Etymology.

"Khao Phing Kan" means 'hills leaning against each other' in Thai, reflecting the connected nature of the islands. "Khao Ta Pu" can be literally translated as 'crab's eye' island, and Ko Tapu can be translated as 'nail' or'spike' island, reflecting its shape. With "koh" () meaning 'island' and "khao" () meaning 'hill', the terms "ko", "khao", and "Ko Khao" are frequently interchanged in the naming of the islands. After appearing in the 1974 James Bond movie "The Man with the Golden Gun", Khao Phing Kan and sometimes Ko Ta Pu became widely referred to as James Bond Island, especially in tourist guides, and their original names are rarely used by locals.

History.

Before 1974, the island was a rarely visited indigenous area. However, it was chosen as one of the locations for the 1974 James Bond film "The Man with the Golden Gun" as the hideout for Bond's antagonist, Francisco Scaramanga. After the movie release it turned into a popular tourist destination. Popularity and increased tourism left Khao Phing Kan with substantial litter.  In 1981, the island became the most famous part of the newly established Ao Phang Nga Marine National Park. Since 1998, it is forbidden for tourist boats to approach Ko Ta Pu. This measure aims to stop erosion of the limestone rocks on and near the islet that might eventually result in the island's collapse.

Geography.

Khao Phing Kan.

Khao Phing Kan consists of two forest-covered islands with steep shores. They lie in the northwestern part of Phang Nga Bay, from the mainland, amid a group of a dozen of other islands. Its western part is about in diameter whereas the eastern part is about long and wide and is elongated northwards. The island has a few caves and two sandy beaches, in the southwest and between the twin islands. The former hosts the government office where every visitor has to pay a tax. The latter is used as the port for the tourist boats arriving from the mainland and has several souvenir shops selling items like coral and shells and plastic-encased butterflies, scorpions, and spiders. Beaches and caves are regularly flooded with the tides, which have an amplitude of, so access to some caves is only possible during low tide. The Thai name for Khao Phing Kan reflects the particular shape of the island which appears as if a flat limestone cliff tumbled sideways and leaned on a similar rock in the centre of the island.  Waters around the island are only few metres deep and are pale-green in colour. The bottom is covered with silt, brought to the Phang Nga Bay by several rivers from the north.

Khao Ta Pu.

Khao Ta Pu is a limestone rock about tall with the diameter increasing from about near the water level to about at the top. It lies about to the west from the northern part of Khao Phing Kan.  A local legend explains the formation of Khao Ta Pu as follows. Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman who used to bring home many fish every time he went to the sea. However, one day he could not catch any fish despite many attempts and only picked up a nail with his net. He kept throwing the nail back into the sea and catching it again. Furious, he took his sword and cut the nail in half with all his strength. Upon impact, one half of the nail jumped up and speared into the sea, forming Khao Ta Pu.  A scientific version of the Khao Ta Pu formation says that in the Permian period, the area was a barrier reef. Then, upon tectonic movements, it ruptured, and its parts were dispersed over the area and flooded by the rising ocean. Wind, waves, water currents, and tides gradually eroded the islands thus formed, sometimes producing peculiar shapes, such as Khao Ta Pu. Tide-related erosion is visible at the bottom of the rock.  In the "James Bond" film "The Man with the Golden Gun", Francisco Scaramanga describes Khao Ta Pu as a "mushroom-shaped rock", which houses two large solar panels that come up on top of Khao Ta Pu and lock on to the Sun.  Khao Ta Pu is also featured in another "James Bond" film ("Tomorrow Never Dies", identified as in Vietnam) and in the Italian film "Quo Vado?" (identified as in the Philippines).

Climate.

The area has a tropical monsoon climate, which is characterized by frequent rains and stable temperature. According to the data collected between 1961 and 1990, average number of rainy days is 189 per year bringing of precipitation, mostly between May and October. The temperature varies between and and the average relative humidity is 83%.

Flora and fauna.

Most of the island is covered with deciduous limestone shrubland and evergreen trees. Some plants, such as "Pandanus", cycads, and euphorbs grow on nearly soil-free cliffs, such as those of Ko Ta Pu, penetrating their roots into the numerous cracks and surviving on rainwater.  Shallow water depth, warm, stable temperature, and rich nutrient supply from mangrove forests and several rivers running into Phang Nga Bay result in abundant plankton and other marine life. The bay island hosts 26 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish, 14 species of shrimp, 15 species of crab, and 16 species of manta rays, sharks, and game fish. Most fishes are typical of coral reefs, such as butterflyfish. Other common inhabitants are blue crab, swimming crab, mudskipper, humpback shrimp, mud lobster, pomfret, sole, anchovy, scad, rock cod, rainbow cuttlefish, soft cuttlefish, musk crab, mackerel, moray eel, puffer fish, rabbitfish, groupers, black sea cucumber, brain coral, staghorn coral and flowerlike soft coral. Amphibians include "Fejervarya raja", cricket frog ("Fejervarya limnocharis") and the common tree frog. Aquatic plants are represented by red algae, "Halimeda", seagrass, and plant plankton. There are more than 100 species of birds in the area such as the striated heron, Pacific reef heron, little egret and others.

Khao Phing Kan (, ) or Ko Khao Phing Kan ( ) is an island in Thailand, in Phang Nga Bay northeast of Phuket. The islands are limestone karst towers and are a part of Ao Phang Nga National Park.

Khao Phing Kan (Thai:, wörtlich "schiefer Felsen") ist eine Insel in der Bucht von Phang-nga im Süden Thailands. Bekannt geworden ist Khao Phing Kan als „James-Bond-Insel“ und durch die vorgelagerte Felsnadel Khao Ta-Pu.


Municipality.

The municipality Kassandra was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units (communities in brackets):  The municipality has an area of 334.280 km, the municipal unit 206.097 km.

History.

Pallene () is the ancient name of the westernmost of the three headlands of Chalcidice, which run out into the Aegean Sea. It is said to have anciently borne the name of Phlegra () and to have witnessed the conflict between the gods and the earthborn Gigantes. The modern name of the peninsula is Kassandra, which, besides affording excellent winter pasture for cattle and sheep, also produces an abundance of grain of superior quality, as well as wool, honey, and wax, besides raising silkworms. In antiquity, Pallene was the site of numerous towns: Sane, Mende, Scione, Therambos, Aege, Neapolis, Aphytis, which were either wholly or partly colonies from Eretria.  Strabo mentions the following five cities of Pallene in the 1st century BC (Cassandreia, Aphytis, Mende, Scione and Sane).  After the founding of the Roman colony of Cassandreia (43 BC), the entire peninsula of Pallene was included in the colony territory.  In Late Antiquity, the center of the peninsula was the city of Cassandreia, located at the site of ancient Potidaia. A "polis" and a bishopric, Cassandreia was destroyed by the Huns in 539 or 540 AD. After this, Emperor Justinian I built a wall at the entrance of the peninsula, but it is not until the 10th century that a sizeable settlement—described as a township ("polichnion") and later as a fortress ("kastron")—re-appears in the peninsula and that the bishopric is mentioned again, as a suffragan of Thessalonica. The area prospered due to its fertility, and both Thessalonians as well as the monks of the growing monastic community at nearby Mount Athos had estates there.  In the winter of 1307/08, the peninsula and the city were seized and held by the Catalan Company during their move from Thrace to southern Greece. The 14th-century historian Nikephoros Gregoras describes Kassandreia as "abandoned" during his time, and sometime before 1407, Emperor John VII Palaiologos rebuilt the old fortifications of Justinian. As a "de facto" annex of Thessalonica, the peninsula shared the city's fate and came under a brief Venetian control in 1423, before being captured by the Ottoman Empire in ca. 1430.  Kassandra () was one of the places that rebelled against the Ottomans in 1821. Because it managed to stop the Turkish army from fighting the south Greece rebels it was burnt from edge to edge. The refugees moved with fishing boats to the islands of Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonissos and Evoia. Nobody lived in the peninsula for more than 30 years. Then the population started to gather again. In 1912 it became a part of Greece.  The peninsula was lined with paved road in the mid-20th century. Tourism also arrived after the war period of World War II and the Greek Civil War. More paved roads were added in the 1970s and the 1980s and tourism developed rapidly. Agriculture shifted to tourism and other businesses as the primary industry of the peninsula in the 1980s.  On August 22, 2006, the peninsula was struck by a major forest fire that affected the central and the southern parts of the peninsula, on the day of the heatwave when temperatures soared to nearly 40 °C. Several houses were destroyed including villas and hotels, and one campground disappeared, while the natural beauty was erased. It burnt large areas of forests including some farmlands. The cause of this tremendous fire was dry lightning which occurred throughout the evening. The forest fire lasted nearly five days and devastated the economy and the peninsula. Villages that were affected were Chanioti, Nea Skioni, Polychrono, Pefkochori, Kriopigi and Kassandrino. The forests began to recover by 2015.

Twin cities.

Cassandreia is twinned with the following cities:

Kassandra (Κασσάνδρα) or Kassandra Peninsula (Χερσόνησος Κασσάνδρας) is a peninsula and a municipality in Chalkidiki, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Kassandreia.

Kassandra (, ausgesprochen "Kassándra", ; offizielle Bezeichnung "Dimos Kassandras" Δήμος Κασσάνδρας) ist eine griechische Gemeinde ("Dimos" Δήμος) im Regionalbezirk Chalkidiki der Region Zentralmakedonien. Sie entstand im Rahmen der griechischen Kommunalverwaltungsreform "Schedio Kapodistrias" 1997 aus den zuvor eigenständigen Gemeinden Kassandria, Kallithea, Afytos, Kalandra, Kassandrino, Kryopigi, Nea Fokea und Fourka, die nach der Fusion zur Gemeinde Kassandra als Gemeindebezirke weiter fungierten. Zum 1. Januar 2011 wurde die südliche Nachbargemeinde Pallini eingemeindet. Die Gemeinde Kassandra nimmt mit ihrem Gemeindegebiet die gleichnamige Halbinsel (1. Finger bzw. 1. Fuß der Halbinsel Chalkidiki) ein. Das unmittelbar südlich des Isthmus von Kassandra gelegene Gebiet der Ortschaft Nea Potidea gehört als Ortschaft zum Gemeindebezirk Moudania der Gemeinde Nea Propondida, welche zugleich die nördliche Nachbargemeinde ist. Die westliche Gemeindegrenze wird von der Westküste der Halbinsel Kassandra gebildet (Thermaischer Golf) und die Ostküste der Halbinsel Kassandra (Toronäischer Golf) bildet die Ostgrenze der Gemeinde. Das Gemeindegebiet umfasst keine Inseln. Der höchste Punkt der Gemeinde ist der Berg Livadakia (Höhe 353 m) südlich der Ortschaft Kassandrino. Die niedrigste Punkt des Gemeindegebietes sind die Küsten des Toronäischen und Thermaischen Golfes (Meeresspiegel).


