Prime ideal theorems.

An order ideal is a (non-empty) directed lower set. If the considered partially ordered set (poset) has binary suprema (a.k.a. joins), as do the posets within this article, then this is equivalently characterized as a non-empty lower set "I" that is closed for binary suprema (i.e. "x", "y" in "I" imply "x"formula_1"y" in "I"). An ideal "I" is prime if its set-theoretic complement in the poset is a filter. Ideals are proper if they are not equal to the whole poset.  Historically, the first statement relating to later prime ideal theorems was in fact referring to filters—subsets that are ideals with respect to the dual order. The ultrafilter lemma states that every filter on a set is contained within some maximal (proper) filter—an "ultrafilter". Recall that filters on sets are proper filters of the Boolean algebra of its powerset. In this special case, maximal filters (i.e. filters that are not strict subsets of any proper filter) and prime filters (i.e. filters that with each union of subsets "X" and "Y" contain also "X" or "Y") coincide. The dual of this statement thus assures that every ideal of a powerset is contained in a prime ideal.  The above statement led to various generalized prime ideal theorems, each of which exists in a weak and in a strong form. "Weak prime ideal theorems" state that every "non-trivial" algebra of a certain class has at least one prime ideal. In contrast, "strong prime ideal theorems" require that every ideal that is disjoint from a given filter can be extended to a prime ideal that is still disjoint from that filter. In the case of algebras that are not posets, one uses different substructures instead of filters. Many forms of these theorems are actually known to be equivalent, so that the assertion that "PIT" holds is usually taken as the assertion that the corresponding statement for Boolean algebras (BPI) is valid.  Another variation of similar theorems is obtained by replacing each occurrence of "prime ideal" by "maximal ideal". The corresponding maximal ideal theorems (MIT) are often—though not always—stronger than their PIT equivalents.

Boolean prime ideal theorem.

The Boolean prime ideal theorem is the strong prime ideal theorem for Boolean algebras. Thus the formal statement is:  The weak prime ideal theorem for Boolean algebras simply states:  We refer to these statements as the weak and strong "BPI". The two are equivalent, as the strong BPI clearly implies the weak BPI, and the reverse implication can be achieved by using the weak BPI to find prime ideals in the appropriate quotient algebra.  The BPI can be expressed in various ways. For this purpose, recall the following theorem:  For any ideal "I" of a Boolean algebra "B", the following are equivalent: This theorem is a well-known fact for Boolean algebras. Its dual establishes the equivalence of prime filters and ultrafilters. Note that the last property is in fact self-dual—only the prior assumption that "I" is an ideal gives the full characterization. All of the implications within this theorem can be proven in ZF.  Thus the following (strong) maximal ideal theorem (MIT) for Boolean algebras is equivalent to BPI:  Note that one requires "global" maximality, not just maximality with respect to being disjoint from "F". Yet, this variation yields another equivalent characterization of BPI:  The fact that this statement is equivalent to BPI is easily established by noting the following theorem: For any distributive lattice "L", if an ideal "I" is maximal among all ideals of "L" that are disjoint to a given filter "F", then "I" is a prime ideal. The proof for this statement (which can again be carried out in ZF set theory) is included in the article on ideals. Since any Boolean algebra is a distributive lattice, this shows the desired implication.  All of the above statements are now easily seen to be equivalent. Going even further, one can exploit the fact the dual orders of Boolean algebras are exactly the Boolean algebras themselves. Hence, when taking the equivalent duals of all former statements, one ends up with a number of theorems that equally apply to Boolean algebras, but where every occurrence of "ideal" is replaced by "filter". It is worth noting that for the special case where the Boolean algebra under consideration is a powerset with the subset ordering, the "maximal filter theorem" is called the ultrafilter lemma.  Summing up, for Boolean algebras, the weak and strong MIT, the weak and strong PIT, and these statements with filters in place of ideals are all equivalent. It is known that all of these statements are consequences of the Axiom of Choice, "AC", (the easy proof makes use of Zorn's lemma), but cannot be proven in ZF (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without "AC"), if ZF is consistent. Yet, the BPI is strictly weaker than the axiom of choice, though the proof of this statement, due to J. D. Halpern and Azriel Lévy is rather non-trivial.

Further prime ideal theorems.

The prototypical properties that were discussed for Boolean algebras in the above section can easily be modified to include more general lattices, such as distributive lattices or Heyting algebras. However, in these cases maximal ideals are different from prime ideals, and the relation between PITs and MITs is not obvious.  Indeed, it turns out that the MITs for distributive lattices and even for Heyting algebras are equivalent to the axiom of choice. On the other hand, it is known that the strong PIT for distributive lattices is equivalent to BPI (i.e. to the MIT and PIT for Boolean algebras). Hence this statement is strictly weaker than the axiom of choice. Furthermore, observe that Heyting algebras are not self dual, and thus using filters in place of ideals yields different theorems in this setting. Maybe surprisingly, the MIT for the duals of Heyting algebras is not stronger than BPI, which is in sharp contrast to the abovementioned MIT for Heyting algebras.  Finally, prime ideal theorems do also exist for other (not order-theoretical) abstract algebras. For example, the MIT for rings implies the axiom of choice. This situation requires to replace the order-theoretic term "filter" by other concepts—for rings a "multiplicatively closed subset" is appropriate.

The ultrafilter lemma.

A filter on a set "X" is a nonempty collection of nonempty subsets of "X" that is closed under finite intersection and under superset. An ultrafilter is a maximal filter. The ultrafilter lemma states that every filter on a set "X" is a subset of some ultrafilter on "X". This lemma is most often used in the study of topology. An ultrafilter that does not contain finite sets is called "non-principal".The ultrafilter lemma, and in particular the existence of non-principal ultrafilters (consider the filter of all sets with finite complements), follows easily from Zorn's lemma.  The ultrafilter lemma is equivalent to the Boolean prime ideal theorem, with the equivalence provable in ZF set theory without the axiom of choice. The idea behind the proof is that the subsets of any set form a Boolean algebra partially ordered by inclusion, and any Boolean algebra is representable as an algebra of sets by Stone's representation theorem.

Applications.

Intuitively, the Boolean prime ideal theorem states that there are "enough" prime ideals in a Boolean algebra in the sense that we can extend "every" ideal to a maximal one. This is of practical importance for proving Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras, a special case of Stone duality, in which one equips the set of all prime ideals with a certain topology and can indeed regain the original Boolean algebra (up to isomorphism) from this data. Furthermore, it turns out that in applications one can freely choose either to work with prime ideals or with prime filters, because every ideal uniquely determines a filter: the set of all Boolean complements of its elements. Both approaches are found in the literature.  Many other theorems of general topology that are often said to rely on the axiom of choice are in fact equivalent to BPI. For example, the theorem that a product of compact Hausdorff spaces is compact is equivalent to it. If we leave out "Hausdorff" we get a theorem equivalent to the full axiom of choice.  In graph theory, the de Bruijn–Erdős theorem is another equivalent to BPI. It states that, if a given infinite graph requires at least some finite number in any graph coloring, then it has a finite subgraph that also requires.  A not too well known application of the Boolean prime ideal theorem is the existence of a non-measurable set (the example usually given is the Vitali set, which requires the axiom of choice). From this and the fact that the BPI is strictly weaker than the axiom of choice, it follows that the existence of non-measurable sets is strictly weaker than the axiom of choice.  In linear algebra, the Boolean prime ideal theorem can be used to prove that any two bases of a given vector space have the same cardinality.

In mathematics, the Boolean prime ideal theorem states that ideals in a Boolean algebra can be extended to prime ideals. A variation of this statement for filters on sets is known as the ultrafilter lemma. Other theorems are obtained by considering different mathematical structures with appropriate notions of ideals, for example, rings and prime ideals (of ring theory), or distributive lattices and "maximal" ideals (of order theory). This article focuses on prime ideal theorems from order theory.

Der boolesche Primidealsatz sagt aus, dass jede boolesche Algebra ein Primideal enthält. Der Beweis dieses Satzes kann nicht ohne transfinite Methoden geführt werden, das bedeutet, dass er nicht aus den Axiomen der Mengenlehre ohne Auswahlaxiom beweisbar ist. Umgekehrt ist das Auswahlaxiom nicht aus dem booleschen Primidealsatz beweisbar, dieser Satz ist also schwächer als das Auswahlaxiom. Außerdem ist der Satz (relativ zu den Axiomen der Zermelo-Fraenkel-Mengenlehre) äquivalent zu einigen anderen Sätzen wie zum Beispiel Gödels Vollständigkeitssatz. (Das bedeutet, dass man aus den Axiomen der Mengenlehre plus dem booleschen Primidealsatz dieselben Sätze beweisen kann wie aus den Axiomen der Mengenlehre plus dem gödelschen Vollständigkeitssatz.)


History.

First mentioned in 1863 by the Austrian geographer Arnold Schmidl, who made some observations and the first map of the cave, it was later explored by the Romanian scientist and speleologist Emil Racoviță between 1921 and 1923, who mentioned it and its origin in his 1927 work "Speologia" (Speleology). The ice cave was formed 3,500 years ago, during the glaciations, when these mountains were covered by snow and ice. The exact date when the cave was first discovered by humans is unknown.

Description.

The cave is located at an altitude of approximately above sea level. It is deep and long. The entrance shaft, which is in diameter and in depth, gives access through metal stairs to a large chamber, the Great Hall, which is approximately long and wide. The Great Hall includes an ice cliff nearly tall, which overlooks a pool called the Pool of Ice.  From the Great Hall, passages lead into several other named rooms: the Church, which features over 100 ice stalagmites, the Great Reservation, Coman Gallery to the left, and Little Reservation to the right.  The ice within the cave has an estimated volume of and in some places can be as thick as. The temperature is up to +1 °C in the summer and down to -7 °C in the winter. In the part for tourists the average temperature is around 0 °C. Bats live in the ice cave, as do small bugs (2–3 mm long) called "Pholeuon prozerpinae glaciale". In the "Big Reservation" a Rupicapra skeleton was discovered.

Access.

The portion of the cave open to tourists includes the entrance shaft, The Big Hall and The Church. Access to the other chambers is reserved for scientific research by the agreement of the Speological Institute of Cluj-Napoca.

