Attack.

Movahedi had reportedly been harassing Bahrami, who he had met as a fellow student at Azad university in Islamshahr, for some time but no police action had been previously taken. Bahrami was walking home from her job at a medical engineering company in October 2004 when he attacked her. She attempted to escape, but Movahedi blocked her path and threw acid in her face. She subsequently underwent 17 surgeries, some in Spain, but remains badly disfigured and blind in both eyes. The Iranian government has paid an equivalent of about £22,500 towards her treatment.

Trial and response.

Bahrami testified against Movahedi at his trial. She informed the court that she desired "to inflict the same life on him that he inflicted on me". She requested that twenty drops of acid be dropped in his eyes.  Tehran's deputy public prosecutor, Mahmoud Salarkia, defended the punishment. "If this sentence is properly publicized in the media, it will stop the repetition of such incidents," he said. "Awareness of the punishment has a huge deterrent effect in stopping social crimes." However, human rights advocates strongly criticized the punishment.  The punishment was due to be carried out on April 15, 2009, Movahedi's appeal was rejected by the court, although the blinding did not take place that year.  A new punishment date of May 14, 2011 was revealed, but again the punishment was not carried out, and was postponed indefinitely. On July 31, 2011, Ameneh forgave and pardoned her attacker, stating that she did so for her country.  Mohavedi stated that if he were to be blinded, the authorities should also "empty out" Bahrami's eyes to ensure that she could not secretly see.

Subsequent life.

Bahrami refused traditional "blood money" from her attacker, as she felt that her attacker deserved harsh retribution for his actions. However, she had no health insurance and her medical bills were high, forcing her to raise money online to help pay for her surgeries. She was described as having become self sufficient after the attack and had learned how to do tasks such as prepare food and walk to her parents' apartment independently. As of 2010, she was living in Spain.

Ameneh Bahrami (; born 1978 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian woman blinded in an acid attack. She became the focus of international controversy after demanding that her attacker, Majid Movahedi, be punished by being similarly blinded. The punishment is permitted under the Qisas principle of sharia law.

Ameneh Bahrami (auch: "Ameneh Bahraminava," ; * 1978 in Teheran) ist eine iranische Frau und Opfer eines Säureattentats, durch das sie entstellt wurde und das zu ihrer vollständigen Erblindung führte. International bekannt wurde sie durch ihr Beharren darauf, den Täter zu blenden. Im Juli 2011 verzichtete sie auf die Blendung.


Background.

Sur district was founded in Diyarbakır Province in 2008 as the central historic settlement. It is situated at the Tigris bank, on the felsic lava of the shield volcano Karaca Dağ at an elevation of above mean sea level. Many historic buildings and structures in the district are witness of several civilizations and rich cultures, which were hosted in the location in the history.  The background of Sur goes back to 7500 BC. Archaeological excavations showed that world's oldest settlement was located in the region. Civilizations ruled here are Hurrians (Bronze Age), Mitanni (c. 1500 BC–c. 1300 BC), Hittites (c. 1600 BC–c. 1178 BC), Assur (early Bronze Age), Persians (early 10th century BC), Alexander the Great (356 BC – 323 BC), Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, Kurdish Marwanids, Kurdish Ayyubid Empire and Ottoman Empire.

Politics.

The current Mayor is Feyme Filiz Buluttekin. As Kaymakan was appointed Abdullah Çiftçi.

Visitor attractions.

Sur is a historic and cultural center. It features historic Diyarbakır houses, Diyarbakır Archaeological Museum, Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Museum, East Syriac Rite St. Mary's Cathedral, Syriac Orthodox St. Mary Church, St. Giragos Armenian Church, Dicle Bridge, Deliler Inn, Hasan Pasha Inn, Hazreti Süleyman Mosque containing graves of 27 companions of Muhammad, Nebi Mosque, Sheikh Matar Mosque and its Four-legged Minaret, Great Mosque of Diyarbakır and Diyarbakır Fortress as well as caravanserais, madrasas, shadirvans and inscriptions of various historic periods.

2015 conflict and rebuilding of the district.

In 2015, militants linked to the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) entered Sur district, erected barricades and dug ditches in the streets. The local authority banned public gatherings and imposed a curfew, and the Turkish Army deployed about 200 troops of the Special Forces Command to conduct house-to-house searches. The conflict resulted in most residents abandoning their homes. Abandoned houses in various neighborhoods of Sur district were occupied by militants, and clashes between the PKK and Turkish Army and Special Forces continued until early 2016.  Amnesty International has estimated that 300,000 people were displaced by the conflict, and branded the government's response 'collective punishment'. International Crisis Group has estimated that around 1,700 people have been killed in the resulting conflict and estimates the number of displaced people at 350,000. Human Rights Watch criticized the Turkish government for 'blocking access for independent investigations into alleged mass abuses against civilians across southeast Turkey'.  Many houses were destroyed and registered historic buildings were seriously damaged. In March 2016, the government launched a project for the restoration of all the damaged historic structures and the rebuilding of destroyed houses in accordance of their original style. However, the project was criticized by the Turkish Union of Architects and Engineers Chambers, who claimed that the project would take “a defense-centered approach”, which would require the destruction of some historic structures.

Sur is one of the central districts of Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is a historic place situated inside the Diyarbakır Fortress. The district takes its name from the castle walls ().

Sur (kurdisch: "Sûr") ist eine Stadt im gleichnamigen Landkreis der türkischen Provinz Diyarbakır und gleichzeitig ein Stadtbezirk der 1993 geschaffenen "Büyükşehir belediyesi Diyarbakır" (Großstadtgemeinde/Metropolprovinz) im Südosten der Türkei. Der Name Sur stammt vom türkischen Wort für Stadtmauer und bezieht sich auf die Befestigungsanlage der Altstadt.


College career.

While playing at DePaul University, he averaged 24.5 points over three seasons with the Blue Demons under coach Ray Meyer. In 1981, Aguirre was "The Sporting News" and Helms Foundation College Player of the Year. He also was the USBWA College Player of the Year and James Naismith Award winner in 1980, and a 2 time member of "The Sporting News"' All-America first team. As a freshman in 1978–1979, he led the Demons to the Final Four, where they lost to Indiana State, led by future Basketball Hall of Famer Larry Bird.  The Chicago native played alongside Terry Cummings at DePaul, and found himself in the national spotlight during his three years at the university. Aguirre averaged 24.0 points as a freshman in 1978–79, and led the Blue Demons to the NCAA Final Four. Over the next two seasons he scored 26.8 and 23.0 points per game, respectively, and was named College Player of the Year in 1980–81.

1980 US Olympic Team.

Aguirre was a member of the 1980 U.S. Olympic basketball team but was unable to compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. He did however receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.  Aguirre declared for the NBA draft after his junior year at DePaul. The Dallas Mavericks selected him with the first overall pick in the 1981 NBA draft.

Professional career.

Dallas Mavericks (1981-1989).

Aguirre averaged 20 points per game over the course of his 13-year NBA career. He was selected as the first overall pick by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1981 NBA draft and remained with the Mavericks until 1989. In his first season Aguirre was limited to 51 games and averaged 18.7 points, second on the team to Jay Vincent (21.4 ppg). The Mavericks improved by 13 games in the win column and finished ahead of the Utah Jazz, but were still twenty games behind division-leading San Antonio Spurs.  Beginning with the 1982–83 season Aguirre reeled off six straight campaigns in which his average topped 22 points per game. In the first of those seasons he scored 24.4 points per contest, tops on the team and sixth in the league. The Mavericks continued their ascent, bettering their record to 38-44 to finish ahead of Utah and the Houston Rockets in the Midwest Division. During the 1983-84 NBA season Aguirre averaged 29.5 points per game, second in the league to Dantley's 30.6 ppg. He finished the season with 2,330 total points.  Although Aguirre was the Mavericks’ main weapon, he was helped by the emergence of Rolando Blackman (22.4 ppg) and the contributions of role players Brad Davis and Pat Cummings. Dallas finished second in the Midwest at 43-39, and the team made its first playoff trip, beating the Seattle SuperSonics in the opening round before losing to the Los Angeles Lakers in the conference semifinals. In each of the next two seasons the Mavericks posted identical 44-38 records. In 1984–85 they made a quick exit from the playoffs, bowing to the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round; in 1985–86 they defeated Utah and then took the Lakers to six games in the conference semifinals. Aguirre averaged 25.7 and 22.6 points for those seasons.  In 1986–87 and 1987–88 he made the All-Star Team and averaged 25.7 and 25.1 points, respectively, during the regular season. The Mavericks won more than 50 games each year. The 1987–88 edition of the franchise went 53-29, beat Houston and the Denver Nuggets in the first two rounds of the postseason, then extended the Lakers to seven games before losing in the Western Conference Finals. It was the longest postseason run in the Mavs’ eight-year history. Both Mavericks single-season scoring records still stand. His 13,930 points as a Maverick rank third in the franchise's history, behind Rolando Blackman's 16,643 points and Dirk Nowitzki's 31,560.  While Aguirre's time in Dallas was full of high-scoring efforts and playoff visits, the Mavericks were postseason underachievers (their only Western Conference Finals visit was the 1988 loss to the Lakers), and Aguirre had repeated conflicts with coach Dick Motta and players like Blackman, Derek Harper and James Donaldson. Then-team owner Donald Carter was a huge fan of Aguirre and hoped he would remain in Dallas for his entire career, but eventually conceded that the gulf between Aguirre and the team was unbridgeable. Midway through the 1988–89 season Aguirre was traded to the Detroit Pistons for Dantley, who was also one of the league's top scorers, and a first round draft pick on February 15, 1989.

Detroit Pistons (1989-1993).

After Aguirre joined them, the Pistons won the NBA title in 1988-89 and repeated as champions in 1989–90. He showed he could blend into a successful team by taking fewer shots, playing hard on defense, and not complaining when Dennis Rodman's minutes increased greatly over time. In the 1990 playoffs, which culminated with a five-game Finals win over Portland, Aguirre averaged 11.0 points. Aguirre played three more seasons with the Pistons in an increasingly limited role, due to both Rodman's play and his own age and injury issues.

Los Angeles Clippers (1993-1994).

In 1993, the Pistons released Aguirre. After he cleared waivers the Los Angeles Clippers signed him for $150,000 for a partial campaign in 1993–94. Through the 1993–94 season Aguirre had accumulated 18,458 points for a career average of 20.0 points per game. He retired in 1994.

