Etymology.

The English language borrows the word from Levantine or Egyptian Arabic, and may employ numerous different spellings, such as "kanafeh, kenafeh, knafeh, kunafah, kunafeh, konafa, kunafa," and similar variations.  The Arabic word "kunāfa" () comes from the Coptic Egyptian word "kenephiten", a bread or cake. Early attestations are found in Iraqi stories in "Alf laylaẗ wa-laylaẗ", the "One Thousand and One Nights". Another view is that it comes from a Semitic root with a meaning of "side" or "wing", from the Arabic "kanafa", to flank or enclose. According to etymologist Sevan Nişanyan, the Turkish word "tel kadayıfı" (string-pancake or string-crêpe), referring to the vermicelli-like pastry used in kanafeh and other dishes, is based on the Arabic word "qatayif" (a pancake or crêpe), and appears at the latest in 1501 in a Turkish-Persian dictionary.

History.

A common story is that the dish was created, and prescribed by doctors, to satisfy the hunger of caliphs during Ramadan. The story is variously said to have happened in Fatimid Egypt, or in the Umayyad Caliphate in Syria. It is also reported to have been mentioned in writing as early as the 10th century, and to be of Fatimid origin. However, dishes mentioned in historical texts are not necessarily the same as the modern versions of kanafeh.  Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's 10th-century "Kitab al-Tabikh" ("Book of Dishes"), a collection of Arabic and Persian recipes and food advice of the Abbasid caliphs, mentions neither the word "kunāfa", nor a description of the dish as it is known today. However, it does feature a chapter on desserts made with the related "qatāyif", meaning crêpes, from which the Turkish word "kadayıf" and Greek word "kataïfi" derive. In one recipe, "qatāyif" are stuffed with nuts, deep-fried, and topped with honey-sugar syrup, which is essentially unchanged in today's version. Also described are large thin crêpes resembling fabric, called "ruqāq", cooked on a round sheet of metal called a "tābaq", layered with fruit, and drenched with sugar.  The 13th-century anonymous "Kitab al tabikh fi-l-Maghrib wa-l-Andalus" ("Book of Dishes from Mahgreb and Al-Andalus") uses the word "kunāfa" to describe a crêpe made with thin batter on an Indian pan or "mirror" (the "tābaq"), and says it is equivalent to "ruqāq". It also gives a recipe for "Abbasid Qatāyif" (the crêpes being called "musahhada" in Al-Andalus), which uses the same batter, but the "kunāfa" is made thinner, "like a fine tissue". It gives a number of dessert recipes for "kunāfa", where the crêpes are served layered with fresh cheese, baked, and topped with honey and rose syrup; or cut up into shreds like rose leaves and cooked with honey, nuts, sugar, and rosewater.  Ibn al-Jazari gives an account of a 13th-century market inspector who rode through Damascus at night, ensuring the quality of "kunāfa", "qatā'if", and other foods associated with Ramadan, during the Mamluk period.  In the later Middle Ages, a new technique was created, with thin batter being dripped onto the metal sheet from a perforated container, creating hair-like strings. A mid-15th-century Ottoman Turkish translation of Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi's "Kitab al-Tabikh" added several new contemporary recipes, including one for this "kadayif", though it does not specify where it originated. This became the basis for the modern "kunafa/kanafeh". It is fried together with butter and fillings or toppings such as nuts, sweetened cheese, or clotted cream, and mixed with rosewater and sugar. The pastry spread from the Arab lands to neighboring countries including Iran and Greece, and to Turkey where the string pastry itself is known as "tel kadayıf" ("string crêpes"), also used in related pastries such as "dolma kadayif".  While kanafeh has always been served in Israel's Arab locales, it has become trendy in Tel Aviv. The traditional version consists of noodle-like pastry soaked in an orangy syrup and filled with a salty-sweet cheese, then cut into diamond-shaped pieces. Israeli kanafe is less sweet than the variety sold in Arab towns in Israel.

Preparation.

There are many types of Kanafeh pastry:  The pastry is heated in butter, margarine, palm oil, or traditionally semneh and then spread with soft white cheese, such as Nabulsi cheese, and topped with more pastry. In "khishnah kanafeh" the cheese is rolled in the pastry. A thick syrup of sugar, water, and a few drops of rose water or orange blossom water is poured on the pastry during the final minutes of cooking. Often the top layer of pastry is tinted with red food coloring (a modern shortcut, instead of baking it for long periods of time). Crushed pistachios are sprinkled on top as a garnish.

Variants.

Kanafeh Nabulsieh.

"Kanafeh Nabulsieh" originated in the Palestinian city of Nablus, hence the name "Nabulsieh". Nablus is still renowned for its kanafeh, which consists of mild white cheese and shredded wheat surface, which is covered by sugar syrup. In the Levant and Egypt, this variant of "kanafeh" is the most common.

Kadayıf and künefe.

In the Hatay region of Turkey, which was formerly part of Syria and has a large Arab population, the pastry is called "künefe" and the wiry shreds are called "tel kadayıf". A semi-soft cheese such as "Urfa peyniri" (cheese of Urfa) or "Hatay peyniri" (cheese of Hatay), made of raw milk, is used in the filling. In making the "künefe," the "kadayıf" is not rolled around the cheese; instead, cheese is put in between two layers of wiry "kadayıf". It is cooked in small copper plates, and then served very hot in syrup with clotted cream ("kaymak") and topped with pistachios or walnuts. In the Turkish cuisine, there is also yassı kadayıf and ekmek kadayıfı, none of which is made of wiry shreds.

Riştə Xətayi.

This type of Azerbaijani variant is prepared in Tabriz, Iran. "Riştə Xətayi" consists of meshed shreds, and is typically cooked in Ramadan in the world's biggest covered Bazaar of Tabriz. It is made of chopped walnuts, cinnamon, ginger, powder of rose, sugar, water, rose water and olive oil.

Kadaif.

In this variant, called also ("kataïfi") or ("kadaïfi") in Greek, the threads are used to make various forms of pastries, such as tubes or birds' nests, often with a filling of chopped nuts as in baklava.

World records.

The world's largest plate of the dessert was made in Antakya, Turkey, in 2017. The tray of "künefe" measured 78 meters long, and weighed 1550 kilograms. A previous record attempt was made by rival Nablus in 2009, with a 75-meter tray, weighing 1,350 kilograms. Neither attempt was officially listed as breaking the record; according to the website of the Guinness World Records, there is no current record holder for the title.

Kanafeh (,, ) (also numerous alternative spellings) is a traditional Middle Eastern dessert made with thin noodle-like pastry, or alternatively fine semolina dough, soaked in sweet, sugar-based syrup, and typically layered with cheese, or with other ingredients such as clotted cream or nuts, depending on the region. It is popular in the Arab world, particularly the Levant and Egypt, and especially among Palestinians. In addition, variants are found in Turkey, Greece, and the Balkans, as well as in the South Caucasus.

Kunafa (, auch "Kanafa", "Kanafeh", "Kunafeh", "Knafeh" türkisch: "Künefe") ist eine levantinische warme Süßspeise aus einem besonderen Käse (Quark) und Kadayif. Der Ursprung der Kunafa wird in der palästinensischen Stadt Nablus vermutet, doch ist sie in weiten Teilen der arabischen Welt und der Türkei verbreitet.


Early life and education.

Bennet was born in New Delhi, India, the son of Susanne Christine (née Klejman) and Douglas J. Bennet. His father, who was born in New Jersey, served as an aide to Chester Bowles, then the U.S. ambassador to India. Bennet's father was Christian. Bennet's mother is a Jewish Holocaust survivor who was born in 1938 in Warsaw, Poland and immigrated to the United States with her family in 1950. Her parents survived imprisonment in the Warsaw Ghetto.  Bennet's father ran the United States Agency for International Development under President Jimmy Carter, served as President and CEO of National Public Radio (1983–93), and Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs in the Clinton Administration (1993–95). His grandfather Douglas Bennet was an economic adviser in Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. Bennet's mother is a retired elementary school librarian.  Bennet grew up in Washington, D.C. as his father served as an aide to Vice President Hubert Humphrey, among others. Bennet was held back in second grade because of his dyslexia. He was enrolled at St. Albans School, an elite all-boys preparatory school, and served as a page on Capitol Hill.  In 1987, Bennet earned his Bachelor of Arts in history from Wesleyan University, the alma mater of his father and grandfather. At Wesleyan he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. Bennet earned his J.D. degree from Yale Law School, where he was the Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Law Journal".

Early career.

