Performance history.

When the opera was performed at the Teatro del Fondo on 30 August and 2 September 1832, Donizetti added a duet for Luigi Lablache who had replaced Tamburini in the role of Costantino. Donizetti was not pleased with his interpretation; however, this was one of the very rare instances in which the composer made a negative remark about the famous bass.  "Fausta" was performed for the first time at La Scala, Milan, on 26 December 1832, as the prestigious season's premiere; the public fell in love with it and this resulted in a total of 31 performances. For this occasion Donizetti added an overture, and a cavatina "Par che mi dica ancor" for the soprano Adelaide Tosi. The composer borrowed this "aria di sortita" (entrance aria) from his earlier "Il castello di Kenilworth" and changed the words in "Ah, se d'amor potessi". Furthermore, an aria for the tenor "Se crudel cosi m'estimi" was added without Donizetti's consent.  Nevertheless the lyrics were later recycled by Donizetti for a tenor aria added to the January 1834 production at the Teatro Regio di Torino. In 1833, "Fausta" was performed at La Fenice in Venice, with Giuditta Pasta as Fausta and Domenico Donzelli as Crispo receiving mixed reviews. For this occasion Donizetti added a new scene at the beginning with a new aria for Fausta and, in act 2, a new duet "Per te rinunzio al soglio" for Fausta and Crispo. This duet was later utilized for "Buondelmonte" and ultimately in "Maria Stuarda" for the Milanese premiere of this opera as a duet for Maria and Leicester, "Ben io comprendi"; later, in 1865 for a Naples production the words were changed to those used ever since: "Da tutti abbandonata". Additionally, for the Venice production Donizetti wrote a duet (act 2) for Costantino and Crispo, "T'amo ancora" replacing the baritone's aria "Se di regnar desio"; and finally, a tenor's aria (also in act 2) "Ah! perche dirmi crudel".  In 1841, for a La Scala production, Donizetti added a duet for tenor and baritone, "E che mi valse...", borrowing from earlier operas "Pia de Tolomei" and "Il diluvio universale". Other important premieres include Madrid in 1833, Lisbon and Barcelona in 1834; Palermo, Genoa and Bologna also in 1834; Berlin in 1835; Havana in 1837; Vienna in 1841; London in 1841 (described as a "failure"); and Rio de Janeiro in 1850.  The opera received its first performance in modern times when it was revived at the Rome Opera in 1981 with Raina Kabaivanska in the title role.

Synopsis.

Act 1.

"Scene 1: The Capitol Square, with the Temple of Jupiter in the background"  The populace welcomes the return of victorious Crispo, son of Emperor Constantine and his first wife Minervina. A high priest by the altar is waiting to crown Crispo who has been successful in his campaign against the Gauls. Fausta, the second wife of Constantine, and her father Massimiano (archrival of the Emperor), as well as Licinia, Constantine himself and scores of prisoners witness the triumph of Crispo. Fausta looks at him and feels the pangs of her incestuous love; Constantine rejoices and Beroe, one the prisoners, remembers her love at first sight for Crispo. Constantine notices her and wonders about the female prisoner; Crispo explains that she is the daughter of a prince and declares his love for her. Fausta is stunned by the development and the Emperor tells Beroe to come forward; she declares her love and Constantine tells her that he is going to marry them that very day. Fausta is devastated by the announcement and tells her husband that the wedding will have to be set for the following day because the goddess Vesta so requires. Licinia and those attending the event rejoice. After the jubilation, everyone leaves except Massimiano who is conspiring against the Emperor, and although he failed his first attempt to kill both father and son, this time he is sure he will succeed.  "Scene 2: The magnificent imperial apartments"  The Empress's maids wonder why she no longer smiles. Fausta, in deep thought, is depressed and asks the servants and Licinia to leave. Alone, Fausta is perturbed by her unrequited love for Crispo and she feels that her only rewards are tears and endless despair.  "Scenes 3, 4, 5, and 6: The pavilion"  Licinia accompanies Crispo to the pavilion where Fausta is planning to meet him. After arriving, she ensures that no one is in sight and tells her stepson that she has to unveil a secret that has caused her great distress. It is no state secret, but her love for someone.  Unexpected, Beroe arrives much to the delight of her lover, Fausta shudders, and explains to the Empress that Massimiano needs to see her. Fausta tells her rival to leave. When they are alone again she implores Crispus to forget Beroe and to direct his love to someone who is really passionately devoted to him. He begins to understand what she means by a secret and is horrified by her revelation; he tries to leave, but she grabs his hand and tells him that if he rejects her, Beroe will perish. He falls on his knees and begs her not to do that.  Constantine, Beroe, Massimiano, members of the imperial household, Licinia and the maids arrive. The Emperor is suspicious seeing the son prostrated before his wife. When she explains that he was professing his love for her, all are aghast and even Beroe believes he is guilty. The Empress whispers to Crispo that she is willing to recant and die if he loves her. Massimiano is overjoyed because the turn of events is very favourable to his plans to topple Constantine who is determined to exile the son. Crispo, in turn, blames Fausta for the curse the father has cast on him; she begins to see the early signs of the great tragedy she has unleashed.

