Early life, family and education.

Phoebe Ann Laub was born in New York City in 1950, and raised in a musical household in which Delta blues, Broadway show tunes, Dixieland jazz, classical music, and folk music recordings were played around the clock. Her father, Merrill Laub, an exterminator by trade, had an encyclopedic knowledge of American film and theater and was also an avid collector and restorer of antiques. Her mother, Lili Laub, was a dance teacher who had performed with the Martha Graham group. She was Jewish.  Snow was raised in Teaneck, New Jersey, and graduated from Teaneck High School in 1968. She subsequently attended Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois, but did not graduate. As a student, she carried her prized Martin 000-18 acoustic guitar from club to club in Greenwich Village, playing and singing on amateur nights. Her stage name came from an early 1900s fictional advertising character used by Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. In the railroad's print ads, a young woman dressed all in white emphasized the cleanliness of Lackawanna passenger trains. (Its locomotives burned anthracite coal, which created less soot than bituminous coal.)

Career.

It was at The Bitter End club in 1972 that Denny Cordell, co-owner (with Leon Russell) of Shelter Records, was so taken by the singer that he signed her to the label and produced her first recording. She released an eponymous album, "Phoebe Snow", in 1974. Featuring guest performances by The Persuasions, Zoot Sims, Teddy Wilson, David Bromberg, and Dave Mason, Snow's album went on to sell more than a million copies in the United States and became one of the most acclaimed recordings that year.  The album spawned a Top Five 1975 single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with "Poetry Man" and was itself a Top Five album in "Billboard", for which she received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. The cover of "Rolling Stone" magazine followed, while she performed as the opening act for tours by Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. (She provided credited guest vocals backing Simon on the gospel-tinged hit single "Gone at Last" later in 1975—#23 on the Hot 100.) The same year, 1975, also brought the first of several appearances as a musical guest on "Saturday Night Live", on which Snow performed both solo and in duets with Simon and Linda Ronstadt. During the 1975 appearance, she was seven months pregnant with her daughter, Valerie. Her backup vocal is heard on Simon's hit song "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover," along with Valerie Simpson and Patti Austin, from 1975. Both "Gone at Last" and "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" appear on Simon's Grammy-winning 1975 album "Still Crazy After All These Years."  Legal battles took place between Snow and Shelter Records. Snow ended up signed to Columbia Records. Her second album, "Second Childhood", appeared in 1976, produced by Phil Ramone. It was jazzier and more introspective, and was an RIAA Certified Gold Album for Snow, with the Gold Album awarded on July 9, 1976. She moved to a more rock-oriented sound for "It Looks Like Snow", released later in 1976 with David Rubinson producing. 1977 saw "Never Letting Go", again with Ramone, while 1978's "Against the Grain" was helmed by Barry Beckett. After that, Snow parted ways with Columbia; she would later say that the stress of her parental obligations degraded her ability to make music effectively. In 1979, she toured extensively throughout the US and Canada with noted guitarist Arlen Roth as her lead guitarist and musical director. Her January 1979 cover of the Paul McCartney song "Every Night" reached #37 in the UK. In 1981, Snow, then signed with Mirage Records, released "Rock Away", recorded with members of Billy Joel's band; it spun off the Top 50 hit "Games".  The 1983 "Rolling Stone Record Guide" summed up Snow's career so far by saying: "One of the most gifted voices of her generation, Phoebe Snow can do just about anything stylistically as well as technically.... The question that's still unanswered is how best to channel such talent."  Snow spent long periods away from recording, often singing commercial jingles for AT&T, General Foods International Coffees, Salon Selectives, Stouffer's, Hampton Bay Ceiling Fans, and others in order to support herself and her daughter. Snow's voice was also featured on commercials for Cotton Incorporated and their The Fabric of Our Lives campaign in 1990s. During the 1980s, she also battled her own life-threatening illness. Snow recorded the theme song for the first season of the TV series 9 to 5. (Dolly Parton's vocals were used for the rest of the show's run.) Snow also sang the theme song for NBC's "A Different World" during the show's first season (1987–88).  In 1988, a duet with Dave Mason, called "Dreams I Dream," reached #11 on the US adult contemporary charts. Snow returned to recording with "Something Real" in 1989 and gathered a few more hits on the Adult Contemporary charts. Also, Snow composed the Detroit's WDIV-TV "Go 4 It!" campaign in 1980. She sang "Ancient Places, Sacred Lands,""" composed by Steve Horelick, on "Reading Rainbow"'s tenth episode, "The Gift of the Sacred Dog", which was based on the book by Paul Goble and narrated by actor Michael Ansara. It was shot in Crow Agency, Montana, in 1983.  Snow performed in 1989 on stage at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City as part of "Our Common Future", a five-hour live television broadcast originating from several countries.  In 1990, she contributed a cover version of the Delaney & Bonnie song "Get Ourselves Together" to the Elektra compilation, which included Earth Wind & Fire guitarist Dick Smith. In 1992, she toured with Donald Fagen's New York Rock and Soul Revue and was featured on the group's album recorded live at the Beacon Theater in New York City. Throughout the 1990s, she made numerous appearances on the Howard Stern radio show. She sang live for specials and birthday shows. In 1997, she sang the "Roseanne" theme song "a cappella" during the closing moments of the final episode.  In 1995, Snow participated in "" at the Lincoln Center in New York City, singing a distinctive medley of "If I Only Had a Brain; a Heart; the Nerve". In addition, the concert featured performances by Jewel, Joel Grey, Roger Daltrey, and Jackson Browne, among others. An album of the concert was released on compact disc on Rhino Records as catalog number R2 72405.  Snow joined with the pop group Zap Mama, who recorded its own version of Snow's "Poetry Man" in an impromptu duet on the PBS series "Sessions at West 54th". Hawaiian girl group Nā Leo Pilimehana also had a hit on the Adult Contemporary chart in 1999 with its cover version of "Poetry Man".  In May 1998, Snow received the Cultural Achievement Award from New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani. She was also the recipient of a Don Kirshner Rock Award, several Playboy Music Poll Awards, New York Music Awards, and the Clio Award.  Snow performed for US President Bill Clinton, First Lady Hillary Clinton, and his cabinet at Camp David in 1999.  In 2003, Snow released her album "Natural Wonder" on Eagle Records, containing 10 original tracks, her first original material in 14 years. Snow performed at Howard Stern's wedding in 2008, and made a special appearance in the film "" as herself. Some of her music was also featured on the. Her "Live" album (2008) featured many of her hits as well as a cover of "Piece of My Heart".

Personal life and death.

Between 1975 and 1978 Snow was married to Phil Kearns (who later came out as gay). She had a daughter, Valerie Rose, who was born with severe brain damage. Snow resolved not to institutionalize Valerie, and cared for her at home until Valerie died on March 19, 2007, at the age of 31. Snow's efforts to care for Valerie nearly ended her career. She continued to take voice lessons, and she studied opera informally.  Snow resided in Bergen County, New Jersey, and in her later years she embraced Buddhism.  Phoebe Snow suffered a cerebral hemorrhage on January 19, 2010, and slipped into a coma, enduring bouts of blood clots, pneumonia and congestive heart failure. She died on April 26, 2011, at age 60 in Edison, New Jersey.

Phoebe Snow (born Phoebe Ann Laub; July 17, 1950 – April 26, 2011) was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist, known for her hit 1975 songs "Poetry Man" and "Harpo's Blues" and her credited guest vocals backing Paul Simon on "Gone at Last". She was described by "The New York Times" as a "contralto grounded in a bluesy growl and capable of sweeping over four octaves." Snow also sang numerous commercial jingles for many U.S. products during 1980s and 1990s including General Foods International Coffees, Salon Selectives, and Stouffer's.

Phoebe Snow, eigentlich Phoebe Ann Laub (* 17. Juli 1950 in New York City; † 26. April 2011 in Edison, New Jersey) war eine US-amerikanische Sängerin und Komponistin.


Combat chronicle.

During the Franco-Prussian War, the 21st Infantry Division fought in the opening Battle of Woerth and the major Battle of Sedan. It subsequently participated in the Siege of Paris.  In World War I in 1914, the 21st Infantry Division fought in the Allied Great Retreat, including the First Battle of the Marne, and in the Race to the Sea. In 1916, it saw action in the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme. In 1917, it fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne. It served in the German 1918 Spring Offensive, including the Second Battle of the Somme. Allied intelligence rated the division as first class.

Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War.

During wartime, the 21st Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 21st Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:

Pre-World War I organization.

German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. As noted above, the 21st Division was reorganized to become primarily a Hannover/Brunswick unit. The organization of the 21st Division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:

Order of battle on mobilization.

On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 21st Division was again renamed the 21st Infantry Division and its initial wartime organization was as follows:

Late World War I organization.

Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 21st Infantry Division's order of battle on April 28, 1918, was as follows:

The 21st Division ("21. Division") was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed on October 11, 1866, and was headquartered in Frankfurt am Main. The division was subordinated in peacetime initially to the XI Army Corps ("XI. Armeekorps") and from 1899 to the XVIII Army Corps ("XVIII. Armeekorps").

Die 21. Division, für die Dauer des mobilen Verhältnisses auch als "21. Infanterie-Division" bezeichnet, war ein Großverband der Preußischen Armee.


Life.

Nanino was born in Tivoli, and served as a boy soprano in the cathedral at Viterbo. In the 1560s he probably studied with Palestrina at San Luigi de' Francesi in Rome; at any rate, he became "maestro di cappella" there after Palestrina left. In 1577 he joined the papal choir as a tenor, and remained in the choir for the rest of his life, occasionally taking the rotating post of "maestro di cappella".  During the 1590s he was renowned as a teacher; he and his brother established what is thought to be the first Italian-run public music school in Rome and many future composers studied with him and sang in his choirs, including Felice Anerio, Antonio Brunelli, Antonio Cifra and Gregorio Allegri (composer of the famous Miserere).

Works.

Nanino's output as a composer was not large, but it was distinguished, and his music—especially his madrigals—were extremely popular at the time. Almost no collections of madrigals were published in Rome which did not include at least one contribution by Nanino, often in the most prominent position in the book—even ahead of Palestrina. Stylistically his madrigals are extremely varied. While not as comprehensive as Marenzio, who after all wrote more than 500 madrigals, Nanino's examples of the genre vary from the highly serious, angular and contrapuntal, to the lightest canzonette; in expressive intensity he is sometimes compared to Marenzio.  In addition to his famous madrigals, he wrote motets, settings of the Lamentations, canons, and sacred songs. As of 1980, no complete edition of his works had been prepared, and much of his music remained in manuscript.

