Biography.

Mirsky was born in Russia on 19 December 1918 to a medical family, but his parents sent him to live with his aunt and uncle, a wool merchant in Germany, when he was eight. His uncle's family moved to Bradford, England in 1933, bringing Mirsky with them. He studied at Herne Bay High School and King's College, London, graduating in 1940. Because of the evacuation of London during the Blitz, students at King's College were moved to Bristol University, where Mirsky earned a master's degree. He took a short-term faculty position at Sheffield University in 1942, and then a similar position in Manchester; he returned to Sheffield in 1945, where (except for a term as visiting faculty at Bristol) he would stay for the rest of his career. He became a lecturer in 1947, earned a Ph.D. from Sheffield in 1949, became senior lecturer in 1958, reader in 1961, and was given a personal chair in 1971. He retired in September 1983, and died on 1 December 1983.  Mirsky was an editor of the "Journal of Linear Algebra and its Applications", the "Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications", and "Mathematical Spectrum".

Research.

Number theory.

Mirsky's early research concerned number theory. He was particularly interested in the "r"-free numbers, a generalization of the square-free integers consisting of the numbers not divisible by any "r"th power. These numbers are a superset of the prime numbers, and Mirsky proved theorems for them analogous to Vinogradov's theorem, Goldbach's conjecture, and the twin prime conjecture for prime numbers.  With Paul Erdős in 1952, Mirsky proved strong asymptotic bounds on the number of distinct values taken by the divisor function "d"("n") counting the number of divisors of the number "n". If "D"("n") denotes the number of distinct values of "d"("m") for "m" ≤ "n", then  The Mirsky–Newman theorem concerns partitions of the integers into arithmetic progressions, and states that any such partition must have two progressions with the same difference. That is, there cannot be a covering system that covers every integer exactly once and has distinct differences. This result is a special case of the Herzog–Schönheim conjecture in group theory; it was conjectured in 1950 by Paul Erdős and proved soon thereafter by Mirsky and Donald J. Newman. However, Mirsky and Newman never published their proof. The same proof was also found independently by Harold Davenport and Richard Rado.

Linear algebra.

In 1947, Mirsky was asked to teach a course in linear algebra. He soon after wrote a textbook on the subject, "An introduction to linear algebra" (Oxford University Press, 1955), as well as writing a number of research papers on the subject.  In his research, Mirsky provided necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of matrices of various types (real symmetric matrices, orthogonal matrices, Hermitian matrices, etc.) with specified diagonal elements and specified eigenvalues.  He obtained a tightening of the Birkhoff–von Neumann theorem with H. K. Farahat stating that every doubly stochastic matrix can be obtained as a convex combination of permutation matrices. In Mirsky's version of this theorem, he showed that at most formula_2 permutation matrices are needed to represent every formula_3 doubly stochastic matrix, and that some doubly stochastic matrices need this many permutation matrices. In modern polyhedral combinatorics, this result can be seen as a special case of Carathéodory's theorem applied to the Birkhoff polytope. He also worked with Hazel Perfect on the spectra of doubly stochastic matrices.

Combinatorics.

In the mid 1960s, Mirsky's research focus shifted again, to combinatorics, after using Hall's marriage theorem in connection with his work on doubly stochastic matrices. In this area, he wrote the textbook "Transversal Theory" (Academic Press, 1971), at the same time editing a festschrift for Richard Rado. He derived conditions for pairs of set families to have simultaneous transversals, closely related to later work on network flow problems. He also was one of the first to recognize the importance of transversal matroids, and he showed that transversal matroids can be represented using linear algebra over transcendental extensions of the rational numbers.  Mirsky's theorem, a dual version of Dilworth's theorem published by Mirsky in 1971, states that in any finite partially ordered set the size of the longest chain equals the smallest number of antichains into which the set may be partitioned. Although much easier to prove than Dilworth's theorem, it has many of the same consequences.

Leonid Mirsky (19 December 1918 Russia – 1 December 1983 Sheffield, England) was a Russian-British mathematician who worked in number theory, linear algebra, and combinatorics. Mirsky's theorem is named after him.

Leonid Mirsky oder Leon Mirsky (* 19. Dezember 1918; † 1. Dezember 1983 in Sheffield, England) war ein in Russland gebürtiger englischer Mathematiker und Hochschullehrer.


Geography.

Vilasantar is located in the south of the comarca of Betanzos. It is bordered to the north by the municipalities of Curtis and Oza-Cesuras; to the west by Mesía, to the east with Sobrado and to the south with Boimorto. Its surface is 59.2 km2.  It is situated in an area of medium altitude, with most of the municipality being between 400 and 500 meters above sea level. The Tambre river (which delimits the southern border with Boimorto), and its tributaries, including the Cabalar river and the Río das Gándaras river, are of great importance.

History.

Megaliths are preserved, such as the mámoas de Vilariño, the mámoa de Pedriño or the medorra de Fanegas, in the parish of San Vicenzo de Curtis. Castros such as those in Vilariño or As Corredoiras are preserved from the Castro culture.  Of the romanization there are remains of the Roman camp of Ciadella, the bigger of those discovered in Galicia, between the municipalities of Sobrado and Vilasantar.  In the Middle Ages, these lands belonged to the county of Présaras, which had its origin in the Roman praessurae, desert lands offered to settlers to be populated and cultivated. The area was strongly linked to the Sobrado Abbey and Monastery of Santa María de Mezonzo. This last one may have its origin in the Suevian era, because the church retains two capitals of the sixth or seventh centuries and appears in Latin documents as monastery of Mosontio. In the middle of the tenth century, Pedro de Mezonzo, who became the abbot of the convent and bishop of Compostela, joined him.  In the Modern Age there were numerous hidalgos in the municipality, as evidenced by several manor houses. Vilasantar was established as municipality in 1834. Its population grew until 1950, when it began to fall due to emigration.  It was an area of great activity during the Civil War and the postwar period. In 1938, the mayor of Vilasantar and neighbor of Présaras, Antonio Iglesias Corral, was executated in Miraz, Friol. In the years following the war, the Guerrilla Army of Galicia took some actions in the municipality, as well as the mythical Foucellas, who acted in the area and lived a time hidden in the house of his cousin in Ru, Vilasantar. In the parish of Mezonzo was born other guerrilla, Manolito Bello.

Economy.

The primary sector and the tertiary one have a predominant weight in the area, and in the secondary sector the manufacture of wooden board stands out, due to the presence of the Losán Group in the municipality.  During the first half of the 20th century, the textile industry was very important because of the La Arzuana factory in Présaras, founded by Luís Miranda and José Núñez de la Barca, and in which hundreds of people worked, most of them women.

Demography.

According to the National Institute of Statistics, the population of Vilasantar in 2017 was 1,241 inhabitants.  Evolution of the population in the last century:

Parishes.

The municipality is formed by the following seven parishes:

Vilasantar is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia. It belongs to the comarca of Betanzos.

Vilasantar ist ein Municipio in der autonomen Gemeinschaft Galicien in Spanien. Es gehört der Provinz A Coruña an. Im Jahr lebten Menschen in Vilasantar.


Goals of preon models.

Preon research is motivated by the desire to:

Background.

Before the Standard Model was developed in the 1970s (the key elements of the Standard Model known as quarks were proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964), physicists observed hundreds of different kinds of particles in particle accelerators. These were organized into relationships on their physical properties in a largely ad-hoc system of hierarchies, not entirely unlike the way taxonomy grouped animals based on their physical features. Not surprisingly, the huge number of particles was referred to as the "particle zoo".  The Standard Model, which is now the prevailing model of particle physics, dramatically simplified this picture by showing that most of the observed particles were mesons, which are combinations of two quarks, or baryons which are combinations of three quarks, plus a handful of other particles. The particles being seen in the ever-more-powerful accelerators were, according to the theory, typically nothing more than combinations of these quarks.

Comparisons of quarks, leptons, and bosons.

Within the Standard Model, there are several classes of particles. One of these, the quarks, has six types, of which there are three varieties in each (dubbed "colors", red, green, and blue, giving rise to quantum chromodynamics).  Additionally, there are six different types of what are known as leptons. Of these six leptons, there are three charged particles: the electron, muon, and tau. The neutrinos comprise the other three leptons, and for each neutrino there is a corresponding member from the other set of three leptons.  In the Standard Model, there are also bosons, including the photons; W, W, and Z bosons; gluons and the Higgs boson; and an open space left for the graviton. Almost all of these particles come in "left-handed" and "right-handed" versions (see " chirality"). The quarks, leptons, and W boson all have antiparticles with opposite electric charge.

Unresolved problems with the Standard Model.

The Standard Model also has a number of problems which have not been entirely solved. In particular, no successful theory of gravitation based on a particle theory has yet been proposed. Although the Model assumes the existence of a graviton, all attempts to produce a consistent theory based on them have failed.  Kalman observes that, according to the concept of atomism, fundamental building blocks of nature are indivisible bits of matter that are ungenerated and indestructible. Quarks are not truly indestructible, since some can decay into other quarks. Thus, on fundamental grounds, quarks are not themselves fundamental building blocks but must be composed of other, fundamental quantities—preons. Although the mass of each successive particle follows certain patterns, predictions of the rest mass of most particles cannot be made precisely, except for the masses of almost all baryons which have been recently described very well by the model of de Souza.  The Standard Model also has problems predicting the large scale structure of the universe. For instance, the SM generally predicts equal amounts of matter and antimatter in the universe. A number of attempts have been made to "fix" this through a variety of mechanisms, but to date none have won widespread support. Likewise, basic adaptations of the Model suggest the presence of proton decay, which has not yet been observed.

Motivation for preon models.

Several models have been proposed in an attempt to provide a more fundamental explanation of the results in experimental and theoretical particle physics, using names such as "parton" or "preon" for the hypothetical basic particle constituents.  Preon theory is motivated by a desire to replicate in particle physics the achievements of the periodic table in Chemistry, which reduced 94 naturally occurring elements to combinations of just three building-blocks (proton, neutron, electron). Likewise, the Standard Model later organized the "particle zoo" of hadrons by reducing several dozen particles to combinations at a more fundamental level of (at first) just three quarks, consequently reducing the huge number of arbitrary constants in mid-twentieth-century particle physics prior to the Standard Model and quantum chromodynamics.  However, the particular preon model discussed below has attracted comparatively little interest among the particle physics community to date, in part because no evidence has been obtained so far in collider experiments to show that the fermions of the Standard Model are composite.

Attempts.