Scărișoara Cave (, ), is one of the biggest ice caves in the Apuseni Mountains of Romania, in a part of Carpathian chain. It is considered a show cave and one of the natural wonders of Romania. It has also been described as a glacier cave.

Die Scărișoara-Höhle () ist eine Eishöhle in 1082 Metern Seehöhe im rumänischen Apuseni-Gebirge, etwa 40 Kilometer von der Stadt Câmpeni entfernt. Von Gârda de Sus aus erreicht man die Höhlen auf einer ca. 10 km langen, schmalen Asphaltstraße. Sie ist Teil des Naturparks Apuseni und umfasst den kompaktesten unterirdischen Eisblock Europas mit einem Volumen von 75.000 Kubikmetern und einer Dicke bis zu 26 Metern. Pollenanalysen datieren das Eis auf ein Alter von etwa 3500 Jahren.


History.

The seat of the Barons Montagu of Beaulieu is Beaulieu Palace House in Beaulieu, Hampshire. The house, built around the gatehouse of the monastery of Beaulieu Abbey (the extensive ruins of which are a major feature of the estate), was purchased in 1538 by Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, when the abbey was dissolved by Henry VIII. The house came into the Montagu family through the marriage of Ralph Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu, and Lady Elizabeth Wriothesley, daughter of Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton.  The first title to be created in the name of Beaulieu was for Edward Hussey. He was the husband of Lady Isabella Montagu, widow of William Montagu, 2nd Duke of Manchester, and daughter of John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu, and adopted the surname of Hussey-Montagu in 1749. He was created Baron Beaulieu in 1762 and Earl of Beaulieu in 1784. Both titles were in the Peerage of Great Britain, and became extinct on his death in 1802.  The representation of the Montagu family (along with that of the Douglases, Dukes of Queensberry) later passed to the Scott family, headed by the Duke of Buccleuch, through the marriage of Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch, to Lady Elizabeth Montagu, daughter of George Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu (of the 1766 creation). The Scotts then adopted the surname of Montagu Douglas Scott. As mentioned above, Lord Henry Montagu Douglas Scott, second son of the fifth Duke of Buccleuch, was created Baron Montagu of Beaulieu in 1885 and thereafter changed his surname to Douglas-Scott-Montagu.  The late owner of Beaulieu and his eldest son were both featured in "Lord Montagu", a documentary by Luke Korem about Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu’s life and accomplishments. The film was screened twice at the Newport Beach Film Festival in Newport Beach, California, in 2013.

Barons Montagu of Beaulieu (1885).

The heir presumptive is the present holder's half-brother, the Hon. Jonathan Deane Douglas-Scott-Montagu (born 1975).

Baron Montagu of Beaulieu (, Engl. pronunciation: "bewley", from French "beau", "beautiful" and "lieu", "place"), in the County of Hampshire, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1885 for the Conservative politician Lord Henry Montagu Douglas Scott, who had earlier represented Selkirkshire and South Hampshire in the House of Commons. He was the second son of Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 5th Duke of Buccleuch (see the Duke of Buccleuch for earlier history of the family). His son, the second Baron, sat as a Conservative Member of Parliament for New Forest. The 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu was one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999, and sat on the Conservative benches. As descendants of the 5th Duke of Buccleuch, the Barons Montagu of Beaulieu are also in remainder to this peerage and its subsidiary titles.

Baron Montagu of Beaulieu, in the County of Hampshire, ist ein erblicher britischer Adelstitel in der Peerage of the United Kingdom, der vom Oberhaupt eines Zweiges des schottischen Clan Douglas geführt wird.


Early life.

Johnny Araya was born in 1957. He is the nephew of Luis Alberto Monge, who was President of Costa Rica from 1982 to 1986. Araya graduated from the University of Costa Rica's Faculty of Agronomy in 1980.

Career.

Araya worked as an agronomic engineer for many years. Elected councilor of the City of San José for the first time in 1982, he participated in the Harvard Institute for International Development's one-month program for mayors of Latin America and the Caribbean in 1992.

Mayor and international organizations official.

He was mayor of the city between 1998 and 2001 and since 2003. He is also holding several other political posts: he is Member of the National Assembly, the National Policy Board, the San José Provincial Assembly and the San José Canton Assembly.  He was: Vice-president of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities (UCCI), representing the region of Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean from 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2006; President-delegate and member of the Bureau of the World Federation of United Cities (FMCU); Vice-president of the Executive Committee of the UCCI from 2004 to 2006; Co-president of the UCCI from 2006 to 2008 and again Vice-president from 2010 to 2012.  Inside the UCLG, Johnny Araya was a member of the Executive Committee of its Latin American regional section, the "Latin American Federation of Cities, Municipalities and Associations of Local Governments" (FLACMA) from 2004 to 2006; member of the World Council of UCLG from 2004 to 2007; FLACMA Co-president from 2006 to 2012; and finally UCLG Co-president for the 2010–2013 term.

Presidential candidacy.

On 31 January 2013 the PLN nominated him as its presidential candidate to succeed his incumbent party colleague, President Laura Chinchilla, constitutionally barred from re-election.  Favored to win, Araya's campaign staff "guaranteed a triumph in the first round", but Araya came in second place to Luis Guillermo Solís, who won 30.9% of the vote against Araya's 29.6%. Araya's support was limited to the rural provinces of Guanacaste, Puntarenas and Limón, where the PLN maintains a strong party support system.  On 6 March 2014 Araya announced that he would abandon his presidential campaign after polls showed him far behind Luis Guillermo Solís.

MECO Travel Incident.

Five days after being chosen as the PLN presidential candidate, Araya flew in a private jet owned by MECO Construction, a firm that was awarded contracts worth US65 million by the former presidential administrations of Laura Chinchilla and Óscar Arias, both PLN members. Araya attended a FIFA World Cup qualifying match in Panama with his campaign manager and the CEO of MECO Construction, who had previously made donations to Chinchilla's campaign. After returning to Costa Rica, Araya denied traveling on a private jet or traveling with MECO Construction's CEO.  The owner of the jet, a private business owner, said that Araya had taken several trips on the jet previously. Such trips are in violation of Article 128 of the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Costa Rica, which prohibits donations from private companies.

Johnny Francisco Araya Monge (born 29 April 1957) is a Costa Rican politician. He was the mayor of the country's capital San José from 1998 to 2001 and again since 2003. He was also the Co-President of the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) from 2010 to 2013. He is a member of the National Liberation Party (PLN) and was presidential candidate in the 2014 election.

Johnny Francisco Araya Monge (* 29. April 1957 in Palmares, Provinz Alajuela) ist ein costa-ricanischer Politiker (PLN). Er war von 1998 bis 2001 und 2003 bis 2013 Bürgermeister der Hauptstadt San José. Von 2010 bis 2013 war er zudem Co-Präsident der internationalen Städte- und Lokalverwaltungsvereinigung UCLG. Bei der Präsidentschaftswahl 2014 war er der Kandidat seiner Partei, unterlag aber seinem Konkurrenten Solís im zweiten Wahlgang.


Geography.

The municipality has an area of and is almost entirely urban, lying adjacent to the southwest side of Monterrey. It sits in a valley surrounded by mountains; most notably La Loma Larga and Sierra Madre Oriental.

Government.

The Municipal President (Mayor) of San Pedro is Miguel Treviño de Hoyos, an independent candidate.  San Pedro Garza Garcia was founded in 1596. The land was converted into a large plantation called "Los Nogales", where crops like corn, wheat, beans, and many other foods were produced.  During the 18th century, the plantation often went by the name of "San Pedro", in honor of Saint Peter.  The city was not elevated to the status of "Villa" (Village) until December 14, 1882, when it was given the name Garza García, in honor of the governor of Nuevo León, Genaro Garza García.  It was not until 1988 that the mayor at the time, Alejandro Chapa Salazar gave the city its current name, adding the reference to what it was called centuries before.

Education.

Higher education.

The city is home to the Catholic university, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), which offers bachelor's degree and master's degree programs. The Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) has two of its graduate schools in San Pedro. The Escuela de Graduados en Administración y Dirección de Empresas (EGADE), ITESM's Graduate School of Business, and the Escuela de Graduados en Administración y Política Pública (EGAP), the Graduate School of Politics and Public Administration. Both campuses are located in Valle Oriente. There are no public universities in San Pedro.

Elementary and secondary education.

San Pedro has 40 public pre-schools, elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools. The city also has 39 private schools. However, whereas public schools only offer one type of education (e.g. only middle school, or only elementary school), private schools offer multiple types (mostly K-9th and K-12). If counted individually by type of education offered, private schools function as 88 different schools, more than twice the number of public schools.  Some examples of notable private schools in San Pedro are the American School Foundation of Monterrey, Bachillerato Anáhuac Campus Monterrey, Centro de Educación y Cultura del Valle, S.C. (CECVAC), Colegio Inglés, Instituto Anglia, Instituto Brillamont, Instituto Irlandés, Instituto Mater, Instituto San Roberto, and Liceo de Monterrey.

Other education.

The "Asociacion Regiomontana de Lengua Japonesa A.C.", a part-time Japanese school, is in Garza García.

Sister City.

San Pedro Garza García has one sister city.:

San Pedro Garza García "("also known as San Pedro or Garza García")" is a city-municipality of the Mexican state of Nuevo León and part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area. It is a contemporary commercial suburb of the larger metropolitan city of Monterrey between Puente de la Unidad and the Alfa Planetarium, including areas surrounding Calzada del Valle/Calzada San Pedro. Cerro de Chipinque and Chipinque Ecological Park are notable aspects of the city. The city hosts the headquarters of corporations such as ALFA, Cemex, Gamesa, Vitro, Pyosa, Softtek The Home Depot México, and Cydsa. Nowadays It is considered the area with the best quality of life as well as one of the most cosmopolitan cities in Latin America.

San Pedro Garza García (auch: San Pedro oder Garza García) ist die siebtgrößte Stadt im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Nuevo León mit etwa 125.000 Einwohnern.


Earlier years.

