Background and early life.

Charles Granville Bruce was the youngest of the fourteen children of Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare (1815–1895) and Norah Napier (1827–1897). His father was born at Duffryn, Aberdare, attended Swansea Grammar School, and trained as a barrister. In the 1830s, coal was discovered beneath the family's land, and with the development of the industry they became rich. Henry Bruce was stipendiary magistrate for Merthyr Tydfil, 1847 to 1854, Liberal member of parliament for Merthyr Tydfil, 1852 to 1869, and Home Secretary in Gladstone's government, 1868 to 1873. He was created first Baron Aberdare, of Duffryn, in 1873. His mother was youngest daughter of General Sir William Francis Patrick Napier.  Bruce was educated at Harrow and Repton. His early life alternated between the 'pompous formality' of Queen's Gate, London, the family home in Aberdare, and a Scottish estate.  In Wales, his mentor was a local farmer and inn-keeper, who in his youth had worked as a hunter in California and British Columbia. He taught the young Bruce how to hunt, find his way around the local hills, and drink. One of Bruce’s most notable achievements was running down a “rough crew” of local poachers. Half a century later he was proud to list their names in his memoirs; "Bill the Butcher, Shoni Kick-O-Top, Billie Blaen Llechau, Dick Shon Edwards & Dai Brass-Knocker". Bruce and the local game-keepers chased one poacher to the narrow alleyways and courts of Georgetown. The poacher was only caught when a furious husband found him snoring in his wife’s bed and threw him out on the street. The gang were duly punished, but gained revenge by returning to Bruce’s house and stealing all the weapons from his father’s gun-room.  After leaving school, Bruce entered military college. He had huge physical strength, was an enthusiastic boxer and 300 yard runner, and in the 1880s represented England against France in an international running meeting.  In 1894 he married Finetta Madelina Julia Campbell, daughter of Sir Edward Campbell, 2nd Baronet

Career.

In 1888, Bruce joined the Indian Army and became a career soldier serving with the 5th Gurkha Rifles from 1889 to 1920, rising to the rank of Brigadier-General. As a young lieutenant he was posted to Abbotabad, a British hill station in the Panjab, where he developed a passion for the locality, wrestling and climbing. Bruce had an akhara (wrestling pit) dug near his residence, where he practised on most days. Both the British and the Rajahs wagered thousands of rupees on professional wrestling matches and took pride in having the strongest sides. In the 1910s, Bruce was patron of the wrestler Rahim Sulaniwala, who went on to become a renowned champion (Summers 2000).  Bruce took a special interest in his Gurkha soldiers and became fluent in Nepali. He introduced hill racing to his Gurkha regiment and in 1891 took his champion runner Pabir Thapa to Zermatt, in Switzerland, to learn ice-climbing. On the way there, the two stayed at Aberdare, where Thapa enjoyed “running down” poachers. Despite his poor English, he was very popular with the locals. He disappeared for the last three days of his visit and was found living it up with some coal miners in Tonypandy. Bruce went on to train the Gurkhas in mountain-warfare. In 1897 he equipped his troops on the Northern Frontier with shorts, and is widely credited with their introduction to the British Army.  Bruce’s climbing experience was impressive. He spent ten climbing seasons in the European Alps and took part in three of the earliest climbing expeditions to the Himalaya. In 1892, with a troop of Gurkha soldiers he accompanied Conway in his exploration of the Baltoro region of the Karakorum, visiting Muztagh Tower, Broad Peak and K2. In 1893 he was with Francis Younghusband on a mission to the Hindu Kush to bestow recognition on Nizam-uk-Mulk as Mehtar. He and Younghusband were probably the first to discuss mounting an expedition to climb Everest. In "Himalayan Wanderer", Bruce says that it was Younghusband's idea. Younghusband says that it was Bruce's. In 1895, Bruce joined Albert F. Mummery and Collie in their attempt on Nanga Parbat, but he had to leave early because his army leave was up. In 1906–1907, he and Longstaff took another troop of Gurkhas to the Nanda Devi group, visiting Dunagiri and Kanchenjunga, and climbing Trisul. In 1915, Bruce went to Gallipoli, in command of the 1st Battalion the 6th Gurkha Rifles. After two months in the front line he was severely wounded and was transferred back to India. He had perpetual good humour, enthusiasm, and love of alcohol, coupled with competence and shrewdness. He was a superb raconteur, and a fount of bawdy stories. Younghusband described him as "an extraordinary mixture of man and boy... you never know which of them you are talking to".  Between 1923 and 1925 Bruce was president of the Alpine Club. Because of his experience in the Himalaya he was appointed leader of the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition, the first attempt to summit Everest. He was skilful in bridging the cultural divide between Sahib and Sherpa, and had long advocated training Indians in mountain techniques, with a view to forming a body of porters and guides like those in the European Alps. He called his men porters rather than coolies. He was particularly liked by the local peoples, and for the 1922 expedition collected a cohort of local men, and enthused them with an esprit de corps. He later christened an elite group of high altitude porters the ""Tigers"." He was universally admired by the expedition team; George Mallory in particular, liked and trusted him. Bruce was wary of oxygen apparatus, nevertheless, George Finch and Geoffrey Bruce (Charles’s nephew) used oxygen to set a new altitude record of 27,300 feet on Everest, via the North Col.  Bruce was appointed leader of the next effort to summit Everest, the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition. Several stories of him survive the trip. On the trek to Tibet, two of his muleteers got drunk and bit a local Tibetan woman. As punishment he fined them, and made them carry the ""treasury"" (double the normal load carried) on a three-day march. Arthur Hinks, the rather mean-spirited secretary of the expedition committee seated in London, was exasperated by the official correspondence reaching London from the Himalayas.  Bruce contracted malaria while tiger shooting in India before the expedition, and had to be stretchered out of Tibet. Edward Felix Norton took on leadership, and would set a new height record of on the mountain, less than below the summit. Two days later Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappeared on their summit attempt, and it is still argued that they may have succeeded in completing Bruce's goal of having an expedition member reach the summit.  Bruce did not return to Everest. Between 1931 and 1936 he was Honorary Colonel of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles of the Indian Army. He died of a stroke in 1939.

Brigadier-General The Honourable Charles Granville Bruce, CB, MVO (7 April 1866 – 12 July 1939) was a Himalayan veteran and leader of the second and third British expeditions to Mount Everest in 1922 and 1924. He was given a special prize at the end of the first ever Winter Olympics in France for mountaineering as the leader of the British expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922.

Charles Granville Bruce, CB, MVO, (* 7. April 1866 in London; † 12. Juli 1939 ebenda) war ein Offizier der "British Indian Army" und Himalaya-Pionier. Unter anderem leitete er die britischen Mount-Everest-Expeditionen der Jahre 1922 und 1924.


Playing career.

Omark began his professional hockey career in his native Sweden playing for Luleå HF of the Elitserien. In the 2008–09 season, Omark led Luleå in scoring with 23 goals and 55 points, good for third in the league. Following that successful campaign, Omark played one season with Dynamo Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), scoring 20 goals and 36 points in 56 games. Omark became known as a "YouTube sensation" for his creative scoring attempts, which included a shootout goal where he flipped the puck over a sprawling Switzerland goaltender Marco Bührer in a March 2009 international exhibition, a between-the-legs goal in a game against Timrå IK and a behind-the-net, lacrosse-style attempt against Brynäs IF. Omark moved to North America for the 2010–11 season and, following his first training camp with the Oilers, during which he recorded three points in two exhibition matches, was assigned to the Oklahoma City Barons, the Oilers' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. Omark drew attention when he blamed the demotion on "politics". However, he had a successful start to the season, recording 13 goals and 26 points through his first 26 games with the Barons to lead the team in scoring. Five of those goals came in one game on 7 November 2010, when Omark scored five times against the Toronto Marlies and added another goal in a shootout to help the Barons to a 7–6 victory. Omark admitted that although he was initially angry with the demotion, he took it as a learning experience and an opportunity to prove himself, channeling his emotions to work at improving his game.  After injuries to Oilers forwards Aleš Hemský and Shawn Horcoff, Omark and fellow Barons teammate Ryan O'Marra were recalled on 8 December 2010. Omark made his NHL debut on 10 December against the Tampa Bay Lightning, a 4–3 shootout win for the Oilers in which he recorded an assist and scored the clinching shootout goal. His shootout goal drew widespread attention, as it featured a spin move at centre ice; Lightning forward Simon Gagné called it "too much" while Gagné's teammate Martin St. Louis described it as a "slap in the face". Oilers head coach Tom Renney defended Omark, telling those who did not like the move to "deal with it". Omark scored his first NHL goal on 16 December against Steve Mason of the Columbus Blue Jackets, also recording two assists in the 6–3 Oilers victory. By season's end, Omark had dressed for 51 games with the Oilers, recording five goals and 27 points. With the Oilers missing the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs, Omark returned to Oklahoma City and finished with 14 goals and 31 points in 28 games. He added one goal and three points in the Barons' first round playoff loss.  After going pointless in five games, and scratched for five, Omark was demoted to the minors.  As a restricted free agent and unable to cement a position within the Oilers, Omark left the Oilers and agreed to a one-year contract with Swiss club EV Zug on 29 August 2012. In the 2012–13 season, due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Zug was further strengthened by the presence of Henrik Zetterberg and Damien Brunner. Forming the top offensive line of the National League A, Omark remained with the club for the duration of the season, finishing with 69 points in 48 games to lead the league.  On 27 August 2013, off the back of his successful season in Switzerland, Omark returned to the Oilers organization, signing a one-year, two-way contract. On 19 December 2013, the Buffalo Sabres acquired Omark from the Oilers in exchange for a conditional sixth-round draft pick. On 7 February 2014, Omark was placed on waivers by the Sabres after scoring no goals and two assists in 13 games with the Sabres. He refused to report to the Rochester Americans, Buffalo's AHL affiliate, after clearing waivers, prompting the Sabres to terminate his contract and place him on unconditional waivers, which he cleared. After the incident, Omark indicated that he would return to Europe to continue his professional career. On 19 February, it was announced that Omark had re-joined his original club, Luleå HF, for the remainder of the season.  On March 26, 2020, Omark returned to the National League and joined Genève-Servette HC on a two-year deal worth CHF 2 million.