Act 2.

"Scenes 1, 2, 3 and 4: A grove close to the imperial palace"  It is night. Maximinian, who dreams to become Emperor before sunrise, has summoned his followers to murder both Crispo and Constantine.  While Maximinian and his men prepare to leave, Crispo and Beroe arrive. The former captive princess explains that Licinia has confessed to Fausta's machinations. Massimiano suspects there are other people in the grove and, when he bumps into Crispo, both become very suspicious of each other and brandish their swords.  Holding torches, Massimiano's followers, along with Constantine, appear. Seeing him with his greatest enemy, the Emperor declares that his son is plotting to get rid of him. Crispo kneels at his feet saying that he is ready to die. He professes his innocence on all accusations. The father responds that the judges and the Senate will decide his fate. Crispo is arrested and carried away by the pretorians.  At dawn, Beroe and Licinia talk about the impending trial that will sentence Crispo to death.  "Scenes 5 and 6: The Senate Hall"  The senators have gathered and the Emperor arrives escorted by his guards. Constantine realizes he still has deep feelings for his son and warns Massimiano to give a factual deposition. However, during his narration he alleges that Crispo was planning to kill the Emperor. Crispo responds that this is a lie and asks Beroe to tell the facts. She explains that Crispo is innocent and that she is ready to be exiled with him, the truth being that Massimiano and his assassins were ready to kill both father and son. Crispo confirms this explanation, but the father tells the senators to remember what had just been said. Constantine wants to speak to Crispo and all are asked to leave, but although he professes love for the son, when he sees no tears coming from the eyes of Crispo he remains convinced that the son is guilty. Crispo responds that an innocent person has no tears. The senators are summoned back to the hall and deliver a guilty verdict. Constantine realizes that he is about to send his son to the executioner and, trembling, he signs the death warrant.  "Scenes 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11: The atrium of the jail"  Jailer Albino feels very sorry for the 20-year-old Crispo. Fausta enters and asks him to bring her stepson; she realizes that this is her last chance. Crispo cannot believe his eyes and ears as she professes love for him in a desperate delirium. Fausta tells him that they can run away, but he shows her the poison inside his ring. She snatches the ring and utters "Love will save you."  Massimiano and four armed guards arrive. Fausta is ordered to leave, but she resists and begs the father not to execute Crispo. One of the guards returns from Crispo's cell and confirms that the execution has been carried out. Fausta ingests the poison from the ring and collapses, Massimiano rushes to the cell and hears voices calling for his own death.  Constantine has heard the truth from Massimiano's hitmen and arrives with Beroe, Licinia, the Empress's maids and his pretorians. In his hand is the signed pardon for his son, but Massimiano proudly and cynically confirms that his son is dead. Meanwhile Fausta has regained some of her strength and tells Constantine about her lies. When the infuriated Emperor remonstrates that she will pay the ultimate price, she confesses that she has taken a deadly poison. Everyone is horrified and in unison respond, "Evil woman; there is no bigger monster than you on earth."

References.

Notes  Cited sources  Other sources

Fausta is a melodramma, or opera seria, in two acts by Gaetano Donizetti. The Italian libretto was partly written by Domenico Gilardoni, who died while doing so: the remainder was written by Donizetti. The literary source of the opera's libretto is "Crispo", a tragedy improvised by Tommaso Sgricci on 3 November 1827.

Fausta ist eine "Opera seria" (Originalbezeichnung: „melo-dramma“) in zwei Akten von Gaetano Donizetti. Titelheldin ist Fausta, die Gemahlin Kaisers Konstantin des Großen. Das Libretto schrieb großteils Domenico Gilardoni; nach dessen Tod vollendete Donizetti das Libretto selbst. "Fausta" wurde am 12. Januar 1832 im Teatro San Carlo in Neapel erstmals aufgeführt.


Background.

The rail system of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poorly maintained and has fallen into a state of disrepair after years of conflict within the country. Much of the system was built during the colonial period and received few upgrades since the end of Belgian rule in 1960 until a recent program financed by the World Bank. Employees of the Congo Railway Company (SNCC), the country's public rail company, often sell illegal tickets to passengers to boost their income. Other people simply hop on trains as they travel to get around the country. Train crashes are fairly frequent as a result of the overloading and poor infrastructure. In 2007, more than 100 people were killed when a freight train derailed in Kasai Occidental.

Derailment.