History.

The building was built between 1707 and 1709 out of Volvic stone and initially housed the Dufraisse du Cheix hotel. It was classified as a historical monument in 1963 The hotel was converted to a museum in 1866 by the magistrate and historian Francisque Mandet, after whom it was named.

Buildings.

The first building (eighteenth century).

The first building, created in the eighteenth century, has the collection that was built in the nineteenth century. This includes paintings of religion, history, genre, portraits, landscapes and Flemish and Dutch Schools. There is an entire floor dedicated to academic paintings that come from the merits of the nineteenth century. The ceilings of the vestibule and the grand staircase are decorated by Auvergne artist Riomois Alphonse Cornet. The ground floor has a display of pieces of goldsmith and ceramics and glassware contemporary that date from 1945 to today.

The second building (1983 restoration).

The second building has a collection that was given to the museum in 1979 by two Riomese donors: Marie-Joseph and Edouard Richard. It comprises antiques, including polychrome ceramics, small bronzes, jewels, Hellenistic marbles (Aphrodite, Artemis) and an extremely rare funeral portrait of Fayoum. There are also sculptures from the Middle Ages of Auvergene majesties of the 12 century and Child of Moulins of the 15 century. There are also Florentine paintings and Renaissance furniture. There are cabinets made of ebony and ivory that date back to the 17 century. A major portion of the collection is large amounts of goldsmithery including foreign pieces that are very high quality. There are also many Auvergne goblets, bowls and knives and some European weapons and armor from the 16 to 19 centuries.

Collection.

Ettore Sottsass, Andrea Branzi, Jean Nouvel, Goudji, Gae Aulenti and Olivier Gagnère are among the artists and designers whose works are housed in the museum.

The Mandet Museum is an art museum in Riom, France and is housed in two 18 century mansions connected by a gallery. It was originally labeled the Museum of France and is named after Francisque Mandet, President of the Museum Society. The first building known as the hotel Dufraisse is an example of Parisan architecture. It has collections of paintings and sculptures from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. The two buildings combined contain around 6000 items including anitques, goldsmithery, paintings, sculptures, glassware and furniture to name a few.

Das Museum Mandet (frz.: Musée Mandet oder auch Musée Francisque Mandet) befindet sich als Museum für Bildende Kunst und Angewandte Kunst in zwei herrschaftlichen Privatgebäuden im Zentrum der französischen Kleinstadt Riom im Département Puy-de-Dôme, Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.


Plot.

Each chapter of "Nord and Bert" is dedicated to a different style of wordplay. The first seven chapters can be played in any order, since each exists as an independent "short story" unrelated to the other chapters; to begin the eighth, however, the player must provide seven "passwords" provided by completing each of the other sections.  The only effort made to interlink the separate parts of the game is as follows: reality has somehow been altered around the town of Punster. Idioms and clichés are suddenly manifesting themselves quite literally, and it falls to the player, as it always does, to sort things out.  The sections of the game:

Feelies.

For years, each game released by Infocom contained feelies, or extra objects, in its packaging. The only "feelie" included with "Nord and Bert" was "Home on the Range", a booklet of wordplay-themed cartoons drawn by Kevin Pope (who also illustrated the front and back of the game package). The cartoons generally illustrate several of the types of puzzles in the game, such as "All Alone on a Desserted Isle", which shows a castaway sitting on a tiny island (complete with requisite palm tree) surrounded by pies, cakes, and ice cream. Each cartoon corresponds to a section of the game.

Notes.

By the time "Nord and Bert" was released, Infocom had abandoned their habit of printing games' difficulty level on the external package. Fan opinion of the difficulty level of "Nord and Bert" ranges from "Standard" to "Expert", depending largely on the player's penchant for wordplay. Since "Nord and Bert" makes extensive use of English-language puns, clichés, and idioms as plot points, the game can be extremely difficult for non-native English speakers to complete without assistance.  In an effort to simplify the "menial tasks" of interactive fiction, the classic "compass point"-style exits were rarely used, and mapping was unnecessary. Available exits were displayed at the top of the screen, and once a location had been visited it could be revisited (as long as it was reachable) by simply typing its name. "Nord and Bert" also featured hints available with the HINT command.  This was one of Infocom's most unusual releases. Published in their waning days of financial difficulty and pressure from parent company Activision, "Nord and Bert" proved quite difficult to market; its apparent target audience of wordplay enthusiasts was quite small, and uneven gameplay doomed the title to sell very poorly.  Appropriately enough, "Wordplay" was the working title of this game.

Reception.

"Computer Gaming World"s reviewer did not enjoy "Nord and Bert" as much as the "more complete" previous Infocom games, stating that the game often did not accept seemingly valid word play responses. He suggested that the game might be used to teach word play to students. "Compute!" more favorably reviewed the game, praising its humor, the puzzles' creativity, and the fact that individual games could be finished in a brief period. "Compute!'s Gazette" also liked the wordplay, stated that the game "should appeal to most everyone", and especially recommended it to those who avoided other text adventures. "Antic"s reviewer was critical, stating "I cannot recommend this game" because puzzles could not be solved by logic alone. He concluded, "I give Infocom an A for originality but will spend my money on something else".

Nord and Bert Couldn't Make Head or Tail of It is an interactive fiction computer game written by Jeff O'Neill and published by Infocom in 1987. It was released simultaneously for several popular computer platforms of the time, such as the PC and Commodore 64. "Nord and Bert" was unique among Infocom games in that it used the game engine to present wordplay puzzles rather than an adventure story. It was Infocom's twenty-seventh game.

Nord and Bert Couldn’t Make Head or Tail of It ist ein Textadventure der Firma Infocom, das 1987 für verschiedene Hardware-Plattformen veröffentlicht wurde. "Nord and Bert" war einzigartig unter den Infocom-Spielen, da es höchst surrealistisch war und sich im Wesentlichen um Wortspiel und Wortwitz drehte.


History.

The palace was remodelled after 1486 by a follower of Pietro Lombardo for the patrician Giovanni Dario, Secretary to the Venetian Senate, diplomat, and merchant. After Dario's death in 1494, it passed to his daughter, Marietta, who was married to Vincenzo Barbaro, the son of Giacomo Barbaro and owner of the neighboring Palazzo Barbaro Wolkoff. Marietta's sons received possession of the house in 1522. Before that time, the Senate rented it on occasion as a residence for Turkish diplomats.  The land-side of Palazzo Dario rises on a small square shaded by trees, the "Campiello Barbaro", named in honor of the patrician Barbaro family who lived there. The English art critic John Ruskin was particularly entranced with and wrote about the palace's Gothic marble-encrusted oculi. The corner treatments of the palace resemble those found in the Palazzo Priuli a San Severo. The rear facade of the palace on the Campiello Barbaro has Gothic arches of the fifth order.  A large project of renovation was undertaken at the end of the 19th century, when the palace belonged to the Countess de la Baume-Pluvinel, a French aristocrat and writer under the name of "Laurent Evrard". She was pleased to surround herself with French and Venetian writers, one of whom — Henri de Régnier — is commemorated by an inscription on the garden wall, saying "In questa casa antica dei Dario, Henri de Regnier—poeta di Francia—venezianamente visse e scrisse—anni 1899-1901". The Countess is responsible for the staircase, the external chimneys, the majolica stoves, and the fine carvings (vaguely reminiscent of the Scuola di San Rocco) in the dining room on the second "piano nobile", looking down to the garden, as well as a great deal of stabilization and replacement of marble on the facade.  In 1908 the painter Claude Monet created impressionist depictions of Palazzo Dario, including canvases at the Art Institute of Chicago and the National Museum of Art of Wales.  The building in 2015 is private and not normally open to the public. However, an agreement between the current owner and the Venetian art museum, Peggy Guggenheim Collection, makes it available for special art exhibitions.

The Palazzo Dario is a palace located between the Palazzo Barbaro Wolkoff and the narrow Rio delle Torreselle on the Grand Canal in the sestiere of Dorsoduro, of the city of Venice, Italy. The palace was built in the Venetian Gothic style and was renovated in Renaissance style.

Palazzo Dario oder "Ca’ Dario" ist einer der bekanntesten Paläste in Venedig. Er befindet sich im Sestiere (Viertel) von Dorsoduro und liegt direkt am Canal Grande am Beginn des Rio delle Torreselle. Der Korpus des Palastes ist im typischen Stil der italienischen Gotik errichtet, der in Venedig sehr verbreitet war, aber die Fassade zum Canal Grande ist deutlich Renaissance.


Personal life.

He was born to a respected military family in Anjou and was "a leading Angevin vassal of the King". His lordship was based in a cluster of lands in the River Sarthe valley, which he inherited in the 1160s. He married Clemence de Mayenne (died before 1209). He was succeeded in Anjou by his daughter Marguerite de Sablé, who by marriage passed the entire estate to William des Roches, also a knight of the Third Crusade. Robert died in the Holy Land on 23 September 1193. Although there are no exact records of his birth date, it is believed that he was relatively old at the time of his death compared to the average life expectancy of the 12th century.

Military record.

Angevin Civil War.

In 1173, Sablé supported Henry the Young King, heir apparent to the throne of the Kingdom of England and duchy of Normandy, in a revolt against his father Henry II during the Revolt of 1173-1174. The uprising was crushed but Robert must have remained in favour with the Angevin Kings, as Richard would later be instrumental in his appointment as Grand Master. He contributed money to French monastic houses in 1190 as a way of making amends.

Third Crusade.

According to the "Gesta Regis Ricardi" Robert was one of the chosen leaders of the Crusading Fleet of Richard I that departed from Dartmouth in the spring of 1190. The fleet scattered in the sea of Bisquay a result of a storm and arrived at different times to the Portuguese port of Lisbon. One of this groups was involved helping the Portuguese monarch Sancho I repealed an Almohad attack against the city of Santarem, while another went on a rampage against the local Jews and Muslims in the Christian controlled city of Lisbon. Robert arrived as the Portuguese monarch captured the misbehaved crusaders and was forced to swear an oath to control his forces while in Portuguese territory.  Despite only having a short tenure, Sablé's reign was filled with successful campaigning. Before his election as Grand Master, he led King Richard I's navy from England and Normandy to the Mediterranean, getting involved in the Reconquista in the passage. The combined might of Richard the Lionheart's strategy, seasoned troops, and the elite Templar knights scored many victories. During the Third Crusade, they laid siege to the city of Acre, which soon fell. Throughout August 1191, they also recaptured many fortresses and cities along the Levantine coast in the Eastern Mediterranean, which had been lost previously.  The new coalition's finest hour was the Battle of Arsuf, on 7 September 1191. Saladin's Muslim forces appeared to have become far stronger than the Christians, and a decisive victory was desperately needed. Pooling all of the crusaders' strength, the Knights Hospitaller joined the ranks, plus many knights from Sablé's native Anjou, Maine, and Brittany. They met Saladin's troops on the dry plains and soon broke his ranks. Those who stayed to fight were killed, and the remaining Islamic troops were forced to retreat.