International play.

Omark has represented Sweden several times. He made his international debut with the junior team at the 2007 World Junior Championships in his native country, scoring five points in seven games to help Sweden to a fourth-place finish in the tournament. He made his senior international debut at the 2009 IIHF World Championship in Switzerland. Omark recorded ten points in nine games as Sweden captured the bronze medal. He again represented his country at the 2010 IIHF World Championship in Germany, and Sweden won another bronze medal with Omark recording four points.

Linus Karl Heimer Omark (born 5 February 1987) is a Swedish professional ice hockey left winger currently with Genève-Servette HC of the National League (NL). Omark has previously played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres and Edmonton Oilers. He was drafted into the NHL by the Edmonton Oilers in the fourth round, 97th overall, of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.

Linus Karl Heimer Omark (* 5. Februar 1987 in Övertorneå) ist ein schwedischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juni 2020 beim Genève-Servette HC in der Schweizer National League unter Vertrag steht und dort auf der Position des linken Flügelstürmers spielt.


Life.

Provenance and early years.

Gerhard Riege was born into a working-class family at Gräfenroda, a small town known throughout Germany for the production of garden gnomes, located along the Wilde Gera valley in the hills south of Erfurt. His father worked as an. As he matured, he showed a particular interest in Philosophy, History and Art history. He left school at fourteen and trained for work as a postman. Shortly after this, the telephone connections were cut and the trainee postman was given a telegram to take through to the forest. His orders were to deliver it by hand to a satellite concentration camp of the Buchenwald complex. While visiting the camp, he met a group of half-starved camp detainees, closely guarded by armed, smartly uniformed officers. He would later recall the encounter as a formative element of his later life. He became the "most-determined anti-fascist imaginable".  Roughly one year after his recruitment into the postal service, the war ended. After May 1945, the entire central portion of Germany was administered as the Soviet occupation zone (to be relaunched in October 1949 as the Soviet-sponsored German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Under the egalitarian precepts of the military administrators he was chosen to return to school in order to complete the Abitur, the schools' final exam leading to university-level education. He graduated from his "Aufbaugymnasium" (secondary school) at nearby Neudietendorf in 1949 and moved to the University of Jena, where he studied for a degree not in Philosophy or History, but in Jurisprudence.

Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena.

After passing the state law exams in 1953, he stayed on at the university faculty of Jurisprudence, employed as an assistant. His doctorate followed in 1957 in return for a dissertation on the representative system [of government] in Europe's people's democracies. He had already, in 1954, taken up a tutorial position, having thereby becoming the youngest don at the university giving tutorials in constitutional law. It was again at Jena that he received his habilitation in 1964, which opened the way to a life-long career in the universities sector. This time his dissertation concerned "East German citizenship". The next year he accepted the Jena university professorship in Public Law. Between 1974 and 1983 he also served as dean of the Social Sciences faculty.  On 23 January 1990 Riege was elected to the university rectorship. However, due to "procedural errors" the election was re-run, and this time Riege, deeply upset by the whole business, did not resubmit himself for election. The period was one of intensified political turmoil, and it would appear that the objections from those who had complained related to their identification of Riege as a "party official" of the country's ruling Socialist Unity Party. Sources are divided in their evaluation of the incident. Ironically, the previous time he had sought election as Jena's university rector it had been party pressure that had blocked his election.

Politics.

With the collapse of the Hitler government the ban on non-Nazi political parties lapsed and was lifted. The Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED) was formed in April 1946 through the contentious merger of the former Communist Party and Social Democratic Party. Although there are indications that the engineers of the merger intended that it should be implemented in all four occupied zones, it was only effected in the Soviet occupation zone. Driven by passionate anti-fascism and a determination that divisions on the political left should never again permit the emergence of a nationalist-populist government, Gerhard Riege was one of hundreds of thousands of Communists and others who promptly enrolled in the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, which over the next few years emerged as the ruling party in the National Front of the German Democratic Republic's single-party dictatorship, closely modelled on the Leninist model which the Ulbricht leadership team had studied in depth during their political exile in Moscow before 1945. Although a committed anti-fascist socialist, and therefore part of the political mainstream, there is no reason to believe that Gerhard Riege was a political activist during his student years, nor indeed during his time as a university teacher during the four decades following the founding of the state in October 1949. Sources indicate that at least by the standards of those times he was apolitical. For supporters and sympathisers, it is simply preposterous to believe that his academic success was in any way connected with Riege's party membership. Within academia, he was respected on account of his personal ability and integrity. He was able to present objectively based arguments through the power of his intellect. Those who agreed and those who disagreed with his point of view could join together in admiring the consistency of his intellectual positions, which were always philosophically aligned with the party's intellectual underpinnings, but which could "never" have been perceived as partisan or (even) intolerant. Admirers would recall not just his integrity and openness, but also his scrupulous politeness. Guido Henke, a former law student of Riege's who subsequently worked for him in a political capacity during the early 1990s, described him as "a fine person, one of those who would apologise three times to an interlocutor before lifting the receiver if the telephone rang [during a one-on-one meeting]".

Ministry for State Security.

Documents that surfaced after 1990 disclosed that in 1954 Gerhard Riege signed the a "declaration of obligation" statement in favour of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). This triggered the (already increasingly standardised) process whereby East German citizens enrolled as "Informeller Mitarbeiter" ("IM" / "Stasi informers"). Riege's senior position in a prestigious university gave him an unusual level of access to university teachers and other people of influence over current and future generations of opinion formers. For the security services, with their traditional mistrust of "intellectuals", he would have been a prime target, and his unswerving support of anti-fascist Socialism would have encouraged handlers to think him "reliable", even if there is no indication that he was much of a party activist - at least before 1990. The Ministry for State Security were meticulous and complete in their record keeping. In October 1990, directly after reunification, the government set up the Stasi Records Agency to organise and administer the surviving Stasi archives. The agency is generally identified in archives from the period as the Gauck Commission: Joachim Gauck was the Federal Commissioner who headed it up between 1991 and 2000. It is unsurprising that Gerhard Riege was among the first of those on whom Stasi records were identified, sorted and consulted.  Gerhard Riege was an active "IM" between 1954 and 1960. When invited to comment more than thirty years later, Riege pleaded forgetfulness. Given that professorial absent-mindedness was an aspect of Riege's personality that colleagues would have completely recognised, this was not a totally implausible explanation. However, when presented with more evidence, he recalled that he had agreed to help the Ministry officials as requested in 1954 because he had been trying to obtain an exit visa in order to undertake a research visit to the west: it had been explained to him that without helping the security services as requested, the privilege of foreign travel would never be his. After the Gauck commission had reviewed the relevant Stasi files, they concluded that the reports Riege furnished on colleagues were few in number and insubstantial in content. From the six years that he was an active "IM", there were only four surviving reports. Given that some Stasi files were hastily burned when East Germany collapsed, it is impossible to be sure that he only submitted four reports on "persons of interest to the authorities" over the six years between 1954 and 1960, but there is no evidence of Stasi efforts to retain his service or re-recruit him after 1960. According to at least one source, subsequently researched Stasi files disclosed that it was indeed on 3 March 1960 that Riege "refused further [Stasi] contact". No former academic colleagues or students have come forward since Riege's suicide claiming that they suffered state-sponsored injury "Zersetzung" on account of potentially sensitive information on them shared by Riege with Stasi handlers. As far as the availability of evidence allows, it is accordingly reasonable to endorse the conclusions of the Gauck commission that Riege's activity and impact as a registered Stasi informer were insubstantial ("unerheblich") and insignificance ("eher bedeutungslos").

