History.

In 1893, to connect his hotel with the railway station of the Lauterbrunnen-Murren cable car, Johann Sterchi-Wettach, owner of the then Grand Hotel and Kurhaus Mürren, contracted with the company A. Oehler in Wildegg for a tramway to bring his guests from BLM station. The operation was stopped because it failed to submit a concession application.  On 13 April 1894, the Federal Assembly approved the federal decree concerning the concession of the Mürren runway. The Federal Council granted the operating license on 10 July 1894 and the tramway began operation. During the three-month summer season, there are 3 to 5 daily trips back and forth. The one-way fare is 30 cents per person, which is approximately equal to the hourly wage of a worker.  At, the Murren runway had the smallest gauge of all Swiss railways with federal concession for passenger transport. The rails were laid in the street, and three vehicles were purchased, including a covered passenger car consisting of two benches length-ways on either side, and two goods vehicles. The tramway transported around 1000 guests and of goods per summer season.  All vehicles were pulled by horse. Services were suspended from 1914 until the summer season of 1920. In 1930 when passenger services were discontinued. Afterwards, the goods carts were pushed by hand, until 1937 when the tramway closed permanently.  The tracks were left disused until the 1960s when, during street renovations, the tracks were either torn up or paved-over. The fate of the goods carts is unknown, however the passenger car remained and has been restored and placed inside the BLM station on display. The Grand Hotel and Kurhaus closed in 1945 and were eventually demolished in 1954.

Route.

The tramway started with a two-track station in the street outside the existing BLM station and followed the main village road until the Kurhaus. A switch was installed just before the Kurhaus in order to allow future expansion to other hotels, however this never occurred and the switch was left unused. In the hotel area, the tramway ended with three tracks: the passenger track, which lead to the hotel's entrance, and two more goods tracks, which lead to the hotel's service area. The journey took around 7 minutes to complete.

The Mürren tramway was a horse-drawn, and latterly human powered, tramway located in Mürren, Switzerland that operated between 1894 and 1937.

Die Pferdebahn Mürren, auch als Rösslitram Mürren oder Rollbahn Mürren (RM) bezeichnet, war eine Pferdebahn in Mürren im Schweizer Kanton Bern. Sie war von 1894 bis 1937 in Betrieb, ab 1930 lediglich noch im Güterverkehr. Im autofreien, nur über die Bergbahn Lauterbrunnen–Mürren (BLM) erreichbaren Kurort Mürren im Berner Oberland diente sie der Beförderung von Kurgästen und Urlaubern sowie dem Transport von Waren zum Hotel „Grandhotel und Kurhaus“.


Overview.

The construction of the station will manifest the third phase of the Tiangong programme. It builds on the experience gained from its precursors, Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2. Chinese leaders hope that research conducted on the station will improve researchers' ability to conduct science experiments in space, beyond the duration offered by China's existing space laboratories.

Origin of name.

Deng Xiaoping decided that the names used in the space program, previously all chosen from the revolutionary history of the PRC, would be replaced with mystical-religious ones. Thus, the new "Long March" carrier rockets were renamed "Divine arrow" (神箭), space capsule "Divine vessel" (神舟), space shuttle "Divine dragon" (神龙), land-based high-power laser "Divine light" (神光) and supercomputer "Divine might" (神威).  These poetic names continue as the first, second, third, fourth and fifth Chinese Lunar probes are called Chang'e after the Moon goddess. The name "Tiangong" means "heavenly palace". Across the PRC the launch of Tiangong 1 inspired a variety of feelings, including love poetry. Within the PRC, the rendezvous of space vehicles is compared to the reunion of the cowherd and the weavergirl.  Wang Wenbao, director of the CMSE, told a news conference in 2011 "Considering past achievements and the bright future, we feel the manned space programme should have a more vivid symbol, and that the future space station should carry a resounding and encouraging name. We now feel that the public should be involved in the names and symbols, as this major project will enhance national prestige and strengthen the national sense of cohesion and pride." Imagery of the Chinese space program has been used by the Party (government) to strengthen its position and promote patriotism since the late 1950s and early 1960s.  On October 31, 2013, China Manned Space Engineering announced the new names for the whole program:

Structure.

The CSS will be a third generation, modular space station. First generation space stations, such as early "Salyut", "Almaz", and "Skylab", were single piece stations and not designed for resupply. Second generation "Salyut" 6 and 7, and "Tiangong" 1 and 2 stations, are designed for mid-mission resupply. Third generation stations such as "Mir", the International Space Station, and the CSS are modular space stations, assembled on-orbit from pieces launched separately. Modularised design methods can greatly improve reliability, reduce costs, shorten development cycle, and meet diversified task requirements.

Technology exchanges.

The assembly method of the station can be compared with the Soviet-Russian Mir space station and the Russian orbital segment of the International Space Station. If the station is constructed, China will be the second nation to develop and use automatic rendezvous and docking for modular space station construction. Shenzhou spacecraft and space stations use a domestically made docking mechanism similar to, or compatible with, the Russian designed APAS docking adapter.  During the cordial Sino-Soviet relations of the 1950s, the USSR engaged in a cooperative technology transfer program with the PRC under which they taught Chinese students and provided the fledgling program with a sample R-2 rocket.  The first Chinese missile was built in 1958 reverse-engineered from the Soviet R-2, itself an upgraded version of the German V-2 rocket. But when Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev was denounced as revisionist by Mao, the friendly relationship between the two countries turned to confrontation. As a consequence, all Soviet technological assistance was abruptly withdrawn after the 1960 Sino-Soviet split.  Development of the Long March rocket series allowed the PRC to initiate a commercial launch program in 1985, which has since launched over 30 foreign satellites, primarily for European and Asian interests.  In 1994, Russia sold some of its advanced aviation and space technology to the Chinese. In 1995 a deal was signed between the two countries for the transfer of Russian Soyuz spacecraft technology to China. Included in the agreement was training, provision of Soyuz capsules, life support systems, docking systems, and space suits. In 1996 two Chinese astronauts, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in Russia. After training, these men returned to China and proceeded to train other Chinese astronauts at sites near Beijing and Jiuquan. The hardware and information sold by the Russians led to modifications of the original Phase One spacecraft, eventually called Shenzhou, which loosely translated means "divine vessel." New launch facilities were built at the Jiuquan launch site in Inner Mongolia, and in the spring of 1998 a mock-up of the Long March 2F launch vehicle with Shenzhou spacecraft was rolled out for integration and facility tests.  A representative of the Chinese crewed space program stated that around 2000, China and Russia were engaged in technological exchanges regarding the development of a docking mechanism. Deputy Chief Designer, Huang Weifen, stated that near the end of 2009, the Chinese agency began to train astronauts on how to dock spacecraft.

Modules.

The 'Tianhe' Core Cabin Module provides life support and living quarters for three crew members, and provides guidance, navigation, and orientation control for the station. The module also provides the station's power, propulsion, and life support systems. The module consists of three sections, living quarters, service section and a docking hub. The living quarters will contain a kitchen and toilet, fire control equipment, atmospheric processing and control equipment, computers, scientific apparatus, communications equipment to send and receive communications via ground control in Beijing, and other equipment. A Canadian-style SSRMS robotic arm will be transported into space folded under the Tisane service section. Additionally, the Wentian experiment (described below) will also carry a duplicate stowed second SSRMS robotic arm. In 2018 fullscale mockup of CCM was publicly presented at China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai. The video from CNSA revealed that the Chinese have built two of these core modules. Artist impressions have also depicted the two core modules docked together to enlarge the overall station. The first of two Laboratory Cabin Modules 'Wentian' & 'Mengtian' respectively, will provide additional navigation avionics, propulsion and orientation control as backup functions for the CCM. Both LCMs will provide a pressurised environment for researchers to conduct science experiments in freefall or microgravity which could not be conducted on Earth for more than a few minutes. Experiments can also be placed on the outside of the modules for exposure to the space environment, cosmic rays, vacuum, and solar winds.  Like Mir and the Russian orbital segment of the ISS, the CSS modules will be carried fully assembled into orbit, in contrast to the US Orbital Segment of the ISS, which required spacewalking to interconnect cables, piping, and structural elements manually. The axial port of the LCMs will be fitted with rendezvous equipment and will first dock to the axial port of the CCM. A mechanical arm similar to the Russian Lyappa arm used on the Mir space station will then move the module to a radial port of the CCM.

Construction timeframes.

In 2011, the space station was planned to be assembled during 2020 to 2022. By 2013, the space station's core module was planned to be launched earlier, in 2018, followed by the first laboratory module in 2020, and a second in 2022. By 2018 this had slipped to 2020-2023. Total of 12 launches are planned for the whole construction phase.

Systems.

Electrical.

Electrical power is provided by two steerable solar power arrays on each module, which use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Energy is stored to power the station when it passes into the Earth's shadow. Resupply ships will replenish fuel for the station's propulsion engines for station keeping, to counter the effects of atmospheric drag.

Docking.

Foreign sources have stated that the docking mechanism strongly resembles APAS-89/APAS-95, with one American source going as far as to call it a clone. There have been contradictory claims on the compatibility of the Chinese system with both current and future docking mechanisms on the ISS.

Experiments.

The programmed experiment equipment for the three modules as of June 2016 are:

Resupply.

The station will be resupplied by crewed spacecraft and robot cargo ships.

Crewed mission.

The Next-generation crewed spacecraft is designed to carry to the Chinese space station with the capability for the moon exploration, replacing previous generation of Shenzhou spacecraft.  China’s next-generation crew carrier is reusable with a detachable heat shield built to handle higher-temperature returns through Earth’s atmosphere. The new capsule design is larger than the Shenzhou, according to Chinese officials. The spacecraft is capable of carrying astronauts to the moon, and can accommodate up to six to seven crew members at a time, three more astronauts than that of Shenzhou.  The new crewed spacecraft has cargo section that allows astronauts bringing cargo back to Earth, whereas Tianzhou cargo resupply ship is not designed to bring any cargo back to Earth.

Cargo resupply.

Tianzhou ("Heavenly Vessel"), a modified derivative of the Tiangong-1 spacecraft, will be used as robotic cargo spacecraft to resupply this station. The launch mass of Tianzhou is expected to be around 13,000 kg with a payload of around 6,000 kg. Launch, rendezvous and docking shall be fully autonomous, with mission control and crew used in override or monitoring roles. This system becomes very reliable with standardizations that provide significant cost benefits in repetitive routine operations. An automated approach could allow assembly of modules orbiting other worlds prior to crewed missions.

