Biography.

Jabbeh Wesley was born in Monrovia, the capital city of Liberia. She then returned to her familial village of Tugbakeh in the Maryland region for boarding school, where she learned the Grebo language after first learning English. She attained her BA at the University of Liberia, her MS at Indiana University, and her PhD at Western Michigan University.  Jabbeh Wesley is the author of five books of poetry: When the Wanderers Come Home, (University of Nebraska Press), Where the Road Turns (Autumn House Press), The River is Rising (Autumn House Press), Becoming Ebony (Southern Illinois University Press) and Before the Palm Could Bloom: Poems of Africa (New Issues Press). She is also the author of a children's book, In Monrovia, The River Visits the Sea.  She joined the nonprofit organization Writing For Peace because her career in writing "has been about giving voice to the voiceless in a world constantly at war." She also operates her own popular blog, "Patricia Jabbeh Wesley's International Blog on Poetry for Peace," in which she tries to get readers to think "about the things that bother the world."

Influences and themes.

Although identifying herself as African, Liberian, and Grebo, she has also been shaped by Western influences. She acknowledges and accepts her hybridity of cultures as part of her identity while still calling herself a "a strong Africanist, believing in the values I was taught as an African Child." Her poetry's attitude shifts between critical, bemused, revelatory, celebratory, and mournful, as she discusses both her American and Liberian lives. Jabbeh Wesley constantly makes the reader aware of her exile. The vantage point of being an outsider to both the United States and postwar Liberian cultures permits a wide-awake honesty and fresh analysis of cultures, politics, gender relations, and attitudes.  Jabbeh Wesley has had numerous strong mothers, including her grandmother, mother, stepmother, her polygamous father's head wife, and her mother-in-law. Even though the Grebo culture is mostly patriarchal, "it is in reality a matriarchal society, where the women figures have their place as the strong pillars of community and society. Mothers are important because they actually are in charge of the homes, the children, etc., and sometimes of business."  Jabbeh Wesley survived the Liberian Civil War, the event that influences and inspires most of her work. She is Christian, and her work incorporates and refers frequently to biblical themes and passages.

Personal life.

She currently lives with her family in west-central Pennsylvania and has taught at Pennsylvania State University and Indiana University of Pennsylvania. She is a mother, raising the next generation of Liberian children far from the coast of Western Africa.

Publications.

Recent reviews/scholarly articles, books/interviews.

https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/activist-spotlight-poet-patricia-jabbeh-wesley/  https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/patricia-jabbeh-wesley  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eZeb8b4qVs  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFLLrR06NSs  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bmc9BPgH3UE  http://www.centreforafricanpoetry.org/magazine/interviews/patricia-jabbeh-wesley/  http://news.psu.edu/story/164679/2010/09/20/english-professors-poem-chosen-newspaper-column-and-magazine  http://mmofraghana.org/uncategorized/march-poem-get-out-of-here-boys/attachment/pjwesley  http://www.calvin.edu/news/2003-04/wesley.htm  https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/interdisciplinary_literary_studies/v016/16.2.eze.pdf  http://galatearesurrection24.blogspot.com/2015/05/two-books-by-patricia-jabbeh-wesley.html  http://www.halherring.com/files/PDF/Interviews/DreamingofHome.pdf  http://allafrica.com/stories/201410151808.html  http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/interview-with-liberian-prize-winning-poet-professor-patricia-jabbeh-wesley  http://www.iup.edu/magazine/page.aspx?id=43085  http://chqdaily.com/tag/patricia-jabbeh-wesley/  http://weekendamerica.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/11/29/bringing_poetry_home  http://www.eng.ntnu.edu.tw/files/writing/1921_c2ba4bfc.pdf  http://news.psu.edu/story/141051/2005/11/02/research/surviving-war-and-living-again

Patricia Jabbeh Wesley is an award-winning Liberan (African Diaspora) poet and writer and Associate Professor of English and Creative Writing at Penn State University. She is a Liberian Civil War survivor who immigrated to the United States with her family in 1991, and the author of five books of poetry.

Patricia Jabbeh Wesley (* 7. August 1955 in Tugbakeh, Maryland County) ist eine liberianische Dichterin und Professorin für Kreatives Schreiben und Afrikanische Literatur. Seit 1991 lebt sie in den Vereinigten Staaten. In ihren Gedichten greift sie häufig die Themen «Frauen im Krieg» und «Leben im Exil» auf, insbesondere in Bezug auf den Bürgerkrieg in Liberia und die Afrikanische Diaspora.


Description.

"H.aurescens" ranges in size from 11 to 12 cm, with an average weight of about 6.2g. This is a sexually dimorphic species with minor differences in plumage and bill lengths between sexes. Both sexes have a narrow frontlet of glittering purplish-blue which is underdeveloped in immature individuals. The bill, black to dark coloured is “unspecialised” being relatively short and straight; while the irises are brown and tarsus black. The tail is forked with the central pair of feathers bronze-green while the other tail feathers have chestnut edges and bronze-green tips. Undertail coverts are a deep fawn colour and wings are purplish-brown. It is noted that there is some variation in plumage for this species, but these differences do not relate to location and is minimal when considering the wide range.  Specimens examined by Peter Cotton had an average wing length of 60.5mm and exposed culmen length of 18.5mm. Gould's original specimen had a bill of 2.5 cm and tail length of 31.75mm. The average c-value of the genome is 1.1135pg based on four specimens ranging from 1.045-1.162pg.  Males have shining grass green upperparts with the sides of the neck and lower throat glittering golden green bordered by a distinctive orange/rufous breast band. The chin, lores and upper throat are velvety black while the rest of the underparts are shining green. Females appear generally similar to the male but are somewhat duller coloured and have a green crown. They have a slightly larger bill than the male (with a Lovich-Gibbons ratio of 0.030). The chin feathers have buff tips and the throat is greyish with green discs. Females also feature a malar stripe (from the base of the bill towards the neck) which is buff to chestnut coloured.

Systematics and taxonomy.

"Heliodoxa aurescens" is one of nine species in the genus "Heliodoxa" (the “Brilliants”). It was first described by John Gould in 1846 who named it "Trochilus aurescens". It was later placed in the monotypic genus "Polyplancta", however this was challenged as early as 1951 by Zimmer who suggested that it belonged in "Heliodoxa". Some ornithologists thought it to be closely related to the Brazilian Ruby ("Clytolaema rubricauda") and sometimes placed it in "Clytolaema". Due to the absence of any synapomorphies in either grouping, it remained in "Polyplancta" until 1989 when morphological data indicated the species is embedded in "Heliodoxa"; a finding confirmed by subsequent research. These studies indicate it is closely related to the Black-throated brilliant ("H.schreibersii"), and may have evolved in parapatry to the Velvet-browed brilliant ("H.xanthogonys").

Distribution.

The exact distribution of "H.aurescens" is not known, but considered unusual since the other members of the genus have very narrow or restricted ranges, often at higher elevations in the Andes. It is widely distributed at elevations from 250m to 1150m and has been reported at elevations as high as 1450m. The northern boundary of the range is in southern Venezuela, which continues south through central Ecuador and Peru. The southern boundary is located in Bolivia. It occupies a large area of north-western Brazil where the eastern boundary of the range is found in the State of Para.  There have been several incidents of range expansion since the species was first described. Gould suggested the range was probably east of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (in Zimmer). The Venezuelan population was first encountered in 1941. At this time, the southern boundary was considered to be La Pampa in Peru but "H.aurescens" was detected in Bolivia in 1984 and in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso in 2004. Otherwise the species is considered sedentary.

Habitat.

"H.aurescens" is typically found in the understorey of lowland humid tropical forests, particularly near streams, and only rarely at forest edges. In Brazil it has been observed in tall forest impacted by logging, seen feeding at flowers in the canopy of “a small patch of semi-deciduous forest surrounded by terra firme”. Cotton observed it in both varzea forest and terra firme but not in riverine vegetation. Another Brazilian study found them in terra firme in both the wet and dry seasons but in várzea only during the dry season.  In a one-year survey in Columbia "H.aurescens" was found only in old secondary growth and never in young secondary growth or undisturbed understory; but was observed in primary forest in a later survey. It has been found both in mature floodplain forest and terra firme in Peru.

Diet.

Like most hummingbirds, "H.aurescens" is primarily nectarivous supplementing the diet with small arthropods hawked from the air. Little is known about the specific diet but they have been observed feeding on "Bromeliads" such as "Bromelia balansae" and "Costus" sp. in Brazil. 53% of specimens examined in 1986 had traces of arthropods in the gut. While typically a generalist understorey species, they have been observed feeding from flowers in tall trees; and visiting feeding stations in Ecuador, where they showed some aggression towards other birds in the area. An extensive study on feeding guilds in Brazilian hummingbirds indicated that "H.aurescens" was not generally territorial but they were omitted from the analysis of food plant use due to there being too few observations, with only three specimens netted in a two-year survey.

Reproduction.

Very little is known of the reproductive biology. Breeding is thought to occur between June and September with a clutch of two eggs incubated by the female. Two descriptions of female specimens indicate their gonads are well developed in February and April; but a single male specimen obtained in February had “small” gonads.

Conservation status.

"H.aurescens" is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. There are suggestions the species is in decline but not at a rate which warrants classification as endangered. Numerous studies indicate the species is present but uncommon, with many long term studies only producing small numbers of observations (E.G. Cotton 1998, Lees et al., 2013) A density of 1 individual per 100 hectares was determined in Peru when only one individual was observed in a 100Ha study site in a three-month survey.

Gould's jewelfront ("Heliodoxa aurescens") is a medium-sized hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It is found in tropical and equatorial South America. This is an uncommon species with an unusually large range compared to the other members of "Heliodoxa".