The politician.

By the time, in November 1989, that the wall was breached by street protestors and it became clear that watching Soviet troops had received no instructions to preserve or restore the old political status quo, the German Democratic Republic faced more than mere financial bankruptcy. In the context of the dismal personal chemistry between Mikhail Gorbachev and Erich Honecker, and confronted by the winds of Glasnost blowing from, of all places, Moscow, the East German leadership experienced a rapid collapse in self-confidence which was reflected in the dissolution from within of the repressive apparatus that had been constructed over forty years by the Ministry for State Security. The ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) hastily rebranded itself for a more democratic future as the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS). (Re-engineering the party's inner soul would take a little longer.) SED loyalists, including Gerhard Riege, unhesitatingly signed their party membership over to the PDS. A general election was arranged for 18 March 1990. It would be the first (and last) East German general election in which the outcome had not been predetermined by the leaders of the ruling SED long before a single vote had been cast. For the "new" party there was an urgent need to field candidates who were competent and politically reliable, but who would not turn out to have been implicated in inhuman forms of political repression since 1949. The academic world was an obvious place to search for candidates, but most of the politically reliable were plainly unfamiliar with notions of multi-party democracy and had little credibility internationally. Gerhard Riege already had political experience as a former member of the Gera and he enjoyed a certain level of academic recognition outside East Germany. He accepted nomination as a PDS candidate for the general election. Under the western-style proportional representation system introduced for the election, his name was included on the party list for an electoral district corresponding approximately with the former (and after 1990 re-established) state of Thuringia. To the surprise of commentators, when the votes were counted, it became apparent that his name had been high enough up on the party list to secure his election as a member of the Volkskammer, East Germany's national parliament (which had hitherto been widely viewed by "voters" as a "rubber stamp" for decisions already taken elsewhere, within the Party Central Committee).  In the Bundestag Gerhard Riege tried to contribute to the creation of a new constitution for a newly united Germany. As a leading professor of constitutional law from the eastern half of the new state he was well qualified for the task. There had certainly been positive reactions from western constitutional experts in response to early drafts drawn up under his direction during 1989/90. However, the political power, backed by the economic muscle and the simple demographic differences between east and west meant that reunited Germany ended up with the constitutional arrangements of former West Germany. In the west there were certainly compromises made that involved adopting elements of the East German constitutional arrangements, notably in respect of abortion law, but from the perspective of the "new federal states", the state that emerged from German reunification was in most respects and enlarged version of what had been West Germany, with constitutional arrangements essentially those promulgated on 8 May 1949 in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. Surviving sources focus less on Riege's contribution to the German constitutional settlement after 1990, and more on the circumstances under which his Bundestag career came to an end in 1992.

A scapegoat?

After 1990 many East German politicians who were serious about building or sustaining a post-reunification political career hastened to condemn the dictatorship and the party they had previously served. That was not Gerhard Riege's approach. As an East German professor of constitutional law he had never eulogised the achievements of the former SED régime without qualification, and as a post-unification member of the Bundestag, he sustained a scholarly and essentially nuanced approach, generally avoiding gratuitous judgmentalism. Meanwhile, among the Bundestag members representing the (formerly western) centre-right CDU/CSU coalition, there were those who found themselves reluctant or unable to avoid a certain triumphalism. It is not entirely clear from sources precisely when suspicions on the political right that Gerhard Riege's disinclination unambiguously to condemn his (East German) socialist past meant that he "must have been" working for the hated Stasi were complemented and then supported up by emerging rumours, followed by initially imprecise reports, that the "Gauck Commission" had indeed found evidence in the Stasi archives that Riege had been an "IM" ("Stasi informer"). Throughout his relatively brief Bundestag career Gerhard Riege did, in any event, attract more criticism and gratuitous taunts than other PDS members from the more triumphalist (formerly western) assembly members.  On 13 March 1991 Riege delivered a speech to the Bundestag on behalf of the PDS concerning the government's budget proposals. It lasted seven minutes, and was notable not so much for its content, which was characteristically analytical and thoughtful, as for the bitter personal hostility with which it was greeted. The official record of it lists no fewer than 33 discernible heckles from and others from the right wing of the government coalition, and references further undiscernible interventions. Examples included the following: Riege was badly shaken up by the cumulative impact of the hysterical reactions of these CDU/CSU parliamentarians.

Final days.

Several sources on the matter which appeared only after Riege's death place emphasis on his temperamental unsuitability for national politics. For Riege, education and scholarship were the priority. "East Germany is a country where people read" was the proud boast of this Schubert-loving professor on behalf of his countrymen, apparently without quite acknowledging the price paid by some of those East German citizens less privileged than he. He was a sensitive legal scholar and not mentally equipped either to lock horns with parliamentary street-fighters or to find himself on the receiving end of the media hate-campaign to which he was already being subjected. In 1990, as a result of reunification, he had also, like others, undergone the rapid and permanent upending of basic socialist certainties. In that respect, as later became clear, Riege's ongoing state of shock and depression during his final two years of life reflected the experiences of millions of East Germans at the time. On Monday 10 February 1992, five days before his suicide, Riege confided to his parliamentary assistant, "I hope I'll get through this week!". It was the start of a week during which the "Gauck Commission" findings into his work for the Ministry For State Security (Stasi) during the 1950s were to be made available. If his memory of the Stasi relationship was truly as hazy as he had recently intimated to Bundestag comrades, he can have had little idea what the Gauck Commission findings would be. But he was terrified of the press reaction, of the unthinking "small-town" reactions of the people he came across in his daily life in and around the university, and indeed of the reactions of his own party colleagues who were in many cases, he sensed, already instinctively distancing themselves from him.  On the evening of 14 February 1992 Gerhard Riege drove to Erfurt to take part in a meeting with his regional party leadership. There was but a single item on the agenda: the Stasi. While comrades discussed Riege's "Stasi past" with him, across town the newspaper presses started running. In a piece of slightly more than thirty lines they reported that three of the PDS Bundestag members had been "IMs" ("Stasi informers"). The reports added that other PDS Bundestag members had not seen that as any reason to demonstrate suspicion of the three parliamentary comrades in question. Afterwards, media defenders were keen to stress the strictly factual nature of the press reports. There had been no malice, no hounding; merely execution of the duty of the press to report the facts. Nevertheless, when Riege left the party meeting later that Thursday evening, he was, in words repeated by more than one commentator, "a broken man".  Karin Keschuba, the regional party chairwoman and leader of the Erfurt meeting, later agreed that participants had "discussed between themselves", as they had at so many meetings before the rebranding and relaunch of the old SED. Neither Keschuba nor her fellow participants were keen to discuss the Erfurt meeting in much detail partly, according to one of them, out of respect for Riege's widow. But Keschuba did accept that, perhaps, the "human dimension of the problem" had, with the benefit of hindsight, been to some extent overlooked. Professor [Riege] had three times stressed that he had simply forgotten "the matter" [of his Stasi contacts]., the regional party deputy chair, who was also present, later shared his impression that "Riege sometimes seemed not to know what else to do. He seemed to me helpless... completely changed". Several sources indicate that by the end of the meeting, rightly or wrongly, Riege had simply concluded that, after backing and belonging to the party for more than forty years, he was now being "dumped" by party comrades.  Shortly before leaving home on the morning of Friday 15 February 1992, Gerhard Riege asked his wife, "What will Mangoldt think of me now?" ( was a law professor at the University of Tübingen and a long-standing friend.) He then drove to his vegetable allotment on the edge of town where a few hours later a neighbour found his body hanging by the neck from a tree. That afternoon the snow began to melt.

Afterwards.