A number of physicists have attempted to develop a theory of "pre-quarks" (from which the name "preon" derives) in an effort to justify theoretically the many parts of the Standard Model that are known only through experimental data. Other names which have been used for these proposed fundamental particles (or particles intermediate between the most fundamental particles and those observed in the Standard Model) include "prequarks", "subquarks", "maons", "alphons", "quinks", "rishons", "tweedles", "helons", "haplons", "Y-particles", and "primons". "Preon" is the leading name in the physics community.  Efforts to develop a substructure date at least as far back as 1974 with a paper by Pati and Salam in "Physical Review". Other attempts include a 1977 paper by Terazawa, Chikashige and Akama, similar, but independent, 1979 papers by Ne'eman, Harari, and Shupe, a 1981 paper by Fritzsch and Mandelbaum, and a 1992 book by D'Souza and Kalman. None of these have gained wide acceptance in the physics world. However, in a recent work de Souza has shown that his model describes well all weak decays of hadrons according to selection rules dictated by a quantum number derived from his compositeness model. In his model leptons are elementary particles and each quark is composed of two "primons", and thus, all quarks are described by four "primons". Therefore, there is no need for the Standard Model Higgs boson and each quark mass is derived from the interaction between each pair of "primons" by means of three Higgs-like bosons.  In his 1989 Nobel Prize acceptance lecture, Hans Dehmelt described a most fundamental elementary particle, with definable properties, which he called the "cosmon", as the likely end result of a long but finite chain of increasingly more elementary particles.

Composite Higgs.

Many preon models either do not account for the Higgs boson or rule it out, and propose that electro-weak symmetry is broken not by a scalar Higgs field but by composite preons. For example, Fredriksson preon theory does not need the Higgs boson, and explains the electro-weak breaking as the rearrangement of preons, rather than a Higgs-mediated field. In fact, the Fredriksson preon model and the de Souza model predict that the Standard Model Higgs boson does not exist.

Rishon model.

The "rishon model" (RM) is the earliest effort to develop a preon model to explain the phenomenon appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. It was first developed by Haim Harari and Michael A. Shupe (independently of each other), and later expanded by Harari and his then-student Nathan Seiberg.  The model has two kinds of fundamental particles called rishons (which means "primary" in Hebrew). They are T ("Third" since it has an electric charge of 1⁄3 "e", or Tohu which means "unformed") and V ("Vanishes", since it is electrically neutral, or Vohu which means "void"). All leptons and all flavours of quarks are three-rishon ordered triplets. These groups of three rishons have spin-1⁄2.  The Rishon model illustrates some of the typical efforts in the field. Many of the preon models theorize that the apparent imbalance of matter and antimatter in the universe is in fact illusory, with large quantities of preon-level antimatter confined within more complex structures.

Criticisms.

The mass paradox.

One preon model started as an internal paper at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) around 1994. The paper was written after an unexpected and inexplicable excess of jets with energies above 200 GeV were detected in the 1992–1993 running period. However, scattering experiments have shown that quarks and leptons are "pointlike" down to distance scales of less than 10 m (or of a proton diameter). The momentum uncertainty of a preon (of whatever mass) confined to a box of this size is about 200 GeV/c, 50,000 times larger than the rest mass of an up-quark and 400,000 times larger than the rest mass of an electron.  Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that formula_1 and thus anything confined to a box smaller than formula_2 would have a momentum uncertainty proportionally greater. Thus, the preon model proposed particles smaller than the elementary particles they make up, since the momentum uncertainty formula_3 should be greater than the particles themselves.  So the preon model represents a mass paradox: How could quarks or electrons be made of smaller particles that would have many orders of magnitude greater mass-energies arising from their enormous momenta? This paradox is resolved by postulating a large binding force between preons cancelling their mass-energies.

Conflicts with observed physics.

Preon models propose additional unobserved forces or dynamics to account for the observed properties of elementary particles, which may have implications in conflict with observation. For example, now that the LHC's observation of a Higgs boson is confirmed, the observation contradicts the predictions of many preon models that did not include it.  Preon theories require quarks and leptons to have a finite size. It is possible that the Large Hadron Collider will observe this after it is upgraded to higher energies.

In particle physics, preons are point particles, conceived of as sub-components of quarks, and leptons. The word was coined by Jogesh Pati and Abdus Salam, in 1974. Interest in preon models peaked in the 1980s but has slowed, as the Standard Model of particle physics continues to describe the physics, mostly successfully, and no direct experimental evidence for lepton and quark compositeness has been found.

Präonen (Englisch "Preons"; manchmal auch als Präquarks oder Subquarks bezeichnet) sind hypothetische punktförmige Teilchen in der Elementarteilchenphysik, die in Erweiterung der Quark-Struktur des Standardmodells als „Bausteine“ von Leptonen oder Quarks angesehen werden.


High school career.

Dorsey initially attended Ribét Academy in his freshman season. He then transferred to St. John Bosco High School, in Bellflower, California. In his sophomore season, he began to establish himself as a solid scorer, with a 17.0 points-per-game scoring average. He made a big impact afterwards, where, as a junior, he managed to help his team win the state championship, and was the star of the team, averaging 21.4 points per game, 6.0 rebounds, and 4.7 assists per game.  In his senior year, he decided to transfer to Maranatha, due to his desire to return to his hometown of Pasadena. He was a standout player there, where he dazzled with his scoring and athletic abilities. He averaged 34.0 points per game, to go along with 10.4 rebounds, 3.7 assists, and 1.9 steals per game.  Together with his second state championship win, he earned the 2015 Gatorade State Player of the Year for California award. He had many impressive games, like the one where he scored 52 points, in an 85–60 win. He was able to be efficient in every game, shown by the fact that he finished in double figures in scoring all 30 of his games played. Despite being considered the 23rd-best player of his age group, he was not selected to play in the McDonald's All-American Game. He initially committed to play college basketball at the University of Arizona, but he changed his mind, and then committed to Oregon, instead, on February 2, 2015.

College career.

Freshman year.

Dorsey played his first official game as an Oregon Duck, in the season opener against Jackson State, where Oregon won; and he was declared the MVP of the game, after scoring 20 points for his team, in an 80–52 win. Dorsey missed two games in the middle of the season, due to an injury, but he soon came back into form. He scored a career-high 25 points against rivals Oregon State, in a 91–81 win.  The Ducks won the Pac-12 regular season and 2016 Conference Tournament. In the tournament final against the University Of Utah, Dorsey's team, Oregon, dominated, and beat Utah by a score of 88–57. Oregon's 31-point margin of victory was the largest in the Pac-12 Championship game's history. Dorsey had a stellar performance, being the top scorer, with 23 points, and having also grabbed 9 rebounds. He was picked for the All-Tournament Team, and was the tournament's top scorer.  Oregon earned the top seed in the West region, and went as the number one team of their conference into March Madness. After the season, Dorsey was one out of 162 early-entry candidates that initially declared for the 2016 NBA draft. However, he ultimately withdrew before the draft withdrawal deadline.

Sophomore year.

Dorsey helped the Ducks to the finals of the Pac-12 conference tournament, and he was named to the All-Tournament Team. Later, in the NCAA tournament, Dorsey hit numerous shots down the stretch against the University of Rhode Island and the University of Michigan, to lead his team to the Final Four. Oregon was finally defeated by the eventual champions, the North Carolina Tar Heels.

Professional career.

Atlanta Hawks (2017–2019).

Dorsey was selected by the Atlanta Hawks, in the 2nd round of the 2017 NBA draft, with 41st overall pick of the draft. He then signed a 2-year contract with the Hawks. On November 12, 2017, Dorsey was sent by Atlanta to the Erie BayHawks, of the NBA G-League, on assignment.

Memphis Grizzlies (2019).

On February 7, 2019, Dorsey was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Shelvin Mack. He was assigned to the Memphis Hustle on February 8 and made his debut that evening. By the end of the 2018-19 season, Dorsey was regularly playing crunch-time minutes for the Grizzlies.

Maccabi Tel Aviv (2019–present).

On August 17, 2019, Dorsey joined Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the EuroLeague, signing a one-year deal with an option for another one. On November 1, 2019, Dorsey recorded a EuroLeague career-high 19 points, shooting 7-of-12 from the field, along with four rebounds, three assists and two steals in a 90–65 win over Olympiacos.

National team career.

Greek junior national team.

Dorsey was originally cut from a USA Basketball tryout camp for its Under-18 national team in 2014. The next year, before the 2015 FIBA Under-19 World Cup began, he was invited to Greece's Under-19 national team tryout camp. He turned out to be a vital addition to the team, as he went on to record 15.9 points and 5.0 rebounds per game, and also lead the team in minutes played. The Greek team went 5–2. After winning their first 5 games, they fell to the USA in a tight semifinal, and later lost in the bronze medal game to Turkey. He was voted onto the tournament's All-Tournament Team, despite his team not earning a spot on the medals podium.

Greek senior national team.

On June 6, 2016, Dorsey was named to the senior men's Greek national basketball team's 16-man preliminary training camp roster for the 2016 Turin FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament. He played with the senior team in 3 friendly games, however, he did not make the actual 12-man roster that would compete at the tournament. He played with Greece at the 2019 FIBA World Cup qualification.

Personal life.

Dorsey was born to an African-American father and a Greek mother. He acquired dual citizenship (full citizenship with both the United States and Greece) and a Greek passport, due to his mother's Greek background. Dorsey's mother was born to a Greek father, under the Greek surname Konstantinidou.

Tyler Quincy Dorsey (Greek: Τάιλερ Κουίνσι Ντόρσεϊ, "Tailer Kouinsy Dorsey") (born February 18, 1996) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the EuroLeague. At a height of 1.96 m (6'5") tall, he plays at the shooting guard position. After graduating from Maranatha High School, in Pasadena, California, he played college basketball for the Oregon Ducks. While at Oregon, he was nicknamed "Mr. March" for his clutch play during the NCAA tournament. He is also a member of the senior Greek national team.

Tyler Quincy Dorsey (, * 18. Februar 1996 in Pasadena, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanisch-griechischer Basketballspieler, der bei einer Körpergröße von 1,96 m vorwiegend auf den Positionen des Point Guards bzw. des Shooting Guards eingesetzt wird.


Plot.