From 1988 until 1990, when he left to attend Yale, he served as an aide to Ohio Governor Richard Celeste. After law school he served as a law clerk for the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals and as an associate to Washington, D.C. attorney Lloyd Cutler. He then served as Counsel to the Deputy Attorney General during the Bill Clinton administration. Douglas Bennet worked in the Clinton White House as well, as Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs. Following a stint as an assistant to the U.S. attorney in Connecticut, Bennet left the legal world and moved West. After briefly living in Montana, he moved with his fiancé to Colorado in 1997. Bennet worked for six years in Denver as Managing Director for the Anschutz Investment Company, where he led the reorganization of an oil company and helped consolidate three movie theater chains into the Regal Entertainment Group.  While working for Anschutz, Bennet befriended fellow Wesleyan alumnus John Hickenlooper, informally advising the latter's successful campaign for mayor of Denver. Moving back into public service, Bennet served for two years as Hickenlooper's Chief of Staff.  The Denver Board of Education selected Bennet as superintendent of Denver Public Schools on June 27, 2005, and he took office on July 1. He had no experience as a school administrator. Under Bennet's leadership, the Denver Public School system grew student enrollment, decreased dropout rates, and improved graduation rates and college enrollment. Those trends have continued since Bennet left the office. Bennet collaborated with educators and community members to develop the Denver Plan, a commitment to increase student success by focusing on higher expectations, better professional learning opportunities for educators, and deeper engagement with the community and stakeholders. Bennet and the City of Denver also partnered with private philanthropists to increase college enrollment and affordability for DPS graduates. The "Denver Post" said of his tenure, "Bennet has been a force—pushing reforms and steering the state's second-largest district to a culture of success."  In 2008 Bennet persuaded the Denver Board of Education to enter into a 30-year, $750 million financial bond transaction with variable interest rates designed to fluctuate as economic conditions changed. According to "The New York Times", "In short order, the transaction went awry because of stress in the credit markets, problems with the bond insurer and plummeting interest rates." As of 2010 the school system had paid $115 million in interest and other fees, at least $25 million more than it originally anticipated.  Bennet was among the many officials whose names were circulated for United States Secretary of Education in the Obama Administration, a position eventually filled by Arne Duncan. Bennet and his wife were early Obama supporters during the 2008 Democratic primaries, and he was among those who advised Obama on education issues.

U.S. Senate.

Appointment.

On January 3, 2009, he was named by Colorado Governor Bill Ritter to fill the seat in the United States Senate vacated by United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar on January 20. Ritter chose Bennet after interviewing several prominent Colorado Democrats, and Bennet took the job with the blessing of Hickenlooper. Upon taking office on January 21, 2009, he stated that he would seek election at the end of his term in 2010.  In his January 2011 article in "Time" titled "Shaking Schools Up in an Already Tumultuous Year," Andrew J. Rotherham said of Bennet: "If the federal No Child Left Behind Act is modified this year, or if anything else of significance happens in Washington on education policy, this Colorado Democrat will be at the center of it."

2010 election.

Bennet ran for election for a full term as Senator from Colorado in the 2010 election. On September 16, 2009, former Colorado House Speaker Andrew Romanoff announced his campaign to challenge Bennet for the Democratic nomination. Bennet received endorsements from President Obama, U.S. Senator Mark Udall, and U.S. Representatives Betsy Markey, Jared Polis, and John Salazar of the Colorado congressional delegation. He raised $7 million and had a four-to-one cash advantage over Romanoff.  On August 10, 2010, Bennet defeated Romanoff in the primary and won his party's nomination, facing Republican candidate Ken Buck. The campaign became one of the most expensive in the country, with the candidates spending a reported $15 million combined, and outside groups another $30 million. Bennet portrayed Buck as an extremist conservative opposed to abortion and direct election of Senators, while Buck and the groups supporting him characterized Bennet as a big-spending liberal.  On November 3, the day after polls closed, Bennet was declared the winner and Buck conceded. Bennet won by 851,590 votes (48.1%) to 822,731 (46.4%). He subsequently returned to Washington, D.C. in January 2011 to start a full six-year term. After the election, Obama said Bennet "perfectly reflects the qualities of the ruggedly independent state he has been chosen to serve."

2016 election.

Bennet was reelected to a second term on November 8, 2016, defeating the Republican nominee, El Paso County Commissioner Darryl Glenn. Bennet received 1.36 million votes, 156,248 more than Glenn. He received 31,780 more votes in Colorado than Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, who won the state in the presidential election. Bennet received more votes than any other Democrat in a statewide race in Colorado history. He also won more votes in Colorado's rural counties than any other statewide Democrat in state history.  Following the election, Obama said Bennet was one of the "gifted Democratic politicians" who could lead the party in the future.

Committee assignments.

Bennet sits on the following committees and subcommittees in the 115th United States Congress (2017–19).  Source: United States Senate

Political positions.

Agriculture.

In March 2019 Bennet was one of 38 senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue warning that dairy farmers "have continued to face market instability and are struggling to survive the fourth year of sustained low prices" and urging his department to "strongly encourage these farmers to consider the Dairy Margin Coverage program."

Gun law.

As of 2010 Bennet had earned a "C+" rating from the National Rifle Association for a mixed record regarding his votes for gun rights. In 2012 Bennet joined then Colorado Senator Mark Udall in asking for stricter gun control, in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. After the shooting, Bennet said, "In Colorado, we support the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms, we support the ability of people to hunt and recreate and to protect their families and homes, and we want to keep the wrong weapons out of the hands of the wrong people."  Bennet participated in the Chris Murphy gun control filibuster, demanding that gun laws be changed in the wake of the Orlando nightclub shooting. During his participation in the filibuster, Bennet talked about the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting, citing that as a response to the shooting, the state of Colorado closed gun sale loopholes and now requires background checks for any gun purchase.  In response to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Bennet demanded universal background checks regarding gun sales and described the shooting as domestic terrorism.  In 2013 Bennet voted against a Senate Amendment 711 to S. 649 (The Safe Communities, Safe Schools Act of 2013), an amendment introduced by Senator Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) that would have reinstated the federal assault weapons ban. The amendment was defeated 40-60 with one Republican, Mark Kirk, voting in favor and 16 Democrats (including independent Senator Angus King, who caucuses with Democrats) against. Also in 2013 Bennet voted to strengthen the background check system and to ban high-capacity magazines.  Bennet owns a shotgun, which he has called a "hunting shotgun".

LGBT issues.

Bennet supports same-sex marriage. He lauded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in "Obergefell v. Hodges" that legalized same-sex marriage nationwide, stating on his Senate website "Marriage is a fundamental right that same-sex couples deserve to enjoy, and now they will have the same rights and opportunities that the law grants to Susan [Bennet's spouse] and me."  Bennet is the author of legislation to direct resources to improve the sexual health of older Americans, including LGBTQ+ and rural senior populations. He is an original co-sponsor of the Equality Act.

Health care policy.

Bennet voted in support of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. In November 2009, when the bill was still working its way through Congress, Bennet said that he would support health care reform even if it meant losing the election. In 2016, describing the healthcare costs in western and central Colorado as among the highest in the United States, Bennet said he "didn't have answers" and called it "next to impossible" to fix the Affordable Care Act given partisan attitudes at that time.  As part of a group of Democrats proposing "more incremental steps to broaden health care coverage", as opposed to Bernie Sanders's push for "Medicare for All", Bennet and Senator Tim Kaine have proposed "Medicare X". Medicare X would "create a public option modeled after Medicare alongside private options on the ObamaCare marketplaces". In 2019 Bennet and Kaine reintroduced the latest version of the plan, which would also "expand access to tax credits."  In January 2019 during the 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown, Bennet was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to Commissioner of Food and Drugs Scott Gottlieb recognizing the efforts of the FDA to address the shutdown's effect on public health and employees while remaining alarmed "that the continued shutdown will result in increasingly harmful effects on the agency's employees and the safety and security of the nation's food and medical products."  In April 2019 Bennet and Senator Chuck Grassley's Advancing Care for Exceptional (ACE) Kids Act, legislation that creates an option for states and families to provide improved coordination of care for children with complex medical conditions, was signed into law.

Immigration policy.

In September 2009 Bennet cosponsored the DREAM Act (S. 729), which proposed amending the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 by giving residency to immigrants enrolled in higher education programs or serving in the military. In 2013 he was a member of the Gang of Eight, a bipartisan group of four Democratic and four Republican U.S. Senators who introduced comprehensive immigration reform legislation. Their bill, the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013, passed the U.S. Senate with a vote of 68-32, but stalled in the House due to opposition from the Republican majority. He later cosponsored the Dream Act of 2017. After President Trump ended the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, Bennet worked with a bipartisan group of Senators to provide a pathway to citizenship for Dreamers with stronger border protections.  In August 2018 Bennet was one of 17 senators to sign a letter spearheaded by Kamala Harris to United States Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen demanding that the Trump administration take immediate action in attempting to reunite 539 migrant children with their families, citing each passing day of inaction as intensifying "trauma that this administration has needlessly caused for children and their families seeking humanitarian protection."  In June 2019 Bennet and six other Democratic senators led by Hawaii Senator Brian Schatz sent letters to the Government Accountability Office and the suspension and debarment official and inspector general at the US Department of Health and Human Services citing recent reports that showed "significant evidence that some federal contractors and grantees have not provided adequate accommodations for children in line with legal and contractual requirements" and urged the officials to determine whether federal contractors and grantees are in violation of contractual obligations or federal regulations and should thus face financial consequences.  In July 2019, following reports that the Trump administration intended to cease protecting spouses, parents and children of active-duty service members from deportation, Bennet was one of 22 senators led by Tammy Duckworth to sign a letter arguing that the protection gave service members the ability "to fight for the United States overseas and not worry that their spouse, children, or parents will be deported while they are away" and that its termination would both cause service members personal hardship and negatively affect their combat performance.  Also in July 2019 Markey and 15 other Senate Democrats introduced the Protecting Sensitive Locations Act, which would require, except in special circumstances, that ICE agents get approval from a supervisor before engaging in enforcement actions at sensitive locations, and that agents receive annual training in addition to reporting annually on enforcement actions in those locations.

Economic policy.

In December 2019, Bennet and Senator Mitt Romney proposed a universal basic income bill.

Energy policy.

In 2009 Bennet co-sponsored the Solar Manufacturing Jobs Creation Act, legislation that would have provided a tax credit to support solar manufacturing in the U.S. The legislation was not enacted.  He was one of the handful of Democratic Senators who have supported construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, voting for it in 2013, 2014, and 2015.

Environmental policy.