Riege left behind a lengthy suicide letter addressed to his wife and three grown-up children. The letter was widely reported and selectively quoted over the next few days, along with reports of the savage exchanges to which Riege had been exposed since becoming a member of the Bundestag.  The suicide triggered consternation across the political spectrum. There was a widespread consensus that "Lessons must be learned" and not a little bitterness, especially from (former) East Germans, that Riege had been hounded to his death by (formerly West German) political opponents. For instance, the president of the Thuringia Landtag (state parliament), (CDU)) wrote in his telegram of condolence to Riege's widow that it was an absolute necessity to deal with the [East German] past with a greater sense of justice, and in ways that displayed humanity and political wisdom.

Personal.

Gerhard Riege was married with three children. His daughter Katharina is a biographer of.

Gerhard Riege (23 May 1930 - 15 February 1992) was a respected East German law professor. On 18 March 1990 East Germany held the first truly free election in that part of Germany since 1932. Riege had accepted nomination as a list candidate for the electoral district of Thuringia, and was elected to the East German Volkskammer ("national parliament"). On 3 October 1990 he was one of 144 nominated Volkskammer members who moved across to the following reunification. He was then elected to the Bundestag in the December general election later that year.

Gerhard Riege (* 23. Mai 1930 in Gräfenroda; † 15. Februar 1992 in Geunitz, Gemeinde Reinstädt) war ein deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler und Politiker (Kulturbund/PDS).


Career.

Early life and college.

Kandji was born in Senegal, raised in The Gambia, and came to the United States in 2003. He attended East Mecklenburg High School in Charlotte, North Carolina, where he was voted MVP in 2003 as the Men's All-State Team forward, and played college soccer at Georgia Military College, where he was selected in the All-Region team in 2004 and 2005, scoring 17 goals and providing six assists during the 2005 season.  During 2006, Kandji also impressed while playing for Atlanta Silverbacks U23's in the USL Premier Development League, scoring one goal and one assist in eight games.

Professional.

Kandji joined the senior Atlanta Silverbacks team in 2007. He made his first team debut 4 August 2007 against Charleston Battery. From then on, he began to establish himself as one of the top players of the USL. During the 2008 season Kandji appeared in 21 league matches for Atlanta, registering 11 goals and 5 assists. He was named to the USL-1 Weekly Best 11 on six occasions, despite playing just one game in the final six weeks of the season due to an ankle injury.  Kandji finished the 2008 season ranked third in points (27 points, 21 games), though he missed nearly a third of the season due to injury, travel restrictions, and a loan to New York Red Bulls. During his time with the Silverbacks, Kandji was the main feature of an ESPN Soccernet article highlighting some of the USL's tops stars.  On 15 September 2008, Kandji signed with New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer on loan through the end of the 2008 MLS season. This initial loan deal involved Red Bulls paying Atlanta Silverbacks a fee of $25,000. If the loan was a success, then another fee of $150,000 would be paid for Kandji, making the total amount paid $175,000. He made his MLS debut against Colorado Rapids on 27 September 2008, where he recorded an assist.  In November 2008, the Silverbacks announced that, due to financial reasons, they would be'sitting out' the 2009 season. This development would have made Kandji a free agent, allowing New York to pick him up on a free transfer instead of the $175,000 previously agreed. However, Silverbacks owner Boris Jerkunica transferred his rights to Carolina Railhawks, a team he had a small stake in.  New York purchased his rights and signed him on a one-year deal on 14 January 2009. Kandji quickly established himself as a key performer for New York. His performance on 5/8/09 in a 4–1 victory over San Jose Earthquakes, in which Kandji scored one goal and had two assists, led to him being named MLS player of the week. In his first full season with New York, Kandji appeared in 23 league matches scoring 4 goals and assisting on 5 others.  On 25 July 2010 Kandji scored a goal and assisted Dane Richards on another in a 2–1 pre-season victory over Manchester City. It was also rumoured that Greece's Skoda Xanthi was interested in signing Kandji.  On 14 September 2010, Kandji was traded to Colorado Rapids for Mehdi Ballouchy and an international roster spot.  Kandji played an integral role in scoring the winning goal for Colorado Rapids during the 2010 MLS Cup final. His shot on goal was deflected off a defender, and though classified as an own-goal, it was his shot that resulted in the scoring opportunity. Kandji was also injured on this play; he suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament. He underwent surgery to fix the torn ligament at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City with Doctor Riley Williams (head team physician for Kandji's former team, the New York Red Bulls).  Kandji was traded to Houston Dynamo on 8 February 2012 (to fill their void at the left wing position) in exchange for a conditional pick in the 2014 MLS SuperDraft. At year's end, Kandji declined a contract extension from Houston in pursuit of a European contract.  He signed with Kalloni of the Greek Second Division on 28 January 2013. In 19 appearances with the club, Kandji bagged six goals in 1477 minutes played. Not only did he contribute with goals, Kandji helped the club gain promotion to the first division and earn a spot in the Superleague Greece.  Although his club was promoted, Kandji announced he had changed clubs to Levadiakos F.C. of the Greek Super League (1st division) for the new Greek season 2013/2014. He signed a one-year contract.  In April 2014 Kandji signed a short-term contract with Finnish football club HJK Helsinki until August 2014 with an option to extend. On 12 April he scored a goal on his Veikkausliiga debut against KuPS. HJK qualified for the Europa League group stages 2014 with a 5-4 aggregate victory over SK Rapid Wien.  After spending a season in Saudi Arabia with Al-Faisaly, he rejoined HJK in July 2015 and said that it is "great to be back again".  On 5 May 2017, Kandji returned to the Finnish Veikkausliiga, signing with FC Inter Turku on a deal until the end of July, with an option for it to be extended until the end of the season.  In May 2018, Kandji joined FC Honka. He made his debute for Honka in an away game against RoPS on 3rd of May, and played an important role as he helped Honka grab their first win of the season by scoring a goal just five minutes after he came off the bench. He was then selected as the Veikkausliiga 'Player of the Month' for June and July 2018. In the end of August Kandji suffered a calf sprain and had to sit out a few games. That clearly made a difference to Kandji's game; in the last seven games he scored just twice. Eventually he went to claim the third spot in 'Most goals scored in Veikkausliiga 2018' with 16 scored goals. However, for FC Honka the season ended in a disappointing way, when Honka was left out of the top 3 by just the goal difference.  After the 2018 season in Espoo, Kandji agreed to sign with the Iranian Sanat Naft FC for the remaining three months of the season, which played in the Persian Gulf Pro League. He spent there just the time of 11 games, which from he played 6 of them. He scored two goals, but was left as a free agent in the end of May.  On 9 August 2019, Kandji made an expected return to Honka, when he agreed to a contract covering the remaining 2019 and the entire 2020 season.

International.

Kandji has not yet appeared for any national team. Both Senegal and The Gambia have offered Kandji an opportunity to play, but Kandji turned them down in hopes of one day playing for the United States.

Macoumba Kandji (born 2 August 1985 in Dakar) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays for FC Honka in the Veikkausliiga.

Macoumba „Mac“ Kandji (* 2. August 1985 in Dakar) ist ein senegalesischer Fußballspieler auf der Position eines Stürmers. Zurzeit spielt er für den finnischen Verein FC Honka in der höchsten Liga des Landes, der Veikkausliiga.


History.

Aue, whose origin is closely linked to the abbey of abbey of Zelle founded in 1173, was first mentioned as an independent church parish in 1286 and was looked after by Augustinian canons regular until the Reformation. The first church building, of which no details have been passed down, was located on the former church square, the "Kirchplatz" (the present "Neumarkt"), and was replaced by a new building between 1625 and 1628. On 4 August 1633 this building, together with a large part of the town, was destroyed in a raid by imperial troops. By 1636 the church had been temporarily rebuilt. In 1639 the new pulpit was consecrated and, in 1643, the new bells. In 1648 the church was given a new baptismal font as a present from a married couple from Auerhammer. In the following year the townsfolk of Aue donated a new altar table. Its first organ was installed around 1654. When the old St. Nicholas' Church fell into disrepair at the end of the 19th century and became too small for the rapidly growing population, the parish council decided to have a new church built and had the old building demolished in 1895. The area was grassed and planted with chestnut trees. A stone ball that had adorned the entrance of the old building, was placed on a stele and was given a place in the Luther Park, the former churchyard behind the new building.  After the parish of Aue had donated 27,500 marks (M) in 1885 for the new St. Nicholas' Church and after protracted negotiations, a site was chosen in 1889 that dominated all other buildings in the town. This proved to be difficult from an engineering perspective because the nature of the soil was partly rocky and partly sandy and there were old mineshafts and a gallery, part of an old mine, under the site.  The ceremonial laying of the foundation stone took place on 27 July 1891 with the participation of a large number of the population and, a year later, the "Hebefeier" was celebrated. On 4 December 1892 the three bells in B flat major, cast by G. A. Jauck in Leipzig and which weighed together 5,055 kg, were inaugurated. The bells from the old St. Nicholas' Church were exchanged for them in payment. After the interior had been completed the church was opened on 2 September 1893.