Giovanni Maria Nanino (also Nanini; 1543 or 1544 – March 11, 1607) was an Italian composer and teacher of the late Renaissance. He was a member of the Roman School of composers, and was the most influential music teacher in Rome in the late 16th century. He was the older brother of composer Giovanni Bernardino Nanino.

Giovanni Maria Nanino (Nanini) (* um 1543/44 in Tivoli; † 11. März 1607 in Rom) war ein italienischer Komponist, Kapellmeister, päpstlicher Kapellsänger, Gesangs- und Kompositionslehrer.


Design and construction.

"Ward" was named in honor of Commander James Harmon Ward, USN, (1806–1861), the first U.S. Navy officer to be killed in action during the American Civil War. "Ward" was built at the Mare Island Navy Yard, California in a record of 171⁄2 days. Under the pressure of urgent World War I needs for destroyers, her construction was pushed rapidly from keel laying on 15 May 1918 to launching on 1 June and commissioning on 24 July 1918.

Service history.

"Ward" transferred to the Atlantic late in the year and helped support the trans-Atlantic flight of the NC flying boats in May 1919. She came back to the Pacific a few months later, and remained there until she was decommissioned in July 1921. She had received the hull number DD-139 in July 1920. The outbreak of World War II in Europe brought "Ward" back into active service. She was recommissioned in January 1941. Sent to Pearl Harbor shortly thereafter, the destroyer operated on local patrol duties in Hawaiian waters over the next year.

Pearl Harbor.

On the morning of 7 December 1941, under the command of LCDR William W. Outerbridge, "Ward" was conducting a precautionary patrol off the entrance to Pearl Harbor when she was informed at 03:57 by visual signals from the coastal minesweeper of a periscope sighting, whereupon "Ward" began searching for the contact. At about 06:37, she sighted a periscope apparently tailing the cargo ship whereupon she attacked the target. The target sunk was a Japanese "Ko-hyoteki"-class, two-man midget submarine, thus "Ward" caused the first American-caused casualties of World War II a few hours before Japanese carrier aircraft bombed in or near targets in Honolulu. The submarine was attempting to enter the harbor by following "Antares" through the antisubmarine nets at the harbor entrance. By entering territorial waters of a neutral country without signalling any intent to stop, the submarine was not entitled to "innocent passage" protections and the neutral party had a right to use whatever means to protect its territory. "Ward" fired several rounds from its main guns, hitting the conning tower of the submarine, and also dropped several depth charges during the attack. A minority of academics doubted whether the "Ward" had really sunk a Japanese mini-sub rather than some sort of false alarm incident until University of Hawaii scientists found the sunken remains of the Japanese vessel on 28 August 2002. The wreck was found in American waters beneath the sea about outside Pearl Harbor. The starboard side of the Japanese submarine's conning tower has one shell hole, evidence of damage from "Ward"s number-three gun. While her depth charges were sufficient to fully lift the, submarine out of the water, they did no apparent structural damage to the submarine, which sank due to water flooding into the vessel from shell holes.

After Pearl Harbor.

In 1942, "Ward" was sent to the West Coast for conversion to a high-speed transport. Redesignated APD-16 in February 1943, she steamed to the South Pacific to operate in the Solomon Islands area. She helped fight off a heavy Japanese air attack off Tulagi on 7 April 1943, and spent most of the rest of that year on escort and transport service. In December, she participated in the Cape Gloucester invasion. During the first nine months of 1944, "Ward" continued her escort and patrol work and also took part in several Southwest Pacific amphibious landings, among them the assaults on Saidor, Nissan Island, Emirau, Aitape, Biak, Cape Sansapor, and Morotai.

Fate.

As the Pacific War moved closer to Japan, "Ward" was assigned to assist with operations to recover the Philippine Islands. On 17 October 1944, she put troops ashore on Dinagat Island during the opening phase of the Leyte invasion. After spending the rest of October and November escorting ships to and from Leyte, in early December, "Ward" transported Army personnel during the landings at Ormoc Bay, Leyte. On the morning of 7 December, three years to the day after she fired the opening shot of the US involvement in the war, while patrolling off the invasion area, she came under attack by several Japanese "kamikazes". One bomber hit her hull amidships, bringing her to a dead stop. When the resulting fires could not be controlled, "Ward"s crew was ordered to abandon ship, and she was sunk by gunfire from, whose commanding officer, William W. Outerbridge, had been in command of "Ward" during her action off Pearl Harbor three years before.  In early December 2017, "Ward"s wreckage was located by in 686 ft (209 m) of water.  In the movie "Tora! Tora! Tora!", "Ward" was portrayed by.

Memorial.

"Ward"s number-three 4"/50 caliber gun was removed when she was converted to a high speed transport. In 1958, the year of the Minnesota Centennial, it was installed as a memorial at the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul, when the men who fired it on 7 December 1941 were members of the Minnesota Naval Reserve. A plaque containing a listing of the naval reservists from Saint Paul who served aboard "Ward" is now displayed in the St. Paul City Hall on the third floor between the council and mayoral offices, in an area also containing the ship's bell from the cruiser. The last surviving member of the gun crew from the morning of 7 December, Alan Sanford, died in January 2015.  As of 2012, no other ship in the United States Navy has borne this name, although sometimes confusion occurs with the three destroyers named.

USS "Ward" (DD-139) was a in the United States Navy during World War I, later APD-16 (see High speed transport) in World War II. She caused the first American-caused casualties in World War II, when she engaged a Japanese submarine before the attack on Pearl Harbor, and successfully sank her, killing the two crew on board.

Die USS Ward war ein im Ersten Weltkrieg gebauter US-amerikanischer Zerstörer der Wickes-Klasse. Das Schiff wurde nach James H. Ward (1806–1861) benannt, dem ersten im Sezessionskrieg gefallenen US-amerikanischen Marineoffizier. Mit der Versenkung eines japanischen zur Aufklärung eingesetzten Kleinst-U-Bootes eine Stunde vor Beginn des japanischen Angriffs auf Pearl Harbor am 7. Dezember 1941 gab der amerikanische Zerstörer den ersten Schuss des Pazifikkrieges ab.


Outlaw and one-percenter.

The AMA was a whites-only organization from its inception in 1924 until the 1950s, not allowing African Americans to join for its first 30 years. Prior to the acceptance of black members, the term outlaw motorcycle club could refer to either a white counterculture biker club that was "uninterested in'square' events and competitions", or else a club that accepted non-white members and was therefore not allowed to participate in the AMA. In the 1920s and 1930s, black hillclimbing racer William B. Johnson evaded the whites-only restriction and obtained an AMA membership card, which allowed him to compete around the Northeastern United States and become perhaps the first black AMA member. In 1995, AMA President Ed Youngblood said that as a consequence of this racist policy, blacks continued to be underrepresented in AMA events for decades after the segregationist policy was rescinded. That year, Youngblood presented black AMA member Norman Gaines in their membership advertisement in the campaign "I want to protect my rights as a motorcyclist. That's why I'm an AMA member" in both the AMA member magazine and "Motorcyclist" magazine.  The term "one-percenter" was coined after the 1947 Hollister riot in Hollister, California. The AMA is said to have responded that 99% of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens, implying the last one percent were outlaws. The AMA now says they have no record of such a statement to the press, and call this story apocryphal. One-percenter motorcycle clubs are often also known as outlaw motorcycle gangs or OMGs according to the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

Competitions.

The AMA sanctions over 2,000 events each year hosted by chartered clubs and promoters alike across the entire country in the disciplines of Motocross, Off-Road and Track Racing. Each discipline is guided by the AMA Racing Rule Book which is organized, written and voted on each year by AMA congress which is made up of AMA delegates from across the entire country representing their areas, disciplines and districts. In addition to a yearly congress the AMA also organizes the AMA National Awards Banquet that awards championships to all of the AMA Amateur National championship from across the country in addition to naming the AMA Racer of the Year, AMA Youth Racer of the Year, AMA Womens Racer of the Year, AMA Club of the Year and more. AMA Championship Competition

AMA Pro Racing.

The AMA is the largest motorsports organization in the world, overseeing 80 professional and more than 4,000 amateur events each year. The AMA also maintains the Motorcycle Hall of Fame located near Columbus, Ohio. It is the designated governing body of motorcycle sport in the US by the world governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM).  AMA Pro Racing was formed in 1994 to respond to the growth of motorcycle racing in United States and holds many events. The AMA Road Racing Series includes the AMA American Superbike Championship, the AMA Daytona Sportbike Championship (which incorporates the former AMA Supersport Championship and the now inactive AMA Formula Xtreme), and the new AMA Supersport Championship, which is limited to riders of age 16-21 on near stock 600cc motorcycles.  Off-road racing series include AMA Grand National Championship, AMA Supercross, AMA Motocross Championship, AMA Hillclimb, AMA Supermoto Championship and AMA EnduroCross Championship.  On March 7, 2008, the AMA Pro Racing series was sold to the Daytona Motorsports Group (DMG), headed by Roger Edmondson and Jim France. The DMG became responsible for the AMA Superbike Series, AMA Motocross Series, AMA Flat Track Series, AMA Supermoto Series, AMA Hillclimb Series and ATV Pro Racing. The sale did not include the AMA Supercross and AMA Arenacross Series, whose rights are currently owned by Feld Entertainment. DMG would license the AMA name and trademarks to promote the motorcycle racing series. The new management sparked criticism among some of the press and fans for allegedly alienating the factory teams and for introducing NASCAR style rules such as rolling start and pace car. DMG was replaced by MotoAmerica as AMA Superbikes promoter in 2015.

"American Motorcyclist".

"American Motorcyclist" magazine is published by the AMA. It has a monthly circulation of 260,000 copies.

The American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) is an American nonprofit organization of more than 200,000 motorcyclists that organizes numerous motorcycling activities and campaigns for motorcyclists' legal rights. Its mission statement is "to promote the motorcycling lifestyle and protect the future of motorcycling." The organization was founded in 1924 and as of October 2016 had more than 1,100 chartered clubs.