In October 2017, Bennet was one of 19 senators to sign a letter to Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency Scott Pruitt questioning Pruitt's decision to repeal the Clean Power Plan, asserting that Pruitt used "mathematical sleights of hand to overstate the costs of industry compliance with the 2015 Rule and understate the benefits that will be lost if the 2017 repeal is finalized", and that science denial and math tricks fail to "satisfy the requirements of the law, nor will it slow the increase in frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, the inexorable rise in sea levels, or the other dire effects of global warming that our planet is already experiencing."  In November 2018, Bennet was one of 25 Democratic senators to cosponsor a resolution in response to findings of the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change report and National Climate Assessment. The resolution affirmed the senators' acceptance of the findings and their support for bold action to address climate change.  In March 2019, Bennet was an original cosponsor of a bipartisan bill intended to mandate that the Environmental Protection Agency declare per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as hazardous substances that can be addressed with cleanup funds via the EPA Superfund law and require that polluters undertake or pay for remediation within a year of the bill's enaction.  In April 2019, Bennet was one of 12 senators to sign a bipartisan letter to top senators on the Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development advocating that the Energy Department be granted maximum funding for carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), arguing that American job growth could be stimulated by investment in capturing carbon emissions and expressing disagreement with President Trump's 2020 budget request to combine the two federal programs that do carbon capture research.  In September 2019, Bennet was one of eight senators to sign a bipartisan letter to congressional leadership requesting full and lasting funding of the Land and Water Conservation Act in order to aid national parks and public lands, benefit the $887 billion American outdoor recreation economy, and "ensure much-needed investment in our public lands and continuity for the state, tribal, and non-federal partners who depend on them."

Foreign policy.

In July 2017, Bennet co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act (s. 720), which permits U.S. states to enact laws that require contractors to sign a pledge saying they will not boycott goods from Israel, or their contracts will be terminated.  In March 2018 Bennet voted against tabling a resolution spearheaded by Bernie Sanders, Chris Murphy, and Mike Lee that would have required President Trump to withdraw American troops either in or influencing Yemen within the next 30 days unless they were combating Al-Qaeda.  In November 2018 Bennet joined Senators Chris Coons, Elizabeth Warren and a bipartisan group of lawmakers in sending the Trump administration a letter raising concerns about the People's Republic of China's undue influence on media outlets and academic institutions in the United States. They wrote: "In American news outlets, Beijing has used financial ties to suppress negative information about the CCP. In the past four years, multiple media outlets with direct or indirect financial ties to China allegedly decided not to publish stories on wealth and corruption in the CCP. In one case, an editor resigned due to mounting self-censorship in the outlet's China coverage. Beijing has also sought to use relationships with American academic institutions and student groups to shape public discourse."  In April 2019 Bennet was one of 34 senators to sign a letter to President Trump regarding cutting aid to Central America. It encouraged Trump "to listen to members of your own Administration and reverse a decision that will damage our national security and aggravate conditions inside Central America," asserting that Trump had "consistently expressed a flawed understanding of U.S. foreign assistance" since becoming president and that he was "personally undermining efforts to promote U.S. national security and economic prosperity" by preventing the use of Fiscal Year 2018 national security funding. The senators argued that foreign assistance to Central American countries created less migration to the U.S. by helping to improve conditions in those countries.

Cannabis.

Bennet has cosponsored the bipartisan STATES Act, proposed in the 115th U.S. Congress by Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren and fellow Colorado Senator Cory Gardner, that would exempt individuals or corporations in compliance with state cannabis laws from federal enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act. In 2018 Bennet criticized the Trump Administration for attempting to cherry-pick data to misinform the public on marijuana use. In response, the White House's Office of National Drug Control Policy committed to be completely objective and dispassionate in its analysis of marijuana.  Bennet is a cosponsor of the SAFE Banking Act, which would provide marijuana businesses access to banking services.

2018–19 government shutdown.

On January 24, 2019, Bennet gave an impassioned, impromptu 25-minute speech on the Senate floor in response to comments by Senator Ted Cruz. He questioned the authenticity of Cruz's concern about difficulties that the 2018–19 government shutdown was causing to first responders, recalling that in 2013 Cruz led a shutdown that lasted 16 days at a time when Colorado was experiencing flooding. In less than eight hours the speech became the most-watched Senate floor speech in C-SPAN history.

2020 presidential campaign.

Bennet's 2020 presidential campaign began on May 2, 2019, when he officially declared his candidacy during an appearance on "CBS This Morning". Bennet was previously mentioned as a possible presidential candidate following his viral response to Senator Ted Cruz in January 2019. In February and March 2019 he traveled to early primary states such as Iowa and New Hampshire. In late March Bennet said he was "very inclined" to run for the presidency.  Following his announcement, Bennet campaigned in Iowa on May 5 and 11 and South Carolina on May 31. He qualified for the first set of debates on June 3, and appeared in the June 27 debate, receiving 8.1 minutes of airtime. He appeared in the second set of debates, on July 26 and 27, this time receiving 10.6 minutes of airtime. He failed to qualify for the remainder of the debates. He also failed to qualify for the Iowa and New Hampshire debate, making him the candidate to fail to qualify for a debate the most times (six).  Bennet received 164 votes in the Iowa caucuses, and 958 in the New Hampshire primary. He dropped out of the race on February 11, 2020, the night of the New Hampshire primary.

Personal life.

On October 26, 1997, Bennet married Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund attorney Susan Diane Daggett, in Marianna, Arkansas. They have three daughters and reside in Denver's Congress Park neighborhood.  Though not raised in an observant household, Bennet acknowledges his Jewish roots. He has said that he was "raised with two different heritages, one [that] was Jewish and one [that] was Christian," and that he believes in God.  His brother, James Bennet, was the editorial page director for "The New York Times".  On April 3, 2019, Bennet announced he had been diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent surgery later that month. Following the surgery, Bennet's office said the procedure was "completely successful" and that he requires no further treatment.

Michael Farrand Bennet (born November 28, 1964) is an American businessman, lawyer, and politician who has served as the senior United States Senator from Colorado since 2009. A member of the Democratic Party, he was appointed to the seat when Senator Ken Salazar became Secretary of the Interior. Bennet previously worked as a managing director for the Anschutz Investment Company, chief of staff to Denver Mayor John Hickenlooper, and Superintendent of Denver Public Schools.

Michael Farrand Bennet (* 28. November 1964 in Neu-Delhi, Indien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Demokratischen Partei. Er vertritt den Bundesstaat Colorado seit seiner Ernennung durch Gouverneur Bill Ritter am 21. Januar 2009 im US-Senat, wobei er die Nachfolge des zum US-Innenminister ernannten Ken Salazar antrat. Im Mai 2019 gab er seine Kandidatur für die Präsidentschaftswahl 2020 bekannt.


Tactics.

Once in position, horse artillery crews were trained to quickly dismount, deploy or unlimber their guns (detach them from their caissons), then rapidly fire grapeshot, shells or round shot at the enemy. They could then just as rapidly limber-up (reattach the guns to the caissons), remount, and be ready to move to a new position, similar to the shoot-and-scoot tactics of their modern counterparts.  Horse artillery was highly versatile and often supported friendly cavalry units by disrupting enemy infantry formations such as infantry squares with rapid concentrated fire. This would leave the enemy infantry vulnerable to cavalry charges. Their mobility also enabled them to outmaneuver enemy foot artillery units, and to act as a rearguard (in concert with friendly cavalry) to cover the retreat of slower units. A full battery could have a combined front of riders over 50 men strong. If the horse artillery was mistaken for cavalry, the enemy might receive an unpleasant surprise when the towed batteries wheeled around, unlimbered, loaded, sighted and opened fire. Highly proficient batteries could do so in less than a minute.

History.

Origins.

Essentially a hybrid of cavalry and artillery, irregular horse artillery units were first used by Sweden in the 17th century during the Thirty Years' War by Lennart Torstenson. Torstenson was the artillery expert of Gustavus Adolphus, and used them to provide cavalry with the fire support it needed to deal with massed infantry formations without sacrificing their speed and mobility. Gustavus Adolphus had previously tried intermixing infantry units with cavalry, and this was somewhat successful since the cavalry at that time did not charge the enemy at full gallop.  Others tried to combine firepower with mobility by using novel cavalry tactics such as the caracole, but these slowed the cavalry down and proved largely ineffective. The best solutions involved creating hybrid units of mounted infantry, most notably dragoons. Although they proved highly useful and versatile troops, whether they fired mounted or dismounted, they still had to slow down or stop at least temporarily, thereby losing their main advantages as cavalry.  In the early 18th century the Russian army began equipping cavalry formations with small units of light horse artillery equipped with 2-pound cannons, and portable 3-pound mortars which were transported on horseback (the weights refer to the size of the projectiles, not the artillery pieces.) Though not decisive by themselves, these units inflicted losses on Prussian troops and influenced Frederick the Great to form the first regular horse artillery unit in 1759.

18th century modernization.