Safety.

Orbital debris.

The CSS will be operated in Low Earth Orbit, 340 to 450 kilometers above the Earth at an orbital inclination of 42 to 43 degrees, in the centre of the Earth's thermosphere. At this altitude there is a variety of space debris, consisting of many different objects including entire spent rocket stages, dead satellites, explosion fragments—including materials from anti-satellite weapon tests (such as the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test, the 2019 Indian anti-satellite test and the 1985 U.S. ASM-135 ASAT anti-satellite test), paint flakes, slag from solid rocket motors, coolant released by RORSAT nuclear powered satellites and some clumps remaining from the 750,000,000 small needles from the American military Project West Ford. These objects, in addition to natural micrometeoroids, are a significant threat. Large objects could destroy the station, but are less of a threat as their orbits can be predicted. Objects too small to be detected by optical and radar instruments, from approximately 1 cm down to microscopic size, number in the trillions. Despite their small size, some of these objects are still a threat because of their kinetic energy and direction in relation to the station. Spacesuits of spacewalking crew could puncture, causing exposure to vacuum.  Space debris objects are tracked remotely from the ground, and the station crew can be notified. This allows for a Debris Avoidance Manoeuvre (DAM) to be conducted, which uses thrusters on station to change orbital velocity and altitude, avoiding the debris. DAMs will take place if computational models show the debris will approach within a certain threat distance. Usually the orbit will be raised saving fuel, as the station's orbit must be boosted periodically to counter the effects of atmospheric drag. If a threat from orbital debris is identified too late for a DAM to be safely conducted, the station crew close all the hatches aboard the station and retreat into their Shenzhou spacecraft, so that they would be able to evacuate in the event it was damaged by the debris. Micrometeorite shielding is incorporated into the station to protect pressurised sections and critical systems. The type and thickness of these panels varies depending upon their predicted exposure to damage.

Radiation.

Stations in low earth orbit are partially protected from the space environment by the Earth's magnetic field. From an average distance of about 70,000 km, depending on Solar activity, the magnetosphere begins to deflect solar wind around the Earth and space stations in orbit. However, solar flares are still a hazard to the crew, who may receive only a few minutes warning. The crew of the ISS took shelter as a precaution in 2005 in a more heavily shielded part of that station designed for this purpose during the initial 'proton storm' of an X-3 class solar flare. But without the limited protection of the Earth's magnetosphere, China's planned crewed mission to Mars is especially at risk.  Subatomic charged particles, primarily protons from cosmic rays and solar wind, are normally absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, when they interact in sufficient quantity their effect becomes visible to the naked eye in a phenomenon called an aurora. Without the protection of the Earth's atmosphere, which absorbs this radiation, station crews are exposed to about 1 millisievert each day, which is about the same as someone would get in a year on Earth, from natural sources. This results in a higher risk of crew members developing cancer. Radiation can penetrate living tissue and damage DNA, cause damage to the chromosomes of lymphocytes. These cells are central to the immune system and so any damage to them could contribute to the lowered immunity experienced by crew. Radiation has also been linked to a higher incidence of cataracts in astronauts. Protective shielding and protective drugs may lower the risks to an acceptable level.  The radiation levels experienced on ISS are about 5 times greater than those experienced by airline passengers and crew. The Earth's electromagnetic field provides almost the same level of protection against solar and other radiation in low Earth orbit as in the stratosphere. Airline passengers, however, experience this level of radiation for no more than 15 hours for the longest intercontinental flights. For example, on a 12-hour flight an airline passenger would experience 0.1 millisievert of radiation, or a rate of 0.2 millisieverts per day; only 1/5 the rate experienced by an astronaut in LEO.

International co-operation.

Cooperation in the field of crewed space flight between the CMSEO and the Italian Space Agency was examined in 2011, participation in the development of China crewed space stations and cooperation with China in the fields such as astronauts flight, and scientific research was discussed. Potential areas and ways for future cooperation in the fields of development of crewed space station, space medicine and space science have also been discussed during the meeting.  On 22 February 2017, the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) and Italian Space Agency (ASI) signed an agreement to cooperate on long-term human spaceflight activities. The consequences of this agreement could be important, considering, on the one hand, the leading position Italy has achieved in the field of human spaceflight with regard to the creation and exploitation of the International Space Station (Node 2, Node 3, Columbus, Cupola, Leonardo, Raffaello, Donatello, PMM etc.) and, on the other hand, the important human spaceflight programme that China is developing, especially with the creation of the Tiangong-3 Space Station.

End of orbit.

Chinese crewed spacecraft use deorbital burns to slow their velocity, resulting in their re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere. Vehicles carrying a crew have a heat shield which prevents the vehicle's destruction caused by aerodynamic heating upon contact with the Earth's atmosphere. The CSS has no heat-shield; however, small parts of space stations can reach the surface of the Earth, so uninhabited areas will be targeted for de-orbit manoeuvres.

The Chinese large modular space station is a planned space station to be placed in Low Earth orbit. The planned Chinese Space Station will be roughly one-fifth the mass of the International Space Station and about the size of the decommissioned Russian "Mir" space station. The Chinese station is expected to have a mass between. Operations will be controlled from the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center in China. The planned launch date of the core module, the "Tianhe" (“Joining of the Heavens”), is 2021. In 2017, the Chinese launched the Tianzhou-1 ("Heavenly Vessel") cargo spaceship, which is based on the "Tiangong" 1 and 2 space laboratories.

Die Chinesische Raumstation () ist eine vom Büro für bemannte Raumfahrt bei der Abteilung für Waffenentwicklung der Zentralen Militärkommission entwickelte, in Zukunft ständig besetzte Raumstation in einem erdnahen Orbit von etwa 340 bis 450 km Höhe mit einer Bahnneigung von rund 42°. In einer ersten, voraussichtlich 2022 abgeschlossenen Ausbaustufe besteht sie aus einem Kernmodul und zwei Wissenschaftsmodulen, die in einer T-Form fest miteinander verbunden sind, dazu noch ein freifliegendes Weltraumteleskop in der Nähe, das für Wartungsarbeiten angekoppelt werden kann. Bei Bedarf kann die Raumstation, die für eine reguläre Besatzung von drei Personen vorgesehen ist, an der hinteren, in der ersten Phase für Raumtransporter gedachten Schleuse um ein zweites T erweitert werden und bietet dann sechs Raumfahrern Platz. Da die Raumstation gelegentlich bewegt werden muss, darf sie nicht mehr als 180 t wiegen. Ein weiterer Ausbau ist dann nicht mehr möglich.


Personal life.

Maureen Hiron was a teacher, head of the physical education department of an Inner London comprehensive school. She retired from teaching, aged 32, after a serious injury when a heavy metal air conditioner broke away and fell on her head while she was calling from a window to quieten some unruly children.  She was a passionate bridge player, who participated in national and international championships. She was on the winning England team in both the 1974 and 1975 Lady Milne Trophy, the home countries internationals, and also represented Great Britain in the European Championships of 1974.  Through bridge she met Alan Hiron (1933–1999), the bridge correspondent of "The Independent", and in 1990 the Gold Medalist of the inaugural World Championship Senior Pairs. The couple married in 1983.  In the early 1990s the Hirons moved to Southern Spain for the better climate. Alan died in Malaga on 7 June 1999 from Guillain–Barré syndrome. Maureen took over writing the bridge columns in "The Independent" and "Irish Independent" newspapers, and developed further games.

Games creation.

In 1982 the Hirons founded the games publishing company Hiron Games Ltd, initially to produce and market the game "Continuo" and later a stream of other games, such as "Quizwrangle" and "Cavendish". Maureen invented the games and Alan was the tester and editor. "Continuo", launched on 1 April 1982, became Britain's best-selling game, with around 205,000 sets sold in the UK by the end of that year.  In 1984 Maureen and Alan Hiron were the subject of a 30 minute BBC TV documentary "A Will to Win". Shortly afterwards Maureen was diagnosed with cancer and was admitted to the Royal Marsden Hospital. There, using her fellow-patients as play-testers, she developed the game "Chip In", which her company manufactured and used in the campaign to raise £25 million pounds for the Royal Marsden, the world's first specialist cancer hospital. The Appeal President was Princess Diana, and the main backing newspaper was the Daily Star. Maureen was voted Londoner of the Year, in London Electricity's Brightening Up London campaign.. The then Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, even took on Maureen and Alan at "Chip In".

Bridge and writing.

In 1993 Maureen and Alan competed in partnership at the European Union Bridge Senior Pairs in Portugal and won the bronze medal. Maureen and Alan wrote some beginners' bridge books together, and also quiz books - including "The Ultimate Trivia Quiz Games Book", with over 10,000 questions, which reached No. 2 in the British Bestsellers list. (Non-fiction). Maureen also wrote the questions for the first series of Channel 4's popular quiz show "Fifteen to One" and created puzzles for ITV's "The Krypton Factor".

Maureen Hiron is a British games designer and international bridge player. She is best known as a developer of various board, card, dice, word and question and answer games, including Continuo. Her games were published through Hiron Games Ltd., which she founded with her husband in 1982 after retiring from teaching.

Maureen Hiron (geboren um 1947), Geburtsname Maureen Berman, ist eine britische "Bridge"-Spielerin, Buchautorin und Spieleentwicklerin. Bekannt wurde sie vor allem als Autorin für Einführungen und Ratgeber zu dem Kartenspiel "Bridge" sowie von Quizfragensammlungen und als Entwicklerin verschiedener häufig einfacher Karten- und Legespiele.


Taxonomy and etymology.

It was described as a new species in 1902 by American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller. Miller placed it in the now-defunct genus "Nyctinomus", naming it "Nyctinomus jobensis". Miller likely chose the species name ""jobensis"" because the holotype was discovered on Jobie Island near the community of Ansus. The holotype was collected by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari.

Description.

It has been described as having "features reminiscent of Darth Vader." From head to tail, it is approximately long. Its head and body is long, and its tail is long. Its forearm is long. It weighs.

Biology and behavior.