Die American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) ist eine US-amerikanische Motorradsport-Organisation mit Sitz in Pickerington, Ohio, und über 274.000 Mitgliedern. Die AMA wurde 1924 gegründet und ist heute mit 80 Profi- und über 3.700 Amateurveranstaltungen pro Jahr die größte derartige Organisation der Welt und seit Oktober 1970 alleiniger Repräsentant der FIM in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die Motorcycle Hall of Fame wird von der AMA betrieben.


Professional wrestling career.

Early career.

Alex was trained by his father Steve Wright, a British professional wrestler. He wrestled his first match in 1991 in Germany when he was sixteen years old. He wrestled in his hometown during his early career and also worked in Japan.

World Championship Wrestling.

Das Wunderkind (1994–1996).

Wright was discovered by World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in mid-1994 when WCW toured through Germany. He signed a contract with Time Warner, the parent company of WCW, and went through more training at the WCW Power Plant. Wright made his WCW debut, defeating Brady Boone on the September 3rd edition of Saturday Night. He originally wrestled as a babyface and was known as "Das Wunderkind" Alex Wright. His entrance music ("Warped Mind" by Dominic Glynn), was of the techno genre, which was popular in some American and German dance clubs at the time, and he often danced as he walked to the ring or once he got in the ring. His first feud was with Jean-Paul Levesque, whom he defeated at Starrcade in December in both men's pay-per-view debut. In his early career, Wright went undefeated in matches against several WCW superstars including Bobby Eaton in January 1995 at "Clash of the Champions XXX" and Paul Roma at "SuperBrawl V" in February '95. However, the latter saw Roma's contract later terminated by WCW because of his stiff performance and his disregard of instructions to put Wright over during the match. WCW had Wright feud on and off from time to time with another wrestler who danced in the ring or on his way to the ring named the Disco Inferno. This made for an interesting, sometimes humorous feud; with Wright representing modern dancing and music, and Disco Inferno representing older dancing and music. Wright would win all the matches in this feud.  Wright wrestled against Arn Anderson for the WCW World Television Championship on an episode of WCW Saturday Night, and beat Arn by DQ. The title did not change hands though, as Wright was unable to win by pinfall or submission. Thus, a rematch for the title was scheduled for the next pay-per-view. Wright's first loss was to World Television Champion Arn Anderson at Slamboree in May.  Due to WCW's partnership with New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), Wright participated in NJPW's Best of the Super Juniors and finished third in the tournament. He started wrestling against fellow cruiserweight and babyface Brian Pillman, whom he defeated in the opening match at The Great American Bash. On the July 16 edition of "Main Event" before Bash at the Beach, Wright teamed up with Marcus Bagwell to face Dick Slater and Bunkhouse Buck in a losing effort. He had encounters with other up and coming WCW stars, such as Diamond Dallas Page in August at a "Clash of the Champions XXXI". In September 1995 on "Nitro", Wright wrestled famed ECW wrestler Sabu. Sabu was able to win the match, but then continued to beat Wright after the match was over; even going so far as to put him through a table. Referee Nick Patrick reversed his decision, disqualifying Sabu for his violence and giving the win to Wright. He had several matches against Eddie Guerrero, with a very notable match taking place on "The Main Event" before Fall Brawl 1995: War Games, which resulted in a draw. Wright also had several matches in '95 and '96 against Dean Malenko. In January 1996, at "Clash of the Champions XXXII", Malenko was able to pin Wright.  At World War 3, Wright took part in the first-ever three-ring 60-man battle royal for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship, which was won by Randy Savage. At Starrcade, WCW wrestlers faced NJPW wrestlers in a World Cup of Wrestling. Wright represented WCW against NJPW's Koji Kanemoto (for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship even though WCW never announced it as such) but ended up losing the bout to Kanemoto. Wright then began a feud with Dick Slater, to whom he lost at Uncensored in a singles dark match. At Slamboree, Wright was forced by WCW to be teamed with his wrestling and dancing nemesis Disco Inferno, in a tag team match against Slater and Eaton. Wright and Disco lost when Disco was pinned. In June of '96, famed Japanese wrestler Antonio Inoki helped put together the World Wrestling Peace Festival, which was held in Los Angeles. Wright wrestled and lost to Chris Benoit on that card. On the August 10 edition of "Saturday Night" that aired immediately before the pay-per-view Hog Wild, Wright defeated Bobby Eaton in a rematch.  At World War 3, Wright again participated in a three-ring, 60-man battle royal, with the winner getting a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship. The battle royal was won by The Giant. In January '97 on "Clash of the Champions XXXIV", Wright lost to Japanese wrestler Masa Chono, who had recently come to the U.S. and joined the NWO.

Championship reigns (1997).

WCW had Wright wrestle in several tag team matches with fellow midcarders, mostly on the losing side. On the May 12, 1997, edition of "Nitro", Wright partnered with Ice Train against Konan and Hugh Morrus of the Dungeon of Doom, a match in which Wright openly displayed heelish behavior such as teasing the return of his dance routine that he had temporarily shelved as a babyface, and clashing with Train's manager Teddy Long during the match. This culminated in Wright claiming to be unable to continue due to a sudden unexplainable knee injury, angrily confronting Long and then abandoning Ice Train, leaving him to lose the match by submission. Wright was then pushed as a heel for the remainder of 1997, which led to his first championship gold: on the July 28 edition of "Nitro", he defeated Chris Jericho to win the Cruiserweight Championship. Wright feuded with Jericho thereafter, including a successful title defense against Jericho at Road Wild, before dropping the title back to Jericho on August 16 edition of "Saturday Night". However, five days later, he defeated Último Dragón on the August 21 "Clash of the Champions XXXV" to win the World Television Championship. Wright was able to successfully defend the TV title against Lord Steven Regal on an episode on "Nitro".  At Fall Brawl, Wright made a successful title defense against Último Dragón in a rematch before dropping the title to rival Disco Inferno on September 22 edition of "Nitro". Wright feuded with Steve McMichael after McMichael's valet Debra left him and became Wright's valet. She ordered the feud and in the rivalry, Wright defeated McMichael at Halloween Havoc, with help from Goldberg, who promptly attacked Wright postmatch. The next month at World War 3, McMichael took out Goldberg prior to their match and Wright was literally dragged to the ring by Debra to wrestle McMichael again, and this time suffered a defeat.  Wright would go on to be managed by Debra for a little while longer. Debra would often try to illegally interfere in matches to help him win, but the plan would usually backfire, causing Wright to lose. He then cut ties with Debra after a string of losses that Wright claimed was her fault.

The Dancing Fools (1998).

Wright would then begin to patch things up with former rival Disco Inferno as they began teaming in 1998 to form a moderately successful tag team called the Dancing Fools, which at times also featured Japanese wrestler Tokyo Magnum in the role of a tag-along who regularly attempted to imitate their dancing styles. Wright and Inferno feuded with The Public Enemy (Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock), including a loss to Grunge and Rocco at Road Wild. Wright then began an angle where he claimed that he was the best WCW wrestler to come out of Europe. British Bulldog, however, disputed Wright's proclamation, leading to a feud between Wright and Inferno against Bulldog and Jim Neidhart. The feud culminated at Fall Brawl, where the Dancing Fools lost to Bulldog and Neidhart. After suffering losses, Wright and Inferno split and began singles careers again.  Wright feuded with another fellow European wrestler, Fit Finlay, because he blamed Finlay for ending his father's career. Wright took his father's revenge from Finlay by beating him at Halloween Havoc.  Wright again competed in the 60-man battle royal at the '98 edition of World War III, with that year's battle royal being won by Kevin Nash.

Berlyn (1999).

At the beginning of 1999, Wright was kept off WCW television for an extended length of time until May, when Wright came up with his own idea for a gimmick: Promotional spots began appearing on WCW television featuring Wright as a surprising new Rivethead-style character named Berlyn (an intentional misspelling of the city Berlin, the capital of Wright's home country Germany), with a black Mohawk and goatee replacing his blond hair. He was clad entirely in black with a long trench coat and arrogantly refused to speak English. He spoke through an interpreter—Uta Ludendorff—and was accompanied to the ring by a large wrestler known as The Wall. The promos coincided with the aftermath of the Columbine school massacre, which threw a hitch in WCW's plans. Sensing the unintentional similarities in dress between Berlyn and the teenage killers, WCW delayed the debut of Berlyn for several months. During his debut on August 30 on "Nitro", he quickly insulted Americans, debuting the character as a heel.  Wright was booked to face Buff Bagwell at Fall Brawl shortly after his debut, but the match did not take place. While WCW claimed that Bagwell had missed his flight, Bagwell was in the arena but did not want to lose. WCW replaced Bagwell with Hacksaw Jim Duggan, and Wright's problems continued as Duggan no-sold all of Wright's offense and did not cooperate in the ring. Berlyn instead wrestled and defeated Bagwell on the next nights "Nitro". Afterwards, Berlyn attacked Scott Armstrong and began a feud with Brad Armstrong. Alex (as Berlyn) and Brad Armstrong had a match at Halloween Havoc, which Berlyn lost. After the match, Berlyn and The Wall attacked Armstrong. Although Berlyn had been given a push after the fiasco with Duggan and Bagwell, his gimmick was unpopular. WCW furthered the damage by giving The Wall a singles push, leaving Wright to flounder in the mid-card.  On the October 25 edition of "Nitro", it was announced that a tournament would be held for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship and the finals would occur at Mayhem. On the following edition of "Nitro", Berlyn participated in the tournament but lost his first round match to Vampiro. Berlyn began a small feud with Vampiro and cost him his second round match in the tournament against Buff Bagwell. At Mayhem, Vampiro defeated Berlyn in a Dog Collar match after the Wall turned on Berlyn. Berlyn then feuded with the Wall before again disappearing from WCW television again.

Boogie Knights (2000–2001).