Frederick understood that the greatest threat to massed infantry was concentrated artillery fire. He realized that even small and relatively light guns could severely disrupt or destroy infantry units if they could be brought in close enough and fire often enough. But since even light foot artillery travelled at the speed of a marching soldier, the solution was to make every artilleryman a part-time horseman. Through relentless drill and discipline Frederick emphasized mobility and speed in all phases of their operations. The unit consisted of a battery of six 6-pound cannons with 48 men, including 3 officers. The battery was wiped out and reformed twice in that same year at the Battle of Kunersdorf and the Battle of Maxen. Despite the setbacks, the new arm had proved so successful that it was quickly reorganized and by the start of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792 consisted of three companies of 605 men, with batteries consisting of eight 6-pound guns and one 7-pound mortar each.  French artilleryman, engineer and general Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval had served with the military mission to Prussia, as well as fighting against Frederick in the Seven Years' War. After that war he made numerous technical improvements to French cannons which made them lighter, faster and much easier to aim. These improvements proved a great advantage to horse artillery as well. Later, the British army officer Henry Shrapnel invented a deadly new type of ammunition that was put to effective use by horse artillery units.  The popularity of the new type of unit caught on quickly with other armies. Austria organized a limited amount of "cavalry artillery" in 1778 where most of the gun crew rode specially designed, padded gun carriages called "Wursts" ("sausages"), rather than on separate horses, into battle. Hanover formed its first cavalry batteries in 1786 and the Hanoverian general Victor von Trew performed several trials in 1791 which proved the great speed and efficiency by which an all-mounted crew could operate. At this time the Denmark had also formed mounted artillery units and by 1792 Sweden had formed its first regular riding batteries, followed by Great Britain in 1793, Russia in 1794 and Portugal in 1796.

19th century zenith.

During the Napoleonic Wars, horse artillery would be used extensively and effectively in every major battle and campaign. The largest and probably most efficient horse artillery of any nation was that of the French revolutionary army which was first formed in 1792. The French units were especially well-trained and disciplined since the newly formed arm had proved very popular and could draw on a considerable number of recruits. By 1795 it had grown to eight regiments of six six-gun batteries each, making it the largest horse artillery force ever assembled.  Horse artillery units generally used lighter pieces (6-pounders), pulled by six horses. 9-pounders were pulled by eight horses, and heavier artillery pieces (12-pounders) needed a team of twelve horses. With the individual riding horses required for officers, surgeons and other support staff, as well as those pulling the artillery guns and supply wagons, an artillery battery of six guns could require 160 to 200 horses. Horse artillery usually came under the command of cavalry divisions, but in some battles, such as Waterloo, horse artillery was used as a rapid response force, repulsing attacks and assisting the infantry. Agility was important; the ideal artillery horse was around 15-16 hands high (150–160 cm, 60 to 64 inches), strongly built, but able to move quickly. In the Mexican–American War, the U.S. Army horse artillery, or "flying artillery" played a decisive role in several key battles. In the American Civil War, various elements of the horse artillery of the Army of the Potomac were at times grouped together in the U.S. Horse Artillery Brigade. In the U.S., units of horse artillery were generally referred to officially as "light artillery".  During the 19th and early 20th century, European-style horse artillery was used in South American countries such as Chile and Peru, quite prominently during the War of the Pacific.

Modern decline.

As technology advanced and the firepower of infantry and foot artillery increased, the role of cavalry, and thus the horse artillery, began to decline. It continued to be used and improved into the early 20th century, seeing action during and in between both world wars. In World War I, Russia and some other countries equipped the artillery batteries of their cavalry divisions with the same field gun used by other units. France and the United Kingdom, however, used specialist horse guns (the Canon de 75 modèle 1912 Schneider and the Ordnance QF 13 pounder, respectively.)  Subsequently, the cavalry and horse artillery units rearmed with tanks and self-propelled artillery. As with the cavalry, though, certain artillery units, for instance the Royal Horse Artillery, retain their old designations. Horse artillery was last used in a few units in World War II, including the Wehrmacht's cavalry divisions on the Eastern Front, the Italian "fast divisions" (e.g. in the Isbuscenskij charge), and the Imperial Japanese Army in Malaya. A form of riding artillery using heavy machine guns called tachankas were used by the Poles and Russians in World War I, the Russian Civil War, and the German Invasion of Poland. In the United Kingdom, the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery retains six traditional teams of six horses each and 13-pounder guns for ceremonial duties to this day.

Horse artillery was a type of light, fast-moving, and fast-firing artillery which provided highly mobile fire support, especially to cavalry units. Horse artillery units existed in armies in Europe, the Americas, and Asia, from the 17th to the mid 20th century. A precursor of modern self-propelled artillery, it consisted of light cannons or howitzers attached to light but sturdy two-wheeled carriages called caissons or limbers, with the individual crewmen riding on horses. This was in contrast to the rest of the field artillery, which were also horse-drawn but whose gunners were normally transported seated on the gun carriage, wagons or limbers.

Als Berittene Artillerie wurde die mit kleineren Geschützen ausgerüstete Artillerie bezeichnet, deren Kanoniere zur besseren Beweglichkeit im Gefecht (schnellerer Stellungswechsel) und auf dem Marsch auf Pferden ritten. Die Berittene Artillerie bildete im Deutschen Heer zusammen mit der Fahrenden Artillerie die Feldartillerie. In Österreich hieß sie „Fahrende Artillerie“.


In scripture.

The earliest known foreshadowing of the major legends of the Kayanian kings appears in the "Yashts" of the Avesta, where the dynasts offer sacrifices to the gods in order to earn their support and to gain strength in the perpetual struggle against their enemies, the "Anaryas" (non-Aryans, sometimes identified as the Turanians).  In "Yasht" 5, 9.25, 17.45-46, Haosravah, a Kayanian king later known as Kay Khosrow, together with Zoroaster and Jamasp (a premier of Zoroaster's patron Vishtaspa, another Kayanian king) worship in Airyanem Vaejah. The account tells that King Haosravah united the various Aryan (Iranian) tribes into one nation ("Yasht" 5.49, 9.21, 15.32, 17.41).

In tradition and folklore.

Towards the end of the Sassanid period, Khosrow II (590-628, named after the Kay Khosrow of legend) ordered a compilation of the legends surrounding the Kayanians. The result was the "Khwaday-Namag" or "Book of Lords," a long historiography of the Iranian nation from the primordial Gayomart to the reign of Khosrow II, with events arranged according to the perceived sequence of kings and queens, fifty in number.  The compilation may have been prompted by concern over deteriorating national spirit. There were disastrous global climate changes of 535-536 and the Plague of Justinian to contend with and the Iranians would have found much-needed solace in the collected legends of their past.  Following the collapse of the Sassanid Empire and the subsequent rise of Islam in the region, the Kayanian legends fell out of favour until the first revival of Iranian culture under the Samanids. Together with the folklore preserved in the Avesta, the "Khwaday-Namag" served as the foundation of other epic collections in prose, such as those commissioned by Abu Mansur Abd al-Razzaq, the texts of which have since been lost. The Samanid-sponsored revival also led to the resurgence of Zoroastrian literature, such as the Denkard, book 7.1 of which is also a historiography of Kayanians. The best known work of the genre is however Firdowsi's "Shahnameh" "Book of Kings", which - though drawing on earlier works - is entirely in verse.

The Kayanians (also Kays, Kayanids or Kaianids, or Kiani) are a semi-mythological dynasty of Persian tradition and folklore which supposedly ruled after the Pishdadids. Considered collectively, the Kayanian kings are the heroes of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, and of the "Shahnameh", Iran's national epic.

Die Kayaniden (auch "Kayanian, Kaianiden" oder "Kays") sind eine semi-mythologische Dynastie der großiranischen Tradition. Generell betrachtet sind die Kayanidenkönige die Helden des Avesta, der heiligen Bücher des Zoroastrismus, und des Schāhnāme, des Nationalepos der iranischen Welt. Einige Gelehrte wie Biruni setzten die Kayaniden mit der persischen Dynastie der Achämeniden gleich.


Plot.

Stefan is a German student from Lübeck, who has finished his mathematics studies and decides to have an adventure to discard his personal commitments. After hitch-hiking to Paris, he makes friends with Charlie while playing cards in a Latin Quarter, at the hotel La Louisiane round room 36, at the crossing of rue de Seine and rue de Buci, and they decide to commit a burglary to get some money. At a swinging Left Bank party, Stefan meets a free-spirited-beautiful but elusive American girl called Estelle and follows her to Ibiza. The two become lovers, with an atmosphere of easy sex, nude sunbathing and lots of drugs.  He discovers Estelle is involved with a former Nazi called Dr. Wolf. Borrowing a villa from a hippie, Stefan saves Estelle from Dr. Wolf only to find she does not really want to be saved, and she introduces him to heroin (referred to by the old street name, "horse"), which she has stolen from Dr. Wolf. Stefan is initially against Estelle using heroin, but having used it previously, she persuades him to try it. Soon Stefan and Estelle are both heavily addicted to heroin. They try to break the addiction using LSD and initially manage to stay clean.  However, after a while they are both using heroin again. Unable to break free of the addiction, it quickly spirals out of control leading to Stefan's death.

Production.

The French film censorship board in 1969 insisted that some of the dialogue be censored around the 81-minute mark before the film could be released. In the film, as the couple mixes up a hallucinogenic concoction in the kitchen, the ingredients "benzedrine" and "banana peel" are deleted from the audio track. On the DVD the words have been re-added as subtitles.  Most of the movie was shot on the island of Ibiza. The castle of Ibiza, which dominates the harbour and the town, is the scene for the final act. A tunnel near the castle was also used in Paris, the movie was shot at Hotel La Louisiane in real room 36.

Post-production.

Music and soundtrack.

The soundtrack from the film "More" has some typical instrumental jams. "The Nile Song" which, quite out of character for Pink Floyd, borders on the Stooges-like heavy rock, and a ballad featuring bongos called "Cymbaline"; written by Roger Waters but performed by David Gilmour. In the film, when Estelle gets out of her bed in her apartment in Paris, she puts on a record and changes her clothes, shouts "Groovy!"