Between 10:00 and 11:00 local time (8:00–9:00 UTC) on 22 April 2014, a freight train derailed near Katongola, about north of Kamina in the Haut-Lomami Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The derailment included the train's two engines and 15 of 19 carriages.  Although not a passenger train, it was carrying hundreds of passengers at the time of the crash. According to eyewitnesses, the train was filled with passengers both on the inside and on the roofs of the train cars. Although the crash occurred in the morning, rescuers did not arrive on scene until the early evening. Army medics and MONUSCO personnel were aided by a heavy crane in their efforts to free people trapped under piles of debris. Initial reports said as many as 63 people had been killed in the accident, but the death toll was later revised to 48. An additional 160 people were injured, 12 of them seriously.

Cause.

The initial investigation suggested that the train was traveling at about, which is above the speed limit. The train was unable to slow sufficiently to get around a curve in the track and derailed. According to a government spokesman, the train apparently was speeding because of an engine failure.

On 22 April 2014, a freight train derailed near the Katongola Bridge in Haut-Lomami Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The train was carrying hundreds of illegal passengers at the time of the crash. As a result, 48 people were killed and over 160 injured.

Bei dem Eisenbahnunfall von Katongola entgleiste am 22. April 2014 in der Provinz Katanga in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo ein Güterzug, auf dem auch eine große Zahl Schwarzfahrer reisten. Der Unfall ereignete sich in der Nähe der Katongola-Brücke. Die Quellenlage über die Zahl der getöteten Reisenden ist unklar, die Angaben schwanken zwischen 48 und 100. Die Zahl der Verletzten wird auf über 150 geschätzt.


Life.

Born in Munich, George Aumann initially considered a career as a civil servant. From 1925, Aumann studied mathematics and physics at the Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, among others with Professor Constantin Carathéodory and Professor Heinrich Tietze. He was promoted in 1931 to Doctor of Philosophy with a thesis titled: contributions to the theory of decomposition spaces (German:Beiträge zur Theorie der Zerlegungsräume) In 1933 he habilitated twice, at the Technical University of Munich, and at the University of Munich (with different degrees of postdoctoral dissertation). In 1934–35 he was appointed a Rockefeller scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton N.J. In 1936 he became an extraordinary professor at the Goethe University in Frankfurt. At the beginning of the war, he was conscripted for military service Appeals to a full professorship failed several times because he was regarded as politically unreliable among the Nazis Ministry of Education. In all these years his wife was an indispensable, prudent and energetic support to him. In 1949 he became full professor at the University of Würzburg and in 1950 at the University of Munich. In 1960 he moved to a professorship at the Technical University of Munich. After the war, he received an apology.  In 1954 he published "Real Functions", a nine-chapter textbook on real analysis. In a review, Paul Halmos said "The quality, quantity, organization, and exposition of its contents, together with the fact that much of the material in it has not been available hitherto in book form, serve to make it a recommended part of the library of every modern analyst." The text was re-printed in 1969.  He also dealt with conformal illustrations, properties of complex polynomials, band theory and cluster theory. Aumann also wrote a three-dimensional analysis textbook with Otto Haupt and a three-volume mathematics textbook for engineers.  In 1958 Aumann became a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences  In 1977 the University of Erlangen awarded Aumann an Honorary Doctor of Science degree, "Doctor rerum naturalium honoris causa".

Contact and neighborhood relations.

In 1970 Aumann contributed to the theory of binary relations with a generalization of the set membership relation ∈. The elements of a universe "U" form the domain of this relation while the range is the power set on "U", denoted P("U"). A contact relation "C" with this domain and range is expressed in terms of the calculus of relations using compositions: Alternatively, using the left residual ∈\"C", the condition for a contact relation may be expressed formula_4 through use of Schröder rules. Aumann contacts have been further developed by Gunther Schmidt and Michael Winter.  Aumann showed in 1977 how a neighborhood system "r" in the power set on "A" can be identified from a corresponding binary relation formula_5 on maps from "A" to "B", where "B" has at least two elements. The relation formula_6 between two maps holds when there is a subset of "A" in "r" where "f" and "g" agree.

Publications.

The following are a small subset of his known publications.

Georg Aumann (11 November 1906, Munich, Germany – 4 August 1980), was a German mathematician. He was known for his work in general topology and regulated functions. During World War II, he worked as part of a group of five mathematicians, recruited by Wilhelm Fenner, and which included Ernst Witt, Alexander Aigner, Oswald Teichmueller and Johann Friedrich Schultze, and lead by Wolfgang Franz, to form the backbone of the new mathematical research department in the late 1930s, which would eventually be called: Section IVc of Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (abbr. OKW/Chi). He also worked as a cryptanalyst, on the initial breaking of the most difficult cyphers. He also researched and developed cryptography theory.