The Evangelical-Lutheran parish church of St. Nicholas () in Aue is a Neo-Gothic hall church of the Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony in the Saxon Ore Mountains and the tallest building in the town.

Die evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche St. Nicolai in Aue ist eine neugotische Hallenkirche im sächsischen Erzgebirge und das höchste Gebäude der Stadt Aue-Bad Schlema.


History.

Like Bornholm's other medieval churches, Sankt Ols was built in the 12th century. It was named after the revered King Olaf II of Norway who fell at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. In 1378, it was documented as "Ecclesia sancti Olaui" (Church of St Olaf). The church first belonged to the Archbishopric of Lund, then came under the Danish crown at the time of the Reformation. In the 19th century, it became fully independent.

Architecture.

The highest of Bornholm's four round churches, rising 13 metres from its base to the top of the conical roof, the church is built of local granite fieldstone with limestone door frames. Standing on a hilltop at a height of 112 metres above sealevel, it was built as a stronghold to defend the surrounding area. The openings in the wall on the upper storey were designed for shooting or throwing stones at the enemy. There was also a platform with a parapet which was used for defensive purposes. The church was also equipped with a hanging gallery, supported on beams projecting from the walls of the round tower.  The structure consists of a barrel vault and a central column bearing the upper floors. The height of the cylindrical nave, 13 metres, is almost exactly the same as that of Østerlars Church. There are small extensions from the nave into the small choir and tiny apse. The central column provides solid support for the first two storeys but is more slender in the loft where it bears the more recent roofing. The porch is probably medieval while the two buttresses to the west were added in 1825 to guard against collapse. The bell tower dates from the end of the 18th century. Restoration work was carried out in 2004 by Nils-Holger Larsen.

Interior.

During restoration work in 1911 and 1950–52, frescos were discovered in the nave and choir from at least three different periods, the oldest from the 14th century. They were however in very poor condition, especially in the nave. The early Renaissance pulpit dates from the first half of the 16th century. In the 18th century, it was decorated with paintings of the evangelists and angels. The fairly recent oak gallery is unpainted. The new organ was built by Axel Starup.

Bornholm's round churches.

Bornholm is known for its four round churches built in the 12th and 13th centuries The other round churches on Bornholm are Nyker Church, Nylars Church and Østerlars Church. They are all architecturally impressive buildings with a number of common features.

Sankt Ols Kirke (St Olaf's Church), also known as Olsker Church, is a 12th-century round church located in the village of Olsker, south of Allinge on the Danish island of Bornholm. Built in the Romanesque style and reaching three storeys high, it has from the beginning consisted of a round nave, a choir and an apse.

Die Sankt-Ols-Kirche () befindet sich in Olsker und ist eine von vier Rundkirchen auf der dänischen Insel Bornholm. Ihren Namen erhielt die Kirche nach dem norwegischen König Olaf dem Heiligen.


Biography.

Molina Campos was born in Buenos Aires. His first exhibition was at the Central Hall of the Argentine Rural Society, in 1926. Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, the President of Argentina at that time, named him art teacher of the "Colegio Nacional Avellaneda" after seeing the exhibition.  In 1930, the Alpargatas company, makers of espadrilles, under the supervision of engineer Luis Pastorino, commissioned 12 illustrations (using gouache technique) from him for their 1931 calendar. These were so successful that Molina Campos continued to provide the drawings for the next 12 years. In 1942 he exhibited at the Modern Art Museum of San Francisco, which following the exhibition toured the United States. In 1956 he had an exhibition at the Witcomb Gallery in Buenos Aires. In the late 1940s until the mid-1950s he was engaged as a creative artist consulting for the studio of his long-time friend Walt Disney. Together during their trips to Bariloche they worked on the creation of characters for the 1942 animated film, "Bambi". His contribution to the film can be recognized in the style of the animals and trees in the film that reproduces the wild life of Victoria Island on Nahuel Huapi Lake, in Argentina's Patagonia.  As an artistic consultant with the Disney studios he also contributed in the creation of inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. The most notable and successful of these were "Saludos Amigos" (1942), its sequel "The Three Caballeros" (1945), "Fun and Fancy Free" (1947) and in the original movie poster of "Alice in Wonderland" (1951).  In 1946 Molina Campos published "Vida Gaucha", a text book for Spanish students in the United States. In 1950 he won the "Clarín" Award - gold medal in the 5th. Argentine Artists Exhibition. He also worked as actor in the short "Pampa Mansa", screened in the 1956 Berlin International Film Festival which he attended as honored guest.  His latest exhibition was as a posthumous tribute in 1959.

Florencio Molina Campos (birth name, Florencio de los Ángeles Molina Campos, August 21, 1891 – November 16, 1959) was an Argentine illustrator and a painter known by his typical traditional scenes of the Pampa. His work represents gauchesco scenes with a bit of humor.

Florencio Molina Campos (* 21. August 1891 in Buenos Aires; † 16. November 1959 ebenda) war ein argentinischer Illustrator und Maler, der durch seine Darstellungen der Pampa bekannt war. Seine Werke zeigen humorvoll dargestellte Szenen aus dem Leben der Gauchos.


Bismarck's dogs.

Germans became able to own dogs freely as a result of the democratisation following the revolution of 1848. Keeping dogs became increasingly fashionable as the 19th century continued, and people in public life often did so as part of their image. Bismarck reportedly took a blonde Great Dane called Ariel with him when he entered the University of Göttingen in 1832. He continued to keep Great Danes throughout the rest of his life. His favourite was Sultan (shortened to 'Sultl' to avoid diplomatic repercussions with Turkey); on his deathbed he berated himself for not treating the dog better. Sultan was a gift from the Bavarian Count Holnstein. After Sultan's death on 26 October 1877, Bismarck could only be consoled by the gift of another Great Dane from Count Holnstein, Tyras. Tyras died on 18 January 1889; Emperor Wilhelm II gave Bismarck Tyras II for his birthday the following April 1. The dog died on 11 May 1896.  Bismarck also owned female Great Danes named Flora (nicknamed 'Flörchen'), who was Sultan's mate, and finally Rebecca (nicknamed Beckchen), who died in 1897. After receiving Tyras II from the emperor, Bismarck regretfully gave Tyras I's offspring, Cyrus, whom he had hand-reared, to his head forester. Bismarck's dogs were buried at his estate in Varzin, in Pomerania (now Warcino, Poland); the gravestones were rediscovered by students at the forestry institute that now occupies the manor.  Accounts of the dogs' temperament vary. Some historians have regarded Bismarck's choice of the largest available breed and his habit of having a dog with him, which would disconcert foreign diplomats, as calculated demonstrations of power. Former diplomat James Bryce, Viscount Bryce referred to the dog as "now and then growl[ing] and show[ing] its teeth in a threatening way", and diplomat and President of Japan Kijūrō Shidehara said in a speech that "the dog threatened to bite anyone who would provoke his master's displeasure." Robert K. Massie describes Tyras as "terrori[sing] the Chancellory staff" and writes that those who spoke with Bismarck were "advised to make no unusual gestures which Tiras might interpret as threatening." On the other hand Tyras was said by one contemporary to have "never been guilty of any such ill-mannered act before" his celebrated misbehaviour, and the English periodical "The Spectator" described him at the time as "a very quiet creature, with a most pacific reputation."

Public attention.

Bismarck's dogs came to the public's attention and began to be called 'Reichshund' after Tyras attacked the Russian chancellor, Alexander Gorchakov, at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In some accounts, he knocked him to the ground, according to Massie after he raised his arm to make a point, but according to "The Spectator" after he had stumbled and Bismarck had rushed to aid him. However, "Kladderadatsch" published a front-page poem describing him as having torn the envoy's trousers. Its title was "An den Reichshund" - "To the Dog of the Empire". The poem misidentifies the offending dog as Sultan, who had already died.  The term Reichshund came to be used for Great Danes or similar dogs in general. In Nancy Mitford's "Wigs on the Green" Eugenia's "enormous mastiff" is called the Reichshund "after Bismarck's dog".  Some of the statues of Bismarck in Germany depict him with a dog, for example Max Klein's statue of him in Grunewald, Berlin (1897; melted down during World War II and recreated by Harald Haacke in 1996), Adolf Lehnert's statue of him in the Johannapark in Leipzig with a dog for whom Tyras II served as model (1895; destroyed) and the statue of a young Bismarck by Norbert Pfretzschner erected by members of the student 'corps' on the Rudelsburg at Bad Kösen in 1896 (destroyed; recasting erected in 2006) depicts him with attributes of a corps member including a dog for whom Tyras I served as model. Late-19th century student corps members included keeping large dogs among their traditions.

