


History.

The term "fine chemicals" was in use as early as 1908.  The emergence of the fine chemical industry as a distinct entity dates back to the late 1970s, when the overwhelming success of the histamine H receptor antagonists Tagamet (cimetidine) and Zantac (ranitidine hydrochloride) created a strong demand for advanced organic chemicals used in their manufacturing processes. As the in-house production capacities of the originators, the pharmaceutical companies Smith, Kline, & French and Glaxo, could not keep pace with the rapidly increasing requirements, both companies (now merged as GlaxoSmithKline) outsourced part of the manufacturing to chemical companies experienced in producing relatively sophisticated organic molecules. Lonza, Switzerland, which already had supplied an early intermediate, methyl acetoacetate, during drug development, soon became the main supplier of more and more advanced precursors. The signature of a first, simple supply contract is generally acknowledged

Products.

In terms of molecular structure, one distinguishes first between low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) products. The generally accepted threshold between LMW and HMW is a molecular weight of about 700. LMW fine chemicals, also designated as small molecules, are produced by traditional chemical synthesis, by microorganisms (fermentation or biotransformation), or by extraction from plants and animals. In the production of modern life science products, total synthesis from petrochemicals prevails. The HMW products, respectively large molecules, are obtained mainly through biotechnology processes. Within LMWs, the N-heterocyclic compounds are the most important category; within HMWs they are the peptides and proteins.

Small molecules.

As aromatic compounds have been exhausted to a large extent as building blocks for life science products, N-heterocyclic structures prevail nowadays. They are found in many natural products, such as chlorophyll; hemoglobin; and the vitamins biotin, folic acid, niacin (PP), pyridoxine (vitamin B), riboflavin (vitamin B), and thiamine (vitamin B). In synthetic life science products, N-heterocyclic moieties are widely diffuses both pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Thus, β-lactams are structural elements of penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics, imidazoles are found both in modern herbicides, e.g. Arsenal (imazapyr) and pharmaceuticals, e.g. the antiulcerants

Big molecules.

"Big molecules", also called "high molecular weight", HMW molecules, are mostly oligomers or polymers of small molecules or chains of amino acids. Thus, within pharma sciences, peptides, proteins and oligonucleotides constitute the major categories. "Peptides and proteins" are oligomers or polycondensates of amino acids linked together by a carboxamide group. The threshold between the two is as at about 50 amino acids. Because of their unique biological functions, a significant and growing part of new drug discovery and development is focused on this class of biomolecules. Their biological functions are determined by the exact arrangement or sequence of different amino acids in their makeup. For the synthesis of peptides, four categories of fine chemicals, commonly referred to as peptide building

Technologies.

Several key technologies are used for the production of fine chemicals, including Chemical synthesis and biotechnology are most frequently used; sometimes also in combination.

Traditional chemical synthesis.

A large toolbox of chemical reactions is available for each step of the synthesis of a fine chemical. The reactions have been developed on laboratory scale by academia over the last two centuries and subsequently adapted to industrial scale, for instance for the manufacture of dyestuffs & pigments. The most comprehensive handbooks describing organic synthetic methods is "Methods of Molecular Transformations". About 10% of the 26,000 synthetic methods described therein are currently used on an industrial scale for fine chemicals production. Amination, condensation, esterification, Friedel–Crafts, Grignard, halogenation (esp. chlorination), and hydrogenation, respectively reduction (both catalytic and chemical) are most frequently mentioned on the websites of individual companies. Optically active cyanohydrins, cyclopolymerization, ionic liquids, nitrones, oligonucletides, peptide (both liquid- and solid-phase), electrochemical reactions (e.g., perfluorination) and steroid synthesis are promoted by only a limited number of companies. With the exception of some stereospecific reactions, particularly biotechnology, mastering these technologies does not represent a distinct competitive advantage. Most reactions can

Biotechnology.

"Industrial biotechnology", also called "“white biotechnology”" is increasingly impacting the chemical industry, enabling both the conversion of renewable resources, such as sugar or vegetable oils, and the more efficient transformation of conventional raw materials into a wide range of commodities (e.g., cellulose, ethanol and succinic acid), fine chemicals (e.g. 6-aminopenicillanic acid), and specialties (e.g., food and feed additives). As opposed to green and red biotechnology, which relate to agriculture and medicine, respectively, white biotechnology enables the production of existing products in a more economic and sustainable fashion on the one hand, and provides access to new products, especially biopharmaceuticals, on the other hand. It is expected that revenues from white biotechnology will account for 10%, or $250 billion, of the global chemical market of $2,500 billion by 2013. In ten to 15 years it is expected that most amino acids and vitamins and many specialty chemicals will be produced by means of biotechnology Three very different process technologies -biocatalysis, biosynthesis (microbial fermentation), and cell cultures- are used.  Biocatalysis, a.k.a. biotransformation and bioconversion, makes use of natural or modified isolated enzymes, enzyme extracts, or whole-cell systems for enhancing the production of small molecules. It has much to offer compared to traditional organic synthesis. The syntheses are shorter, less energy intensive and generate less waste and hence, are both environmentally and economically more attractive. About 2/3 of chiral products produced on large industrial scale are already made using biocatalysis. In the

The industry.

Within the chemical universe, the fine chemical industry is positioned between the commodity, their suppliers, and specialty chemical industries, their customers. Depending on the services offered, there are two types of fine chemical companies. The "Fine Chemical Companies" are active in industrial scale production, both of standard and exclusive products. If the latter prevails, they are referred to as Fine Chemical / "Custom Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs)". The main assets of the Contract Research Organizations (CROs) are their research laboratories. CRAMS; Contract Research and Manufacturing Organizations are hybrids (see section 4.2).