Release.

Critical reception.

Upon its release, "More" garnered mainly negative reviews from film critics, and was controversially reviewed by audiences and scholars, who commented on the drug use and impacts. In later years, the film has since received critical acclaim. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval audience rating of 72% based on 954 ratings, and 3 reviews with a rating average of 3.6/5. At AlloCiné, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 3.7 based on 37 critics.  With regard to the film's overall design, Roger Ebert stated, ""More" is a weird, freaky movie about two hedonistic kids who destroy themselves with drugs. More precisely, it's about a kinky American girl who destroys her German boyfriend and in the process destroys herself... The message seems to be: Sure, speed kills, but what a way to go."

Home media.

The film was released by The Criterion Collection under Home Vision Entertainment section in April 5, 2005; and a Blu-ray as a single disc variant with a single DVD disc version was released on September 19, 2011, from the British Film Institute.

More is an English-language drama-romance film written and directed by Barbet Schroeder, in his theatrical feature film directorial debut, released in 1969. Starring Mimsy Farmer and Klaus Grünberg, it deals with heroin addiction as drug fascination on the island of Ibiza, Spain. Made in the political fallout of the 1960s counterculture, the film features drug experimentation, "free love", and other references to contemporary European youth culture.

More – mehr – immer mehr (Alternativtitel: "Gier nach Lust") ist ein Film von Barbet Schroeder aus dem Jahr 1969 mit Mimsy Farmer und Klaus Grünberg in den Hauptrollen. "More" ist der erste Film, zu dem die englische Band Pink Floyd die gesamte Filmmusik komponiert und gespielt hat. Das Album wurde unter dem Titel Soundtrack from the Film More veröffentlicht.


Early life.

Maskell was born in Fulham, London, England. His father was an engineer, and Dan was the seventh of his eight children.  His family could not afford to take up a place at Latymer Upper School, a grammar school in Hammersmith, so he was educated at Everington Street School instead. He captained the school football team, and was a ballboy at Queen's Club during the school holidays. Maskell soon decided to concentrate on tennis, and left school in 1923 to become a full-time ballboy at Queen's Club.

Tennis career.

Maskell became a junior teaching professional at Queen's in 1924, aged 16, and was given a five-year contract in 1926, teaching real tennis, rackets, and squash in addition to lawn tennis. The main tennis championships were then open only to amateurs. Maskell arranged the first World Professional Championships, played at Queen's Club in October 1927, which he won by defeating Charles Read. Maskell became British professional champion in 1928, and won the title another 15 times until 1951.  He was coach of the winning British Davis Cup team of 1933.  He served in the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. He became a rehabilitation officer in 1940, assisting wounded aircrew to recover their fitness in Torquay and then Loughborough. He was promoted to the rank of squadron leader, and appointed OBE in 1945 for his wartime service. After World War Two he continued playing tournaments he won the Slazenger Pro Championships, (1946-1947) and the Cheltenham Pro Championships in 1946.  After he was demobilised, he returned to the All England Club, and continued as a tennis professional. He coached members of the British Royal Family, including Princess Alexandra, Prince Charles, Princess Anne and Prince Andrew. He was chairman of the Professional Tennis Coaches Association, and became the first professional to be admitted as an honorary member of the All England Club in 1953. He retired as a tennis professional in 1955, but was then employed by the Lawn Tennis Association as its training manager until 1973. He was appointed CBE in 1982 for services to tennis.

Commentating career.

Maskell began commentating on the Wimbledon Championships in 1949 as an expert summariser for BBC Radio alongside Max Robertson, before switching to television in 1951 with Freddie Grisewood. He would remain as the "voice of tennis" on the BBC until his retirement in 1991. When commenting on a particularly exciting piece of play or an outstanding shot, he sometimes used his most remembered and revered catchphrase "Oh, I say!".  He was also the BBC commentator when tennis resumed as an Olympic sport, first as a demonstration sport in Los Angeles in 1984, and then as a full-medal sport in Seoul in 1988.  The last Wimbledon match that he commentated on was the 1991 Men's Singles final between Michael Stich and Boris Becker (which Stich won). The last tennis match Maskell commentated on for BBC Television was the 1991 Grand Slam Cup final between David Wheaton and Michael Chang. At Wimbledon in 1992, Maskell was presented with a silver salver by the Duke of Kent. Maskell claimed to have attended every day of play at Wimbledon from 1929 onwards, and that he had first attended Wimbledon in 1924 when he saw the women's singles final.

Private life.

Maskell married his first wife, Constance Cox, in 1936. They had a daughter, Robin, and a son, Jay. Outside tennis, he enjoyed skiing and golf. His son, an accountant who qualified as a private pilot, was killed when his small aircraft crashed in the Bahamas in 1970. His wife drowned while swimming at Antigua in 1979. Maskell married his second wife, Kathleen Latto, in 1980. He published an autobiography, "From Where I Sit", in 1988.  He suffered from prostate cancer in later life. On 10 December 1992, he died in his sleep, of heart failure, at East Surrey Hospital in Redhill, survived by his second wife and daughter.  He was posthumously inducted as a member of the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1996.  The Dan Maskell Tennis Trust was founded in 1997 as a restricted fund of The Tennis Foundation, and became an independent charity in 2010. Its aims are to raise money to help disabled people to play tennis in three main areas: wheelchair tennis, deaf tennis and tennis for people with learning disabilities.

Daniel Maskell (11 April 1908 – 10 December 1992) was an English tennis professional who later became even better known as a radio and television commentator on the game. He was recognised as the BBC's "voice of tennis", and the "voice of Wimbledon".

Daniel „Dan“ Maskell (* 11. April 1908 in Fulham, London; † 10. Dezember 1992 ebenda) war ein britischer Tennisspieler, Davis-Cup-Trainer und Radio- und TV-Kommentator.


Early years.

Flacco was born on January 16, 1985 in Audubon, New Jersey. The son of Karen (née Madden) and Steve Flacco, Joe is the oldest of five boys. The Flacco family is

College career.

University of Pittsburgh.

In 2003, as part of the Pittsburgh Panthers football team, Flacco was redshirted as a freshman for a team that went 8–5.  In 2004, Flacco was the backup quarterback behind starter

University of Delaware.

Flacco transferred to the University of Delaware in 2005, but was not eligible to play that season. He saw his first full-time action during the 2006 season, throwing for 2,783 yards, 18 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. Delaware's Fightin' Blue Hens ultimately struggled to a 5–6 record and failed to qualify for the FCS playoffs.  In the 2007 season, Flacco led his team to an 8–3 regular season record while compiling 4,263 yards, 23 touchdowns and 5 interceptions. Arguably his best game came against Navy where he threw for 434

Professional career.

At Delaware, Flacco was pessimistic about his chances to play in the NFL, and after his junior year asked his coach for permission to play baseball. The coach predicted that he would be selected in the NFL Draft, surprising Flacco. With a solid showing at the Senior Bowl and NFL Combine, Flacco solidified himself as a top five quarterback in the 2008 NFL Draft. Flacco won the long distance throw competition in ESPN's State Farm College Football All-Star Challenge with a 74-yard throw, beating out Matt Ryan, Colt Brennan, Chad Henne, and John David Booty, later winning the Taco Bell Quarterback Scramble with a time of 15.72 seconds.  Members of the Baltimore Ravens' front office, having attended Flacco's workout at the Senior Bowl, were impressed by his ability to throw in rainy and windy conditions. Flacco again impressed the Ravens' personnel in the poor weather conditions of his workout at Delaware, despite their low expectations given Delaware's small-school pedigree—Flacco performed the workout on an uncut, unlined field with his own footballs. Ravens assistant general manager Eric DeCosta later stated the workouts left him confident Flacco could succeed in the late-season conditions in Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

Baltimore Ravens.

Flacco was drafted by the Ravens with the 18th overall pick in the 2008 NFL Draft after the team traded out of the eight overall selection to the 26th, then up again. The selection made Flacco the highest drafted player ever from the University of Delaware. He was also the first Division I-FCS (formerly I-AA) quarterback selected in the first round of the draft since Steve McNair went third overall to the Houston Oilers in the 1995 NFL Draft. Draft commentators initially criticized the pick as a "reach", feeling Flacco would likely have still been available in the middle of the second round. DeCosta, however, stated waiting was too much of a gamble and that choosing Flacco in the first round was "an easy decision to make."  On July 16, 2008, he signed a five-year contract with a maximum value of around $30 million, and $8.75 million guaranteed.

2008 season.

Due to a season-ending injury to incumbent starter Kyle Boller and an illness to former Heisman Trophy winner Troy Smith, Flacco became the starting quarterback in the 2008 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals. He completed 15 of 29 passes for 129 yards, his longest pass being a 15-yard play to Derrick Mason. He threw no touchdowns and no interceptions in his debut, but he had a 38-yard rushing touchdown, which was the longest rushing touchdown by a quarterback in Ravens' franchise history. Flacco's touchdown put the Ravens up by 17–3; the team eventually won the game 17–10. In his first season, Flacco was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week in Week 9, NFL Rookie of the week, the NFLPA Rookie of the week, and NFL Rookie of the Month for November. Flacco finished his rookie season 257/428 for 2,971 yards with a total of 16 touchdowns (14 passing, 2 rushing), and 14 turnovers (12 interceptions and 2 lost

2009 season.

In the season opening game in Baltimore against the Kansas City Chiefs, Joe Flacco led the Ravens to their first win of the season. He threw for 307 yards and three touchdowns, both career highs, along with 18 yards rushing. He also threw one interception and had a quarterback rating of 95.8. During this game, the Ravens broke the franchise record for most offensive yards in a game with a total of 501.  In Week 15 against the Chicago

2010 season.