After several months off from wrestling, Wright returned under his real name on the September 27, 2000, edition of "Thunder" during a match between former partner, Disco Inferno, now renamed "Disqo" (a pun on the name of then-popular R&B singer Sisqó), and Konnan. Wright helped Disqo in getting the victory and the duo reunited as the Boogie Knights. Wright was now completely bald but had returned to his previous dancing mannerisms. The Boogie Knights began a feud with The Filthy Animals while they also feuded with two members of The Natural Born Thrillers (Sean O'Haire and Mark Jindrak), who were the World Tag Team Champions at the time. At Halloween Havoc, the three teams participated in a triangle match but O'Haire and Jindrak won the match. Disqo and Wright would then go on to win the World Tag Team Championship from O'Haire and Jindrak at "Millennium Germany" on November 16. However, four days later on "Nitro", due to Disqo being out with an injury, Wright and substitute Elix Skipper lost the titles to Chuck Palumbo and Shawn Stasiak, two other members of the Natural Born Thrillers.  Wright then started an angle where he kept KroniK (Brian Adams and Bryan Clark) as his bodyguards to squash other cruiserweights. At Mayhem, Wright and KroniK faced Billy Kidman and Rey Misterio, Jr. in a 3-on-2 handicap match. However, KroniK abandoned Wright after the 15 minutes they were paid for expired, leading to him being pinned. Disqo eventually returned from his injury and the Boogie Knights gimmick lasted until WCW was purchased by World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in March 2001. Wright remained under contract with AOL Time Warner, as his contract was not bought out by the WWF.

Retirement.

Wright fell out of the spotlight after the folding of WCW, and has not appeared on American television since then. Wright stated in an interview that WWE could not sign him as he was one of the few who was under contract with AOL Time Warner at the time. He also stated that he took a break from wrestling as he was not happy with the backstage politics in WCW that were happening at the time. In the years following, Wright has stayed away from regular active competition, only wrestling on rare occasions for German wrestling promotions NAWA and GWP. After working as a banker and fitness instructor, he opened a pro-wrestling school called "The Wright Stuff" in Nuremberg, Germany.  In 2009, he started his own wrestling promotion called New European Championship Wrestling (NEW).

Other media.

Wright appears in the wrestling themed episode of "Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends". In this episode, Wright mentions that he was to debut his new gimmick (Alexander Wright) that night in WCW. He later renamed the gimmick "Berlyn".

Alexander Wright (born May 17, 1975) is a British-German former professional wrestler and professional wrestling promoter. He wrestled professionally in Germany and Japan before signing with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1994. He remained a prominent mid-card performer during his seven-year tenure with WCW, including reigns as a one time Cruiserweight Champion, a one time World Television Champion and a one time World Tag Team Champion (with Disco Inferno).

Alexander Wright (* 17. Mai 1975 in Nürnberg) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Wrestler und heutiger Wrestlingtrainer in seiner Heimatstadt Nürnberg. Er ist ein Wrestler der zweiten Generation, der vor allem unter seinem Ringnamen Alex Wright bekannt wurde. Sein Vater, der Engländer Steve Wright, und sein Onkel Bernard Wright waren ebenfalls erfolgreich im Wrestling tätig.


Location.

Dusmareb is 511 km from Mogadishu, the capital city of Somalia. The highway that connects the north and the south of the country goes through the city. Dusmareb along with Adado, Guriceel, Godinlabe, Mareergur, El Dhere and many other cities and towns in the Galgaduud are rapidly developing with their economies booming due to their strategic position in the country. They sit in the heart of the country where all the goods across the country go through. All of the land transportation use these cities as transit hubs where they refurbish their goods at. Dusmareb has borders with El Buur to the east Guriceel to the south, Adado to north and Abudwak to the northwest.

Demographics.

As of 2016 the broader Dusmareb District had a population of 390,407 inhabitants. As with most of Galmudug, it is primarily inhabited by Somalis from the Hiraab sub-clan of the Hawiye, particularly the Yabardhowrkace, Absiye, and Ayanle sub clans of Ayr (clan), a Sub-clan of Habar Gidir.

Education.

There are many universities located across the City, the most prominent one being Dusmareb University which provides undergraduate degrees.

Transportation.

Air transportation in Dusmareb is served by Dusmareb Airport.

Hospitals.

Several health centers exist in the city, among them is Dusmareb General Hospital.

Sports.

There are many sports facilities in the city, among them are 2 training facilities and one stadium that hosts regional and local championships. in mid 2016 and early 2017 the Mayor of the city Noor elmi Abdulle inaugurated two new football (soccer) training facilities in the city in what was a campaign to restore and bring new sports facilities for the youth of the city.

Dusmareb (,, ) or Dhusamareb, is the capital of the Galguduud region and administrative capital of Galmudug state in central Somalia.

Dhuusamarreeb (auch "Dusa Marreb" geschrieben) ist eine Stadt in Zentral-Somalia. 2007 hatte sie Schätzungen zufolge etwa 30.000 Einwohner. Sie ist Hauptstadt der Region Galguduud und verfügt über ein Krankenhaus. Dhuusamarreeb liegt unweit der Grenze zum äthiopischen Ogaden zwischen den Städten Gaalkacyo und Beledweyne, mit denen die Stadt durch eine Straße verbunden ist.


History.

Eicher Motors is a commercial vehicle manufacturer in India. The company's origins date back to 1948, when Goodearth Company was established for the distribution and service of imported tractors. In 1959 the Eicher Tractor Corporation of India Private Ltd was established, jointly with the Eicher tractor company, a German tractor manufacturer. Since 1965, Eicher in India has been completely owned by Indian shareholders. The German Eicher tractor was partly owned by Massey-Ferguson from 1970, when they bought 30%. Massey-Ferguson bought out the German company in 1973.  In 2005, Eicher Motors Ltd sold their tractors and engines business to TAFE Tractors (Tractors and Farm Equipment Ltd) of Chennai, the Indian licensee of Massey Ferguson tractors.  In October 1982, a collaboration agreement with Mitsubishi for the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) was signed in Tokyo and in the same period the incorporation of Eicher Motors Limited also took place. LCVs were sold under the "Eicher Mitsubishi" brand. In February 1990, Eicher Goodearth bought 26% stake in Enfield India Ltd and by 1993 Eicher acquired a majority stake (60% equity shareholding) in Royal Enfield India.  In July 2008, EML and Volvo Group's 50:50 joint venture VE Commercial Vehicles (VECV) designs, manufactures and markets commercial vehicles, engineering components and provides engineering design. At present, Volvo Group owns 45.6% of VECV, although there are 122 other institutional investors on record.

Group structure.

The Eicher Group has diversified business interests in design and development, manufacturing, and local and international marketing of trucks, buses, motorcycles, automotive gears, and components. Eicher has invested in the potential growth areas of management consultancy services, customised engineering, and maps and travel guides.  VE Commercial Vehicles (VECV) Limited is a joint venture between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited (EML). VECV is divided into five business units:  Royal Enfield Motors, the motorcycle manufacturing subsidiary, is a part of Eicher Motors.

Eicher Motors Limited (EML) (, ) is an Indian manufacturer of motorcycles and commercial vehicles. Eicher is the parent company of Royal Enfield, a manufacturer of middleweight motorcycles.

Eicher Motors Ltd. ist ein indischer Industriekonzern mit dem Schwerpunkt Fahrzeugbau. Es werden Lastkraftwagen und Motorräder hergestellt. Das Unternehmen ist an der indischen Börse gelistet.


Origin of name.

The family name is pronounced "vilain quatorze", and written 'XIIII' and not, in the conventional style, 'XIV'. There are various theories as to why this is (according to Frans van Kalken). The intention was probably to distinguish two branches of the family – according to Piet Lenders, between a younger and an older branch of the Vilains. Van Kalken says that the 'XIIII' goes back to a certain Josse Vilain, a bastard son of Philippe Vilain, when his natural father gave him 14 acres of land. The suffix thus distinguished the illegitimate from the legitimate branch of the family.

Origins of family.

Old sources claim an origin for the family going back to the time of Emperor Otto I. Whether there is any basis for this or whether this is a mystification is unclear. The origin and tree given there are as follows (always from father to son):

From here on the tree seems to be confirmed by written sources.

Branch of Hugues II, son of Hugues (from the same non-trustworthy old sources):

De Gand, dite Vilain.

Without the XIIII, there was a family "Vilain de Gand":  Perhaps the earliest (no date, later than 1424) of these we find is Jean Vilain, lord of Sint-Jans-Steene, who married Marguerite de Grave dite de Liedekerke; their son Adrien Vilain was Lord of Sint-Jans-Steene and Baron of Assenede and married Jossine van Praet. Other sources already give this branch the "De Gand, dite Vilain" name, naming Adrien as Lord of St-Jans-Steene, Rassenghien, Liedekercke, Leeuwe (or Leeuw), Lombeke; he was a Counsellor and Chamberlain of Duke Jean I of Bourgogne. He died in 1449. Martin de Gand-Vilain is his son. Other sources list Jean de Gand dit Vilain, died 8 July 1449, Lord of Huisse/Huise/Huyse, Pamel, Leeberghe (Ledeberg), Borcht (Burcht) and Zwijndrecht, married to Goenele Raes; father of Jean de Gand dit Vilain (married Marguerite Gruuthuse) and Christophe de Gand dit Vilain (married Jeanne de Lannoy)  The family Vanden Steen kept the quarter of Gand-Vilain in their weapon, but dropped the name.

Older or unclear ones.

In 1466, we find in Ghent the death of a Joosyne Vilain, wife of Jacobs van Raveschoot, already with the armories of Vilain (and Raveschoot). The Van Raveschoots were a family of the Borluuts, so amongst the high nobility of Ghent.  An older branch (or older name of the same family?) is Vilain de Liedekercke (or Liedekerke; see the origin of the Vilain XIIII name above); around 1570, we find Jacqueline Vilain de Liedekercke, married to Philippe van Royen, knight, Lord of Gyseghem (Gijzegem); their daughter Marie van Royen (died 1595) married Philippe Triest, lord of Auweghem, mayor of Ghent ("premier echevin" of the Keure of Ghent), member of the very important Triest family of Ghent.

Vilain van der Moere.

This seems to be a very old branch of the Vilain family; including

Vilain dit Braem.

A less well-known branch of the family, with members:

Titles.

Lord of Sint-Jans-Steene.

This is supposedly the first title of the Vilain family, with origins lost in time (or alternatively given to the family at the time of Zegher I, Castellan of Ghent). Omitting the earlier, less certain bearers of the title, we have;

Lord of Welle.

In 1414, a Daniel Vilain was owner of the Castle of Welle  The title is kept in the Vanden Steen family for many generations afterwards, and adds many other titles as well  By 1369, this was no longer in the hands of the Vilain family

Lord of Kruibeke.

But:

Lord of Doel.