Karahisarithis was born in Maden qadaa (today Akdağmadeni) of Bozok sanjak in 1884. He worked in a factory. He was ordained as a priest in 1915 and was given the name Eftim (). In the house of his neighbor Çerkes Ethem, he met Mustafa Kemal and became a supporter of his ideas. He took part on 23 April 1920 in the opening of the Turkish Parliament as representative of the Turkish Orthodox Community of All Anatolia ("Umum Anadolu Türk Ortodoksları Cemaatleri").  In 1922 the Autocephalous Orthodox Patriarchate of Anatolia was founded in Kayseri by Father Pavlos Karahisarithis a supporter of the General Congregation of the Anatolian Turkish Orthodox. in opposition to Patriarch Meletius IV. During the meeting in a convent in Kayseri, decision was taken to establish a Turkish Christian church independent of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.  Karahisarithis moved to Istanbul in 1923, and took the name Pope Eftim I. The same year, his supporters, with his tacit support assaulted Patriarch Meletius IV on 1 June 1923. On 2 October 1923 Papa Eftim besieged the Holy Synod and appointed his own Synod. When Eftim invaded the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate he proclaimed himself "the general representative of all the Orthodox communities" ().  With a new Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory VII elected on 6 December 1923 after the abdication of Meletius IV, there was another occupation by Papa Eftim I and his followers, when he besieged the Patriarchate for the second time. This time around, they were evicted by the Turkish police.

Establishment of the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate.

In 1924, Karahisarithis started to conduct the liturgy in Turkish, and quickly won support from the new Turkish Republic formed after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. He claimed that the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople was ethnically-centered and favored the Greek population. Being excommunicated for claiming to be a bishop while still having a wife (married bishops are not allowed in Orthodoxy) Karahisarithis, who later changed his name into Zeki Erenerol, called a Turkish ecclesial congress, which elected him Patriarch in 1924.  On 6 June 1924, in a conference in the Church of the Virgin Mary (Meryem Ana) in Galata, it was decided to transfer the headquarters of the Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate from Kayseri to Istanbul. In the same session it was also decided that the Church of Virgin Mary would become the Center of the new Patriarchate of the Turkish Orthodox Church.  Karahisarithis and his family members were exempted from the population exchange as per a decision of the Turkish government, although there was not the exemption for either Karahisarithis' followers or the wider Karamanlides communities of Turkish speaking Christian that was hoped for. Most of the ethnic Turkish speaking Orthodox population remained affiliated with the Greek Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.  The excommunication of Papa Eftim was revoked and he is consecrated as a bishop by metropolitan bishops Amorsios of Kayseri, Kirilios of Erdek and Agatangelos of Adalar on 18 March 1926.  After the death of Mustafa Kemal, Papa Eftim lost some of his prestige in the eyes of the Turkish state. In 1953 he organized a demonstration march against the Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I and he continued to make statements against the Greek Patriarchate.

Resignation and death.

He resigned in 1962 due to ill health and his elder son Turgut Erenerol (formerly Yiorghos Karahisarithis) became Papa Eftim II, and held this post until his death in 1991. The office was then passed to his younger son Selçuk Erenerol, who took the title Papa Eftim III until 2002. The current holder of the title is Paşa Ümit Erenerol, Papa Eftim I's grandson (son of Selçuk Erenerol, Papa Eftim III) who has held the title Papa Eftim IV since 2002.  He died on 14 March 1968 and was refused a burial in the Greek Orthodox cemetery of Sisli due to his excommunication, and the Turkish government had to intervene to secure his burial.

Papa Eftim I ("Pavlos Karahisarithis" () 1884, Maden, Ankara Vilayet, Ottoman Empire – 14 March 1968, Istanbul, Turkey), was a Turkish bishop, who was the first Turkish Orthodox Patriarch of the Autocephalous Turkish Orthodox Patriarchate, an unrecognised Orthodox Christian denomination, that he founded. Eftim I had strong influences from Turkish nationalist ideology. He ruled as Patriarch from 1923 until 1962, when he resigned due to ill health. Keeping the title of honorary patriarch, he ordained his younger son as patriarch assuming the name Papa Eftim II.

Eftim I. (bürgerlich "Zeki Erenerol", Geburtsname "Pavlos Karahisaridis", * 1884 in Maden bei Yozgat, Osmanisches Reich; † 14. März 1968 in Istanbul) war der erste Patriarch ("Papa") der autokephalen Türkisch-Orthodoxen Kirche, einer vom Ökumenischen Patriarchat von Konstantinopel nicht anerkannten christlichen Konfession, die er selbst gründete. Eftim I. war ein ethnischer Karamane und selber stark von der türkisch-nationalistischen Ideologie beeinflusst. Er amtierte als Patriarch von 1923 bis 1962, als er wegen Krankheit zurücktrat. Er führte den Titel des Ehrenpatriarchen und ordinierte seinen jüngsten Sohn Turgut Erenerol zum Patriarchen, der den Namen Eftim II. annahm.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Naples, D'Ambrosio began playing for local Campania side Salernitana. However, the club went bankrupt and he, along with his brother Dario, joined the Fiorentina youth team in 2005. He was part of the Fiorentina primavera until December 2007, but on 8 January 2008 he was sold to Serie C1 side Potenza on a co-ownership agreement. He made his professional debut on 20 January 2008 in a 2–1 victory over Juve Stabia, ultimately making ten appearances during the season. In June 2008, Fiorentina repurchased D'Ambrosio.

Juve Stabia.

On 11 July 2008, D'Ambrosio joined Lega Pro Prima Divisione side Juve Stabia in another co-ownership deal, for €30,000, making his debut for "Le vespe" on 31 August 2008 against Taranto.  D'Ambrosio became a starter for Juve Stabia in his first season, who decided to purchase his remaining contract from Fiorentina for another €75,500. He spent the next season mostly playing as a right midfielder, even scoring his first goal in a home victory against Barletta, 4–1.

Torino.

On 12 January 2010, D'Ambrosio was signed by Torino in a co-ownership agreement for a €200,000 transfer fee. He made his Serie B debut on 16 January 2010 in a 4–1 home win against Grosseto. He was a regular for Torino during the season, scoring his first goal for the "granata" on 20 March 2010 in a 2–0 away win against Modena. Torino purchased the remaining half of his contract from Juve Stabia in June 2010 for an additional €500,000.  During the following season, D'Ambrosio was also a starter for new coach Franco Lerda. He scored the first brace of his career in a 3–2 home win against Modena, one of the only two goals of his season. On 15 December 2010, he renewed his contract with Torino until 2014. However, his season was characterised by negative performances and Torino's failure to reach the playoffs made him the object of much criticism.  New head coach Giampiero Ventura decided to focus on D'Ambrosio for the 2011–12 season, playing him as right back with Matteo Darmian. On 2 November 2011, he scored the winning goal against Reggina. He repeated this on 11 February 2012, scoring in a 3–1 win over Nocerina. Throughout the season, D'Ambrosio contributed 26 appearances and 3 goals with Torino being promoted.  D'Ambrosio made his Serie A debut on 26 August 2012 during the goalless draw against Siena, appearing as a 93rd-minute-substitute, but did not start until 26 September against Udinese (0–0). He scored his first goal in Serie A during a 5–1 win away against Atalanta. In December 2012, he became Torino's vice-captain after Angelo Ogbonna suffered an injury. He was voted Torino's "revelation of the year" by the readers of Toro.it.  D'Ambrosio covered as a left back in the 2013–14 season, scoring in the 2–2 home draw against Milan on 14 September 2013. He scored again the following week away against Bologna, in a game won 2–1 by Torino. On 13 December 2013, Torino chairman Urbano Cairo confirmed that D'Ambrosio would be leaving the club after turning down a contract extension. The former vice-captain concluded his experience at Torino with 119 appearances and 10 goals.

Inter Milan.

2013–14 season.

On 8 January 2014, "Tuttosport" reported that D'Ambrosio would join Inter in a cash plus player deal. On 28 January, "Tuttosport" revealed that the fee was €1.75 million cash plus the free loan of Matteo Colombi and 50% of the registration rights of Marco Benassi. (Although the transfer also cost Inter an additional €1.04M on agent and other misc. fee on top of the value of the 50% rights of Benassi (€1M) and cash paid (€1.75M)) Two days later, Inter confirmed the deal.  Three days after that, he made his debut for "Nerazzurri" in the "Derby d'Italia" against Juventus at Juventus Stadium, a 3–1 Inter loss. On 15 March, D'Ambrosio started his first match with Inter, defeating Hellas Verona 2–0 at the Stadio Marc'Antonio Bentegodi. Following that result, he secured a place in the starting lineup. D'Ambrosio was an unused substitute in Javier Zanetti's last competitive match at the San Siro, in which Inter defeated Lazio 4–1 to secure a place in UEFA Europa League play-off for next season. D'Ambrosio finished his first season with Inter having played 11 matches, 3 of which he played in their entirety.

2014–15 season.

D'Ambrosio scored his first competitive goal for Inter on his European debut, a 3–0 away win over Stjarnan in the first leg of Europa League play-off. With a 6–0 victory in the second leg, Inter advanced to the group stage 9–0 on aggregate.  On 18 September, in the first Europa League group match against Ukrainian side Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, he scored the only goal of the match. D'Ambrosio described his goal as "the most important of his career". He scored again in the second group match on 2 October, opening a 2–0 home victory over Azerbaijani side Qarabağ.  D'Ambrosio concluded his first full-season with Inter Milan by making 32 appearances in all competitions, scoring three times, all in Europa League.

2015–16 season.

On 20 February 2016, D'Ambrosio scored his first league goal for Inter during the 3–1 home win over Sampdoria, beating the goalkeeper with a volley in with the inside of his left boot at the back post. That was the first "Italian" goal for Inter in Serie A since Andrea Ranocchia scored on 15 December 2014. Eight days later, against Juventus for the next league match, D'Ambrosio's misplaced a header resulting in Leonardo Bonucci scoring in 47th minute; the match finished 2–0 for Juventus. Later, on 12 March against Bologna, he was again in the scoresheet for the second time this season, scoring the second goal of the match minutes before assisting the goal of Ivan Perišić, helping Inter to get its second consecutive league win.

2016–17 season.

D'Ambrosio won more playing time under head coaches Frank de Boer and Stefano Pioli, starting all the match except in October, as he was the second outfield player with most balls recovered. He scored his first strike of the season against Pescara on 28 January 2017, netting the opener in an eventual 3–0 home win. On 19 February, he set up the lone goal at Bologna scored by Gabriel Barbosa. Later, on 7 April, D'Ambrosio agreed to a contract extension, signing until 2021. Two days later, he scored against Crotone but in a 2–1 losing effort, equaling his personal best, set in 2011–12 season.

2017–18 season.