In the season opener, Flacco and the Ravens opened New Meadowlands Stadium against the New York Jets. Flacco threw for 248 yards while completing 52.6% of his passes, throwing one interception and losing a fumble. In a defensive contest, the Ravens came away with the 10–9 win over their former defensive coordinator Rex Ryan.  In Week 2 at the Cincinnati Bengals, Flacco had arguably his worst NFL start of his young career, throwing for 154 yards while completing just 43.6% of his passes and throwing a

2011 season.

Flacco had his best game of the season in Week 3 against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He went 27-of-48 with a season-high 389 yards through the air and three touchdowns, all in the first quarter and to rookie wideout Torrey Smith (who actually finished the game with a five catch, 152-yard breakout performance). Flacco had a 103.6 rating, as well as 27 yards rushing and a lost fumble. The Ravens scored a season-high 37 points in the 30-point blowout victory, and also gained a franchise record 553 offensive yards.  Flacco had three more 300-yard games during the regular season: against the Houston Texans, Arizona Cardinals and Steelers in a "Sunday Night Football" matchup. He won all three of these games, sweeping Pittsburgh for the first time in his career, but also lost fumbles in each one. Despite losing to the

2012 season: Super Bowl MVP.

On the NFL Network's Top 100 Players of 2012 list, Flacco was ranked 74th by his fellow players. Despite Flacco's success—the Ravens were in the playoffs each of his first four seasons—few saw him as among the NFL's best quarterbacks. Before January 2015, he had never been selected for the Pro Bowl. In April 2012 Flacco was, as "The New York Times" later stated, "almost universally mocked" when he stated that he was the best quarterback in the NFL, superior to Brady, Peyton Manning, or Aaron Rodgers. "I don’t think I’d be very successful at my job if I didn’t feel that way", Flacco said. In July, he turned down the Raven's offer of a new contract, reportedly for $16 million a year, telling his agent that he believed he could improve and earn more. In the opening week, Flacco passed for 299 yards and two

2013 season.

On March 4, 2013, Flacco became the highest-paid quarterback in NFL history when he signed a six-year contract worth $120.6 million. However, within months, he was surpassed by the Packers' Aaron Rodgers and the Falcons' Matt Ryan.  Flacco's 2013 season was statistically the worst of his career. For the first time as an NFL quarterback, Flacco threw more interceptions than he threw touchdowns. His 22 interceptions in the season

2014 season.

In their 2014 season home opener, the Ravens played against the division rival Cincinnati Bengals. The game saw the Ravens trailing practically the entire time; however, their one lead of the game came off of an 80-yard touchdown pass from Flacco to wide receiver Steve Smith Sr.. As of the 2016 season, it was the longest throw of Flacco's career. However, the Ravens would go on to lose the game 23–16, after Bengals' quarterback Andy Dalton connected with receiver A. J. Green for an even more stupendous 77-yard touchdown that would ultimately be the game winner. It would be the first time since 2005 that the Ravens lost their home opener. Flacco finished the game completing 35 of 62 passes and throwing for a season-high 345 passing yards along with a touchdown and an interception, with a passer rating of 71.0.  Flacco had his best game of the

2015 season.

The Ravens began their 2015 season in a road game against the Denver Broncos, the place where Flacco had his breakout playoff performance nearly three years earlier. Leading the game, 13–9, with less than a minute left in the third quarter, Flacco threw a pass down the middle of the field, aiming for Steve Smith Sr., but missed the pass terribly, as it was intercepted by Broncos cornerback Aqib Talib and returned 51 yards for a touchdown. It was Flacco's first pick-six since the 2013 season finale. With less than a minute left in the game, the Ravens had the ball at the Denver 16-yard line and were trailing, 19–13. Flacco threw a pass into the end zone, intended for double-covered tight end Crockett Gillmore, which was intercepted by

2016 season.

On March 2, 2016, Flacco agreed to a three-year extension to remain with the team. After their Week 3 victory against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Flacco and the Ravens had accrued a 3–0 record, their best record after three games since 2009, but the Ravens would struggle down the stretch, finishing with an 8–8 record and missing the playoffs for the

2017 season.

On July 26, 2017, it was revealed that Flacco was diagnosed with a back injury, ruling him out for 3–6 weeks of training camp. During "Thursday Night Football" against the Miami Dolphins in Week 8, Flacco suffered a concussion after a hit from Kiko Alonso. Flacco

2018 season.

On September 9, 2018, Flacco threw for three touchdowns and had a passer rating of 121.7 in the season-opening blowout against the Buffalo Bills 47–3. The next week, on "Thursday Night Football", he recorded 376 yards and two touchdowns along with two interceptions against the Cincinnati Bengals, losing his seventh game in Cincinnati. He fumbled the ball in the fourth quarter, ending the chance for a comeback.  After suffering a hip injury during a Week 9 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers, Flacco was replaced by rookie Lamar Jackson as the Ravens' starting quarterback. Jackson performed well going 6–1 at the helm, and Flacco served in a backup role for the first time in his NFL career after he was cleared to play. Overall, Flacco finished with 2,465 passing yards, 12 touchdowns, and six interceptions. During the at home against the Los Angeles Chargers, which the Ravens trailing as much as 23–3 due to early struggles by Jackson, many fans chanted for Flacco to be brought on which never happened, while late in the fourth quarter, Jackson managed to make the game close in a 23–17 final loss.

Denver Broncos.

On February 13, 2019, the Ravens agreed to trade Flacco to the Denver Broncos in exchange for their fourth-round pick in the 2019 NFL Draft. The deal became official on March 13, 2019.

2019 season.

In his Broncos debut, Flacco threw for 268 yards and a touchdown in a 16–24 road loss to the Oakland Raiders on "Monday Night Football". Flacco made his debut at Empower Field at Mile High in Week 2 against the Chicago Bears. In the game, Flacco threw for 292 yards, one touchdown, and one interception as the Broncos lost 16-14. With 31 seconds left in the game, Flacco threw a seven-yard touchdown pass and a two-point conversion both to wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders to take a 14-13 lead. However, the Bears quickly drove down the field and Eddy Piñeiro

New York Jets.

On May 27, 2020, Joe

Endorsements.

Flacco signed a three-year contract with Reebok as a rookie in 2008. In 2009–2010, Flacco was a spokesperson for Pizza Hut, which sold a product called "Flacco's Favorites". Flacco has also endorsed Nike and 1st Mariner Bank,

Personal life.

Joe Flacco married his wife Dana in 2011. Together they have five children; their first child Stephen Flacco was born in June 2012, Daniel Flacco was born September 15, 2013, about an hour before the start of the Ravens' home opener. Francis Flacco was born in January 2015 and Thomas Flacco was born in April 2018. The Flaccos' only daughter, Evelyn Flacco, was born in September 2016.  He is the oldest out of the five boys in his family. His brothers are named Mike, John, Brian, and Tom; He also has a sister named Stephanie. His brother Mike was selected in the 31st round of the 2009 Major League Baseball draft by the Baltimore Orioles, and was the starting first baseman for the Frederick Keys, who won the 2011 Carolina League championship. He hit for a.250 average, with 5 HRs and 22 RBIs in 50 games with the Keys. The Orioles traded him to the Boston Red Sox on March 15, 2013, and rather than accepting the assignment, Flacco decided to retire from baseball. He then enrolled at the University of New Haven to play football as a tight end, and declared for the 2014 NFL Draft. Another brother, John, was a walk-on receiver with the Stanford Cardinal football team and played against the Army Black Knights football team at the 2013 Stanford vs. Army football game. Joe's youngest brother, Tom Flacco, enrolled in 2015 at Western Michigan University, where he played quarterback for two seasons before transferring to Rutgers in 2017 and then Towson in 2018.  In a survey by Fanatics in January 2017, Flacco was elected as the most attractive player in the NFL.

Joseph Vincent Flacco (born January 16, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Delaware after transferring from Pittsburgh, and was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft.

Joseph Vincent „Joe“ Flacco (* 16. Januar 1985 in Audubon, Camden County, New Jersey) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Quarterbacks. Mit den Baltimore Ravens gewann er den Super Bowl XLVII. In der Saison 2019 stand er bei den Denver Broncos in der National Football League (NFL) unter Vertrag, zurzeit ist er Free Agent.


Introduction.

Statement of convention.

According to this convention, when an index variable appears twice in a single term and is not otherwise defined (see free and bound variables), it implies summation of that term over all the values of the index. So where the indices can range over the set,  is simplified by the convention to:  The upper indices are not exponents but are indices of coordinates, coefficients or basis vectors. That is, in this context should be understood as the second component of rather than the square of (this can occasionally lead to ambiguity). The upper index position in is because, typically, an index occurs once in an upper (superscript) and once in a lower (subscript) position in a term (see "" below). Typically, would be equivalent to the traditional.  In general relativity, a common convention is that  In general, indices can range over any indexing set, including an infinite set. This should not be confused with a typographically similar convention used to distinguish between tensor index notation and the closely related but distinct basis-independent abstract index notation.  An index that is summed over is a "summation index", in this case "". It is also called a dummy index since any symbol can replace "" without changing the meaning of the expression provided that it does not collide with index symbols in the same term.  An index that is not summed over is a "free index" and should appear only once per term. If such an index does appear, it usually also appears in terms belonging to the same sum, with the exception of special values such as zero.

Application.