Acquisition of Cyprus.

At the end of 1191, Richard the Lionheart agreed to sell Cyprus to the Templars for 25,000 pieces of silver. Richard had plundered the island from the Byzantine forces of the tyrant Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus some months earlier and had no real use for it. The Hospitallers would later establish solid bases on the islands of Rhodes and Malta, but Sablé failed to do the same with the island of Cyprus. He was lord for two years, until he gave (or sold) the island to Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, as he was without a kingdom.  Sablé did manage to establish a Chieftain House of the Order in Saint-Jean d'Acre, which remained for almost a century.

Delayed election.

Sablé was lucky to have been Grand Master at all, as at the time of Gerard de Ridefort's death, he was not even a member of the Templar Order. However, the senior knights had become increasingly opposed to Masters fighting on the front line, and the capture and beheading of Grand Master Gerard de Ridefort became the final straw. They delayed elections for over a year so that the rules regarding active service of Grand Masters could be reviewed. During this hiatus, Sablé did join the order, just in time to be considered for election. When he was made Grand Master, he had been a Templar knight for less than a year. He died in 1193.

In popular culture.

Robert de Sablé is a character in the 2007 video game "Assassin's Creed". He is presented as the leader of the Knights Templar within the game's story and a loyal to King Richard. Al Mualim ordered Altaïr to kill Robert, who died in 1191 at the battle of Arsuf. He wanted to obtain the Piece of Eden. Maria Thorpe was his former stewardess, who was captured as prisoner by Altaïr in "", and later revealed to have become Altaïr's wife.

Robert IV de Sablé (1150 − 23 September 1193) was Lord of Sablé, the eleventh Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1191 to 1192 and Lord of Cyprus from 1191 to 1192. He was known of as the Grand Master of the Knights Templars and the Grand Master of the Holy and Valiant Order of Knights Templars.

Robert IV. de Sablé († 28. September 1193) war ab 1160 Herr von Sablé-sur-Sarthe, La Suze-sur-Sarthe und Briollay, Teilnehmer des Dritten Kreuzzugs und von 1191 bis zu seinem Tod Großmeister des Templerordens.


Early life.

Guy Pratt was born on 3 January 1962, in a flat above a shop on the street The Cut, in Lambeth, South London, England, United Kingdom. His father, Mike Pratt, was an actor, songwriter and screenwriter but died when the younger Pratt was 14. Pratt worked for a while as a graphic designer, but then decided to concentrate on a music career. In the late 1970s, Pratt was in a band based in Southend-On-Sea called Speedball, which released a single on NO PAP1 Records called 'No Survivors'. In 1981, aged 19, Pratt was asked to tour with Icehouse. Two years later as a member of Icehouse he supported David Bowie on his Serious Moonlight Tour, which was Bowie's longest, largest, and most successful concert tour. A support slot at a 1984 David Gilmour solo concert led to a stint with Pink Floyd. He also spent some time in Los Angeles where he played with Madonna and Michael Jackson.

Career.

In 1986 the Smiths' bassist Andy Rourke was arrested on drug possession charges shortly before the band was scheduled to leave for its North American tour in support of "The Queen Is Dead". Expecting that Rourke would thus be denied work visas for the U.S. and Canada, the band's guitarist, Johnny Marr, asked Pratt to step in. He spent nearly two weeks with Rourke and the band, learning bass lines and rehearsing, but shortly before the band was to leave Britain Rourke received his visas, and there was no need for Pratt to go.  Pratt came to prominence when he was chosen to play bass for Pink Floyd's post-Roger Waters A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour in 1987–90, and The Division Bell Tour in 1994. He co-performed the lead vocals on "Run Like Hell", "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2", "Us and Them" and "Comfortably Numb" with Gilmour during the live shows. He also played bass on several tracks on "The Division Bell". Tony Levin had performed all of the bass parts on "A Momentary Lapse of Reason"; Pratt replaced him on the later tour owing to Levin's unavailability. Pratt also toured as part of Gilmour's On an Island Tour backing band, alongside another Pink Floyd member (and his father-in-law), Richard Wright.  Pratt played bass on Gary Moore's "Dark Days in Paradise" tour in 1997.  Besides working as a bass player, Pratt is a songwriter and composes music for TV and film. As a songwriter, Pratt co-wrote the UK number-one hit "Ain't No Doubt" by Jimmy Nail. He produced, co-wrote and played bass, guitar and keyboards on the music for the 1998 Channel 4 drama series "The Young Person's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star". With regular collaborator Dom Beken, he provided the theme music to "Spaced", where he also appeared as the character Minty. Pratt also acted in "Linda Green" and appeared in an episode of the remake of "Randall & Hopkirk", starring Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer. Pratt's father Mike had played the part of Jeff Randall in the original 1960s series. Pratt also plays as a regular in the backing band for the BBC Radio 2 musical comedy show "Jammin'" with Rowland Rivron.  Pratt and Jimmy Cauty released a single "I Wanna 1-2-1 With You" as Solid Gold Chartbusters in 1999; Pratt and Cauty (a founder of The Orb) later teamed up with the other original member of The Orb, Alex Paterson, to form the Transit Kings.  Pratt's one-man music and comedy show, "My Bass & Other Animals", debuted in August 2005 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe; this led to his book of the same name, published in May 2007. Pratt spent 2011 performing stand-up in Switzerland, Australia, and at the Edinburgh Fringe, as well as on a South American tour playing bass guitar for Dominic Miller.  In April 2010, Pratt joined Argentine band The End Pink Floyd, with Durga McBroom and Jon Carin, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pratt joined the Australian Pink Floyd Show on stage on 13 June 2011 for the Hampton Court Palace Festival for the song "Run Like Hell". He joined the UK Pink Floyd cover band Brit Floyd on stage on 9 November 2013 as a special guest during the Liverpool leg of their "Pulse" tour. He performed on the songs "One of These Days", "Comfortably Numb" and shared lead vocals with the band's lead singer Damian Darlington during the finale of "Run Like Hell". In 2018 he joined Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets for their tours, performing early Pink Floyd.

Equipment.

Pratt's standard bass guitar arsenal includes a selection of various vintage Fender Precision and Jazz Basses, three Music Man StingRay 4-strings (black with rosewood fretboard and black pickguard, black with maple fretboard and white pickguard, natural with maple fretboard and black pickguard), a pair of headless Status 4 and 5-strings (fretless and fretted) and an amber Stuart Spector NS2.  During David Gilmour's On an Island Tour, he mainly used a 3-colour sunburst 1961 Fender Precision, a burgundy mist 1963 Fender Jazz named 'Betsy', a Status Vintage GP Signature and a Framus Triumph electric upright bass. On Gilmour's "Live in Gdańsk" DVD he is seen playing his Fender Jazz and Precision Basses as well as a Candy Apple Red Lakland Joe Osborn signature fretless Jazz Bass and a Rickenbacker 4001. On the studio jamming sessions included in the DVD, he played several Fender Jazz Basses, a Hofner Icon bass and a Ned Steinberger Design CR electric upright.  Pratt played his fretted 5-string and fretless 4-string Status headless basses, the amber Spector NS2, the burgundy mist "Betsy" 1963 Jazz Bass and two Precision Basses (a 2-colour sunburst 1958 and a "single-coil pickup" butterscotch blonde 1951) during the Pulse concerts in 1994.  Pratt was seen playing Aria SB series and fretless Steinberger L2/Xl headless basses during his stint in Icehouse.  His amps are usually Ashdown ABM heads and Ashdown ABM 810 Cabinets, although when playing with Gilmour they are WEM-badged to match Gilmour's cabinets.

Awards.

Pratt won a Grammy Award in 1995 for "Marooned", an instrumental track on Pink Floyd's 1994 album "The Division Bell". He has also been nominated for two Ivor Novello Awards and was awarded an ARIA Award for his work with Icehouse.

Writing.

Pratt is the author of a book:

Personal life.

Pratt married furniture designer Gala Wright, daughter of Pink Floyd keyboardist Richard Wright, in 1996 in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. The couple have a son, but subsequently divorced.  In March 2019 he became engaged to the children's author Georgia Byng.  Also in 2019, he was announced as the general election candidate for the Renew Party in Brighton Kemptown.

Guy Pratt (born 3 January 1962) is an English musician, comedian and actor. Pratt's music career spans more than 30 years. He is best known for his prolific work as a session bass player, working with artists including Pink Floyd (also David Gilmour and Nick Mason), Roxy Music (also Bryan Ferry), Gary Moore, Madonna, Michael Jackson, The Smiths, Robert Palmer, Echo & the Bunnymen, Tears for Fears, Icehouse, Bananarama, Iggy Pop, Tom Jones, Blondie's Debbie Harry, Whitesnake, Womack & Womack, Kirsty MacColl, Coverdale•Page, Lemon Jelly, The Orb, All Saints, Stephen Duffy, Robbie Robertson, and A. R. Rahman. In addition to his work as a session musician, Pratt has been a member of the Australian rock band Icehouse, and is currently a member of the psychedelic rock band Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets with Gary Kemp of Spandau Ballet.

Guy Pratt (* 3. Januar 1962 in London) ist ein britischer Bassist, Schauspieler und Komponist. Er ist der Sohn des Schauspielers Mike Pratt und Schwiegersohn des verstorbenen Pink-Floyd-Keyboarders Richard Wright.


Location.

Caldas Novas is located 170 km south of state capital, Goiânia, with good roads linking to that city. It belongs to the Meia Ponte Microregion, which has 338,147 inhabitants (2007) in 21 cities and a total area of 21,229.00 km. Highway connections are made by BR-352 / Bela Vista de Goiás / GO-147 / Piracanjuba / GO-217 / GO-139 / GO-213. See Sepin for a complete list of all distances in Goiás Neighboring municipalities are:  The city and region are served by Nelson Ribeiro Guimarães Airport.  Besides the municipal seat there are the "povoados" (villages) of Nossa Senhora de Fátima and Vila de Furnas; and the "aglomerados" (hamlets) of Junqueilândia, Paraíso and Sapé.

History.