Personal life.

Aguirre has been married to Angela Bowman since January 1988. Aguirre, whose grandfather was from Mexico, at one point considered playing for team Mexico at the 1992 Olympics.

Mark Anthony Aguirre (born December 10, 1959) is an American former basketball player in the National Basketball Association. Aguirre was chosen as the first overall pick of the 1981 NBA draft by the Dallas Mavericks after playing three years at DePaul University. Aguirre played in the NBA from 1981 until 1994 and won two championships with the Detroit Pistons after being traded to Detroit from Dallas in exchange for Adrian Dantley. Aguirre was a three-time All-Star for Dallas.

Mark Anthony Aguirre (* 10. Dezember 1959 in Chicago, Illinois) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler. Zwischen 1981 und 1994 spielte er in der NBA unter anderem für die Dallas Mavericks, Detroit Pistons und Los Angeles Clippers.


Playing career.

Division 2 to HockeyAllsvenskan.

Viktor Fasth was born in Kalix, but grew up in Vänersborg. As an 18-year-old goaltender, Fasth played with the Brooklyn Tigers (a youth affiliate connected to Luleå HF) in the Swedish Division 2, the fourth-tier league. The following season he played with Vänersborgs HC in the third-tier league Division 1. The following season, in 2002–03, he turned to Tvåstad Cobras HC to return to Division 2. Tvåstad became promoted to Division 1 that season, and Fasth continued to play for them in the 2003–04 season. However, the Tvåstad Cobras HC team was shut down after the 2003–04 season due to financial problems, and Fasth therefore moved to play in Tingsryds AIF in Division 1 for three seasons. In his 2006–07 season with Tingsryd he was the third best goaltender in Division 1F, with a 92.47% save percentage in 33 games. His biggest success with the team came in that season, when he helped the team reach the Kvalserien qualification for HockeyAllsvenskan for the first time since their relegation to Division 1 in the 2002–03 season. However, the team finished fourth in the qualification and thus remained in Division 1.  Fasth then signed with Växjö Lakers Hockey in the 2007–08 season, at that time in the second-tier league HockeyAllsvenskan, and played there for three seasons. He played well in all of these seasons, placing, in save percentage, second in the 2007–08 season and first in the 2009–10 season.

Elitserien.

After a successful 2009–10 season, which ended with play in the Kvalserien qualification for Sweden's top-tier league Elitserien (SHL), he signed a one-year contract with Elitserien newcomers AIK to make his debut season in Elitserien, the top ice hockey league in Sweden. He was set to be the team's backup goaltender, but injury problems for Christopher Heino-Lindberg forced AIK to start Viktor Fasth. Playing in 42 games, he posted an impressive 92.45% save percentage and placed third in the leading goaltenders league for save percentage. He significantly contributed to AIK's success that season, reaching the semifinals in the playoffs, where they were eliminated by Färjestad BK in four games. Viktor Fasth received both the Honken Trophy award and the Guldpucken ("Golden Puck") award. In February 2011, Fasth extended his contract with the team by 2 years, which meant the contract was expected to expire after the 2012–13 season.  Fasth continued to impress in the 2011–12 season. Once again he finished third in save percentage at 93.14% and he was subsequently awarded the Honken Trophy for the second year in a row. In the playoffs, he continued to shut the door, and he and AIK managed to repeat the 2010–11 success, advancing to the semifinals, where they once again were eliminated, this time in seven games against Skellefteå AIK.

National Hockey League.

On 21 May 2012, Fasth signed a 1-year, one-way $1 million USD deal with the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL).  On 20 September 2012, due to the ongoing 2012–13 NHL lockout, Fasth signed to play with his former team Tingsryds AIF of the HockeyAllsvenskan (Swe-2). Fasth played in 12 games for the team, registering an impressive 94.17% save percentage and a 1.68 goals against average (GAA).  In his NHL debut on 26 January 2013, Fasth led the Ducks to a 3–2 shootout victory over the Nashville Predators. Fasth stopped 19 of the 21 shots sent his way, and prevented the Predators from finding the net in the shootout with Martin Erat hitting the crossbar, Fasth stopping Mike Fisher's shot, and then swatting the puck out of the air from David Legwand. Corey Perry scored the game-winning goal for the Ducks in the shootout. Fasth found early success in the NHL, starting the season 8–0–0 – the best start by a goaltender in the regular season as a starter since Ray Emery of the Ottawa Senators won his first nine games between the end of 2002–03 and the beginning of the 2003–04 season. Fasth eventually ended the streak in his ninth start on 25 February 2013, with a 2–5 loss against the Los Angeles Kings on the road, also ending a six-game winning streak for the Ducks. With the loss, Fasth failed to match Ray Emery's streak. Fasth further helped the Ducks advance to an 11–2–1 record, their best start since their Stanley Cup-winning 2006–07 season. Fasth finished the regular season with a 15–6–2 record; the Ducks finished with a 30–12–6 record and qualified for the 2013 Stanley Cup playoffs. The Ducks were eliminated in the Conference Quarterfinals by the Detroit Red Wings in seven games, with Fasth not playing in any of these games as the backup to Jonas Hiller.  The following year, Fasth was injured early in the season. On 4 March 2014, Fasth was traded by the Ducks to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for a fifth and a third round pick in the 2014 and 2015 NHL Entry Draft, respectively. This gave him the chance to compete for the number one job against goalie Ben Scrivens.

Kontinental Hockey League.

On 9 July 2015, Fasth agreed to terms on an initial one-year contract with CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Fasth provided an immediate stability to CSKA and was extended for a further season. Over his two seasons in the KHL with CSKA, Fasth won 28 of his 41 games.

Return to Sweden.

As a free agent following the 2016–17 season, Fasth opted to return to his homeland and agreed to a second stint with Växjö Lakers, who were promoted to the SHL in his absence from leaving the club in 2010. He signed a three-year contract on May 1, 2017.

International play.

After goaltender Stefan Liv declined playing for Sweden in the 2011 World Championship, Fasth was given a chance to play for the Swedish national team. Fasth made his debut for Sweden on 6 April 2011, in an exhibition game against Germany. In the World Championship tournament he helped Sweden reach the final and led the leading goaltenders league until the gold medal game against Finland. However, Sweden lost the final and Fasth allowed 6 goals out of 32 shots in that game, and Fasth therefore landed second in the leading goaltenders league, with a 94.57% save percentage in 7 games and three shutouts, as well as a 1.71 GAA. Despite the loss, Fasth was named the tournament's MVP (most valuable player) and best goaltender. He was also selected to the tournament's All-Star Team.  At the 2012 World Championship, Fasth was once again the starting goaltender for the Swedish national team. However, Sweden was eliminated in the quarterfinal against the Czech Republic. In 6 games, Fasth recorded a 90.21% save percentage and a 2.34 GAA; he placed 11th in the save percentage rankings.

Personal life.

Fasth is the son of Kenteric Fasth, a former goaltender who played for IFK Vänersborg in the then third-tier Division 2. Fasth lives with his wife Linda Bäcktorp. Linda gave birth to a daughter in July 2011.

Erik Sixten Viktor Fasth (born 8 August 1982) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently playing for the Växjö Lakers of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Fasth had his international breakthrough during the 2010–11 season, after signing with Stockholm team AIK in the SHL.

Viktor Fasth (* 8. August 1982 in Kalix) ist ein schwedischer Eishockeytorwart, der seit Mai 2017 erneut beim Växjö Lakers HC in der Svenska Hockeyligan unter Vertrag steht. Darüber hinaus ist er Torwart der schwedischen Eishockeynationalmannschaft und wurde mit ihr 2017 Weltmeister.


Background.

A former child prodigy, Camerer received a B.A. in quantitative studies from Johns Hopkins University in 1977 (at age 17), followed by an M.B.A. in finance from the University of Chicago in 1979 and a Ph.D. in behavioral decision theory from that same institution in 1981 (at age 21) for thesis titled "The Validity and Utility of Expert Judgment" under the supervision of Hillel Einhorn and Robin Hogarth. Camerer worked at Kellogg, Wharton, and the University of Chicago Booth School of Business before moving to Caltech in 1994.  Camerer's research is on the interface between cognitive psychology and economics. This work seeks a better understanding of the psychological and neurobiological basis of decision-making in order to determine the validity of models of human economic behavior. His research uses mostly economics experiments—and occasionally field studies—to understand how people behave when making decisions (e.g., risky gambles for money), in games, and in markets (e.g., speculative price bubbles).  He spoke at the Econometric Society World Congress in London on August 20, 2005 and at the Nobel Centennial Symposium in 2001 on Behavioral and Experimental Economics.  He is the author of "Behavioral Game Theory" published by Princeton University Press in 2003.  During the late 1990s and until mid-2008, Camerer began instructing college courses in fields such as Cognitive Psychology, Microeconomic Theory, Behavioral Economics, and Organizational Design. These courses were held at a variety of different universities, including the aforementioned California Institute of Technology and additionally New York University.  In September 2013, Camerer was named a MacArthur fellow.

Fever Records.

In 1983, Camerer started a record label called "Fever Records" as "an economics experiment". Bands that he signed to the label include the Dead Milkmen, Big Black and Get Smart!. The label was part of the Enigma Records group of labels.  Another Fever Records was founded in the 1980s in New York City to distribute rap records, and has no connection.

Colin Farrell Camerer (born December 4, 1959) is an American Behavioral Financier and a Robert Kirby Professor of Behavioral Finance and Economics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Colin F. Camerer (* 4. Dezember 1959) ist ein US-amerikanischer Ökonom. Er ist Professor für Wirtschaftswissenschaften am California Institute of Technology.


Company history.

Inception.

Zappos was founded in 1999 by Nick Swinmurn. Swinmurn launched the company with Tony Hsieh and Alfred Lin, who invested $2 million through their investment firm Venture Frogs. The company was officially launched online in 1999 as "ShoeSite.com."  In July 1999, the company's name was changed from ShoeSite to Zappos after "zapatos," the Spanish word meaning "shoes." In 2000, Venture Frogs invested in the business and Zappos moved into their office space. In 2001, Hsieh came on board as co-CEO with Nick Swinmurn.

Growth.