Einstein notation can be applied in slightly different ways. Typically, each index occurs once in an upper (superscript) and once in a lower (subscript) position in a term; however, the convention can be applied more generally to any repeated indices within a term. When dealing with covariant and contravariant vectors, where the position of an index also indicates the type of vector, the first case usually applies; a covariant vector can only be contracted with a contravariant vector, corresponding to summation of the products of coefficients. On the other hand, when there is a fixed coordinate basis (or when not considering coordinate vectors), one may choose to use only subscripts; see "" below.

Vector representations.

Superscripts and subscripts versus only subscripts.

In terms of covariance and contravariance of vectors,  They transform contravariantly or covariantly, respectively, with respect to change of basis.  In recognition of this fact, the following notation uses the same symbol both for a vector or covector and its "components", as in:  where is the vector and are its components (not the th covector ), is the covector and are its components. The basis vector elements formula_4 are each column vectors, and the covector basis elements formula_5 are each row covectors. (See also Abstract Description; duality, below and the examples)  In the presence of a non-degenerate form (an isomorphism, for instance a Riemannian metric or Minkowski metric), one can raise and lower indices.  A basis gives such a form (via the dual basis), hence when working on with a Euclidean metric and a fixed orthonormal basis, one has the option to work with only subscripts.  However, if one changes coordinates, the way that coefficients change depends on the variance of the object, and one cannot ignore the distinction; see covariance and contravariance of vectors.

Mnemonics.

In the above example, vectors are represented as matrices (column vectors), while covectors are represented as matrices (row covectors).  When using the column vector convention:

Abstract description.

The virtue of Einstein notation is that it represents the invariant quantities with a simple notation.  In physics, a scalar is invariant under transformations of basis. In particular, a Lorentz scalar is invariant under a Lorentz transformation. The individual terms in the sum are not. When the basis is changed, the "components" of a vector change by a linear transformation described by a matrix. This led Einstein to propose the convention that repeated indices imply the summation is to be done.  As for covectors, they change by the inverse matrix. This is designed to guarantee that the linear function associated with the covector, the sum above, is the same no matter what the basis is.  The value of the Einstein convention is that it applies to other vector spaces built from using the tensor product and duality. For example,, the tensor product of with itself, has a basis consisting of tensors of the form. Any tensor in can be written as: , the dual of, has a basis,,..., </sup> which obeys the rule  where is the Kronecker delta. As  the row/column coordinates on a matrix correspond to the upper/lower indices on the tensor product.

Common operations in this notation.

In Einstein notation, the usual element reference for the th row and th column of matrix becomes. We can then write the following operations in Einstein notation as follows.

Inner product (hence also vector dot product).

Using an orthogonal basis, the inner product is the sum of corresponding components multiplied together:  This can also be calculated by multiplying the covector on the vector.

Vector cross product.

Again using an orthogonal basis (in 3 dimensions) the cross product intrinsically involves summations over permutations of components:  where

Matrix-vector multiplication.

The product of a matrix with a column vector is :  equivalent to  This is a special case of matrix multiplication.

Matrix multiplication.

The matrix product of two matrices and is:  equivalent to

Trace.

For a square matrix, the trace is the sum of the diagonal elements, hence the sum over a common index.

Outer product.

The outer product of the column vector by the row vector yields an matrix :  Since and represent two "different" indices, there is no summation and the indices are not eliminated by the multiplication.

Raising and lowering indices.

Given a tensor, one can raise an index or lower an index by contracting the tensor with the metric tensor,. For example, take the tensor, one can raise an index:  Or one can lower an index:

In mathematics, especially in applications of linear algebra to physics, the Einstein notation or Einstein summation convention is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving notational brevity. As part of mathematics it is a notational subset of Ricci calculus; however, it is often used in applications in physics that do not distinguish between tangent and cotangent spaces. It was introduced to physics by Albert Einstein in 1916.

Die einsteinsche Summenkonvention ist eine Konvention zur Notation mathematischer Ausdrücke innerhalb des "Ricci-Kalküls" und stellt eine Indexschreibweise dar. Dieser Kalkül wird in der Tensoranalysis, der Differentialgeometrie und insbesondere in der theoretischen Physik verwendet. Die Summenkonvention wurde 1916 von Albert Einstein eingeführt. Mit ihr werden die Summenzeichen zur Verbesserung der Übersicht einfach weggelassen und stattdessen wird über doppelt auftretende Indizes summiert.


Discovery Centre.

The centre focuses on chemistry and the history of the chemical industry. In addition to static exhibitions and hands-on experiments, it contains the Alchemy Theatre which gives three-dimensional presentations and allows interactive voting. Family workshops are arranged during school and bank holidays. The centre organises a monthly "Science Club" for children aged 11–14 years, and "OATS" ("Over Age Teenage Scientists") for those aged over 14 years. According to former director Gordon Rintoul, as quoted in an article about the opening of the new building, one of the main purposes of the museum was to forge closer links between industry and the public. The museum attracts some 30,000 visitors per annum. About 25% of the current annual total is accounted for by school classes for which Catalyst provides an education program that links directly to the National Curriculum. Catalyst holds the accreditation of 'Quality Assured Visitor Attraction' and to date, has won a number of major awards, including the prestigious Gulbenkian award.  The centre charges an entrance fee., the regular admission fee is £5.95, and the concession fee is £4.95; in 1989 it was £1 for regular admission and 50p for children.

History.

Catalyst is located in Widnes, Cheshire, adjacent to Spike Island. The museum is housed in an old four-storey building with modern extensions. The building was originally known as the Tower Building and was constructed around 1860 by John Hutchinson as the administrative centre for his alkali business. It later became the head office of the Gossage soap company, which at one time was the largest of its kind in the world and handled half of the UK's soap exports. Moreover, the town of Widnes was once considered to be the centre of the chemical manufacturing industry in the North West and has strongly been influenced by it for the last 170 years.  The origins of the museum lie in the centenary exhibition of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1982. The development of Catalyst was originally initiated by a number of companies in the chemical industry in partnership with Halton Borough Council. It began as a research project in 1982. A study was conducted to find out whether sufficient material and an appropriate location were available to set up a museum devoted to chemical industry and a temporary display area was set up in the Old Town Hall in Widnes. It was a very traditional exhibit based display that dealt in equal parts with the local chemical industry and other local history.  By 1986 the space in the Old Town Hall was needed for other uses so Catalyst moved to its present location in Gossage Building in the West Bank area of Widnes. Dr. Gordon Rintoul, who became the new director in 1987, brought about a change of policy concerning the exhibition concept. He wanted to get away from exclusively local matters and focus on chemistry in everyday life.  The museum opened as "The Museum of the Chemical Industry" in 1989. It was said to be the world's first museum dedicated to the chemical industry.  A glass lift and an enclosed glazed roof-top observation deck, designed by, were added to the building in 1989 as part of the development of it into a museum.  In 1991, Rintoul was also the person who initiated the project for a new gallery in which visitors would be able to explore aspects of the chemical industry by "See,Touch,Do" exhibits after the examples of the Exploratorium in San Francisco and the Bristol Exploratory, a predecessor to At-Bristol.  In 1994–95, an extension was added to the north to provide an education centre and visitor services.  Although the museum is relatively young, it has already seen some major changes of location and of the exhibition concept, especially during the first years after its establishment.

Collection.

The museum holds a collection of archives relating to the chemical industry. The collection was started in 1982 with the setting up of the Halton Chemical Industry Museum Project as a project funded by the Manpower Services Commission and Halton Borough Council. The collection consists of nearly 8,000 individually numbered items and groups including objects, archive material and photographs. However, in terms of physical numbers of individual items and items within groups, the number of items approaches 10,000. If the individual research files from the ICI General Chemicals Group are also included then the collection would exceed 35,000 items. More information about the collections can be found on the Catalyst website.  The archives include company documents of all kinds, product brochures and general ephemera, consisting of documents, photographs and the entire research archive of the ICI General Chemical Division (including pre-war personal injury records), Peter Spence Archive, Hutchinson Dock Estate Papers, and the Clayton Aniline Company Archive, McKechnie Brothers ledgers, the Vine Chemicals/Barium Chemicals Limited documents, documents from J.W. Towers and Company (later Gallenkamps).  The photographic collection, consisting of 35mm negatives and photographs, documents products and processes, company history, social activity and local history from Merseyside, South Lancashire, and North and Mid Cheshire areas. The collection also houses photographic material from the Teesside Bridge & Engineering Company. They also hold on loan the Brunner Mond film collection.  The objects range from test tubes to a 20-ton cast iron caustic soda finishing vessel, laboratory equipment, and chemical samples. Catalyst has also collected some local social history objects which have helped to give a human context to the collection as a whole. The collection has concentrated, in terms of industry, on the salt-based chemical industries of Merseyside, South Lancashire and North and Mid Cheshire, along with other chemical industries that have arisen in these areas. The social history collection has been confined to Widnes and Runcorn and its environs.  The library comprises several sets of bound volumes including the Journal for Society of Chemical Industry, and the Imperial Chemical Industries magazine and newspaper. There are also many individual volumes relating to aspects of chemistry and industry, and to local area.  The map collection consists of Ordnance Survey maps of Widnes and Runcorn, and includes various Halton Borough Council annotated maps such as the sewer system in Halton, two complete sets of Ropers 1875 survey, a bound set of plans of the proposed Lancashire Plateway relating to Widnes and a set of Transporter Bridge bound plans.  The fine art collection ranges from portraits of local chemical manufacturers in oils and pastel, and depictions of local factories. The collection also includes bronze busts and plaques.