They will fly and forage in groups of two or more individuals. Its foraging style utilizes fast, direct flight suited for open areas or above canopies. It is insectivorous, consuming beetles, bugs, moths, lacewings, grasshoppers, cockroaches, flies and leafhoppers. It is one of the only species of bat in Australia that can be heard when foraging. Its echolocation frequency is relatively low (15-25kHz), overlapping with the upper range of sounds audible to humans. It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day such as tree hollows or caves. These roosts can consist of many individuals, as it is a colonial species.

Range and habitat.

It prefers to forage in the tropical savannas of Northern Australia. It is also found in urban areas, using artificial lights to forage for the insects attracted to them.

Conservation.

It is currently evaluated as least concern by the IUCN—its lowest conservation priority. It meets the criteria for this assessment because it has a large geographic range, a large population, it occurs in protected areas, and it tolerates human modification of landscapes. Its population trend is stable.

The northern freetail bat ("Chaerephon jobensis") is a species of bat found in Yapen, Seram Island, Western New Guinea and Northern Australia.

Die Yapen-Bulldoggfledermaus, auch Nordaustralische Bulldoggfledermaus genannt ("Chaerephon jobensis", Synonyme: "Nyctinomus jobensis" und "Nyctinomus plicatus colonicus") ist eine in der Australis vorkommende Fledermausart der Gattung der Freischwanzfledermäuse.


Presenters and personnel.

A few hours after the final of the Sanremo Music Festival 2011, Rai 1 director Mauro Mazza expressed his willing to confirm Gianni Morandi as the main presenter of the show for the 2012 contest. In an interview released in April 2011, Morandi revealed he was considering the opportunity to present the contest for a second time, and on 13 October 2011 Morandi was officially confirmed as the presenter of the Sanremo Music Festival 2012. On the same day, Gianmarco Mazzi, who had signed a 2 years long contract with RAI in late 2010, was confirmed as the artistic director of the show. It was Mazzi's seventh Sanremo Music Festival.  In late December 2011, Gianmarco Mazzi also announced that Italian actor and director Rocco Papaleo, Czech model Ivana Mrazova and English-Croatian model Tamara Ecclestone would have been Morandi's co-presenters of the show. Despite this, on 20 January 2012, Gianmarco Mazzi officially announced that Tamara Ecclestone would not be one of the presenters, following her refusal to be in Sanremo during the rehearsal for the show. During an interview released to the Italian newspaper "La Stampa", Ecclestone claimed that she had never signed any contract, and that, according to her informal agreement with RAI, she should have been in Sanremo starting from 12 February 2012, but she was later asked to start working on the show on 1 February 2012. Following a neck pain, Ivana Mrazova was not on stage during the first night of the show, and she was replaced by 2011 co-presenters Elisabetta Canalis and Belén Rodríguez.  The authors of the show, directed by Stefano Vicario, were Ivano Balduini, Simona Ercolani, Michele Ferrari, Francesco Valitutti and Federico Moccia. For the nineteenth time, the scenography, inspired by a spacecraft, was created by Gaetano Castelli, together with his daughter Chiara. For the tenth consecutive year, each artist was accompanied by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra, conducted by Marco Sabiu, as in 2011.

Selections.

Newcomers section.

"AreaSanremo".

The artists competing in the newcomers section were selected through two different contests. The first one, organized by the Comune di Sanremo and titled "AreaSanremo", was divided into two sections—"SanremoLab", reserved to Italian-language songs, and "SanremoDoc", featuring songs in an Italian dialect. The jury evaluating the "SanremoLab" contestants was composed of Niccolò Agliardi, Beppe Carletti, L'Aura and Mauro Ermanno Giovanardi, while the jury for the "SanremoDoc" section included Massimo Morini, Davide Van De Sfroos, Peppe Voltarelli and Edoardo Bennato.  The 10 winners of the contest—Levy Prato, Kachupa, Erika Mineo, Andrea Devis Mozzate, Bidiel, Giuseppe Franchino, Lavinia Desideri and Iohosemprevoglia in the "SanremoLab" section, Luca Bussoleti and the duo composed of Stefano Cherchi and Maurizio Chisari for the "SanremoDoc" section—were announced on 8 December 2011. On 9 December 2011, a jury composed of Gianni Morandi, Gianmarco Mazzi, Giorgio Giuffra and Claudia Lolli selected two acts among the ten winners. Therefore, the bands Bidiel and Iohosemprevoglia became the first two confirmed contestants of the Sanremo Music Festival 2012.

"SanremoSocial".

The remaining six contestants were selected through a web contest, titled "SanremoSocial". 400 out of 1,574 participants in the contest were excluded because their songs did not fulfill the rules to participate in the Sanremo Music Festival, mainly concerning the length of the song or the inclusion of advertisers' brands in their lyrics.  After uploading a video of the proposed song through the social network Facebook, contestants were voted by users, and the 30 most voted acts, together with 30 additional artists chosen by a specific jury, were asked to perform live on 12 January 2012, during the Sanremo Social Day, broadcast live on the Festival's official website. At the end of the live performances, the artists were selected by a jury composed of presenter Gianni Morandi, artistic director Gianmarco Mazzi, Rai Radio 1's Gianmaurizio Foderaro and Silvia Notargiacomo, Rai Radio 2's Federica Gentile and Facebook account manager Saverio Schiano Lomoriello. The six winners of the contest—Giordana Angi, Erica Mou, Celeste Gaia, Marco Guazzone, Giulia Anania and Alessandro Casillo— were announced on 14 January 2012 during the TV show "SanremoSocial Day - La scelta".

Big Artists section.

The acts participating in the Big Artists section of the Sanremo Music Festival 2012 were chosen through an internal selection. In early December 2011, during an interview released to the Italian magazine "TV Sorrisi e Canzoni", Emma Marrone announced she would be one of the contestants of the festival. On 24 December 2011, Eugenio Finardi also confirmed he would compete in the Big Artists section, performing the song "E tu lo chiami Dio". The complete list of the participants in the Big Artists section was announced on 15 January 2012, during the TV programme "L'arena". Alongside Marrone and Finardi, the list included Dolcenera, Arisa, Samuele Bersani, Chiara Civello, Francesco Renga, Irene Fornaciari, Marlene Kuntz, Nina Zilli, Noemi, Matia Bazar, Pierdavide Carone with Lucio Dalla, and the duo composed of Gigi D'Alessio and Loredana Bertè.  Immediately after the list's announcement, some fans claimed that Gigi D'Alessio and Loredana Bertè had already released a small portion of their song through their official Facebook accounts, despite the contest rules, according to which the competing songs cannot be publicly performed or released before the show. On the same day, Alessandro Fabrizi, manager of Italian singer Daniele Magro, claimed that Chiara Civello's song was publicly performed by Magro, Civello herself, and by Daiana Tejera, co-writer of the song. However, on 2 February 2012, RAI released a press statement announcing that the two songs fulfilled the requirements for being considered "new songs", therefore Civello, D'Alessio and Berté were confirmed as participants in the show.

Nights.

First night.

Big Artists section.

On 14 February 2012, each act in the "Big Artists" section performed a previously unreleased song. According to the rules of the contest, a ranking should have been determined by a jury composed of 300 people, each one giving a minimum of 1 point and a maximum of 10 points to each song, and at the end of the night, the two artists receiving the lowest points should have been eliminated. However, during the second performance of the night, a technical problem in the voting system occurred. In the beginning, the jury was asked to continue voting through a paper-based system, but after the last performance, it was announced that the voting was nullified. Therefore, all the artists were admitted to the second night of the show.  Due to illness, co-presenter Ivana Mrzazova was unable to attend. She was substituted by Belen Rodriguez and Elisabetta Canalis, the co-presenters of the 2011 festival.  Singer and actor Adriano Celentano was a notable guest the first night. He caused much controversy when he attacked the Catholic Church and the Italian Catholic magazine "Famiglia Cristiana" and newspaper "Avvenire" during his monologue.

Second night.

Big Artists section.

During the second night, that was held on 15 February 2012, each one of the 14 acts in the "Big Artists" section performed for a second time the chosen song. Each artists received a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 10 points from each member of a jury, composed of 300 people, and the four artists receiving the lowest points—Pierdavide Carone with Lucio Dalla, Marlene Kuntz, Irene Fornaciari and Gigi D'Alessio with Loredana Bertè—were eliminated from the competition.

Newcomers section.

Each artist in the Newcomers section performed for the first time the competing song on 15 February 2012. Four different matches were determined by votes received through Facebook during the previous weeks—the act receiving the most votes competed with the one receiving the fewest votes, and so on. The outcome of each match was determined by televoting only. In each match, the artist receiving the lowest votes was eliminated from the competition, while the remaining four acts were admitted to the fourth night.

Third night.

International duets.

During the third nigh, each participant in the "Big Artists" section, including the eliminated ones, performed a foreign-language version of a popular Italian song, together with an international guest. The artists and the songs were announced together with the participants in the festival. On 26 January 2012, it was announced that Nina Hagen, originally included in the list released on 15 January 2012 as the team partner of Loredana Bertè and Gigi D'Alessio, was replaced by Macy Gray, performing the English version of Mia Martini's "Almeno tu nell'universo" instead of a German-language cover of "Piccolo uomo". At the end of the night, journalists in the press room voted the best performance. The competition, completely unrelated to the main competition, was won by Marlene Kuntz with Patti Smith, performing "The World Became the World", the English-language version of Premiata Forneria Marconi's "Impressioni di settembre".

Repechage round.

The four songs eliminated during the second night were performed again, and televoting determined the two songs to be reinstated in the competition. Gigi D'Alessio with Loredana Bertè and Pierdavide Carone with Lucio Dalla were admitted to the semi-final of the show, while Irene Fornaciari and Marlene Kuntz were eliminated from the competition.

Fourth night.

Big Artists section.

During the fourth night, each artist still in competition in the Big Artists section dueted with a guest, performing a new version of the competing song. At the end of the night, a ranking was compiled by combining televoting with the votes determined by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra, and the bottom two artists—Chiara Civello and Matia Bazar—were eliminated.  Marlene Kuntz and Irene Fornaciari, eliminated during the previous night, would have performed with Samuel Umberto Romano and Davide Van De Sfroos, respectively.

Newcomers section.