Fine Chemical / Custom Manufacturing Companies.

"Fine chemical / Custom Manufacturing companies" in the narrower sense are active in process scale up, pilot plant (trial) production, industrial-scale exclusive and non-exclusive manufacture and marketing. Their product portfolios comprise exclusive products, produced by custom manufacturing, as main activity, non-exclusive products, e.g. API-for Generics, and standard products. Characteristics are high asset intensity, batch production in campaigns in multipurpose plants, above-industry-average R&D expenditures and close, multi-level and multi-functional relationships with industrial customers. The industry is very fragmented. 2000 – 3000 fine chemical companies exist globally, extending from small, “garage-type” outfits in China making just one product, all the way to the big, diversified enterprises, resp. units. The main reason for the fragmentation is the lack of economy of scale (see below).  The industry is subject to a high degree of regulation even more so than the chemical industry as a whole, particularly if

Contract research organizations.

Contract research organizations (CROs) provide services to the life science industries along product development. There are more than 2000 CROs operating worldwide, representing revenues of more than $20 billion. One distinguishes between "Product" and "Patient" CROs. Whereas the production sites of CMOs are multipurpose plants, allowing for the production of tens to hundreds of tons of fine chemicals, the work places of patient CROs are the test persons (volunteers) for the clinical trials and those of the product CROs are the laboratory benches. Major customers for CRO services are the large global pharmaceutical companies. Half a dozen companies (Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Aventis, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and Merck & Co.) alone absorb about one third of all CRO spending. As for CMOs also for CROs, biotech start-up companies with their dichotomy between ambitious drug development programs and limited resources are the second most promising prospects. Product CROs (chemical CROs) are providing primarily sample preparation, process research and development services. An overlap between the latter and CMOs exists with regard to pilot plants (100 kg quantities), which are part of the arsenal of both types of enterprise. There are more

Research and development.

The overall emphasis of fine chemical R&D is more on development than on research. The main tasks are (1) designing, respectively duplicating and adapting in case of custom manufacture, and developing laboratory procedures for new products or processes; (2) transferring the processes from the laboratory via pilot plant to the industrial scale (the scale up factor from a 10g sample to a 1-ton batch is 100,000); and (3) to optimize existing processes. At all times during this course of action it has to be ensured that the four critical constraints, namely, economics, timing, safety, ecology and sustainability are observed. R&D expenditures in the fine chemical industry are higher than in the commodities industry. They represent around 5–10% versus 2–5% of sales. On the business side, product innovation must proceed at a more rapid pace, because life cycles of fine chemicals are shorter than those of commodities. Therefore, there is an ongoing need for substitution of obsolete products. On the technical side, the higher complexity of the products and the more stringent regulatory requirements absorb more resources. Many economic and technical parameters have been proposed to enable a meaningful assessment of single projects and project portfolios. Examples are attractiveness, strategic fit, innovation, gross/net present value, expected profits, R&D expenditures, development stage, probability of success, technology fit, potential conflicts with other activities of the company and realization time. Most of these parameters cannot be determined quantitatively, at least during the early phases of a project. The best way to take advantage of a project portfolio is to develop and use it in an iterative way. By comparing the entries at regular intervals, for instance, every 3 months, the directions that the projects take can be visualized. If a negative trend persists with one particular project, the project should be put on the watch list.

Objectives.

R&D has to manage the following functions in order to deliver the requested services: "Literature and Patent Research". Provisions have to be made for a periodic examination of all acquired research results to safeguard Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and to determine whether patent applications are indicated. Patent research is particularly important for evaluation of the feasibility of taking up R&D for new APIs-for-generics. "Process Research" has to design new synthetic routes and sequences. Two approaches are feasible. For simple molecules, the “bottom-up” approach is the method of choice. The researcher converts a commercially available starting material and sequentially adds more reagents until the target molecule is synthesized. For more complex

Project management.

There are two main sources of new research projects, namely ideas originating from the researchers themselves (“supply push”) and those coming from customers (“demand pull”). Ideas for new processes typically originate from researchers, ideas for new products from customers, respectively customer contacts. Particularly in custom manufacturing, “demand pull” prevails industrial reality. The “new product committee” is the body of choice for evaluating new and monitoring ongoing research activities. It has the assignment to evaluate all new product ideas. It decides whether a new product idea should be taken up in research, reassesses a project at regular intervals and, last but not least decides also about the abandonment of a project, once it becomes evident that the objectives cannot be reached. In a typical project the overall responsibility for the economic and technical success lies with the project

Markets.

Fine chemicals are used as starting materials for specialty chemicals. The latter are obtained either by direct formulation or after chemical/biochemical transformation of intermediates to active substances. Life sciences, primarily pharmaceutical, agrochemical and food and feed industries are the main consumers of fine chemicals.

Market size.

Fine chemicals account for about 4% of the universe of chemicals. The latter, valued at $2,500 billion, is dominated mainly by oil-, gas-, and mineral-derived commodities (~40%) on one hand and a large variety of specialty chemicals at the interface between industry and the public on the other hand (~55%). The global production value of fine chemicals is estimated at $85 billion, of which about 2/3, or $55 billion are produced captively and $30 billion represent the global revenues of the fine chemical industry. The corresponding figures for the major user, the pharmaceutical industry, are $32 billion and $23 billion, respectively. For a number of reasons, such as the lack of statistical data and

Target markets.

Pharmaceuticals.