In 1777 Martinho Coelho and Gustavo- Mauricio Silva De Carvalho Alves discovered the hot water springs that became known as Caldas de Piratinga, later changing the name to Caldas, on the banks of the Caldas River. The discover registered the land and established a ranch on the left bank of the river, which he named "Fazenda das Caldas". Gold was found in small quantities attracting prospectors and others in search of cures in the hot waters. In 1850 another settlement arose on the right bank of the river near the hot springs, where a church was soon built. In 1857 Caldas Novas became a district and in 1911 it became a municipality.

Economy.

The main source of income of the municipality is tourism. Caldas Novas is known throughout Brazil as one of the largest hydrothermal resorts in the world so in the high season the city receives as many as 100,000 tourists and at carnival as many as 300,000 people. Almost two thousand people are employed in this sector. The infrastructure of the city has more than 80 hotels and pensions (12,000 beds), (many with heated swimming pools and all with hot water produced by the natural thermal system), chalets, clubs, nightclubs, bars and restaurants. (All data are from Sepin/IBGE)  Economic Data (2007)  Main agricultural products in ha.(2006)  Farm Data (2006)in ha.

High quality of life.

Caldas Novas is one of the best places to live in the state of Goiás. In the United Nations Human Development Index Caldas Novas had a rating of 0.802,which ranked it 10 out of a total of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás. Nationally it was ranked 533 out of 5,507 municipalities. For the complete list see Frigoletto

Information about the hot water of Caldas Novas.

In Caldas Novas there are 86 active wells, pumping an average of 1,200 m3 an hour, in a period of 14 daily hours. The temperature of the water varies between 34 and 57 °C.  The first references to the hot water of this region were published in Spain in 1545. In 1722, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, son of the famous bandeirante, Anhangüera, turning off the trail blazed by his father years before, discovered the thermal springs that form the Rio Quente. These were called Caldas Velhas and were located in the place where the Rio Quente Resorts is now located.  The most important study about the thermal ism of Caldas Novas and the Rio Quente was carried out by the state enterprise Furnas Centrais Elétricas, due to the possible influence of the Usina Hidrelétrica Corumbá I dam on the thermal water table of the region, which would be under the risk of cooling. According to Furnas, the phenomenon of the hot water is produced by peculiar geological and topographic characteristics. For years it was thought that a volcano had existed in the area in whose crater rainwater infiltrated, heating at great depths and then returning to the surface by way of cracks in the rock. More modern studies show that there is no indication of volcanic activity in the region, this theory reinforced by the elliptical form of the Serra de Caldas shown in a satellite photo Studies show that the water is formed by rainfall that is stored in a layer of quartzite and due to pressure is sent to the surface in a column 600 meters. See Rio Quente.com  The suspicion that the cold water of the reservoir of Usina Corumbá I could infiltrate the thermal watertable of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente has no basis, since the waters of the lake are at an elevation of 595 meters, well below the source of the water, at 644 meters.  The municipality contains part of the Caldas Novas State Park which protects the Serra de Caldas plateau region that is the main source of water for the geothermal aquifers of the region. Another great attraction of Caldas Novas is Ecotourism, since the city is located near the Corumbá River and the Caldas Novas State Park. In the surrounding area there is a lake - Lago de Piratininga - with boiling water; a reservoir called Lago de Corumbá with 64 square kilometers damming the Corumbá; and another river - the Rio Quente - which has natural warm water.

Rio Quente.

One of the largest hotwater resort complexes in the world - Rio Quente Resorts - is located 20 kilometers to the west of Caldas in the municipality of Rio Quente. With seven hotels, a convention center, and 500 square kilometres of space it receives more than 1 million tourists a year.

Caldas Novas is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Goiás. It is considered by many to be the largest hydro-thermal resort in the world.

Caldas Novas, amtlich, ist eine Gemeindebezirk und Stadt in Brasilien im Süden des Bundesstaates Goiás. Die Stadt ist landesweit bekannt durch ihre Thermalquellen, die zu Bädern und Vergnügungsparks ausgebaut wurden. Die Hauptquelle entspringt bei Temperaturen um ca. 58 °C im Stadtgebiet in der „Lagoa Quente de Caldas Novas“. Ein wesentlicher Wirtschaftszweig der Stadt ist der stetig wachsende Tourismus, der im letzten Jahrzehnt zahlreiche Hotels, Clubs und Bars entstehen ließ.


Career.

Arriving in Nebraska in 1854, he quickly affiliated himself with the Republican Party and actively participated in politics, as well as owning a large farm near Omaha. He became the major general of the Territorial Militia and gained a reputation as an Indian fighter in his encounters with the local Pawnee.  Thayer served as delegate to the 1860 State Constitution Convention which organized the Republican Party in the Nebraska Territory. He was elected to the Nebraska Territorial Legislature in 1860.

Civil War.

With the outbreak of the Civil War, Thayer wrote a letter to Secretary of War Simon Cameron asking that he be allowed to raise a Nebraska regiment in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers. He resigned his legislative seat in June 1861 to become Colonel of the 1st Nebraska Infantry Regiment, and spent the entire war fighting in the Western Theater. He commanded a brigade under Lew Wallace in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh. Promoted to brigadier general in October 1862, he led a brigade in the XV Corps. He saw action at the battles of Chickasaw Bayou and Fort Hindman and the siege of Vicksburg.  Thayer was then assigned to the cavalry and commanded the District of the Frontier with his headquarters in Fort Smith, Arkansas. He participated in the Camden Expedition and other actions in the region, seeing considerable action at the Battle of Prairie D'Ane. He commanded the rearguard of Frederick Steele's force at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, battling Confederate troops under Sterling Price for over four hours before forcing Price to disengage. His delaying action enabled Steele to successfully extricate his army to safety.  In February 1865, Thayer was relieved of command of Fort Smith and sent to the smaller post at St. Charles, Arkansas, with a regiment of Kansas cavalry and a single artillery battery. However, with the omnibus promotions of leading generals at the close of the war, Thayer was brevetted major general of volunteers in 1865.

Postbellum career.

After the Civil War, Thayer served as a member of the 1866 State Constitutional Convention. Upon the admission of Nebraska into the Union as a state, he was elected as one of its first two United States senators. He served as a member of the Senate from 1867 to 1871, when he was unsuccessful in winning reelection.  President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Thayer Governor of the Territory of Wyoming in February 1875 and he took the oath of office March 1, 1875. His service ended on May 29, 1878, and he returned to Nebraska to resume his law practice.  In 1886, Thayer secured the Republican gubernatorial nomination and was elected Governor of Nebraska by popular vote. He served two full terms as Governor of Nebraska, from 1886 to 1888. He was the seventh governor of Nebraska.  Thayer served part of a third term, (May 5, 1891February 8, 1892). He contested the results of the 1890 election, in which he lost to James E. Boyd; Boyd was initially installed as governor, but Thayer again became governor until the election was ruled in favor of Boyd. He then retired from public life to follow literary pursuits.

Death and legacy.

John M. Thayer died in Lincoln, Nebraska, and was buried in Wyuka Cemetery in Lincoln, Nebraska.  Thayer County, Nebraska, is named for Thayer. A bust of Thayer is located on the grounds of the Vicksburg National Military Park in Mississippi. The bust was erected in May 1915 and was sculpted by T.A.R. Kitson.

External links.

Retrieved on 2008-02-12

John Milton Thayer (January 24, 1820March 19, 1906) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska. Thayer served as Governor of Wyoming Territory and Governor of Nebraska.

John Milton Thayer (* 24. Januar 1820 in Bellingham, Norfolk County, Massachusetts; † 19. März 1906 in Lincoln, Nebraska) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und zwischen 1887 und 1892 der siebte Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Nebraska. Zuvor war er Gouverneur des Wyoming-Territoriums und US-Senator für Nebraska.


Playing career.

As a youth, Morrison played in the 1975 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Mississauga.  Morrison played his junior hockey for the Peterborough Petes and was selected in the second round, 34th overall, in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings. He was the second Pete taken by the Kings, who had also drafted Morrison's junior teammate and future Hall of Famer Larry Murphy with their first selection.  Morrison spent two more seasons in Peterborough before turning pro, although his solid development saw him receive brief callups to the NHL in both the 1980–81 and 1981–82 seasons, appearing in a total of 7 games for the Kings. He was also selected to play for Canada in the 1982 World Junior Championships, where he helped his country win their first-ever Gold Medal in that tournament.  In 1982–83, Morrison turned pro and split the season between the Kings and the New Haven Nighthawks of the American Hockey League. He registered 3 goals and 6 points in 24 games in Los Angeles, and added a respectable 23 goals in 59 games on the farm. However, after a slow start to the 1983–84 season, Morrison was released by the Kings and was signed by the Vancouver Canucks. Morrison spent the majority of two seasons playing in the minors in Vancouver's system, playing just 8 games for the club in the 1984–85 season without scoring a point.  Following his release by the Canucks in 1985, Morrison signed on with a German club and would spend the next 14 seasons playing in leagues in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Britain. His most successful stint was with the Kassel Huskies of the DEL, where he served as team captain from 1994 through 1997. He also served as captain of the Manchester Storm in England from 1997 until 1999.  Morrison retired as a player in 1999 to take a job as a scout with the Vancouver Canucks. In his career, he appeared in 39 NHL games, recording 3 goals and 3 assists for 6 points along with 4 penalty minutes.

Scouting career.

Morrison was hired by the Vancouver Canucks as an amateur scout in 1999 and served in that position until 2004. He joined the Toronto Maple Leafs as an amateur scout in 2004 and served in that role for the team until 2006, when he was promoted to Director of Amateur Scouting. On July 28, 2015, the Leafs announced that Morrison had changed jobs from Director of Amateur Scouting to Director of Pro Scouting.

David Stuart Morrison (born June 12, 1962) is a retired professional ice hockey player who spent parts of four seasons in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings and Vancouver Canucks before embarking on a long playing career in various European leagues. He is currently the Director of Pro Scouting for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Morrison was born in Toronto, Ontario.

David Stuart Morrison (* 12. Juni 1962 in Toronto, Ontario) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und aktueller Amateur-Scout bei den Toronto Maple Leafs. Während seiner Spielerkarriere war er sowohl in der National Hockey League als auch in der Deutschen Eishockey Liga sportlich aktiv.


History.

Era of Menchik.

The Women's World Championship was established by FIDE in 1927 as a single tournament held alongside the Chess Olympiad. The winner of that tournament, Vera Menchik, did not have any special rights as the men's champion did—instead she had to defend her title by playing as many games as all the challengers. She did this successfully in every other championship in her lifetime (1930, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1937 and 1939).

Dominance of the Soviet Union players (1950–1991).