At one time, the Vilain family was Lords of Doel

Vilain and Vilain XIIII (pronounced "Vilain-Quatorze", sometimes written with the more standard Roman numerals Vilain XIV) is a Belgian noble family. Their coat of arms is basically "sable, au chef d'argent", a colour scheme that is present from the earliest Vilains in the 15th century, and is also seen in the Vilain XIIII arms, which have the "XIIII" added to it.

Vilain XIIII (spr.: "Vilain Quatorze") ist ein belgisches Adelsgeschlecht, als dessen Stammvater ein gewisser Wennemar (* 860/870) gilt. Den Namen "Villain" (später "Vilain"), unbekannter Herkunft, trug erstmals Walter von Gent, jüngerer Sohn des Burggrafen Hugo II. von Gent. François Ignace Vilain (1734) nannte sich aus unbekannten Gründen "Vilain XIIII". Die Mitglieder des Geschlechts wurden 1758 von Maria Theresia zu Burggrafen erhoben. Genannt seien:


Taxonomy and systematics.

The four species of riflebirds are part of the bird-of-paradise family, Paradisaeidae, in the order Passeriformes (songbirds). The former genus, "Ptiloris" [pronounced TI-lo-ris], means “feather nose” from the Greek ptilon (feather or down) and rhis (nostril). It refers to the frontal feathers hiding the nostrils. The four species are the Magnificent Riflebird ("L. magnifica" (Vieillot 1819) – magnificent or splendid), Growling Riflebird ("L.intercedens" Sharpe 1882 – referring to its distribution between the two subspecies of "L. magnifica"), Paradise Riflebird ("L. paradisea," Swainson 1825 – paradise) and Victoria's Riflebird ("L. victoriae" Gould 1849 – after Queen Victoria). Two subspecies of "L. magnifica" are recognised: "L. m. magnifica" (Vieillot 1819) and "L. m. alberti" Elliot 1871; the Growling Riflebird is often considered a subspecies of "L. magnifica" as well. The subspecies have been named on the basis of distribution (see Habitat and Distribution), male attention-attracting call (see Behaviour and Ecology) and cladistic analysis.  The birds of paradise are thought to have originated 24 – 30 million years ago and belong to the radiation of passerines that occurred in Australia during the last 60 million years. As Australia become more arid over the last several million years, the birds of paradise withdrew to the regional rainforests of New Guinea and eastern Australia. "Ptiloris" arose from this residual stock in Australia, from which one member ("L. magnifica") has since spread to New Guinea. The separation in time of the Australian and the New Guinea "L. magnifica" determined genetically corresponds to the separation of Australia and New Guinea geographically (i.e. Torres Strait).

Description.

Riflebirds are stocky medium-sized passerines with a small head and a characteristic long slender decurved bill. Adults have short broad wings with rounded tips, short tails and long sturdy legs with long powerful toes and hooked claws. Like many of the birds of paradise, adult riflebirds are sexually dimorphic, with adult males being entirely velvety black and females being mostly shades of brown. Adult females are also slightly smaller and have longer bills. Adult males are larger in "L. magnifica" (31 cm long, 160g; "L.intercedens" is similarly sized), smaller in "L. paradisea" (28 cm, 135g), and smallest in "L. victoriae" (22 cm, 105g).  Adult male riflebirds of the four species are similar in appearance: all are entirely velvety black with lighter underparts, iridescence on the head, upper throat and centre of the tail and yellow mouth and gape. The iridescence on the paradise riflebird is blue, on the Victoria's riflebird blue-green, and on the magnificent and growling riflebirds green, blue, and purple. Males of the magnificent and growling riflebirds have more prominent grey-black underparts, black and yellow bands across their mid-breast and long thin curved plumes from the lower flanks that extend to the end of the tail in "P. magnifica" or just short in "P. intercedens".  Adult female riflebirds of the four species are also similar in appearance: all are largely brown above, have a prominent cream supercilium and whitish to buff with dark markings underneath. Female magnificent and growling riflebirds have thin blackish barring underneath, while paradise and Victoria's riflebirds have brown chevrons. Immature riflebirds resemble adult female birds and males do not achieve their full adult plumage until they are four to five years old.

Habitat and distribution.

Riflebirds are found in rainforests of eastern Australia and New Guinea up to 1500m above sea level. They also inhabit adjacent moist dense forests. Victoria's riflebird has been recorded in eucalypt and melaleuca-dominated wet sclerophyll forests and woodlands, the landward edges of mangroves and swamp woodlands and occasionally the temperate "Nothofagus" forests.  The four riflebird species are separated geographically, an easy characteristic for field identification. Magnificent Riflebirds are found on the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia ("L. m. alberti") and the lowlands and foothills of western New Guinea ("L. m. magnifica"), while growling riflebirds are found in the lowlands and foothills of eastern New Guinea. Both species are largely absent from the highlands of New Guinea. Victoria's Riflebirds are found on the Atherton Tablelands of Queensland, Australia, from just south of Cooktown to just south of Townsville. Paradise Riflebirds are found in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales, Australia. Riflebirds are widespread throughout their ranges.

Behavior and ecology.

Diet and feeding.

The few published studies on the diet of riflebirds indicate that riflebirds are predominantly insectivorous but will take fruit and seeds when available. Riflebirds are mostly arboreal with a preference for lower strata but will forage on or close to the ground. They climb up and down tree trunks and hop along horizontal branches searching for insects and their larvae, which they extract from under the bark, in crevices and in epiphytes using their chisel-like bills. Riflebirds will swallow fruit whole or hold fruit between their foot and a branch and tear pieces off with their bill. While riflebirds are mostly solitary, small flocks can be seen on fruiting trees when in season. Victoria's riflebird has been reported to feed on 19 species of fruiting trees and vines. Only one reference has been made to riflebirds ("P. magnifica") as a seed disperser of rainforest plants including "Ficus" spp. and "Podocarpus" spp.  When feeding their young, female riflebirds will catch proportionally more arthropods than fruit to supply their growing young with foods rich in proteins and lipids. This has also been suggested as the reason for female riflebirds having larger bills than males. Nestlings have been reported as being fed crickets, grasshoppers, spiders, cockroaches, centipedes, cicadas, woodlice, beetles and insect larvae. Males may take proportionally more easily obtained and energy-rich fruit to allow them to display for longer.

Breeding.

Like most other birds of paradise, riflebirds are polygynous, with promiscuous males displaying to and mating with several different females. Birds of paradise are well known for their elaborate courtship displays. Unlike some however, male riflebirds display alone and have been seen during the breeding season to territorially defend displaying sites. Otherwise, male riflebirds are generally tolerant of other riflebirds. The breeding season for riflebirds is generally considered to be from June to February. During the breeding season, male Victoria's riflebirds have been reported to have home ranges of 0.6 to 2.8 ha, containing up to 5 display posts. Paradise and Victoria's riflebirds select the top of a broken-off vertical tree or tree fern 10–20 cm in diameter and 10–20 metres high to display on while magnificent and growling riflebirds display on a horizontal tree branch or bough. Males can use the same display sites for many successive years.  Male riflebirds appear to rigidly follow a progression of vocalisations, postures and movements when displaying to females. The first stage is to call from the display perch and expose their yellow gape to attract attention. Male paradise and Victoria's riflebirds make a sound like “yass," male magnificent riflebirds produce a series of low whistles, and male growling riflebirds make a growling sound (hence the name). Once a female arrives at the display site, the second stage involves the male turning to face the female, raising his wings above his head to form a circle, again exposing his gape and raising and lowering his body on his legs. If a female approaches, the male begins the third display stage directly in front of the female described as “alternate wing clap”, lowering one wing and hiding his head behind the other and then switching from side to side in quick succession. At this stage, male magnificent and growling riflebirds may start hopping sideways along the display branch. A female riflebird signals her receptiveness by briefly fluttering her wings and the male hops onto her back before copulation. Immature males may attempt to display during the breeding season as well but they appear clumsy and uncoordinated, like they need to learn to display correctly.  Female riflebirds are solely responsible for nest construction, incubation and feeding nestlings. They have also been observed defending their nests. The nests of Victoria's riflebirds may be parasitised by the Pacific koel ("Eudynamys orientalis"). The nest is a well-concealed open cup structure of leaves and twigs, at least 100mm internal diameter and lined with leaves, plant fibres and rootlets. Victoria's riflebird usually lays two eggs each weighing approximately 10g on consecutive days, incubated for 18 to 19 days and nestlings brooded and fed for 13 to 15 days. Little is known about the incubation and nestling of paradise, magnificent, and growling riflebirds. Nestlings hatch naked and with their eyes closed and stay on the nest until fledging (nidicolous). Victoria's riflebird nestlings are brooded for the first six to seven days until they open their eyes and can thermoregulate and they achieve pin-break on their primary and secondary feathers by day twelve. Nestlings are fed two to three times an hour, with the female away from the nest for longer with two nestlings. Victoria's riflebird fledglings become independent from their parent after 74 days, while this period is unknown for the other species.

Relationship with humans.

Like most birds of paradise, riflebirds have been hunted for their plumage in the past, including for millinery. More recently, they have occasionally been considered pests for damaging cultivated fruit. While riflebirds have been shown to use habitat adjacent to rainforest, their reliance on rainforest leaves them vulnerable to forest clearing. The four species of riflebird are classified as being of “Least Concern” according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trends for "L. paradisea" and "victoriae" are reported as declining but not approaching the threshold for vulnerable status.

The genus Ptiloris consists of four allopatric species of birds in the family Paradisaeidae. These birds of paradise are commonly known as riflebirds, so named for the likeness of their black velvety plumage to the uniform of the Rifle Brigade. Alternatively, the bird's cry is similar to a rifle being fired and hitting its target but a call like this is not commonly reported (see Behaviour and Ecology). They are distributed in the rainforests of New Guinea and Eastern Australia. Following recent taxonomic work, the members of "Ptiloris" have been moved into the genus "Lophorina," a genus belonging to the Superb and Vogelkop Superb Birds-of-Paradise ("L. superba" and "L. niedda", respectively).

Die Reifelvögel ("Ptiloris") sind eine Gattung aus der Familie der Paradiesvögel (Paradisaeidae) und umfasst vier Arten, von denen zwei, nämlich der Viktoria-Paradiesvogel und der Schild-Paradiesvogel im Gegensatz zu allen anderen Paradiesvögeln in Australien beheimatet sind. Der Prachtparadiesvogel kommt neben Australien auch auf Neuguineas vor. Nur der Papuaparadiesvogel ist ausschließlich auf Neuguinea beheimatet.