D'Ambrosio played his 100th Serie A match for Inter on 25 November 2017 in the 3–1 away win versus Cagliari in matchday 14. In the final matchday of the season, his goal in the 29th minute versus Lazio served as a temporary equalizer in an eventual 3–2 win at Stadio Olimpico which meant the return of Inter in UEFA Champions League after six years.

2018–19 season.

On 25 September 2018, D'Ambrosio scored his first goal of the season in a league match against Fiorentina following a combination with Mauro Icardi to give Inter the 2–1 win at San Siro, the first home win in league for the 2018–19 season.

International career.

On 11 August 2010, D'Ambrosio made his debut with the Italy under-21 national team in a friendly match against Denmark.  On 28 March 2017, D'Ambrosio made his senior international debut for Italy alongside with four other debutants, appearing as a substitute in a 2–1 friendly away win against the Netherlands.  He made his first start for Italy under Roberto Mancini, in a 3–1 friendly loss to France in Nice on 1 June 2018.

Style of play.

D'Ambrosio is a quick, energetic, offensive fullback, who is physically strong, good in the air, and who also possesses good stamina, timing, and reliable technical ability. He primarily plays on the right, but is also capable of playing on the left, due to his tactical versatility as a defender, and is known for his ability to cut into the centre from this position onto his stronger right foot and attempt a shot, due to his eye for goal. He has also been used as a wing-back or wide midfielder in a 3–5–2 formation, and has even been deployed as a central midfielder, or as a centre-back on occasion.

Personal life.

D'Ambrosio has a twin brother Dario, who also plays as a defender, for Monza. Both grew up in Caivano in a football school, Sporting Caivano 94.  In April 2014, D'Ambrosio joined Twitter and with his first post claimed that for every follower he received, he would make a donation of €0.50 to the "Aiutare I Bambini" charity which gives aid to needy children in his home region of Campania. He eventually donated €11,500.

Honours.

Torino  Individual

Danilo D'Ambrosio (; born 9 September 1988) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a full back for Inter Milan in the Serie A and the Italy national football team.

Danilo D’Ambrosio (* 9. September 1988 in Neapel) ist ein italienischer Fußballspieler. Der Außenverteidiger steht zurzeit bei Inter Mailand unter Vertrag.


North America.

United States.

Soup preparation may use chicken or pork broth, or may be meat-free. Common key ingredients in the American Chinese version include bamboo shoots, toasted sesame oil, wood ear, cloud ear fungus, day lily buds, vinegar, egg, corn starch, and white pepper. Other ingredients include button mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, or straw mushrooms and small slices of tofu skin. It is comparatively thicker than the Chinese cuisine versions due to the addition of cornstarch. This soup is usually considered a healthy option at most Chinese establishments and, other than being high in sodium, is a very healthy soup overall.

East Asia.

China.

"Hot and sour soup" is a Chinese soup claimed variously by the regional cuisines of Beijing and Sichuan as a regional dish. The Chinese hot and sour soup is usually meat-based, and often contains ingredients such as day lily buds, wood ear fungus, bamboo shoots, and tofu, in a broth that is sometimes flavored with pork blood. Sometimes, the soup would also have carrots and pieces of pork. It is typically made hot (spicy) by red peppers or white pepper, and sour by vinegar.

Japan.

In Japan, ramen noodles are usually added to hot and sour soup to make "suratan-men" (or "sanratan-men") or "hot and sour soup noodles".

South Asia.

India.

In India, this soup is made with red and green chillies, ginger, carrots, snow peas, tofu, soy sauce, rice vinegar and a pinch of sugar. It is viewed in India as being a Chinese soup.

Pakistan.

Hot and sour soup is usually made in Pakistan with chicken, carrots, cabbage, corn flour, eggs, vinegar, chili, soya sauce and salt. It may also contain bean sprout and capsicum.

Southeast Asia.

Cambodia.

"Samlor machu pkong" or "Sour Shrimp Stew" is a Cambodian sour soup flavored with lemon, chilis, prawns and/or shrimp. One of the most popular sour soups in Cambodia, it is eaten most often on special occasions.  "Samlar machu yuan" or "Vietnam sour soup" is another common hot and sour soup that originated in the Mekong Delta region. It is made with fish, usually mudfish, walking catfish or tilapia, that has first been fried or broiled then added to the broth. Chicken may also be substituted. The ingredients which give the stew its characteristic flavor may vary depending on what is available locally to the cook. Possible ingredients include various combinations of pineapple, tomato, ngo gai, fried garlic, papaya, lotus root, Thai basil () and Thai chili.

Thailand.

"Tom yum" is a Thai soup flavored with lemon grass, lime, kaffir lime leaves, galangal, fish sauce and chilis.  Sour curry (Thai: แกงส้ม, RTGS: Kaeng som) is a soup-like spicy and sour Thai curry.

Philippines.

There are numerous sour soup dishes in the Philippines using souring agents that range from tamarind to unripe mangoes, guavas, butterfly tree leaves ("alibangbang"), citruses (including the native calamansi and biasong), santol, bilimbi ("kamias" or "iba"), gooseberry tree fruits ("karmay"), binukaw fruits (also "batuan"), and libas fruits, among others. Most of these dishes are included in the umbrella term "sinigang", but there are other regional dishes like "sinampalukan", "pinangat na isda", "cansi", and "linarang" which are cooked slightly differently. The dishes are related to the "paksiw" class of dishes which are soured using vinegar.

Vietnam.

"Canh chua" (literally "sour soup"), a sour soup indigenous to the Mekong River region of southern Vietnam. It is typically made with fish from the Mekong River or shrimp, pineapple, tomatoes (and sometimes also other vegetables), and bean sprouts, and flavored with tamarind and the lemony-scented herb "ngò ôm" ("Limnophila aromatica"). When made in style of a hot pot, "canh chua" is called "lẩu canh chua".

Hot and sour soup is a variety of soups from several Asian culinary traditions. In all cases, the soup contains ingredients to make it both spicy and sour.

Die Sauer-scharf-Suppe oder Pekingsuppe (Lehnübersetzung von,, auch unter "Scharf-sauer-Suppe" bekannt) ist eine Einlaufsuppe der chinesischen Küche. Sie ist besonders in Nord- und Westchina verbreitet, als Spezialität gilt sie insbesondere in Peking sowie in der Provinz Sichuan, ähnliche Suppen finden sich aber auch in anderen chinesischen Regionalküchen sowie im gesamten südostasiatischen Raum. Vergleichbar ist "suan la tang" etwa mit dem "Tom Yam" der thailändischen und laotischen Küche.


Early life.

Marsh was born in Truro, Cornwall and raised in Sennen, a Cornish village, and Woolwich, a district in southeast London. In Woolwich, he lived in a "miserable council flat" with his family.  Marsh won a scholarship to the University of Oxford. As an undergraduate, he studied at St Catherine's College, Oxford and graduated with a degree in English.

Career.

Marsh began his early career in directing with several documentaries made for the BBC. His first TV documentary was the 90-minute "Troubleman – The Last Years of Marvin Gaye", and was followed by the 26-minute 1990 documentary "The Animator of Prague" starring Jan Švankmajer and his works. Later came "The Burger and the King: The Life and Cuisine of Elvis Presley", which was made in 1995 and released in 1996, and the Welsh musician John Cale, which was made in 1998 and released in 1999. His relationship continued with the BBC as a producer in 1993 for three "Arena series" episodes.  In 2005 he directed the film "The King" which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.  In 2008 he made the documentary "Man on Wire", about Philippe Petit's walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York. "Man on Wire" won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 81st annual Oscars, the BAFTA Award for Best British film, the Independent Spirit Award, and many others. The film, called "exhilarating", has had a hugely positive audience response and was among the Top Ten Films of 2008 on many critics' lists.  In 2009, he directed the "1980" episode of "Red Riding", which aired on Channel 4 in the UK.  He also directed "Project Nim" in 2010, which is based on the book "Nim Chimpsky: The Chimp Who Would Be Human" by Elizabeth Hess. It is a documentary about the landmark study conducted by Herbert S. Terrace on the subject of animal language acquisition and the subject of the study is a chimpanzee named Nim Chimpsky. Marsh watched different films to gain inspiration before making "Project Nim". He watched "E.T.", Frederick Wiseman's "Primate", and the Bresson film "Au hasard Balthazar". He gained the most information from "Au hasard Balthazar" which is a fictional account of a donkey as it passes through various human owners. The structure of "Project Nim" reflects a lot from this film as we see the drama of the human world through the eyes of the chimpanzee.  In 2012, he directed "Shadow Dancer", a joint Irish/UK production about the Irish republican movement, which was filmed in Dublin and London. The film features Clive Owen, Andrea Riseborough, Gillian Anderson, Domhnall Gleeson and Aidan Gillen.  Most recently he directed "The Theory of Everything", a biopic on Stephen Hawking starring Eddie Redmayne and Felicity Jones. Marsh received a nomination for the BAFTA for Best Director and the film was nominated for five Academy Awards including Best Picture.

Personal life.

Marsh currently lives in London.

Filmography.

Feature films Documentary films

James Marsh (born 30 April 1963) is a British film and documentary director best known for his work on "Man on Wire", which won the 2008 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, and "The Theory of Everything", the multi-award-winning biopic of physicist Stephen Hawking released in 2014.

James Marsh (* 30. April 1963 in Truro, Cornwall) ist ein britischer Filmregisseur und Dokumentarfilmer, der vor allem für seinen Kultfilm "Wisconsin Death Trip" (1999) mit Marcus Monroe und Ian Holm bekannt ist. Er gewann 2008 einen Oscar für den Dokumentarfilm "Man on Wire".


Biography.

Beloch was the daughter of the German historian Karl Julius Beloch, who taught ancient history for 50 years at Sapienza University of Rome, and American Bella Bailey.  Beloch studied mathematics at the Sapienza University of Rome and wrote her undergraduate thesis under the supervision of Guido Castelnuovo. She received her degree in 1908 with Lauude and "dignita' di stampa" which means that her work was worthy of publication and in fact her thesis "Sulle trasformazioni birazionali nello spazio" (On Birational Transformations In Space) was published in the Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata.  Guido Castelnuovo was very impressed with her talent and offer her the position of assistant which Margherita took and held until 1919, when she moved to Pavia and the successive year to Palermo to work under Michele De Franchis, an important figure of the Italian school of algebraic geometry at the time.  In 1924, Beloch completed her "libera docenza" (a degree that at that time had to be obtained before one could become a professor) and three years later she became a full professor at the University of Ferrara where she taught until her retirement (1955).