Georg Aumann (* 11. November 1906 in München; † 4. August 1980 ebenda) war ein deutscher Mathematiker. Aumann studierte ab 1925 Mathematik und Physik an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München unter anderem bei Constantin Carathéodory und Heinrich Tietze, bei dem er 1931 promoviert wurde ("Beiträge zur Theorie der Zerlegungsräume"). 1933 habilitierte er sich zweimal, einmal an der TU München, das andere Mal an der Universität München (mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Habilitationsarbeiten). 1934/35 war er als Rockefeller-Stipendiat am Institute for Advanced Study. 1936 wurde er außerordentlicher Professor an der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main. Berufungen auf einer ordentlichen Professur scheiterten mehrfach, da er unter den Nationalsozialisten als politisch unzuverlässig galt.


Early life.

Born in East London on 1934 January 25, Charon Robin Ganellin knew from an early age that his calling was chemistry. During his studies at Harrow County School for Boys, he developed a strong aptitude for science and maths, but his performance in language and history was lacking. Although he enjoyed biology and natural history above his other subjects, he was influenced to pursue a career in chemistry. Because his father and his maternal uncle were chemists, he recognised that chemists could make a living. Uncertain if a career in biology was possible, he decided to become a chemist. He began his formal studies at Queen Mary College in London where he received his first degree, a bachelor of science in chemistry. He continued his studies at Queen Mary College, researching tropylium chemistry with Michael J.S. Dewar where he discovered how to isolate the tropylium cation from cyclooctatetraene. For this research, he was awarded his PhD in organic chemistry in 1958 at the age of twenty-four.

Scientific Work.

In 1958, shortly after his PhD studies at Queen Mary College, Ganellin joined Smith Kline and French Laboratories in the UK where he began research in medicinal chemistry. Two years after starting at SK&F, he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he performed his postdoctoral work with Arthur C. Cope. At MIT he devised the first direct optical resolution of a chiral olefin using platinum complex chemistry. After a year at MIT, he returned to the United Kingdom to resume his work at SK&F. In 1966 he headed a landmark research team at SK&F, collaborating with Sir James Black researching histamine H2-receptor antagonists. This research eventually led to the discovery of cimetidine, also known by its trademark name Tagamet which is currently produced by GlaxoSmith Kline.  Cimetidine was a revolutionary drug at the time of its creation. Peptic ulcers, or stomach ulcers, used to be a very serious medical condition. Stomach ulcers were very difficult to treat and caused a great deal of pain. If left untreated, they could even be life-threatening. In some cases, surgery was required to remove the ulcer. Because of these factors, cimetidine was an incredibly popular drug after it was approved for prescription. Cimetidine first entered the market in the United Kingdom in 1976, and was received extremely well. Cimetidine quickly garnered over one billion dollars in annual sales, making it the first blockbuster drug, and it is currently listed by the World Health Organization as one of the most essential drugs.  Ganellin's contribution to this research was integral to its success. His adeptness at physical organic chemistry enabled him to understand the individual H2-receptor antagonist drugs they developed. Initially, the team developed burimamide as a potential H2-receptor antagonist for medicinal use. However, it was soon realised that burimamide was not an appropriate oral medicine. They quickly identified a similar drug, metiamide, which appeared to have clinical potential. However, metiamide also had a shortcoming – its safety was uncertain. The end result of their trials was cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist superior to both burimamide and metiamide. The precursor drugs which marked the progress of their research are termed prototypes. These prototype drugs helped them understand the mechanisms that described how the drugs function. Ganellin's input was vital to the progression of their research along the sequence of prototypes to final product.  Although Ganellin's contribution to the discovery of cimetidine was immeasurable, he was not alone. He collaborated with many other scientists at SmithKline and French, including fellow medicinal chemist Graham J. Durant. Durant was able to provide his expertise on guanidine chemistry to further the progress of the research. Sir James Whyte Black, a biologist from Scotland, was also instrumental in their research. He identified the role of the H2-receptor in the production of stomach acid. This discovery was crucial to their research, providing the impetus to search for a suitable H2-receptor antagonist to affect production of stomach acid. John C. Emmett, another medicinal chemist, is also credited as a co-discoverer of cimetidine. In addition to these key players, many others contributed to the research, such as William Duncan, the director of research at SK&F, as well as Michael Parsons, whose pharmacological experience was greatly beneficial.

Later life.