The final of the newcomers section was held on 17 February 2012. The four artists still in competition performed their songs, and a ranking was obtained by combining televoting with the votes determined by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra. The ranking was later changed by two different "Golden shares". The first one, received by Alessandro Casillo, was determined by votes expressed through Facebook, while the second one, received by Erica Mou, was obtained considering votes expressed by Italian radio stations. In both the "golden share" mechanisms, the most voted artist gained one slot in the previous ranking. At the end of the night, Alessandro Casillo was announced the winner of the contest.

Fifth night.

First round.

The final of the Big Artists section was held on 18 February 2012. During the first round, the ten artists still in competition performed their entries, and a ranking was obtained by combining televoting with the votes determined by the Sanremo Festival Orchestra. Each journalist in the press room also voted one of the competing artists, and Noemi, who received the most votes, obtained the "golden share", gaining three slot in the previous ranking. Therefore, she replaced Gigi D'Alessio and Loredana Bertè in the top three artists, and she was admitted to the second round of the final, together with Emma and Arisa.

Second round.

During the second round, the top three artists performed for the last time their entries, and the final ranking was determined by televoting only. Nina Zilli was also announced as Italy's entrant for Eurovision Song Contest 2012 by Ell & Nikki despite not advancing towards this round. She was chosen by a specific jury among the participants.

The Sanremo Music Festival 2012 was the 62nd annual Sanremo Music Festival. It was held at the Teatro Ariston in Sanremo, province of Imperia, during the five nights between 14 February 2012 and 18 February 2012, and it was broadcast by Rai 1.

Die 62. Ausgabe des Festival della Canzone Italiana di Sanremo fand 2012 vom 14. bis zum 18. Februar im "Teatro Ariston" in Sanremo statt und wurde von Gianni Morandi zusammen mit Rocco Papaleo und Ivana Mrázová moderiert.


Background.

The concept for "Dancing on My Own" began as Robyn was depressed from a breakup with longtime boyfriend and collaborator Max Vitali (they have since reunited) and started therapy. 'Tired of a broken heart', the song was inspired by her "love of inherently sad, gay disco anthems", such as Ultravox's "Dancing with Tears in My Eyes" and songs by Sylvester and Donna Summer.  In an interview with Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork, Dombal noted that the album tried new musical directions, with "Dancing on My Own" sounding "like what we've come to expect from a Robyn song", and Robyn explained, "I felt like I really found my voice on the last album, [...] And I wrote 'With Every Heartbeat', so there's a reason why 'Dancing on My Own' sounds similar. For me, that's a good thing." On building the song's structure, she "...knew she wanted to make a song called 'Dancing on My Own' but didn't know what it was going to be about. At the beginning, the song had an acoustic vibe. The chorus came first [then] everything else fell into place and it felt like it was writing itself. Patrik later admitted they were'super picky' about every aspect of the song, having [years after its release] found a notebook with hundreds of lyrics that were written and scrapped along the way. 'A lot of time' was spent on the individual components: 'Every single word needed to feel right', the drums, the bass and the pounding staccato it starts with."  Robyn told BBC Newsbeat's Steve Holden in a retrospective that both writing and then performing the song in its early onset was 'difficult' as 'parts of the song she had to struggle with - nostalgia and sentimentality - didn't ring true to [her] and [came across initially as a] teenage version of [herself] she was happy to let go of.' Years later, after '...taking a step back from what she'd created,' then '...working on herself,' she felt 'the song had moved on from its beginnings,' and was no longer 'conflicted about playing it live,' seeing that it '...[had become] something that took on meaning for a lot of people in different ways.'  "Dancing on My Own" was released as the first official single from "Body Talk Pt. 1" via digital download on 1 June 2010 in Sweden and the United States. The song was serviced for mainstream airplay in the United States on 2 November 2010.

Composition.

"Dancing on My Own" was composed by Robyn and Patrik Berger. The electronic and dance-pop ballad features hammerdrill throbbing synths and electronic percussions. It incorporates elements of electro and disco. James Montgomery of MTV News described the song as "a computerized kaleidoscope of chippy, chiming blips and piston-like drums." The song's emotional lyrics were compared to the themes of her previous singles, "With Every Heartbeat" and "Be Mine!"  "Dancing on My Own" has been described as a heartbreak anthem and'sad banger'. Under the "big black sky over my town" (Robyn's favorite lyric and her "love letter to the to the weather in her home city of Stockholm, Sweden,"), the song speaks of a woman who is dancing alone in a club, while watching her ex-lover with another woman. Her attempts to be noticed and/or muster the strength to interrupt fail when a chime effect resembling last call at the climax of the bridge indicates her time to get his attention has run out. Montgomery noted that the "thoroughly sad song [talks] about Robyn losing her man to another woman, but also about the notion of feeling alone in a crowded room, of being lost and unloved and having no other choice but to be OK with those things." The song features lines such as, "I'm in the corner, watching you kiss her. I'm right over here, why can't you see me? I'm giving it my all, but I'm not the girl you're taking home." In contrast to "With Every Heartbeat" being "grimly optimistic", a "The Guardian" writer noted that "Dancing on My Own" offers "no hope that things may get better." In an interview with MTV News, Robyn spoke of the song, saying, "I mean, for me, of course it's a sad love song, but it's a strong song as well, or at least that's what I want people to feel when they listen to it." In an interview with Pitchfork, she further elaborated on the song's theme, saying; "People have so many expectations when they go out, so many wishes about what their night is going to be: if they're going to meet that person, have a fun time with their friends, have a good high, hear good music. People get drunk and turn into themselves in a way, and they go to experience some kind of emotion. But it's not always about fun. There's a destructive side to it. But I'm more into the empowerment of going out, because it's always been the place where I could be myself and get inspired. Even if I'm sad, dancing is a way to let stuff out." She also told BBC Newsbeat that "...she's proud of Dancing On My Own because it features elements of'many different worlds' she loves, including 'Prince songs, 80s rock ballads and queer electronica.'" Berger described his favourite lyric as "I know where you're at, I bet she's around" which he feels represents the "self-destructive part of you, when we know we shouldn't go there. It's like scratching a wound," while Robyn described her second favorite line as "'I just wanna dance all night,' representing the precise moment on the dancefloor when you have to get your 'desperation, frustration and sadness out.'"  The song is performed in the key of G major with a tempo of 117 beats per minute in common time. The song follows a chord progression of G–D–C, and Robyn's vocals span from D to E.

Critical reception.

"Dancing on My Own" received widespread acclaim from music critics and publications. Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song five out of five stars and wrote that "'Dancing on My Own' is a misty-eyed electro-disco tune that's every bit as emotive as 'With Every Heartbeat' and 'Be Mine' [...] If your bottom lip's not quivering like the bassline by the time the second chorus hits, you've taken waaay too many mood stabilisers." Luke Lewis of "NME" referred to the song as "a comet-trail of sadness and exhilaration that's easily the equal of Robyn's breakthrough hit, 'With Every Heartbeat'." "The Guardian"s Michael Hann stated that song's "pulsing synths and electronic percussion manage to sound both jackbooted and ineffably melancholy." Jer Fairall wrote for "PopMatters" that "[t]he aggressive stun-gun rhythm of 'Dancing on My Own' can't hide a classic drama-played-out-on-the-dancefloor scenario inherited from standard bearers like ABBA's 'Dancing Queen' and Madonna's 'Into the Groove', nor is it cold enough not to melt at the touch of Robyn's warm, yearning vocals or the song's shimmering keyboard chime." Matthew Horton of BBC Music described "Dancing on My Own" – along with "Fembot" and "Cry When You Get Older" – as "scorchingly catchy, and laced with Robyn's familiar cordial of sparkling hook mixed with unutterable poignancy."  "Slant Magazine" named "Dancing on My Own" the best song of 2010, writing: "Few artists risk Robyn's emotional nakedness, and with 'Dancing on My Own' she reveals the exquisite flipside to her more empowered 'With Every Heartbeat'". "The Guardian" named it the best song of the year as well, writing: "'Dancing on My Own' is an extraordinary addition to Robyn's canon of skewed love songs; thoughtful and romantic enough for stuck-on-repeat listening, but with a pop sensibility that makes you want to head out in search of a dancefloor." "Pitchfork" named it the fourth best of 2010, saying that it "demonstrate[s] that she is the Rocky Balboa of pop music." "Rolling Stone" named it the twenty-sixth best song of 2010, writing: "The Swedish diva spots her beloved with another girl — then turns her sadness into sparkling pop, perfect for solo freakouts." The song landed at number six on MTV's Best Songs of 2010, with James Montgomery writing: "as soon as 'Dancing' gets to that hair-raising build — a breathless rush of drums and adrenaline — you're no longer thinking about what Robyn's saying, really." In January 2011, the American music magazine "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked "Dancing on My Own" at number three to find the best music of 2010. The song was nominated at the 53rd Grammy Awards in the category Best Dance Recording, but lost to "Only Girl (In the World)" by Rihanna.

Legacy.

After compiling over 35 countdowns and 550 tracks, global critic aggregator Acclaimed Music went on to rank "Dancing on My Own" as the greatest song of the 2010s.  "Rolling Stone", "NME", "Stereogum", "Slant Magazine", "Consequence of Sound," The Associated Press, "Insider", "Esquire", "iNews" and "Vanyaland" were just some of the outlets to specifically rank it at number 1, calling it "...the signature [track] of the poptimism [movement]," an "...exultant epiphany reminding you just how alive you are," "...[Europe's signal flare] heralding the end of “The Club” era of songwriting (ironically, just as brainless EDM started taking off in the US), changing the [trajectory] of pop, indie, and dance," "...a primer on subdued defiance," "...the [epitomization] of the increasing irrelevance of radio, the term'single', and even the charts themselves," "...a pop anthem in the classical vein and a universal scream into the void, burning an effigy of loss and betrayal," the "...killer single that elevated her to something approaching voice-of-a-generation status among America's burned-out youth," an "...alt-pop masterpiece [that] set the tone for the decade’s greatest passions: A lifestyle of voyeurism and a desire for what isn’t ours" and "...a [brilliant] encapsulation of heartbreak and self-sabotage...In a nutshell: it's perfection".  In other ranked lists, "Paste" and "Good Housekeeping" named it second, "Pitchfork" third, "Elle" fourth, "USA Today" ninth, Gorilla vs. Bear twelfth, "Crack Magazine" thirteenth, and Uproxx eighteenth.  Héloïse Letissier of Christine & The Queens, who would present her with the NME Award for 'Songwriter of the Decade', said "As a songwriter I can only marvel at a song like Dancing On My Own...it's a gem of pop. I watched her gig in Oslo last year and it was the most cathartic thing I ever saw." The manager of pop industry titan Max Martin (Robyn's longtime friend and early-career collaborator) went on to tell her Max thought it was "one of the best pop songs ever made".