The pharmaceutical industry constitutes the most important customer base for the fine chemical industry (see Table 4). The largest companies are Pfizer, USA; Roche, Switzerland, GlaxoSmithKline, UK; Sanofi Aventis, France, and Novartis, Switzerland. All are active in R&D, manufacturing and marketing. Pharmaceuticals containing more than 2000 different active ingredients are in commerce today; a sizable number of them are sourced from the fine chemical industry. The industry also has a track record of above-average growth. The fine chemical industry has a keen interest in the top-selling or “blockbuster drugs”, i.e. those with worldwide annual sales in excess of $1 billion. Their number has increased steadily, from 27 in 1999 to 51 in 2001, 76 in 2003, and then levelled off.  Sales of the top 20 blockbuster drugs are reported in Table 6. The APIs of 12 of them are “small” (LMW) molecules. Averaging a MW

Agrochemicals.

Agrochemical companies are the second largest users of fine chemicals. Most products have a “pharmaceutical heritage”. As a consequence of an intensive M&A activity over the past 10–20 years, the industry now is more consolidated than the pharmaceutical industry. The top 10 companies, led by Syngenta, Switzerland; Bayer Cropsciences, Germany: Monsanto, USA; BASF Crop Protection, Germany, and Dow Agrosciences, USA have a share of almost 95% of the total 2,000,000 tons / $48.5 billion pesticide output in 2010. Since the 1990s the R&D effort is focused mainly on gene modified (GM) seeds. At both Monsanto and DuPont’s seed subsidiary, Pioneer Hi-Bred, GM seed businesses already account for more than 50% of total sales. 100 new LMW agrochemicals have been launched in the period 2000–2009. However, only 8 products achieved sales in excess of $100 million per year.  Generics play a bigger role in the agro than in the pharma industry. They represent some 70% of the global market. China National Chemical Corp, a.k.a. ChemChina Group, is the world's largest supplier of generic farm chemicals. Mahkteshim Agan, Israel, and Cheminova, Denmark follow on the ranks 2 and 3. Apart from these multibillion-dollar companies, there

Other specialty chemical industries.

Apart from life sciences, specialty chemicals -and therefore also their active ingredients, commodities or fine chemicals, as the case may be- are used ubiquitously, in both industrial applications, such as biocides and corrosion inhibitors in cooling water towers, and consumer applications, such as personal care and household products. The active ingredients extend from high-price / low-volume fine chemicals, used for liquid crystal displays to large-volume / low-price amino acids used as feed additives. <nowiki>*</nowiki>fine chemicals merchant market size, growth potential  Examples of applications in eight areas, ranging from adhesives

Target products and services.

Global sales of proprietary drugs are estimated $735 billion in 2010, or almost 90% of the total pharma market. Global sales of generics are about $100 billion, or just over 10% of the total pharma market. Due to the much lower unit price, their market share will be close to 30% on an API volume/volume basis.

Custom manufacturing.

The products and services offered by the fine chemical industry fall into two broad categories: (1) “Exclusives”, a.k.a. custom manufacturing (CM) and (2) “standard” or “catalogue” products. “Exclusives”, provided mostly under contract research or custom manufacturing arrangements, prevail in business with life science companies; “standards” prevail in other target markets. Service-intense custom manufacturing (CM) constitutes the most prominent activity of the fine chemical industry. CM is the antonym of outsourcing. In custom

Standard products.

Non-exclusives, ”standard” or “catalogue products” constitute the second most important outlet for fine chemicals after custom manufacturing. API-for-Generics are the most important sub-category. Because of patent expiries, over 60 of the top 200 drugs alone, representing aggregated sales of over $150 billion, have fallen into the public domain within the past decade. This, along with government-backed incentives, are causing global sales of generics to rapidly increase. Asian companies currently dominate the API-for-Generics business. They have multiple advantages of their low cost basis, their large home markets, and significant previous manufacturing experience compared to western manufacturers in producing for their domestic and other non-regulated markets.

Financials.

Investment costs.

Investment costs for multipurpose plants are high in comparison with product output. However, they vary considerably, depending on the location, size of equipment and degree of sophistication (e.g., automation, containment, quality of equipment, complexity of infrastructure). An example for a cGMP multipurpose plant built in the US is shown in Table 9. The investment cost of $21 million comprises just the equipment and installation. The building, property and external services are excluded. For comparison purposes, the investment cost per m reactor volume

Manufacturing costs.

The raw material consumption and the conversion cost are the two elements that establish the manufacturing cost for a particular fine chemical. The former is determined primarily by the unit consumption and the purchasing cost of the materials used; the latter, by the throughput in kilograms per day in a given production bay. A precise calculation of the conversion cost is a demanding task. Different products with widely differing throughputs are produced in campaigns in multipurpose plants, occupying the equipment to different extents. Therefore, both the production capacity and the equipment utilization for a specific fine chemical are difficult to determine. Moreover, cost elements such as labor, capital, utilities, maintenance, waste disposal, and quality control cannot be allocated unambiguously.  An approximative calculation can be done by an experienced process development or pilot plant chemist on the basis of (1) the laboratory synthesis procedure and (2) by breaking down the

Profitability.