Menchik died, still champion, in 1944 in a German air raid on Kent. The next championship was another round-robin tournament in 1949–50 and was won by Lyudmila Rudenko. Thereafter a system similar to that of the men's championship was established, with a cycle of Candidates events (and later Interzonals) to pick a challenger to face the reigning champion.  The first such Candidates tournament was held in Moscow, 1952. Elisaveta Bykova won and proceeded to defeat Rudenko with seven wins, five losses, and two draws to become the third champion. The next Candidates tournament was won by Olga Rubtsova. Instead of directly playing Bykova, however, FIDE decided that the championship should be held between the three top players in the world. Rubtsova won at Moscow in 1956, one-half point ahead of Bykova, who finished five points ahead of Rudenko. Bykova regained the title in 1958 and defended it against Kira Zvorykina, winner of a Candidates tournament, in 1959.  The fourth Candidates tournament was held in 1961 in Vrnjacka Banja, and was utterly dominated by Nona Gaprindashvili of Georgia, who won with ten wins, zero losses, and six draws. She then decisively defeated Bykova with seven wins, no losses, and four draws in Moscow, 1962 to become champion. Gaprindashvili defended her title against Alla Kushnir of Russia at Riga 1965 and Tbilisi/Moscow 1969. In 1972, FIDE introduced the same system for the women's championship as with the men's: a series of Interzonal tournaments, followed by the Candidates matches. Kushnir won again, only to be defeated by Gaprindashvili at Riga 1972. Gaprindashvili defended the title one last time against Nana Alexandria of Georgia at Pitsunda/Tbilisi 1975.  In 1976–1978 Candidates cycle, 17-year-old Maya Chiburdanidze of Georgia ended up the surprise star, defeating Nana Alexandria, Elena Akhmilovskaya, and Alla Kushnir to face Gaprindashvili in the 1978 finals at Tbilisi. Chiburdanidze proceeded to soundly defeat Gaprindashvili, marking the end of one Georgian's domination and the beginning of another's. Chiburdanidze defended her title against Alexandria at Borjomi/Tbilisi 1981 and Irina Levitina at Volgograd 1984. Following this, FIDE reintroduced the Candidates tournament system. Akhmilovskaya, who had earlier lost to Chiburdanidze in the Candidates matches, won the tournament was but was still defeated by Chiburdanidze at Sofia 1986. Chiburdanidze's final title defense came against Nana Ioseliani at Telavi 1988.

Post-Soviet era (1991–2010).

Chiburdanidze's domination ended in Manila 1991, where the young Chinese star Xie Jun defeated her, after finishing second to the still-active Gaprindashvili in an Interzonal, tying with Alisa Marić in the Candidates tournament, and then beating Maric in a tie-breaker match.  It was during this time that the three Polgar sisters Susan (also known as Zsuzsa), Sofia (Zsófia), and Judit emerged as dominant players. However they tended to compete in men's tournaments, avoiding the women's championship.  Susan Polgar eventually changed her policy. She won the 1992 Candidates tournament in Shanghai. The Candidates final—an eight-game match between the top two finishers in the tournament—was a drawn match between Polgar and Ioseliani, even after two tiebreaks. The match was decided by a lottery, which Ioseliani won. She was then promptly crushed by Xie Jun (81⁄2–21⁄2) in the championship at Monaco 1993.  The next cycle was dominated by Polgar. She tied with Chiburdanidze in the Candidates tournament, defeated her easily in the match (51⁄2–11⁄2), and then decisively defeated Xie Jun (81⁄2–41⁄2) in Jaén 1996 for the championship.  In 1997, Russian Alisa Galliamova and Chinese Xie Jun finished first and second, but Galliamova refused to play the final match entirely in China. FIDE eventually awarded the match to Xie Jun by default.  However, by the time all these delays were sorted out, Polgar had given birth to her first child. She requested that the match be postponed. FIDE refused, and eventually set up the championship to be between Galliamova and Xie Jun. The championship was held in Kazan, Tatarstan and Shenyang, China, and Xie Jun won with five wins, three losses, and seven draws.  In 2000 a knock-out event, similar to the FIDE men's title and held alongside it, was the new format of the women's world championship. It was won by Xie Jun. In 2001 a similar event determined the champion, Zhu Chen. Another knock-out, this one held separately from the men's event, in Elista, the capital of the Russian republic of Kalmykia (of which FIDE President Kirsan Ilyumzhinov is president), from May 21 to June 8, 2004, produced Bulgarian Antoaneta Stefanova as champion. As with Polgar five years prior, Zhu Chen did not participate due to pregnancy.  In 2006 the title returned to China. The new champion Xu Yuhua was pregnant during the championship.  In 2008, the title went to Russian grandmaster Alexandra Kosteniuk, who, in the final, beat Chinese prodigy Hou Yifan 21⁄2–11⁄2, then aged 14 (see Women's World Chess Championship 2008).  In 2010 the title returned to China once again. Hou Yifan, the runner-up in the previous championship, became the youngest ever women's world champion at the age of 16. She beat her compatriot WGM Ruan Lufei 2–2 (classic) 3–1 (rapid playoffs).

Yearly tournaments (2010–2018).

Beginning from 2010, the Women's World Chess Championship would be held annually in alternating formats. In even years a 64-player knockout system would be used, in the odd years a classical match featuring only two players would be held. The 2011 edition was between the 2010 champion Hou Yifan and the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2009–2011. Since Hou Yifan won the Grand Prix, her challenger was the runner-up, Koneru Humpy.  In 2011 Hou Yifan successfully defended her women's world champion title in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011 in Tirana, Albania against Koneru Humpy. Hou won three games and drew five in the ten-game match, winning the title with two games to spare.  Hou Yifan was knocked-out in the second round in Women's World Chess Championship 2012, which was played in Khanty Mansiysk. Anna Ushenina, seeded 30th in the tournament, won the final against Antoaneta Stefanova 31⁄2–21⁄2.  The Women's World Chess Championship 2013 was a match over 10 games between defending champion Anna Ushenina and Hou Yifan who had won the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012. After seven of ten games Hou Yifan won the match 5.5 to 1.5 to retake the title.  After Hou declined to defend her title at the Women's World Chess Championship 2015, the title was won by Mariya Muzychuk, who defeated Natalia Pogonina in the final.  Hou defeated Muzychuk 6-3 to reclaim the Women's World Chess Championship 2016 title for her 4th championship in March 2016.  The following year Tan Zhongyi defeated Anna Muzychuk for the title at the Women's World Chess Championship 2017.  Tan lost the title defending it against Ju Wenjun (with Hou not participating at this event) at the Women's World Chess Championship Match 2018.

Return to match-only format.

Due to various hosting and timing issues, the championships had varied from their intended annual calendar in recent years. FIDE held a second world championship in 2018 in order to get back on schedule.  After the 2018 championship tournament the new FIDE president Arkady Dvorkovich announced the format would be changed back to matches only. He said the many different champions the yearly system created discredited the championship title as a whole. Aleksandra Goryachkina won the Candidates tournament, held in June 2019, to challenge for the World Championship. Ju Wenjun retained her title in the 2020 Championship.

The Women's World Chess Championship (WWCC) is played to determine the women's world champion in chess. Like the World Chess Championship, it is administered by FIDE.

Die Schachweltmeisterschaft der Frauen ist eine nur für Frauen offene Veranstaltung zur Ermittlung der weltbesten Schachspielerin, die seit 1927 unter Schirmherrschaft des Weltschachverbands FIDE ausgetragen wird. Die erste Weltmeisterin war von 1927 bis zu ihrem Tod 1944 Vera Menchik, derzeit ist die Chinesin Ju Wenjun Titelträgerin. Die Siegerin einer Schachweltmeisterschaft der Damen erhält den allgemeinen Großmeistertitel, die unterlegene Finalistin den Titel eines Internationalen Meisters.


Climate and geography.

The Eola-Amity Hills has around of the area's planted to grape vines. Like most of the Willamette Valley, the Eola-Amity Hills experiences a maritime climate that includes mild winters but summers that are cooler and wetter than the continental climate experienced by Washington State's wine regions to the north and the Mediterranean climate experienced by many of California's wine regions to the south. The climate is influenced by the Pacific currents that escape through the Van Duzer corridor gap between the Oregon Coastal Range and the Cascade range to the east which keeps many weather currents from going much further east. Through the Van Duzer, cool Pacific air comes more than 30 miles from the west in the afternoon to cool down the region, allowing the grapes to retain higher levels of acidity.  The majority of the year's rainfall comes between October and April with the peak months of growing season being relatively dry. However, harvest time in late September and October can bring the hazard of rain, grape rot and dilution caused by the vines absorbing too much water from the wet soils and funneling that into the grape berries. Additionally, migrating birds heading south for the winter will often prey upon ripening grape clusters as a food source.  The vineyard soils of the Eola-Amity hills include volcanic soils and shallow nekia series over ancient basalt beds. Throughout the AVA are soil deposits left over from the Missoula floods.

Vineyards.

First registered as an independent AVA in 2006, the Eola-Amity Hills AVAs include several notable vineyards that have been provided grapes to wineries in other Oregon AVAs for years. One of the first vineyards planted in the region was Bethel Heights Vineyard, northwest of Salem, planted by pioneer grape grower, Victor Winquist, in 1977. Among the Eola-Amity Hills vineyards that will appear on vineyard designated wines include "Temperance Hill Vineyard" with 100 acres located northwest of Salem, "Zenith Vineyard" that was first planted in 1982; "Zena Crown" located centrally in the Eola-Amity Hills with 83.5 acres that were first planted in 2003.  There are 95 vineyards and 26 wineries with 20 tasting rooms in the Eola-Amity Hills AVA. Pinot noir is the most widely planted variety with over 1,721 acres; there are 66.4 acres of Chardonnay; 48 acres of Pinot gris and platings of Riesling, Muscat, Syrah, Dolcetto, Tempranillo, Auxerrois, Viognier, Pinot blanc, Gewürztraminer and Carmine - each less than 10 planted acres.  In 2013, Jackson Family Wines announced it had purchased the "Zena East" and "Zena Middle" vineyards, consisting of of Pinot noir grapes; the purchase was part of the "first large-scale acquisition of Oregon vineyard lands by a California winemaker."

The Eola-Amity Hills AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Polk County and Yamhill County, Oregon. It is entirely contained within the Willamette Valley AVA, and stretches from the city of Amity in the north to Salem in the south. The Eola and Amity hills cover an area west of the Willamette River approximately long by wide. The Eola-Amity Hills area benefits from steady winds off the Pacific Ocean that reach the Willamette Valley through the Van Duzer Corridor, a gap in the Oregon Coast Range, moderating the summer temperatures. The Eola Hills were named after the community of Eola, whose name was derived from "Aeolus", the Greek god of the winds.