From 1999 to 2000, Zappos earned $1.6 million in gross sales. In 2001, Zappos brought in $8.6 million, a significant increase from the previous year. In 2004, Zappos reached $184 million in gross sales and received a $35 million investment from Sequoia Capital. That same year, they moved their headquarters from San Francisco to Henderson, Nevada. Over the next three years, Zappos doubled their annual revenues, hitting $840 million in gross sales. By 2007, the company expanded to include handbags, eyewear, clothing, watches, and kids’ merchandise. In 2008, Zappos hit $1 billion in annual sales. One year later, they debuted at No. 23 on Fortune's Top 100 Companies to Work For. In the early 2000s, Zappos made the decision to move away from its original business model wherein the company does not manage any inventory. Hsieh noted, "Even though it was hard to walk away from sales at a time when nobody is offering you money, we couldn't distinguish ourselves in the eyes of our customers if we weren't going to control the entire experience. We had to give up the easy money, manage the inventory, and take the risk." In 2015 Forbes reported Zappos produces "in excess of $2 billion in revenues annually."

Amazon subsidiary.

In 2009, Zappos announced an acquisition by Amazon. Within Zappos’ board of directors, two of the five—Hsieh and Alfred Lin—were primarily concerned with maintaining Zappos company culture, whereas the other three wanted to maximize profits in a down economy. Initially, Hsieh and Lin planned to buy out their board of directors, which they estimated would cost $200 million. In the midst of this, Amazon executives approached Zappos with the proposition of buying the company outright. After an hour-long meeting with Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, Hsieh sensed that Amazon would be open to letting Zappos continue to operate as an independent entity, and started negotiations. On July 22, 2009, Amazon announced that it would buy Zappos for $940 million in a stock and cash deal. Owners of shares of Zappos were set to receive approximately 10 million Amazon.com shares, and employees would receive a separate $40 million in cash and restricted stock units. The deal was eventually closed in November 2009 for a reported $1.2 billion.  On June 22, 2012, Zappos announced it would be handing operations of its Kentucky warehouse to Amazon on September 1, 2012. The outlet housed in the Kentucky warehouse remains open, but the name was changed to 6 pm outlet.

2012 hacking incident.

On January 16, 2012, Zappos announced that its computer systems were hacked, compromising the personal information of 24 million customers. In response, the company required all of its customers to change their passwords on the site, though it noted that it was highly unlikely that password information was obtained due to encryption. This incident led to a class action suit "In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation", with plaintiffs claiming that Zappos did not adequately protect their personal information. After the case was initially dismissed, plaintiffs appeal was upheld by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Zappos appealed the decision to the Supreme Court, but this was ultimately rejected. As of July 2019 litigation continues.

New headquarters.

On September 9, 2013, Zappos moved their headquarters from Henderson, Nevada to the former Las Vegas City Hall building in downtown Las Vegas. CEO Tony Hsieh, at the time stated that he wanted "to be in an area where everyone feels like they can hang out all the time and where there's not a huge distinction between working and playing." The move was lauded by Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman who said "This move will bring about a critical mass of creative persons to the inner core of Las Vegas in addition to causing a significant shot in the arm for the economy and for new jobs."

Products.

As of 2010, shoes accounted for about 80% of Zappos' business. As of 2007, Zappos had expanded their inventory to include clothing, handbags and other accessories, which accounted for 20% of annual revenues. Zappos executives stated that they expected that clothing and accessories would bring in an additional $1 billion worth of revenue, as the clothing market is four times the size of the footwear market.  The company sells many different types of footwear, including vegan shoes. In 2004, they launched a second line of shoes called Zappos Couture.

Social media.

CEO Tony Hsieh encourages his employees to use social media networks to put a human face on the company and engage with customers, following their core value #6: "Build Open and Honest Relationships With Communication". Zappos employees maintain an active presence on:

Corporate programs & sponsorships.

In 2008, Zappos launched Zappos Insights, a video subscription service aimed at Fortune 1 million companies that are looking to improve their company operations and customer service. The service allows participants to ask questions to and receive answers from Zappos employees.  Zappos Insights also offers a three-day bootcamp where participants visit the headquarters and have meetings with Zappos executives.  In 2007, Zappos acquired 6pm.com from eBags, Inc. The site sells shoes and accessories.  Zappos sponsors the "Zappos Rock 'n' Roll Las Vegas Marathon and 1⁄2 Marathon," which draw 28,000 runners each year. They also sponsor the Zappos WCC basketball championships. During the tournament, Zappos hosts "Kidz Day," which outfits local Las Vegas kids with a new pair of shoes and an event T-shirt.

Recognition.

Zappos was ranked 23rd on the "Fortune" magazine's list of "100 Best Companies to Work For" in 2009, 15th in 2010, sixth in 2011, dropping slightly to 11th in 2012.

Zappos.com is an online shoe and clothing retailer based in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The company was founded in 1999 by Nick Swinmurn and launched under the domain name Shoesite.com. In July 2009, Amazon acquired Zappos in an all-stock deal worth around $1.2 billion at the time. Amazon purchased all of the outstanding shares and warrants from Zappos for 10 million shares of Amazon's common stock and provided $40 million in cash and restricted stock for the Zappos employees.

Zappos.com (englisch)[sæp-pos] Zappos ist ein Onlineshop, der sich auf den Verkauf und Versand von Schuhen und Modeartikeln spezialisiert hat. Der Sitz ist in Henderson, Nevada, USA. Das Unternehmen beschäftigt über 1.500 Angestellte und verfügt über ein eigenes Versandcenter in Shepherdsville, Kentucky, USA.


Early life, education, and early career.

Rivera was born in New York City on September 16, 1965 and moved to Florida in 1974. Both his father, a cab driver, and his mother Daisy, a driving instructor, had fled Cuba after the political rise of Fidel Castro. He graduated from Miami Christian High School. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree with honors in Political Science from Florida International University in 1986 and his MPA in 1994.  After college, Rivera worked as Public Affairs Director for the Washington D.C.-based Valladares Foundation, an international human rights NGO. The organization was founded by U.S. Ambassador Armando Valladares, the former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Commission. Then, he worked for the Office of Cuba Broadcasting managed by auspices of the U.S. State Department. He has also been an adjunct professor in the FIU School of Policy and Management. His articles on U.S.-Cuba relations have been published in The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald.

Florida House of Representatives.

In 2002, he ran for Florida's 112th state house district. He defeated Ray Gonzalez in the Republican primary, 52–48%. He won the general election unopposed. He won re-election unopposed in 2004, 2006, and 2008.  In the Florida House, Rivera chaired the rules committee before serving as chairman of the appropriations committee from 2009 to 2010, where he pushed to create new professional schools at FIU and helped the Miami-Dade delegation work within a tight state budget. “We are all geared toward finding cost savings,” he explained to the Herald. Alongside his support for tax-free back-to-school shopping holidays, Rivera sponsored a measure forbidding places of higher education in Florida from sponsoring and paying for research trips to Cuba. And it was Cuba, perhaps more than any other issue that emerged as Rivera’s main issue concern in Tallahassee: “It’s the most important issue to me,” he said in the winter of 2004. “I think every Cuban American from whatever walk of life has a moral obligation to continue the cause of a free and Democratic Cuba.  In addition to his legislative office, he has served the Republican Party as State Committeeman for the Republican Party of Florida and as the Executive Director for the Republican Party of Miami-Dade County.  In January 2009, Rivera filed to run for the state senate seat being vacated by J. Alex Villalobos.

U.S. House of Representatives.

Elections.

However, when neighboring U.S. Congressman Lincoln Díaz-Balart decided not to run for another term in 2010, his brother, U.S. Congressman Mario Díaz-Balart, opted to run for a new term in Lincoln's district rather than his current one. This created an opening in the seat and prompted Rivera to announce he would run for Florida's 25th congressional district on February 25, 2010. On August 24, he won the Republican primary with 63% of the vote. On November 2, Rivera defeated Democratic nominee Joe Garcia 52%–43%.  Redistricting resulted in Rivera's district being renumbered as the 26th district. It lost its share of Collier County and picked up the Florida Keys, as well as portions of Miami-Dade County. While the old 25th leaned Republican, the new 26th is more of a swing district and is equally split between Democrats and Republicans. In a rematch from 2010, Garcia defeated Rivera 54%–43%.

Tenure.

In 2012, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington labeled Rivera "one of the most corrupt members of Congress."

Later career.

In May 2014, Rivera announced he would run for Congress again. He was defeated in the Republican primary, coming in fourth place with 7.5% of the vote.  In March 2016, David Rivera announced he would run for the open state house district 118, but lost to Democrat Robert Asencio by 53 votes. In March 2017, Rivera announced he would run for the state house again in 2018, this time in neighboring district 105.

David Mauricio Rivera (born September 16, 1965) is an American Republican politician from Florida. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for one term, representing parts of South Florida from 2011 to 2013.

David Mauricio Rivera (* 16. September 1965 in New York City) ist ein amerikanischer Politiker. Von 2011 bis 2013 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Florida im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Life cycle.

Breeding.

"A. buselaphus" subspecies have a gestation period of eight months, and they give birth to single calves. They typically give birth in a seasonal pattern before the summer rain begins. After birth, calves are hidden in dense vegetation before joining a group to increase their chances of survival from predators, since they are weak. Most females begin breeding after the age of two, and can conceive again 9 or 10 months after giving birth.

Diet.

Red hartebeests are grass feeders, which is evidenced by their long snouts, which give the advantage of an improved cropping ability to acquire and masticate grasses more efficiently. During the rainy season in southern Africa, the grass species "Andropogon" is in abundance and is the main source of dietary consumption. As grazers, their diets fluctuate seasonally, as they consume higher-quality, green primary production in wet seasons, and lower-quality sheath material in the dry seasons. Hartebeests are considered less water-dependent than most alcelaphines, only needing to drink water when melons and tubers are inaccessible.

Predators.

The few carnivores preying on hartebeests in southern Africa include lions, spotted hyenas, leopards, and cheetahs. However, hartebeests are not the primary food source of any of these species, particularly spotted hyenas. Lions only consume hartebeests for about 7% of their diets, hyenas consume hartebeests in 3.5%, cheetahs consume hartebeests in 1.75%, and leopards consume hartebeests in 6.25% of their diets. Lions typically prey on adult males, while both spotted hyenas and leopards tend to prey on young calves. These predatory habits are likely attributed to the difficulty of catching nomadic hartebeests, as well as the better success hyenas and leopards have with catching calves.