The fine chemical industry has undergone several boom and bust phases during its almost 30 years of existence. The biggest boom took place in the late 1990s, when high-dosage, high volume anti-AIDS drugs and COX-2 inhibitors gave a big boost to custom manufacturing. After the end of the “irrational exuberance” in 2000, the industry suffered a first bust in 2003, as a result of capacity expansions, the advent of Asian competitors and a ruinous M&A activity, several billion dollars of shareholder value were destroyed. The most recent –minor- boom is associated with stockpiling of GlaxoSmithKline’s Relenza (zanamivir) and Roche’s Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) by many countries in order to prepare for a possible avian flu epidemic. Surprisingly, the main cause for the 2009 slump had not been the general recession, but slow-downs of the growth and, even more so, inventory adjustments by the pharma

Outlook.

Two main trends impinge on the industry. On the "supply side", biotechnology is rapidly gaining importance. In the synthesis of small molecule fine chemicals, the use of biocatalysts and microbial fermentation enable both a more sustainable and economic production than conventional organic chemistry. In the synthesis of big molecules, such as biopharmaceuticals, it is the method of choice. Biopharmaceuticals are expected to grow 15% per year, three times as fast as small molecule drugs. Five of the top ten drugs were biopharmaceuticals in 2010 (see table 6), and this is expected to grow to eight by 2016 (see table 2).  On the "demand side", the main customer base for fine chemicals, the pharmaceutical industry, is faced with slower growth of demand, patent expirations of many lucrative blockbuster drugs and stalling new product launches. In order to restrain these challenges, the leading companies are implementing restructuring programs. They comprise a reduction of in-house chemical manufacturing and plant eliminations. Outsourcing is moving up from a purely opportunistic to a strategic approach. It is difficult to make a judgment, whether the positive or negative effects of these initiatives will prevail. In a worst-case scenario, a condition could develop, whereby even top-tier mid-sized, family-owned fine-chemical

Bibliography.

Pollak, Peter (2011). Fine Chemicals – The Industry and the Business (2nd. rev. ed.). J. Wiley & Sons..

Fine chemicals are complex, single, pure chemical substances, produced in limited quantities in multipurpose plants by multistep batch chemical or biotechnological processes. They are described by exacting specifications, used for further processing within the chemical industry and sold for more than $10/kg (see the comparison of fine chemicals, commodities and specialties). The class of fine chemicals is subdivided either on the basis of the added value (building blocks, advanced intermediates or active ingredients), or the type of business transaction, namely standard or exclusive products.

Feinchemikalie bezeichnet eine Handelskategorie für chemische Reinstoffe. Es gibt eine sehr große Anzahl verschiedener Feinchemikalien. Eine scharfe Definition existiert nicht, aber häufige Merkmale sind Diese Charakteristiken verursachen auch einen deutlich höheren Preis im Vergleich zu Grundchemikalien. Die Hersteller vom Feinchemikalien gehören meistens zu den Spezialchemie-Unternehmen.


History.

Construction.

The Northern Railroad was first chartered in New Hampshire as the Northern Railroad Company on June 18, 1844. In the incorporating act, the Northern was originally to build from "any point in the towns of Concord or Bow... to the east or west bank of the Connecticut River, at some point in the towns of Haverhill or Charlestown, or betwixt the same on said Connecticut River, on such route as shall be deemed most expedient." It was soon found that this charter contained no provisions that allowed the Northern to take land, and as such, the railroad was re-chartered on December 27 of the same year. At this time, the end of the line was redesignated as Lebanon.  Following its organization in the following July, the railroad broke ground on October 8, 1845. The first segment of the line, from Concord to Franklin, was opened December 28, 1846 and operated by the Concord Railroad. By September 1, 1847, the Northern took operation of the route to Canaan, and by November 17, had finally reached its terminus in West Lebanon. An extension was then built to White River Junction, across the Connecticut River in Vermont, in June, 1848, where it connected with the Vermont Central Railroad and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad.  Daniel Webster spoke at the 1847 ribbon-cutting in Lebanon, proclaiming "It is altogether new. The world has seen nothing like it before." Not in attendance among the 1,200 at the inauguration of the "steam highway" were any of the Shaker community from nearby Enfield. During the construction of the railroad, the Shakers had worked a deal with the railroad to relocate its proposed corridor to the northern side of Mascoma Lake, away from their colony. A stock purchase sealed the bargain.  In July 1846, while the Northern was under construction, the Franklin and Bristol Railroad Company was chartered to run the from Franklin on the Northern main line to Bristol. Prior to its opening on July 2, 1848, it was leased to the Northern for 100 years, effective in April of that year. With little prospect for a return on the cost of building a road to "waterfalls now waste and desolate", on January 31 following, after passage of an act of the New Hampshire Legislature, the Franklin and Bristol was consolidated with the Northern Railroad and became known as its "Bristol Branch".

Growth.

In the 1860s and 1870s, the Northern was under the control of Onslow Stearns, who served as president of the railroad from 1852 until his death in 1878. The Northern thrived under his leadership, and the yearly gross income of the road rose from nearly $364,000 in 1861 to $500,000 in 1881, while passenger-miles increased from 3.6m to 5.9m and revenue freight increased from 12.6m to 29.4m ton-miles over the same period.  In 1870, the Northern attempted consolidation with the Concord Railroad under the name of the Concord and Northern Railroad, but this consolidation was terminated in September of that year when the latter railroad entered receivership. This was soon followed by a court decision that found that the Concord Railroad's board of directors had entered into the contract to avoid its management being passed to a new board of directors.  The 1880s signaled change for the Northern. The failures of other New Hampshire railroads in the 1860s and 1870s had led to control of the Concord and Claremont Railroad and the Peterborough and Hillsborough Railroad falling to the more successful Northern by 1880, among others. The route of the Concord and Claremont was the product of an 1873 consolidation of three railroads, the Merrimac and Connecticut Rivers, the Sugar River, and the Contoocook River. The first two paralleled the route of the Northern and connected to the Connecticut River further south, near Claremont, while the Contoocook River Railroad served as a branch line to Hillsborough. There, it connected to the Peterborough and Hillsborough, which was constructed between 1877 and 1878 to the end of the Monadnock Railroad in Peterborough.