During World War II, a three-year-old boy is found wandering alone in Germany. No family can be traced, and it is presumed that his parents and siblings have been casualties of war. The child is placed in an orphanage, from where he is subsequently adopted by a childless couple, whom he grows to love and accept as his parents. When the boy is 10 years old, his natural mother is found alive in Yugoslavia where she has survived the war as a refugee. She returns to Germany to claim her child, having lost her husband and two other children in the war. The film focuses on the moral dilemma of the situation: should the child remain with the adoptive parents who have given him a loving and happy home, or be returned to his natural mother who has lost everything else, and to what extent should the child's own wishes be taken into account? The case is finally referred to a three-man court, who will decide the child's future. As in the true story on which the film is based, he is returned to his biological mother.

Reception and awards.

"The Divided Heart" was a popular and critical success, being highly praised for its sensitivity, emotional impact and the even-handedness with which it dealt with its subject matter. While noting that the film's ending reportedly left many viewers feeling disappointed and let down, critics conceded that it would have been impossible for a storyline of this nature to reach a conclusion which pleased everyone. In a contemporary review in the "New York Times", noted critic Bosley Crowther wrote: "This is a bleak, heart-rending problem, as it is finely presented in this film with exceptionally sensitive understanding and scrupulous integrity. And the fact that it cannot be unraveled to the satisfaction of all...is simply an indication that a happy solution is beyond the power of a man as wise as Solomon—or even the author of the script—to hit upon."  "The Divided Heart" was nominated in six categories at the 1955 British Academy Film Awards and won three, with Mitchell being named "Best British Actress" and Borchers picking up the "Best Foreign Actress" award. Separate awards for British and foreign actresses were given between 1952 and 1967 (after which they were combined into one "Best Actress" award), and this was the only year in which both awards were won by actresses from the same film. The film also won the "UN Award". It also received nominations in the "Best Film" and "Best British Film" categories, and Whittingham was nominated for "Best British Screenplay". In the U.S., "The Divided Heart" was named among the top 5 foreign films at the 1955 National Board of Review Awards.

The Divided Heart is a black-and-white British film directed by Charles Crichton and released in 1954. The film is a drama, based on a true story of a child, whose father was a member of Slovenian Partisans executed by Nazis and whose mother was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, while little Ivan was, like other 300 babies and young children from Slovenia, whose parents were declared Banditen by Nazis, sent to Germany in a Nazi program known as Lebensborn.

Das geteilte Herz ist ein britisches Spielfilmdrama aus dem Jahre 1954 von Charles Crichton mit Cornell Borchers und Armin Dahlen in den Hauptrollen.


Tectonic setting.

The Pacific Plate is a major section of the Earth's crust, gradually expanding by the eruption of magma along the East Pacific Rise to the southeast. It is also being subducted far to the northwest into the Aleutian Trench. In California, the plate is sliding northwestward along a transform boundary, the San Andreas Fault, toward the subduction zone. At the same time, the North American Plate is moving southwestward relative to the Earth's core, but southeastward relative to the Pacific Plate, due to the latter's much faster northwestward motion. The westward component of the North American Plate's motion results in some compressive force along the San Andreas and its associated faults, thus helping lift the Pacific Coast Ranges and other parallel inland ranges to the west of the Central Valley, in this region most notably the Diablo Range. The Hayward Fault shares the same relative motions of the San Andreas. As with portions of other faults, a large extent of the Hayward Fault trace is formed from a narrow complex zone of deformation which can span hundreds of feet in width.  The transform boundary defined by the San Andreas Fault is not perfectly straight, and the stresses between the Pacific and North American Plates are diffused over a wide region of the West, extending as far as the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The Hayward Fault is one of the secondary faults in this diffuse zone, along with the Calaveras Fault to the east and the San Gregorio Fault, west of the San Andreas.  The complete fault zone, including the Rodgers Creek fault, is divided by seismologists into three segments – Rodgers Creek, Northern Hayward, and Southern Hayward. It is expected that these segments may fail singly or in adjacent pairs, creating earthquakes of varying magnitude. The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) in concert with other government agencies has sponsored the analysis of local conditions and the preparation of maps indicative of the destructive potential of these earthquakes. The various ABAG maps shown below represent some of the more likely possible combinations.  While there are indications that a substantial earthquake on a nearby parallel fault can release stress and so also decrease the near-term probability of an earthquake, the opposite appears to be true concerning sequential segments. A release on a major segment can substantially increase the likelihood of an earthquake on an adjacent fault segment, increasing the likelihood of two major regional earthquakes within a period of a few months.

Earthquakes.

The largest quake on the Hayward Fault in "recorded" history occurred in 1868, with an estimated magnitude of 7.0. It occurred on the southern segment of the fault, receiving its name (some decades later) from the nascent town of Hayward where it was determined the quake's epicenter was located. However, the 1868 quake caused much damage throughout the then sparsely settled Bay Area, including the city of San Francisco. In fact, the 1868 event became known as the "Great San Francisco earthquake" until the larger tremor in 1906.  Many seismologists believe that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which occurred on the San Andreas fault, reduced the stress on many faults in the Bay Area including the Hayward fault, creating an "earthquake shadow": a quiescent period following a major earthquake. Since the 1906 San Andreas event there have been no moderately strong earthquakes on the Hayward fault as were

Probability of future activity.

United States Geological Survey (USGS) scientists state that a major earthquake occurring on the zone is "increasingly likely". When the next major earthquake occurs on the fault, damage will be catastrophic. More than 1.5 trillion U.S. dollars in property exists in the affected area, and more than 165 billion US dollars in damage would likely result if the 1868 earthquake were to reoccur. Since the fault runs through heavily populated areas, more than 5 million would be affected directly. Water could be cut off to 2.4 million people living in California's San Francisco Bay Area.  For the thirty years following 2014, the probability of there being one or more magnitude 6.7+ earthquakes on the Hayward Fault during that time frame was estimated at 14.3 percent. This is compared to 6.4 percent for the San Andreas Fault, which can have larger earthquakes but is farther away from a significant portion of the urbanized parts of the Bay Area. Earlier (January 2008) assessments suggest that the Hayward, Rodgers Creek, and Calaveras faults may be more likely to fail in the next few decades than previously thought.  The 140th anniversary of the 1868 event was in 2008, and the average time between the last five major events is also averaged at 140 years. Recent estimates of the damage potential of a major Hayward Fault earthquake by a professional risk management firm indicate the potential for huge economic losses, of which only

Fault effects.

Fault creep.

The surface of the fault is creeping at less than 0.5 cm (0.2 in) per year in the regions of concern. Extreme southern regions of the fault are creeping more quickly, perhaps sufficiently to prevent fault rupture there, but mostly the creep is insufficient to relieve the accumulating forces

Earthquake shaking.

The magnitude of an earthquake, as indicated on a seismic scale, is roughly proportional to the length of the rupture, while the ground motion in the region surrounding the fault is highly dependent upon the local soil conditions, somewhat upon the distance and relationship to the progression of the fault rupture, and (as recently recognized in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake) reflected energy from deep discontinuities in the Earth's structure. The area affected by an earthquake is also dependent upon the density and uniformity of the soils surrounding the fault.

Bayside soil conditions.

The Hayward fault is considered to be particularly dangerous due to the poor soil conditions in the alluvial plain that drops from the East Bay Hills to the eastern shoreline of San Francisco Bay. At the lower elevations near the bay the soil is mostly water saturated mud and sand, placed in the early 20th century as fill in marsh areas. This soil tends to amplify the effects of an earthquake and so producing significantly greater ground motion. Additionally, the soil itself can fail, turning into a liquid mud from the agitation, a mud unable to support buildings erected upon once-firm soil. This region is also covered with dense low-rise urban development, most of which was built soon after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and long before even moderately earthquake resistant construction practices had

Landslides.

There are many small active landslides and evidence of numerous large archaic landslides in the Berkeley Hills. Such areas may be stable only under present conditions. There is the possibility that a large earthquake could trigger very large earth flows, particularly if the soils are seasonally saturated with water, possibly rendering extensive areas unbuildable. (See the Virtual tour – Google Earth Flyover below.)

Potentially impacted structures and features.

Many structures near the bay shore on either side would probably be severely affected by either a major Hayward Fault rupture or a nearby San Andreas Fault rupture. Severe effects were seen in both Oakland and northern San Francisco from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, even though this event was not extremely large and was centered a significant distance away in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Most of the severe effects of that event were due to poorly responding soil conditions and design deficiencies in large structures. Only a portion of the structural deficiencies in the larger area have been addressed, and the surface motion effects of a large event are likely to be far more severe than seen in the Loma Prieta event.

Freeways and overcrossings.

Many modifications have been made to freeway structures to reduce life hazards during seismic events. Significant adverse conditions remain which can cause disruption with possible long-term effects upon critical traffic infrastructure despite these modifications.  Warren Freeway portion of Highway 13  In its northern extent, the Hayward Fault lies directly beneath the portion of Highway 13 (the "Warren Freeway") that is south of its intersection with Highway 24 and north of its terminal connection with Interstate 580 (the "MacArthur Freeway"). In this rift valley there are a number of elevated street crossings in the Montclair District that cross the fault.  Highway 24  State Highway 24, connecting Oakland to Orinda, Lafayette, and Walnut Creek through the Caldecott Tunnel, is composed of extensive earth fill at the location where the fault is crossed. An earthquake may cause minor landsliding on some slopes of the freeway, and the plastic movement of the fill would likely disrupt the pavement if the movement here of the surface displacement is substantial, possibly presenting a hazard to motorists and shutting down the highway for a while. More extensive disruption and greater hazard could be caused by the failure of elevated structures, both

San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge.

The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused a failure of a single section of the upper deck of the eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, which closed the bridge for 30

Railroads.

Parallel to the Eastshore Freeway and inland only two blocks is a four-track railroad route used for general freight traffic, including that generated by the Port of Oakland (Union Pacific and BNSF railroads) and by Amtrak passenger traffic to the Pacific Northwest and eastward through Reno and Salt Lake City.

Bay Area Rapid Transit.

In addition to extensive modifications to over crossings and elevated structures, largely to prevent dismantling due to shaking or destruction by soil failure, several other unique system feature require special treatment.  Transbay tube  BART trains travel between San Francisco and Oakland through an underwater tube structure. The tube is composed of welded plate steel segments. Each oval outer section carries two inner train tubes of circular cross section and a central rectangular access and rescue tunnel, with the void between elements filled with concrete.

Refineries.

Of primary concern with respect to the Hayward Fault is the huge Chevron Richmond Refinery in Richmond. Although founded on better ground than most of the shoreline, this refinery has extensive crude oil and finished product docks and pipelines extending into the bay, which could produce catastrophic spills into the bay, with the potential

Fuel pipelines.