Environmental threats.

Hunting is always an issue to consider in rural areas, since little enforcement of animal protection laws is possible, or there can be no established regulations at all. Hunting hartebeests for survival is an ancient practice: persistence hunting in the hottest part of the day was most common, when hunters could catch the animal at its weakest point. Over the past 20 years, however, one of the only places where persistence hunting still occurs is in central Kalahari.

Habitat and demographics.

The red hartebeest is primarily found in southwestern Africa. Southern Africa's dissected topography, geologic diversity, climate oscillations, and mosaic of distinct vegetation types has been the primary means for radiation and diversification amidst hartebeest species, which has led red hartebeests to vary slightly in their capacity to consume the diets they do. Most ungulates in Africa are nomadic, as they are dependent on food sources that become depleted if they stay in one place. "A. buselaphus" lives in herds in open plains and scrublands in the sub-Saharan African climate.

Evolutionary history.

In the early 1900s, "antelope" was a very broad, ambiguous name given to most hollow-horned ruminants besides oxen, sheep, and goats. Of these antelopes found in Africa, Asia, and Europe, Africa has the most diverse populations of antelopes, with horn lengths ranging from six feet long, to a quarter of an inch. "A. b. caama", from the family Bovidae, used to be categorized as the subfamily of Bubalinae, but are now classified under the subfamily Alcelaphini. This youngest of all African bovid subfamilies dates back 5 million years ago, and has exhibited great diversification. The oldest fossil of "Alcelaphus" has been dated to 740,000 years ago. Besides "Alcelaphus", the three other genera from the Alcelaphini are "Beatragus", "Connochaetes", and "Damaliscus". Over millions of years, the Alcelaphini have diversified to fill certain niches and have spread to different habitats across the continent of Africa. The genus "Alcelaphus" is suggested to have evolved and diversified due to climate variability over a range of habitats in the Pleistocene era. About 500,000 years ago, the Alcelaphini diverged into northern and southern clades, while the northern clade diverged once more into eastern and western lineages 400,000 years ago. The species "Alcelaphus caama" originated from the southern clade, also including "lichtensteinii", in Namibia. The northern clade comprises the rest of the hartebeest complex.  Diversification of these species has been solely attributed to environmental and habitat changes due to global warming around 250 to 195 thousand years ago, and global cooling 175 to 125 thousand years ago.

The red hartebeest ("Alcelaphus buselaphus caama" or "A. caama") is a species of even-toed ungulate in the family Bovidae found in Southern Africa. More than 130,000 individuals live in the wild. The red hartebeest is closely related to the tsessebe and the topi.

Die Südafrikanische Kuhantilope ("Alcelaphus caama"), auch Südliche Kuhantilope, Rote Kuhantilope, Kap-Hartebeest oder Kaama genannt, ist eine im südlichen Afrika vorkommende Antilope aus der Gruppe der Kuhantilopen (Alcelphinae).


Career.

Kaplan was born in New York City on March 3, 1941. He studied at Duke University, and earned a bachelor's degree from The New School for Social Research. He later studied at New York University School of Law. In 1963, Kaplan took a job as an economist with the American Stock Exchange, at a salary of $15,000 per year. Kaplan founded the magazine "Institutional Investor" in 1967. He was publisher of the magazine until 1990, and editor-in-chief for two more years, although he sold it in 1984. "The New York Times" reported: "The price was never disclosed but was rumored to be about $75 million."  Kaplan's interest in Mahler's Symphony No 2 dated back to 1965. In 1981, he began tutelage in conducting with Charles Zachary Bornstein. He rented Avery Fisher Hall in New York for his public conducting debut in 1982, leading the American Symphony and the Westminster Symphonic Choir. Originally, the orchestra had requested that no reviews be published, but Leighton Kerner of "The Village Voice" breached this requested embargo with a positive review of this performance. Subsequently, Kaplan conducted Mahler's Symphony No 2 in over 100 live performances over the remainder of his life. He established the Kaplan Foundation, dedicated to scholarship and the promotion of the music of Gustav Mahler. After personal research, he twice recorded Mahler's Second Symphony: with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1987, and with the Vienna Philharmonic in 2002. Mahler's Second Symphony was the only complete work he conducted in public, although he did separately record the Adagietto from Mahler's Symphony No. 5 in a studio recording.  Kaplan owned the autograph manuscript of Mahler's score of his Second Symphony and published a facsimile edition of the score in 1986. Tim Page wrote in "The New York Times": "Only now will musicians, scholars and the general public be able to own a facsimile manuscript of one of the composer's symphonies." On 29 November 2016, the manuscript was sold at auction for £4,546,250, a record for any music manuscript at the time. He also owned the autograph manuscript of Mahler's song, "Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen." A facsimile of this manuscript was published by the Kaplan Foundation in 2015. Both manuscripts were, at one time, on deposit at the Morgan Library & Museum in New York City. He was co-editor of the new critical edition of the Second Symphony as part of the Complete Critical Edition of Mahler's works.  Kaplan's conducting attracted criticism and praise, most controversially at his December 2008 New York Philharmonic performance. Steve Smith wrote in "The New York Times" of this concert:  David Finlayson, a trombonist of the New York Philharmonic who performed at this concert, offered a different perspective:  In Kaplan's conducting engagements of Mahler's Symphony No 2, he did not accept a fee.

Personal life.

Kaplan was the younger brother of the late Joseph Brooks, an Academy Award-winning composer who was found dead at his New York City apartment on May 22, 2011 in an apparent suicide while under criminal indictment on multiple sexual-assault and rape counts.  Kaplan married Lena Biörck, a Swedish interior designer, in 1970. The couple had 4 children. Kaplan's widow and children survive him.

Gilbert Edmund Kaplan (March 3, 1941 – January 1, 2016) was an American businessman and financial publisher. He was also an aficionado of the music of Gustav Mahler, and an amateur conductor of Mahler's Symphony No. 2.

Gilbert Edmond Kaplan (* 3. März 1941 in New York City, New York; † 1. Januar 2016 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Unternehmer und Wirtschaftsjournalist, der als Amateurdirigent zu einem weltweit bekannten Interpreten der "2. Sinfonie" Gustav Mahlers avancierte.


History.

Danville was established on October 31, 1786, by the Vermont Legislature, making it one of the last towns to be created in Caledonia County.  The town was named for the 18th-century French cartographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville.  A Debtors' prison was located here in the late 18th to the early 19th centuries.  A thief in West Danville made national news in 2008 when he apologized for robbing a convenience store and left a roll of one-dollar bills to allow the store to open up the next morning.  The annual convention of the American Society of Dowsers is held in Danville.  In July 2017, the Charles D. Brainerd Public Library reopened in the village of West Danville, making the town once again home to Vermont's smallest library.

Geography.

Danville is located west of St. Johnsbury, Vermont. Other towns bordering Danville are Barnet to the southeast, Peacham to the south, Cabot and Walden to the west, Stannard to the northwest, Wheelock to the north, and Lyndon to the northeast, touching Danville at a single corner. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and, or 0.67%, is water. The main village in town (not separately incorporated) comprises the Danville CDP, with an area of, all land.  U.S. Route 2 runs through the town, connecting St. Johnsbury to the east with Montpelier to the west. In West Danville the two-lane highway passes Joes Pond (named after Indian Joe), which extends into Cabot. Vermont Route 15 leaves US-2 in West Danville, heading northwest towards Hardwick and Morrisville.  The highest point in Danville is a summit on the ridge of the Kittredge Hills along the western border of the town.

Climate.

This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Danville has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,211 people, 871 households, and 627 families residing in the town. The population density was 36.3 people per square mile (14.0/km). There were 1,152 housing units at an average density of 18.9 per square mile (7.3/km). The racial makeup of the town was 99.10% White, 0.18% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.14% Asian, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.  There were 871 households out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.96.  In the town, the population was spread out with 26.1% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $42,440, and the median income for a family was $47,150. Males had a median income of $33,654 versus $21,573 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,012. About 6.2% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the federal poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

Joe's Pond and Joe's Brook.

The only major body of water in the town is the Joe's Pond, which covers and is partially in Danville and partially in neighboring Cabot to the west. The pond, an impoundment of the brook in West Danville, is the largest of the six bodies of water in the Joe's Brook watershed, which is in turn part of the Passumpsic River watershed. Game fish in the pond include lake trout, smallmouth bass, northern pike (which were illegally introduced), rainbow smelt, rock bass, pumpkinseed, chain pickerel, yellow perch, and brown bullhead. Plant species in the pond include the common mare's tail ("Hippuris vulgaris") and the small bur-reed ("Sparganium natans").  The Greenbanks Hollow Covered Bridge, one of Vermont's many covered bridges, traverses Joe's Brook and lies within the Danville town boundaries. The covered bridge was built in 1886 and restored in its original condition in the early 2000s. The bridge is owned by the Town of Danville, has a queen post truss, and is 74 feet, 9.5 inches in length and 14 feet, 6.5 inches in width.

Danville is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,196 at the 2010 census. The primary settlement in town is recorded as the Danville census-designated place (CDP) and had a population of 383 at the 2010 census.

Danville ist eine "Town" im Caledonia County des Bundesstaates Vermont in den Vereinigten Staaten mit 2196 Einwohnern (laut Volkszählung des Jahres 2010).


Early life and education.

Boutet de Monvel was born in Orléans, the second of nine children; his father, Benjamin Boutet de Monvel (1820–1880), was a physics and chemistry professor. His maternal grandfather was the tenor Adolphe Nourrit (1802–1839), and there were other artists in the family. He lived mainly in Paris as a child.  He began attending the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in early 1870. During the Franco-Prussian War, he served in the French army. With the return of peace, he began attending the Académie Julian, where he worked with Gustave Boulanger and Jules Lefèbvre, both major influences on his early work. He also worked with Carolus-Duran.

Paintings.