Acquisition.

By 1884, the shareholders of the Northern had decided to lease its lines to the Boston and Lowell Railroad for a period of 99 years. A minority of shareholders soon filed suit against the company to annul the lease, seeking to compel a distribution of the company's surplus rather than accept a flat percentage on stock. The New Hampshire Supreme Court ruled in favor of the shareholders, and on July 1, 1887, the Northern resumed direct operation of its lines.  Following the New Hampshire Legislature's inability to pass a bill permitting a renewal of the lease with the Boston and Lowell under substantially similar terms, and seeking to avoid the expenses of directly operating the railroad, the Northern contracted with the Boston and Maine Railroad to operate the line in November of that year, beginning effective January 1, 1888. In order to avoid violating the previous court decision, this contract merely provided for the recovery of the net revenue generated by the Boston and Maine on its lines, rather than a fixed-rate lease.  Once the Legislature passed an appropriate bill in 1889, the operating contract with the Boston and Maine was terminated, and a new 99-year lease was granted to the Boston and Lowell (which subsequently assigned it back to the Boston and Maine) on December 7 of that year, effective January 1, 1890.

20th century.

Boston and Maine traffic was heavy to Quebec ports on the St. Lawrence River for both immigrants and freight to Europe. Trains ran from Boston to White River Junction with continuing service north into Canada, via the Central Vermont Railway to Montreal, and the Boston and Maine to Sherbrooke for Quebec City. One train to Montreal was still running in the 1960s.  However, like many other railroads, the former Northern main line saw a decline in rail traffic in the post-war period. While the Bristol Branch had already been abandoned in 1937 following the, the main line from Concord to White River Junction saw the cessation of passenger service in 1965 and the gradual winding down of freight service to a decreasing number of customers. The Boston and Maine system itself was reorganized in 1970, resulting in the suspension of lease payments to remaining Northern Railroad stockholders.  The line was used infrequently after 1973, most notably by the Freedom Train in 1975. It was briefly used for the final time in 1982 when the Boston and Maine line along the Connecticut River was blocked following a derailment in Brattleboro. After formal abandonment of the line in 1992 by Guilford Rail System, the successor to the Boston and Maine, the State of New Hampshire purchased of the corridor in 1995 from Boscawen to Mile 140.00 in Lebanon to create the Northern Rail Trail. Three years later, the state acquired the remaining two miles to White River Junction, including the large Westboro Rail Yard, which was subsequently leased to the Claremont Concord Railroad and a local business. A notice of intent to abandon the last remaining segment of the Northern Railroad main line from Concord to Boscawen was filed with the Surface Transportation Board in September 2016.

The Northern Railroad (sometimes called the Northern New Hampshire Railroad) was a U.S. railroad in central New Hampshire. Originally opened from Concord to West Lebanon in 1847, the Northern Railroad become part of the Boston and Maine system by 1890.

Die Northern Railroad of New Hampshire ist eine ehemalige Eisenbahngesellschaft in New Hampshire und Vermont (Vereinigte Staaten). Sie wurde am 18. Juni 1844 gegründet und baute eine 112 Kilometer lange Strecke von Concord nach White River Junction am Connecticut River. Die Konzession hierfür wurde am 27. Dezember 1844 erteilt. 1847 wurde die Bahn fertiggestellt.


Built in Quincy, Massachusetts.

"Raleigh" was ordered on 29 August 1916, and contracted to be built by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts, 21 August 1917. Her keel was laid on 16 August 1920, and launched on 25 October 1922, the cruiser was christened by Miss Jennie Proctor; and commissioned 6 February 1924, with Captain William C. Watts in command.  "Raleigh" was long at the waterline with an overall length of, her beam was and a mean draft of. Her standard displacement was and at full load. Her crew, during peace time, consisted of 29 officers and 429 enlisted men.  "Raleigh" was powered by four Curtis steam turbines geared steam turbines, each driving one screw, using steam generated by 12 Yarrow boilers. The engines were designed to produce and reach a top speed of. She was designed to provide a range of at a speed of, but was only capable of at a speed of  "Raleigh"s main armament went through many changes while she was being designed. Originally she was to be mounted by ten /53 caliber guns; two on either side at the waist, with the remaining eight mounted in tiered casemates on either side of the fore and aft superstructures. After the United States entry into World War I the US Navy worked alongside the Royal Navy and it was decided to mount four 6-inch/53 caliber guns in two twin gun turrets fore and aft and keep the eight guns in the tiered casemates so that she would have an eight gun broadside and, due to limited arcs of fire from the casemate guns, four to six guns firing fore or aft. Her secondary armament consisted of two /50 caliber anti-aircraft (AA) guns in single mounts. "Raleigh" was initially built with the capacity to carry 224 mines, but these were removed early in her career to make way for more crew accommodations. She also carried two triple and two twin, above-water, torpedo tube mounts for torpedoes. The triple mounts were fitted on either side of the upper deck, aft of the aircraft catapults, and the twin mounts were one deck lower on either side, covered by hatches in the side of the hull.  The ship lacked a full-length waterline armor belt. The sides of her boiler and engine rooms and steering gear were protected by three inches of armor. The transverse bulkheads at the end of her machinery rooms were thick forward and three inches thick aft. The conning tower and the deck over the machinery spaces and steering gear had one and a half inches of armor. The gun turrets were not armored and only provided protection against muzzle blast.  "Raleigh" carried two floatplanes aboard that were stored on the two catapults. Initially these were Vought VE-9s, then Vought UO-1s, the ship then operated Curtiss SOC Seagulls from 1935, and Vought OS2U Kingfishers after 1940.