Ganellin's collaborators influenced him and imparted in him knowledge and experience which has remained with him throughout the decades. Ganellin once said that the one achievement that gave him the "most professional pride" was his discovery of cimetidine. This period of his life has defined his scientific career, while also providing him with inspiration to continue his research in medicinal chemistry. Although Ganellin considers cimetidine his greatest achievement, he has never wavered in his devotion to scientific research. In 1981 he set up the syllabus for the Summer School in Medicinal Chemistry for the Royal Society of Chemistry that was still running in 2014. It was also copied by the American Chemical Society. After his work on cimetidine was complete, he was given the position of vice-president for research at SK&F's Welwyn facility. After his considerable tenure at SmithKline & French came to an end in 1986, Ganellin has continued to remain active in the affairs of medicinal chemistry. Shortly before leaving, he was awarded his D.Sc. from London University for his research and publications on histaminergic drugs and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (the UK's National Academy of Science). In 1986, he was appointed as the SmithKline & French Chair of Medicinal Chemistry at University College London where he began a lengthy career in academia. His research group tackled at least 10 different medicinal chemical projects and one of these came to fruition. He is co-inventor of pitolisant, the first histamine H-receptor antagonist/inverse agonist Wakix, for treating narcolepsy.

Awards and achievements.

Since graduating, Robin Ganellin has authored or co-authored over 260 scientific papers and is listed as inventor or co-inventor on over 160 US patents. He has served as the president of the IUPAC medicinal chemistry section, and for 10 years (until 2012) he was the chair of the subcommittee on medicinal chemistry and drug development. He has won many awards and commendations over the years, both for his work on cimetidine and his research in other areas of medicinal chemistry. He has received awards in medicinal chemistry from many organisations, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry, the American Chemical Society, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Society for Drug Research, the European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry, the Société Chimie Thérapeutique of France, and the Medicinal Chemistry Division of the Italian Chemical Society. He was also inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1990 for his work on cimetidine. Ganellin currently serves as the Emeritus Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, although he is now partially retired.

Charon Robin Ganellin FRS (25 January 1934 – ) is a British born medicinal chemist, and Emeritus Smith Kline and French Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, at University College London.

Charon Robin Ganellin (* 25. Januar 1934 in London) ist ein britischer Chemiker, der Mitentwickler von Cimetidin ist. Ganellin studierte am Queen Mary College der Universität London mit dem Bachelor-Abschluss in Chemie und der Promotion in Organischer Chemie bei Michael Dewar 1958 für Forschung über Tropylium. Danach ging er zu Smith, Kline and French in die pharmazeutische Forschung. 1960 war er ein Jahr am Massachusetts Institute of Technology bei Arthur C. Cope, wo er die erste direkte optische Auflösung chiraler Olefine unter Verwendung von Platin-Komplexen erzielte. 1966 leitete er eine Forschungsgruppe bei Smith-Kline-French, die in Zusammenarbeit mit James Whyte Black und den Smith-Kline-French-Chemikern Graham J. Durant (* 1934) und John C. Emmett H2-Rezeptor-Antagonisten entwickelte (Cimetidin). Das Medikament wurde 1976 in Großbritannien eingeführt (als Tagamet) und erwies sich als so erfolgreich in der Behandlung von Magengeschwüren, dass es Blockbuster-Status bekam.


Career.

The duo's first U.S. single and release was "DJ Interview," appearing on World to World, which later got them a recording contract with Profile Records in 1987. The duo was assisted by a long time friend from New Jersey, producer David Wynn. David Wynn produced three songs on their debut album and five songs on their sophomore album.  The first Profile release was "It Takes Two". It uses multiple samples from the James Brown and Lyn Collins 1972 song "Think (About It)." The track first became a regional hit and then slowly climbed the "Billboard" Hot 100, picking up a multi-platinum single certification. The song also peaked at #3 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.  An album, also called "It Takes Two", was quickly put together and it produced a significant follow-up hit, "Joy and Pain", which sampled a song of the same name by Maze featuring Frankie Beverly, as well as "Put The Music Where Your Mouth Is" by The Olympic Runners. It also hit the top 10 on the dance chart and climbed to #58 on the Hot 100. "Get On the Dance Floor," produced by David Wynn (DJ Wynn), a track released to clubs in between the two singles, hit #1 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1989. Boosted by those singles the "It Takes Two" album went platinum seven times over. However, vicious rumors started to circulate that Rob Base had legal problems for using samples from Maze's Frankie Beverly for the hit "Joy and Pain", and he had his own personal problems. DJ E-Z Rock also was forced to leave the group due to his own personal issues, so Rob Base was left to be a solo artist.  He responded in 1989 with "The Incredible Base", his debut solo album. It did not sell as well as "It Takes Two". One song from the album hit the dance chart in late 1989: "Turn It Out (Go Base)", credited only to Rob Base.  In 2008, their song "It Takes Two" was ranked number 37 on VH1's 100 greatest songs of hip hop.

Personal life.