In 1873 he exhibited for the first time at the Salon, showing a painting entitled "Temptation". He won a bronze medal in 1878 for "The Good Samaritan" and a silver medal in 1880 for "The Lesson Before the Sabbath".  Three trips to Algeria (1876, 1878, 1880) had a strong influence on his style as he responded to the quality of the light. He became a plein air painter and his palette shifted towards orange and blue as its base colors. In the Paris salon of 1880, he showed one of his Algerian paintings, "On the High Plateaus".  In 1885, he exhibited "The Rabble's Apotheosis, or the Triumph of Robert Macaire" at an exhibition organized by the Society of French Artists. However, the painting's royalist theme so angered Edmond Turquet, then the Deputy Secretary of State for Fine Art, that it was removed just before the private viewing and moved to the premises of the newspaper "Le Figaro".  He was an early member of the Society of French Watercolourists, which had recently been founded by Édouard Detaille. One of the first watercolours he sent to their exhibition was a portrait of a young woman in Renaissance clothing; its great success opened the door for a career as a portrait painter. His skill at capturing the moods of children gained him many commissions from upper middle class parents. He received so many commissions for portraits that at one time he contemplated giving up book illustration (see below).

Illustrations.

In 1876, he married Jeanne Labaigue of Orléans, and their first child was born three years later. Their son Roger would become a writer, and their son Bernard would become a painter. The need to support his family pushed him into commercial illustration. In 1881, he illustrated a children's reader, and this opened further commissions to illustrate children's books. He also began contributing illustrations to the children's magazine "St. Nicholas", continuing until 1890.  In 1895 he published an illustrated children's history of Joan of Arc that has been regarded as his masterpiece. The epic scenes for "Joan of Arc" show the influence of two late-medieval painters: Fra Angelico in the use of modeling and Paolo Uccello in the composition of battle scenes. Drawn with a strong line and clear, harmonious colors, his illustrations drew critical praise even though he himself was disappointed in the quality of the reproductions, which had been done by zincotype, a then-new photoengraving process. As one critic put it:  Boutet de Monvel's full-page illustrations have a nobility and grandeur akin to the great church frescoes of the Renaissance. Their pleasingly flat rendering combined with a sophisticated use of design elements...owe a debt to the Japanese prints so popular in the artist's day.  "Joan of Arc" was a huge success and brought him international recognition. In 1899, he participated in an exhibition organized by members of the Viennese Secession that focused on graphic art. That same year his work was shown in the United States at venues such as the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. He went to Chicago for that exhibition but fell ill with a recurrence of a bronchial ailment contracted during the Franco-Prussian war. At the World's Fair of 1900, he received a gold medal for a panel entitled "Joan at the Court of Chinon" that was part of a commission for a new basilica in Donrémy. It was one of a set of five panels, but the other four were never finished, though a smaller-scale version was completed for senator William A. Clark, who donated it to the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington.  He died in Nemours in 1913. Not long afterwards, the Manzi et Joyant Gallery organised a retrospective of his work in Paris. Further retrospectives have followed, and a large traveling show was organized in the United States in 1987-88. Some of his work is held by museums.  Boutet de Monvel is still considered a master of the children's illustration genre for the originality of his work. His style has been praised for its lack of unnecessary detail, and it has been noted that his images provide "a revelation of a subject which the writer has treated only in a fragmentary and superficial manner." He has been ranked alongside Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott as a leading figure of the 19th century's golden era of children's book illustration.

In popular culture.

Boutet de Monvel was a mentor of the Dutch illustrator Henriette Willebeek le Mair, who studied with him informally over a number of years.  In "A Moveable Feast", Ernest Hemingway mentions Boutet de Monvel's Joan of Arc Illustrations, likening Alice B. Toklas' hair to that of Joan of Arc's hair.

Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel (18 October 1850 – 16 March 1913) was a French painter and illustrator best known for his watercolours for children's books. He was a major figure in nineteenth-century children's book illustration.

Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel (* 1851 in Orléans, Département Loiret; † 1913 in Nemours, Département Seine-et-Marne) war ein französischer Maler und Illustrator.


Overview.

Supported by the sports betting provider tipp3 as the main sponsor, the Bundesliga is the highest league in Austrian soccer and held its 92nd season in 2011–12. The secondary sponsor is the mobile service provider T-Mobile Austria which is the reason why the official name of the league is "tipp3-Bundesliga powered by T-Mobile". After six years, the promoted club FC Admira Wacker was again represented in Austria’s highest league. The team replaced the relegated club LASK Linz.  With the exception of Vorarlberg and Carinthia, all Austrian federal states were represented in the Bundesliga. Vienna, Lower Austria, and Styria each had two clubs.  The television provider sky Deutschland had the rights to show all Bundesliga matches in full length, which were broadcast in a pay television format on the channel "sky sport austria". For the first time, the station showed all games not only in the well-known conference circuit but also individual matches. In addition, ORF had the broadcasting rights to each “Top Match of the Round” – mostly on Sundays, but also on Wednesdays for weekday rounds. This arrangement did not apply in the last two rounds, in which all games had to be held at the same time. Consequently, ORF was permitted to show a 45-minute summary of the remaining four matches in each round.

Method.

In the 2011–12 season, ten clubs competed against each other in a total of 36 rounds as had been done in previous years. The draw was redone after the ninth and 27th rounds. Each team thus played against every other team twice at home and twice away.  The champion Red Bull Salzburg was eligible for the second qualification round for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League. The second and third place clubs (Rapid Wien and Trenkwalder Admira) as well as the Austrian Cup winner were eligible to start in the second or third qualification round for the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League. Should the Austrian Cup winner also be Austrian champion, the loser of the cup final would start in the Europa League. The tenth-place club, Kapfenberger SV, had to move down to the second level league, the First League.

League table.

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Results.

The match table below displays the results of all games in the season. The home team is listed in the left column and the away team in the upper row. The home team’s score is listed first.

The 2011–12 Austrian Football Bundesliga will be the 100th season of top-tier football in Austria and was contested by ten teams. The Austrian football champion was determined in four heats. The championship began on 16 July 2011 and ended on 17 May 2012 with the completion of the 36th and final round.

Die österreichische Fußballmeisterschaft wurde 2011/12 zum 100. Mal ausgetragen. Die höchste Spielklasse ist die österreichische Bundesliga, die in dieser Saison zum 38. Mal durchgeführt und von zehn Mannschaften bestritten wurde. Diese ermittelten in vier Durchgängen den österreichischen Fußballmeister. Sie begann am 16. Juli 2011 und endete am 17. Mai 2012 mit der 36. und letzten Runde.


Institut d’études politiques d’Aix-en-Provence

Location.

Sciences Po Aix is housed in a hôtel particulier, considered a Monument historique, designed by architect Georges Vallon in 1734. The building is located on the Place de l'université ("town square of the university"), opposite Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur on the rue Gaston de Saporta in Aix-en-Provence. This building previously housed the Faculty of Law of Aix-Marseille University.

Overview.

As a "grande école", its admissions process is highly selective. Entry to Sciences Po Aix is conditioned by selection tests. The main test is designed for students who would like to join the institute as freshmen. Each year, there are more than 10 000 candidates. The selection rates are inferior to 10%. Sciences Po Aix specializes in political sciences. Therefore, the institute offers courses in economics, history, law, international relations, social sciences and business.  The IEP provides students with a general training in law, economics, general knowledge and history. Its students are selected through a competitive entrance examination. Some of its students have become company directors or government officials. Many students move on to careers in journalism, finance, state administration, diplomacy or communications.  The academic course lasts five years. It is composed of a three-year undergraduate programme and a two-year graduate programme. The primary diploma is equivalent to a master's degree. The third year of the Sciences Po Aix curriculum is a year of mobility abroad. Students have the choice, they can spend two semesters in a foreign university, one semester in a university and one semester internship or they also have the opportunity to spend two semesters as a trainee.  Thereby, Sciences Po Aix have concluded more than 130 exchange partnerships with different universities around the globe so that Sciences Po students can study in many countries during their third year. All continents of the world are represented, there are some partnerships in the United States (Wellesley College, Loyola University Chicago, Arizona State University, Florida International University...), in Canada (University of Montreal, University of Ottawa) in South America (University of Buenos Aires, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, in Africa (Rhodes University), in Asia (Shanghai International Studies University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul, Waseda University in Tokyo), in Oceania (University of New South Wales in Sydney, University of Canterbury) and also in Europe (Free University of Berlin, LUISS University in Roma, Middlesex University in London...).

History.

Sciences Po Aix was established in 1956. It is the heir of the "École Libre des Sciences Politiques", created by Émile Boutmy in 1872, in response to a need for reform for the society and the republican state that has just been born, after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.  In September 2007, Philippe Séguin (1943–2010), then President of the Court of Audit (in French Cour des comptes), was elected President of the Administration Council, succeeding Jean-Paul Proust (1940–2010), Minister of the Principality of Monaco. In July 2010, the former French minister of economy and current managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, member of the Administration Council since 2008 and 1977 graduate, was elected President.

Directors.

The directors of Sciences Po Aix are elected for a five-year term by the executive board of the school. Some members of this board have been elected such students, teachers and staff representatives. The executive board votes the pedagogical and administrative orientations and reforms proposed by the director, the budget of the school as well as the conventions with the foreign universities.

Notable alumni.

Many top-tier politicians were students at Sciences Po Aix:  In addition to the politicians, there also some alumni of Sciences Po Aix that have occupied major positions in the culture, the state administration and also the business world.

Sciences Po Aix, also referred to as Institut d'Études Politiques (IEP) d'Aix-en-Provence, is a "Grande École" of political studies located in Aix-en-Provence, in the South of France. It is associated with Aix-Marseille University and is part of a network of ten Institut d'études politiques, known as IEP.

Das Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence (Institut für politische Studien, IEP), auch als das "Institut d'études politiques (IEP)" oder "Sciences Po Aix" bekannt, ist eine Grande école (dt."Große Schule") für Politikwissenschaften Frankreichs. Sein gegenwärtiger Direktor ist Rostane Mehdi.


College and early coaching career.