Der Rotbrust-Brillantkolibri ("Heliodoxa aurescens") oder Juwelenkrönchen ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Kolibris (Trochilidae), die in den Ländern Venezuela, Kolumbien, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivien und Brasilien verbreitet ist. Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet ("Least Concern") eingeschätzt. Die Art gilt als monotypisch.


Biography.

Abu'l-Khayr was born in 1412. He was a descendant of Genghis Khan, through Jöchi's fifth son Shiban, and a bej of the White Horde. At the time of his birth the "ulus" (tribe) of Siban had divided into separate nomadic groups, one of which was led by Jumaduq Khan. Abu'l-Khayr served in Jumaduq's army, and was taken prisoner when Jumaduq was killed in battle in 1427.  After being released in 1428, Abu'l-Khayr began consolidating various nomadic groups of the old Shaybani "ulus" in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River. He deposed and killed Kazhy-Mohammed, the Khan of the Khanate of Sibir, after a battle on the Tobol River, after which he was proclaimed Khan of Western Siberia. The next four years were spent strengthening his control throughout the region.  Abu'l-Khayr Khan was assisted in his consolidation by the Manghits, another tribe in the White Horde, and especially by Vaqqāṣ Bej, Edigü's grandson.  In 1430–1431 Abu'l-Khayr, joined by Vaqqāṣ, launched on attack on Khwarezm, occupying the regional capital Urganj. The Uzbeks could not hold the city, however, and retreated in the summer of 1431. Abu'l-Khayr's army pulled back to the steppe, where they defeated two opposing khans near Astrakhan. In 1435–1436 the Uzbek armies attacked Khwarezm again, and several years later they raided Astrakhan. Starting in 1446 Abu'l-Khayr and his forces invaded the Syr Darya region, eventually wresting some lands from Timurid control. The town of Sighnaq became Abu'l-Khayr's new capital, from where he later launched raids into Mawarannahr (Transoxiana).  In 1451 Abu Sa'id requested Abu'l-Khayr Khan's assistance in battle against ‘Abdullah. Abu'l-Khayr agreed to support Abu Sa'id, and the two armies marched on Samarkand. ‘Abdullah was defeated and killed, after which Abu Sa'id quickly moved his forces into the city and locked the gates, leaving Abu'l-Khayr and the Uzbeks outside. To avoid reprisal, Abu Sa'id presented the Uzbeks with many presents and riches.  Abu'l-Khayr Khan died in 1468 (though some sources say 1469 or 1470). After Abu'l-Khayr Khan's death two separate lines of descent controlled the twin Uzbek states of Mawara al-Nahr and Khwarezm. In the first decade of the 16th century his grandson Muhammad Shaybani finally succeeded in the unification of the Uzbeks and established the short-lived Shaybanid Empire, centered in Samarkand.

Abu'l-Khayr Khan (1412–1468) was a Khan of the Uzbek Khanate which united the nomadic Central Asian tribes where the Kazakh Khanate later separated in rebellion under Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan beginning in 1465.

Abu'l-Chair (auch Abu'l Khair, * um 1412; † 1468) war ein Khan der Usbeken, der Begründer ihres Staates und gehörte der Scheibaniden-Dynastie an.


History.

Its name meaning "Meeting of the Waters" in the language of the area's original Potawatomi inhabitants, Channahon is located at the confluence of the Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers, where they form the Illinois River. The Illinois and Michigan Canal (including several locks) runs through most of the village, where it is fed by the water of the DuPage River. The local Channahon State Park celebrates the region's unique geographical history.  Later in the 19th century, a railroad line that eventually came under the control of the Santa Fe Railroad was laid through the eastern portions of the township, but no railroad actually passed through the village itself. In the late 1920s, U.S. Highway 6 came through Channahon; Interstates 80 and 55 followed in the 1960s (although I-80 runs approximately two miles to the north of the village limits).  The Village of Channahon grew along the I & M Canal at the intersection of three rivers (i.e., DuPage, Des Plaines, and Kankakee Rivers.) An early archaeological excavation in the 1900s unearthed mound remnants that pointed to three to four thousand years of history. The Potawatomie Indians named this area and called it Channahon, which means "meeting of the waters". The Potawatomie Indians solely inhabited this area until white settlers began to settle here in 1832.  In 1836, construction began on the I & M Canal and Channahon became the site for one of the locks that were needed along the waterway. The village itself was laid out by Myrvin Benjamin, and for a while it was called DuPage, after the river that cut through the area. In the 1840s, the name of the area became Swifton, after the I & M Canal board president. This area continued to thrive until the railroad replaced inland boat travel, which caused business to decline. In the early 1900s, the automobile began to emerge as a new form of transportation. In June 1908, the owner of an automobile planned to sue the village after their automobile plummeted into the Du Page River due to a bridge failure. According to legend, this incident was one of the factors in the decision of the village fathers to discard an earlier established corporate charter.  In 1962, the area was once again incorporated as the village of Channahon. Serious development finally began in the 1970s, as the village's proximity to two trunk line interstates resulted in both industrial growth (a Mobil oil refinery, two petrochemicals plants, a gigantic soybean oil production facility, CenterPoint Intermodal Center to the east in Elwood, Illinois, numerous warehouses to the east in both Elwood and Joliet, Illinois, including Amazon (company), Walmart distribution centers, and Cargill) and residential development. The vill age also saw an influx of population from eastern Kentucky in the wake of the closure of many of that area's coal mines.  A major natural gas pipeline to the Chicago area from Canada had its southern terminus built in Channahon in 2000.  Channahon, once a farming community, has developed into an affluent suburb of Chicago.

Park District.

Formed in 1971, the Channahon Park District maintains numerous parks, facilities and plans a variety of programs and activities for all ages throughout the year.  The Park District is governed by an elected Board of Commissioners, and employs over 200 staff.  The boundaries of the Channahon Park District include all of the Village of Channahon; unincorporated areas in Channahon Township; and the portions of the Village of Minooka in Will County serving more than 20,000 residents.  The Channahon Park District operates Heritage Bluffs Public Golf Club. Heritage Crossing Field House features two gymnasiums, a three lane, eight lap to the mile indoor track, and Dimensions Fitness Center. Arrowhead Community Center houses Park District offices and indoor program space, including a dance/aerobics studio, two racquetball courts, and the popular Fun-N-Learn Preschool Program.  The Park District has over of public parks. Major facilities include Community Park, and Central Park. These locations include lighted sports fields, winding trails, playgrounds and beautiful picnic space. Community Park includes a Disc Golf course and a scenic trail system. Central Park is the home of SK8 Zone skate park and serves as the location for the community's annual Three Rivers Festival. Neighborhood parks are currently located in 16 areas, with five new locations planned.

Geography.

Channahon is located at.  According to the 2010 census, Channahon has a total area of, of which (or 91.31%) is land and (or 8.69%) is water.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,344 people, 2,279 households, and 1,989 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,019.0 people per square mile (393.3/km2). There were 2,346 housing units at an average density of 325.5 per square mile (125.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 97.22% White, 0.42% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.27% Asian, none Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. 3.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 2,279 households out of which 50.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.7% were non-families. 10.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 3.47.  In the village, the population was spread out with 32.8% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $118,501; making it the 77th wealthiest city in Illinois.

Government.

Channahon is run by a Village Board of Trustees. The current President of the Board of Trustees is Missey Schumacher (elected in April 2015). At the county level, Will County residents are located within Board District 6, and are represented by Don Gould (R-Shorewood) and Joe VanDuyne (D-Wilmington). Grundy County residents are part of Board District 2, and they are represented by Chris Balkema (R), Debra Jo Kinsella (R), Lana Phillips (D), Eric Rasmusson (R), Greg Ridenour (R), and Deb Warning (R). In the Illinois State Senate, Channahon is represented by:  In the Illinois House of Representatives, Channhon is represented by: Channahon School District 17 is governed by a locally elected, seven-member Board of Education: Joe Pope (President), Derek Breen (Vice President), Julie Bankes (Secretary), Christine Bucciarelli, Patricia Clower, Brandt Compton, and Kevin Murphy. School board members are volunteers and are elected to four-year terms in April of odd-numbered years. They receive no monetary compensation for attending meetings and spending countless additional hours working to provide the best educational environment for children while working to maintain a balanced budget. The Board of Education has control over local school matters, subject to limitations imposed by state and federal law. The Board of Education also sets educational goals and policies for the schools based on state laws and community values.  At the federal level, Channahon is represented by: Senators Dick Durbin (D-Illinois), Tammy Duckworth (D-Illinois), and Representative Adam Kinzinger (R-16th District).

Channahon is a village in Grundy and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. The population was 12,560 at the 2010 census. Located in a rural area southwest of Joliet, Illinois, most of the village is within Channahon Township in Will County. The current village president is Missey Moorman Schumacher.

Channahon ist ein Village im Bundesstaat Illinois der Vereinigten Staaten. Der Ort gehört zur Metropolregion Chicago und liegt größtenteils im Will County, der westliche Teil von Channahon ist Teil des Grundy County. Bei der letzten Volkszählung im Jahr 2010 hatte Channahon 12.560 Einwohner.


History.

Orrington was originally part of Condustiegg (or Kenduskeag) Plantation, which also included the present-day cities of Bangor and Brewer. Orrington was incorporated as a town in 1788 with its major village at Brewer, then called "New Worcester". Bangor incorporated three years later in 1791. Brewer broke away from Orrington in 1812 to form a separate town.  The name "Orrington" reportedly resulted from a spelling mistake. The settlers intended to name it "Orangetown" after Orangetown, Maryland, but it was written on the record-books in distant Massachusetts, of which Maine was then a territory, as "Orrington". "Orring" was a reasonable phonetic rendering of "orange" before the standardization of English spelling.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, of it is land and is water.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,733 people, 1,478 households, and 1,068 families living in the town. The population density was. There were 1,612 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.2% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.  There were 1,478 households of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.7% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.91.  The median age in the town was 43.5 years. 21.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.7% were from 25 to 44; 34.1% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,526 people, 1,396 households, and 1,042 families living in the town. The population density was 138.8 people per square mile (53.6/km2). There were 1,489 housing units at an average density of 58.6 per square mile (22.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.09% White, 0.20% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.03% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.14% of the population.  There were 1,396 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.89.  In the town, the population was spread out with 23.6% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $44,327, and the median income for a family was $47,803. Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $27,381 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,290. About 2.4% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education.