Rob Base, born Robert Ginyard on May 18,1967, was born and raised in Harlem (NY). He attended Harlem public schools and loved music. Influenced by rap, Rob began his journey and performed at many talent shows and any open mic, or hip-hop events that he could. Rob’s first child, De'Jené Ginyard, was born in 1989 to his then girlfriend Rhonda Dunbar, with whom he was in a relationship from 1986-90. In 1991, Rob met April and had a son, Robert Ginyard, Jr., in 1992, Later together, they took guardianship custody of April's cousin Dysell. Rob and April were then later married and remained together until her death in September 2013.  DJ E-Z Rock died on April 27, 2014 after suffering a diabetic seizure at the age of 46.

Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock were an American hip hop duo from Harlem, New York. They were best known for the 1988 hit "It Takes Two", a single that was a top 40 hit and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. That song was a part of the duo's album of the same name, which also has been certified platinum. They are also known for being pioneers of the crossover success that rap music would have in the popular music mainstream. The duo consisted of Rob Base (Robert Ginyard, born May 18, 1967) and DJ E-Z Rock (Rodney "Skip" Bryce, born 1967; died April 27, 2014).

Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock war ein US-amerikanisches Hip-Hop-Duo, bestehend aus Rob Base (Robert Ginyard, * 18. Mai 1967 in Harlem, New York City) und DJ E-Z Rock (Rodney „Skip“ Bryce, * 1967 oder 1968 in Harlem, New York City; † 27. April 2014).


Members of the fairfieldite group.

Cassidyite Ca(Ni,Mg)(PO) · 2HO  Collinsite Ca(Mg,Fe)(PO) · 2HO  Fairfieldite Ca(Mn,Fe)(PO) · 2HO  Gaitite CaZn(AsO) · 2HO  Messelite Ca(Fe,Mn)(PO) · 2HO  Nickeltalmessite CaNi(AsO) · 2HO  Parabrandtite CaMn(AsO) · 2HO  Unnamed (Fe-analogue of Parabrandtite) CaFe(AsO) · 2HO  β-Roselite Ca(Co,Mg)(AsO) · 2HO  Talmessite CaMg(AsO).2HO

Crystallography.

The formula for talmessite is CaMg(AsO).2HO. It is a triclinic mineral, crystal class, space group P. There is one formula unit per unit cell (Z = 1) and the unit cell parameters are variously given as a = 5.87 Å, b = 6.94 Å, c = 5.53 Å, α = 97.3°, β = 108.7°, γ = 108.1°, or a = 5.89 Å, b = 7.69 Å, c = 5.56 Å, α = 112.633°, β = 70.817°, γ = 119.417°. These values give a calculated specific gravity varying from 3.42 to 3.63. The structure is dominated by chains of tetrahedral AsO and octahedral [(cation-O(HO))] groups that parallel the c crystal axis. The octahedral are compressed, resulting in chain disorder

Appearance.

Talmessite occurs as prismatic crystals to 3 mm, as radiating fibrous aggregates or as fine crystalline aggregates; it may also be stalactitic or in crusts. Pure talmessite is white or colourless, and colourless in transmitted light, but nickel-rich varieties are pale green and cobalt-rich varieties may be brownish, pink or the purple colour typical of many cobalt minerals. The streak is white and crystals are transparent to translucent with a vitreous lustre.

Physical properties.

Talmessite is a moderately hard mineral, with Mohs hardness 5, harder than fluorite but not as hard as quartz. The specific gravity calculated from the formula and the cell dimensions is 3.49, but the measured value is less for ordinary talmessite, at 3.42 and more for the cobaltoan variety, at 3.57. The mineral displays polysynthetic twinning. It is not radioactive and it loses water of crystallisation at 450.

Optical properties.

Triclinic crystals (and orthorhombic and monoclinic crystals) have two directions in which light travels with zero birefringence; these directions are called the optic axes, and the crystal is said to be biaxial. Talmessite is triclinic, so it is biaxial. The speed of a ray of light travelling through the crystal differs with direction. The direction of the fastest ray is called the X direction and the direction of the slowest ray is called the Z direction. X and Z are perpendicular to each other, and a third direction Y is defined as perpendicular to both X and Z; light travelling along Y has an intermediate speed. Refractive index is inversely proportional to speed, so the refractive indices for the X, Y and Z directions increase from X to Z. The refractive indices are n = 1.672, n = 1.685 and n = 1.698 with slightly higher values for the cobaltoan variety of n = 1.695 and n = 1.73 (n not specified). The maximum birefringence δ is the difference between the highest and lowest refractive index; for talmessite δ = 0.026. The angle between the two optic axes is called the optic angle, 2V, and it is always acute, and bisected either by X or by Z. If Z is the bisector then the crystal is said to be positive, and if X is the bisector it is said to be negative. Talmessite may be biaxial (–) or biaxial (+). The measured value of 2V is about 90. Also 2V can be calculated from the values of the refractive indices, giving a value of 88° 2V depends on the refractive indices, but refractive index varies with wavelength, and hence with colour. So 2V also depends on the colour, and is different for red and for violet light. This effect is called dispersion of the optic axes, or just dispersion (not to be confused with chromatic dispersion). If 2V is greater for red light than for violet light the dispersion is designated r > v, and vice versa. For talmessite dispersion is strong, with r > v. The cobaltoan variety is pleochroic colourless to pale rose.