Scientific work.

Her main scientific interests were in algebraic geometry, algebraic topology and photogrammetry.  After her thesis, she worked on classification of algebraic surfaces studying the configurations of lines that could lie on surfaces. The next step was to study rational curves lying on surfaces and in this framework Beloch obtained the following important result: "Hyperelliptic surfaces of rank 2 are characterised by having 16 rational curves."  Beloch also made some contributions to the theory of skew algebraic curves. She continued working on topological properties of algebraic curves either planar or lying on ruled or cubic surfaces for most of her life, writing about a dozen papers on these subjects.  Around 1940 Beloch become more and more interested in photogrammetry and the application of mathematics, and in particular algebraic geometry, to it. She is also known for her contribution to the mathematics of paper folding: In particular she seems to have been the first to formalise an origami move which allows, when possible, to construct by paper folding the common tangents to two parabolas. As a consequence she showed how to extract cubic roots by paper folding, something that is impossible to do by ruler and compass. The move she used has been called the Beloch fold.

Margherita Piazzolla Beloch (12 July 1879 in Frascati – 28 September 1976 in Rome) was an Italian mathematician who worked in algebraic geometry, algebraic topology and photogrammetry.

Margherita Beloch Piazzolla (* 12. Juli 1879 in Frascati als Margherita Beloch; † 1976 in Rom) war eine italienische Mathematikerin, die sich mit Algebraischer Geometrie, Algebraischer Topologie und Photogrammetrie befasste.


Plot.

Pop Webster is a former silent movie star once known as "Bronco Billy" who now works as the guard on the main gate at Paramount Pictures. However, he's told his son Johnny, who's in the Navy, that he's the studio's Executive Vice President in Charge of Production. When Johnny shows up in Hollywood on shore leave, Pop and the studio's switchboard operator, Polly Judson, go all-out to maintain the illusion for Johnny and his sailor friends that Pop's a studio big-wig. Things get a bit complicated when Pop offers to put on a variety show for the Navy, featuring all of Paramount's stars, but Polly convinces Bob Hope and Bing Crosby to do the show, and they convince the rest of the stars on the lot.

Cast.

Performers: Cast notes:

Songs.

The songs in "Star Spangled Rhythm" were written by Harold Arlen (music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics):

Production.

The working title of "Star Spangled Rhythm" was "Thumbs Up". Paramount paid Arthur Ross and Fred Saidy for the rights to two sketches from their musical revue "Rally Round the Girls", which were used in the film. The "That Old Black Magic" sequence, which was directed by A. Edward Sutherland, was intended to be directed by René Clair, who was unavailable at the time of shooting.  The film was in production from 11 June to 23 July 1942 at Paramount's studios on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood. Location shooting took place at the Naval Training Center in San Diego, California. The final cost of the film was $1,127,989. It premiered in New York City on 30 December 1942, and went into general release in January 1943.  In 1943, Broncho Billy Anderson (real name:Maxwell Henry Aronson) sued Paramount for using the "Broncho Billy" name without permission. He objected to the "Bronco Billy" character in "Star Spangled Rhythm" being a "washed-up and broken-down actor", which he felt reflected badly on himself. Aronson asked for $900,000, but the outcome of the lawsuit is unknown.  Veronica Lake and Alan Ladd both appear - and they would team in two other all star films.

Awards and honors.

"Star Spangled Rhythm" received two 1944 Academy Award nominations: Harold Arlen (music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics) were nominated for "Best Original Song" for "That Old Black Magic", and Robert Emmett Dolan was nominated for "Best Score".  The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Star Spangled Rhythm is a 1942 American all-star cast musical film made by Paramount Pictures during World War II as a morale booster. Many of the Hollywood studios produced such films during the war, generally musicals, frequently with flimsy storylines, and with the specific intent of entertaining the troops overseas and civilians back home and to encourage fundraising – as well as to show the studios' patriotism. This film was also the first released by Paramount to be shown for 8 weeks.

Star Spangled Rhythm ist ein US-amerikanischer Musicalfilm, der unter der Regie von George Marshall u. a. entstand und Ende 1942 veröffentlicht wurde.


History.

This area was once part of the Rensselaerwyck manor. The town of Colonie was formed in 1895 after the rural residents of the town of Watervliet opposed the state's proposal to transform the entire town into a city of Watervliet. The town and village of Green Island was also split off as a town from the town of Watervliet a year later and the village of West Troy that remained became the current city of Watervliet. All debts from the original town were divided proportionally between Green Island, Watervliet, and Colonie. Several lawsuits worked their way through the court system from the results of division. The original town of Watervliet was the "mother of towns" in Albany County, having once been all the land outside of the city of Albany within the county, all current towns either were formed directly or indirectly from a town formed from Watervliet. The central part of the town was once the location of the extensive Shaker community farms. The Watervliet Shaker Historic District is located in Colonie. Much of that land is now occupied by the Albany International Airport. Through to the 1930s, Colonie was a simple series of extensive farms and a few hamlets. However, in the post-war years, there was intensive suburban development, originally on the corridor that connected Albany and Schenectady, but quickly throughout the entire township. By 1980, suburban development had saturated the community. At the same time, there were large highways (I-87, I-787, US Rt. 9 and NY Rt. 7) constructed which drastically changed the nature of the town and life there. The Colonie of the 1990s and beyond has become an entirely different community from the town of the 1930s and 1940s.  The Casparus F. Pruyn House at Newtonville is open to the public as the historical and cultural arts center for the Town of Colonie.

Historic sites.

A number of sites in Colonie are included on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, including -

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 57.9 square miles (149.9 km2). 56.1 square miles (145.2 km2) of it is land and 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2) of it (3.11%) is water.  The north town line borders Schenectady County, and Saratoga County, marked by the Mohawk River. The east town line is the border of Rensselaer County, marked by the Hudson River. The town lies near the junction of the Hudson and the Mohawk.  Interstate 87, Interstate 787, and U.S. Route 9 pass through the town. State Routes 2, 5, 7, 32 and 155 are also important arterials within the town.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 79,258 people, 30,980 households, and 20,539 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,413.6 inhabitants per square mile (545.8/km2). There were 32,280 housing units at an average density of 575.7 per square mile (222.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 90.55% White, 3.96% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 3.59% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.61% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.86% of the population.  There were 30,980 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.00.  In the town, the population was spread out with 21.8% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $51,817, and the median income for a family was $62,649. Males had a median income of $41,453 versus $30,763 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,231. About 3.0% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Politics.

The current town supervisor is Paula Mahan, a Democrat. She was elected to her first term in November 2007, defeating long-time Republican incumbent Mary Brizzell. In November 2009, Mahan was re-elected to a second term, defeating former Republican Albany County Executive/former New York State Senator Michael J. Hoblock. In November 2011, Mahan was re-elected to a third term, defeating former New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Commissioner and the former Director of the town's Planning and Economic Development Committee, Denise Sheehan, by less than 400 votes. She was re-elected in 2013 to a fourth term by defeating political newcomer Todd A. Drake. The town board has six members, with four-year terms; three members are elected every odd-numbered year.  The seat of Colonie's government is Colonie Memorial Town Hall, located on U.S Route Route 9 in Newtonville, near Siena College. The town courts, police department, and emergency medical services department are located at the Public Safety Building on Wolf Road near Albany International Airport.

Public safety.

Law enforcement in the town is primarily provided by the Town of Colonie Police Department; within the village of Menands which occupies the southeastern corner of the town there is the Village of Menands Police Department as well. However, that law enforcement is supplemented by the New York State Police Troop G (the headquarters of which lies within the town of Colonie), and the Albany County Sheriff's Office which patrols the Albany International Airport and operates the Albany County Correctional Facilities (which also lie within the town of Colonie).  In November 2007, the town of Colonie was ranked the sixth safest place to live in a Morgan Quitno Publishing study of crime rates across the United States. By November 2009 CQ Press (formerly known as Morgan Quitno Publishing) ranked the town of Colonie with the lowest crime rate of all communities in the United States with a population of at least 75,000 residents. The town held the top spot again in 2010 and has since continuously ranked at the top 10 or better for having the lowest crime rate of all communities in the United States with a population of at least 75,000 residents.  Emergency Medical Service (advanced, basic, and transport) in the town is primarily provided by the Town of Colonie Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Department. The EMS Department operates out of six ambulance stations scattered throughout the town of Colonie to facilitate the most rapid response. The EMS Department also serves as an integral part of any heavy or light technical rescue operations in the town. In 1999, the town of Colonie Emergency Medical Services Department was awarded the National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians' National Paramedic Service of the Year Award. The award is given to one service of high distinction that has demonstrated excellence, innovation and community service.  On May 4, 2010, the town of Colonie was awarded the 2010 International Association of Fire Chiefs' "Heartsafe Community" award for making significant advances in emergency cardiac care. On August 28, 2010, the New York State EMS Council awarded the town of Colonie Emergency Medical Services Department the New York State "EMS Agency of the Year" award.  Firefighting service in the town is primarily provided by one of twelve (mostly volunteer) firefighting agencies and one paid fire brigade. ("See also Administrative divisions of New York.")  These agencies encompass seventeen fire stations, two small rescue boats (Boght & Verdoy), seven ladder trucks (Fuller Road, Latham, Menands, Midway, Schuyler Heights, Shaker Road-Loudonville,Stanford Heights, and Verdoy ), one Hazardous Materials Specialty Rescue (West Albany), one Trench/Structural Collapse Specialty Rescue (Village of Colonie), one Confined Space Specialty Rescue (Latham), eight General/Light Rescue apparatus, numerous full-size pumpers, a small number of attack pumpers, and a small number of EMS First-Response vehicles.  The Albany International Airport Fire Brigade consists of a full-time paid crash/fire/rescue staff, three crash/rescue vehicles, a mini pumper, hazmat truck, foam re-supply truck, and a full-size pumper. However, the airport's fire units stay on Airport Authority property most of the time, and are housed in yet another fire station that is on the Airport Authority's property. Occasionally, the Airport Fire Brigade responds to mutual aid requests with the bordering Shaker Road-Loudonville Fire Department, as well as other fire agencies within the town of Colonie and Albany County.