Orrington is home to a Pre-Kindergarten through 8th grade school for its residents. Center Drive School, named after the road it is located on, has about 400 students. The mascot of Center Drive School is the Eagles.

Orrington is a town on the Penobscot River estuary in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,733 at the 2010 census.

Orrington ist eine Town im Penobscot County des Bundesstaates Maine in den Vereinigten Staaten. Im Jahr 2010 lebten dort 3733 Einwohner in 1612 Haushalten auf einer Fläche von 70,78 km2.


Boltzmann universe.

In 1896, the mathematician Ernst Zermelo advanced a theory that the second law of thermodynamics was absolute rather than statistical. Zermelo bolstered his theory by pointing out that the Poincaré recurrence theorem shows statistical entropy in a closed system must eventually be a periodic function; therefore, the Second Law, which is always observed to increase entropy, is unlikely to be statistical. To counter Zermelo's argument, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann advanced two theories. The first theory, now believed to be the correct one, is that the Universe started for some unknown reason in a low-entropy state. The second and alternative theory, published in 1896 but attributed in 1895 to Boltzmann's assistant Ignaz Schütz, is the "Boltzmann universe" scenario. In this scenario, the Universe spends the vast majority of eternity in a featureless state of heat death; however, over enough eons, eventually a very rare thermal fluctuation will occur where atoms bounce off each other in exactly such a way as to form a substructure equivalent to our entire observable universe. Boltzmann argues that, while most of the Universe is featureless, we do not see those regions because they are devoid of intelligent life; to Boltzmann, it is unremarkable that we view solely the interior of our Boltzmann universe, as that is the only place where intelligent life lives. (This may be the first use in modern science of the anthropic principle).  In 1931, astronomer Arthur Eddington pointed out that, because a large fluctuation is exponentially less probable than a small fluctuation, observers in Boltzmann universes will be vastly outnumbered by observers in smaller fluctuations. Physicist Richard Feynman published a similar counterargument within his widely-read 1964 "Feynman Lectures on Physics". By 2004, physicists had pushed Eddington's observation to its logical conclusion: the most numerous observers in an eternity of thermal fluctuations would be minimal "Boltzmann brains" popping up in an otherwise featureless universe.

Spontaneous formation.

In the universe's eventual state of ergodic "heat death", given enough time, every possible structure (including every possible brain) gets formed via random fluctuation. The timescale for this is related to the Poincaré recurrence time. Boltzmann-style thought experiments focus on structures like human brains that are presumably self-aware observers. Given any arbitrary criteria for what constitutes a Boltzmann brain (or planet, or universe), smaller structures that minimally and barely meet the criteria are vastly and exponentially more common than larger structures; a rough analogy is how the odds of a real English word showing up when you shake a box of "Scrabble" letters are greater than the odds that a whole English sentence or paragraph will form. The average timescale required for formation of a Boltzmann brain is vastly greater than the current age of the Universe. In modern physics, Boltzmann brains can be formed either by quantum fluctuation, or by a thermal fluctuation generally involving nucleation.

Via quantum fluctuation.

By one calculation, a Boltzmann brain would appear as a quantum fluctuation in the vacuum after a time interval of formula_1 years. This fluctuation can occur even in a true Minkowski vacuum (a flat spacetime vacuum lacking vacuum energy). Quantum mechanics heavily favors smaller fluctuations that "borrow" the least amount of energy from the vacuum. Typically, a quantum Boltzmann brain would suddenly appear from the vacuum (alongside an equivalent amount of virtual antimatter), remain only long enough to have a single coherent thought or observation, and then disappear into the vacuum as suddenly as it appeared. Such a brain is completely self-contained, and can never radiate energy out to infinity.

Via nucleation.

Current evidence suggests that the vacuum permeating the observable Universe is not a Minkowski space, but rather a de Sitter space with a positive cosmological constant. In a de Sitter vacuum (but not in a Minkowski vacuum), a Boltzmann brain can form via nucleation of non-virtual particles gradually assembled by chance from the Hawking radiation emitted from the de Sitter space's bounded cosmological horizon. One estimate for the average time required until nucleation is around formula_2 years. A typical nucleated Boltzmann brain will, after it finishes its activity, cool off to absolute zero and eventually completely decay, as any isolated object would in the vacuum of space. Unlike the quantum fluctuation case, the Boltzmann brain will radiate energy out to infinity. In nucleation, the most common fluctuations are as close to thermal equilibrium overall as possible given whatever arbitrary criteria are provided for labeling a fluctuation a "Boltzmann brain".  Theoretically a Boltzmann brain can also form, albeit again with a tiny probability, at any time during the matter-dominated early universe.

Modern Boltzmann brain problems.

Many cosmologists believe that if a theory predicts that Boltzmann brains with human-like experiences vastly outnumber normal human brains, then that theory should be rejected. Sean Carroll states "We're not arguing that Boltzmann Brains exist — we're trying to avoid them." Scientists have used various expressions to explain why they are rejecting the hypothesis implying that we are Boltzmann brains. Caroll has stated that the hypothesis of you being a Boltzmann brain must be rejected due to "cognitive instability", the observation that your reasoning processes would be untrustworthy if you were indeed a Boltzmann brain. Seth Lloyd has stated "they fail the Monty Python test: Stop that! That's too silly!" A "New Scientist" journalist summarizes that "the starting point for our understanding of the universe and its behaviour is that humans, not disembodied brains, are typical observers." Brian Greene states: "I am confident that I am not a Boltzmann brain. However, we want our theories to similarly concur that we are not Boltzmann brains, but so far it has proved surprisingly difficult for them to do so."  Some argue that brains produced via quantum fluctuation, and maybe even brains produced via nucleation in the de Sitter vacuum, don't count as observers. Quantum fluctuations are easier to exclude than nucleated brains, as quantum fluctuations can more easily be targeted by straightforward criteria (such as their lack of interaction with the environment at infinity).  Some cosmologists believe that a better understanding of the degrees of freedom in the quantum vacuum of holographic string theory can solve the Boltzmann brain problem.

In single-Universe scenarios.

In a single de Sitter Universe with a cosmological constant, and starting from any finite spatial slice, the number of "normal" observers is finite and bounded by the heat death of the Universe. If the Universe lasts forever, the number of nucleated Boltzmann brains is, in most models, infinite; cosmologists such as Alan Guth worry that this would make it seem "infinitely unlikely for us to be normal brains". One caveat is that if the Universe is a false vacuum that locally decays into a Minkowski or a Big Crunch-bound anti-de Sitter space in less than 20 billion years, then infinite Boltzmann nucleation is avoided. (If the average local false vacuum decay rate is over 20 billion years, Boltzmann brain nucleation is still infinite, as the Universe increases in size faster than local vacuum collapses destroy the portions of the Universe within the collapses' future light cones). Proposed hypothetical mechanisms to destroy the universe within that timeframe range from superheavy gravitinos to a heavier-than-observed top quark triggering "death by Higgs".  If no cosmological constant exists, and if the presently observed vacuum energy is from quintessence that will eventually completely dissipate, then infinite Boltzmann nucleation is also avoided.

In eternal inflation.

One class of solutions to the Boltzmann brain problem makes use of differing approaches to the measure problem in cosmology: in infinite multiverse theories, the ratio of normal observers to Boltzmann brains depends on how infinite limits are taken. Measures might be chosen to avoid appreciable fractions of Boltzmann brains. Unlike the single-universe case, one challenge in finding a global solution in eternal inflation is that all possible string landscapes must be summed over; in some measures, having even a small fraction of universes infested with Boltzmann brains causes the measure of the multiverse as a whole to be dominated by Boltzmann brains.  The measurement problem in cosmology also grapples with the ratio of normal observers to abnormally early observers. In measures such as the proper time measure that suffer from an extreme "youngness" problem, the typical observer is a "Boltzmann baby" formed by rare fluctuation in an extremely hot, early universe.

Identifying whether oneself is a Boltzmann observer.

In Boltzmann brain scenarios, the ratio of Boltzmann brains to "normal observers" is astronomically large. Almost any relevant subset of Boltzmann brains, such as "brains embedded within functioning bodies", "observers who believe they are perceiving 3° microwave background radiation through telescopes", "observers who have a memory of coherent experiences", or "observers who have the same series of experiences as me", also vastly outnumber "normal observers". Therefore, under most models of consciousness, it is unclear that one can reliably conclude that oneself is not such a "Boltzmann observer", in a case where Boltzmann brains dominate the Universe. Even under "content externalism" models of consciousness, Boltzmann observers living in a consistent Earth-sized fluctuation over the course of the past several years outnumber the "normal observers" spawned before a Universe's "heat death".  As stated earlier, most Boltzmann brains have "abnormal" experiences; Feynman has pointed out that, if one knows oneself to be a typical Boltzmann brain, one does not expect "normal" observations to continue in the future. In other words, in a Boltzmann-dominated Universe, most Boltzmann brains have "abnormal" experiences, but most observers with only "normal" experiences are Boltzmann brains, due to the overwhelming vastness of the population of Boltzmann brains in such a Universe.

The Boltzmann brain argument suggests that it is more likely for a single brain to spontaneously and briefly form in a void (complete with a false memory of having existed in our universe) than it is for our universe to have come about in the way modern science thinks it actually did. It was first proposed as a "reductio ad absurdum" response to Ludwig Boltzmann's early explanation for the low-entropy state of our universe.