Armament changes.

During her career "Raleigh" went through several armament changes. Some of these changes were to reduce weight, but others were to increase her AA armament. On 8 September 1926, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Edward W. Eberle, along with the Commanders in Chief of the United States Fleet and Battle Fleet, and their subordinate commanding officers, the Secretary of the Navy, Curtis D. Wilbur, ordered that all mines and the tracks for laying the mines be removed from all of the "Omaha"-class cruisers, the working conditions had been found to be very "wet". Another change made before the war was to increase the 3-inch guns to eight, all mounted in the ship's waist. After 1940 the lower aft 6-inch guns were removed and the casemates plated over for the same reason as the lower torpedo mounts. The ship's anti-aircraft armament were augmented by three twin Bofors guns along with eight Oerlikon cannons by the end of the war.

Service history.

Inter-war period.

"Raleigh" shifted to the New York Navy Yard on 26 February 1924, to complete fitting out and cleared that port 16 April, for shakedown off the Virginia Capes. Final building yard alterations were completed at Quincy on 24 June. After shifting to Provincetown, Massachusetts, "Raleigh" put to sea from that harbor on 30 July, to join the Light Cruiser Division, Scouting Fleet, in northern European waters for duty in connection with the United States Army Air Service's World Flight, the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. After calling at ports in Norway, Denmark, and Scotland, she took up her reconnaissance station on 31 July, off Hvalfjörður, Iceland. She shifted her station to the east coast of Greenland on 10 August and upon completion of duty with the flight operations, she returned to the Boston Navy Yard on 3 September for voyage repairs.  She stood out from Boston Harbor on 16 October for maneuvers off the Virginia Capes, followed by operations and battle problems off Panama, California, and the Hawaiian Islands. Steaming from Honolulu on 10 June 1925, she touched at San Diego with the Scouting Fleet and then returned to the Boston Navy Yard on 13 July. "Raleigh" continued to operate out of Boston for the next two years, spending most of the winter months with the Scouting Force in Cuban and Panamanian waters.  Clearing Boston Harbor on 1 February 1927, "Raleigh" embarked two detachments of Marines at Charleston, South Carolina. After participating in maneuvers at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, she transited the Panama Canal for Corinto, Nicaragua, arriving on 5 February to land the Marines, who were needed to deal with the bandit-plagued countryside. The cruiser stood by for possible assistance until 23 March, when she returned to Boston and resumed Atlantic coastal operations.  During the spring of 1928, "Raleigh" operated off the California coast and in Hawaiian waters, returning to Boston on 26 June to prepare for European duty. Departing on 17 August, she steamed for Hampton Roads, Va., where, on 15 September, she relieved as flagship of Vice Admiral John H. Dayton, Commander, Naval Forces, Europe.  After touching at Boston, "Raleigh" made diplomatic calls to many principal European ports before returning to Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 4 September 1929. The next day, she hauled down the flag of Vice Admiral Dayton.  "Raleigh" then rejoined Cruiser Division 3 (CruDiv 3) of the Scouting Force, operating for the next few years out of Boston for battle practice, maneuvers, and port calls. Based at San Diego, California, on 15 August 1933, she trained off the California coast, with occasional runs to the Caribbean, as well as to Alaskan and Hawaiian waters. She departed San Diego on 27 April 1936 in company with the US Fleet, transited the Panama Canal, touched at Charleston, South Carolina, and entered the Norfolk Navy Yard on 15 June for overhaul.  As "Raleigh" repaired in the Norfolk Navy Yard, Squadron 40-T, a special temporary squadron, was organized for duty in Spanish waters to evacuate American nationals from the Spanish Civil War areas. Rear Admiral Arthur P. Fairfield broke his flag in "Raleigh" at Norfolk on 17 September 1936. The next day, the cruiser steamed independently for Gibraltar, arriving on 27 September., and, in company with "Raleigh", initially comprised the Squadron. Together, the ships saved hundreds of Americans and other nationals from the dangers of the war in Spain.  "Raleigh" was next assigned to Flotilla One, Destroyer Squadron, US Battle Force. Clearing Norfolk on 16 August, she trained at Guantanamo Bay and then arrived at her new base of San Diego on 5 September. In early 1939, she participated in the fleet problem in the Caribbean, returning to San Diego in May to resume coastal operations. Next assigned to the Hawaiian Detachment, "Raleigh" steamed for Pearl Harbor on 5 October. As the flagship of Destroyer Flotilla One, she engaged in fleet maneuvers which took her from the central Pacific to the California coast.

World War II.