Chart performance.

"Dancing on My Own" debuted at number two on the Sverigetopplistan chart on the issue dated 11 June 2010. The following weeks, the song ascended and descended between number two and number three, before reaching the top position on the issue dated 30 July 2010. The song became Robyn's first number one on the chart, as well as her seventh top-ten hit. In Denmark, "Dancing on My Own" debuted at number thirty-three on the issue dated 18 June 2010. After steadily ascending on the chart for several weeks, the song reached its peak of number two on the issue dated 6 August 2010. It has since then been certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry in Denmark for selling over 30,000 units. In Norway, the song debuted at number six, which became its peak.  The song peaked at number twenty-two on the European Hot 100 Singles chart, becoming her highest peaking song on the chart. On the UK Singles Chart, it debuted and peaked at number eight on the issue dated 26 June 2010, immediately becoming Robyn's best charting single in the country since "With Every Heartbeat" in 2007. "Dancing on My Own" also reached number three on the UK Dance Chart. In the United States, "Dancing on My Own" debuted at number forty on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. On the issue dated 17 July 2010, it reached its peak of number three and stayed on that position for two weeks.

Music video.

The music video for "Dancing on My Own" was filmed in a studio in Stockholm, Sweden. It was directed by Max Vitali, who previously worked with Robyn on the second music video for her 2005 single "Be Mine!" Decida choreographed it and Nils Ljunggren served as the producer. Visually, Vitali wanted the video to be simple; it was made to resemble Robyn's live performances and her then-upcoming tour. In a behind-the-scenes video, Robyn said, "It's going to be looking a little bit like what I'm going to bring on tour. So it's a performance video but it's also going to be in I guess something like a rave or like a club or somewhere where people are dancing." Robyn explained that the video is about being sad on the dance floor and the main focus is dancing.  The video features a club setting, where Robyn is walking around and watching her ex with another woman. In cutscenes, Robyn is standing on a stage-like setting, while singing in front of a microphone stand.  The video premiered via Robyn's official Vimeo account on 21 May 2010. One day earlier, a behind-the-scenes video was uploaded to her official website. Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork wrote of the video, "When you're a star, sometimes all you need to do is put on a casually stylish outfit, gaze into a lens, move your limbs around in a rhythmic manner, and-- just like that-- a high-quality music video is born. Robyn is a star. And that's exactly what happens in this video." Leslie Simon of MTV Buzzworthy named it a "Video You Need To Know" and wrote, "Amid a sea of strobe lights and PDA-stricken couples, Robyn seems cautiously fed up with dancing solo. Sad. We'll dance with you, lady!"

Live performances.

Robyn performed the song on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 16 June 2010. She also performed the song on Capital 95.8 FM during a live session on 23 June 2010. The first live performance on US television was on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on 19 July 2010. Robyn performed the song on the All Hearts joint tour with American singer Kelis. On 30 July 2010, she took a break from the tour to appear on iHeartRadio in New York City, where she performed "Dancing on My Own" and a cover of Alicia Keys' "Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart". On 12 September 2010, Robyn performed a remixed version of the song with in-house DJ deadmau5 at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards. The two did not rehearse the performance until the morning of the show, and Robyn said, "I met him for, like, five minutes, and then we were playing." A few days later, Robyn spoke to MTV News about the performance, saying, "usually, awards shows can be so strange, but [the VMAs] felt really real. There were so many stars there and so many expectations, so I wanted to make sure I went up onstage and did something that felt real, and I got all this love from all the people at MTV. I felt really wanted. It was really amazing."  The song was featured on 1 November 2010 episode of the teen drama "Gossip Girl", titled "War at the Roses", where Robyn also performed an acoustic rendition of "Hang with Me". On 11 November 2010, she performed the song on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon". On 24 November 2010, she performed it on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". On 11 December 2010, she performed it alongside "Indestructible" and "Jag vet en dejlig rosa" at the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway. She also performed the song on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on 13 April 2011, followed by a performance on the outdoor stage on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" the next day. She also performed the song during the Body Talk Tour. On 10 December 2011, Robyn performed the song on "Saturday Night Live".

Credits and personnel.

Source

Other versions.

Belgian singer performed this song as part of her audition on "Idool 2011". For this song, she received a gold certification as she sold more than 10,000 singles. Actress Elle Fanning performed the song for the 2018 movie "Teen Spirit" and it was subsequently released as part of the soundtrack for that movie.  In May of 2020 the American folk singer, and former founding member of Old Crow Medicine Show, Willie Watson released a folk version of the song.

Calum Scott version.

British singer Calum Scott performed the song as part of his audition on "Britain's Got Talent" in 2015. He subsequently released the song as a single via Independent label Instrumental, who are part-owned by Warner Music Group. It was released with Capitol Records on 3 June 2016.  Despite little radio airplay, apart from on West Hull FM, it climbed into the top 40 and slowly reached number 4 in July. It was then added to BBC Radio 2's C List playlist and peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart on 5 August. In October, a remix version was released by Tiësto.  As of April 2020, the original audition video has been viewed over 280 million times on YouTube, while the music video has been viewed over 390 million times.

Chart performance.

The song debuted at number 40 on the UK Singles Chart, before reaching number 2 after spending several weeks climbing. On 1 September 2016, it was revealed that "Dancing on My Own" was the most bought song of the Summer in the UK.  Scott told the Official Charts Company: "I am absolutely over the moon at this news". This song has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the UK.

"Dancing on My Own" is a song by Swedish singer Robyn, taken from her fifth studio album, "Body Talk Pt. 1" (2010). The song was written and produced by Robyn and Patrik Berger, and was inspired by disco anthems by Ultravox, Sylvester and Donna Summer. The song was released as "Body Talk Pt. 1"'s lead single on 1 June 2010, in Sweden and the United States. "Dancing on My Own" is an electronic and dance-pop ballad that speaks of a female protagonist who dances alone in a club while watching her ex-lover with another woman.

Dancing on My Own ist ein Lied der schwedischen Sängerin Robyn aus dem Jahre 2010. Die erste Singleauskopplung ihres fünften Studioalbums "Body Talk Pt. 1" (welches zusammen mit "Body Talk Pt. 2" und "Body Talk Pt. 3" später auf dem Album "Body Talk" zusammengefasst wurde) wurde von der Interpretin zusammen mit Patrik Berger geschrieben und von letzterem produziert.


Plot.

The film's narrative revolves around Jo Armitage (Anne Bancroft), a woman with an ambiguous number of children from three marriages, who becomes negative and withdrawn after discovering that her third (and current) husband, Jake (Peter Finch), has been unfaithful to her. After a series of loosely related events in which Jake's infidelity is balanced by his reliability as a breadwinner and a father, Jo and Jake take a first tentative step toward reconciliation.  Thematically, there are two issues: Jo's frequent childbearing and Jake's extramarital affairs. The question of Jo's fertility is first broached by her psychiatrist. He suggests that she may feel uncomfortable with the messiness or vulgarity of sex and that she may be using childbirth to justify it to herself. This does not prevent her from becoming pregnant again, but she follows suggestions by Jake and her doctor that she have an abortion and be sterilized, and she seems happy after the operation.  Meanwhile, signs accumulate that Jake has been having affairs while pursuing a successful career as a screenwriter. The first indication of his infidelity concerns a young woman, Philpot (Maggie Smith), who lived with the Armitage family for a while. Jake reacts irrationally and unconvincingly to Jo's questioning after the children tell her the woman fainted into Jake's arms. The second sign comes from Bob Conway (James Mason), an acquaintance who alleges an affair between his wife and Jake during production of a film in Morocco. Finally, Jake admits some of his infidelities under heated interrogation by Jo. After venting her frustration by furiously assaulting him, she retaliates by having an affair with her second husband. This elicits coldness from Jake.  In the film's finale, Jo spends a night alone in a windmill (near the converted barn she had lived in with her second husband and children) that the couple has been renovating. The following morning, Jake and their children arrive at the windmill with food. Seeing how happy her children are with Jake, Jo indicates her acceptance of him by sadly, but graciously, accepting a can of beer from him, a gesture which echoes another scene in the windmill from a happier time in their marriage.

Reception and reputation.

According to the BFI's "Monthly Film Bulletin", "There is something phantasmally absurd about this well-meaning, ambitious film... It could well be that Pinter's brilliance is altogether the wrong kind of brilliance to let loose on the scripting of this already nerve-raw, nightmarish subject. Jo... makes an eminently worthwhile, but virtually intractable, subject for a film: worthwhile because neurotics rarely get a square, sympathetic, penetrating deal in the cinema; intractable because, like many neurotics, she is a fixated and evidently crashing bore, and one of the most difficult things to do is to present a bore fairly without at the same time boring your audience too. Part of their tragedy is that bores, willy-nilly, seem often ridiculous. So the last thing a seriously-intentioned writer can afford to do is heap further grotesqueries upon them. But this is what has happened in Pinter's often genuinely amusing script. For every justified extravagance - in the characteristically ghastly party scene, for instance, or Maggie Smith's gushing fatuities as Philpott - there are a dozen which are not. The poor, crazy lady in the hair-dresser's is a schematic and surely rather portentous case in point; so is the Zoo, and Harrods, Jo's gloomy hats, and that windmill love nest, and the tiresome ambiguity of that psychiatrist off to Tenerife (is he perceptive, or unsympathetic, a good doctor or just a fashionable one?). Doubtless, some kind of pseudo-Antonioni, pseudo-Fellini comment is being made on our society, but if this is indeed so, then the glee and the ambivalence are significantly more telling, and certainly more apparent, than any clarity of focus."  According to "Time" magazine, "The Pumpkin Eater of the nursery rhyme put his wife in a pumpkin shell, and there he kept her very well. Giving a wry contemporary twist to Mother Goose, Penelope Mortimer's vivid first-person novel suggests that the poor creature then swiftly developed shell shock. In this slow, strong, incisive film version of the book, the ironing out of a well-kept wife's unkempt psyche is portrayed with harrowing perception by Anne Bancroft." "New York Herald Tribune" reviewer Judith Crist commented that Bancroft's character "seems a cow-like creature with no aspirations or intellect above her pelvis." A reviewer for "Variety" wrote: "[Pinter's] script vividly brings to life the principal characters in this story of a shattered marriage, though Pinter's resort to flashback technique is confusing in the early stages. Jack Clayton's direction gets off to a slow, almost casual start, but the pace quickens as the drama becomes more intense."  The film has continued to provoke comments. In a 1999 obituary of Penelope Mortimer, Giles Gordon in "The Guardian" characterized Harold Pinter as someone who values what is "written between the lines," making him "her ideal translator and interpreter" for the film adaptation of Mortimer's novel. In 2006, David Hare wrote that "Pinter regularly offers actors what will become the opportunities of a lifetime: to Meryl Streep, obviously, in "The French Lieutenant's Woman"; to Peter Finch and Anne Bancroft in one of the most over-looked of all British films, "The Pumpkin Eater"; and, unforgettably, to Dirk Bogarde, both in "Accident" and "The Servant"."