Development.

American Motors' Javelin served as the company's entrant into the "pony car" market created by the Ford Mustang. The design evolved from two AMX prototypes shown in AMC's "Project IV" concept cars during 1966. One was a fiberglass two-seat "AMX", and the other was a four-seat "AMX II". Both of these offerings reflected the company's strategy to shed its "economy car" image and appeal to a more youthful, performance-oriented market.  Sales of convertibles were dropping and AMC did

First generation.

The Javelin debuted on 22 August 1967, for the 1968 model year, and the new models were offered for sale from 26 September 1967, with prices starting at $2,743.  The car incorporated several safety innovations including interior windshield posts that were "the first industry use of fiberglass safety padding", and the flush-mounted paddle-style door handles. To comply with National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) safety standards there were exterior side marker lights, and three-point seat belts and headrests for the front seats, while the interior was devoid of bright trim to help reduce glare. AMC marketed the Javelin as offering "comfortable packaging with more interior and luggage space than most of its rivals" with adequate leg- and headroom in the back and a trunk capacity of. There were no side vent windows. Flow-through ventilation extracted interior air through apertures in the doors controlled by adjustable flap valves in the bottom of the door armrests. All Javelins came with thin-shell bucket seats and a fully carpeted interior, while the SST model had additional appearance and comfort items that included reclining front seat backs, simulated wood grained door panel trim, and a sports-style steering wheel. The Javelin's instruments and controls were set deep in a padded panel, with the rest of the dashboard was set well forward, away from the passenger.  The car's front end had what AMC called a "twin-venturi" look with recessed honeycomb grille and outboard-mounted headlamps, and matching turn signals were set into the bumper. There was a pair of simulated air scoops on the hood and the windshield was raked at 59 degrees for a "sporty overall appearance."  "Road & Track" magazine compared a Javelin favorably to its competitors on its introduction in 1968, describing its "big, heavy, super-powerful engine" as "an asset in such a small vehicle", and the styling as "pleasant". "Motor Trend", putting the Javelin at the top of the "sports-personal" category in its annual "Car of the Year" issue, said it was "the most significant achievement for an all-new car" and "the most notable new entry in [its] class."  Available only in a two-door hardtop, body style, the Javelin came in base and more premium "SST" models. Standard engines were a straight-6 or a two-barrel carburetor V8. Optional was a V8 in regular gasoline two-barrel, or high-compression, premium-fuel four-barrel versions. Racing driver Gordon Johncock said the Javelin had "a nice, all-round blend of features", that it "stacks up as a roomy, comfortable, peppy and handsome example of a so-called "pony car" and that after his road test he "wanted to take it home."  With the standard straight-six engine, the Javelin cruised at when equipped with an automatic transmission, while those with the small V8 had a top speed of. A three-speed "Shift-Command" automatic transmission was optional with a center console-mounted gear selector. Forward settings included "1", "2", and a "D" mode that was fully automatic, and the driver could choose to shift manually through all three gears.  The optional "Go Package" included a four-barrel carbureted AMC V8, power front disc brakes, heavy-duty suspension, dual exhausts with chromed outlets, wide body-side stripes, and E70x14 red-line tires mounted on chrome-plated "Magnum 500" styled road wheels. A 343 Go Pac Javelin could accelerate from 0 to in 8 seconds, had a top speed approaching, and could run a quarter-mile in 15.4 seconds. The largest engine in the first few months of 1968 production was "a 5.6 litre V-8 that delivered 284 SAE bhp, which made the car dangerously fast."  In mid-1968, the new AMX engine was offered as a "Go-package" option with a floor-mounted automatic or manual four-speed transmission. "Its impressive and of torque could send the Javelin from zero to in the seven-second range."  American Motors supported the AMX and Javelin muscle-models with a range of factory-approved "Group 19" dealer-installed performance accessories. These included among others, dual four-barrel cross-ram intake manifolds, high-performance camshaft kits, needle-bearing roller rocker arms, and dual-point ignition.  The average age of the "first 1,000 Javelin buyers was 29 – a full ten years under the median for all AMC customers." The Javelin's marketing campaign, created by Mary Wells Lawrence of Wells, Rich, and Greene Inc, was innovative and daring in its approach. Print and TV advertisements broke with the traditional convention of not attacking the competition, and some compared the AMC Javelin to the Ford Mustang side by side, as well as showing the Mustang being beaten to pieces with sledgehammers.  The car was longer and roomier than the Ford Mustang, and Chevrolet Camaro, but not the Plymouth Barracuda, and its shape was described as "exciting and beautiful". Total production for the 1968 model year was 55,125.

Redesign.

1970.

The 1970 Javelins featured a new front-end design with a wide "twin-venturi" front grille incorporating the headlamps and a longer hood. It also had a new rear end with full-width taillamps and a single center-mounted backup light. This was a one-year-only design. Side marker lights were now shared with several other AMC models. The exterior rear view mirror featured a new "aero" design and in some cases matched the car's body color. The three "Big Bad" exterior paints continued to be optional on the 1970 Javelins, but they now came with regular chrome bumpers. Underneath the restyle was a new front suspension featuring ball joints, upper and lower control arms, coil springs, and shock absorbers above the upper control arms, as well as trailing struts on the lower control arms.  The 1970 AMC Javelins also introduced Corning's new safety glass, which was thinner and lighter than standard laminated windshields. This special glass featured a chemically hardened outer layer. It was produced in Blacksburg, Virginia, in a refitted plant that included tempering, ion exchange, and "fusion process" in new furnaces that Corning had developed in order to be able to supply to the big automakers.  The

Racing.

One of the biggest surprises of the 1970 motorsports season was the announcement that Penske Racing had taken over the AMC Javelin program, thus leaving the Camaro Trans-Am program to Jim Hall. American Motors hired Roger Penske and driver Mark Donohue to seriously campaign Javelins in SCCA Trans-Am Series. This coincided with the change in the Trans-Am rulebook allowing manufacturers to de-stroke pre-existing corporate engines, so AMC's was used as the starting point to meet the displacement rule that was still in place. The team included former Shelby chassis engineer Chuck Cantwell and a clockwork pit crew. The two-car Javelin effort provided the Bud Moore Ford Boss 302 Mustangs their "closest competition." AMC finished in second place in the Over 2-liter class of the 1970 series.  Capitalizing on the Javelin's successes on the race track, AMC began advertising and promoting special models.  Among these was the "Mark Donohue Javelin SST". A total of 2,501 were built to homologate the Donohue-designed rear ducktail spoiler and were emblazoned with his signature on the right hand side. Designed for Trans Am racing, the rules required factory production of 2,500 spoiler equipped cars. The

Second generation.

The AMC Javelin was restyled for the 1971 model year. The "1980-looking Javelin" design was purposely made to give the sporty car "individuality," even at "the risk of scaring some people off."  The second generation became longer, lower, wider, and heavier than its predecessor. Wheelbase was increased by to. The indicated engine power outputs also changed from 1971 to 1972–74. Actual power output remained the same, but the U.S. automobile industry followed the SAE horsepower rating method that changed from "gross" in 1971 and prior years to "net" in 1972 and later years.

1971.

The new design incorporated an integral roof spoiler and sculpted fender bulges. The new body departed from the gentle, tucked-in look of the original.  The media noted the revised front fenders (originally designed to accommodate oversized racing tires) that "bulge up as well as out on this personal sporty car, borrowing lines from the much more expensive Corvette." The new design also featured an "intricate injection moulded grille."  The car's dashboard was asymmetrical, with "functional instrument gauges that wrap around you with cockpit efficiency". This driver-oriented design contrasted with the symmetrical interior of the economy-focused 1966 Hornet (Cavalier) prototype.  AMC offered a choice of engines and transmissions, included a Inline 6; and a V8 with a single 4-barrel carburetor and high compression ratio of 9.5:1 rated at at 5000 rpm and at 3400 rpm of torque, forged steel crankshaft and

1972.

The 1972 model year Javelins featured a new "egg crate" front grille design with a similar pattern repeated on the chrome overlay over the full-width taillights. The AMX version continued with the flush grille. A total of 15 exterior colors were offered with optional side stripes.  To consolidate the product offering, reduce production costs, and offer more value to consumers, the 1972 AMC Javelins were equipped with more standard comfort and convenience items. Engine power ratings were downgraded to the more accurate Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) net hp figures. Automatic transmissions were now the

Pierre Cardin.

During the 1972 and 1973 model years 4,152 Javelins were produced with optional interior design by fashion designer Pierre Cardin. Official on-sale date was 1 March 1972. The design had multi-colored pleated stripes in red, plum, white, and silver on a black background. Six multi-colored stripes,

1973.

The 1973 Javelin had several updates, most noticeably in the design of the taillights and grille, although the AMX grille remained the same. While all other AMC models had bumpers with telescopic shock absorbers, the Javelin and AMX were fitted with a non-telescopic design that had two rigid rubber guards. These allowed the cars to withstand a front and rear impacts without damage to the engine, lights, and safety equipment. The doors were also made stronger to comply with new U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) safety standards that they withstand of impact for the first of crush. The "twin-cove" indentations were eliminated from the Javelin's roof and a full vinyl top was made available. The 1970–72

Trans Am Victory edition.

Javelins driven in the Trans-Am captured the racing title for American Motors in both the 1971 and 1972 seasons. The back-to-back SCCA championships with specially prepared race cars was celebrated by AMC by offering a limited run of "Trans Am Victory" edition 1973 Javelins. The package was available on cars built from October to 15 December 1972, on any Javelin SST, except with the Cardin interior. A single magazine advertisement, featuring the winning race drivers George Follmer and Roy Woods, promoted the special package.  These cars came packaged with

1974.

By 1974, the automobile marketplace had changed. Mid-year, Chrysler abandoned the pony car market. Whereas Ford replaced its original Mustang with a smaller four-cylinder version, and other pony car manufacturers also downsized engines, the Javelin's big engine option continued until the production of the model ended in October/November 1974 amidst the Arab oil embargo and overall declining interest in high-performance vehicles.  The 1974 AMX did not do as well in the marketplace when compared to the new Camaro, Firebird, and the downsized Mustang II – all of which saw increased sales. Javelin production meanwhile reached a second-generation high of 27,696 units. Out of that total number, a total of 4,980 Javelin-AMX models were produced for the final

Racing.