Reichshund ("dog of the Empire") was an informal term used in Germany for "Reichskanzler" Otto von Bismarck's dogs and more generally for similar dogs, particularly Great Danes.

Als Reichshunde wurden die Doggen Otto von Bismarcks bezeichnet. Der Begriff "Reichshund" wurde zunächst im Zuge des Berliner Kongresses von 1878 geprägt, bei dem Reichskanzler Bismarck mit einer Dogge aufgetreten war, und war infolgedessen im Kaiserreich für diese Hunderasse inoffiziell geläufig.


Life and career.

Duncan was born at Ouelle on 30 June 1943. He completed his secondary and tertiary studies in France. He went to Lycée Montaigne in Bordeaux. He studied at the École des Hautes Etudes Commerciales in Lille and the École Supérieure de Commerce back in Bordeaux. He got a degree in business engineering from the Commercial Institute of Nancy.  In 1970 Duncan returned to Ivory Coast and began work with as a civil servant in the Ivorian Ministry of Economy and Finance. a few years later he worked for a time with the International Monetary Fund and then the Central Bank of West African States. He remained in this position until 1990 when he entered politicias.  Duncan served as Minister of Finance under Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara in the early 1990s. Following the death of President Félix Houphouët-Boigny on 7 December 1993, Ouattara lost a power struggle with Henri Konan Bédié for the presidency; Ouattara resigned and Duncan was appointed to succeed him as Prime Minister. He remained in charge of finance when he became prime minister. He said that he would continue Ouattara's economic policies of austerity and privatization.  Duncan served as prime minister for six years, until President Henri Konan Bédié was ousted in a military coup on 24 December 1999. At the time of the coup he fled to France but returned to Ivory Coast about a year later.  Duncan was named Minister of Foreign Affairs by President Alassane Ouattara on 1 June 2011. After more than a year in that post, he was appointed to replace Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio as Prime Minister on 21 November 2012. Like Ahoussou-Kouadio, Duncan is a member of the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire (PDCI), a party headed by Bédié and allied with President Ouattara's party, the Rally of the Republicans (RDR). The composition of his government was announced on 22 November 2012. Duncan, in addition to serving as Prime Minister, was also assigned the ministerial portfolio for finance and the economy. Meanwhile, Charles Koffi Diby, who had been Minister of Finance in the previous government, replaced Duncan as Minister of Foreign Affairs.  After Ouattara won re-election in October 2015, Duncan and his government resigned on 6 January 2016, but Ouattara immediately reappointed Duncan as Prime Minister.  In the December 2016 parliamentary election, Duncan was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of the RHDP ruling coalition in Grand-Bassam, receiving 87.46% of the vote. Following the election, Duncan submitted his "pro forma" resignation as prime minister on 9 January 2017. Ouattara then appointed Duncan as the Vice-President of Ivory Coast, a post created by the 2016 constitution, on 10 January; he also appointed Amadou Gon Coulibaly to succeed Duncan as prime minister on the same day. Duncan was officially sworn in on 16 January 2017.

Daniel Kablan Duncan (born 30 June 1944) is an Ivorian politician who has been Vice-President of Ivory Coast since January 2017. He previously served as Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from 11 December 1993 to 24 December 1999 and again from November 2012 to January 2017. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2011 to November 2012.

Daniel Kablan Duncan (* 30. Juni 1943) ist ein ivorischer Politiker. Er war vom 11. Dezember 1993 bis 24. Dezember 1999 und vom 21. November 2012 bis 10. Januar 2017 Premierminister seines Landes.


Route description.

I-280 begins at a directional T interchange with Interstate 80 on the northwestern outskirts of Davenport. U.S. Route 6 (US 6) and US 61 join I-280 from opposite directions of I-80 at the interchange. It heads south along the western edge of Davenport. At the Kimberly Road exit, US 6 splits off to the east. It continues south for, crossing Duck Creek, towards a diamond interchange with Scott County Road F65 (CR F65), which becomes Locust Street in Davenport.  Further south, I-280 passes the West Lake Park. South of West Lake Park, US 61 splits away from the interstate on its way towards Muscatine. In the other direction, U.S. Route 61 Business heads towards the Davenport riverfront. South of US 61, I-280 curves to the southeast towards the Mississippi River. It drops into the river valley and meets Iowa Highway 22 (Iowa 22). It continues southeast and crosses the river via the Sergeant John F. Baker, Jr. Bridge.  In Illinois, I-280 runs for. It runs southeast from the Baker Bridge to Milan, where it parallels the Rock River. I-280 joins with I-74 at the Quad Cities International Airport; this concurrency continues for 9.4 miles (15.1 km) before terminating at the I-74/I-80 interchange.  On the SE corner of the Quad Cities (in Illinois) I-280 heading East ends and becomes I-80 while I-80 heads South from Le Claire, Rapids City, and Port Byron. I-80 heading South becomes I-74 which (after going through the center of the Quad Cities hooks up with I-280. This exchange is called The Big X.

History.

Interstate 280 has been at the center of a few debates regarding its routing. In the early 1990s, the state of Illinois suggested, via AASHTO and ISTEA hearings, swapping the I-80 and I-280 designations around the Quad Cities. The plan would have also changed I-74 to I-174. This was challenged by the state of Iowa, and the idea was dropped.  One of the reasons Illinois pursued the matter was due to the configuration of the eastern terminus of I-280; as a simple cloverleaf interchange, through I-80 traffic (along the north and east branches) was required to exit on both directions. Thru I-74 traffic (along the west and south branches) is also required to exit on both directions. I-280 runs due west from the interchange.

Interstate 280 (I-280) is an auxiliary highway that makes up the western and southern portions of the beltway around the Quad Cities of Illinois and Iowa. The freeway starts at I-80 near Davenport, Iowa and ends at I-80 near Colona, Illinois; its eastern part runs concurrent with I-74 to return to I-80. I-280 forms the southern part of a circle around the Quad Cities as well as forming part of a bypass (along with I-80) for U.S. Highway 61 around Davenport. This road is long.

Die Interstate 280 (kurz I-280) ist ein Ost-West Interstate Highway in den westlichen und südlichen Bereichen um die Quad Cities von Illinois und Iowa. Sie beginnt an der Interstate 80 nähe Davenport und endet nach 43 Kilometern an der Interstate 80 nähe Colona.


Description.

The dwarf sawfish has a torpedo-shaped body that resembles that of a shark, and grows to a length of about. It has broad, triangular pectoral fins and large, upright dorsal fins. The first dorsal fin is located directly above, or slightly behind, the origins of the pelvic fins, and the caudal fin has a very small lower lobe. The snout is broad and flat and is elongated into a rostrum with around twenty pairs of rostral teeth. This fish is usually greenish-brown, or occasionally yellowish-brown, on its dorsal surface, and whitish underneath.

Distribution and habitat.

The dwarf sawfish is native to the western and central Indo-Pacific region and historically had a much wider range than it does now. Its present confirmed range is from the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, to the northern Pilbara region of Western Australia. A recorded sighting from the Canary Islands was probably of a different species. It typically inhabits inshore waters, estuaries, tidal mudflats and sometimes the lowest reaches of rivers.

Ecology.

This sawfish feeds mainly on fish, but also eats molluscs and crustaceans. The rostrum has large numbers of pores adapted for electroreception and is probably also used to manipulate prey. Its sensory input helps the fish move about in the muddy waters in which it often lives. Although they are sometimes found in deep water, most movements take place while the tide is either rising or falling, and movements during each tidal cycle may be up to. At high tide the fish tend to forage and rest among the mangroves.  Little is known of the breeding habits of the dwarf sawfish. The fish are ovoviviparous with the developing embryos feeding on the yolks of their eggs. It is not known how many young can be carried at one time nor how frequently the fish can breed, but the young are about long when they are born. Maximum longevity in this species is estimated to be forty-eight years.

Status.

The dwarf sawfish is protected in Australian waters, but elsewhere in the world, sawfishes are harvested for their meat, fins, rostrums and oil. The main threat facing the dwarf sawfish is being caught as bycatch in gillnets and trawl nets. That this is the cause of declining numbers is demonstrated by the fact that populations are declining fastest in heavily fished areas. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of this fish as "endangered". There is a need for education of fishermen about safe release practices and how to manage their fisheries. However, the threats are continuing, and there is no reason to believe that the population of dwarf sawfish is recovering from previous declines.