Awards.

Anne Bancroft won the award for Best Actress at the 1964 Cannes Film Festival, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress, and the Golden Globe for Best Actress, Drama in 1965. She was also nominated for the Best Actress at the 37th Academy Awards, losing that award to Julie Andrews (who won for her role in "Mary Poppins"). Harold Pinter won the 1964 BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.

Home video.

"The Pumpkin Eater" was released as a Region 1 fullscreen DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on March 4, 2011. A region-free Blu-ray edition was released by Powerhouse Films on December 4, 2017.

The Pumpkin Eater is a 1964 British drama film starring Anne Bancroft as an unusually fertile woman, and Peter Finch as her philandering husband. The film was adapted by Harold Pinter from the 1962 novel of the same name by Penelope Mortimer, and was directed by Jack Clayton. The title is a reference to the nursery rhyme "Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater".

Schlafzimmerstreit (Originaltitel: "The Pumpkin Eater") ist ein dialogreiches, britisches Filmdrama aus dem Jahre 1963 von Jack Clayton mit Anne Bancroft und Peter Finch in den Hauptrollen. Der auf einem Drehbuch des berühmten Dramatikers Harold Pinter basierende Film entstand nach der Romanvorlage "The Pumpkin Eater" (1962) von Penelope Mortimer.


Description.

The Whirlwind was a direct descendant of the Lawrance J-1, a nine-cylinder air-cooled radial built by the Lawrance Aero Engine Company for the U.S. Navy. Because the Navy was very enthusiastic about air-cooled radials, but was concerned that Lawrance could not produce enough engines for its needs, it forced Wright to purchase the Lawrance company in 1923 and build the J-1 itself. Wright's J-1 was the first engine in its nine-cylinder R-790 Whirlwind series and was quickly followed by the J-3, J-4, J-4A, J-4B, and finally the popular and successful J-5 of 1925.  In 1928, Wright replaced the R-790 series with the J-6 Whirlwind family, in which a supercharger was added to boost engine power and the cylinders were enlarged by expanding the bore. This family included three members: the nine-cylinder R-975, the seven-cylinder R-760, and the five-cylinder R-540, providing a range of different power levels using the same basic design. Of these, the R-975 proved the most popular, especially because of its use in armored fighting vehicles during World War II.  During the mid-1930s, Wright also developed two fourteen-cylinder double-row versions of the Whirlwind, the R-1510 of, and the R-1670 of. These were used in a number of military aircraft prototypes, but neither engine reached the production stage.  Air-cooled Whirlwinds were lighter and more reliable than liquid-cooled engines of similar power, since a liquid cooling system added weight and required extra maintenance. Thanks to these advantages Whirlwind engines were used widely and were built in large numbers. Licensed copies were produced by manufacturers such as Continental Motors, Hispano-Suiza, and adapted for Soviet government production by the Shvetsov OKB-19 design bureau. The Whirlwind's success led to the development of other air-cooled radial engines throughout the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s and these gradually eclipsed most liquid-cooled aircraft engines.

The Wright Whirlwind was a family of air-cooled radial aircraft engines built by Wright Aeronautical (originally an independent company, later a division of Curtiss-Wright). The family began with nine-cylinder engines, and later expanded to include five-cylinder and seven-cylinder varieties. Fourteen-cylinder twin-row versions were also developed, but these were not commercially produced.

Wright Whirlwind ist eine Familie von luftgekühlten Flugzeugsternmotoren, die vom US-amerikanischen Unternehmen Wright Aeronautical gebaut wurden. Ursprünglich bestehend aus Neunzylindern, wurde die Familie später auch auf Fünf- und Siebenzylinder erweitert. Doppelsternmotoren mit vierzehn Zylindern wurden ebenfalls entwickelt, jedoch nicht in Serie gebaut.


Education.

Nakate graduated with a degree in Business Administration in Marketing from Makerere University Business School.

Actions for the climate.

Inspired by Greta Thunberg to start her own climate movement in Uganda, Nakate began a solitary strike against inaction on the climate crisis in January 2019. For several months she was the lone protester outside of the gates of the Parliament of Uganda. Eventually, other youth began to respond to her calls on social media for others to help draw attention to the plight of the Congolian rainforests. Nakate founded the Youth for Future Africa and the likewise Africa-based Rise Up Movement.  In December 2019, Nakate was one of a handful of youth activists to speak at the COP25 gathering in Spain.  In early January 2020, she joined around 20 other youth climate activists from around the world to publish a letter to participants at the World Economic Forum in Davos, calling on companies, banks and governments to immediately stop subsidizing fossil fuels. She was one of five international delegates invited by Arctic Basecamp to camp with them in Davos during the World Economic Forum; the delegates later joined a climate march on the last day of the Forum.

Motivation.

In a 2019 interview with Amy Goodman for "Democracy Now!", Nakate expressed her motivation for climate action: "My country heavily depends on agriculture, therefore most of the people depend on agriculture. So, if our farms are destroyed by floods, if the farms are destroyed by droughts and crop production is less, that means that the price of food is going to go high. So it will only be the most privileged who will be able to buy food. And they are the biggest emitters in our countries, the ones who will be able to survive the crisis of food, whereas most of the people who live in villages and rural communities, they have trouble getting food because of the high prices. And this leads to starvation and death. Literally, in my county, a lack of rain means starvation and death for the less privileged".

Controversy.

In January 2020, the Associated Press news agency cropped Nakate out from a photo she appeared in featuring Greta Thunberg and activists Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, and Loukina Tille after they all attended the World Economic Forum. Nakate accused the media of a racist attitude. The Associated Press later changed the photo and indicated there was no ill intent, without presenting its apologies. On 27 January 2020, AP executive editor Sally Buzbee tweeted an apology using her personal account saying that she was sorry on behalf of the AP.

Vanessa Nakate (born 15 November 1996) is a Ugandan climate justice activist. She grew up in Kampala and started her activism in December 2018 after becoming concerned about the unusually high temperatures in her country.

Vanessa Nakate (* 15. November 1996) ist eine ugandische Klimaschutzaktivistin, die sich unter anderem für Fridays for Future in Uganda engagiert.


Life.

Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein was born on June 18, 1889, in Odessa to a Jewish family of a wealthy local lawyer. Rubinstein studied in Germany from 1909 to 1913 at the universities of Freiburg and Marburg and received his education in philosophy under the guidance of Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, the intellectual leaders of the well known Neo-Kantianism in Marburg University. In 1914 he defended his doctorate in philosophy "Eine Studie zum Problem der Methode" on the methodological problems, applied specifically to Hegelian philosophy. Additionally he studied natural history, sociology, mathematics, ethics, and aesthetics. Many of his works dating back to the 1910s and 1920s remain unpublished.  In 1921 he became the professor of the department of philosophy and psychology in Novorossiysk university in Odessa. From 1922 to 1930, he was the director of the Odessa Scientific Library, then he worked at the Hertzen Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute (1930-1942). Rubinstein was awarded the Stalin Prize of 1941 (awarded in 1942) for his monumental “Principles of Psychology” (1940). From 1948 and up until somewhat after the death of Stalin, in the course of the anti-Semitic campaign in the Soviet Union, Rubinstein was persecuted as an anti-patriot and "rootless cosmopolitan", and was forcibly removed from all positions in academia. It was only after the death of Stalin was he able to regain some of his former status. In 1956, Rubinstein was reappointed chairman of the Sector of Psychology at the Institute of Philosophy at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Psychology.

Rubinstein laid the foundations of Soviet Marxist psychology with his debut psychological publication of a journal article “Problems of Psychology in Karl Marx’s Works” on the terminological and methodological issues in psychology based on the works and intellectual legacy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. This visionary and programmatic paper came out in 1934 and established a few ground principles of psychological research such as:  Rubinstein was also in effect the originator of the entire tradition of psychological research on human activity that ultimately resulted in the proliferation of the so-called activity theory. Unlike this intellectual movement and explicitly in contrast with behaviorism, Rubinstein always insisted on regarding activity as inseparable from consciousness, which is also in a clear opposition to Freudian tradition with its emphasis on the depths of the human psyche and unconscious psychological processes. Thus, Rubinstein is de facto the founder of activity approach in psychology and pedagogy, although the term “activity approach” would not appear until after Rubinstein's death in January, 1960.

Sergei Leonidovich Rubinstein (1889–1960) was a Soviet psychologist and philosopher and the actual founder of the Marxist tradition in Soviet psychology. Stalin Prize (1941) recipient of 1942. The pioneer of distinct tradition of "activity approach" in Soviet and, subsequently, international psychology.

Sergei Leonidowitsch Rubinstein (; * 18. Juni 1889 in Odessa; † 11. Januar 1960 in Moskau) war ein sowjetischer Psychologe.


2021 World Athletics Indoor Championships

Bidding process.