Eola-Amity Hills AVA ist ein Weinanbaugebiet im US-Bundesstaat Oregon. Der moderne Weinbau begann dort etwa Mitte der 1960er, die Anerkennung als American Viticultural Area (AVA) erfolgte im Jahre 2006. Angebaut werden unter anderen Rebsorten vor allem Pinot gris und Chardonnay.


History.

Momine Khatun Mausoleum, a monument of the Azerbaijani architecture (monuments of the architectural school of Nakhichevan – Maragha) was built in the west part of Nakhchivan city (within the Atabek Complex of Architecture in Nakhchivan city’s historical centre) in 1186. The mausoleum is the only monument that has reached our era from that complex. Shamsaddin Eldaniz, the founder of the Azerbaijan Atabaylar state (Eldiguzids) initiated to erect a mausoleum on the grave of his wife Momine Khatun. However, its construction was finished by Mahammad Jahan Pahlavan, the son of Shamsaddin Eldeniz, in A.H. 582, in the Maharram month (April, 1186). According to some investigators, Shamsaddin Eldaniz, the ruler of the Atabaylar state, his wife Momine Khatun, and his son Mahammad Jahan Pahlavan were buried in the mausoleum. Later, the headstones of the buried people in the tomb probably were robbed and taken away. The photos and paintings of the 19th century shows that there were monumental buildings and also Jameh mosque around the mausoleum. Its architect, Adjemi ibn Abubekr (or Adjemi Nakchivani), also built the nearby mausoleum of Yusuf ibn Kuseyir. The mausoleum was probably originally built with a madrassa: drawings and photographs of the site from the nineteenth century confirm that it existed as part of a religious and educational complex which no longer exists.  The mausoleum was heavily restored in 1999-2003, as part of the Azerbaijan Cultural Heritage Support Project of the World Bank. It was depicted on the obverse of the Azerbaijani 50,000 manat banknote of 1996-2006.

Description.

Momine Khatun Mausoleum is the most outstanding landmark in Nakhchivan decorated with a complex geometric pattern and quotes from the Koran. Grand decahedral mausoleum was considered as medieval skyscraper reaching 34 meters in height. Today it is only 25 meters high. Each side of the surface is completely covered with Arab writings in kufic style, styled as geometric patterns. The ornaments of the nine out of ten (sides) are different. Only one repeats itself, on the recess where it was supposed to be an exit. The top of the mausoleum is decorated by a stalactite composition. In the head arch of the monument these words were written in Kufic: “We pass away, but only the wind is left behind us. We die, but only a work is left as a present”. The mausoleum consists of underground (vault) and aboveground parts. The aboveground part of the mausoleum is decagonal from the exterior (it was bordered with the Kufic inscriptions on either side), but its interior is round formed. There are four round medallions in which the names of the Caliphs were written inside the dome. According to its completion, the Western part of the mausoleum differs. Here the surface was divided into two parts: in the under part, the entrance door was completed in the head arch form, but in the above part the ornamental designs were given. The inscriptions showing the name of the sculptor and the date of its construction were engraved in the above of the head arch. The burial place of Momine-Khatun is under the building but there is no entrance to it. Inside the mausoleum has a round shape. The only decorations of its interior are four round medallions covered with inscriptions and ornaments. These medallions are placed on the inner side of the spherical dome of the mausoleum and bear the names of the Prophet Mohammed, and four rashidun (caliphs) - Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman, Ali and his sons Hassan and Hussein. The Mausoleum of Momine-Khatun is distinguished by an imperial grandeur. On the top of the tomb, in the writings above – in the main book of the monument, it is written: “This tomb was ordered to be built by educated in the world, just and great victor Shamsaddin Nusrat al- Islam and al Muslimin Jahan Pahlavan Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Atabay Atabay Eldagiz for the memory of religion in the world, Islam, and fame of the Muslims - Momina Khatun!”  The solid brick walls of the mausoleum are pierced by two small windows facing West, with an additional window above the main entrance. A band of inscription in Kufic characters composed of turquoise tiles runs below the muqarnas cornice. The recessed surface of its twelve exterior facets are covered with carved geometric motifs on brick, which are highlighted by turquoise tiles, and set in a rectangular frame that includes a small muqarnas crown. Inside, the burial chamber is circular in plan, with bare walls.  The Mausoleum of Mu'mine Khatun is representative of the Nakhchivan architectural tradition of the medieval era, which was heavily influenced by the works of the Azerbaijani architect Adjemi ibn Kuseyir. The Nakhchivani style differed from the Shirvani styles, prevailing in Absheron, in its use of brick as the basic construction material and the use of colored, especially turquoise enameled tiles, for decoration.

Facade.

Momine Khatun Mausoleum is a prismatic tower with similar ornaments on all sides, including the eastern face where there the entrance door to the tomb is located. The rectangular entrance to the tower was built in the form of a shallow sharp arch. The inscriptive plaque above it indicates the architect and the construction time of the mausoleum which is in Kufic-style. The edges of the sharp niches are covered with composite geometric patterns and thin columns (15 cm in diameter), and the inner surfaces do not repeat each other. The bright blue-turquoise bricks used in the decoration of the sharp niches on each face. The ten-sided tower’s edges form П-shaped frame and include the niches. These frames are covered with kufic-style inscription that made of bricks. Most probably the inscriptions are texts from Surah Yaseen in Koran.  Most of geometrical ornaments on the surfaces are composed of multi-pointed stars and the lines spread from them. There are 5, 6, 8 pointed stars and 6, 8 angular geometric figures on each face.

Interior.

There are four circular medallions on the perpendicular arrows (diameter 1.5 m) in the interior of the dome's brick rows. The ornaments were made of the mix of gypsum and clay and consist of Kufi-style compositions. The essence of all the compositions is the word "Allah". Omar, Osman, Ali words intersect with each other, forming 6, 8 and 10 pointed stars and surround the word “Allah”.

The Mausoleum of Momine Khatun (or Mu'mine Khatun) is located in Nakhchivan City, the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan.

Das Momine-Khatun-Mausoleum ist das Grabmal von Mu'mine-Chatun, der ersten Frau des Atabegs von Aserbaidschan Muhammad Dschahan Pahlawan (Muḥammad Ǧahān-Pahlavān) in Naxçıvan, im heutigen Aserbaidschan. Das Gebäude wurde im 12. Jahrhundert vom Baumeister Adschemi ibn Abubekr (Adschami ibn Abi Bakr Nachdschiwani, ʿAǧamī b. Abī Bakr Naḫǧiwānī) errichtet und gilt als dessen bedeutendstes Werk.


Family.

Parentage.

Yarim-Lim was the son and successor of the first king Sumu-Epuh and his queen Sumunna-Abi.

Wife and Children.

His wife was Gashera, of unknown parents. She outlived her husband and became a strong-willed widow who was part of politics during the reign of Hammurabi.  Their daughter Shibtu married Zimri-Lim of Mari.

Reign.

Early Reign and Conflicts.

The kingdom of Yamhad was being threatened by the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I who had surrounded Yamhad through his alliance with Charchemish and Urshu to the north, Qatna to the south, and conquering Mari to the east, appointing his son Yasmah-Adad on its throne. Yarim-Lim ascended the throne after his father was killed in 1780 BC during his campaigns against Shamshi-Adad. He was able to stand up to Shamshi-Adad by surrounding him with deft alliances with Hammurabi of Babylon and Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnunna. His alliance with Hammurabi was credited with saving Babylon from an Assyrian attack by attacking their rear.  In 1777 BC, Yarim-Lim conquered the city of Tuttul, on the confluence of the rivers Balikh and Euphrates. He appointed his ally, Zimri-Lim, the heir to the throne of Mari who was living in exile at his court, as king. When Shamshi-Adad died in 1776 BC, he helped Zimrilim regain his throne in Mari and oust Yasmah-Adad. The alliance between Mari and Yamhad was cemented with the royal marriage between Zimrilim and Yarim-Lim's daughter Shibtu. Two days after the marriage ceremony queen Sumunna-Abi died.  Ibal-pi-el II of Eshnuna exploited the death of Shamshi-Adad to pursuit an expansionist policy, advancing on the account of Assyria and causing stress to the alliance. He later allied himself with Elam, the enemy of Hammurabi who was Yarim-Lim's ally.

Relations with Mari.

Zimri-Lim's ascension to the throne with the help of Yarim-Lim I affected the status of Mari, Zimri-Lim referred to Yarim-Lim as his father and acted under the guidance of the Yamhadite main deity Hadad, of which Yarim-Lim was the mediator.  The tablets of Mari recorded many events that revealed Zimri-Lim's subordination. On two occasions Zimri-Lim demanded the extradition of his subordinates from Yarim-Lim I. The first case was related to a vassal king of Zimri-Lim who addressed him as a brother instead of a father and the demand was refused, while the second was through the Mariote ambassador in Aleppo Daris-Libur in which Zimri-Lim asked for some fugitives to which Yarim-Lim answered with decline twice before agreeing on the Mariote ambassador's third attempt.  At one instance Nur-Sin the Mariote ambassador in Aleppo wrote to his master for the handing of an estate called Alahtum to Hadad (meaning Aleppo), and in another instance, Ibal-pi-el offered peace and fixing the borders to Zimri-Lim who sent envoys to Yarim-Lim asking for authorization which was not given, leading Zimri-Lim to refuse the treaty on three different occasions.

Later Reign and Succession.

Yarim-Lim extended his influence to several other important city-states in Syria through alliance and vassalage, including Urshu and the rich kingdom of Ugarit. The relationship between Qatna and Yamhad seems to have improved during Yarim-Lim's reign as well. The armies of Aleppo campaigned as far as Elam near the modern southern Iraqi-Iranian borders: a tablet discovered at Mari revealed the extent of those military interventions in Mesopotamia; the tablet includes a declaration of war against Dēr and Diniktum in retaliation for their evil deeds, a reminder to the king of Dēr about the military help given to him for fifteen years by Yarim-Lim and the stationing of 500 Aleppan warships for twelve years in Diniktum. By the time of his death, Yarim-Lim, had more than twenty kings as vassals and allies. According to Historian William J. Hamblin he was at the time the "mightiest ruler in the Near East outside of Egypt," He died c. 1764 BC and was succeeded by his son Hammurabi I.

Yarim-Lim I, also given as Yarimlim, (reigned ) was the second king of the ancient Amorite kingdom of Yamhad in modern-day Aleppo, Syria.