Education.

There are six public school districts that serve the town of Colonie, the South Colonie Central School District, North Colonie Central Schools,Watervliet City School District, Menands Union Free School District, Niskayuna Central School District, and Mohonasen Central School District. South Colonie (Colonie Central High School) serves much of the western part of the town, including West Albany, the village of Colonie, and a small part of the adjoining town of Niskayuna. North Colonie (Shaker High School) serves Latham and the smaller, suburban and rural hamlets to the north of Latham, as well as most of Loudonville and Newtonville. The Watervliet City School District (Watervliet High School) serves some students from Menands and the Schuyler Heights area. Mohonasen's (Mohonasen High School) schools serve the sliver of Colonie which lies south of the Amtrak tracks and east of its border with the Town of Rotterdam. Niskayuna Central School District's boundaries enter Colonie for the short segment of Vly Rd. east of Denison Rd., and the few streets along this stretch. The Menands Union Free School District is a single building school district serving the village of Menands and educates students from kindergarten through eighth grade. Upon completion of eighth grade, Menands Union Free School District students choose whether to attend Shaker High School, Colonie Central High School, Watervliet, Heatly Junior-Senior High School in Green Island, or Tech Valley High School in Albany. In 2008, the Maplewood-Colonie Common School District merged with, and into the North Colonie School District.  The town of Colonie is also home to the Christian Brothers Academy, as well as several private and/or religious elementary schools. Siena College is located in the hamlet of Loudonville. Bryant & Stratton College, a proprietary college, is in the town of Colonie. Colonie was formerly home to a campus of ITT Technical Institute,

Recreation.

The Town of Colonie operates and maintains over 850 acres of property and facilities, including the 130-acre Crossings Park, the 160-acre Mohawk River Park and Pool, the 12-acre Mohawk Riverside Landing Park, the 36-hole Town of Colonie Golf Course, the 43-acre Schuyler Flatts Cultural Park, a 5.5 mile section of the Mohawk Hudson Bike/Hike Trail, and other sports facilities and pocket parks.

Media.

There are two dedicated weekly newspapers for parts of the town, the "Colonie Spotlight" and "Loudonville Spotlight". Also, Channel 9 on Spectrum News in the town is a Public-access television station devoted to town news, programming, and events. The studios are located inside the William K. Sanford town library on Albany Shaker road.  Although not entirely dedicated to the town of Colonie, the headquarters and distribution center for the Capital Region's major daily newspaper, "Times Union" (owned by the Hearst Corporation), lies within the town.

Colonie is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. It is the most populous suburb of Albany, New York, and is the third largest town in area in Albany County, occupying about 11% of the county. Several hamlets exist within the town. As of the 2010 census, the town had a total population of 81,591.

Colonie ist eine Stadt (Town) im Albany County im US-Bundesstaat New York. Der Ort, zu dem etwa die Hamlets "Latham" mit dem Albany International Airport und "Loudonville" mit dem Siena College und dem Albany Rural Cemetery zu zählen sind, befindet sich an der nördlichen Stadtgrenze von Albany zwischen dem Mohawk River (hier Teil des Eriekanals) im Norden und dem Hudson River im Westen an der Bahnstrecke Albany–Eagle Bridge.


Manufacturing.

The manufacturing contract was awarded in February 2010 to Thales Alenia Space. The satellite bus is a Spacebus 4000B2, smash in Cannes Mandelieu Space Center.

Launch.

The satellite was launched by a Ariane 5 ECA rocket on February, 6th 2014 during the VA217 mission. After some on-orbit tests, official satellite commissioning took place on March, 14th 2014.

Payload.

Although this is a common program, each country operates its own share of the payload. The satellite provides an encrypted, 3 Gbit/s throughput, using mostly Ka-band links. It carries 14 antennas including 7 mobile spot antennas, enabling positioning of steerable 1750-km diameter spot beams over operational theaters requiring a high bandwidth. France owns five beams and Italy, two. The system will enable communication with deployable ground stations (420 for France), and with drones.

Ground Segment.

The ground segment for the French part of the Capacity is called Comcept. Comcept will provide a network of fixed and deployable ground stations using full-IP (Internet Protocol) technology. The system includes high-data-rate (HDR) ground stations which are installed in a transportable shelter and provide a speed of approximately 10 Mbit/s. The Comcept system is provided by Airbus Defence and Space and Actia Sodielec.

Russian espionage.

On September 7, 2018, during a visit to the Toulouse Space Center, the Ministry of the Armed Forces, Florence Parly, accused Russia of having committed "an act of espionage" in 2017 against the satellite to try to intercept secure communications.

Athena-Fidus (Access on theatres for European allied forces nations-French Italian dual use satellite) is a French-Italian telecommunication satellite providing high-throughput secure communications to both nation's armed forces and their emergency services. It was manufactured by Thales Alenia Space under the supervision of CNES, the DGA and the Italian Space Agency. It complements the lower-throughput but more secure Syracuse 3 satellites. The satellite has a wet mass of 3 tonnes and was placed on Geostationary orbit in 2014. Its expected lifetime is 15 years.

Athena-Fidus (Access on Theatres for European Nations Allied forces – French Italian Dual Use Satellite) ist ein militärischer Kommunikationssatellit der französischen Raumfahrtbehörde CNES und der italienischen Raumfahrtagentur ASI. Am Projekt beteiligt sind auch die Verteidigungsministerien von Belgien, Frankreich und Italien sowie der französische und der italienische Zivilschutz.


Biography.

Born in Amsterdam, Wessels started to study Mathematics and Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1956, where in 1963 he received his MA. He graduated in 1968 at the Eindhoven University of Technology advised by Jacques F. Benders with a thesis entitled "Decision rules in Markovian decision problems with Incompletely known transition probabilities" about Markov decision processes.  In 1960 Wessels started his academic career at the University of Amsterdam as assistant to Jan Hemelrijk, an authority in the field of stochastic processes. During his doctoral research, Wessels was employed as Research Assistant at the Technical University of Eindhoven. In 1973 he was appointed Professor of Applied Probability Theory at the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science. In 2000 he retired from the Eindhoven University of Technology. He kept participating in International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis and EURANDOM. On July 30, 2009 he died in Veldhoven.  Among his doctoral students were Jacob Wijngaard, Jo van Nunen, Kees van Hee, Jan van der Wal, Henk Zijm, Eric van Damme, Wil van der Aalst, Ivo Adan and Geert-Jan van Houtum.  Wessels was president of the Vereniging voor Statistiek (VVS), and has contributed to the foundation of the National Network Mathematical Decision Making (LNMB), the research school BETA, and European Institute for Statistics, Probability, Stochastic Operations Research and its Applications (EURANDOM).

Work.

Wessels' research interests focused on topics such as queuing theory, neural networks and structured Markov processes, and more specifically "decision support methodology and he applies his favorite research topics in operations management, communication processes, manpower policy making and environmental problems."

Model-based decision support methodology.

Wessels' most cited work is the 2000 publication "Model-based decision support methodology with environmental applications", edited with Andrzej Wierzbicki and Marek Makowski. In the introduction they acknowledge about decision making:  This publication gives in three parts (Methodology, Decision Support Tools, Environmental Applications) an overview of the field.

Publications.

Wessel authored and co-authored dozens of publications in the field. Books, a selection:

Jacobus (Jaap) Wessels (January 19, 1939 – July 30, 2009) was a Dutch mathematician and Professor of Stochastic Operations Research at the Eindhoven University of Technology., known for his contributions in the field of Markov decision processes.

Jaap Wessels (* 19. Januar 1939 in Amsterdam; † 30. Juli 2009 in Veldhoven) war ein niederländischer Mathematiker, der sich mit stochastischen (Markov-)Entscheidungsprozessen befasste. Er war Professor an der Technischen Universität Eindhoven.


Career.

Dara first competed at the Winter X Games in Aspen 2012, and was the youngest female competitor. She followed this with a Bronze Medal in the 2012 Winter X Games in Tignes. As of 2019, Dara has won 4 medals at the Winter X Games.  At the 2014 Winter Olympics Howell started competition as a gold medal threat together with compatriot Kaya Turski. Turski was favoured ahead of her but was sick on the day of competition and crashed out in both of her qualifying runs, failing to make the final. In the final Howell had a successful first run scoring a 94.2, a run and score which would hold up as the eventual gold medal winner. Kim Lamarre a fellow Canadian finished in third to complete another two medal event for Canada at those Olympics. Howell, like many of the Canadian women in freestyle competition was close to freestyle skier Sarah Burke, who died while on a training run a few years before the sport was inaugurated as an Olympic event. Burke had coached Howell at Momentum Ski Camps in Whistler Blackcomb. She dedicated her victory to Burke saying "Oh, my God. I don't know what to say. I can't believe it. It is so surreal and I am so happy to win a gold medal for Canada. I don't think it will hit me until later. It is truly amazing. There are a number of really good girls out there and I came out on top. This is the best moment in my entire life...I said it earlier this week, I hope a Canadian brings home a gold medal for Sarah. I can't believe it's me. It's totally for Sarah and I cannot believe it."  Even though she was struggling with injuries and personal pressures after the 2014 Sochi Olympics, Dara still qualified and competed for Canada at the 2018 Olympic Winter Games in PyeongChang, South Korea.  Dara's 2018/2019 was derailed by an injury at the Big Air World Cup in New Zealand, resulting in a torn anterior cruciate knee ligament. The injury required surgery, and Dara missed the rest of the season while she recovered.  Dara returned to competition in November 2019 at the Modena Skipass World Cup in Modena, Italy. After finishing in first place after Qualifying, Dara took home the Bronze medal.

Personal.

Howell was born in Huntsville, Ontario. She attended Tawingo College and Huntsville Public School, and graduated from Huntsville High School. She also has taken courses with VLC. Dara has an older brother named Brett. Dara shared publicly about the personal challenges she faced after winning a Gold Medal at the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

Dara Howell (born August 23, 1994) is a Canadian freestyle skier. She was the first freestyle skier to win a gold medal in ski slopestyle at the inaugural event at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Howell has also won a bronze medal in women's slopestyle at the Winter X Games XVII in Aspen, Colorado, behind Tiril Sjåstad Christiansen and Kaya Turski.