Gasoline is continuously shipped under pressure from Richmond and Martinez area refineries through Kinder Morgan Energy Partners pipelines which run under heavily populated East Bay urban areas to tank terminals near San Jose Airport in North San Jose. Aviation fuels are piped from these same refineries to the Oakland Airport. A number of spills have previously occurred due to landslides and such spill and related toxic and flammable material release may be prevalent in a major seismic event. A November

Bay Area water supplies.

East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD) supplies water to 800,000 East Bay customers who live west of the Berkeley Hills. Prior to the adoption and implementation of a $200 million seismic improvement project all of the water for these customers went through one vulnerable tunnel that crosses the Hayward Fault near the Caldecott Tunnel. As part of this project, that tunnel – the Claremont Tunnel – was seismically retrofitted. Additionally, EBMUD created a second route to bring water to these west-of-the-hills customers through the Southern Loop Bypass near Castro Valley. The Southern Loop was completed in

Lake Temescal.

The fault continues north under the eastern margin of Lake Temescal and its dam,

University of California, Berkeley.

Many of the structures at the UC Berkeley academic campus have been self-rated as having "poor" earthquake performance. Numerous chemical, radiological, and biohazardous materials are present (in relatively small quantities) on campus and on the associated Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in the hills above the university. However, the University has undertaken an extensive retrofitting project over the past decade to systematically retrofit all academic buildings on Campus to withstand a significant earthquake.  Memorial Stadium  Further north the fault passes under the lengthwise midline of the football field of California Memorial Stadium at the University of California, Berkeley. Fault creep since 1923 offset the original walls at the north and south ends 13 inches (33 cm).  Extensive upgrades

Electrical and communication system disruption.

Affected areas are likely to be without electrical power for an extensive period. This in turn can make fuel supplies for vehicles and emergency generators unavailable locally and impact both domestic water, industrial water, sewage plants, and drainage pumping. Due to the extensive use of

Cities affected.

Some of the cities in the eastern bay shore and south bay region near this fault include Richmond, El Cerrito, Berkeley, Albany, Emeryville, Kensington, Oakland, Piedmont, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, Castro Valley, Hayward, Union City, Fremont, Newark, Milpitas, Niles, and portions of San Jose.  Similar dangerous soil conditions and insufficiently resistant buildings are also on the southern, western and northern boundaries of San Francisco and San Pablo bays and would also be severely affected by a major earthquake on the Hayward fault. As that portion includes the

Retrofits for survivability.

It is primarily the likelihood of a severe earthquake on the Hayward or San Andreas faults that has spurred a substantial effort to retrofit and sometimes replace large structures at risk, particularly the eastern and western spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, the San Francisco and Oakland city halls, and numerous elevated rail, road, and pedestrian structures and overpasses. Much work remains to be done in the region and progress is being hampered by budget

Further information.

Virtual tour.

The Google Earth website, in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, has prepared a virtual helicopter tour of the

Special exhibit.

Fremont Earthquake Exhibit: "The Hayward Fault Exposed"  This geotourism exhibit (April through October 2006, now closed) featured a 12- to deep pit exposing the Hayward Fault, which could be viewed "face

In popular culture.

The Tom Wolfe novel "A Man in Full" features a fictional major earthquake on the Hayward Fault as a deus ex machina method (freeing a major character from prison) and plot development point.  The James Bond movie "A View to a

References.

Sources

The Hayward Fault Zone is a geologic fault zone capable of generating destructive earthquakes. This fault is about long, situated mainly along the western base of the hills on the east side of San Francisco Bay. It runs through densely populated areas, including Richmond, El Cerrito, Berkeley, Oakland, San Leandro, Castro Valley, Hayward, Union City, Fremont, and San Jose.

Die Hayward-Verwerfungszone ist eine geologische Transformstörung mit dem Potential zu Erdbeben von erheblichem Ausmaß und Zerstörung. Die Verwerfung ist ca. 119 km lang und liegt in erster Linie entlang der westlichen Basis der Hügel auf der Ostseite der Bucht von San Francisco. Sie durchläuft dicht besiedelte Gebiete beginnend in der Nähe Richmond im Norden, weiter Richtung Süden über El Cerrito, Berkeley, Oakland, San Leandro, Hayward, Union City, Fremont und bis San Jose.


History.

John J. Coit, an experienced locomotive driver, built the track of miniature railway together with his friends at cost of $1,200. He had previously worked as a master machinist at the Johnson Machine Works. Due to being physically handicapped he focused on a very user friendly design of his locomotives.  In the night from 21 to 22 August 1903 the whole roadbed, rails and ties of the Long Beach and Asbury Park Railway were washed away by the highest tide, which had been recorded until then. With the experience gained, John Coit did not rebuild the track at this location, but built the Eastlake Park Scenic Railway (opened on 19 May 1904) and the Venice Miniature Railway (opened on 4 July 1905) with the slightly larger gauge of.

Locomotive.

The 4-6-0 ten-wheeler steam locomotive of this railway was constructed by H. M. Leach of the Central Iron Works under Coit's supervision. It required four months for the five men who worked on it to complete the locomotive. The combined length of the locomotive and the tender was. The height was from the top of the rail to the top of the stack.  The weight of the locomotive was spread over six driving wheels with a diameter of and four smaller leading wheels in a bogie. The Vanderbilt type boiler had a maximum pressure of. It had 73 pieces of diameter flues, which were long. The complete train was equipped with a Westinghouse straight air brake.

The Long Beach and Asbury Park Railway was a profitable but short-lived miniature railway with the unusual gauge of, which operated from 1902 until 21 August 1903 at Long Beach in California.

Die Long Beach and Asbury Park Railway war eine profitable Parkeisenbahn mit der Spurweite von 141⁄2 Zoll (368 mm), die von 1902 bis 21. August 1903 in Long Beach bei Los Angeles in Kalifornien in Betrieb war.


Biography.

Personal life.

Rosemary Jansz was born on 7 December 1932 in Panadura, British Ceylon, now Sri Lanka. Her parents, Barbara "Allan" and Cyril Jansz, were Dutch-Portuguese settlers who owned several private schools. Rogers lived among many servants and was sheltered from much of the outside world. She began writing at age eight, and throughout her teens penned many romantic epics in the style of her favorite writers, Sir Walter Scott, Alexandre Dumas, père, and Rafael Sabatini. She was the first woman in her family to work outside the home as a feature writer for a Ceylon newspaper.  After spending three years at the University of Ceylon, Rogers became a reporter, and soon married Summa Navaratnam, a Ceylonese rugby player and track star (who played for Ceylon against the 1950 British Lions and who was known as "the fastest man in Asia"). Following a separation from her husband, Rogers moved with their two daughters, Rosanne and Sharon, to London in 1960.  In Europe, she met Leroy Rogers from the United States. They married in his home town, St. Louis, Missouri and she moved her family to California, where they had two sons, Michael and Adam. The second marriage ended after eight years, and Rogers was left to support herself and four children on her salary as a typist for the Solano County Parks Department. The following year, in 1969, her parents came to live with Rogers. In Solano County, she met Shirlee Busbee, and Rosemary became her friend and mentor.  Her third marriage, in September 1984, was to poet Christopher Kadison, 20 years her junior. It was a short-lived union.  Rogers now makes her home in California, where she continues to write.  Rosemary Rogers died on November 12, 2019 at her home in Monterey, California. She was 86 years old.

Writing career.

Every night for a year, Rogers worked to perfect a manuscript that she had written as a child, rewriting it 24 times. When her teenage daughter found the manuscript in a drawer, she encouraged her mother to send the manuscript to Avon which quickly purchased the novel. That novel, "Sweet Savage Love", skyrocketed to the top of bestseller lists, and became one of the most popular historical romances of all time. Her second novel, "Dark Fires", sold two million copies in its first three months of release.  Her first three novels sold a combined 10 million copies. The fourth, "Wicked Loving Lies" sold 3 million copies in its first month of publication.  Rosemary Rogers was one of the first romance authors to extend her scenes into the bedroom. Her novels are often full of violence, and the heroines are usually raped several times, sometimes by the heroes, and sometimes by other men. Her heroines travel to exotic locations and meet important people. In many cases, one or both of the protagonists follows a "riches-to-rags-to-riches" storyline.  Her novel "Love Play" (1981) features in the Hindi film "Khiladi" (1992).

Rosemary Rogers, née Jansz (born 7 December 1932 in Panadura, British Ceylon, now Sri Lanka) is a British-American best-selling author of historical romance novels. Her first book, "Sweet Savage Love", was published in 1974. She was the second romance author, after Kathleen Woodiwiss, to have her novels published in trade paperback format. Both writers found their initial success working with editor Nancy Coffey who was then with Avon Books. Rogers is considered to be one of the founders of the modern historical romance, and many of today's writers cite her writing as one of their biggest influences. She lives in California.

Rosemary Rogers (* 7. Dezember 1932 in Panadura, Ceylon, heute Sri Lanka, als "Rosemary Jansz"; † 12. November 2019 in Monterey, Kalifornien) war eine amerikanische Schriftstellerin. Nach Kathleen E. Woodiwiss war sie in den 1970er Jahren die zweite Autorin, deren Liebesromane direkt im billigen Taschenbuchformat vermarktet wurden. Ihr Werk wird der Trivialliteratur zugeordnet; die meisten ihrer frühen Arbeiten sind klassische Bodice-Ripper-Romane.


Family.

Elisabeth's father Prince Frederick was the eldest son of Prince Charles of Prussia, who in turn was a younger son of Frederick William III of Prussia. Elisabeth's mother Maria Anna was a daughter of Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt and Princess Frederica Wilhelmina of Prussia.  Her siblings included Marie, Princess of Saxe-Altenburg, Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught and Strathearn, and Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia. Through her sister Louise Margaret, Elisabeth Anna was an aunt of Margaret, Crown Princess of Sweden, and consequently was related to both the British and Swedish royal families.  Elisabeth Anna was a godmother to Princess Patricia of Connaught, who was another one of her nieces.

Marriage.