References.

5. (Sensory Systems in Sawfishes. 1. The Ampullae of Lorenzini) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barbara_Wueringer/publication/51559323_Sensory_systems_in_sawfishes._1._The_ampullae_of_Lorenzini/links/09e415091dacec5f51000000.pdf

The dwarf sawfish or Queensland sawfish, "Pristis clavata", is a sawfish of the family Pristidae, found in tropical Australia. This endangered species is the smallest species in its family.

Der Zwergsägerochen ("Pristis clavata") ist eine Art der Rochen. Die Fische leben vor der tropischen Küste Australiens im flachen Schelf und im Brackwasser.


Location.

The stadium is on the northern edge of the University of Florida campus touching University Avenue near the center of Gainesville. The stadium and its approach are bordered by West University Avenue on the north side, Gale Lemerand Drive (previously North–South Drive) on the west, and Stadium Road on the south. Just east of the stadium is the University of Florida Campus Historic District, which is the oldest portion of the campus and includes the Murphree Area student residence complex, the Florida Gymnasium, and Ustler Hall. Just west of the stadium across Gale Lemerand Drive is the Stephen C. O'Connell Center, which is the home arena for the Florida Gators men's basketball, women's basketball, gymnastics, volleyball, and swimming and diving teams. Just beyond the O'Connell Center are the football team's practice facilities and Alfred A. McKethan Stadium, home field of the Florida Gators baseball team. Prior to the 2015 Season, a new indoor practice facility was added just north of the baseball field and east of the grass practice fields.

One stadium, many names.

The name of the facility was simply "Florida Field" from its opening in 1930 until 1989, when the university renamed the stadium in honor of citrus magnate Ben Hill Griffin, Jr., an alumnus and major benefactor of the university and its sports programs. However, the playing surface remained "Florida Field", and the facility's full name was "Ben Hill Griffin Stadium at Florida Field" from 1990 until 2016.  On September 3, 2016, the playing surface was renamed in honor of former Florida quarterback and head coach Steve Spurrier. As UF athletic director Jeremy Foley explained, "Coach Spurrier did more than win a Heisman Trophy, a national championship, and a bunch of games. Coach Spurrier changed the culture of Florida Athletics." As a result, the facility's official name is now "Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium".  The facility may be best known as simply "The Swamp", a nickname which was coined by Spurrier in 1992. As he explained at the time, "A swamp is where Gators live. We feel comfortable there, but we hope our opponents feel tentative. A swamp is hot and sticky and can be dangerous. We feel like it's an appropriate nickname for our stadium." Both the nickname and the "only Gators get out alive" tagline added later by UF's sports marketing department quickly became popular and have been commonly used ever since.

Stadium history.

Earlier facilities.

From the establishment of the University of Florida in Gainesville in 1906 until the end of the 1910-1911 academic year, the university's football, baseball, and track teams competed at a municipal baseball park near the center of Gainesville and known simply as "The Baseball Park" or "The Ballpark".  The university built an on-campus field in the summer of 1911. A grove of pine trees along University Avenue was cleared and leveled, a single bank of low wooden bleachers were built, and University Athletic Field opened in time for the 1911 football season. Larger bleachers were installed by 1915, when the facility was rechristened "Fleming Field" in honor of former Florida governor Francis P. Fleming.  Even with the additional seating, Fleming Field was small (maximum capacity about 5000), so Florida played many "home" games against top opponents at larger venues across the state, usually Fairfield Stadium in Jacksonville or Plant Field in Tampa.

Florida Field.

Florida Football first earned national prominence in the 1920s, prompting incoming university president John J. Tigert to begin a drive to construct a new and larger stadium upon his arrival in 1928. With state funding unavailable at the cusp of the Great Depression, the semi-independent University of Florida Athletic Association was organized to raise funds and oversee the project. To expedite construction, Tigert and ten supporters of Florida's athletic program took out personal loans to cover the $118,000 required to build the planned 22,000-seat football stadium.

Construction.

Construction began on April 16, 1930 and immediately faced serious engineering and geotechnical obstacles related to natural groundwater and drainage. The stadium was built in a shallow ravine, with the lower 32 rows of the east, west, and north stands below the level of the surrounding land. When excavation reached the water table, water began to pour into the construction site from the north end, miring men, mules, and mule-drawn equipment in the resulting mud. The drainage challenge was ultimately resolved by the installation of massive underground culverts leading to Graham Pond, two blocks south of the stadium site. Problems solved, the construction team of 80 laborers and mules completed Florida Field in time for the November 8, 1930 homecoming game against Alabama, the dominant Southern Conference team of the day. Florida Field was rededicated in 1934 to the memory of Florida servicemen who died in World War I, and a plaque was placed on the outside wall behind the old north end zone as a memorial.

Expansions and renovations.

Over the years, Florida Field has undergone many renovations, almost always adding more seats. The original stadium—the lower half of the current facility—seated 21,769. The stadium was first expanded in 1949–1950 with the addition of 11,200 permanent seats to the west stands, which, together with temporary bleachers, almost doubled capacity to over 40,000. Lights were also added at the time, and the 1950 season kicked off with Florida Field's first night game, a 7-3 win over The Citadel. In 1965–1966, 10,000 more permanent seats were added to the east stands and larger bleachers were installed in the south endzone, bringing capacity to over 60,000. Construction of the double-deck south endzone in 1982 and the 1991 addition of the "Sunshine Seats" upper deck to the north endzone combined to bowl in the stadium and raise capacity to over 80,000. After a 2003 project greatly expanded club seating and added many luxury boxes, the Swamp had grown to become the largest football stadium in the state of Florida and the second largest sports facility overall behind only the Daytona International Speedway. The official seating capacity is 88,548, although the actual attendance regularly exceeds 90,000.  Before the 2008 season, the Heavener Football Complex opened on the southwest corner of Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium. The $28 million addition, which was funded entirely with private donations, is meant to be the "front door" of the football program and houses a museum highlighting Florida Football history along with offices, meeting space, a new weight room, and other facilities for the football program  Following the Florida's 2008 BCS Championship season, large Daktronics HD-16 video boards were installed atop the upper deck of both endzones. The screen in the south endzone is while the one in the north endzone is. These screens are used to display statistics, replays, advertisements etc.  After the 2011 season, an extensive renovation of the 1950s-era concourse under the west stands improved restrooms, lighting, concessions, and crowd circulation patterns and added flat-screen displays for fan viewing.  In September 2016, the school's University Athletic Association Board proposed a $100 million facilities upgrade, to include a $60 million stand-alone football facility for players. The stand-alone facility would include an updated locker room, 3-D hologram training environment, strength and conditioning center, hydrotherapy space, team meeting rooms, coaching offices and nutrition bar. The facility will be built by the engineering firm HOK. When the new facility is completed, some of the redundant space in Ben Hill Griffin Stadium will be repurposed for other uses. Before the 2017 season, new LED ribbon video boards were installed to display college football scores, advertisements, messages, and other visual information.

Future renovations.

Florida athletic director Scott Strickland and other athletic officials have discussed "upgrading the overall quality of the fan experience" at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium. This would include better technology for fans and the addition of more luxury areas and chair-back seating at the expense of reducing overall stadium capacity by several thousand. The university has not set a timeline for the work, but Strickland has said that he expects the project to be completed by around 2025.

Playing surface.

The playing surface of Florida Field has also changed over the years. It was natural grass until 1971, when Astroturf was installed and nicknamed "Doug's Rug" for then-coach Doug Dickey. The original artificial surface was replaced with an updated version in 1980, and it remained until 1990, when newly hired coach Steve Spurrier insisted it be removed and replaced with natural grass to help prevent player injury. In June 2012, the playing surface was completely torn out down to the substrate to improve drainage and install a Bermuda grass hybrid developed with assistance from the University of Florida's Turfgrass Science Team to better resist drought, disease, and damage.

Other home fields.

Florida has played the vast majority of their home contests at Florida Field since it opened in 1930. The most notable exception is the annual Florida-Georgia game, which has been held in Jacksonville since 1933 with the two teams alternating being the official home team. The only seasons in which UF and UGA did not meet in Jacksonville were 1994 and 1995, when the old Gator Bowl was being rebuilt as the venue now known as EverBank Field for the NFL's expansion Jacksonville Jaguars and the contest was held at Florida Field and Georgia's Sanford Stadium, respectively.  In years past, Florida would occasionally schedule a home game in Jacksonville, Tampa, or (less frequently) Miami and Orlando. But besides the annual meeting with Georgia, the Gators have not played a regular season home contest anywhere besides Florida Field since September 1980, when they defeated the California Golden Bears in old Tampa Stadium. Not coincidentally, this game was played the season prior to Florida Field's south endzone expansion, which made it the largest football stadium in Florida.