Occurrence.

Talmessite is a rare secondary mineral formed typically in the oxidized zone of some hydrothermal mineral deposits, as an alteration product of realgar, orpiment, or Cu–Ni arsenides. Cobalt-rich varieties are found in the oxidised zone of cobalt arsenide deposits. It occurs associated with gaitite, erythrite, annabergite, picropharmacolite, pharmacolite, austinite, fluorite, baryte, aragonite, calcite and dolomite. At the type locality it is associated with aragonite and dolomite.

Localities.

The type locality is the Talmessi Mine, Anarak District, Nain County, Esfahan Province, Iran, and type material is conserved at the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, France and at the Natural History Museum, London, England.

Talmessite is a hydrated calcium magnesium arsenate, often with significant amounts of cobalt or nickel. It was named in 1960 for the type locality, the Talmessi mine, Anarak district, Iran. It forms a series with β-Roselite, where cobalt replaces some of the magnesium, and with gaitite, where zinc replaces the magnesium. All these minerals are members of the fairfieldite group. Talmessite is dimorphic with wendwilsonite (which is not a member of this group).

Talmessit ist ein selten vorkommendes Mineral aus der Mineralklasse der „Phosphate, Arsenate und Vanadate“. Es kristallisiert im triklinen Kristallsystem mit der idealisierten chemischen Zusammensetzung CaMg[AsO]·2HO, ist also chemisch gesehen ein wasserhaltiges Calcium-Magnesium-Arsenat.


Early life.

Hancock was born August 10, 1955 in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories, grew up in Hazelton, British Columbia, went to high school in Fort Vermilion, Alberta before moving to Edmonton in 1972. He went to the UofA for his undergraduate degree in Political Science, graduated in 1975, was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity at UofA and received his law degree.  Hancock was politically involved from a young age, serving as the president of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta's youth wing from 1974–1976 and later served as party president from 1990–1992. Under his leadership, the Progressive Conservative Party instituted a one-member-one-vote system for leadership conventions, introduced a Statement of Principles and a grassroots policy development process.  Before being elected, Hancock was a partner with Matheson and Company, Barristers and Solicitors.

Political career.

Electoral record.

Hancock was defeated by Mike Percy in the 1993 election. Mike Percy's retirement after serving one term in the Legislature for the Alberta Liberal Party left open the constituency of Edmonton-Whitemud, the riding once held by former Premier Don Getty. Hancock secured the PC nomination and squared off against Corky Meyer of the Liberals and Charan Khehra of the Alberta New Democratic Party in the 1997 provincial election. He won the constituency with 51 per cent of the vote, beating runner-up Meyer by 2,020 votes and was one of only two Progressive Conservatives elected in Edmonton's 19 constituencies (Julius Yankowsky, Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview, was the other.)  Hancock was returned to the Legislature in the 2001 provincial election, increasing his share of the popular vote to 59 per cent. He defeated Liberal candidate Bruce King by 4,381 votes. In the 2004 provincial election, Hancock was one of only three out of 10 incumbent PC MLAs in Edmonton to retain their seat by defeating Liberal Donna Smith by 929 votes while winning 46 per cent of the vote and was elected to his fourth term in the 2008 provincial election, winning 58 per cent of the vote in beating Liberal Nancy Cavanaugh by 5,049 votes.

In Cabinet.

Hancock has spent his entire provincial political career in cabinet. As a rookie MLA in the 24th Alberta Legislature, Premier Ralph Klein named him Minister of Intergovernmental and Aboriginal Affairs. In that capacity, he spearheaded the creation of the Aboriginal Policy Framework, which set out the basic structure for existing and new governmental policies regarding aboriginal affairs.  Two years into his first term, Hancock was promoted to Minister of Justice and Solicitor General and Government House Leader. During his five years as Justice Minister, he worked to limit conditional sentencing for violent crime, drunk driving offenders, developed a flagging system to identify Alberta's chronic drunk drivers and introduced specialized domestic violence courts.  Hancock remained Justice and Solicitor General Minister and House Leader after his re-election in 2001, but was also given the job of Attorney General. He served in those roles until after the 2004 election, when Klein appointed him Minister of Advanced Education. During his time in that job, Hancock was most noted for passing the "Access to the Future Act", which created a $1 billion endowment fund for post-secondary education; known valued at $3 billion and approved degree-granting status for several small colleges in the province.  When Ed Stelmach won the leadership and subsequently became Premier in December 2006, he promoted Hancock to the health portfolio. As Minister, he presided over funding increases for the Alberta Bone and Joint Health Institute, enhanced access to cardiac, cancer care through process improvements, an increase of primary care networks to 8 across the province, initiated several health prevention measures: including a wellness fund for healthy communities, expansion of metabolic screening, and a new colorectal cancer screening program.  Stelmach appointed Hancock Minister of Education following the provincial election in March 2008. He has approved funding increases to accredited private schools, and announced plans to build 18 new schools in Edmonton and Calgary.  On December 6, 2013, Hancock was appointed as Deputy Premier, Minister of Innovation and Advanced Education and was the Minister of Human Services and Government House Leader under the Redford government.