Dara Howell (* 23. August 1994 in Huntsville, Ontario) ist eine kanadische Freestyle-Skierin. Sie ist seit dem 11. Februar 2014 die erste Olympiasiegerin im Ski-Slopestyle.


Michael Montague, Baron Montague of Oxford

Biography.

Michael Jacob Montague, born on 10 March 1932, the son of David and Eleanor Montague. He attended the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, and Magdalen College School, Oxford.  A gifted salesman, Montague founded Gatehill Beco in 1958 aged 26 on an investment of £100, selling electric wire and later making cheap electric boiling rings: "I used to make the goods, sell them, deliver them to the back door, and then go round to the front to collect the money." After he received a large order he could not fulfil himself, Montague sought out a large corporate, and eventually sold out to Valor in 1962, of which he then became a Director and then managing director.  Montague diversified the company through both product innovation and export driven expansion, visiting even the underdeveloped markets of Africa, Asia and Japan personally at least once a year. In 1969 he was made chair of the Asia committee of the British National Export Council, where he served until 1972, as a result of which he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1970 Birthday Honours.  Montague expanded Valor, when in 1987 Valor paid £263m for Yale locks and NuTone. In August 1989 Ingersoll Rand sold its 2.2% holding in Yale & Valor to Williams Holdings, which thereby took its stake to 5.8%. In January 1991 Williams Holdings paid £330m for Yale & Valor, and Montague left the company. The Valor brand is now owned by Glen Dimplex, and the Yale Lock Company is now a subsidiary of Assa Abloy.

Other interests.

Montague used his money to invest in other business, including the fledgling Planet Hollywood and Ramada Jarvis Hotels.  Montague also expanded his public duties, and was Governor and Chairman of the Audit Commission at Oxford Brookes University. As chair of the English Tourist Board he made attacks on: second-rate hoteliers; greedy seaside impresarios; grubby motorway caterers; miserable museum attendants; surly waiters; and taxi drivers – whom he accused of cadging large tips out of unsuspecting tourists. When latterly as chair of the National Consumer Council, he told the public to boycott places offering poor value for money.  A keen supporter of the Arts, among other activities he sponsored the Oxford Festival and was chair of the Henley Festival from 1992 to 1994.

Politics.

After the 1964 general election, Montague said in an open letter to the press that he "deplored the way the Conservatives had attacked the newly elected Labour government as bad for British business, given that as a businessman I have suffered from the results of bad economic management of the past few years".  A good friend of Labour party leader John Smith and Peter Mandelson, Montague was a member of the Millennium Commission from February 1994 until May 1997 Continuing his friendship of the Labour party via Mandelson with new leader Tony Blair, he was created a life peer on 1 November 1997 taking the title Baron Montague of Oxford, of Oxford in the County of Oxfordshire. It later emerged that this was after he had made a donation of £5,000 to the Labour party.  Montague collapsed while attending the House of Lords on 5 November 1999. He was pronounced dead in the ambulance on the way to St Thomas' Hospital.

After death.

In February 2000, openly gay Lord Alli raised the issue of Montague's Japanese partner of 35 years, Takashi Sizuki, having to sell their home in Dorchester-on-Thames to pay the Inheritance tax. At the time, Inheritance tax was charged at 40 per cent on the excess value of estates valued at £231,000 and above, but there was an exemption for estates inherited by the surviving partner of a married couple. It was part of Alli's campaign that resulted in the laws which created Civil partnerships in the United Kingdom.

Michael Jacob Montague, Baron Montague of Oxford, CBE (10 March 1932 – 5 November 1999) was a British businessman and politician.

Michael Jacob Montague, Baron Montague of Oxford, CBE (* 10. März 1932; † 5. November 1999 in London) war ein britischer Geschäftsmann, Unternehmer und Politiker (Labour Party). Seit 1997 war er als Life Peer Mitglied des House of Lords.


Plot.

Criminals Robert "Bobby" Beans (Denzel Washington) and Michael "Stig" Stigman (Mark Wahlberg) are questioned by the United States Border Patrol after a meeting with drug lord Manny "Papi" Greco (Edward James Olmos) in Mexico. Unknown to Stig, Bobby is an undercover DEA agent named Bobby Trench and reports to his superior, Jessup (Robert John Burke), that he failed to acquire cocaine from Papi that they could use as evidence to convict him.  Against Jessup's orders, Bobby decides to remain undercover and assist Stig in robbing $3 million - stashed in the vault of the Tres Cruces bank - from Papi, so they can prosecute Papi for money laundering. Bobby has a rendezvous with fellow DEA agent and former lover, Deb Rees (Paula Patton), who is also seeing another man, while Stig, an undercover enlisted Intelligence Specialist with the Navy SEALs, meets with his commanding officer, LCDR Harold Quince (James Marsden), who instructs Stig to kill Bobby so the Navy can use the stolen money to fund unauthorized covert operations.  During the heist, Bobby and Stig are surprised to find $43.125 million in the vault instead of the expected $3M. After the heist, Stig follows orders to betray Bobby and escape with the money, managing to pull his gun right as Bobby is about to pull his own. Unwilling to kill Bobby, Stig wounds Bobby in the shoulder, and then sees Bobby's DEA badge. Not sure what to think of Bobby, he leaves Bobby behind in the desert and leaves with the money. Stig meets with Quince, and after learning what happened, Quince attempts to have Stig killed. Stig escapes after learning the money will be transferred to a Navy base in Corpus Christi. Meanwhile, a man named Earl (Bill Paxton) aggressively interrogates the Tres Cruces bank manager about the stolen money and also questions the vet who treated Bobby's wounds as he tracks Bobby's movements.  However, Bobby goes to Stig's apartment to find out where he took the money, only to have Stig contact him from a sniper's post across the street. A hit squad sent by Quince attacks the apartment but Bobby and Stig escape. Bobby visits Jessup to tell him what happened, but Earl and his men are there waiting for him. Earl kills Jessup, frames Bobby for the murder and lets him go, making a deal that if Bobby returns the $43 million he will be cleared.  Bobby and Stig kidnap Papi and interrogate him in the garage at Deb's house. They find out Earl is a black ops operative to whom Papi reports, and that the money they stole was from payments to the CIA. The CIA has strong armed Papi, as well as other cartels, into paying a 7% cut in exchange for using CIA planes to help smuggle product across the Border. The garage is attacked by another hit squad, led by Quince. Bobby, Stig, and Deb escape, but so does Papi, who calls his crew. All three end up being captured by Papi, and taken to his farm in Mexico. After beating them and receiving a visit from Earl, Papi gives the pair 24 hours to steal the money from the Navy and return it to him, or Deb will die.  At the base, Bobby infiltrates Quince's office, only to discover Quince is Deb's boyfriend, and they had planned to steal the money for themselves. Meanwhile, Stig asks Admiral Tuway (Fred Ward) for help. Tuway orders Quince's arrest, but disavows Stig to prevent the scandal from tarnishing the Navy's reputation. Quince evades arrest, as does Stig. Unable to find the money, Bobby is too late to prevent Papi from killing Deb. He later realizes that the money is in a motel room that he and Deb frequented and goes to help Stig, who had returned to Papi's farm alone to exact vengeance.  There, Stig is surrounded by Papi's men until both Quince and Earl intervene. Bobby arrives in a car filled with money, and then blows up the car, scattering the money everywhere, which leads to a massive shootout. During a standoff among Quince, Earl, Bobby, and Stig, Earl reveals that the CIA has 20 other secret banks, and the loss of the $43.125 million is only a minor setback. Signaling Stig with a phrase from an earlier conversation, Stig shoots Earl, and Bobby shoots Quince. Bobby and Stig kill Papi and the duo escapes, but not before Bobby shoots Stig in the leg as payback for shooting him in the desert. While planning to continue to take down the CIA's secret banks and sabotage their black operations, Bobby reveals to Stig that he did not blow up all the money and had some stashed away.

Production.

The film is an adaption of the comic series of the same name by Steven Grant. However, it has been noted by "the Observer" that it can also be seen as evocative of the 1973 thriller "Charley Varrick". The pictures have similar plots and in both cases the bank being robbed is in Tres Cruces, New Mexico.  Filming took place in New Orleans, Louisiana and areas throughout New Mexico. While filming in Louisiana, the production spent $57.5 million in the state and received a $17.6 million subsidy under the state's film incentive program. "2 Guns" marked the second collaboration for Wahlberg and Kormákur: they first worked together on the film "Contraband". It also marks the second collaboration between Washington and Patton after having starred together in "Déjà Vu".

Reception.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 64% based on 183 reviews, with an average score of 6.02/10. The site's consensus reads, "Formulaic and often jarringly violent, "2 Guns" rests its old-school appeal on the interplay between its charismatic, well-matched stars." Metacritic gave a score of 55 out of 100 based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".  Ben Kenigsberg of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a C+ rating, describing it as "the no-frills action, half-pint Jim Thompson scenario, and buddy-cop wisecracks". Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film 2 out of 5 stars. R. Kurt Osenlund of "Slant Magazine" gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. "It's noticeably odd that "2 Guns" has the desire to make offhanded socio-political statements, but not the will to take them anywhere truly provocative," he wrote. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" also gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, commenting that the film didn't make the extra effort. Lisa Kennedy of "Denver Post" gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, writing that "the biggest guns this action flick brandishes are stars Denzel Washington and Mark Wahlberg who have very different acting styles that work surprisingly well together".

Box office.

The film grossed $75,612,460 in North America and $56,327,951 in other countries, with a $131,940,411 worldwide gross against a budget of $61 million, having debuted at the top of the box office with $27,059,130 in its first weekend.

2 Guns is a 2013 American action buddy film directed by Baltasar Kormákur and starring Denzel Washington and Mark Wahlberg. Based on the comic book series of the same name created by Steven Grant and Mateus Santolouco, published in 2007 by Boom! Studios. The film was released in the United States on August 2, 2013, and was met with mixed reviews from critics.

2 Guns () ist ein US-amerikanischer Actionfilm von Baltasar Kormákur aus dem Jahr 2013. Die Hauptrollen werden von Mark Wahlberg und Denzel Washington gespielt. In Deutschland lief der Film am 26. September 2013 in den Kinos an.


Plot.