Thibodeau played basketball at Salem State College, serving as captain during the 1980-81 season. During his time with the Vikings, the six-foot-two-inch Thibodeau helped Salem State to consecutive Division III national tournaments (1980–81). In 1980, Thibodeau helped Salem State to the league championship and the school's first NCAA Tournament bid. Upon graduating, he became an assistant coach at the school in 1981. In 1984, at age 25, he became head coach at Salem State after serving three years as an assistant. One season later he became an assistant coach at Harvard University, where he spent the next four seasons.  While coaching in college, Thibodeau attended coaching clinics and visited the practices of many of the top coaches in the U.S., including Hall of Fame coaches Bobby Knight, Rick Pitino, Hubie Brown, Gary Williams, Morgan Wootten, and Jim Calhoun. In 1987, Thibodeau befriended Bill Musselman, a former head coach in the NBA, ABA and NCAA who was coaching the Albany Patroons of the Continental Basketball Association. According to the "New York Times", "the Patroons’ practices, the attention to detail, the efficiency, the sheer number of offensive sets, fed into Thibodeau's addiction."

Professional career.

After four years at Harvard, he entered the NBA in 1989, as an assistant coach with an expansion team, the Minnesota Timberwolves, who had hired Bill Musselman as the team's first head coach. Prior to the 1991–92 season, he joined the Seattle SuperSonics as an advance scout.  Thibodeau moved to the San Antonio Spurs the following season, where he worked as an assistant coach to Jerry Tarkanian, Rex Hughes and John Lucas for two seasons. After the 1993–94 season, he left the Spurs along with Lucas to become an assistant under Lucas with the Philadelphia 76ers. After the 1995–96 season, he again left simultaneously with Lucas, this time joining the New York Knicks as an assistant to head coach Jeff Van Gundy.  During his tenure with the Knicks, he helped the team set a then-NBA record by holding 33 consecutive opponents under 100 points in the 2000–01 season. As part of the Knicks coaching staff, he also helped Van Gundy to coach the Eastern Conference All-Stars in the 2000 All-Star Game. He spent seven years with the Knicks before joining the Houston Rockets prior to the 2003–04 season, where again he was an assistant to head coach Van Gundy, who has described Thibodeau as "brilliant".

Boston Celtics.

On August 30, 2007, Thibodeau was named associate head coach of the Boston Celtics, who hoped his hiring would bolster their defense. Eventually, he helped the Celtics become the best defensive team in the league. On November 4, 2007, Thibodeau took over head coaching duties against the Toronto Raptors in place of Doc Rivers, who was unable to coach due to the death of his father earlier that day.  During the 2008 playoffs, Thibodeau was rumored to be a candidate for the vacant head coaching job with the New York Knicks, for whom he had worked as an assistant coach for seven years, as well as the Chicago Bulls, but he was not hired by either.  Thibodeau led the Celtics to the best rating in several defensive categories in 2007–08, and was a key factor in containing Kobe Bryant during the 2008 Finals.

Chicago Bulls.

On June 2, 2010, Thibodeau interviewed with officials from the Chicago Bulls for their vacant head coach position. On June 23, he was confirmed as the Bulls' head coach. Thibodeau was named the NBA Coach of the Year on May 1, 2011, after tying the record for most wins by a rookie head coach with 62. He also led the Bulls to their first 50-win season and first division title since the Michael Jordan era. The Bulls lost the Eastern Conference Finals to the Miami Heat.  On February 14, 2012, Thibodeau clinched the position of Eastern Conference All-Star Coach for the All-Star Game in Orlando. At the time, the Bulls were first in the Eastern Conference.  With a win over the Orlando Magic on March 19, 2012, Thibodeau became the fastest coach in NBA history to earn 100 career victories. He accomplished this in 130 games, one game fewer than the record set previously by Avery Johnson in 2006. Thibodeau and the Bulls were the East's top seed entering the playoffs and also had the league's best regular-season record and home-court advantage throughout the playoffs.  In Game 1 of the Bulls' first-round series against the Philadelphia 76ers, point guard Derrick Rose tore his ACL. Commenting on Thibodeau's decision to leave Rose in the game, Bulls general manager Gar Forman stated, "There is absolutely no issue there. It's a playoff game. They had cut a lead down (from 20) to 12. We're going to have our guys on the floor making sure we win the game. Tom is a terrific coach who does a lot of things well. One of the best things he does is pace our team."  Thibodeau finished second to Gregg Popovich of the San Antonio Spurs in 2012 NBA Coach of the Year voting. The Bulls' season was cut short after a 4–2 defeat by the 76ers. Rose missed the entire 2012–13 season, but despite his absence, the Bulls finished 45-37, second in the Central Division (behind the Indiana Pacers) and 5th in their conference. They defeated the Brooklyn Nets 4-3 (after leading 3-1) in the first round of the playoffs and lost to the Miami Heat 4–1 in the next round. On May 13, 2013, Thibodeau was fined $35,000 for defending his players while commenting on the seemingly inadequate foul calls by the referees during the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Miami Heat.  Thibodeau finished third in 2014 NBA Coach of the Year voting. He led the second year straight Derrick Rose-less Bulls to the fourth-best record in the Eastern Conference. The Bulls' season ended with a 4-1 series loss to the fifth-seeded Washington Wizards.  Tension between the Bulls' front office and Thibodeau grew considerably over the 2014-15 season, which ended in a six-game series loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. Shortly thereafter, on May 28, 2015, the Bulls decided to move in a different direction and let go of Thibodeau.

USA Basketball.

Thibodeau was named on June 10, 2013, an assistant coach for the 2013-16 United States men's national basketball team. As a member of the 2014-16 USA Basketball Men’s National Team coach staff, Thibodeau assisted the USA to a sterling overall record of 26-0. The USA finished 9-0 to win the gold medal at the 2014 FIBA World Cup in Spain, while the 2014 USA National Team compiled a 4-0 record during its exhibition tour before the World Cup. Two years later, Thibodeau was again on the USA bench and helped lead the U.S. to the 2016 Olympic championship as the Americans rolled to an 8-0 record and the gold medal in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Before heading to Rio, the 2016 USA National Team posted a 5-0 record during its domestic exhibition tour.  Coach Mike Krzyzewski heaped enormous praise on Thibodeau, who served as his right-hand man during the victories. "Tom is one of the great coaches on this planet," Krzyzewski said. "To be honest, he talked to the team more than I did," said Krzyzewski.

Minnesota Timberwolves.

On April 20, 2016, it was announced that the Minnesota Timberwolves had hired Thibodeau as head coach and president of basketball operations. The Timberwolves had spent the better part of a decade in the NBA wilderness, having not made the playoffs since 2004. In his second season, the Timberwolves made their first playoff appearance in 14 years. Despite having success, the Timberwolves dismissed Thibodeau from his positions as head coach and president of basketball operations on January 6, 2019.

Coaching style.

Over the last 15 seasons, whether he was head coach or associate head coach, Thibodeau coached teams have a.643 winning percentage. In his five years as the head coach of the Bulls, the franchise was 255-139 (.647 winning percentage), posted a franchise-best 86 consecutive-game streak without losing more than two games in a row, and led the league in close-game winning percentage at.626 (66-40).  He has been called "one of the best coaches in the NBA", sometimes ranking among the top five coaches in the league among NBA general managers. He was ranked 13th best coach in 2017 by ESPN, despite the Timberwolves finishing outside of playoff contention.  Highly regarded as a defensive strategist, in January 2013, ESPN praised Thibodeau's defensive system as "the pinnacle of team defensive strategy in the NBA." However, according to a 2010 Boston Globe article, "one of the many misconceptions about Thibodeau is that he’s strictly a defensive specialist." Jeff Van Gundy hired Thibodeau because he was drawn to "his innovative offensive sets" and "player development skills."

Player development.

Thibodeau has been described as a "no-nonsense coach, but his personal authenticity and the success of his strategies endear him to his players." According to Kevin Garnett, who played for Thibodeau in Boston, Thibodeau is "a worker. He's a guy that loves his job. He does it with passion."  In 2005, while an assistant with the Houston Rockets, Thibodeau began working with Yao Ming, traveling to China to hone Yao's skills. According to Jon Barry, a former NBA player who worked as an assistant with the Rockets, "Thibodeau was an effective one-on-one teacher [who spent] countless hours... working with Yao Ming on his footwork..." During the 2004–05 season, Yao averaged 18.3 points and 8.4 rebounds per game. The following season, after working with Thibodeau, Yao averaged 22.3 points and 10.2 rebounds.  A number of Thibodeau's former players have praised him for his ability to develop their talent. According to Joakim Noah, who played for Thibodeau and finished 4th in MVP voting with the Bulls in 2014, "I feel like I really improved as a player because of him."  Rose, who became the youngest MVP in league history under Thibodeau, also had similar praise for his former coach, telling the Detroit News, “I figured out that Thibs loved me unconditionally. He’s the first coach up here that I felt like loved me unconditionally and it wasn’t about what I did for him."

Personal life.

A native of New Britain, Connecticut, Thibodeau was born to Thomas J. Thibodeau Sr., and Ann M. (Montanile) Thibodeau and has four siblings (two brothers and two sisters). He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree and a Master of Science in counseling from Salem State University. In 1998, he was inducted into the "New Britain Sports Hall of Fame".  Thibodeau has never been married. According to a 2012 "New York Times" article, Thibodeau was engaged while he was in graduate school at Salem State, but called it off a month or two before the wedding.

References.

Thomas Joseph Thibodeau Jr. ( ; born January 17, 1958) is an American basketball coach who most recently was head coach and president of basketball operations of the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He served as an assistant coach for the United States men's national basketball team from 2013-2016, and helped Team USA win a gold medal at the 2016 Olympic Games.

Thomas Joseph „Tom“ Thibodeau Jr. (* 17. Januar 1958 in New Britain, Connecticut) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballtrainer. Von 2010 bis 2015 war er Cheftrainer der Chicago Bulls in der NBA, anschließend von 2016 bis 2019 Coach der Minnesota Timberwolves, bei denen er zusätzlich als Manager tätig war.


Composition and recording.

Composing for the album started at the end of 2005, and recording lasted for half 2006. About their inspiration, the band cited books as well as important moments of their personal lives, mainly the act of making choices. About certain songs, like "Our Solemn Hour", lead vocalist Sharon den Adel wrote about how "people get sacrificed also for war and we don't learn from that." About their second single, "Frozen", den Adel said that they "wrote a song about child abuse", so they released the song as a single and gave all the profits to the Child Helpline International. In den Adel's words: "We chose this organization because they are represented in 160 countries and it is very easy to get in contact with them. You can send them an e-mail or call. They are there not only to help, but also to just listen, and you can decide how much help you want."  As the album focuses on some of the difficult choices people make throughout their lives, the band decided to reflect this theme by depicting Lady Justice on the cover, a figure known to symbolize the weighing of moral decisions. The artwork was done by Dutch artist Erwin Olaf.