On 18 February 1878, Elisabeth Anna married Frederick Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg. It was a double wedding, in which Princess Charlotte of Prussia (daughter of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Prussia) married Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen on the same day as Elisabeth Anna in Berlin. The marriages were the first such occasions performed since Prussia had become the German Empire in 1870. Due to this increased status, the weddings were attended by many important personages, including King Leopold II of Belgium and his wife Queen Marie Henriette. The Prince of Wales also attended, as one of the brides (Charlotte) was his niece. Frederick Augustus was said to be pleased with his beautiful and charming bride, and their marriage was a harmonious one.  Elisabeth Anna and her husband had two daughters:  Elisabeth died on 28 August 1895, before he succeeded as Grand Duke. Before her death, her husband had been building a new residential palace; once she died, Frederick named the new building the Elisabeth-Anna-Palais in her honor. Her husband later married Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, daughter of Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg.

Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia (8 February 1857 – 28 August 1895) was a German princess. She was the second child of Prince Frederick Charles of Prussia and Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau. The Elisabeth-Anna-Palais was named in her honor after her early death in 1895.

Elisabeth Anna von Preußen (* 8. Februar 1857 in Potsdam; † 28. August 1895 in Fulda) war ein Mitglied des Hauses Hohenzollern und durch Heirat Erbgroßherzogin von Oldenburg (1878–1895).


The Village.

The village of Kirkcowan is on the road to Wigtown, and situated between the Rivers Tarff and Bladnoch.  Because the village is situated on the main Stranraer to Carlisle bus route, and between the two rivers, it attracts many fishermen, hikers and also cyclists since it is on the Machars Yellow cycle route.  The church, erected in 1829, under the patronage of the Agnew family, is a substantial structure with a tower. A congregation of Seceders assembled for public worship in an old barn.  Kirkcowan Village has a Post Office; Nursery and Primary School; a village hall, garage/petrol station (Kirkcowan Service station), pub/hotel(Craighlaw Arms) and a photography studio run by wedding and portrait photographer Dan Baillie.  Kirkcowan also has a growing Beavers, Cubs and Scouts Troop, with a multitude of beautiful places to venture, trails to follow and areas to explore.

Places of interest.

Glendarroch Loch, situated in the vicinity of the village of Kirkcowan and easily accessible from the A75 Euroroute, is one of the region's coarse fishing gems. The loch is a small, gin clear estate loch which holds a large head of roach, rudd and perch. Carp have been stocked in recent years and are regularly caught whilst tench and bream up to 3lb are also present.  Loch Maberry Castle Crannog. A fortified island surrounded by the remains of a massive drystone wall, 1.8m to 2.1m thick and about 2.1m high, enclosing an area approx 34.1m by 25.9m which has been subdivided and contains buildings all except the largest being of dry-stone. Entrances on east and west and the island has been connected by causeway to both the loch shore and the island to the north, which shows evidence of having been surrounded at the water's edge by a low wall of large boulders occasionally set on end. A causeway from the south-western end of this island links with that between the southern island and the shore.  The River Bladnoch rises at Loch Maberry in the parish of Kirkcowan, through which it runs south to Polbae.  On its journey south it is joined by Reoch Burn as it passes through Carseriggan Moor.  Continuing its journey it passes Isle-na-Gower and becomes a border between the afforested land at Hopeless Howe and the Ring of Barfad.  Shortly after this it is met and joined by Black Burn. At this point the river is bordered on its east side by Barnley Plantation.  Crossing the River Bladnoch at the stepping stones is a single-track road which links Mark of Shennanton with Little Eldrig.  Shortly after this point the river widens briefly at Broad Wheel. Continuing on its journey southwards it is next forded by Shennanton Bridge where the A75 crosses it.  Next we come to Linn Wood and the waterfall at Linn of Barhoise. The word "linn" refers to the pool rather than the waterfall. (see photo)  The river then moves on past Barhoise Farm to Barhoise Mill.  In 1684, according to Symson, this area had a salmon fishery with nets on both the Bladnoch and the Tarf.  At the Mill of Barhoise, the Laird of Craichlaw had fishing rights. Barhoise Mill is a T-shaped two storey construction of granite, whinstone and slate, which is falling into a dilapidated state. The mill was driven by a wheel which was situated at the side of the building. Of this wheel only the wooden axle remains. The datestone above the door reads 1827, but this mill is most certainly a reconstruction of a much earlier one, perhaps connected with the Old Place of Glaisnick, a one-time nearby residence of the powerful Gordon family of Craichlaw. The main road from Kirkcowan to Wigtown and from Kirkcowan to Minnigaff via Glaisnick crossed the river just south of this mill. There are still stepping stones at the fording place east of Ring Farm.  Eldrig Fell, Wood Cairn. a large circular cairn 18m. in diameter and 2.2m. high.  Near Shennanton there is a cairn marked on OS mapping, shown in the centre of the photo in front of the tall trees (see photo).  Boreland Mote or Motte is on OS mapping and sits at the side of the B733. It is about 20 feet high and 100-120feet around the base (see photo).  Mindork or Mondork Castle, Wood Hill. Thomas M'Dowall was born c.1500 at Mondork Castle. map c.1782 map  Woodhill (Cairn opposite side of road to Mindork Castle?) archaeological site.

History.

William Gordon, had charters of parts of the barony of Craichlaw, in the parish of Kirkcowan and county of Wigtown, 17 September 1500 and 28 January 1506-7; one of the lands of Larglegastell and Markleif, 10 January 1515-16; and another of the lands of Auchingilbert, 4 August 1515. He married Janet Baillie, and was ancestor of the Gordons of Craighlaw.  The railway station of the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway closed in 1965.  A mill was erected in 1822 for the manufacture of woollen cloths, blankets, plaidings, flannels, and plain and pilot cloths, for the dyeing and dressing of which the soft water of the Tarff was well adapted.

Listed Buildings.

List of listed buildings in Kirkcowan, Dumfries and Galloway

Kirkcowan is an area about 15 miles in length, and from nearly two to nearly seven miles in breadth, comprising 30,580 acres, of which 7000 are arable, 300 woodland and plantations, and the remainder meadow, pasture in Machars, in the historical county of Wigtownshire, in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, with the village of Kirkcowan, bounded on the east by the river Bladnoch, on the west by the river Tarff, and is 6 miles W. by S.W. from Newton Stewart.

Kirkcowan ist eine Ortschaft in der schottischen Council Area Dumfries and Galloway beziehungsweise der traditionellen Grafschaft Wigtownshire. Sie liegt rund elf Kilometer südwestlich von Newton Stewart am linken Ufer des Tarf Water am Nordrand der Halbinsel The Machars.


Ideology.

The JMB's aim is to replace the government of Bangladesh with an Islamic state based on Sharia Law. It has explicitly stated on more than one occasion that it opposes the political system of Bangladesh and ostensibly seeks to "build a society based on the Islamic model laid out in Holy Quran and Hadith." The organisation follows the ideals of the Taliban of Afghanistan. Its chief has been quoted as stating that "our model includes many leaders and scholars of Islam. But we will take as much (ideology) from the Taliban as we need." It opposes democracy as being in violation of Sharia or Islamic law.  It also opposes socialism and its avowed objective is to neutralize left-wing extremists, especially cadres of the Purbo Banglar Communist Party (PBCP). JMB also is opposed to cultural functions, cinema halls, shrines and NGOs. In another leaflet it said, "We don't want Taguti (non-Islamic) law, let Qur’anic law be introduced. Laws framed by humans cannot persist and only the laws of Allah shall prevail."  They have claimed responsibility for several violent attacks and bombings. JMB's communiqués reveal a Salafist doctrine that is common across international radical Islamist organisations. A 2005 leaflet proclaimed: We are the soldiers of Allah. We have taken up arms for the implementation of Allah's law the way the Prophet, Sahabis and heroic Mujahideen have implemented for centuries. If the government does not establish Islamic law in the country after this [third] warning and, rather, it goes to arrest any Muslim on charge of seeking Allah's laws or it resorts to repression on Alem-Ulema, the Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen [JMB] will go for counteraction, Insha Allah.  Several captured members of the group have claimed that their targets include traditional Bangladeshi cultural and non-government organisations such as BRAC, Proshika, and Grameen Bank. Leader Abdur Rahman is alleged to have taught JMB operatives that "it is not a sin to loot valuables of Grameen Bank, BRAC, Proshika, Asa and Caritas as they encourage women to shed the Burqa (veil)."

Activities.

On 20 May 2001, 25 petrol bombs and documents detailing the activities of the organisation were discovered and eight of its members were arrested in Parbatipur in Dinajpur district.  JMB is believed to have been involved in an explosion of seven bombs on 13 February 2003 at one of its hideouts. They had been preparing to use them in northern Bangladeshi towns during International Mother Language Day.  On 17 August 2005, 500 small bombs at 300 locations in 50 cities and towns across Bangladesh detonated within a space of 30 minutes. Dhaka International Airport, government buildings and major hotels were targeted. There were 50 minor injuries and only two fatalities - a child in Savar, near Dhaka, and a Rickshaw-puller in Chapai Nawabganj District - because of the small size of the bombs. Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh claimed responsibility for the bombings. Bombs later in the year were more deadly killing judges, lawyers, policemen and ordinary people.  JMB killed two judges in Jhalakathi in South Bangladesh on 14 November 2005.  The group has also threatened journalists, with more than 55 receiving death threats between September and December 2005.  Following an 8 December 2005 suicide bombing, Reuters reported the group threatened to kill women, including non-Muslims, who did not wear the hijab (veil).  In 2015 an ISKCON Hindu temple in Dinajpur was attacked by Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh terrorists in which atleast two people were injured.  In a 2016 attack on a cafe in Dhaka, the purpotrators were allegedly JMB members.

Network.

JMB allegedly received financial assistance from individual donors in Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Libya. Reports have claimed JMB received funding from international NGOs like Kuwait based Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage (RIHS) and Doulatul Kuwait, Saudi Arabia based Al Haramaine Islamic Institute and Rabita Al Alam Al Islami, Qatar Charitable Society and UAE-based Al Fuzaira and Khairul Ansar Al Khairia.  South Asian Terrorist Portal (SATP), "The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism" and Defenddemocracy.org state that Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh "appears" to be connected with putatively non-violent, legal Islamist group or groups in Bangladesh, Defenddemocracy speculating that Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh is a "proxy" established by the legal Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh party to "push the center of gravity of the political debate toward radical Islamism" and make Jamaat-e-Islami appear more centrist. According to SATP, "many members of the JMB and JMJB have invariably been found to be cadres of the Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS), student wing of the Jamaat-e-Islami, a partner in the ruling coalition" with the Bangladesh National Party "under Prime Minister Khaleda Zia" that came to power in 2001.

Sphere of influence.

Main areas of JMB operations were:

Leaders.