The plot of the novel has two distinct movements: the events at Microsoft in Redmond, Washington, and the move to Silicon Valley and the "Oop!" project.  The novel begins in Redmond as the characters are working on different projects at Microsoft's main campus. Life at the campus feels like a feudalistic society, with Bill Gates as the lord, and the employees the serfs. The majority of the main characters—Daniel (the narrator), Susan, Todd, Bug, Michael, and Abe—are living together in a "geek house", and their lives are dedicated to their projects and the company. Daniel's foundations are shaken when his father, a longtime employee of IBM, is laid off. The lifespan of a Microsoft coder weighs heavily on Daniel's mind.  The second movement of the novel begins when the characters are offered jobs in Silicon Valley working on a project for Michael, who has by then left Redmond. All of the housemates—some immediately, some after thought—decide to move to the Valley.  The characters' lives change drastically once they leave the limited sphere of the Microsoft campus and enter the world of "One-Point-Oh". They begin to work on a project called "Oop!" (a reference to object-oriented programming). Oop! is a Lego-like design program, allowing dynamic creation of many objects, bearing a resemblance to 2009's "Minecraft" (Coupland appears on the rear cover of the novel's hardcover editions photographed in Denmark's Legoland Billund, holding a Lego 777.).  One of the undercurrents of the plot is Daniel and his family's relationship to Jed, Daniel's younger brother who died in a boating accident while they were children.

Influences.

Microsoft, Silicon Valley, and geek culture.

Coupland lived in Redmond, Washington for six weeks and Palo Alto, Silicon Valley for four months researching the lives of Microsoft workers. "It was a 'Gorillas in the Mist' kind of observation... What do they put in their glove compartments? What snack foods do they eat? What posters are on their bedroom walls?" Friends from Microsoft and Apple also helped him with research.  The novel was a radical departure from Coupland's previous novel, "Life After God". "I wrote the two books under radically different mind-sets, and "Serfs" was a willful rerouting into a different realm". Coupland first noticed that his art school friends were working in computers in 1992.

Digital faith.

Coupland's research turned up links to the themes of "Life After God". "What surprised me about Microsoft is that no one has any conception of an afterlife. There is so little thought given to eternal issues that their very absence make them pointedly there. These people are so locked into the world, by default some sort of transcendence is located elsewhere, and obviously machines become the totem they imbue with sacred properties, wishes, hopes, goals, desires, dreams. That sounds like 1940s SF, but it's become the world."

Allusions to history, geography, and science.

The book takes place first at Microsoft in Redmond, Washington (near Seattle) and then Silicon Valley (near San Francisco). The time period is 1993–1995, at a time when Microsoft has reached dominance in the software industry and emerged victorious from the "Look & Feel" lawsuit by Apple Inc., a company that had at times seemed in danger of falling apart. The Northridge earthquake takes place during the story and has a profound effect on Ethan, who eventually constructs a replica highway interchange out of Lego pieces to honor the infrastructure destroyed by the earthquake.

History.

Coupland's interest in the world of Microsoft and technology workers began with the publication of a short story in "Wired" magazine in 1994. The story would later be expanded into the novel.  Shortly before the publication of "Microserfs", Coupland began to distance himself from his label as spokesperson for Generation X.  Coupland's novel anticipated the outcome of the late-1990s dot-com bubble with his depiction of the Oop! project's search for capital.  The abridged audiobook for "Microserfs" was read by Matthew Perry.

Coded messages.

Several coded messages are included within the text:  This message is an adapted version of the Rifleman's Creed.

Microserfs, published by HarperCollins in 1995, is an epistolary novel by Douglas Coupland. It first appeared in short story form as the cover article for the January 1994 issue of "Wired" magazine and was subsequently expanded to full novel length. Set in the early 1990s, it captures the state of the technology industry before Windows 95, and anticipates the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s.

Microsklaven, englischer Originaltitel Microserfs, ist ein Roman des kanadischen Schriftstellers Douglas Coupland. Er erschien 1995 im Verlag Harper Collins, nachdem ihm im Januar 1994 eine thematisch ähnliche Kurzgeschichte im Magazin "Wired" vorausgegangen war.


History.

Amateur era.

Ñublense was formed in 1916 by a group of teenagers (led by Chillán teacher Manuel Lara Gutiérrez) who founded a sports club as a haven for sports activities in the city. On 20 August of that year, in the boys' high school the club was called the Liceo Fútbol Club. Other sports sponsored included basketball and boxing. The football team played for many years in local leagues, where they were champions for 11 consecutive years (1938–49). Noted players included Eduardo Sanhueza Martín, Candelario Sepúlveda, Tomás Figueroa Bravo, Carlos González Utreras and Humberto Fagnilli Fuentes (who renamed the club Liceo Ñublense).  On 1942, with Lautaro Vásquez Landa as coach, the team was renamed Club de Deportes Ñublense. It continued in local leagues until 1957, when team president Moisés Noriega Alarcón moved the team to a regional league where it played teams such as Lord Cochrane de Concepción, Universitario, Gente de Mar, Galvarino and Arturo Fernández Vial.

Professional era.

In 1959, under coach Mario Avedaño, Ñublense for play in the professionalism, and Ñublense entered the Chilean professional league. Under Argentine coach many young players joined the club, including Universidad de Chile goalkeeper Luis Venzano Justiniano (the first professional football player on the team).  In 1961 (under coach Renato Sánchez Solar) Ñublense signed José Borello, who played for Boca Juniors and the Argentine national team. The team finished fourth with such players as Carlos Abel Jarpa Vallejos, Vicente Cox Vial and Luis Fischer, who added stability to the club. For the first two years Ñublense, played in the only paved football field in Chillán (the stadium of Seminario School) whilst the grass was sown and the stands and dressing rooms built.  In 1976 the team had one its best seasons (with Pedro Guzmán Alvarez as president and Isaac Carrasco as coach), winning the Primera B (Second Division) and promotion to the Primera División Chilena for 1977. Its second year in the Primera División, Ñublense had its most important coach in team history (Nelson Oyarzún Arenas, nicknamed "Consommé" because he required his players to drink consommé after games), who won the fans' respect. On 10 September 1978, Nelson Oyarzún died of cancer; that afternoon, Ñublense won 2–1 over Colo-Colo in a memorable game. Shortly afterwards, the Estadio Municipal de Chillán was renamed Estadio Municipal de Chillán Nelson Oyarzún in the coach's honor.

Decline.

In 1979, with Hernan Godoy as the coach, Ñublense was relegated to Primera B. However, a year later the club was again promoted to Primera División. The joy was short-lived, though; the team was again relegated to "segunda" and then to for three years. Amidst financial problems, the team was renamed Ñuble Unido.  In 1985, under Esaú Bravo, the undefeated team won the Tercera División title and promotion to Primera B. Héctor Canahuete restructured the team's debt and recovered the name Ñublense. In 1991, during a lockout, the team was again relegated to Tercera División.  In 1992, Esaú Bravo returned to the Ñublense bench for its promotion to Primera B after defeating San Luis de Quillota 4–2 in the Primera B promotion play-offs. Ñublense performed well in Copa Chile 1995, eliminating Colo-Colo in the quarter-finals but losing to Universidad Católica in the semi-finals.  In 2000, the team was relegated to Tercera; in 2001 it was nearly relegated to the. With 30 seconds remaining in a game against General Velásquez, Edgardo Medina scored to keep the team in Tercera División.

Since 2000.

Former sportscaster Sergio Zarzar acquired the club in 2004; that year, it was promoted to the Primera B after winning the Tercera División title under coach Luis Marcoleta.  Ñublense was runner-up in the Primera B in 2006 and returned to the Primera División Chilena in 2007, finishing ninth. In summer 2008, Fernando Díaz became coach after Marcoleta's departure for Curicó Unido.  Under Díaz in the Torneo de Apertura, Ñublense had their most successful season. The team finished first in the regular season with 41 points, five points clear of Universidad Católica and O'Higgins. Ñublense was eliminated in the play-off semi-finals by Colo-Colo, but its first-place finish in the first round qualified the team for the Copa Sudamericana 2008 for the first time. In this tournament, however, Ñublense was quickly eliminated by Peruvian club Sport Áncash by an aggregate score of 4–1.  Since 2008, the team has fared less well. In the Primera División Chilena 2009 season Ñublense finished 13th in the annual table with 39 points (nearly making the promotion play-offs), and achieved an identical result in 2010.

Stadium.

Estadio Municipal de Chillán Nelson Oyarzún Arenas, home to the Ñublense club, is named after Nelson Oyarzún Arenas, a Ñublense coach. It was opened in 1961 and has a capacity of 12,000. In 2007, the stadium was selected as a venue for the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. To comply with FIFA standards it was demolished and rebuilt (with the direction the pitch is facing altered), its capacity was decreased from 17,500 to 12,000 and a roof covering all seats was built. The renovation of the stadium cost 12 billion pesos ($26 million). The stadium was re-dedicated on 2 November 2008, with former Chilean president Michelle Bachelet in attendance. On 27 February 2010, during the 2010 Chile earthquake, much damage occurred to the stadium; nearly the entire Pacific gallery collapsed.

Support and rivalries.

In 2007, Ñublense had the fourth-highest average attendance in the Torneo de Apertura de Chile 2007 behind the "three giants of Chile": Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica and Colo-Colo. Ñublense's fans are known as "red devils" or "reds" (the same color as Premier League team Manchester United) or ""La Longaniza Mécanica"" ("The Clockwork Longaniza"). These nicknames arose after the successful 2008 season when Ñublense first qualified for the Torneo de Apertura de Chile 2008 play-offs and the Copa Sudamericana 2008. That season, the team was frequently compared with Manchester United. Ñublense's record attendance was on 21 May 2008, when 18,487 fans attended the second leg of the semi-finals of the Torneo de Apertura de 2008 against Colo-Colo at the Estadio Municipal de Concepción. Curicó Unido, Deportes Concepción, Universidad de Concepción and Universidad Católica are unofficial rivals of the team.

Deportivo Ñublense S.D.A.P () is a professional football team based in Chillán, Ñuble Province, Chile. The club was formed in 1916 under the name of Liceo Fútbol Club. They compete in Chile's Primera B league.

Deportivo Ñublense S.D.A.P ist ein chilenischer Fußballverein aus Chillán. Der 1916 gegründete Verein, der bis heute noch nie chilenischer Fußballmeister wurde, spielt derzeit in der Primera División und trägt seine Heimspiele im Estadio Nelson Oyarzún aus, das Platz bietet für 12.000 Zuschauer.