Jarim-Lim I. (auch Jarimlim I., Yarim-Lim I.) regierte als Sohn des Šumu-epuh von 1716 v. Chr. bis 1701 v. Chr. (Mittlere Chronologie: 1781–1765 v. Chr.) das Königreich Jamchad. Sein Name bedeutet: „Geschenkt durch den Gott Lim“.


History.

On April 3, 1991, Parex Bank received the first licence issued to a private company for currency exchange operations in the territory of the Soviet Union – issued by the second President of the Bank of Latvia,. In May, Parex opened the first exchange office which is also visited by many clients from all over USSR.  In August 1991, Valērijs Kargins, along with Viktors Krasovickis and his wife Nina Kondratyev, reorganized Parex and became the new bank AS PAREX's sole owners. Kargins owned half of the shares, while the remaining 50% were distributed in similar amounts between Viktors Krosovickis and his wife.  In January 1992, Parex Bank was founded, with the owners Valērijs Kargins and Viktors Krasovickis having equal shares in the bank. Krasovicki`s wife Nina did not participate in the bank`s future activities as they divorced that year. However, she continued to hold significant deposit in it.  In 1993, about 30% of Parex Bank`s shares were bought by offshore company Europe Holdings Ltd and by the year 2001 its share (without voting rights) reached 51%. The company remained in the list of owners until 2002, when Kargins and Krasovickis formally repurchased parts of Europe Holdings Ltd, again becoming the sole owners of the bank. However, by the end of 2007, around 14% of the Bank`s total paid-in share capital was in the hands of 59 small shareholders.

2008-2010 Financial Crisis and PAREX takeover.

Background.

By the beginning of 2008, Britain had fully nationalized Northern Rock to save it from bankruptcy. In the second half of 2008, a number of large and pre-eminent banks and financial institutions went bankrupt, such as Lehman Brothers in the United States and Carnegie in Sweden.  In autumn of 2008, after the bankruptcy of several major banks and financial institutions, the global financial crisis began in earnest. Several countries in the world had to seek international financial assistance, many countries provided support or even took over state-controlled banks and other credit institutions. In October 2008, the European Commission agreed on a plan to allow governments to engage in bank rescue.

Following events.

On July 30, 2008, in a letter from Financial and Capital Market Commission (FCMC) to the Chairman of the Board of Parex Bank titled, "On the results of the risk assessment of the bank," it was stated that an inspection had been carried out for the period from 12 November, 2007 to 18 January, 2008 and that the test results indicated that "the bank's performance [was] characterized by a moderate level of risk, and the methods used by the institution to manage risk [were] satisfactory, although improvements [were] needed in some areas."  From August 18 until October 3, 2008, the FCMC conducted an inspection with the aim of reviewing and evaluating Parex's lending process. The inspection revealed significant shortcomings in the lending process; as the economic situation in Latvia and the world changed and the solvency of borrowers worsened, Parex had not set up the amount of provisions corresponding to the quality of the loan portfolio (40 million lats shortfall), as well as weaknesses in credit risk management.  On October 14, 2008, the FCMC authorized Parex to include audited profit for the first half of 2008 in Tier 1 capital and to include Parex Group's audited profit for the first half of 2008 in Tier 1 capital of Parex Consolidation Group. This decision showed that Parex's capital adequacy position was relatively stable in mid-October 2008.  On October 20, 2008, as a result of the inspection, more accurate information was obtained about the current or current financial situation of Parex. The FCMC informed Parex of the deficiencies found during the inspection and invited Parex representatives to negotiate the improvements of deficiencies. After the initial refusal, a meeting between FCMC and Parex representatives took place only a week later.

Request for state support.

On October 22, 2008, Parex owners privately requested state support to maintain the bank's solvency by proposing a state treasury deposit to Parex Bank. The Ministry of Finance rejected this suggestion. The outflow of money from Parex continued. Finance Minister Atis Slakteris discussed the situation with the FCMC and the Bank of Latvia, and on October 28 the Minister of Finance informed Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis. The authorities involved at the beginning of November concluded that Parex needs to be taken over by the state. Several options were considered - the full takeover of Parex banka into state ownership, the transfer of 51% of Parex banka's shares to the Mortgage and Land Bank, as well as the refusal of assistance. In the latter case, the state would have to pay the bank's customers at least LVL 660 million as a state guarantee for deposits. The Cabinet of Ministers supported the takeover of the bank into state ownership. It was considered that there would be no security for the use of public funds if the bank remained in the hands of its shareholders.  On October 27, 2008, withdrawals from Parex began to accelerate rapidly. Due to the risk of default of capital adequacy ratios and taking into account the promise of Parex's major shareholders to increase the capital base in case of necessity, FCMC requested Parex to submit by 29 October 2008 the "Parex Capital Adequacy Recovery Plan". On this day along, around 29 million lats of capital left Parex.

Government takeover.

In early November 2008, it was already clear that Parex's problems were so serious that it would involve the Cabinet of Ministers, and that Parex's takeover could be one of the most effective options for stabilizing the Latvian financial system by providing support to Parex.  On November 8, 2008, the Cabinet of Ministers decided to acquire a controlling interest in Parex Bank. The country, represented by the Privatization Agency, became the largest shareholder of Parex Bank. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) also acquired a share in Parex Bank over time.

Split into Reverta and Citadele.

As a result of the restructuring carried out on August 1, 2010, Parex was split into two separate institutions; "Reverta" was founded as a "solution bank" with the aim of recovering the public funds invested in its rescue. At the same time, Parex's "good" assets along with its credit institution services such as account and deposit servicing, credit lending were taken on by "Citadele".  In December 2010, Reverta paid LVL 9.7 million in interest payments on the use of the state deposit.  Reverta had recovered 58 million lats by the end of the reporting period within five months of August 1, 2010.  On December 28, 2011, a Reverta shareholders' meeting made a decision on voluntary withdrawal from the credit institution's license.  On March 15, 2012, the Financial and Capital Market Commission (FCMC) supports the request of Parex banka and revokes the license of the bank's credit institution. The change of the company's operating model was a natural and carefully considered step, considering that the services characteristic of credit institutions are not provided by Parex since 1 August 2010.  May 8, 2012 marked a major milestone in Parex banka's operations: the bank is starting to work as a professional asset management company - Reverta Joint Stock Company. With an active portfolio of nearly one billion euros, Reverta is the largest asset manager in the Baltic region and ranked among the leading analogue companies in Eastern and Central Europe.

Causes of Parex's demise.

According to investigations carried out in the wake of the crisis, it has been suggested that causes included

Economic effects.

The state takeover of Parex has been seen as one of the major causes of the 2008-2010 financial crisis in Latvia, causing a chain reaction in the Latvian economy and requiring the government to take a €4.5 billion in bailout loans from the International Monetary Fund, the European Union and the World Bank.

Parex Bank was a Latvian bank founded in 1992 by Valērijs Kargins and Viktors Krasovickis as a privately owned full-service banking company in Riga, Latvia. Its services were marketed both locally and to international clients in both the West and Russia. Its failure and state takeover was one of the major events of the 2008-2010 Latvian financial crisis crisis in Latvia.

Die Parex Bank (lettisch: Parex banka) war eine der größten Banken des Baltikums mit Sitz in der lettischen Hauptstadt Riga. Sie gehörte zur Parex Group, einem Finanzdienstleister.


National team.

Lima was born in Apia, Samoa. He debuted for the Samoa national rugby union team in 1990. He featured in Samoa's famous World Cup win over Wales in 1991, and he was the youngest player at the 1991 Rugby World Cup.  One of Lima's most illuminating moments came in Samoa's match against South Africa in a group match at the 2003 Rugby World Cup. As Springbok fly-half Derick Hougaard leapt up in the air to catch a hospital pass, Lima "dive-tackled" him, sending Hougaard crashing to the ground..  Lima was the first player to appear in five World Cups, his fifth being the 2007 World Cup in France, in which he came on against South Africa in Samoa's first game after 60 minutes. According to the "Samoa Observer", Lima announced that he would retire after the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Michael Jones, the Samoa coach (at that time), announced Lima as the captain for the first game of that year's Pacific Nations Cup. Brian Lima was selected to lead Samoa against Fiji. This game was one of Brian's last games on Samoan soil.  Lima also played for the Samoa national rugby sevens team. He scored 17 tries in various Rugby World Cup Sevens tournaments, ranking him third all-time in career World Cup Sevens tries.

Professional.

Lima signed for Munster after an impressive game for the southern hemisphere vs the northern hemisphere in a fundraising game for the 2004 tsunami. However Lima was injured shortly after landing in Ireland and never got to pull on the Munster jersey. He has also played for the Blues, Auckland, the Highlanders, and Secom in Japan. He signed a two-year deal with Bristol starting in the 2005–06 season.

Brian Pala Lima (born 25 January 1972) is a Samoan former rugby union player who was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011. He earned the nickname of "The Chiropractor" for his shuddering hits both on and off the pitch that supposedly rearranged the bones of the victim.

Brian Lima (* 25. Januar 1972 in Apia) ist ein ehemaliger samoanischer Rugby-Union-Spieler. Er spielte auf der Position Außendreiviertel und im späteren Verlauf seiner Karriere auch als Innendreiviertel. Aufgrund seiner harten Tacklings wird er „The Chiropractor“ genannt. Er gilt als der beste samoanische Spieler aller Zeiten und ist der einzige Akteur, der an fünf Weltmeisterschaften teilgenommen hat.


History.

Cottage Grove was platted in 1871. The Precolumbian Schilling Archeological District, 1850 Grey Cloud Lime Kiln, 1871 John P. Furber House, and 1917 Cordenio Severance House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography.

Cottage Grove is five miles southeast of St. Paul. It is accessed by U.S. Highway 61 and Interstate 494.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ; is land and is water.  The city has more land adjacent to the Mississippi River than any other city in Minnesota. It is bordered by Woodbury to the north, Hastings to the south, St. Paul Park to the west, Newport to the northwest, and Denmark Township to the east. The city is approximately half an hour at posted speeds from the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. Southeastern Cottage Grove is five miles from the Wisconsin border.

Demographics.

The median income for a household in the city was $65,825, and the median income for a family was $68,935 (these figures had risen to $79,342 and $84,185 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $45,567 versus $31,232 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,348. About 1.8% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 34,589 people, 11,719 households, and 9,437 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 12,102 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 86.5% White, 3.9% African American, 0.5% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population.  There were 11,719 households of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.5% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.27.  The median age in the city was 35 years. 29% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 8.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 30,582 people, 9,932 households, and 8,462 families living in the city. The population density was 899.9 people per square mile (347.5/km). There were 10,024 housing units at an average density of 295.0 per square mile (113.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.54% White, 2.35% African American, 0.41% Native American, 1.43% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.91% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.53% of the population.  There were 9,932 households out of which 49.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.8% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07 and the average family size was 3.32.  In the city, the population was spread out with 32.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 4.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

Economy.