Since its foundation, the group was led by Maulana Abdur Rahman, a.k.a. Siddiqul Islam a.k.a. Bangla Bhai, and Shaykh Abdur Rahman. Six of their top men were captured by RAB security authorities in 2005. After being convicted at trial, on the evening of 29 March 2007, Abdur Rahman, Bangla Bhai, and four other leaders of the organisation were executed by hanging for the killing of two judges and for countrywide bombings in 2005.

Organisation.

The JMB reportedly has a three-tier organisation. The first tier of the outfit consists of activists called "Ehsar," who are recruited on a full-time basis and act at the behest of the higher echelons. The second tier, known as "Gayeri Ehsar", has over 100,000 part-time activists. The third tier involves those who indirectly co-operate with the JMJB. According to JMJB leaders, the whole country has been divided into nine organisational divisions.  Khulna, Barisal, Sylhet and Chittagong have an organisational divisional office each, while Dhaka has two divisional offices and Rajshahi three. The outfit also had committees in each village and, according to media reports, villagers were being forced to join the committees. If anybody refused, he was branded as a "collaborator" of the PBCP and taken to the JMJB "trial centre"

Criticism.

The group has been condemned by other Islamist organisations like the Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh. In 2014 spokesman Azizul Haque Islamabadi said:"There is prevailing a congenial and peaceful environment in Bangladesh. People are living in peace and in such a situation the announcement by Al Qaeda chief Zawahiri has made the people fearful and worried. Bangladesh had experienced earlier militant activities and terrorism by Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh and Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami. But they could not emerge successful and Al Qaeda would not come out successful in Bangladesh despite their announcement."

Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen ("Assembly of Mujahideen--Bangladesh", abbreviated: JMB; ) is an Islamic terrorist organisation operating in Bangladesh. It is also listed as a terror group by the UK. It was founded in April 1998 in Palampur in Dhaka division by Abdur Rahman and gained public prominence in 2001 when bombs and documents detailing the activities of the organisation were discovered in Parbatipur in Dinajpur district. The organisation was officially declared a terrorist organisation and banned by the government of Bangladesh in February 2005 after attacks on NGOs. But it struck back in mid-August when it detonated 500 small bombs at 300 locations throughout Bangladesh. The group re-organised and has committed several public murders in 2016 in northern Bangladesh as part of a wave of attacks on secularists.

Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB,, „Versammlung der Mudschahedin von Bangladesch“) ist eine islamistische Gruppierung in Bangladesch. Sie ist verantwortlich für zahlreiche Terroranschläge auf andersdenkende Muslime und Nichtmuslime. Die Organisation wurde 1998 gegründet und ist seit 2005 offiziell in Bangladesch verboten, jedoch weiter im Untergrund aktiv. Die Verbindungen und Abgrenzungen zu anderen islamistischen Terrororganisationen sind intransparent.


History.

Muzaffarpur's significance in Indian civilisation is due to its position between cultural and spiritual influences, and is a melting pot of Hindu and Islamic culture. Muzaffarpur has had prominent Indian political leaders, such as Rajendra Prasad, George Fernandes and J. B. Kripalani. The vernacular languages of the region are Maithili and Bajjika, as per the linguist George Grierson;, derived from the language of the Vedic Vrijji confederation.

Etymology.

The current city was established in 1875 during the British Raj for administrative convenience, by dividing the Tirhut district and was named after an "aumil", Muzaffar Khan; thus the city came to be known as "Muzaffarpur".

After Independence.

In 1972, the Sitamarhi and Vaishali districts were split off from Muzaffarpur.

Geography.

Muzaffarpur is located at. The city lies in a highly active seismic zone of India. In the disastrous earthquake on 15 January 1934, much of the town suffered severe damage and many lives were lost. It has an average elevation of 47 meters (154 feet). This saucer shaped, low-centered town lies on the great Indo-Gangetic plains of Bihar, over Himalayan silt and sand brought by the glacier-fed and rain-fed meandering rivers of the Himalayas.

Climate.

Muzaffarpur has humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under Köppen climate classification. The summer, between April and June, is extremely hot and humid (28/40 °C, 90% max.) and winter is pleasantly cool, around 06/20 °C. Rainfall in Muzaffarpur Town is comparatively less to the other parts of Bihar.

Economy.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Muzaffarpur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Lychee.

The lychee crop, which is available from May to June, is mainly cultivated in the districts of Muzaffarpur and surrounding districts. Cultivation of litchi covers approximately an area of about 25,800 hectares producing about 300,000 tonnes every year. Litchi are exported to big cities of India like Bombay, Kolkata, and even to other countries. India's share in the world litchi market amounts to less than 1%. The names of the litchi produced in Muzaffarpur are "Shahi" and "China". The fruits are known for excellent aroma and quality.  Bihar's contribution in the production of lychee in about 40 percent of lychee produced in India.  Bihar has emerged as a brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in the state. Vijay Mallya's group, United Breweries Group, is setting up a production unit to make litchi-flavoured wine, in Muzaffarpur in 2012. The company has leased litchi gardens.  Muzaffarpur based Prabhat Zarda Factory is one of the leading tobacco manufacturers of India.

Demographics.

 As of the 2011 India census,
 As by 2011 Census data there are total 275,233 Hindus whereas 74,680 Muslims and 1,352 Christians alongwith other small minorities.

Transport.

Railways.

Muzaffarpur Junction railway station is a main railway junction, with two suburban stations, Ram Dayalu Nagar and Narayanpur Anant (Sherpur). It is well connected to major cities of Bihar like Patna, Bhagalpur, Gaya, Chakia, motihari and Darbhanga. It also connects Muzaffarpur to many metropolitan cities in India like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.

Roads.

National Highway 57 (India) comes via Gorakhpur, Motihari, Chakia and crosses Muzaffarpur and National Highway 57 (India) goes to Darbhanga, Purnia. The East–West Corridor crosses Muzaffarpur thus connecting it to all the major towns and cities in India. National Highway 77 (India) starting from Hajipur passes through Muzaffarpur and connects Muzaffarpur to Sitamarhi. National Highway 28 (India) connects Muzaffarpur to Barauni, all 6 National Highways having junction there.

Muzaffarpur () is a city located in Muzaffarpur district in the Tirhut region of the Indian state of Bihar. It serves as the headquarters of the Tirhut division, the Muzaffarpur district and the Muzaffarpur Railway District. It is the fourth most populous city in Bihar.

Muzaffarpur () ist eine Stadt im indischen Bundesstaat Bihar. Muzaffarpur befindet sich in der nordindischen Ebene am rechten Flussufer des Burhi Gandak, eines linken Nebenflusses des Ganges. Sie bildet den Verwaltungssitz des gleichnamigen Distrikts. Muzaffarpur liegt 60 km nordnordöstlich von Patna. Muzaffarpur ist eine Municipal Corporation ("Nagar Nigam"). Die Stadt ist in 49 Wards gegliedert. Beim Zensus 2011 betrug die Einwohnerzahl knapp 355.000. Muzaffarpur liegt an der nationalen Fernstraße NH 22, die von Patna zur nepalesischen Grenze führt. Außerdem verbindet die nationale Fernstraße NH 27 Muzaffarpur mit dem 50 km weiter östlich gelegenen Darbhanga.


Life and work.

Born in Thuringia, Franz Köcher spent most of his scientific career in Berlin. He is primarily known for his magnum opus "Babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen" (BAM). After finishing high school in Gera in 1936, Köcher did his undergraduate work in Ancient History, Near Eastern Philology (Orientalische Philologie) and Philosophy at the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität of Jena. His studies were interrupted by his conscription into the Wehrmacht from October 1938 until the end of World War II. During this time he did manage to attend one semester in the winter of 1941/42 at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University zu Berlin. After being taken as a prisoner of war by the US Army, he was released after a few weeks and worked as a teacher's assistant, until the University reopened in 1946 and Köcher was able to resume his studies. It was at this time that his teacher Erich Ebeling started to have a decisive impact on Köcher's scientific work.  Ebeling was Köcher’s doctoral advisor for his doctorate, which was awarded in Assyriology, Near Eastern Philology (Orientalische Philologie) and Philosophy in March 1949. The subject of his dissertation was "Incantations against the demoness Lamaštu" (Beschwörungen gegen die Dämonin Lamaštu). From May 1949 on, Köcher first worked as a research assistant and later, beginning in October 1952, as a research associate at the Institute for Oriental Studies (Institut für Orientforschung) of the Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Due to the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, he was forced to abandon his work, since he lived in West Berlin and the Akademie was in the east. Because of his relentless work in the years prior to these events, Köcher had already laid the foundations of his afore mentioned magnum opus. His talent for making hand copies of cuneiform tables quickly became apparent when he assisted Erich Ebeling with his volume "Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Assur" in 1953. Köcher was introduced to cuneiform medicine through, among others, the work on Ebeling's "Keilschrifttexte zur assyrisch-babylonischen Drogen- und Pflanzenheilkunde" in 1955, which was mostly focused on the pharmacological series URU AN.NA. He kept working on the series even long after his retirement.  Thanks to a scholarship awarded to him by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, he was able to continue his work on cuneiform medical texts from December 1961 onwards. In May 1963 Köcher became a research associate at the Institute for the History of Medicine (Institut für Geschichte der Medizin) at the Freie Universität Berlin, where he would spend the remaining nineteen years of his career. After Köcher's habilitation in January 1967, he was granted the venia legendi by the Freie Universität. Until his retirement in March 1983, he was a very active and dedicated teacher who had significant influence on many young physicians, historians and assyriologists alike.  His magnum opus, "Die Babylonisch-Assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen (BAM), was of paramount importance for Köcher throughout his entire career and is until today among the most important publications for the study of ancient Near Eastern medicine. Volumes 1 and 2 were published in 1963, volume 3 in 1964, volume 4 in 1971 and the volume 5 and in the year 1980. Volumes 7 and 8 are the work of Markham J. Geller and were published in 2005 and 2015 respectively.

Franz Köcher (27 December 1916 in Auma – 18 November 2002 in Berlin) was an influential Assyriologist and medical historian.

Franz Köcher (* 27. Dezember 1916 in Auma; † 18. November 2002 in Berlin) war ein deutscher Altorientalist und Medizinhistoriker.


Creation and adoption.

In October 2015, FIBA attempted to take back control of Europe's top-tier club competition, by proposing a new competition, featuring 16 teams playing in a round-robin format, and granting eight guaranteed spots to different clubs. When the top European clubs decided to maintain the same competition format, keeping the organization within Euroleague Basketball, FIBA announced the launch of a new European basketball club competition, with qualification based on sporting merit.