Das Boltzmann-Gehirn (auch Freak-Beobachter) ist eine nach dem österreichischen Physiker Ludwig Boltzmann benannte Hypothese, die besagt, dass das von der Menschheit als Realität empfundene nichts anderes als die Fantasie eines Gehirns sein könnte, das durch zufällige, kurzzeitige Fluktuation des Vakuums entsprungen ist (wobei damit keine Vakuumfluktuationen aus der erst später entwickelten Quantenfeldtheorie gemeint sind). Das Leben und das Universum könnte nach dieser Hypothese ein einziger Gedanke sein.


Members.

Estonia, Israel, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, and the United Kingdom are the founding members of the D5. In February 2018, Canada and Uruguay joined the group to form the D7. In November 2018, Mexico and Portugal joined to form the D9. Denmark joined as the tenth member of Digital Nations in November 2019.  Chairmanship of the DN rotates on an annual basis. The chair is responsible for hosting the annual Ministerial Summit. Recent chairs include New Zealand (2017), Israel (2018) and Uruguay (2019).  The following government departments lead their country's engagement with the DN:

Charter.

In 2014, the founding members signed a charter committing to share and improve upon the participant nations' practices in digital services and digital economies. Updated to reflect a growing membership, the DN Charter outlines a mutual commitment to digital development and leadership through nine core principles:  The updated Charter was signed on 6 November 2019 in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Meetings.

The Digital Nations meets twice per year to showcase accomplishments in countries’ digital landscapes and co-create the next best practices. Members participate in political-level Ministerial Summits, hosted by the rotating Chair nation, and working-level Officials Meetings.

D5 London 2014.

The first event of the D5 was held in London on 9 and 10 December 2014 with delegates from the five founding nations attending, as well as the United States, who were there as observers; the event was hosted by the UK's Cabinet Office minister Francis Maude. The UK's Culture, Communications and Creative Industries Minister Ed Vaizey and their chief technology officer Liam Maxwell were also present.

Themes.

The 2014 summit had three themes: Teaching children to code, open markets, and connectivity.

Teaching children to code.

By teaching children to code, the D5 intends to train the newest generation of kids – the "technology generation" – to take an active role in creating IT, rather than simply consuming it. Discussion points involving this theme included looking at whether simply changing the curriculum is enough to achieve this goal, methods that may be used to give teachers the skills to teach and inspire children to code, connecting the fields of industry and education so that such a change can be achieved, and ensuring gender balance and encouraging girls to take on tech roles.  Advances made by the D5's participating countries have already been made to achieve this goal. In the UK, England became the first country in the world to mandate that coding be taught to all pupils aged 5 to 16; In Estonia, primary schools have been teaching students to code since the 1990s; In New Zealand, they have introduced a set of Digital Technology Guidelines that will allow secondary schools to teach the subject coherently – they have also invested in new graduate ICT training schools to transition tertiary students into the workforce; in Israel they have "the most rigorous computer science high school programme in the world" due to a major review of computing at school that took place in the 1990s; South Korea teaches some computer science in school and also offers an optional online course for those who are interested.

Open markets.

The focus of open markets is to open bidding on government IT contracts to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the use of digital marketplaces such as the UK Government's G-cloud. The benefit of this to the government is to reduce costs by contracting out to the company that can provide the best value for money spent. The reduced barriers provided by an open market give SMEs who may not have been previously considered for a government contract, or who have never bid on one before, a fairer and more seamless opportunity to do so. Moving away from large outsourcers requires right sizing, which in this case can be achieved by buying parts of contracts from several smaller suppliers rather than buying one large contract from a single supplier, using agile delivery, buying cloud services, and building in-house engineering and operations capability.  Like the UK's G-cloud, New Zealand is also building a government cloud programme to ease the process of government buying from SMEs. They are committed to using 'as a service' products to open up the market. South Korea too has already built an e-procurement system that allows SMEs the opportunity to win government contracts. Since its inception, it has saved $8billion annually and made a reduction of 7.8million pages of paper documents per year. Bidding time has been reduced from thirty hours to two.

Connectivity.

With an increasing number of internet connected devices in each household, the D5 intends to look at what type of infrastructure is needed to maintain and expand connectivity, as well as how they can work together to share each other's experiences and to develop standards together. Citing a Cisco figure, the D5 expects over 50billion internet connected devices to be in use around the world by 2020, with as many as dozens of each device in every household.  To meet these needs, the UK government's focus will be on Machine to Machine technology, the Internet of Things and 5G mobile networks. In March 2014, they announced they will be investing £45million in the Internet of Things. They have set up smart cities demonstrators in Glasgow, London, Bristol and Peterborough, and their 5G Innovation Centre is the world's first dedicated 5G testbed centre. In a speech during the summit, Cabinet Minister Francis Maude announced that the UK intends to have 97% of all citizen interactions with the state online by the end of the next parliament. In Estonia they have X-Road, a secure platform-independent Internet-based data exchange layer that provides transparent digital services with minimum costs. Through a public-private partnership, New Zealand is in the process of upgrading internet infrastructure to fibre optic cables. Korea too has made a significant investment into The Internet of Things.

Events.

There were a number of events and presentations held throughout the city. The Duke of York hosted an event for the delegates at Buckingham Palace, where 100 UK digital startups showcased their products to attendees. Presenters included Crowd Emotion, Code Kingdoms, Therapy Box, Yoyo, Skyscape, Kano, and Relative Insight. Another event highlighted the D5's intention of teaching programming to children of young ages by having the BBC lead a group of 11-year-olds through a coding session in which they utilised a Doctor Who themed game to gain a basic understanding of the practice of computer programming.

Future.

The group expanded rapidly from five to ten members, with other countries signalling their interest in joining the Digital Nations. In the interest of strengthening capacity of the DN network, the Steering Committee agreed to establish a Secretariat to work on behalf of all DN countries in support of the group's key priorities. The DN Secretariat was introduced at the 5th Ministerial Summit in Israel in November 2018.

The Digital Nations or DN (previously the Digital 5, Digital 7 and Digital 9) is a collaborative network of the world's leading digital governments with a common goal of harnessing digital technology to improve citizens' lives. Members share world-class digital practices, collaborate to solve common problems, identify improvements to digital services, and support and champion the group's growing digital economies. Through international cooperation, the DN aims to identify how digital government can provide the most benefit to citizens. The DN embodies minilateral engagement, where small groups of states cooperate on specific topics with a global impact.

The Digital 9 oder D9 (früher Digital 5 oder Digital 7) ist ein kollaboratives Netzwerk weltweit führender Regierungen im E-Government mit dem gemeinsamen Ziel, digitale Technologien zur Verbesserung des Lebens der Bürger zu nutzen. Durch internationale Zusammenarbeit zielt die D9 darauf ab, herauszufinden, wie digitale Behörden den Bürgern den größtmöglichen Nutzen bringen können. Die Mitglieder tauschen dafür digitale Praktiken aus, arbeiten zusammen, um gemeinsame Probleme zu lösen, Verbesserungen an digitalen Diensten zu identifizieren und die wachsende digitale Wirtschaft zu unterstützen. Die D9 verkörpert ein minilaterales Engagement, bei dem kleine Gruppen von Staaten in spezifischen Themen mit globaler Wirkung zusammenarbeiten.


History.

During the latter half of the 19th century, the Thousand Islands region increasingly became the focus of outdoor recreation, tourism, and private development. The New York side of the St. Lawrence River in particular became host to a number of lavish private estates built by wealthy newcomers to the region, to the exclusion of recreational visitors; in addition, river anglers grew frustrated with the impacts of illegal fishing and the lack of enforcement of game laws. In response to what they viewed as the spoiling of a formerly open and abundant recreational resource, some of the region's residents and sportsmen began to recognize the need for protection of lands and waters on both sides of the river's international border.  Among the principle proponents of an international park in the Thousand Islands was the Anglers' Association of the St. Lawrence River, who were concerned with protecting the river's fishing resources from commercial exploitation. The association included prominent landowners from both the American and Canadian sides of the river, and during the 1880s they began to lobby both governments to establish consistent regulations and set aside public lands for recreational purposes.

Development by New York.

In 1896, the "State Reservation on the St. Lawrence" was officially established by the New York State Legislature, who designated "all that part of the river Saint Lawrence lying and being within the state of New York, with the islands therein" as an international park. The newly created reservation was placed under the control of the New York State Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission, who were charged with creating laws and regulations pertaining to state lands within the reservation.  Prior to the reservation's creation, the state of New York did not own any land within the newly protected region, which spanned approximately of the river. The Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission began purchasing properties in 1897, having been authorized to spend $30,000 to acquire lands for the reservation. Difficulties arose when some landowners significantly inflated their asking prices upon learning of the state's interest in the region; in response, the state considered taking legal action against some property owners. Local municipalities, particularly Ogdensburg and Clayton, also fought over where the state should focus their establishment of parks.  By 1898, the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission had purchased the following properties to be included within the reservation: Mary Island and Canoe Point were both purchased in 1897; the remainder were acquired in 1898. Among the early locations intended for inclusion in the reservation was a peninsula known as Cement Point on Grindstone Island; however it was eventually declined by the state due to uncertainty regarding its legal ownership. These purchases were some of the earliest actions taken by New York State to preserve lands for recreational purposes, preceded only by the protection of the Forest Preserve and the Niagara Reservation. The state-owned reservation lands were intended to facilitate picnicking and camping by boaters on the St. Lawrence River. To this end, the state quickly enacted improvements on their new lands. By the close of 1899, most of the parks included piers suitable for steamboats, docks for smaller watercraft, and pavilions. To prevent wildfires, cooking stoves were constructed at most parks for use of campers.  In 1911, the reservation's name was officially adopted as the "St. Lawrence Reservation", and the area was simultaneously expanded to include portions of Lake Ontario adjacent to Jefferson County, including several bays (Chaumont Bay, Guffins Bay, Black River Bay and Henderson Bay) and their islands. Long Point on Chaumont Bay was purchased to be included in the reservation in 1913. By the late 1920s, Grass Point had been purchased by the state, and would be the last parcel to be added to the reservation.