3M has operated a production facility in Cottage Grove since 1947 to manufacture adhesive products, industrial polymers, and reflective road sign materials, and for research and development. PFC production began as a pilot around 1947; full-scale commercial PFOA production began in 1976 and was phased out in 2002. The site is part of the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Superfund program for perfluorochemical contamination.

Arts and culture.

Annual cultural events.

Cottage Grove's annual Strawberry Fest draws thousands of residents together to celebrate. This event is held at Kingston Park, usually in the second week of June. A parade occurs the Saturday of the festival, in which organizations or businesses can have a float, throw out candy, and advertise. On the Saturday of the festival, usually after the parade, organizations and businesses advertise in booths at the soccer fields at Kingston Park. They hand out free things and talk to the residents of Cottage Grove about their businesses. There are fireworks on the Saturday of the festival around 10 pm. There are many carnival games, rides, and food. Every night of the festival except Sunday, bands play in the Kingston parking lot. Alcohol is allowed but only in a designated area.

Museums and other points of interest.

Historic places include Cedarhurst Mansion, Schilling Archeological District, Atkinson Cemetery, Cottage Grove Town Hall, Old People's Home of the Northwest Cemetery, Grey Cloud Lime Kiln, John P. Furber House, Dr. Arthur H. Steen House, First Congregational Church (Accacia Lodge No. 51), William W. Furber House, Cottage Grove Cemetery, Harry Roberts House, Lamar Avenue Larch Trees, and Hope Glen Farm.  Cottage Grove is home to Ravine Regional Park, with the entrance off of Keats Ave S. It is open daily from 6 A.M. to 10 P.M. The park has 515 acres of woods, hills, and prairie fields, creating a unique habitat for an assortment of species. A vehicle permit is required to enter the park grounds.  In 2013, Cottage Grove opened a splash pad at Highland Park off of 70th street. This is a smaller water attraction intended for small children. It has many sprinklers that shoot water. Several other splash pads in the Cottage Grove area are expected to open at other parks.  Cottage Grove has an 18-hole disc golf course in Oak Wood park, near its retail area. The course has a variety of different length holes and women's tees.  Cottage Grove had one of the two remaining drive-in theaters in operation in the Twin Cities area, the Cottage View Drive-In. It was near the Innovation Road exit of Highway 61. It closed after the 2012 season and was torn down. The land is now occupied by a Wal-Mart that opened in 2014.

Government.

Cottage Grove is in Minnesota's 2nd congressional district, represented by Angie Craig. Its public buildings include City Hall, a three-sheet ice arena, four fire stations, a public works building and an 18-hole championship golf course, River Oaks. Washington County also has two buildings in town, the library and the South Washington County Service Center.

Education.

Cottage Grove is part of the South Washington County School District. High School students living in Cottage Grove usually attend either Park High School or East Ridge High School. Cottage Grove also has the school district's Alternative Learning Center (ALC). Middle School students living in Cottage Grove usually attend either Cottage Grove Middle School or Oltman Middle School. Elementary School students usually attend one of the six elementary schools in the city: Armstrong Elementary, Cottage Grove Elementary, Crestview Elementary, Grey Cloud Elementary, Hillside Elementary, and Pine Hill Elementary.

Infrastructure.

Transportation.

Mainlines to Chicago of both the Canadian Pacific Railway and BNSF pass through Cottage Grove between US 61 and the Mississippi River.

Cottage Grove is a city south of Saint Paul in Washington County in the State of Minnesota. It lies on the north bank of the Mississippi River, north of the confluence with the St. Croix River. Cottage Grove and nearby suburbs form the southeast portion of Minneapolis-Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Its population was 34,589 at the 2010 census.

Cottage Grove ist eine Stadt im US-Bundesstaat Minnesota. Sie ist im Washington County in der Metropolregion Minneapolis-Saint Paul gelegen und hat rund 30.600 Einwohner.


Biography.

Rivka Menashe (later Riki Gal) was born in 1950 to an Orthodox family in the poor neighborhood of Mea Shearim in Jerusalem. In her early years, Gal experienced a hard childhood: her parents divorced when she was two years old and she was taken to an institution in Kfar Saba along with her brother Menachem. Her mother was then able to raise the children on her own, but later could not afford the cost of growth, so she handed her children over to the nuns who raised them with strict discipline.  In 1968, at the age of seventeen, Gal was drafted into the navy, where she began her music career. After completing her military service in 1971, she married Yisrael Poliakov of the HaGashash HaHiver trio. The couple divorced in 1975. Following the divorce, Gal flew to New York, where she got married the second time. This marriage also ended in a divorce. Subsequently, Gal returned to Israel. From 1990 to 2002, she was married the news reporter of Channel 1 Ori Cohen Aharonov. In 1991, they had a daughter named Leary.

Music career.

Gal began her music career in the entertainment troupe of the Israeli Navy. After her discharge from the IDF, she released her first single and an album called "World of Jacques Brel." She has collaborated with Matti Caspi, Ehud Manor and Louie Lahav. She played Mama Morton in the Beit Lessin Theater production of "Chicago" and was a judge on Israel's version of A Star is Born, Kokhav Nolad. She was one of the stars of "Les Miserables," a musical by Alain Boublil based on the Victor Hugo novel.  Gal's album "" (I love you more) was a co-production with Matti Caspi, who was responsible for most of the compositions, arrangements and instrumental accompaniment.  The title song of Gal's album "Seeing the Years" (2009) is "Imazman," a tribute to Gal's mother and also a play on words (ima = mom, zman = time, im hazman = over time). The song begins with words from the popular song "Que Sera, Sera" (Whatever Will Be, Will Be) and continues in Spanish.

Riki Gal (, born July 7, 1950 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli singer. Gal, who reached the height of her career in the 1980s, sings a mix of blues, folk and pop.

Riki Gal (hebräisch, ריקי גל, bürgerlich: Rebekka Ben-Menachem, * 7. Juli 1950 in Jerusalem) ist eine israelische Sängerin. Ihre Karriere begann 1973 mit dem Lied "Ha-shemesh hi ha'or shel ha-'olam (Die Sonne ist das Licht der Welt)". In der Folge verfasste sie mehrere Schlager wie "Jeled ra (Böser Junge)", "Toda raba (Vielen Dank)", "Emet o hova (Schuld oder Unschuld)" und "Ahavat emet (Wahre Liebe)", mit denen sie in Fernsehen und Rundfunk präsent war. Sie trat häufig auf Festivals und in Musicals auf. In den Jahren 1979, 1980 und 1983 nahm sie an der israelischen Vorausscheidung für den Eurovision Song Contest teil, konnte sich aber nicht qualifizieren. Ihre erste Schallplatte erschien erst 1987. Danach veröffentlichte sie noch mehrere Alben, teilweise im Rock-Stil; das bisher letzte war "The Best of Riki Gal" aus dem Jahr 2003.


Early life and family.

Thompson was born Flora Jane Timms in Juniper Hill in northeast Oxfordshire, the eldest child of Albert and Emma Timms, a stonemason and nursemaid respectively. Albert and Emma had twelve children, but only six survived childhood. One of her younger sisters was Betty Timms, best known for her children's book "The Little Grey Men of the Moor". The young Flora's early education was at the parish school in the village of Cottisford where she was described as 'altogether her father's child'.  In 1891, at the age of 14, Flora moved to take up a position as counter clerk at the post office in Fringford, a village about northeast of Bicester, under the tutelage of the postmistress, Mrs Kezia Whitton. She later served at various other post offices, including offices at Grayshott, Yateley, and Bournemouth.  In 1903 she married John William Thompson, a post office clerk and telegraphist from the Isle of Wight, at Twickenham Parish Church, after which they moved to Bournemouth where they had a daughter, Winifred Grace (1903), and a son, Henry Basil (1909). In 1916 they moved to Liphook where their second son Peter Redmond was born (1918). Thompson's favourite brother, Edwin, was killed near Ypres in 1916.

Literary output.

A self-taught and a largely self-educated writer, Thompson was thinking, as early as 1922, about writing of her childhood. In 1911 she had won an essay competition in "The Ladies Companion" for a 300-word essay about Jane Austen. Her younger sister, Ethel Elizabeth 'Betty' Timms shared her love of writing, and Betty's success with a children's book, 'The Little Grey Men of the Moor', published in 1926, encouraged Flora to write her books.  She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was also a keen self-taught naturalist; many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.  In 1938 Thompson sent some essays on her country childhood to Oxford University Press. They were accepted and published in three separate volumes, "Lark Rise" (1939), "Over to Candleford" (1941), and "Candleford Green" (1943). In 1945 the books were republished as a trilogy under the title "Lark Rise to Candleford". The trilogy is a lightly disguised story of the author's own youth, describing life in a hamlet, a village, and a country town in the 1880s.  Two of Thompson's later lesser-known works were published posthumously: "Heatherley", recounting her time in the post office at Grayshott at the turn of the 20th century when several of her lifelong interests took shape, the longing for education and culture and the desire to become a writer; and her last book "Still Glides the Stream".

Critical reception.

H. J. Massingham said of Thompson in 1944, "...she possesses the attributes both of sympathetic presentation and literary power to such a degree that her claims can hardly be questioned". Thompson's essays have been said to reveal an impressive knowledge of English literature and a gift for writing intelligent but accessible prose for a general audience. She approached novel writing as an artistic process and her descriptions of nature are notably poetic.  Thompson's biographer, Gillian Lindsay, says, "...this girl whose elementary education was not enough to allow her to take a Civil Service examination, had written a classic book, a piece of enduring literature," while Shuckburgh considers that it was her 'passion and control' that made Thompson such a good writer. Her entry in the ODNB says of the trilogy that "Few works better or more elegantly capture the decay of Victorian agrarian England".  Thompson's trilogy has been widely used as a primary source for the social history of the period, although some historians have expressed reservations as to its validity for that purpose.

Death.

The death of Thompson's younger son during the Second World War affected her deeply and overshadowed her final years. She died in 1947 of a heart attack in Brixham, and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

Flora Thompson (5 December 1876 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet best known for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, "Lark Rise to Candleford".

Flora Jane Thompson (* 5. Dezember 1876 in Juniper Hill, Oxfordshire, Großbritannien; † 21. Mai 1947 in Brixham, Devon, Großbritannien) war eine englische Dichterin, die vor allem durch ihre autobiographische Schilderung der Sozialgeschichte der ländlichen Bevölkerung in ihrer Trilogie Lark Rise to Candleford bekannt geworden ist.