"Raleigh" was moored at berth F-12, on the east side of the north channel at Pearl Harbor, when the Japanese made their surprise attack. In the first attack wave a torpedo passed ahead and a second hit "Raleigh" portside amidships. The cruiser took such a list to port that it appeared she might capsize. As crew jettisoned topside weight to keep her upright, her gunners helped to destroy five Japanese planes. Several of her crew were wounded, but none were killed.  The next day, yard craft and came alongside to render assistance, and "Raleigh" was towed into the Navy Yard for repairs on 22 December. She departed Pearl Harbor on 21 February 1942 as an escort of a five-ship convoy which arrived San Francisco on 1 March. After overhaul at Mare Island, she cleared San Francisco Bay on 23 July as a unit of Task Force 15 (TF 15) assigned to convoy escort duty between San Francisco, Hawaii, Samoa and the Fiji Islands.  "Raleigh" steamed from Pago Pago on 3 November to search out and destroy four Japanese picket ships reportedly operating between the Gilbert and Ellice Islands. Finding no trace of the enemy, she touched at Pearl Harbor from 13–17 November, then steamed independently to Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, Aleutians, arriving on 24 November. The following months were spent searching for enemy ships carrying reinforcements in the Rat and Near Islands and escorting troop and supply ships between Dutch Harbor and Kulak Bay.  "Raleigh" put to sea on 10 January 1943, with Task Group 8.6 (TG 8.6) to cover the occupation of Amchitka Island. On 12 January, she conducted patrols off Amchitka, with infrequent sweeps off Kiska with her task group. Detached from the group on 10 February, she convoyed ships between Dutch Harbor and Kulak Bay, then entered Puget Sound Navy Yard on 23 March for repairs.  Sailing on 22 April, she arrived Adak on the 28th and joined TG 16.6, patrolling the approaches to the Near Islands and covering the southern approach to Kiska. "Raleigh" participated in the bombardment of Kiska on 2 August, blasting targets in Gertrude Cove, and shelled enemy positions again on 12 August, before heading for San Francisco and overhaul.  "Raleigh" stood out of San Francisco Bay on 15 September and resumed support of operations in the Aleutians, sweeping the ocean from Kiska to west of Attu. As part of TG 94.6, she steamed from Massacre Bay, Attu on 1 February 1944 to bombard enemy installations in Kurabu Zaki, Paramushiru in the Northern Kuriles. In the early morning darkness of 4 February, she took her bombardment station off that enemy shore to blast an area where two dual-purpose batteries were located. She also took an airfield under fire, destroying a hangar and several barracks buildings. Her gunners also scored hits on a small merchant ship anchored inshore. After touching at Attu on 5 February, "Raleigh" returned to Puget Sound Navy Yard on 1 March for a three-month overhaul.  Joining TF 94 at Massacre Bay in the Kurile Islands on 6 June, she suffered a casualty to her number two main engine while "en route" to Matsuwa Island. After repairs at Puget Sound, "Raleigh" departed Seattle on 22 June 1945, touched at San Pedro, California, thence proceeded via the Panama Canal to Hampton Roads and then to her new home port of Norfolk, Virginia.  Calling at Annapolis, Maryland on 1 July 1945, she conducted two midshipman training cruises, in the Caribbean and along the east coast.

Fate.

"Raleigh" entered to the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 29 September 1945, was decommissioned there on 2 November, and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 28 November. Her hulk was sold for scrap at Philadelphia on 27 February 1946.

USS "Raleigh" (CL-7) was the fourth light cruiser, originally classified as a scout cruiser, built for the United States Navy. She was the third Navy ship named for the city of Raleigh, North Carolina. The first being, a 32–gun frigate built in 1776, during the American Revolution, and captured by the British in 1778. The second was the protected cruiser, commissioned in 1894, and decommissioned in 1919.

Die USS Raleigh (CL-7) war ein Leichter Kreuzer der "Omaha-Klasse" der United States Navy. Es war das dritte nach der Stadt Raleigh in North Carolina benannte Schiff der US-Marine und einer der ältesten US-amerikanischen Kreuzer, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg eingesetzt wurden.


Player.

College.

Armas is of Puerto Rican descent and grew up in the Long Island suburbs. He attended Adelphi University from 1990–1993, amassing 17 goals and 15 assists over the four years, and was named an NCAA Division I First Team All-American his senior year.

Professional.

After graduation, Armas spent 1994 and 1995 playing for the USISL's Long Island Rough Riders, being selected as a USISL All-Star. In 1995, the Rough Riders defeated the Minnesota Thunder in the USISL's Pro League Championship. Besides Armas, the 1995 Rough Riders also included such future MLS standouts like Tony Meola, Giovanni Savarese and Jim Rooney.  In 1996, Armas was drafted by Los Angeles Galaxy in the first round of the Major League Soccer Supplemental Draft, and played a significant role in their first and second seasons. Chicago Fire acquired Armas in a trade for their inaugural 1998 campaign. It was with the 1998 Chicago Fire team that Armas emerged as an exceptional player, helping them win their first (and only) MLS Championship that year. Between 1998 and 2001, Armas was named to the MLS Best XI four consecutive times, his streak only being broken by an ACL injury that kept him out of much of the 2002 campaign; Armas was named to his fifth Best XI after the 2003 MLS season, in addition to being named the MLS Comeback Player of the Year. He was named U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year in 2000. In ten years in MLS, he totaled 11 goals and 41 assists, plus added four goals and four assists in the playoffs.  On April 19, 2007, Armas announced that the 2007 MLS season with the Chicago Fire would be his last, as he decided to retire. His retirement was made official on November 13, 2007, after spending 12 years in MLS.

International.

Armas played for Puerto Rico in the 1993 Caribbean Cup. The competition was not then recognized by FIFA and so his five matches were classed as friendlies. He was therefore later allowed to switch his allegiance to the United States, for whom he made his debut November 6, 1998 against Australia. He went on to register 66 caps. Unfortunately for Armas, he did not break into the squad until soon after the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and his ACL injury came just before the 2002 FIFA World Cup, so he was never able to play for the United States in the world's most prestigious soccer competition. He was named as a standby player for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and did not feature in the final squad.