Racing AMC Javelin versions competed successfully in the Trans-Am Series with the Penske Racing/Mark Donohue team, as well as with the Roy Woods ARA team sponsored by American Motors Dealers. The Javelin won the Trans-Am title in 1971, 1972, and 1976. Drivers included George Follmer and Mark Donohue.  One Javelin

Police.

In an effort to find a more suitable and lower priced alternative to the traditional large-sized police cruisers, the Alabama Department of Public Safety (ADPS) first took a basic V8 as a test vehicle, found its power lacking, then sampled a vinyl roofed AMX with a engine from the local dealer, Reinhart AMC in Montgomery.  Javelins equipped with the

International markets.

Australia.

Australian Motor Industries (AMI) assembled right hand drive versions of both the first- and second-generation Javelin models in Victoria, Australia from CKD kits. The right hand drive dash, interior and soft trim, as well as other components were locally manufactured. The cars were marketed under the historic Rambler name. The AMI Rambler Javelins were the only American "muscle cars" of that era

Germany.

Javelins were built in Europe, primarily because they had the largest and most usable rear seat of the American pony cars. The German coach builder, Wilhelm Karmann GmbH assembled 280 complete knock down (CKD) Javelins between 1968 and 1970 that were marketed in Europe. This was a significant business relationship because the

Mexico.

"Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos" (VAM) assembled Javelins in Mexico under license and partial ownership (40% equity share) by AMC from 1968 through 1973. The VAM versions were equipped with different, locally made components, trim and interiors than the equivalent AMC-made models. The Mexican built Javelins came in only one version and had more standard equipment compared to U.S. and Canadian models. The Javelin was the first VAM model not to carry the Rambler name for Mexico, AMC's case being the Marlin and Ambassador models in 1966.

1968.

The Javelin wasn't introduced in Mexico by VAM until 1 April 1968, making the model a "1968 and half" similar to the February 1968 debut of the two-seat AMX. The Javelin represented a third line within VAM's product mix for the first time and the first regular production high-end sports-oriented model. It would eventually become the only AMC muscle car to be available in Mexico. Other AMC muscle cars were equivalents built by VAM or as special editions, such as the 1979 American 06/S taking the place

1969.

The 1969 VAM Javelin obtained the previously optional heater as standard equipment, the foot pedals received bright trim and the accelerator was changed into a firewall-mounted unit, a support pull strap was applied on the passenger's side dashboard above the glove box, the center cover with the radio speaker grid changed into a woodgrain unit. A unique aspect of the 1969 Javelin is that it kept the same gauge configuration as the 1968 models in contrast to AMC's modifications to the Javelin (and AMX) instrument panel for 1969 with a larger 8,000 RPM tach on the right

1970.

The VAM Javelin saw considerable aesthetic changes with only minor technical ones. The VAM models included the same novelties as its AMC counterpart, such as new headlight bezels and grille, smooth front fender extensions and bumpers without divisions, larger tail lights without wraparound portions and a single central back-up light, larger side marker lights with both light and reflector sections in both amber and red, and new wheel cover designs resembling Magnum 500 wheels. The discontinuation of the central rear reflector in favor of the back-up light resulted in the addition of a fourth Javelin emblem placed on the right corner of the trunk lid. Two hood designs were available, the one with the Ram Air-type scoops at the front center, and a smoother one with the two rectangular stripped

1971.

The year of 1971 was vital to VAM as it represented a complete turn around for the company. The new Camioneta Rambler American based on the Hornet Sportabout was introduced, the Rambler Classic obtained all characteristics of AMC's new Matador, and the Javelin was restyled as a new generation. On the outside, the car was exactly the same as its AMC counterpart with the only exception of the wheels and the lack of factory stripes and decals. A unique characteristic of the second generation VAM Javelin was round porthole opera windows mounted on the C-pillars installed by some VAM dealerships either with or without vinyl roofs.  The standard engine was the new, 9.5:1 compression ratio six-cylinder engine with Carter ABD two-barrel carburetor. It was VAM's second self-engineered engine, taking the Javelin up to performance levels of its V8 competition. The Go Pack version of this engine took the car to

1972.

All the quality and engineering upgrades and revisions seen on AMC cars for 1972 were also present in Mexico. The 1972 VAM Javelin saw considerable improvements in terms of both performance and sportiness. Heavy duty springs and shocks along with front sway bar were passed on to the standard equipment list, as also were power front disk brakes and power steering, all regardless of transmission. Units equipped with the four-speed manual transmission changed to a rear differential gear

1973.

For the 1973 model year, the VAM Javelin received cosmetic changes. The car incorporated the new smaller rectangular grille design with integrated rectangular parking lights and mesh grille, open air vents under the front of the fenders for cooling the brakes, the "TV screen" tail light design with a larger central bulls eye emblem between them and new original seat patterns. Mechanically, the car was the same as in the year before with the only exception of a new engine head design with larger valves and independent rockers without flute-type shaft. Except for the lack of intake porting, these heads were same units used

Venezuela.

Constructora Venezolana de Vehículos C.A. was a subsidiary of AMC. The firm assembled AMC Javelins from 1968 to 1974 in its Caracas, Venezuela facility.  The Venezuelan 1968 Javelin

Philippines.

While the Philippines was almost exclusively an American car market until 1941, the post WWII years saw an influx of European cars enter the market. Despite a saturation of international brands, American Motors Corporation managed to establish a presence and the Rambler Classic and Rambler American were locally

United Kingdom.

American Motors exported factory right-hand-drive vehicles to the United Kingdom which were built at the Brampton plant in Ontario, Canada. These were marketed in the U.K by Rambler Motors (A.M.C.) Ltd

Legacy and collectibility.

The Javelin is among the "highly prized" models among AMC fans.  The "Chicago Sun-Times" auto editor Dan Jedlicka wrote that the Javelin, which he describes as "beautifully sculpted" and "one of the best-looking cars of the 1960s", is "finally gaining the respect of collectors, along with higher prices." The first generation Javelin has also been described as a "fun and affordable American classic with a rich racing pedigree and style that will always stand out from the omnipresent packs of Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler pony cars."  The AMC Javelin does not command the high prices of some other muscle cars and pony cars, but offers the same kind of style and spirit for collectors. However, in its day the car sold in respectable numbers, regularly outselling both the Plymouth Barracuda and Dodge Challenger that are popular with collectors today.  The Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) divides the "muscle" AMC Javelins into two categories: Class 36-e for 1968–69 Javelin base and SST models equipped from the factory with 4-barrel or larger V8 engines; and Class 36-j for 1970–74 Javelin, SST, and AMX models equipped from the factory with four-barrel or larger V8 engines. Javelins built with smaller engines compete in the regular AMC classes according to their respective decade of production.  According to estimates from the "2006 Collector Car Price Guide" some of the desirable extras include the V8 engines, particularly the 390 and 401 versions, as well as the "Go" package, and special models including the "Big Bad" color versions. The 1971 through 1974 AMX versions also command higher prices, according to several collector price guides. The 1973 Trans Am Victory edition also adds a premium in several classic car appraisal listings, but the distinguishing decal was readily available and it has been added to many Javelins over the years.  The book "Keith Martin's Guide to Car Collecting" describes the cars as providing "style, power, nostalgia, and fun by venturing off the beaten path... these overlooked cars offer great value" and includes the 1971–1974 Javelins as one of "nine muscle car sleepers."  The 1978 mini-series "Wheels", based on the book of the same name by Arthur Hailey, used the AMC Javelin as the basis for its fictional car "The Hawk".  Some owners use the second-generation Javelins to build hot rods.  There are many active AMC automobile clubs, including for owners interested in racing in vintage events. The Javelin shared numerous mechanical, body, and trim parts with other AMC models, and there are vendors specializing in new old stock (NOS) as well as reproduction components.

The AMC Javelin is an American front-engine, rear-wheel-drive, two-door hardtop automobile manufactured and marketed by American Motors Corporation (AMC) across two generations, 1968–70 and 1971–74.

Der AMC Javelin war ein von Sommer 1967 bis Sommer 1974 produziertes Sportcoupé des US-amerikanischen Automobilherstellers AMC. Er zählte zur Klasse der sogenannten "Pony-Cars" und konkurrierte damit hauptsächlich mit dem Ford Mustang und dem Chevrolet Camaro. Der Name Javelin bedeutet "Wurfspeer".


History.

This train station was opened in January, 16th 1899. The first name was "Bock-Wallendorf". It was the new final destination of the railway line from Probstzella to Schmiedefeld (Lichtetal). Only much later, in October, 31st 1913 this terminal station was enhanced to an "express railway station", as the railway line from Probstzella was extended to Lauscha, and Sonneberg. However, with the reduction of goods to be dispatched to, respective exchanged with, the municipality of Lichte and the town Neuhaus am Rennweg, Lichte (Thuringia) east station became less important.  In 1963 the piece-goods and parcels dispatch was closed. And in the 1980s the station lost even more importance, because the number of steam locomotives used was declining and finally ceased, and as a result the local water filling station for steam locomotives was closed.  Further on the train station was unmanned. However, there was a stop for the semi-fast trains from Sonneberg to Leipzig, in distinction to the Lichte (Thuringia) station next to it.  Because of technical deficits the train service was ceased by surprise on January, 22nd 1997. In July, 1st 2006 the German Eisenbahnbundesamt agreed to the discontinuance of the train service.  In the meanwhile the "Deutsche Regionaleisenbahn" rent this rail line. Since 2008 tourist service by usage of rail-cycle draisines on the rail line from Schmiedefeld (Lichtetal) via Lichte (Thuringia) east station to Lichte (Thuringia) station has been established. The highlight of a draisine tour is the crossing of the "Viaduct Hammerwiesen" in Lichte (Wallendorf), close to the Lichte (Thuringia) east station.

See also.

Lichte (Thuringia) station

The Lichte (Thuringia) east station () was a Deutsche Reichsbahn station of the Thuringian municipality of Lichte (Wallendorf) in the district of Saalfeld-Rudolstadt.

Der Bahnhof Lichte (Thüringen) Ost war eine Eilzugstation an der Bahnstrecke Probstzella–Neuhaus am Rennweg in Lichte, heute einem Ortsteil von Neuhaus am Rennweg.


Early life and career.