Home field advantage.

The Swamp has acquired a reputation for being a difficult place for opposing teams to play, and has regularly been ranked at or near the top of lists of top home field advantages and/or best game day experiences in college football.  One of the major reasons is the stadium's design. Originally built in a shallow sinkhole, the playing surface is below ground level. Expansions have enclosed the playing area on all sides with steep stands, and the fans are within a few feet of the action. This traps crowd noise inside the stadium, which results in sound levels on the field which have been measured at 115 decibels—just short of the threshold of pain.  The enclosed playing area also enhances the effects of Gainesville's warm and humid fall climate. Game-day temperatures at field level have been known to exceed 100 °F (37 °C), creating a swamp-like atmosphere. (This was the impetus for a University of Florida researcher, Robert Cade, to develop Gatorade as a way to combat dehydration.) Furthermore, during hot and sunny day games, Florida's sideline (on the stadium's west side) is in the shade provided by the press box, while the visiting team's sideline (on the stadium's east side) is exposed to the sun.  Florida fans are loyal (having sold out every home contest from 1979 until 2011) and loud, thus creating a tremendous home field advantage for the Gators. The size and exuberance of the home crowds, when combined with the stadium's close-in design of the seats, concentrates the fan noise at field level, making the Swamp one of the loudest stadiums in America. In 2019 Auburn coach Gus Malzahn after playing at Florida field said that the Swamp was louder than LSU’s Tiger Stadium, and amongst the top two loudest stadiums he’s ever been in. On 30 November 2019 in a game vs. Florida State, the decibel level in the swamp exceed that of NFL’s Seattle Seahawks CenturyLink field multiple times, which is amongst the loudest in the NFL.  Combined, these factors create an intimidating environment which can rattle and disrupt opposing teams, making it difficult to hear playcalls and execute assignments. Florida Field has been repeatedly ranked by various publications as being the toughest stadium in which to play for opposing teams.  Florida's performance at home illustrates this effect. In a 20-year span beginning in 1990 (when the north endzone expansion was completed), Florida posted a 113–13 overall home record, which was the best in the nation during that period. They were particularly dominant under Coach Steve Spurrier. They went undefeated at home from the time Spurrier arrived in 1990 until 1994, and lost only three SEC home games during Spurrier's 12 years in Gainesville.

Florida Field traditions.

Like many other college football venues, the Swamp has its own unique features and game day traditions:

Notable events.

The Florida Football team plays only six or seven home games per season. At most other times, Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium is open for students to jog around the concourse, run stadium steps, or just sit in the stands, although the actual playing surface is off limits to prevent turf damage. The university has occasionally held large commencement ceremonies in the stadium instead of having several small ceremonies next door in the O'Connell Center, though inclement weather sometimes interferes with the graduation events.  Florida Field occasionally hosts special events:

Gator Growl.

The Swamp was the long-time home of Gator Growl, a student-produced show and pep rally held the Friday night before the annual homecoming football game, until 2013. Originally a simple affair, Gator Growl has grown tremendously over the years. The program usually includes the introduction of the seniors on the football team by the head coach, live student skits, video skits (often with celebrity cameo appearances), a musical act, and a headlining comedian. Past headliners include such luminaries as Robin Williams, Dennis Miller, Jerry Seinfeld, Dave Chappelle, Bill Cosby, Billy Crystal, Dane Cook, Paula Poundstone, Wayne Brady, Rodney Dangerfield, George Burns, Bob Hope, and Sister Hazel.

High school football.

Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium has hosted the Florida High school football championships on over a dozen occasions.

College bowl games.

Florida Field has twice served as a temporary home for college bowl games when other Florida stadiums were undergoing renovations. In 1973, Florida Field hosted the Tangerine Bowl, which pitted the hometown Gators against the Miami Redskins while Orlando's Citrus Bowl was being rebuilt. The 1994 Gator Bowl between the Virginia Tech Hokies and Tennessee Volunteers was held in the Swamp while Jacksonville Municipal Stadium was being rebuilt for the National Football League's expansion Jacksonville Jaguars.

Concerts.

Florida Field was once a busy concert venue, with artists such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Elton John, The Eagles, and Jimmy Buffett among the performers who held concerts at the stadium. However, these events have been much less common in recent decades. Wary of damage to the turf or the facility, the university has chosen to reserve the stadium for sporting events and hold concerts in the nearby O'Connell Center arena. There were no concerts at The Swamp (other than performances as part of Gator Growl) between November 27, 1994, when The Rolling Stones played the stadium during their Voodoo Lounge Tour, until April 20, 2019, when Garth Brooks made a stop during his Stadium Tour.

References.

Notes Bibliography

Ben Hill Griffin Stadium (in full Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium), popularly known as "The Swamp", is the football stadium for the University of Florida's football team which is located on its Gainesville, Florida campus. The stadium was built in 1930 with a capacity of about 22,000, and has been expanded, renovated, and improved many times over the ensuing decades. Most of the football coach and administrative offices and the football team's training facilities have been under the south and west stands of Florida Field since the 1960s. In 2016, the University of Florida Athletic Association announced plans to build a $60 million stand-alone football facility which is scheduled to open in 2021.

Das Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium ist ein College-Football-Stadion auf dem Campus der University of Florida in der US-amerikanischen Stadt Gainesville im Bundesstaat Florida. Es dient als Austragungsort für die Heimspiele des College-Football-Teams der "Florida Gators". Die Anlage ist mit einer Kapazität von 88.548 Besuchern das zwölftgrößte Stadion im College Football. Es werden aber regelmäßig Zuschauerzahlen von über 90.000 erreicht.


Route description.

The freeway runs concurrently with I-271 for. I-271 and I-480 are the only two three-digit Interstates in the nation that run concurrently with each other for any distance. This is because I-80 was concurrent with I-271 until 1971, when I-80 was routed back on to the turnpike and replaced by I-480.  Due to the convergence of these high traffic roads traffic jams are common during peak times. They run concurrently through Bedford Heights, Bedford, and Oakwood in Cuyahoga County.  The Valley View Bridge, which is high and spans, carries I-480 across the Cuyahoga River valley.

History.

I-480 was conceived as a means of giving motorists a faster way of crossing Cleveland's southern borders and suburbs. The first segment of the route was partially concurrent with I-271, and constructed simultaneously with that highway in 1965. Planning for the route was largely finished by 1968, and construction began on its first mile began at the highway's interchange with I-77 in 1970.  The segment from Bedford west to Maple Heights opened in November 1976. The segment from Maple Heights west to Brooklyn Heights opened in January 1978.  Construction from west to east began as political controversies and engineering work were resolved on the highway's middle section. I-480 between I-80 and I-71 was completed in 1983.  The of the route north and northeast of Cleveland Hopkins International Airport proved the most difficult to plan due to existing high levels of traffic on Brookpark Road and the expansion requirements of the airport.  The final $115 million (equivalent to $ in ), segment linking the east and west ends of I-480 was finished in August 1987.

Interstate 480N.

The spur freeway connecting I-480 to I-271 and US 422 is officially designated as Interstate 480N, by the Ohio Department of Transportation. It is currently signed as I-480 on interchange signs, and is signed as I-480N on mile markers.

Interstate 480 (I-480) is a auxiliary Interstate Highway of I-80 that bypasses the city of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States. I-480 is one of 13 auxiliary Interstate Highways in the state. The western terminus of I-480 is an interchange with I-80 in North Ridgeville. Starting east through suburban Lorain County, I-480 enters Cuyahoga County. I-480 then approaches the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, which serves as the primary airport for the Greater Cleveland area. After traversing Brooklyn and crossing the Cuyahoga River on the Valley View Bridge, the highway continues east towards the communities of Bedford and Twinsburg toward its eastern terminus at I-80 in Streetsboro. On its route, I-480 crosses interstates I-71, I-77 and I-271. In 1998, the Governor of Ohio, George Voinovich, gave I-480 the additional name of the "Senator John Glenn Highway", in honor of the former NASA astronaut and a U.S. Senator from Ohio for 24 years.

Die Interstate 480 (kurz I-480) ist ein Interstate Highway, der eine Umgehungsstrecke für die Interstate 80 sowie den Ohio Turnpike zwischen North Ridgeville und Streetsboro auf einer Strecke von 67 Kilometern bildet.