Development by Canada.

Concurrent with the initial actions of New York State to develop recreational grounds in the Thousand Islands, the Canadian government also moved to protect islands within their jurisdiction. By 1896, Canada had identified 11 islands for potential protection and recreational development within the region.  In contrast to New York, Canada did not need to purchase islands in order to protect them from further development. An agreement between the Mississaugas and Canada had kept the title of many St. Lawrence River islands in the hands of Canada, and only beginning in the 1880s was the agreement modified to allow for sale of the islands to private individuals. In 1904, 11 islands were officially purchased by Canada to form the basis of the St. Lawrence National Park, known today as Thousand Islands National Park. The recreational facilities that were subsequently developed on the Canadian islands were similar to those found on the American side of the river.

The parks today.

Although public parks were developed on both sides of the St. Lawrence River, a formal international park never materialized. Contrary to early intentions and attempts to harmonize fishing laws and other regulations on both sides of the border, laws ultimately diverged in the early 20th century; in addition, the United States federal government did not involve themselves with the parks on the American side of the river. Despite the lack of formal agreement binding the Canadian and American parks, New York continued to market the Thousand Islands as being an "international park" as late as 1929.  In 1932, direct control of the majority of the St. Lawrence Reservation's parks was removed from the Conservation Department's Division of Lands and Forests (successor of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission) and placed in the hands of the newly created Thousand Islands State Park Commission, a governor-appointed board that reported to the Conservation Department's Division of Parks. With the change in leadership, work began to develop the reservation's lands into independent state parks. The formal definition of the St. Lawrence Reservation was removed from the Lands and Forests Law in 1963, in recognition of the fact that the defined lands were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Conservation Department's Division of Lands and Forests.  The former reservation's parks are today managed by the Thousand Islands Region of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, along with additional state parks along the St. Lawrence River that were procured after the creation of the Thousand Islands State Park Commission.

The St. Lawrence Reservation (originally known as the State Reservation on the St. Lawrence) was a former protected area established by the state of New York in the Thousand Islands region along the St. Lawrence River in the late 19th century. The reservation's parks were some of the earliest lands purchased by New York State for the purposes of recreation and land preservation.

Die St. Lawrence Reservation (übersetzt ‚St.-Lawrence-Reservat‘, ursprünglich als "State Reservation on the St. Lawrence" bekannt) war ein ehemaliges Schutzgebiet, das der Staat New York im späten 19. Jahrhundert in der Region Thousand Islands entlang des St. Lawrence River eingerichtet hatte.


Background.

In January 1980, Wings planned a tour of Japan. However, upon the band's arrival at the airport in Japan, Paul McCartney was arrested for marijuana possession. The tour was cancelled, and McCartney then decided to release a solo album ("McCartney II") instead of touring, putting Wings on hiatus.  Laine decided to work on his own solo project (his third since joining Wings), and he released a single, "Japanese Tears". It became the title track of his album.  The album also included three previously unreleased Laine compositions—"Send Me The Heart" (co-written by Paul McCartney), "I Would Only Smile", and "Weep for Love"—that had been recorded by different versions of Wings between 1972 and 1978 with Laine singing lead. In addition, it featured remakes of the Moody Blues' 1965 hit "Go Now", which Laine and Wings performed on tour, and a 1967 Laine composition, "Say You Don't Mind", that had become a top-20 UK hit in 1972 for Colin Blunstone. Two other songs featured the short-lived Denny Laine Band, which included fellow Wings member Steve Holley on drums, Andy Richards on keyboards and Laine's wife Jo Jo on backing vocals.  This album has been re-issued several times, under a variety of titles, on an assortment of labels.

Reception.

AllMusic gave the album a generally positive retrospective review, calling it "a look at one of rock's minor league players done well." They remarked that the album lacks coherency due to the tracks having been both written and recorded during wildly divergent periods of Laine's career, but found that it nonetheless has "charm", singling out the title track and "Go Now" as highlights.

Track listing.

All songs written by Denny Laine, except where noted.

Personnel.

The Denny Laine Band  Wings

Japanese Tears is the third album by guitarist Denny Laine, released shortly before the demise of Paul McCartney's band Wings, of which Laine was a member. The album was released in 1980.

Japanese Tears ist das dritte Studioalbum von Denny Laine, der zur Zeit der Aufnahmen Mitglied der Gruppe Wings war. Es wurde am 6. Dezember 1980 in Großbritannien veröffentlicht. In Deutschland wurde das Album unter dem Titel "Go Now" im Dezember 1980 veröffentlicht.


Plot and themes.

When asked why the film is called "Out 1", Rivette responded, "I chose 'Out' as the opposite of the vogue word 'in', which had caught on in France and which I thought was silly. The action of the film is rather like a serial which could continue through several episodes, so I gave it the number 'One'."  From the starting image of a small group of actors lying down with their legs bent back toward themselves, Rivette again focuses his film on rehearsals for a play, a motif present in both "L'amour fou" and his debut feature "Paris nous appartient" (1960); in particular, he extends "L'amour fou"'s relentless "reportage"-style examination of the continual development of a play under rehearsal (in that case Jean Racine's "Andromaque") and its effects on the director and his wife. In the case of "Out 1", the two main anchors of the film are two different theater groups each rehearsing a different Aeschylus play ("Seven Against Thebes" and "Prometheus Bound"), and the film does not particularly privilege any character within these groups more than any other. External to these two groups, two outsiders peripheral to the theater are featured: Colin (Jean-Pierre Léaud), a young man who believes that there may be a real-life Thirteen group in operation, and Frédérique (Juliet Berto), a young swindler who happens to steal letters which may prove to be communication between members of the Thirteen. Other featured characters include Emilie (Bulle Ogier), who runs a local hangout under the name Pauline and whose husband, Igor, has been missing for six months. Michael Lonsdale plays Thomas, the director of the "Prometheus Bound" group, and there are cameos by directors Barbet Schroeder and Éric Rohmer, who plays a Balzac professor in a scene of both plot exposition and comic relief.  The first few hours of the film alternate between documentary-style scenes observing the two troupes' rehearsals, Colin soliciting money from cafe patrons as a deaf man by playing irritating harmonica tunes, and Frédérique stealing money through a variety of deceptions. The plot gradually develops when Colin receives three mysterious messages in quick succession containing cryptic references to "the Thirteen" and to Lewis Carroll's "The Hunting of the Snark". He quickly connects this to Balzac and begins a quixotic quest to uncover what the messages mean and who the Thirteen are. Sometime afterward, Frédérique casually interrupts a businessman, Etienne, playing chess against himself at home; when she has the room to herself briefly, she attempts to locate a stash of money but instead steals a collection of letters. Sensing that they refer to some sort of secret society, she attempts to sell them to several of the correspondents in exchange for either money or more information on the group, but fails to gain any information. Only Emilie buys the letters, but only because they refer to her husband.  The "Seven Against Thebes" production takes on a newcomer, Renaud, to assist in the production, but he quickly begins to take over more and more of the creative direction of the piece from Lili, who recedes into the background in disgust. Their fortunes appear high when Quentin wins a million francs at the races, but during the ensemble's celebration, Renaud steals all the cash; the production is cancelled and the members undertake a futile search for Renaud, spreading out all across Paris with a photo of him to try to discover his whereabouts. Thomas brings in old friend Sarah to help work through a creative block on "Prometheus Bound", but she instead causes a rift within the group and the play is abandoned after another player leaves for unrelated reasons. It turns out that Thomas's block was largely due to his break-up with Lili after being with her personally and professionally for seven years.  Thomas also is revealed to be a key member of the Thirteen, although the group never really was fully functional and had agreed to go into a period of dormancy two years earlier. Ironically, a chance encounter between Colin and Thomas motivates the latter to suggest reviving the Thirteen to Etienne, who is reluctant because the group never really did anything to begin with. One of the main correspondents in Etienne's letters, Pierre, is frequently discussed but never seen, and is described alternately as sinister and childlike. After reading the contents of the letters sold to her by Frédérique, Emilie prepares packages to be sent to major Parisian newspapers containing photocopies of these letters and purporting to disclose the existence of a scandal involving Pierre setting up Igor. Since Pierre and Igor are both members of the Thirteen, members of the group are forced to reconstitute to prevent the disclosure, and Thomas, Etienne and the ruthless lawyer Lucie de Graffe (Françoise Fabian) meet to discuss what to do.  Frédérique eventually meets up with the young man that her gay friend Honey Moon (Michel Berto) is infatuated with, who turns out to be Renaud; the two become married in a blood ritual, but she suspects that he may be a member of another secret society even more sinister than the Thirteen. After seeing him associate with a local gang, she draws a gun on him, but warns him – causing him to turn around and shoot instantly, killing her.  Colin gives up on the idea of the Thirteen, while it is quietly suggested during a discussion between two other members of the Thirteen, Lucie de Graffe and the cynical professor named Warok (Jean Bouise), that perhaps Pierre was the author of the messages to Colin and has been the invisible hand behind much of the plot, because he misses the Thirteen and wants to either restore it or replace it with young blood like Colin. Several of the characters retreat in the end to Emilie's small seaside house in Normandy called "the Obade" (another Balzacian reference, see "Ferragus"), where she breaks down in front of Sarah, confessing her love for Colin (who had been courting her earlier) and Igor at the same time. Her dilemma is solved at the end, when she receives a call from Igor telling her to meet him in Paris. She and Lili set off for Paris.  Thomas remains behind on the beach at the Obade with two of his actors and has a drunken hysterical episode there, when he pretends to collapse on the sand. His actors are worried and frantically try to revive him. When he reveals his jest, they walk away in disgust and get in the car to go back to Paris. Thomas is left alone on the beach, crying and laughing at the same time, stranded at the Obade and for the first time in the film, part of no group whatsoever. The film then quickly cuts to a completely unrelated shot of Marie, an actress from the "Thebes" group who still seems to be searching for the missing Renaud and the money he stole. A golden statute of a Greek goddess, perhaps Athena, towers above her. The shot is held for a second before fading out.