Nanjing won the bid for the Championships. Delegations from the three candidate cities made their presentations to Council in the following order (after the drawing of lots): Nanjing (CHN), Belgrade (SRB) and Toruń (POL).  Portland was selected unanimously to host the 2016 event with Birmingham being the only other bidder. With Portland then out of the running for the 2018 event Birmingham was selected as the host of the 2018 event. The reason Portland was selected for 2016 and Birmingham being selected in 2018 is that the IAAF wanted more time between events in the UK with London hosting the 2012 Summer Olympics as well as the 2017 World Championships in Athletics along with Cardiff hosting the 2016 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Portland would become the beginning of a similar sequence for the US, with the 2021 World Championships in Eugene, Oregon and the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Planning.

The event was originally scheduled for 13 – 15 March 2020. On 29 January 2020 World Athletics announced that the event would be postponed to March 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 12 March 2020 it was announced that the championships would take place on 19–21 March in 2021, with the event timetable being the same as originally announced.

Venue.

The facility, a brand new purpose-built gymnasium at the Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park known as Nanjing's Cube will be the centrepiece of the event. Construction started in September 2017 and is due to be completed in time for the event. The venue for track and field and swimming are located in Block A of the park and to the east is the Yangtze River complex. It will provide catering and hotels as well as security work for the event.

Entry standards.

The qualification period for all events runs from 1 January 2019 to 2 March 2020 (midnight Monaco time), except for the Combined Events. Twelve athletes will be invited in the Heptathlon and in the Pentathlon as follows: the winner of the 2019 Combined Events Challenge, the five best athletes from the 2019 Outdoor Lists (as at 31 December 2019), limited to a maximum of one per country and the five best athletes from the 2020 Indoor Lists (as at 24 February 2020). One athlete may be invited at the discretion of the IAAF. In total no more than two male and two female athletes from any one Member will be invited for the combined events. The winners of the World Indoor tour received wildcards to the championships, allowing nations with wildcards to enter up to 3 athletes into individual events.

The 18th World Athletics Indoor Championships were scheduled to be held from 13 to 15 March 2020 in Nanjing, China at the newly-built Nanjing's Cube gymnasium at the Nanjing Youth Olympic Sports Park. The event has now been postponed until March 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This would be the city's first hosting of the event.

Die 18. Leichtathletik-Hallenweltmeisterschaften wurden von März 2020 auf den 19. bis 21. März 2021 verschoben und sollen wie ursprünglich geplant in der chinesischen Acht-Millionenstadt Nanjing stattfinden.


Early years.

Sundstein was born and raised in Denmark to Faroese parents. Sundstein first began playing video games when he was two years old. Sundstein left high school early to fully devote himself to esports.

Professional career.

"Heroes of Newerth".

N0tail, at the age of 15, met Jascha "NoVa" Markuse and Tal "Fly" Aizik in-game where they decided to start playing together. The trio became an unofficial side project of Fnatic manager Danijel "StreeT" Remus. After changes in the existing Fnatic "Heroes of Newerth" roster and the performance of N0tail and his friends, the group merged with the original Fnatic players Henrik "FreshPro" Hansen and Kalle "Trixi" Saarinen. Soon, the squad began to achieve wins in online tournaments, obtaining their first LAN victory in DreamHack Winter 2011. Along with his team Johan was able to secure 1st place victories in four consecutive DreamHack events.

"Dota 2".

Due to decreasing activity in the professional "Heroes of Newerth" scene, N0tail decided to transfer to Fnatic's European "Dota 2" team together with Jascha Markuse, Tal Aizik and Adrian Kryeziu on March 30, 2012. After a hard start to DotA, N0tail and his team Fnatic.EU won Thor Open LAN on December 9, 2012, beating No Tidehunter, now known as Alliance. Since Fnatic.EU won the LAN, they mostly dominated the pro scene until The International 2013, in which they placed 7-8th after losing to team Orange, which turned out to currently be the Fnatic squad. One year later after not winning any premier tournaments and placing 13-14th in The International 2014, N0tail announced that he is leaving Fnatic together with Fly to create Team Secret, inviting Puppey, s4, and Kuroky to join. After a number of good finishes in five tournaments, Puppey decided to kick N0tail for Arteezy in preparation of the Dota 2 Asia Championships. N0tail decided to join Cloud9, replacing Aui 2000. Following multiple disappointing finishes and 9-12th place in The International 2015, Cloud9 released its squad. On August 28, 2015, it was announced that N0tail together with his teammate Fly which was also kicked from Team Secret have created (monkey) Business, a team featuring Miracle-, MoonMeander, Cr1t-, Fly, and N0tail. Following promising performances, (monkey) Business proceeded to become OG.  Despite a slow start during The International 2018's group stage, OG finished fourth and were seeded into the upper bracket of the main event. Considered underdogs during their entire time at the event, OG and Sundstein advanced to the grand finals and won the tournament by defeating PSG.LGD in the best-of-five series 3–2. The following year, he won The International 2019, making him and the rest of the team the first repeat winners of an International.

Johan Sundstein (born 8 October 1993), better known as N0tail, is a Danish professional "Dota 2" player and captain for OG. With them, he has played in four iterations of The International, winning in 2018 and 2019, and has also won four Major championships.

Johan „N0tail“ Sundstein (* 8. Oktober 1993) ist ein professioneller dänischer E-Sportler. Mit seinem Team OG gewann er zweimal in Folge die Weltmeisterschaft (The International) im Spiel "Dota 2." Das Magazin "Forbes" führt Sundstein auf der 30 Under 30-Liste 2019 im Bereich Games. Mit über sechs Millionen Euro an Preisgeldern führt er aktuell die Liste der erfolgreichsten E-Sportler nach Preisgeld an.


Club career.

Everton.

Born in Milton Keynes, England, Robinson came through Everton's academy, having been with the academy since the age of 11. In June 2013, he signed a scholarship with the club, becoming a full-time player.  While at the U18's side, however, Robinson suffered injuries that saw him sidelined most of the time and appeared for the U21 towards the end of the 2014–15 season. As a result, he was awarded the club's Under-18 Players' Player of the Season. At the end of the 2014–15 season, he signed his first professional contract with the club after being offered a new contract.  However, Robinson spent the most of the 2015–16 season sidelined on the cartilage under his kneecap, resulting in him having an operation. Despite this, he signed a one-year contract extension on July 15, 2016. Robinson then played all three matches in the EFL Trophy, which saw Everton U23s eliminated in the Group stage. He also became a regular for the U23 side. At the end of the 2016–17 season, Robinson signed a two-year contract extension with the club.

Bolton Wanderers (Loan).

On August 4, 2017, it was announced that Antonee Robinson had signed on loan with Bolton Wanderers until January 2018.  Five days after joining the club, on August 9, 2017, he made his debut in a 2–1 League Cup win at Crewe Alexandra. Two weeks later, on August 22, 2017, he set up a goal for Jem Karacan to score the club's third goal in a 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup. He made his league debut for the side on September 9, 2017, in a 3–0 loss against Middlesbrough, playing the full 90 minutes. Robinson then established himself in the left-back position, beating out competition from Andrew Taylor. It was announced on January 5, 2018, that Robinson had agreed to stay at Bolton for the remainder of the season.

Wigan Athletic.

On July 15, 2019, Robinson joined Wigan Athletic on a permanent three-year contract. He made his debut for Wigan against Rotherham United and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–2 draw at Millwall on November 26, 2019.  After impressing for Wigan in the EFL Championship as one of the league's top left backs, Robinson was set to sign with Serie A side AC Milan for $13 million before the transfer deadline of January 31, 2020. However, the deal fell through when Robinson's medical examination at Milan revealed a heart rhythm irregularity for which further testing could not be completed before the deadline, and for which he would undergo an ablation procedure as treatment.

International career.

Robinson was eligible for both England and the United States, having been born and raised in Milton Keynes, England to an American father from White Plains, New York.  Robinson was first capped at under-18 level with the United States. He was also called into the United States under-20 side, although was not capped. In March 2018, Robinson was invited to both the United States senior and England under-21 camps, and accepted the United States senior call for a friendly against Paraguay in which he was named to the bench. On May 28, 2018, he made his United States senior debut, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–0 friendly win against Bolivia and recording an assist.

Antonee Robinson (born August 8, 1997) is an American professional soccer player who plays for Wigan Athletic and the United States national team as a left back.

Antonee „Jedi“ Robinson (* 8. August 1997 in Milton Keynes, Vereinigtes Königreich) ist ein US-amerikanisch-englischer Fußballspieler. Er begann seine Karriere im Herrenbereich in der zweiten Mannschaft des FC Everton, für den er zuvor in der Jugend gespielt hatte. Über die Bolton Wanderers kam er 2018 zu Wigan Athletic. Beim Zweitligisten spielt er als linker Außenverteidiger. Zusätzlich ist Robinson seit 2018 Nationalspieler der A-Auswahl der Vereinigten Staaten.


History.