Jones was born on the "Elmwood" plantation along the Manokin River in Somerset County, Maryland. His parents were Colonel Arnold Elzey Jones and Anne Wilson (née Jackson) Jones. He graduated from the United States Military Academy 33rd in the Class of 1837. After turning twenty-eight, he dropped Jones from his name and officially adopted Elzey as his surname to grant a wish of his father, going for the rest of his life simply as Arnold Elzey.  He was assigned to the 2nd U.S. Artillery and sent to Florida to fight in the Second Seminole War before being assigned to duty at Detroit, Michigan, during a series of territorial disputes between the U.S and Canada. Promoted to first lieutenant in November 1839, he spent the next few years on recruiting duty.  During the Mexican-American War, he was cited for bravery during the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. He was granted a brevet promotion to captain. He also participated in engagements at Fort Brown, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capture of the City of Mexico.  Following the war, Elzey was formally promoted to the full rank of captain on February 14, 1849. He served in Florida a second time during the Third Seminole War in 1849-50, and again in 1856. He also commanded Augusta Arsenal.

Civil War.

Following the secession of several Southern states and the formation of the Confederate States of America, Elzey surrendered Augusta Arsenal to the Confederates in January 1861 and took his men to Washington, D.C. in early April 1861. He resigned his commission on April 25, 1861, and traveled to Richmond, Virginia, where he joined the Confederate army with the initial rank of colonel of the newly formed 1st Maryland Infantry, CSA.  He was assigned to the brigade of Brigadier General Edmund Kirby Smith and fought in the First Battle of Manassas. When Smith was wounded during the afternoon, Elzey, as the senior colonel, assumed command and led a successful charge, for which he received the thanks of commanding general P.G.T. Beauregard. He was promoted on the field to brigadier general by Jefferson Davis.  In 1862, the following year, Elzey commanded a brigade under Richard S. Ewell during Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. He was wounded in the leg and had his horse shot from under him at the Battle of Cross Keys.  Elzey was shot through the head at the Battle of Gaines Mill, a serious wound that kept him from active field command for the rest of the war. After he had recovered sufficiently to perform administrative and desk duty, he was promoted to major general dating from December 4, 1862. He was assigned command of the Department of Richmond and charged with the defense of the Confederacy's capital city. He dealt with a raid by George Stoneman's Union cavalry during the Chancellorsville Campaign, as well as Union gunboats that summer that threatened Richmond from the James River. Later relieved of command, he raised the Local Defense Brigade, a militia group consisting primarily of government clerks. He also helped organize the Virginia state reserves.  Elzey was assigned as the Chief of Artillery for the Army of Tennessee and traveled to Georgia to serve under John Bell Hood. However, he missed Hood's disastrous Franklin-Nashville Campaign. With Hood's army essentially wrecked, Elzey was relieved of duty on February 17, 1865, and then assumed command of militia at Augusta, Georgia. Following the collapse of the Confederacy, he was paroled in Washington, Georgia, in May 1865.

Postbellum activities.

After the war, Elzey returned to his native Maryland and retired with his wife and son to a small farm near Jessup's Cut, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. He died in Baltimore and was buried there in Green Mount Cemetery.

Legacy.

The Maj. Gen. Arnold Elzey Camp #1940 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named in his honor.

Further reading.

Attribution

Arnold Elzey Jones Jr. (December 18, 1816 – February 21, 1871), known for much of his life simply as Arnold Elzey, was a soldier in both the United States Army and the Confederate Army, serving as a major general in the American Civil War. At First Manassas, he became one of the few officers ever to receive an on-the-field promotion to general by President Jefferson Davis. He commanded a brigade in Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign, and was badly wounded at Gaines Mill, ending his active field career.

Arnold Elzey (* 18. Dezember 1816 in Elmwood, Maryland; † 21. Februar 1871 in Baltimore, Maryland) war Offizier des US-Heeres und Generalmajor der Konföderierten im Sezessionskrieg.


History.

Quark was founded with $2,000 in 1981 in Denver, Colorado, USA. Between 1981 and 1985 their primary products were Word Juggler and Catalyst. Word Juggler was the first word processor on the Apple III. Catalyst was a program that was distributed bundled with the Apple IIe, and allowed users to run floppy disk-based applications from their hard drive. They also attempted a product line called "Quark Peripherals", but the market for storage devices at the time resulted in a huge financial loss.  In March 1987 Quark released QuarkXPress 1.0, which due to its precision quickly gained market share from Aldus PageMaker. With the release of QuarkXPress 3.0 in 1990, Quark quickly achieved a dominant position in the desktop publishing market and became the standard for desktop publishing. By the end of the 1990s they gathered a market share of around 90%.  In the late 1990s, Quark faced intense criticism for slow innovation cycles, high prices, and a poor response to customer needs. Therefore, many customers welcomed the release of Adobe InDesign in 1999 as a viable alternative. The release of Adobe Creative Suite in 2003, essentially including InDesign with Photoshop and Illustrator, resulted in ongoing market share loss for QuarkXPress.  As a result, under the new leadership of Raymond Schiavone, Quark started to refocus its resources towards the enterprise dynamic publishing market (now Content Automation), announcing a new strategy in March 2008.

Ownership and management.

Quark was founded under the name "Quark Engineering" 1981 by Tim Gill and Mark Pope. In 1986 Fred Ebrahimi joined Quark as CEO and co-owner. In 1990, Mark Pope sold his share of the company to the other partners. In 2000 Tim Gill left Quark and sold all his shares to Ebrahimi.  In keeping with its India focus, Quark appointed Kamar Aulakh, a Quark veteran of Indian origin, as its CEO in February, 2004. In June 2005, Quark informed its employees that Aulakh was no longer with the company.  At the end of 2006 Fred Ebrahimi gave all his shares of Quark Inc. to his children, with his daughter Sasha Ebrahimi taking the position of chairman.  On November 1, 2006, Quark appointed Raymond Schiavone, former CEO of Arbortext, as its new CEO.  On August 9, 2011, the Ebrahimi family sold all their shares to Platinum Equity, a California-based private equity firm.  Parallax Capital Partners subsequently acquired Quark Software Inc. from Platinum Equity on July 12, 2017, stating their intentions to invest in growing the company's new content automation business through organic growth and acquisitions.

Products.

Quark's first products were word processing software for the Apple II and Apple III. In 1987 it released its best known product, QuarkXPress, for Apple Macintosh. In 1992 it also released the product for Microsoft Windows.  In the 1990s QuarkXPress 3.x gained around 90% market share of page layout applications. Its editorial workflow system, called Quark Publishing System, sold almost a thousand times to magazines and newspapers.  The company announced a picture editing application, QuarkXPosure, which was never released, and a multimedia authoring add-on XTension for QuarkXPress, QuarkImmedia. Neither is part of Quark's portfolio anymore. The company briefly purchased and marketed a standalone multimedia authoring program, mTropolis, before discontinuing it in the late 1990s.  Quark acquired two companies creating add-ons for QuarkXPress and InDesign, in 2005 alap and in 2010 Gluon.  In March 2008, Quark announced a new direction. Quark acquired an XML editor vendor in 2008, a company called in.vision research.  On May 29, 2012 Quark acquired Mobile IQ, with digital publishing technology for tablet devices named PressRun, later renamed to App Studio.  Reflecting a shift towards Web-based word-processing tools such as Office 365 and Google Docs, in November 2014, Quark announced the release of a new authoring tool, Quark Author.  In November 2017, Quark announced the acquisition of New York based company, Docurated. Docurated develops a Cloud Sales Enablement Platform to enable sales teams to rapidly access and share sales content with their prospects.

Quark Software Inc. (founded 1981 in Denver, Colorado) is a privately owned software company which specializes in enterprise publishing software for automating the production of customer communications. The company's original goal was to "create software that would be the platform for publishing", just as quarks are the basis for all matter. The company is best known for its desktop page layout and design software, QuarkXPress, although this has now become secondary to its other products and services.

Das Unternehmen Quark, Inc. ist ein nicht-börsennotiertes, US-amerikanisches Unternehmen und hauptsächlich als Hersteller der Software QuarkXPress bekannt. Der Name "Quark" soll das Ziel des Unternehmens symbolisieren, Software herzustellen, die als substantielle Plattform für Publishing dient, also wie jedes Quark auch Basis jeglicher Materie ist.


History.

"Logos II"’s original name was "Antonio Lazaro". She was built by Union Naval Levante SA of Valencia, Spain in 1968, and owned by Compañía Trasmediterránea. The ship was designed to operate a ferry service to Morocco, carrying 400 berthed and 200 deck class passengers. She also had a cargo hold forward and side doors for the loading of vehicles. She later sailed between Spain and Spanish territories in North Africa.  Educational Book Exhibits Ltd. purchased the ship on 21 October 1988, and renamed her "Logos II". Extensive renovations and upgrades were carried out to prepare the ship for future service. "Logos II" welcomed more than 10 million visitors on board with stops in 350 ports of call in 81 countries. The ship was sold on October 2008, and the work is carried on by her replacement since February 19, 2009, "MV Logos Hope". The last port of call for Logos II was Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.

Mission.

GBA Ships' goal is to bring knowledge, help and hope to the people of the world. This is done by supplying vital literature resources, encouraging cross-cultural understanding, training young people for more effective life and service, providing needed relief, and sharing a message of hope in God wherever there is opportunity.  The ships visit each port for several weeks and open the gangways to hundreds and sometimes thousands of visitors each day. On average, over one million visitors have been welcomed onboard every year. The floating book fairs offer over 6,000 titles, providing many visitors their first-ever opportunity to purchase quality educational and Christian literature.  An international crew and staff of volunteers live and work on the ships. Teams from the ship go into surrounding areas to supply aid and community care. In each port, the ship's crew works with local authorities and community groups to bring knowledge, help and hope to people whatever their circumstances, culture or background.

The MV Logos II was a ship built in Spain, 1968, which was purchased in 1989 by Educational Book Exhibits Ltd., a private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in the UK. "Logos II" was operated on behalf of EBE by GBA Ships, a second private, non-profit, charitable organisation registered in Germany. She entered service in 1990 and was active until October 2008 when she was sold. The work of "Logos II" is now being carried on by a replacement vessel "Logos Hope".

Die Logos II ex Antonio Lazaro war ursprünglich eine Mittelmeerfähre, später ein christliches Missionsschiff von Operation Mobilisation. Sie diente unter anderem dazu, christliche Literatur (in der jeweiligen Landessprache) in die Häfen der Westhalbkugel, insbesondere die der bedürftigen Länder, zu bringen.