Format.

Tournament.

The tournament proper begins with a regular season of 32 teams, divided into four groups. Seeding is used in the draw for this stage, and teams from the same country may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group in home and away games, in a round-robin format. The top four teams from each group then progress to the play-offs. The fifth and sixth-placed teams can choose to enter the FIBA Europe Cup playoffs in the same season.  The regular season is played from October to January, and the playoffs start in February. In the round of 16 and quarter-finals, ties are played in a 'home and away' format, based on aggregate scores. For the round of 16, the winning team from one group plays against the fourth-placed team from another group and the runner-up from one group plays against the third-placed team from another group. For the quarter-finals, the winners of games between the group winners and fourth-placed teams play against the winners from the runners-up and third-placed teams. The Final Four is typically held in the final week of April or the first week of May.

Arena rules.

Currently, the minimum seating capacity for home arenas of the clubs that compete in the Basketball Champions League (BCL) is 3,000 seats. However, the Basketball Champions League organizing body has the authority to grant clubs with smaller arenas a waiver of the rule.

Prizes.

Trophy.

Each year, the winning team is presented with the Basketball Champions League Trophy. The current trophy is tall and made of sterling silver with 24ct gold plated highlights, weighing. It was designed by Radiant Studios and crafted by Thomas Lyte. A basketball net forms the focus of the trophy, and the design creates the effect of a crown.

Prize money.

From 2016–17 to 2017–18, FIBA reduced the prize money from €5,200,000 to €3,500,000, but doubled the prize for the winner from €500,000 to €1,000,000. As of 2017–18, FIBA awards a base fee of €50,000 for reaching the regular season. In addition, FIBA pays teams reaching the round of 16 €20,000, each quarter-finalist €30,000, €40,000 for the fourth-placed team, €100,000 for the third-placed team, €300,000 for the runners-up, and €900,000 for the winners.

Performances by club.

A total of 63 clubs from 23 national associations have played in or qualified for the Champions League group stage.

The Basketball Champions League (BCL) is an annual professional basketball competition for European clubs, organised by FIBA. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues and cup competitions. Although exceptional, some teams can be wildcarded.

Die Basketball Champions League ist ein europäischer Basketballwettbewerb für Vereinsmannschaften der Herren. Ausgetragen wird er durch die FIBA. Seine erste Austragung erfuhr der Wettbewerb zur Saison 2016/17. Er ist vor dem FIBA Europe Cup der bedeutendste europäische Basketballwettbewerb für Vereine, der durch die FIBA ausgetragen wird.


Bangladeshi cricket team in New Zealand in 2007–08

Bangladeschische Cricket-Nationalmannschaft in Neuseeland in der Saison 2007/08

New Zealand cricket team.

At the start of the series, the New Zealand were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship and seventh in the ICC Test Championship. Prior to this series the New Zealand team had toured South Africa – losing the test series 2–0 and the ODI series 2–1 – and Australia, where they lost the Chappell-Hadlee Trophy series 2–0.

Bangladeshi cricket team.

By contrast, Bangladesh were ranked ninth in the ODI championship and ninth in the test championship. Their previous outing was in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 championships where they reached the Super 8 stage. Their most recent series was their 2007 tour to Sri Lanka where they lost both the test and ODI series 3–0.

Squads.

Following New Zealand's losses in South Africa and Australia, three players from the touring squad – Lou Vincent, Michael Mason and Gareth Hopkins – were released to return to their provincial teams in order to give them playing time in the State Shield. Peter Fulton, who had missed the two tours due to having knee surgery, was included in the squad after showing good form in the four-day State Championship competition. Mason was called back into the squad for the third ODI as cover for Mark Gillespie who injured his left shoulder bowling in the second match.  Bangladesh named opener Junaid Siddique, uncapped at One Day International level in their squad while recalling fast bowler Nazmul Hossain after impressive domestic performances. Injuries to Tushar Imran and Syed Rasel resulted in Rajin Saleh and Sajidul Islam being added to the squad prior to the series.  New Zealand recalled opening batsman Matthew Bell to the Test squad, dropping Michael Papps, Scott Styris, and Ross Taylor from the party that travelled to South Africa. Peter Fulton was also recalled with Jeetan Patel set to join the squad for the second Test and Mark Gillespie ready to take his place if he was to recover from a shoulder injury.  Bangladesh called up Habibul Bashar, Shahriar Nafees, and Enamul Haque junior, while Javed Omar, Tushar Imran, Nazmul Hossain, and Mehrab Hossain junior returned home.

Tour matches.

Northern Districts (Game 1).

The Bangladeshis first game on tour was a one-day match against the State Shield side Northern Districts. They lost two early wickets, both caught behind, before captain Mohammed Ashraful and debutant Junaid Siddique steadied things. Having reached 121 for two after 32 overs, they then lost five wickets for just 56 runs before lower-order batsmen Farhad Reza and Mashrafe Mortaza saw the innings through to 222. In response, Nick Horsley made a career-best 92 from 99 balls which, along with a quick-fire 55 from 39 balls by James Marshall, was enough to see Northern Districts win comfortably.  Bangladesh suffered a further setback during the game, with opening bowler Syed Rasel injuring his collarbone while fielding. Sajidul Islam was flown into the squad as a replacement after it was determined he had dislocated the left collarbone.

Northern Districts (Game 2).

The second tour match, also against Northern Districts, was eventually abandoned due to rain. After early rain had forced the match to be reduced to 41 overs per innings, Northern won the toss, decided to bat and made 173 for seven from their overs. Although they did not get a chance to bat, the Bangladeshis bowling and fielding efforts were noticeably better than in the first game.

Auckland.

The third game on tour was against another provincial side, this time Auckland. Having won the toss, Bangladesh chose to bat; apart from a century from opener Tamim Iqbal none of the batsmen really took the chance to get in some batting practice. In response, Auckland overhauled the Bangladeshis total of 242 with ease, with Richard Jones top-scoring with 85 not out and each of the batsmen hitting at least one six in their innings.

Twenty20.

A Twenty20 charity match was held between Bangladesh and a New Zealand Cricket XI with the funds raised going to people affected by Cyclone Sidr; the International Cricket Council donated an additional US$250,000 to the funds at the start of the match. Asked to bat first, the New Zealand side had a slow start, having made just 19 runs for the loss of two wickets after 5.3 overs. Most of the batsmen seemed out of form and fell to injudicious shots, with an unbeaten 33 from James Marshall seeing the side through to 133 for seven from their 20 overs.  Bangladesh began their innings in a similar manner, losing their opening batsmen early. They recovered with Mohammad Ashraful and Aftab Ahmed scoring quick runs before being run out; the job was then completed with three overs to spare thanks to Shakib Al Hasan, Mehrab Hossain and top scorer Farhad Reza. Stephen Fleming, who captained the New Zealand side, later said that "it feels very tentative with the batting unit – there's been a lot of focus on it, the performances haven't been great and with that comes a certain amount of tension."

ODI series.

1st ODI.

Bangladesh batted first after New Zealand captain Daniel Vettori won the toss and chose to bowl. Having lost two early wickets, a 97-run partnership between captain Mohammad Ashraful (who scored 70 from 57 balls in an innings that Vettori labeled outstanding) and Tamim Iqbal seemed to set Bangladesh up for a good score. However, they then lost their remaining seven wickets for just 51 runs to end on 201 runs, with coach Jamie Siddons admitting that they had been aiming for 280 when they should have been more concerned with ensuring a total of at least 250. In reply New Zealand cruised to victory with six wickets and 44 balls to spare, led by 88 runs from opener Jamie How.

2nd ODI.

Vettori won the toss again, but chose to bat first this time. New Zealand made 335 in their innings, with all six players who batted reaching at least 30 runs. Having started with a 63-run opening partnership, Bangladesh lost three wickets in quick succession and from then on never threatened to overhaul New Zealand's score, with rain ending the match with seven overs remaining. After the game questions were raised about Bangladesh's lack of interest in chasing the total; Siddons defended their tactics saying their plan was to conserve wickets for a final assault, but they lost the momentum after the loss of those three wickets.

3rd ODI.

The only change to the teams for the third ODI was Michael Mason coming into the New Zealand side for Mark Gillespie who was injured in the second match. Daniel Vettori won the toss for the third time in the series and, as in Auckland in the first match, asked Bangladesh to bat. Bangladesh lost four early wickets to be struggling at 46 for four after 19 overs, and couldn't recover as they were all out for 93 runs in the 38th over. In the process, Vettori became New Zealand's leading one-day wicket taker, overtaking Chris Harris with the second of his five wickets; in addition, the five-wicket haul made him the top ODI wicket taker in the world for 2007. In reply, New Zealand blitzed the Bangladesh bowlers, taking just six overs to win without losing a wicket. Brendon McCullum scored an unbeaten 80 off just 28 balls (a strike rate of 286) and Jamie How scored 7 not out having only faced eight balls.

Test matches.

1st test.

Once again, Daniel Vettori won the toss and asked Bangladesh to bat first. Their first innings was similar to the final One Day International, with only opener Tamim Iqbal – who scored 53 on debut – offering any real resistance as Bangladesh made 137. Chris Martin took four wickets – ending the innings on 117 career wickets, 7th equal on the all-time New Zealand list with Richard Collinge – and Jacob Oram took three.  In response New Zealand overtook the total on the first day, reaching 156/4 by stumps. The innings was led by Matthew Bell, playing his first test since 2001, who was 74 not out at the end of the first day's play. He reached his second test century in the morning session of the second day before being dismissed by Mohammad Ashraful. Jacob Oram also reached three figures, top-scoring with 117; however the rest of the batsmen did not make any major contribution with Daniel Vettori's 32 being the third highest score and only four players making more than twenty. Dismissing New Zealand for 357 marked the first time in seven tests that the Bangladeshi bowlers had dismissed a batting side.  Trailing by 220 runs, Bangladesh's second innings started in a markedly different manner to their first. Openers Tamim Iqbal and Junaid Siddique were both unbeaten at stumps on day two, their 148-run stand breaking the Bangladeshi record for the highest opening partnership. The batsmen, both playing in their first Test match, had reached 72 and 69 respectively at the end of the day's play. However the pair were dismissed early on day three, with Bangladesh then collapsing to be 206/5 at lunch before being dismissed for 254. Needing just 35 runs for the victory, New Zealand wrapped the match up before tea on the third day with only the loss of Craig Cumming for four.  Vettori later said that he had been too attacking with the field settings at the start of the Bangladeshi second innings, and that advice from former captain Stephen Fleming and coach John Bracewell overnight led to a changed game plan on the third day with the desired results.