Style.

After working with both 35mm film and 16mm film in "L'amour fou", Rivette was comfortable enough with the 16mm format to work with it on "Out 1", the massive length of which precluded any serious attempt to shoot the whole film on expensive 35mm. Despite the immense length of the final product, the film was shot under a tight shooting schedule of only six weeks. Rivette's preference for the long take was the main reason why such a schedule could be maintained. Because he wanted the performances to have a level of realism, some takes include lines "fluffed" by actors, or other common "mistakes" such as camera and boom microphone shadows, as well as unwitting extras looking at the camera in exterior shots (including a well-known scene where two young boys doggedly follow Jean-Pierre Léaud along the street during an extended monologue). Rivette has said that the intimacy of the performances in the face of such mistakes was precisely why he kept those takes in the film. Many of the rehearsal scenes, particularly those of the "Prometheus Bound" group, are composed almost entirely of long shots, although the film also contains more conventional editing elsewhere. The slow pacing of the film as a whole is also loosely based on Balzac, and its first few hours are constructed more like a prologue, where the editing is slower and the characters are no more than introduced. It is not until three or four hours into the film that characters' motives and the story lines begin to reveal themselves.  The work also includes stylistically adventurous techniques, including the shooting of long shots through mirrors (again developing from work in "L'amour fou"), short cuts to black to punctuate otherwise continuous scenes, short cutaways to unrelated or seemingly meaningless shots, non-diegetic sound blocking out crucial parts of the dialogue, and even a conversation in which selected lines are re-edited so that they appear to be spoken backward. However, these experiments form a fairly small part of the work as a whole, which is generally conventional in style (aside from the length of takes and of the work as a whole).

Exhibition.

First shown as a work in progress at the Maison de la Culture in Le Havre, the film was re-edited down to a four-hour "short" version called "Out 1: Spectre", which is more accessible and available (although not widely). Richard Roud, writing in "The Guardian", called this version "a mind-blowing experience, but one which, instead of taking one 'out of this world' as the expression has it, took one right smack into the world. Or into a world which one only dimly realised was there – always right there beneath the everyday world... the cinema will never be the same again, and nor will I." Few people have seen the full-length version, though it is championed by "Chicago Reader" critic Jonathan Rosenbaum, who compares it to Thomas Pynchon's "Gravity's Rainbow", and has included both "Out 1: Noli Me Tangere" and "Out 1: Spectre" in the 100 films singled out from his 1000 favourite films, published in his anthology "Essential Cinema".  "Out 1: Noli Me Tangere" was restored in Germany in 1990 and was shown again at the Rotterdam and Berlin Film Festivals shortly thereafter. It disappeared again into obscurity until 2004, when both "Noli Me Tangere" and its shorter version "Out 1: Spectre" featured in the programme on 1–21 June, in the complete retrospective "Jacques Rivette Viaggio in Italia di un metteur en scène" organized by Deep A.C. and curated by Goffredo De Pascale in Rome at the Sala Trevi Centro Sperimentale and in Naples at Le Grenoble. Then, only in the April/May 2006 Rivette retrospective at London's National Film Theatre, with the shorter film also screening twice across two subsequent nights at Anthology Film Archives in New York City on the same April weekend as the NFT projection of the long work. The North American premiere of "Noli Me Tangere" took place on 23 and 24 September 2006 in Vancouver's Vancouver International Film Centre organized by Vancouver International Film Festival programmer and Cinema Scope editor Mark Peranson, attended by around twenty people (22 at Peranson's initial count, before episode 1, though others came and went). A subsequent screening took place as a part of the 2006 festival over 30 September and 1 October, introduced by Jonathan Rosenbaum.  The subtitled "Out 1: Noli Me Tangere" provides a particular challenge for exhibitors, as the subtitles are not burned onto the print of the film itself, as is usual with most foreign films shown in North America. Rather, the subtitles for "Out 1", provided by the British Film Institute, are projected from a computer in a separate stream (in the Vancouver screening, just below the film itself); this then has to be synchronized with the film itself, almost certainly by someone unfamiliar with the entire "Out 1". Few theatres can meet this technical challenge, especially over a thirteen-hour span. In addition, the film was shot on 16mm at a nonstandard 25 frames per second, a speed few current projectors are equipped to handle. In the Vancouver screening, the film was projected at 24fps, adding about half an hour to the film as a whole.  Screenings of both the long and short works took place in late November and December 2006, during an extensive retrospective of Rivette's work which ran at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria, Queens, New York City. The screening of the longer version was sold out for the 9 and 10 December 2006 screening, so the Museum held an encore performance of the film on 3 and 4 March in 2007 (which came close to selling out). It was shown on both occasions over 2 days. In interviews, Rivette has explicitly stated that the work is meant to be seen theatrically "on the big screen", and apparently dislikes it being watched on television. Ironically, the preparation of the film in eight episodes was in large part due to the "naive hope", according to Rivette, of it originally being distributed like that on French television, although his disdain for that mode of exhibition only arose after the film's completion.  "Out 1" was restored by Carlotta Films in 2015 and made its U.S. theatrical premiere at the Brooklyn Academy of Music on 4 November 2015. This version has now been released on DVD and Blu-ray in the U.S., while Arrow Films have released it on both formats in the U.K.  The restored "Out 1" was screened in London, England over two days at the Prince Charles Cinema, Leicester Place on 28 and 29 November 2015. The screening was presented by the Badlands Collective and A Nos Amours.

Reception.

"Out 1" has garnered acclaim from critics. The film holds an aggregate score of 87/100 on Metacritic, based on 7 critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval based on 22 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.61/10.

Title.

Out 1 is known by many titles. Out 1: Noli Me Tangere, the frequently-cited longer title of the film, has its origins as a phrase written on the film canister of an early workprint. This longer title was commonly understood as the film's actual title until a finished print was made in 1989 for exhibition at the Rotterdam Film Festival and as a telecine transfer for TV broadcast. At that point Rivette asserted the title on-screen as simply Out 1.  Out 1: Spectre is the proper title of the shorter, four-hour version, which is nonetheless a completely separate and distinctive work rather than simply a shortened form of the longer feature.  A list of reviews from the New York screening (June 2006): Vancouver (September & October 2006): New York (November 2006): New York (February 2007) Chicago (May 2007): Los Angeles (July 2007):

Out 1, also referred to as Out 1: Noli Me Tangere, is a 1971 French film directed by Jacques Rivette. It is indebted to Honoré de Balzac's "La Comédie humaine", particularly the "History of the Thirteen" collection (1833–35). Known for its length of nearly 13 hours, the film is divided into eight parts around 90–100 minutes each.

Out 1: Noli me tangere ist ein Film von Jacques Rivette aus dem Jahr 1971, der seine endgültige Form 1990 fand. Von dem für "Out 1" gedrehten Material existieren zwei fertiggestellte Filmversionen: eine Version mit einer Dauer von etwas mehr als 4 Stunden: "", sowie der ca. 13 Stunden lange Film "Out 1: Noli me tangere".


Early career.

Collins played high school football at West Brook Senior High School in Beaumont, Texas, where he was teammates with Frank Middleton and James Brown. He started on both offense and defense and earned Scholar Athlete of the Year honors his senior year. Collins also was a member of the National Honor Society and the West Brook Powerlifting team. Collins was the number one rated offensive lineman in the state in 1992 and ranked in the top ten also as a defensive lineman. After a whirlwind recruiting season, Collins chose Texas A&M over UCLA, Oklahoma, Michigan, Miami, Texas, and LSU.

Texas A&M Aggies career.

Collins redshirted in 1993, but was among only two freshmen that traveled with the team as valuable reserves. In 1994 as a redshirt freshman, Collins started with 4 other seniors to form one of the best offensive lines in Texas A&M history. Calvin Collins led every offensive line for the next three years garnering impressive stats and awards. Collins was versatile enough to earn all-conference honors at both guard and center for the Aggies. Collins ended his college career with a trip to the Senior Bowl All-Star game where he dominated the trenches leading the team with 7 pancake blocks.

NFL career.

Calvin Collins was drafted in the sixth round of the 1997 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. Even though he was the 180th player picked, only one rookie offensive lineman started more games that year, and that was number one pick Orlando Pace. Collins earned the starting center spot four games into the rookie campaign gaining All-Rookie honors. In 1998 Collins switched to left guard and started every contest on the way to Super Bowl XXXIII. Collins helped pave the way for the Falcon's number one rushing offense that season and Jamal Anderson's 1,846 yards. Collins played 2 and half more years for the Falcons starting at guard and center. In 2001, Collins moved on to the Minnesota Vikings where his tenacity earned him the starting nod in the second half of the season. After signing up with the Houston Texans for 2002, he injured his hamstring during summer camp and was subsequently cut. After healing, Collins played with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2003, and with the Denver Broncos in 2004. In his professional career, Collins was coached by the best in the business. Hall of Fame coaches of Collins include: Dan Reeves, Art Shell, and Russ Grimm.

Calvin Lewis Collins (born January 5, 1974 in Beaumont, Texas) is a former American football guard who played seven seasons in the National Football League from 1997–2004. He started in Super Bowl XXXIII for the Atlanta Falcons.