Coaching career.

On July 6, 2018, Armas was promoted to head coach of the New York Red Bulls after former manager, Jesse Marsch departed the club.

Personal.

Armas and his wife, Justine, have two sons, named Christopher and Aleksei. Armas currently serves as head coach for the New York Red Bulls. Armas formerly served as an assistant coach for the Chicago Fire in 2008, and was the head women's soccer coach at Adelphi University between 2011 and 2015. He also taught physical education at St. Anthony's High School in South Huntington, New York, the high school from which he graduated.

Honors.

Player.

United States  Chicago Fire

Manager.

New York Red Bulls

Chris Armas (born August 27, 1972) is an American professional soccer coach and former player who is the head coach of the New York Red Bulls.

Chris Armas (* 27. August 1972 in New York City, New York) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler mit puerto-ricanischen Wurzeln.


Career.

College and amateur.

Pearce played his high school soccer at Peter Johansen High School in Modesto, California before playing his college soccer at the University of Portland, where he was an All-West Coast Conference honorable mention selection. In his final year at Portland, he started all 20 games, scoring two goals and racking up five assists.  During his college years he also played for the Bradenton Academics in the USL Premier Development League.

FC Nordsjælland.

Pearce signed with FC Nordsjælland and began his professional career in the 2004–05 Danish Superliga season. He made 75 league appearances and scored two goals for club in his two and a half seasons there.

Hansa Rostock.

After stating that he would leave Nordsjælland after the 2007 season with a goal to be signed by a team in Germany, Scotland, or the Netherlands, Pearce signed a two-year contract with Hansa Rostock on July 16, 2007. In January 2008, Pearce was briefly suspended for being late to return to the club from international duty, but was eventually allowed back on the team. On April 13, 2009, Pearce was permanently suspended from Hansa Rostock's first team and demoted to the reserve squad. At the end of the season, Pearce was released from his contract.

FC Dallas.

On September 2, 2009, Pearce reportedly signed a two-year contract with Turkish team Bursaspor, but the next day it had emerged that a deal was not reached until after the transfer window had closed. After his failed move to Turkey, he signed with Major League Soccer side FC Dallas on September 11, 2009. In his first full season in Dallas Pearce helped the club to the 2010 MLS Cup final.

Chivas USA.

On February 15, 2011, after two seasons with Dallas, Pearce was traded to Chivas USA in return for allocation money. Pearce was traded to New York Red Bulls on May 17, 2012 with allocation money and future considerations in exchange for forward Juan Agudelo. Pearce scored his first MLS goal on June 20 versus the Vancouver Whitecaps helping New York to earn a 1–1 draw with his late equalizer.

New York Red Bulls.

Midway through the 2013 season, Pearce elected to have hip surgery that ruled him out for the remainder of the season. New York and Pearce mutually parted ways at the end of the 2013 MLS season. He entered the 2013 MLS Re-Entry Draft but was not selected.

Montreal Impact.

On March 6, 2014, Pearce signed with Montreal Impact. Pearce appeared in 29 matches in his lone season in Montreal. After one season in Montreal, in December 2014 Pearce was selected by Orlando City SC in the 2014 MLS Expansion Draft.

IFK Göteborg.

On January 29, 2015 Pearce signed a five-month-long contract with Allsvenskan club IFK Göteborg.

International career.

Pearce made his international debut in November 2005 against Scotland. Pearce was included by Bruce Arena in United States training camps and friendly matches prior to the 2006 FIFA World Cup but did not make the team.  Under Bob Bradley, Pearce became a regular starter for the national team. With relatively little competition in the U.S. player pool at left back, Pearce played the most minutes of any American field player in 2008. But as his club situation deteriorated, Pearce has seen less time with national team. Though a member of the squad at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, he did not make an appearance in the tournament as Jonathan Bornstein and Carlos Bocanegra were the preferred choices. Pearce was a member of the second-tier U.S. team for the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. Lately he has not seen much action due to the return of Bornstein and also Bocanegra and Jonathan Spector both being versatile enough to play in that position.  Pearce was included on the 30-man preliminary roster for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, but did not make the final 23 man squad.

Personal life.

Pearce has one younger adopted sister and two brothers. His sister, Lindsay Pearce, has starred in the TV series "The Glee Project" where she won a role on the Fox hit show "Glee".  Pearce is an avid car and racing enthusiast. He has partnered with Matt Young as a co-owner in a professional sports car racing venture, Matt Young Motorsports with Heath Pearce.  Pearce, a current free agent, also works in the field of media and broadcast. He has replaced his former Chivas USA teammate, Jimmy Conrad, as host of the YouTube channel KICK, now known as COPA90 US.

Honors.

Club.

Portland Pilots  FC Dallas  New York Red Bulls  Montreal Impact  IFK Göteborg

Heath Pearce (born August 13, 1984) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender for teams in Europe and North America. He represented his national team on 35 occasions. Pearce is currently the host of "The Mixer", "KPR" (Kick Power Rankings) and "WTF" (Walk Talk Football), all programs on the YouTube channel, COPA90 US. (Formerly known as KICKTV)

Heath Pearce (* 13. August 1984 in Modesto, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler, der nach einer Zeit in der Major League Soccer im Januar 2015 einen Vertrag bei IFK Göteborg unterschrieb. Aktuell ist er Moderator der Sendungen "The Mixer", "KPR" (Kick Power Rankings) und "WTF" (Walk Talk Football) des YouTube Kanals KICK, der zum englischen Medienhaus Bigballs Media gehört.