The Catalyst Science Discovery Centre (originally The Museum of the Chemical Industry) is a science centre and museum, focusing on chemistry and the history of the chemical industry, next to Spike Island and the River Mersey in Widnes, Cheshire. The museum is accredited by the Arts Council England.

Catalyst, mit vollständigem Namen Catalyst Science Discovery Centre, ist ein englisches Science Center und Museum über die chemische Industrie. Es befindet sich in der Stadt Widnes im Nordwesten Englands in der Grafschaft Cheshire, am nördlichen Ufer des Flusses Mersey.


Early life and education.

Goodrick-Clarke was born in Lincoln, UK, on 15 January 1953, and was an Open Exhibitioner at Lancing College. At Bristol University he studied German, politics and philosophy and gained a first with distinction. Moving to St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, Goodrick-Clarke took a D.Phil with a dissertation on the modern Occult Revival and theosophy at the end of the nineteenth century.

Career.

Goodrick-Clarke's Oxford DPhil dissertation was the basis for his most celebrated work, "The Occult Roots of Nazism". This book has been continually in print since its first publication in 1985, and has been translated into twelve languages.  Later works include his well-regarded "Paracelsus: Essential Readings", published in 1990, and "Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity".  In his varied career, Goodrick-Clarke worked as a schoolmaster, banker, and a successful fundraiser for The Campaign for Oxford. In 2002, Goodrick-Clarke was appointed a Research Fellow in Western Esotericism at the University of Lampeter, and then in 2005 he was appointed to a personal chair in the department of History at Exeter University. As Professor of Western Esotericism and Director of the Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), Goodrick-Clarke developed a successful distance-learning MA in Western Esotericism and successfully supervised a number of doctoral students. While at Exeter he wrote "The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction", published in 2008.  In 1983, Goodrick-Clarke was one of the founder members of "The Society", an informal London-based association of professional and amateur scholars of esotericism, including Ellic Howe, the publisher Michael Cox, John Hamill, and the scholar of Rosicrucianism, Christopher McIntosh. Goodrick-Clarke was a founding member of both the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism and the Association for the Study of Esotericism (ASE), in America. He was a faculty member of the New York Open Center from 1995.

Later life and death.

Goodrick-Clarke was the Director of the Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO) within the College of Humanities at Exeter until his death on 29 August 2012. Goodrick-Clarke was survived by his wife Clare, whom he married in 1985.

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (15 January 195329 August 2012) was a British historian and professor of Western Esotericism at University of Exeter, best known for his authorship of several scholarly books on inter-war German history, and esoteric traditions.

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (* 15. Januar 1953 in Lincoln; † 29. August 2012) war ein britischer Historiker und Religionswissenschaftler. Er war Direktor des "Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO)" und Inhaber des Lehrstuhls „Westliche Esoterik“ an der University of Exeter.


Structure.

The nucleus basalis in humans is a somewhat diffuse collection of large cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. The main body of the nucleus basalis lies inferior to the anterior commissure and the globus pallidus, and lateral to the anterior hypothalamus in an area known as the substantia innominata. Rostrally, the nucleus basalis is continuous with the cholinergic neurons of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. The nucleus basalis is thought to consist of several subdivisions based on the location of the cells and their projections to other brain regions. Occasional neurons belonging to the nucleus basalis can be found in nearby locations such as the internal laminae of the globus pallidus and the genu of the internal capsule.

Function.

The widespread connections of the nucleus basalis with other parts of the brain indicate that it is likely to have an important modulatory influence on brain function. Studies of the firing patterns of nucleus basalis neurons in nonhuman primates indicate that the cells are associated with arousing stimuli, both positive (appetitive) and negative (aversive). There is also evidence that the nucleus basalis promotes sustained attention, and learning and recall in long term memory  Cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis have been hypothesized to modulate the ratio of reality and virtual reality components of visual perception. Experimental evidence has shown that normal visual perception has two components. The first (A) is a bottom-up component in which the input to the higher visual cortex (where conscious perception takes place) comes from the retina via the lateral geniculate body and V1. This carries information about what is actually outside. The second (B) is a top-down component in which the input to the higher visual cortex comes from other areas of the cortex. This carries information about what the brain computes is most probably outside. In normal vision, what is seen at the center of attention is carried by A, and material at the periphery of attention is carried mainly by B. When a new potentially important stimulus is received, the nucleus basalis is activated. The axons it sends to the visual cortex provide collaterals to pyramidal cells in layer IV (the input layer for retinal fibres) where they activate excitatory nicotinic receptors and thus potentiate retinal activation of V1. The cholinergic axons then proceed to layers I-II (the input layer for cortico-cortical fibers) where they activate inhibitory muscarinic receptors of pyramidal cells, and thus inhibit cortico-cortical conduction. In this way activation of nucleus basalis promotes (A) and inhibits (B), thus allowing full attention to be paid to the new stimulus. Goard and Dan, and Kuo et al. report similar findings. Gerrard Reopit, in 1984, confirmed the reported findings in his research. Merzenich and Kilgard, among others, have investigated the role of the nucleus basalis in sensory plasticity.

Clinical significance.

Neurons of the nucleus basalis are particularly vulnerable in age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and several others. The resulting decrease in acetylcholine in the brain is thought to contribute to the decline in mental function of affected patients. For this reason, most currently available pharmacological treatments for dementia focus on compensating for faltering function of the nucleus basalis through artificially increasing acetylcholine levels. Because many other systems also are compromised in neurodegenerative diseases, the benefits of selectively increasing cholinergic function are limited.

History.

The nucleus basalis is named after Theodor Meynert. Meynert originally called this group of cells the 'ganglion of the ansa peduncularis' (ganglion der Hirnschenkelschlinge), leading Albert von Kölliker in 1896 to recognize Meynert's contribution with the eponym ‘basal ganglion of Meynert’ (Meynert’sches Basalganglion). Later, in a pair of 1942 publications, Harold Brockhaus referred to the cells as the basal nucleus {Basalkern}).. In these reports, he also emphasized the continuity of the nucleus basalis proper with the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, referring to the entire collection of large cells as the basal nucleus complex (Basalkernkomplex).

The nucleus basalis, also known as the nucleus basalis of Meynert or nucleus basalis magnocellularis, is a group of neurons located mainly in the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain. Most neurons of the nucleus basalis are rich in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and they have widespread projections to the neocortex and other brain structures.

Der Nucleus basalis (Meynert, Ch4) ist einer der wichtigsten Acetylcholin produzierenden Kerne des Zentralnervensystems. Er befindet sich im frontalen, basalen Telencephalon in etwa zwischen Amygdala und Globus pallidus. Efferenzen sendet der Nucleus basalis in das limbische System sowie die gesamte Großhirnrinde. Der Kern wurde vom Neuroanatomen Theodor Meynert zum ersten Mal beschrieben.


History and profile.

It was established in 1921 under the initiative of Erling Falk (1887-1940), partly with origins in the debate forum in the Social Democratic Student Association ("Den Socialdemokratiske Studenterforening") at the University of Oslo; partly from a Falk-led study circle which from 1919 involved Viggo Hansteen, Axel Sømme, and Arnold Hazeland. Members were strongly linked to Falk's personality and were subject to strict discipline. The magazine "Mot Dag" was published by the group between 1921 and 1936. The first editor was future author and publishing consultant Sigurd Hoel (1890-1960).  Mot Dag was a collective member of the Norwegian Labour Party from March 1922 until August 1924, but was excluded after a series of disagreements. In 1927, Mot Dag was a part of the Norwegian Communist Party (NKP). From 1929, Mot Dag was an independent political organization. In the middle of the 1930s, Mot Dag made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a new labor party. After the charismatic leader Erling Falk fell sick, Trond Hegna (1898–1992), took over the actual leadership. Hegna would later serve a member of the Norwegian Parliament ("Storting") and leader of the Storting's finance committee.  In 1930, the publishing house Fram forlag was established in part to publish the workers' encyclopedia ("Arbeidernes Leksikon". 1933). Both the magazine and organization dissolved in 1936. The organization had at most approximately 200 members and when it was dissolved in 1936 had about 100. Most of the members followed the internal orders to register in the Labor Party.  After World War II, many former members Mot Dag were leaders in Norwegian politics and culture. Norway's first three post-war Prime Ministers Einar Gerhardsen, Oscar Torp, and John Lyng were all at one point in time part of Mot Dag. In addition were Gro Harlem Brundtland's father, Secretary of Defense Gudmund Harlem; the Labor Party's longstanding secretary Haakon Lie, Oslo's longstanding mayor Brynjulf Bull, and future West German chancellor Willy Brandt. Many well-known authors, intellectuals, and future leading politicians and officials were also members. Of note were filmmaker Olav Dalgard; the authors Helge Krog, Odd Eidem, Sigurd Hoel, Arnulf Øverland, Nic Waal and Inger Hagerup—the latter two of the few women who were connected to Mot Dag; future director of Norway's military intelligence Vilhelm Evang and future director of the Norwegian Directorate for Health, Karl Evang. Economist and future university professor Johan Vogt, who together with Falk, was behind the first translation of "Das Kapital" into Norwegian.

Mot Dag (, "Towards Today") was a Norwegian political group. The group was active from the 1920s to the early 1930s and was first affiliated with the Labor Party. After World War II, many of its former members were leaders in Norwegian politics and cultural activities.

Mot Dag (deutsch: "Dem Tag entgegen") war eine kommunistische Vereinigung von norwegischen Intellektuellen, die eine gleichnamige Zeitschrift herausgab. Sie hatte großen Anteil an der Verbreitung marxistischen Gedankenguts in Norwegen.