The tract of land which comprises Richmond and Gardiner was purchased in 1649 from the Abenaki Indians by Christopher Lawson. The site of Richmond, as well as neighboring Swan Island, is believed by historians to have served as a summer settlement for the Abenaki.  In 1719, Fort Richmond was built by the Province of Massachusetts Bay on the western bank of the Kennebec River where Richmond is located today. Named for Ludovic Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond, the fort included a blockhouse, trading post, chapel, officers' and soldiers' quarters, all surrounded by a palisade. In 1722 during the Dummer's War, following the battle at Arrowsic, Maine, Fort Richmond was attacked in a three-hour siege by warriors from Norridgewock. Houses were burned and cattle slain, but the fort held. Brunswick and other settlements near the mouth of the Kennebec River were destroyed. The fort's defenses were enlarged in 1723. On August 19, 1724, a militia of 208 soldiers departed Fort Richmond under command of captains Jeremiah Moulton and Johnson Harmon, traveling up the Kennebec in 17 whaleboats to sack Norridgewock. Fort Richmond would be rebuilt in 1740, attacked by another tribe in 1750, then dismantled in 1755 when forts Shirley (also called Frankfort), Western and Halifax were built upriver.  Settled in 1725, the community was part of Bowdoinham when it was incorporated in 1762 by the Massachusetts General Court. In 1790, Revolutionary War veteran John Plummer was awarded a land grant on Plummer Road, where his son built the surviving house about 1810. The Embargo of 1807 crippled the port's economy, bankrupted merchants and created a recession which lingered through the War of 1812.  The town was set off and incorporated on February 10, 1823, taking its name from the old fort. Farms produced hay and potatoes. With the arrival of steamboats in the 1830s, Richmond boomed as a shipbuilding and trade center on the navigable Kennebec River estuary. Among the more important shipbuilders were T. J. Southard, also considered one of the town's "founding fathers". A brass foundry was established. The community also produced shoes, sails and wood products. Its peak years were between 1835 and 1857, endowing the town with a wealth of fine Greek Revival architecture.  Richmond is believed to have been a site along the Underground Railroad.  Richmond was once the center of the largest Slavic-speaking settlement in the United States. People of Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish heritage emigrated to the United States during World War II to settle along the Kennebec Valley. In the 1950s and 1960s, there was also a large influx of White Russian emigres, who earlier fled the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The Russian emigres eventually came to Richmond from major US cities due to the similarity of rural Maine and the Russian Countryside. There were originally three Eastern Orthodox churches in the town, and the White Russian Corps was founded in 1953 under the leadership of the colony's founder, Russian Baron Vladimir Kuhn Von Poushental. Many of these settlers were retirees, and their families often chose not to remain there. For this reason, the Richmond White Russian community has now largely disappeared. One of the churches that they built, however, the Russian Orthodox Church of St. Alexander Nevsky, continues to function to this day.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and is water. Richmond is drained by Mill Brook, Abagadasset River and Kennebec River. Peacock Beach State Park, established in May 2010, is a state park located on Pleasant Pond in Richmond.

Demographics.

"See also:" Richmond (CDP), Maine

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,411 people, 1,420 households, and 965 families residing in the town. The population density was. There were 1,629 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.  There were 1,420 households of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.85.  The median age in the town was 42.1 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 31.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census.

At the 2000 census, there were 3,298 people, 1,290 households and 900 families residing in the town. The population density was 108.5 per square mile (41.9/km2). There were 1,475 housing units at an average density of 18.7 persons/km2 (48.5 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 98.18% White, 0.42% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 1,290 households of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 30.2% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.01.  Age distribution was 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.  The median household income was $36,654, and the median family income was $48,125. Males had a median income of $30,557 versus $25,844 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,896. 13.6% of the population and 14.0% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 22.7% are under the age of 18 and 6.1% are 65 or older.

Richmond is a town in Sagadahoc County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,411 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine metropolitan statistical area, situated at the head of Merrymeeting Bay.

Richmond ist eine Town im Sagadahoc County des Bundesstaates Maine in den Vereinigten Staaten. Im Jahr 2010 lebten dort 3411 Einwohner in 1629 Haushalten auf einer Fläche von 81,74 km2.


Biography.

Clarke was born in Washington, DC on October 2, 1933. At 15, he started working at a display sign store. The father of one of his bosses was a cousin to Duke Ellington, so Clarke began to listen to jazz records by musicians such as Duke Ellington, Oscar Peterson, Allen Jones and Dizzy Gillespie during lunch breaks and weekends, and he became "hooked on Jazz." He eventually had a job offer at D.C. club where he learned how to play the congas. One of his very first gigs was at a show called "Jig Show", which featured dancers and comedians. Clarke would travel throughout the world, going to places such as New Orleans, where he first discovered rumba music. Many others tried to encourage young Clarke to play "real instruments," but his position was the bongo drums.  When he was 16 or 17 years old, he played with Charlie Parker. Clarke express his feelings in ever performing with Wess Anderson's band The Washingtonians which included, Eddie Jones and Charlie Parker, saying it had Clarke "shook up and mind blowing". He played with Art Blakey's and New York Jazz Messengers at 19 or 20 years old. He was also a member of eight piece band to be part of his education on learning how to play in a band.  Clarke is also an accomplished freelance painter. Some of his early artwork could be shown here at his Facebook page.  Clarke suffered from diabetes that cost him his leg in 1986. He died on October 11, 1988 in Los Angeles.

Discography.

As sideman.

With Les McCann  With Willis Jackson  With Eugene McDaniels  With Dave Hubbard  With Cannonball Adderley  With The Isley Brothers  With Nina Simone  With Jimmy Smith  With John Mayall  With Herbie Hancock  With Freddie Hubbard  With Ron Escheté  With Thelonious Monster

William Lewis "Buck" Clarke (October 2, 1933 – October 11, 1988 in Los Angeles) was an American jazz percussionist who played with Freddie Hubbard, Herbie Hancock, Les McCann, Russ Freeman, Gerald Albright, Jimmy Smith and others. He also played at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1968. Clarke's many musical styles include soul, funk and contemporary jazz, with an Afrocentric perspective.

William „Buck“ Clarke (* 2. Oktober 1933 in Washington, D.C.; † 11. Oktober 1988 in Los Angeles) war ein amerikanischer Perkussionist (Congas, Bongos). Clarkes Musikstile umfassen Soul, Funk und zeitgenössischen Jazz mit einer afro-zentrierten Perspektive.


History.

First years.

It was in 1799, that land in this area was granted to John Robertson, a former member of a British regiment. The first people settled in Buckingham in 1823 and the first mill was built. More people moved to Buckingham in the years that followed.

Launch of the lumber industry.

In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte initiated a continental blockade which forced Great Britain to look to other sources for importing lumber. Soon, large wooded areas were discovered in Lower Canada, including the area that became the Outaouais region. The lumber industry was central to the region's economic development for over a century with wood pulp continuing to be important for several decades afterwards. In 1837, the first sawmill was built by Levi Bigelow.

Maclaren family.

Throughout its history, the city of Buckingham's economy has been dominated by the Albright and Wilson Co (ERCO), which employs most of the people in that area. The Maclaren family may have lived in Buckingham but their industry is part of Masson.  The Maclaren family, who have resided in the region since 1840, have dominated the lumber industry in the Outaouais for over a century. In 1864, James Maclaren launched the family's activities in Buckingham by building a sawmill. The company became J. MacLaren & Co. and later The James Maclaren Company Limited. James' two brothers acquired the company after his death in 1892 and then launched a match company in Buckingham in 1894 which was incorporated a year later. The Maclarens later gained control of the hydroelectricity market in the community and also real estate development and sports facilities. The company built a hydroelectric dam along the Du Lièvre River, just north of Buckingham, at the start of the Great Depression. They later built another one near Masson during the 1950s.  In 1902, the Maclaren group added the wood pulp industry to its activities by building a mill. They later expanded their activities across the region, adding mills in Masson, Mont-Laurier and Thurso located not too far from the Du Lièvre River. The Buckingham mill closed shortly before 1960.

Former amalgamation.

From 1975 to 1980, the townships of Buckingham, Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette, L'Ange-Gardien, Buckingham-Sud-Est, Buckingham-Ouest, Angers and Masson were amalgamated.

Development.

Population growth has been relatively slow because of its location about 30 km from downtown Ottawa. However, due to suburban growth and amalgamation of the town in 2002, several residential developments were created and the population increased. Buckingham is becoming more of a suburban town while still keeping its traditional characteristics in the centre-town area.

Amalgamation with the city of Gatineau.

On January 1, 2002, the city of Buckingham with its 12,000 residents became part of the new city of Gatineau. This was part of a massive merger movement created by the Parti Québécois' Bill 180, which was introduced in 2000 by the Municipal Affairs Minister Louise Harel after studies conducted by public agents.  In 2003, the Quebec Liberal Party, with Jean Charest as the leader, won the 2003 provincial election and promised a referendum would be held on the possibility of demerging municipalities. The referendum was held on June 20, 2004, but the majority of the population voted against the demerger and Buckingham thus remained part of the city of Gatineau.

Château dairy.

The dairy industry was also a major economy asset in the community with Le Château having some of its operations in Buckingham. However, in 2006, Agrodor, a Saguenay-based company which owns the Chateau brand announced the shut-down of its operations in the Outaouais. The local business sector had launched measures to save the company which has operated in the region since 1943.

Buckingham en Fête.

Each year since 1991, during the month of July, the Buckingham sector hosts Buckingham en Fête, its biggest annual event, which is held in the town's Maclaren Park. Several well-known artists in Quebec and in Canada, including Éric Lapointe, Marjo, Jean Leloup La Chicane, Amanda Marshall and April Wine, have performed over the years at the festival. However, due to financial difficulties, the festival nearly disappeared. According to the festival's website, the 17th edition in 2007 was still expected to go underway as planned.  Over its history, the festival has received numerous distinctions and awards both regionally and provincially.

Mayors of Buckingham (1868-2001).

Source:

Education.

The Francophone school district Commission scolaire au Cœur-des-Vallées, headquartered in Buckingham, operates public schools in that district.  The closest CEGEP, Cégep de l'Outaouais, is located half an hour away, with two campuses in Gatineau and one in Hull.  The Université du Québec en Outaouais has two pavilions in the Outaouais region, both located in Hull. Students wishing to pursue undergraduate studies also benefit from close proximity to University of Ottawa, although tuition fees tend to be much higher when compared to those in the province of Quebec for Quebec residents.

Health and social services.

The Hôpital de Papineau is located on MacLaren East Street at the intersection of Bélanger Street. Services include outpatient clinics for mental health care, as well as many medical and surgical specialties such as internal medicine, orthopedics, general surgery and endoscopy. An emergency department with medical imaging and laboratory services is also available 24/7.

External links.

buckingham.wqsb.qc.ca

Buckingham is a town located in the Outaouais region in the western portion of the province of Quebec, Canada. Since 1 January 2002, it has been part of the amalgamated city of Gatineau, which merged five former municipalities, including Masson-Angers, Buckingham, Hull, Aylmer and Gatineau, into a single entity. According to the 2011 Census, the population of the town was 23,589.

Buckingham ist eine Ortschaft am Rivière du Lièvre und seit dem 1. Januar 2002 ein Ortsteil von Gatineau. Davor war es eine eigenständige Gemeinde in der Outaouais-Region von Québec. Der Ort geht auf Britische Siedler aus der Zeit des Holzbooms im frühen 19. Jahrhundert zurück. Im Zensus 2016 wurde eine Bevölkerungszahl von 16.685 Einwohnern ermittelt. Der Ortsteil ist trotz seiner britischen Ursprünge heute weit überwiegend französischsprachig geprägt.