Calvin Lewis Collins (* 5. Januar 1974 in Beaumont, Texas) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Offensive Guards und Centers. Er spielte in seiner Karriere bei den Minnesota Vikings und den Atlanta Falcons in der National Football League.


Background.

At Innotrans 2012, Vossloh launched a range of dual mode locomotives - initial offers included the DM30 based on the Vossloh DE 18, and the EuroDual locomotives derived from its diesel Euro 4000 and EuroLight classes. Initial descriptions were of a Co'Co' locomotive with 5MW electrical power and diesel power, with an axle load from. Subsequent orders differed from the initial specifications, with orders from the UK and South Africa being for Bo-Bo locomotives. At Innotrans 2018 the new Eurodual was presented by Stadler.  The first two versions are marketed as UKDual and PrasaDual. The third version of the EuroDual has a Co-Co wheel arrangement. It is specified for heavy cargo transportation. It is expected to be a dual-mode replacement for the very successful Euro 4000 which will soon cease production as it is not IIIB compliant.

Orders.

United Kingdom.

Direct Rail Services.

In September 2013, UK rail operator Direct Rail Services announced it had ordered ten Euro Dual locomotives, with a 700kW engine, and 4MW rating electrical equipment (25kV AC operation). The type are to be given the Class88. The design is a development of the Class 68 (Stadler UKLight) diesel locomotives that Direct Rail Services introduced in 2014, having the bodyshell, cab, brakes, bogies, traction equipment and control software in common, the diesel engine is a Caterpillar C27. The UK locomotives will comply with Euro III B emission limits.  In April 2016 one vehicle was transferred to the Velim railway test circuit for testing.

Rail Operations Group.

Ten Class 93s have been ordered by Rail Operations Group (ROG), with the first scheduled for delivery in August 2020.

South Africa.

In October 2013, Swifambo Rail Leasing placed a €250 million order for 50 Euro Dual and 20 Euro 4000 diesel locomotives, to be leased to the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) for use on Shosholoza Meyl services. The Euro Dual locomotives were to be Bo-Bo vehicles with 2.8MW diesel power and a top speed of 140km/h.  In late 2015 PRASA began proceedings in the High Court of South Africa to terminate the contract for both the Afro4000 and Euro-Dual locomotives ordered from Vossloh, and to be repaid the R2.65-billion already expended. A specific problem cited was that the supplied diesel locomotives were substantially out of gauge for parts of the network, being 4.14m high, as opposed to a 3.965m limit specified by the government infrastructure and logistics organisation Transnet. PRASA also claimed that Swifambo lacked the necessary experience, and or certification to be awarded the contract, and that Swifambo had failed to meet the terms of the bidding process, in that it lacked experience in the supply of railway equipment.

Germany.

In 2017 private German operator Havelländische Eisenbahnen (HVLE) ordered 10 Eurodual locomotives and a further option of 10. The designated Class 159 locomotives have six traction axles, a maximum continuous power of 7MW (electric) and 3MW (diesel). The starting traction effort can be as much as 500kN and the maximum speed is specified with 160km/h. The machine will feature AC traction motors and separate IGBT converters for each axle. The Diesel engine is a CAT C175-16 rated at 2800kW (Stage IIIB compliant). The construction is fully TSI compliant. It features the latest ETCS Baseline3 train protection system and legacy PZB for the German network. The first three locomotives were delivered in 2018 and are in homologation process.

Bolivia.

Bolivian operator, ordered three Stadler SALi ("South American Light Loco") locomotives derived from Euro Dual design and adapted for Bolivian metre-gauge railway, in February 2018.

Tanzania.

Tanzania Railways Corporation ordered six Euro Dual locomotives for Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway in January 2020.

The Stadler Euro Dual (known as the Vossloh Euro Dual until 2015) is a design of dual power, electro-diesel locomotive by Stadler Rail Valencia. Three versions of the design have been ordered; 10 units for the United Kingdom, 50 units for South Africa and 10 units for Germany.

Bei der Lokomotive Eurodual 2159 handelt es sich um eine kombinierte Strecken-Diesel- bzw. Elektrolokomotive, die von Stadler Rail bei Valencia in Spanien produziert wird. Im Jahr 2019 sind die ersten drei von insgesamt zehn bei der Havelländischen Eisenbahn bestellten Lokomotiven ausgeliefert worden und befinden sich derzeit in der Test- und Inbetriebsetzungsphase. Die Lokomotiven zählen zu den größten einrahmigen Fahrzeugen auf deutschen Gleisen.


Early life.

Drent was born in Pretoria and raised until the age of 8 in Potchefstroom, South Africa. In January 1996 Drent and his family moved to New Zealand. He remembers watching "Shortland Street" for the first time and being bewildered by the accents. During high school, he was a keen tennis player in Hamilton and used to play alongside well-known players Todd Breeze and Tristan Stayt. After finishing school Drent studied business at university and worked in the property development industry. After doing part-time work in television commercials, Drent "caught the acting bug."

Career.

Beginnings and "Shortland Street".

Drent became a model, was signed to 11 Modeling Agency and quickly became a regular on the catwalk.  He started to attend a Meisner Acting course and in 2008 auditioned for an upcoming role on the long-running soap opera "Shortland Street". The role was a recasting of past character Daniel Potts, the bad-boy illegitimate son of major character Sarah Potts. Drent was called back after his first audition, and, after performing alongside the actress of Sarah, Amanda Billing, he was awarded the role. He made his debut on the show in March 2009 and quickly picked up a heartthrob status.  For his role on "Shortland Street", Drent was nominated and awarded with numerous awards, including in 2010 the New Zealand TV Guide Best on the Box award for "Rising Star". He also won runner up for "Hottest Male Actor" in the Throng Shortland Street Fan Awards 2010, losing out to onscreen stepfather Benjamin Mitchell. In 2011 Drent was nominated for a Girlfriend Faves Forever award for "Celeb Male 2011" for his role in Shortland Street and "Favourite TV star" in the What Now awards.  In 2012 Drent quit his role on "Shortland Street" to pursue career opportunities in Australia. He commented, "For me, broadening myself as an actor,I need to move on, even if it meant losing a bit of security and taking a big risk."  Following his move to Australia, Drent landed a role on the fourth season of television show "Offspring", making his debut in May 2013. Drent was praised by his costar Matthew Le Nevez, "He's got such a nice, calming energy... He's such a great actor."  Drent also won the role of INXS drummer Jon Farriss in a miniseries depicting the band, "".

Personal life.

Drent is heavily involved in exercise and loves coffee. He has a strong Christian faith and a commitment to stay celibate until marriage. In April 2011 Drent announced he was engaged to makeup artist Mandy Hodges via his Facebook page. After dating for seven months, the two wed in December 2011 in a ceremony attended by family, friends, and co-stars. Their son, Bastion Dirk Drent, was born in 2015. The couple announced in May 2016 via Instagram that they were expecting their second child in November 2016. Their daughter, Elliotte Lilian Drent was born in 2016.

Activism.

Drent has been an ambassador for the 40 Hour Famine in 2010, 2011 and 2012, in which he helped needy children in East Timor. He was involved in a run which involved running 20 km a day for a week to raise money for Ronald McDonald House Charities. However, Drent was forced to drop out following feeling very ill and fearing he may have meningitis. Drent is also an advocate for anti-smoking New Zealand.

Ido Drent (born 27 January 1987) is a South African-born actor working and living in Auckland, New Zealand. He is best known to television audiences as Daniel Potts in the long-running soap opera "Shortland Street".

Ido Drent (* 27. Januar 1987 in Pretoria) ist ein südafrikanischer Schauspieler, der dem deutschen Fernsehpublikum durch seine Rolle als "Detective Sergeant (DS) Justin Harding" in der Fernsehserie „Auckland Detectives – Tödliche Bucht“ (im Original „The Gulf“) bekannt geworden ist.


Biography.

Born in Utrecht in 1912, Brouwers grew up in The Hague and held various jobs including hairdresser, travel guide, and vacuum cleaner salesman. He loved operetta and tried without success for a career as a singer, having only one minor hit. In 1972 he was discovered when he auditioned as an extra for the Wim T. Schippers television show "De Fred Hachéshow" (he was friends with the show's lead actor, Harry Touw), and quickly rose to prominence. Schippers created the character Sjef van Oekel for Brouwers, who returned in two later Schippers shows, "Barend is weer bezig" (1972–1973) and "Van Oekel's Discohoek" (1974).  The van Oekel character was ancillary in "De Fred Hachéshow" and "Barend is weer bezig", both of which had Barend Servet as the lead, but central in "Van Oekel's Discohoek", where he played the host of a music show on television that parodied popular music programs of the era. In "Het is weer zo laat!" (1974) Brouwers, who was 67 at the time, plays Waldo van Dungen, a bumbling and chaotic nightclub owner. Formerly a waiter at the club, van Dungen had married a rich admirer, Gé Braadslee, who buys it for him; he renames it "Waldolala".  As van Oekel and van Dungen, Brouwers was a striking character with a large television presence, and equipped with large glasses, a tuxedo, and a "Hitler mustache". His sense of humor corresponded with Schippers'; both were extraordinarily fond of and gifted in creating puns and using unorthodox and humorous syntax and diction.  Brouwers recorded many Schippers-penned and other songs, most of which comic and dramatic. With Manke Nelis he recorded "Vis wordt duur betaald" (#46 in the Dutch charts in 1988), but his best known song is probably "Vette jus" ("[Sauerkraut with] greasy gravy"), a dish still associated with him in a song that is little more than a list of Dutch dishes. The song was first performed on the 1974 Christmas special for "Barend is weer bezig"; it was written by Schippers, Gied Jaspars, and Clous van Mechelen.  Whether van Oekel was just used or also abused by Schippers and others was the topic of a 2004 theater production. According to Hein Janssen, writing in "de Volkskrant", it is certainly true that Brouwers jumped at the opportunity to become a celebrity, but the extent to which Schippers and the other writers and directors pushed Brouwers (he balked, for instance, at having to simulate sex with an inflatable doll) is questionable.