Release and promotion.

The full track listing was revealed on 10 January 2007 and the album was released on 9 March 2007 in the Netherlands, and on 24 July in the United States. This was their first album released in North America, due to the upgrading recognition they were earning throughout Europe. Roadrunner Records decided to put the song "Stand My Ground", taken from their former album "The Silent Force", on the American edition of the album as a means to interest people on the band's earlier albums that were later released. Roadrunner Records also released a limited edition EP called "The Howling", which was available only at Hot Topic stores, containing the title track plus popular tracks from "The Silent Force". Album opener "The Howling" and "Sounds of Freedom" were recorded as promotional material for the video game "The Chronicles of Spellborn". Promotion was intense for the album and included their first world tour, entitled The Heart of Everything World Tour, which started 14 March 2007, in Amsterdam and ended only on 13 September 2008. The band toured in the United States of America for the first time, first supporting Lacuna Coil and then as headliners. About the American tour, den Adel said that "Well, we don't have any expectations because it's such a big country and you never know where people will like your music. It's totally different tastes and we're going to come over here and play and see if people will like it. You can't change [it] if they don't. And if they do, then it's another nice country we can go and play at and enjoy the culture." The band also visited South American countries, such as Brazil, Argentina and Chile for the first time. The band continued to perform at several large European festivals, such as Pinkpop, Pukkelpop and Download which helped the band to reach the status of a mainstream band throughout Europe, as "The Heart of Everything" appeared in several European charts. At the end of 2007, the band professionally recorded a sold out show for 8,000 visitors at the Beursgebouw, in The Netherlands, for a possible future DVD release. On 7 February 2008, the band performed a special show accompanied by The Metropole Orchestra, the Pa'dam Choir, and special guests including George Oosthoek (ex-Orphanage), Anneke van Giersbergen and Keith Caputo of Life of Agony, filmed by 14 HD cameras at the Ahoy Arena in Rotterdam, with an attendance of 10.000 people. This recording was later released as the main show of the "Black Symphony" DVD, and some parts of the show in Eindhoven came as an extra on the second disc of some editions of the album. Both shows featured special stage effects like explosions, pyro and fireworks.

Reception.

The criticism of "The Heart of Everything" was generally positive, with particular praise for the symphonic elements and Sharon den Adel's vocals. Chad Bowar of About.com praised the use of different elements on the album, while saying that the album has "the optimum balance of the melody and hooks of mainstream rock, the depth and complexity of classical music and the dark edge of gothic metal." AllMusic review highlighted how "the sextet isn't afraid to get downright symphonic". Mark Gromen, from "Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles", praised specially the track "Our Solemn Hour" by offering "an accurate portrayal of what Within Temptation are all about, (...) grandiose, orchestral and rocking, it encompasses all aspects of the band." Gromen also lamented the "ignorant comparisons" with Evanescence the band started to achieve, while entering the North American marketing after a successful European career. Metal Storm reviewer was less favorable, stating that "it's simply hard to find amazing songs, real hits. Of course if you're not looking for something new and a bit deep, it should be ok but on the other hand I didn't find anything special on this release." and finished the review saying that "this is not the worst album ever but Within Temptation is able to do something better."  The album ranked 20th position on the list of 2007 Best Metal Albums delivered by international online magazine PopMatters. In September 2015, the Official Charts Company, responsible for the music industry reports in the United Kingdom, launched a new category of chart in which indicates the best selling albums that push the conceptions and boundaries of traditional music. OCC then elected the Top 30 Progressive Artists of the 21st Century previous to the chart release, putting Within Temptation at the 27th position with "The Heart of Everything".

Live history.

"The Howling" was premiered in 2006, at the end of The Silent Force Tour. When The Heart of Everything World Tour started in 2007, all songs were played often except from "Final Destination" and "Forgiven". "Forgiven" premiered at the end of 2007, and was played often in 2008. During the Theater Tour in 2008 and 2010, "What Have You Done", "Frozen", "Our Solemn Hour", "The Heart of Everything", "Hand of Sorrow", "The Cross", "All I Need" and "Forgiven" were played at all shows, and "The Howling" and "The Truth Beneath the Rose" were played on the last date.  At the beginning of The Unforgiving Tour in 2011, "The Howling", "What Have You Done" and "Our Solemn Hour" were played at almost every show, although by December 2011, "The Howling" was completely replaced by "Hand of Sorrow". "The Cross" was also played on two festivals, and "The Truth Beneath the Rose" and "Forgiven" were played on the 2011 Fanclub Day. No songs from the album were played on the Sanctuary Theater Tour.  "Sounds of Freedom", one of the B-Sides from the album, was played once in 2006 and also on the band's Sanctuary Theater Tour.

Singles.

Five singles have been released from the album:

B-sides and demos.

The following songs have appeared in released singles during "The Heart of Everything" promotion. The released demos have extreme differences, lyrically and musically (and often named differently) to the originals.

The Heart of Everything is the fourth studio album by Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation, released by GUN Records on 12 March 2007 in Europe. It was released in North America on 18 June 2007 by Roadrunner Records. The album follows the symphonic metal sound the band had been improving and deepening until then, and is considered by lead vocalist Sharon den Adel as the album in which the band finally managed to achieve this kind of sound.

The Heart of Everything (engl. "Das Herz des Ganzen") ist das vierte Musikalbum der niederländischen Band Within Temptation. Es wurde im März 2007 durch Roadrunner Records in Europa veröffentlicht.


Affiliation.

The National Theater of Korea was established in 1950 by the government of South Korea and hosts the National Drama Company of Korea, which performs both Korean and international plays, the National Changgeuk Company of Korea, which performs traditional Korean "changgeuk", the National Dance Company of Korea, and the National Orchestra Company of Korea.

Events.

Youth Performing Arts Festival.

The Youth Performing Arts Festival of the National Theater, held every April until May, is a festival for youth. With the theme ‘Youth Embracing the Sky,’ the festival contributes to fostering the positive emotions of youth through programs allowing the experience of traditional dance music, musicals, mime, plays and dance of both Korean and international classics. In 2008 when the first festival was held, "The Journey to Folksong with Suksun Ahn" was performed for youth and multi-cultural families in culturally neglected areas. The Youth Performing Arts Festival is the signature event of the National Theater, with the goal of inspiring those who will be the future leaders of society and the performing arts.

The World Festival of National Theaters.

Starting in 2007, the World Festival of National Theaters takes place from September to October every year. The festival promotes the mutual understanding of cultures from every country, whereby Korean audiences can enjoy many excellent domestic and overseas performances. At the same time the National Theater of Korea can better solidify its position as the center of performing arts in Korea. Performances representing national theaters of various nations are on stage together with additional events like shows and exhibitions. National theaters, embassies and cultural centers of every country gather here for active cultural and artistic communication. The World Festival of National Theaters is the biggest festival hosted by the National Theater of Korea and is considered by some to be one of the greatest festivals in Korea.

The Saturday Cultural Plaza.

Since 1993, the Saturday Cultural Plaza is the oldest open air performance by the National Theater. Various concerts and performances such as ballets, concerts of contemporary music and orchestra concerts are held in the open air cultural plaza every May to September, on Saturdays at 6:00PM. So far, 350 thousand people have visited the Saturday Cultural Plaza. From 2002 to 2007 the Plaza was sponsored by Renault-Samsung Motors and starting in 2008 by KB Kookmin Bank, which received the Mecenat Award in 2008. This activity aspires to serve as a model of partnership between art and business.

Midday Concert.

The Midday Concert was designed to show the potential of traditional classical music so the public can easily understand Korean music’s past and present. Folksongs, contemporary music, and original sound tracks of soap operas and films are rearranged and modernized by the National Orchestra. Commentaries on each work by the artistic director Byeongki Hwang in order to enrich the concert’s content.

Seasons Festival.

National Theater of Korea provides various events every spring, summer, fall and winter.

The National Theater of Korea is a national theatre located in the neighborhood of Jangchung-dong, Jung-gu, South Korea. It is the first nationally managed theater in Asia.

Das Koreanische Nationaltheater ist ein nationales Theater in Jangchung-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul, Südkorea. Es ist das erste staatlich verwaltete Theater in Asien.


Early life.

Alice Steriadi was born on 10 February 1885 in Turnu-Severin, Kingdom of Romania to Massinca (née Poenaru) and Sterie Steriadi. She was one of three daughters, born to the upper-middle-class family, headed by her father who was a Paris-educated lawyer. Her mother's family descended from Petrache Poenaru, the noted educational reformer, and the couple provided a Western-European education for their daughters. By the age of five, Steriadi was able to read both Romanian and German and by age six, she was studying French. She studied at the Lyceum in Turnu-Severin before enrolling at the University of Bucharest.  After she graduated in 1908 from the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy in Bucharest, Steriadi went on an academic tour of Europe, studying first at Leipzig University, with Theodor Lipps and Johannes Volkelt, who introduced her to Hermann Cohen's work on Immanuel Kant. Next she went to Munich and by 1910 had arrived in Paris to study at the Sorbonne. During the spring of 1911, Steriadi went to Marburg, Germany, where she audited classes given at the University of Marburg with Cohen. She continued her education in Paris at the Sorbonne, studying under Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, earning a PhD "magna cum laude" in philosophy in 1913, with her successful defence of her thesis, "The Interpretation of Kant's Doctrine by the Marburg School: A Study in Critical Idealism" ().  Steriadi was the first Romanian woman to earn a doctorate in philosophy and received offers to continue her education in the United States or stay in Paris to become a lecturer. Instead, she returned to Romania in 1915 and married the lawyer Stelian Voinescu. The marriage would prove to be an unhappy union. She joined the Christian Association of Women (), which was founded in 1919 by Queen Marie of Romania to provide a variety of philanthropic programs in the interwar period. The organization was aimed at providing upper- and middle-class Romanian women with ways to provide moral and charitable guidance by adopting the orthodox characterization of women, as empathetic mothers able to shape the social fabric of society through their love and devotion.

Career.