2nd test.

The second test started in much the same way as the first, with Daniel Vettori winning his ninth toss in a row and again asking Bangladesh to bat first. Their batting collapsed in much the same way as the first innings of the Dunedin test as they went to lunch at 86 for five. Chris Martin and Iain O'Brien were the main wicket-takers with five and three wickets respectively as Bangladesh were dismissed for 143. Martin's five wicket haul was his eighth in tests and moved him up to sixth on New Zealand's all-time wicket taking list, equal with Ewen Chatfield on 123 wickets.  In response, New Zealand came within nine runs at the end of the first days play as they finished on 134/3. Craig Cumming, whose spot in the side was under pressure from Jamie How, made 42 before being dismissed leg before wicket for the third innings in a row. At the close of play, Stephen Fleming was unbeaten on 39 as he looked for his first test century on his home ground. On the second morning, Bangladesh was guilty of dropping four catches in the first 90 minutes before finally dismissing Mathew Sinclair. Fleming was also dropped from a skied shot before being dismissed for 87 off a similar shot. Vettori and Brendon McCullum put together an 81 run partnership at 5.28 runs per over before McCullum was dismissed; Vettori finished as the top scorer with 94. Despite leading by 250 runs after being dismissed for 393 there was some criticism of the ability of the batsmen to carry on to large scores, with five batsmen scoring at least 40 but none being able to break 100.  The Bangladeshi second innings did not start any better than the first. With Tamim Iqbal unable to open the batting having fractured his left thumb dropping one of the catches they had lost five wickets by stumps on the second day. All of the wickets had been caught behind the wicket, with wicket-keeper McCullum taking one and the remainder being caught by the slips. At the end of the day's play, Bangladesh were 51/5 needing a further 199 runs to make New Zealand bat again and thus avoid an innings defeat. On the third day, the Black Caps required only 25 more overs to dismiss Bangladesh for an innings win. Only Shakib Al Hasan offered any resistance, finishing on an unbeaten 41. Equally telling was that Bangladesh's highest-scoring partnership in their second innings was 30 on the last wicket.

The Bangladesh cricket team toured New Zealand between 19 December 2007 and 16 January 2008 to play three one day internationals (ODIs) and two Test matches. This was the second Bangladeshi tour to New Zealand (the first being their 2001–02 tour) and the third series between the countries following New Zealand's 2004–05 tour to Bangladesh. The teams also met in pool play during the 2003 Cricket World Cup and at the Super 8 stage of the 2007 Cricket World Cup.

Die Tour der bangladeschischen Cricket-Nationalmannschaft nach Neuseeland in der Saison 2007/08 fand vom 26. Dezember 2007 bis zum 16. Januar 2008 statt. Die internationale Cricket-Tour war Bestandteil der Internationalen Cricket-Saison 2007/08 und umfasste zwei Tests und drei ODIs. Neuseeland gewann die Test-Serie 2–0 und die ODI-Serie 3–0.


History.

The 101 Ranch Wild West Show.

The Millers' neighbor Major Gordon W. Lillie, who performed as Pawnee Bill, motivated the Millers to produce a Wild West Show of their own. The Millers made their transition from putting on local shows to the national scene in 1907, when they performed at the Jamestown Exposition in Virginia.  Later in 1907, the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch Wild West Show began the tour circuit in Brighton Beach, New York. Joe Miller, the eldest son, was an exceptional equestrian and star performer. Over the course of the show's history, its cast included Lillian Smith, Bill Picket, Bessie Herberg, Bee Ho Gray, Tom Mix, Jack Hoxie, Mexican Joe, Ross Hettan, and an elderly Buffalo Bill.  The Miller brothers came late into Wild West Show business and suffered financially along with the other shows after the invention of motion pictures. Their show had more problems than most in a business that was harsh in the best of times. During their first year on the circuit, they suffered a serious railroad accident. Later several members of their cast contracted typhoid fever.  In 1908, when Buffalo Bill and Pawnee Bill combined their shows into an extravaganza that broke records at Madison Square Gardens in New York City, the Miller Brothers took their show abroad. In England, the British military confiscated most of the 101's horses, stagecoaches, and automobiles to build up for war, as tensions were building related to the pending World War I. When the Millers' show toured in Germany, authorities arrested some of their Oglala Sioux performers on suspicion of being Serbian spies, they were never seen again. A frantic Zack Miller managed to get the rest of cast out of Germany via Norway, and then to England. Once in London, however, he had difficulty finding a steamship that would sell his people passage. Finally, he obtained passage for his cast on an American ship. Once the cast returned to Oklahoma, the eldest brother Joe Miller refused to pay the Indian cast overtime. As a result, the entire Indian cast quit the show.  By 1916, the two younger Miller brothers abandoned trying to work with their volatile oldest brother. George Jr. and Zack worked at the ranch, while Joe schemed to make the Wild West Show a financial success. Joe Miller hired an out-of-work, aging, and ill Buffalo Bill to star in a World War I recruitment show called the "Pageant of Preparedness." Soon Cody quit the show; he died within a year. Still unwilling to let the show close, Joe continued to operate on a smaller scale. In 1927, Joe was unsuccessful in his attempts to sell his show to the American Circus Corporation.

Oil and Miller brothers' decline.

In 1908 the Millers entered into a leasing arrangement with E. W. Marland, who formed the 101 Ranch Oil Company. Oil was struck in 1911 at the "Willie-Cries-for-War" well. Marland would become a millionaire and later a U.S congressman. He was eventually elected the governor of Oklahoma. The company's 1911 oil discovery led to the founding of the Marland Oil Company, later renamed the Continental Oil Company, and then ConocoPhillips.  On October 21, 1927 a neighbor found Joe Miller dead in the 101 Ranch garage with his car running. The family physician ruled his death accidental. In 1929, George Miller, Jr., died in a car accident.  Zack Miller tried to carry on alone, but in 1932, during the Great Depression, he filed for bankruptcy. The US government seized the show's remaining assets and bought of the 101 Ranch. Completely broke, the 101 Ranch show closed after the New York World's Fair in 1939. Zack Miller died of cancer in 1952.

National Historic Landmark.

A small portion of the ranch property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.  After Zack Miller's bankruptcy, the federal Farm Security Administration (FSA) divided the remaining ranch lands and sold off parcels to individuals. The 101 Ranch house and most other buildings were torn down. The 101 Ranch store remained standing until September 22, 1987, when it burned in a fire of unknown origins. Few of the 101 Ranch buildings are left standing today. In 1990, the Oklahoma Legislature designated State Highway 156 as the 101 Ranch Memorial Road. An historical marker is located on the highway about southwest of Ponca City.

The Miller Brothers 101 Ranch was a cattle ranch in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma before statehood. Located near modern-day Ponca City, it was founded by Colonel George Washington Miller, a veteran of the Confederate Army, in 1893. The 101 Ranch was the birthplace of the 101 Ranch Wild West Show and one of the early focal points of the oil rush in northeastern Oklahoma. It was the largest diversified farm and ranch in America at the time. Bill Pickett's grave and the White Eagle Monument are located on the ranch grounds. The location of the former working cattle ranch was subdivided and all of its buildings destroyed. An area of the ranch is a National Historic Landmark. In 2003, the ranch was inducted into the Texas Trail of Fame.

Die Miller Brothers 101 Ranch war eine 1893 vor der Gründung des Bundesstaates Oklahoma gegründete 45.000 ha große Ranch im Indianer-Territorium von Oklahoma. Das Zeichen "101" war das Brandzeichen von Colonel George Washington Miller, einem Veteranen des Sezessionskrieges, der nach dem Krieg von Kentucky nach Oklahoma zog und der Vater der späteren Besitzer Joe, Zachary und George Miller war. Die "Miller Brothers 101 Ranch" war die größte Ranch in den Vereinigten Staaten. Unter der Nummer 73001560 ist die "Miller Brothers 101 Ranch" gemeinsam mit dem Grab von Bill Pickett und dem Monument für Basil F. Heath, bekannt unter dem Namen "Chief White Eagle", als Historic District eingetragen.


Life.

Career.

He is a host couple’s son who was born in St. Gallen and spent his childhood in Uzwil. Soon he started helping out his parents in their hotel/restaurant. At the age of eight, Marcel Niederer joined the junior-teams of the Ice-Hockey-Team in Uzwil. At the age of 17, he made his debut in the first team of the EHC Uzwil, which then was playing in the National League B. Two years later he made the final leap into the Top Swiss Hockey League (National League A) team of Lausanne HC. Altogether, Marcel Niederer has been playing seven years in the National League A (Lausanne HC, ZSC Lions and EHC Biel). He became Swiss Champion twice (1981 and 1983 with EHC Biel). Marcel Niederer let his career fade away in the National League B and 1st League with EHC Uzwil.  In parallel with his sports career, Marcel Niederer received a commercial apprenticeship as a trustee and afterwards, he finished his studies in marketing and public administration at the university of applied sciences in Olten.

Entrepreneur.

After his studies and his sports career, Marcel Niederer founded a trust company, which offered fiduciary services. Additionally, he was buying old buildings in order to renovate them. Since 1991, Marcel Niederer displaced his activities to Eastern Germany and Russia. A number of years following, Marcel Niederer was selling bananas and mandarins in Eastern Germany and subsequently instant coffee (Nescafé) and fashion (leather goods and clothing from MCM Modern Creation Munich) in Russia. Down to the present day, Marcel Niederer is doing business in Russia. Since 2003 Marcel Niederer invested in Belinda Bencic’s tennis career. He is also her manager. Since 2006, Marcel Niederer operates in building new apartment blocks in Eastern Switzerland.  Niederer is married with three daughters. His youngest child, Christina Niederer, is a former figure skater and dancer. He lives with his family in Switzerland although Marcel Niederer has maintained his business in Russia, mainly in Moscow.

Marcel Niederer (born 9 September 1960 in St. Gallen) is a Swiss entrepreneur and former ice hockey player. He mainly became famous by his sports career and the investment in Belinda Bencic.

Marcel Niederer (* 9. September 1960 in St. Gallen) ist ein Schweizer Unternehmer und ehemaliger Eishockeyspieler. Er wurde vor allem durch seine sportlichen Erfolge und das Investment in Belinda Bencic bekannt.