Discography.

Charting singles.

["Oei, oei" credited as "Sjef van Oekel", all others as "Dolf Brouwers"]

Dolf Brouwers (31 August 1912 – 23 September 1997) was a Dutch comedian, singer, and television actor who rose to fame late in life playing the character Sjef van Oekel in the 1970s satirical television shows aired on VPRO, written and directed by Wim T. Schippers, Ruud van Hemert, Gied Jaspars, and Wim van der Linden.

Adolphus (Dolf) Brouwers (* 31. August 1912 in Utrecht; † 23. September 1997 in Den Haag) war ein niederländischer Operettensänger mit der Stimmlage Tenor und Komiker, der in den Niederlanden besonders durch die Musikshow Van Oekel's Discohoek bekannt geworden ist, dem Vorbild der Plattenküche.


Career.

At the 1949 World Championships at Buenos Aires, Argentina, he won the 25 meter Rapid Fire Pistol title. 1952 was particularly a banner year for Benner. In Oslo, Norway in July, he again won the World Championship in the 25 meter Rapid Fire match, setting a new world record in the process. Later that same month, he took Olympic Gold in the 50 metre pistol event (then known as Free Pistol) at Helsinki, Finland.  At the 1954 World Championships in Caracas, Venezuela, he won the 50 meter Free Pistol title, and also took the silver in the 25 meter Rapid Fire Pistol event. He competed in two Pan American Games (1951 and 1955) winning the Rapid Fire Pistol event in 1951 and the Center Fire Pistol event in 1955. Overall, during his 11 years of international competition, Benner won 13 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze medals and set two individual and two team world records.  He earned the U.S. Army Distinguished Pistol Badge in 1940, and was retroactively awarded the United States Distinguished International Shooter Badge for his 1949 World Shooting Championships gold medal performance. MSG Benner was All-Army Pistol Champion an astounding 15 times, and NRA National Pistol Champion 6 times. He also served from 1953 to 1963 as the Pistol Coach at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, New York.  In 1975, Joe Benner testified before the House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Crime regarding firearms legislation.  He is a member of both the U.S. International Shooting Hall of Fame and the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit Hall of Fame.

Sergeant Major Huelet Leo "Joe" Benner (November 1, 1917 – December 12, 1999) was an American multi-discipline pistol shooter during what many consider the golden era of international and national competition (post-World War II through the mid-1960s). He was a member of three U.S. Olympic teams (1948, 1952, and 1956).

Huelet Leo „Joe“ Benner (* 1. November 1917 in Paragould; † 12. Dezember 1999 in Tampa) war ein US-amerikanischer Sportschütze.


The original.

The original Inverted Impulse roller coaster, Linear Gale, was built in 1998 at LaQua Amusement Park at Tokyo Dome City in Tokyo, Japan. Like the more modern Impulse roller coasters, it began with a LIM launch. However, instead of going through a vertical twist, it simply headed up a straight tower. It headed backwards through the launch section and station and into another vertical tower of track, this time facing the ground. After a few more cycles, the train slowed and came to a stop in the station. It closed on October 31, 2010.

Variations.

Intamin Impulse Coaster.

The first installation in the United States was at Six Flags Ohio in Aurora, Ohio. Built in 2000, it was the first Intamin Impulse roller coaster to feature a vertical twist and a holding brake on the rear tower. The largest installation, Wicked Twister built in 2002 at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, did away with the straight section containing the holding brake and instead had a second twisting tower. at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California originally had the twisted front and vertical rear towers when it was built in 2001. However, upon discovery of breaking the 150 ft. height restriction in the Vallejo area, the ride was altered to have a front section slanting at 45 degrees into an inline roll which ended with a straightaway, and the rear tower was lowered to the 150 ft height limit. The holding brake was also turned off, and has not been used since. V2: Vertical Velocity reopened in 2002, and is unique among Inverted Impulse roller coasters for being the only one with a true inversion. In 2004, Superman: Ultimate Escape was renamed to Steel Venom after Six Flags sold Six Flags Worlds of Adventure (which Six Flags Ohio had been renamed to after merging with adjacent SeaWorld Ohio in 2001) to Cedar Fair and the park reverted to its original name Geauga Lake. It operated under that name until the end of Geauga Lake's 2006 season and then was moved to Dorney Park and Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania. In 2008 the ride opened under the name Voodoo but was changed to Possessed the following year. The ride continues to operate at Dorney Park and is one of the few Inverted Impulse Roller Coasters that has, and still uses, the vertical holding brake.

Intamin Suspended Catapult Coaster.

Although technically not an Inverted Impulse coaster, Volcano, The Blast Coaster utilized technology that would eventually be included in Impulse designs. It was manufactured by Intamin, the same company that manufacturers modern Impulse coasters; thus it utilized LIM motors, trains, and track structure similar to modern Impulse coasters. However, it was unlike Impulse coasters because of its full circuit, multiple train, dual-launch design. It has 2 launches, first to 68 mph and second to 70 mph. In February 2019, Kings Dominion announced in an article that Volcano would be removed and demolished for the 2019 season citing maintenance issues..

An Impulse roller coaster is a form of a launched inverted roller coaster manufactured by Intamin. The first Impulse roller coaster appeared in Japan, and the ride type has since evolved to include four specific layouts, three of these varieties being built in the United States. It uses LIMs to launch a train out of the station and (in most installations) up a vertical spiral. The train then falls backwards, is powered again through the station, and heads up a back tower. The train then falls forwards, and continues in this fashion for a total of 21⁄2 cycles per ride (three forward launches, two backwards). On the final forward launch, with a slightly reduced speed, the train is sent up the front tower, and brakes then deploy on the launch track. The train then slows down and heads back into the station.

Impulse Coaster ist die Bezeichnung eines Stahlachterbahnmodells des Herstellers Intamin, welches erstmals 1998 ausgeliefert wurde und zur Kategorie der Inverted Coaster, Launched Coaster und Shuttle Coaster zählt. Es existiert in drei Varianten: "Spike & Spike", "Twist & Spike" und "Twist & Twist".


History.

The creation of the Wilmès Government was announced on 26 October 2019, when previous Prime Minister Charles Michel announced he would be succeeded by Sophie Wilmès ultimately on 1 November 2019, effectively forming a new government. Charles Michel left his post as he had been elected to become the next President of the European Council as from 1 December 2019 and wanted to have sufficient time to prepare for his role as President of the European Council hence leaving already by November.  The Wilmès Government was governing as a caretaker government, until a new cabinet was formed based on the results of the federal elections of 26 May 2019, for which negotiations were still ongoing. Hence the government was a continuation of the centre minority coalition cabinet of Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V), the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld) and the Reformist Movement (MR) which together constituted the Michel II Government. On 16 March, the Wilmès Government was given support by several opposition parties to handle the coronavirus outbreak in Belgium, for which the cabinet is going to be supported by a majority in parliament by granting it special powers under the form of the Wilmès II Government. The opposition parties were giving support for three months to take corona measures, with a possible further three month extension, are the socialists (sp.a & PS), the greens (Groen and Ecolo), the cdH and DéFI, leaving only the N-VA and the PVDA/PTB and Vlaams Belang in the opposition.

Composition.

The composition of the government was similar to that of the Michel II Government, with the only differences being Sophie Wilmès taking over the role of Charles Michel as Prime Minister and David Clarinval coming in to replace Wilmès as Minister of Budget, Civil Service, National Lottery and Scientific Policy.

The Wilmès I Government was a caretaker Federal Government of Belgium, led by Prime Minister Sophie Wilmès, the first ever female Prime Minister of Belgium.

Die Regierung Wilmès I war die geschäftsführende Regierung Belgiens vom 27. Oktober 2019 bis zum 17. März 2020. Ihr folgte die Regierung Wilmès II.


History.

The library was established in the building formerly belonging the Jesuit college in the town. The library was established upon suppression of the order, and had its nuclei in the Jesuit collection of 5000 volumes. The library was established with papal support (Clement XIV and Pius VI) and the patronage of Cardinal Guglielmo Pallotta. The library was open to the public in 1787.  The collection was augmented by the donations of the lawyer Rota Francesco Mornati, and by Bartolomeo Mozzi. In 1833, the Dominican priest Tommaso Borgetti donated his collection. The 19th-century art biographer, Amico Ricci, also endowed the library with his works and notes. With further ecclesiastical suppressions in the late 19th century, further collections were added. In 1935, it acquired the 20,000 volume library of the Castiglioni family of Cingoli (family of Pope Pius VIII), Also documents and books including: unpublished manuscripts of Abate Colucci, author of Antichità Picene; documents and letters of Luigi Lanzi, Diomede Pantaleoni, Giuseppe Neroni, Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli, and Giuseppe Radiciotti, the archives of Ireneo Aleandri, Giulio Natali, and document of Ricci Petrocchini family. In addition, the library has books from the personal library of Massimo D'Azeglio.  The site houses a gallery (sala degli Specchi) painted with grotteschi in the 18th century by Vincenzo Martini, Domenico Marzapani and Domenico Cervini.  Presently, the library has 350,000 volumes, including 10,000 manuscripts, 300 incunabula and 4000 16th century publications. In addition, the library has a musical and theater collection, and a collection of photographs, including 37 images, and 56,000 negatives.

The Biblioteca Comunale Mozzi Borgetti, founded in 1773, is the public library of Macerata, located on Piazza Vittorio Veneto 2 region of Marche, Italy. The name is sometimes hyphenated as "Mozzi-Borgetti".

Die Biblioteca Comunale Mozzi Borgetti wurde 1773 in den Räumlichkeiten des aufgehobenen Jesuitenkollegs gegründet und ist die städtische Bibliothek von Macerata.