As there was no avenue for a woman to teach at the University of Bucharest at that time, in 1922, Voinescu joined the faculty of the Conservatory of Music and Dramatic Art, renamed as the Royal Conservatory in 1931. She lectured on aesthetics, theory and the history of theatre. She began broadcasting educational programs on the radio in 1924. Between 1928 and 1939, Voinescu traveled annually to France to participate in conferences organized by Paul Desjardins at Pontigny Abbey. The meetings brought together international intellectuals to evaluate the future of Europe after World War I. Among those she met there were Charles du Bos, Roger Martin du Gard, André Gide, Paul Langevin, André Malraux, François Mauriac, and Jacques Rivière. At one of these meetings in 1929, du Gard questioned why she did not keep a journal. From that point on, Voinescu became a diarist, keeping careful record of the personalities and events she encountered day to day, though often with long gaps between entries.  Between 1932 and 1942 she made a series of radio presentations evaluating women's place in Romanian society. Some of the topics included "Directions in Women's Education", "The Psychology of Today’s Working Women", "The Psychology of Today’s Youth", which considered whether intellect and femininity were at odds. Voinescu believed that education improved women's ability to be agents of empathy and the moral caregivers of society. She was ambivalent towards women's groups which were based on a Western model and strove for emancipation of women, because she felt that they did not address the Romanian reality. In her radio speeches, she warned that erasing gender differences would result in women being limited by a male view of identity.  Voinescu began publishing, with such works as "Montaigne, omul şi opera" (Montaigne, life and work, 1936); "Aspecte din teatrul contemporan" (Aspects of contemporary theatre, 1941); and "Eschil" (Aeschylus, 1946). She also contributed to the "Istoria filosofiei moderne" (History of Modern Philosophy, 1936) with works evaluating French scepticism and neo-Kantianism. She contributed to "Ideea europeană" magazine and published the theatre column for "Revista Fundațiilor Regale". During this same time, she also began teaching at the School of Social Work, which inspired a brochure "Contribution dans la Psychologie dans l'Assistance Sociale en Roumanie" (Contributions to the psychology of social work in Romania, 1938), as well as writing theatre critiques. While continuing to teach at the Royal Conservatory, she also lectured at the French Institute and the Free University of Bucharest. Between 1939 and 1940, Voinescu prepared a publication about four playwrights discussing the works of Paul Claudel, Luigi Pirandello, George Bernard Shaw, and Frank Wedekind. She also wrote a condemnation of those who had assassinated Nicolae Iorga. Her husband died in 1940 and after his death, her journal entries intimately related to him as a confidant, which she had not experienced during his lifetime due to his numerous infidelities.  In 1948, under the nascent communist regime, Voinescu was forcibly retired and to relive the stress, began work on "Scrisori către fiul şi fiica mea" (Letters to My Son and Daughter), a fictional work addressed to children that the childless Voinescu never had. The work would not be published until after her death. In 1951, she was accused of being a monarchist and of hiding her support for King Michael after his forced abdication. Arrested after attending intellectual resistance conferences held by Petru Manoliu at the Free University, Voinescu was held for a year at the Ghencea camp before being sent to the Jilava prison. She spent nineteen months in prison and then was kept under house arrest in a small village of Costești in Iași County in the northern part of the country for another year. The village was very isolated, being impossible to reach except by horseback during spring and autumn rains and with roads completely impassible in winter due to blizzard conditions. Voinescu was even forbidden to attend church to limit her contact with people. Friends, such as Petru Groza, Mihail Jora, and Tudor Vianu, intervened with authorities to secure her release with a small pension.  Voinescu returned home in 1954 and worked as a literary translator for such works as "Michael Kohlhaas" by Heinrich von Kleist and short stories by Thomas Mann. The work kept her busy and wasn't likely to have the same political repercussions as creating her own works. In 1960 and 1961, she worked on "Întâlnire cu eroi din literatură și teatru" (Encounters with Heroes in Literature and Drama, 1983) and occasionally was asked to make translations for colleagues.

Death and legacy.

Voinescu died during the night between 3 and 4 June 1961. In 1983, Eminescu Publishing House released "Tragic Heroes", edited by Valeriu Râpeanu and then in 1994 "Letters to My Son and Daughter" was published. In 1997, Maria Ana Murnu edited and published with Editura Albatros, "The Journal", Voinescu's rediscovered diaries, which was reissued in 2013 by Biblioteca Polirom. "The Journal" included notes about cultural personalities from the interwar and postwar periods; her relationships with other people, particularly her interactions with the villagers during her confinement; and her musings on historical and social issues during the time which had been obscured behind political agenda. She explored candidly her experiences, such as her abhorrence of anti-Semitism and the propaganda justifying government confiscations and nationalization of properties of Romanian Jews, while simultaneously pondering whether she would be able to obtain one of those houses to alleviate the financial straits in which her husband's death had left her. She decried the persecution of the Romani people and her frustrations of the vulnerability women faced because of societal restrictions. "Scrisori din Costești" (Letters from Costești), written during her house arrest, was published in 2001.

Alice Voinescu (1885–1961) was a Romanian writer, essayist, university professor, theatre critic and translator. She was the first Romanian woman to become a Doctor of Philosophy, which she did at the Sorbonne in 1913 in Paris. In 1922, she became a professor of theatrical history at what would become the Royal Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts in Bucharest, where she taught for over two decades. In 1948, she was removed from her department and spent a year and seven months in prisons in Jilava and Ghencea. After her detention, she was kept under house arrest in the village of Costești near Târgu Frumos until 1954. Posthumously, her diary covering the interwar and communist period of Romania's history was discovered and published in 1997.

Alice Voinescu, geborene Steriade (auch in der Schreibung Stériad und Steriadi), (* 10. Februar 1885 in Turnu-Severin, Königreich Rumänien; † 3. auf 4. Juni 1961 in Bukarest) war eine rumänische Philosophin, Essayistin, Hochschullehrerin und Übersetzerin, die in kommunistischer Zeit unter Verfolgung zu leiden hatte. Sie war die erste Rumänin mit einem philosophischen Doktorgrad und der Berufsbezeichnung Universitätsprofessor.


Ownership.

ILS was formed in 1995 as a private spaceflight partnership between Lockheed Martin (LM), Khrunichev and Energia. ILS initially co-marketed non-military launches on both the American Atlas and the Russian Proton expendable launch vehicles.  With the Atlas V launch of the SES Astra 1KR satellite on 20 April 2006, ILS had made 100 launches, 97 of which were successful.  In September 2006, Lockheed-Martin announced its intention to sell its ownership interests in Lockheed Khrunichev Energia International, Inc. (LKEI) and International Launch Services, Inc. (ILS) to Space Transport Inc. Space Transport Inc. was formed specifically for this transaction by Mario Lemme, who has been a consultant to ILS since its inception and a Board member for more than three years.  The transaction between Lockheed Martin and Space Transport Inc. completed in October 2006. Lockheed Martin has retained all rights related to marketing the commercial Atlas vehicle and is continuing to offer Atlas launch services to the worldwide commercial market through its subsidiary, Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services, Inc. (LMCLS). ILS, no longer affiliated with Lockheed Martin, continued to market the Proton launch vehicles to commercial clients. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. All Atlas V launches are now managed by United Launch Alliance, a joint-venture between Lockheed Martin and Boeing (IDS/Defense, Space & Security/Launch Services) formed in December 2006, with all commercial Atlas V launches sub-contracted for ULA by LMCLS.  In October 2006, Krunichev spokesman said that the firm was ready to buy the stake being sold by Lockheed Martin. Russian space agency spokesman said that despite that Lockheed is selling its stake to Space Transport, Khrunichev may eventually end up owning it. He expressed the desire of the Russian side to increase its presence in the joint venture. Space Transport Inc, registered in the British Virgin Islands and headquartered in Moscow, denied that it would be selling the stake.  In May 2008, Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, a Russian company, acquired all of Space Transport's interest and is now the majority shareholder in ILS. ILS will remain a American company and headquarters are currently in Reston, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. where approximately 60 employees are based.  In April 2019, Glavkosmos and ILS announced that they will be working closer together in the future, in order to bring "pricing squarely in line with our customer's needs..." and to jointly work on solutions that facilitate "...better products, more services [...] and a capability to implement a broader and more flexible set of strategic launch agreements...". ILS' ownership structure remains unchanged and it continues to act independently as a American corporation. Any future change contemplated to change ILS' ownership structure, in place since 2008, would be subject to regulatory approvals.

Proton launches.

In May 2008, ILS had a backlog of 22 orders, totaling approximately US$2 billion, and had flown 45 commercial Proton missions since 1996.  By June 2009, the backlog had grown to 24 firm missions. The 50th ILS Proton launch took place in early 2009.  In January 2014, ILS had an order book of 14 launches worth more than US$1 billion, with up to 6 launches planned for 2014. Most Proton payloads are too massive to launch with the less powerful Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket, and there were no spare Ariane 5 launch opportunities, so Proton customers cannot easily switch to other launchers.  However, as of 2018, the Proton rockets had a very low launch rate with no commercial launches in 2018 and two commercial launches in 2019 due to multiple factors including the emergence of new commercial launch providers like SpaceX and a spate of Proton/Breeze M launch failures. In the last few years, most launch contracts for large commercial geostationary satellites — which have declined overall as more operators look at smaller spacecraft sizes — have gone to SpaceX and Arianespace.  Proton flew its last scheduled commercial mission on 9 October 2019, delivering Eutelsat 5 West B and MEV-1 to geostationary orbit.

Atlas launches.

After October 2006, ILS focused solely on the Proton launch vehicle, so no longer offered Atlas launches. The first Atlas launch was the Atlas IIAS Intelsat 704 launch on 10 January 1995 and the last was the Atlas V Astra 1KR launch on 20 April 2006.

Angara launches.

ILS began marketing the Angara rocket to commercial customers in July 2015. The company's first commercial Angara mission is expected to launch in 2020 carrying Kompsat 6, an Earth observation satellite operated by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute.

International Launch Services, Inc. (ILS) is a joint venture with exclusive rights to the worldwide sale of commercial Angara and Proton rocket launch services. Proton launches take place at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan while Angara is planned to launch from the Plesetsk and Vostochny Cosmodromes in Russia.

International Launch Services (ILS) ist ein amerikanisch-russisches Joint Venture, das die Trägerraketen Proton und Angara weltweit vermarktet. Haupteigner von International Launch Services ist seit April 2019 Roskosmos.