2006 Leadership bid.

In April 2006, Hancock resigned his post as Minister of Advanced Education and announced his intentions to replace Klein as the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party. He was considered a long shot against favourites like former provincial treasurer Jim Dinning and Ted Morton. His leadership campaign was managed by Brian Mulawka. It was headquartered in Edmonton where he had been an MLA and where most of his support. Hancock was unable to secure any endorsements from PC caucus members, but was endorsed by Edmonton-Centre Conservative MP Laurie Hawn and placed fifth on the first ballot, garnering 7,595 votes, more than 20,000 votes behind first place Dinning. Having achieved only 2% of the votes cast, Hancock gained the nickname “Mr 2%”. Hancock, along with five others, were dropped from the second ballot and with fellow leadership candidates Mark Norris and Lyle Oberg, supported Stelmach on the final ballot.

Premiership.

Following the announcement of Alison Redford's resignation as both leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and premier, he was named interim party leader by the Progressive Conservative caucus on March 20, 2014, and, with such confidence from the majority of the legislature, was appointed as Premier of Alberta. Hancock was sworn in at Government House on March 23, 2014.  Hancock was succeeded as Premier and PC party leader by Jim Prentice on September 15, 2014. Hancock also retired from the legislature on the same day. He is the shortest serving premier in the province's history.  Hancock's official portrait as Premier was unveiled on February 13, 2017. Hancock joked at the ceremony saying that his premiership was "the best summer job that I’ve ever had", and that he expected his portrait to be "one the size of a postage stamp" based on the short length of his administration. Other politicians in attendance paid tribute to Hancock's long hours in the legislature to pass legislation, and his lengthy tenure in government holding eight cabinet portfolios.

Personal life.

Hancock lives in Edmonton with his wife Janet, who is a principal at Lillian Osborne High School in Edmonton. He has three children.

David Graeme Hancock, (born August 10, 1955) is a Canadian lawyer and was the 15th Premier of Alberta in 2014. Since 2017, he has served as a judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta. From 1997 to 2014, he was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta representing Edmonton-Whitemud as a Progressive Conservative until announcing resigning from the legislature on September 12, 2014.

David Graeme „Dave“ Hancock (* 10. August 1955 in Fort Resolution, Nordwest-Territorien) ist ein kanadischer Politiker. Er war von 1997 bis 2014 Abgeordneter in der Legislativversammlung von Alberta, von April bis September 2014 hatte er nach dem Rücktritt von Alison Redford interimistisch das Amt des Premierministers der Provinz Alberta inne.


Early life.

Gene Edwards was born the second son of J.C. "Blackie" Edwards, an oil field roughneck from Louisiana, and Gladys Brewer Edwards, a school teacher. Edwards spent the first six years of his life in Commerce, Texas, until his father was relocated to Bay City, Texas, where his family lived together until Edwards turned 13. During his elementary school years, it was discovered that he had a pronounced learning disability (later to be labeled as dyslexia). A third generation Southern Baptist, the painfully shy Edwards officially joined the First Baptist Church of Bay City at age seven, although he would not be "born again" for another ten years.  After attending the San Marcos Baptist Academy for a year, Edwards enrolled in East Texas State University at the age of 15. On July 17, 1949, during his junior year at ETSU, he experienced a dramatic conversion to faith in Christ. The following year was a formative one, because the Baptist Student Union was unexpectedly left without a leader, so that the students themselves led the activities of the group for a time. This kind of open, spontaneous, lay-led environment left a lasting impression on him.  Graduating from college in January 1951, he enrolled at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth Worth, Texas, the following Monday morning. After one semester at Southwestern, Edwards was chosen to study for a year in Switzerland at the International Baptist Seminary in Zürich (now IBTS in Prague). While there, he studied Anabaptist history with keen interest, even visiting the locations where significant leaders of the Radical Reformation lived and died. This love of history and of the stories of the Dissenting Church would become a central facet of his later ministry. Upon returning to Fort Worth, he completed seminary and married Helen Rogers, formerly a secretary for the Baptist Sunday School Board in Nashville, Tennessee. The ceremony was performed by Frank Laubach and broadcast on NBC for a segment called "Bride and Groom."

Early ministry.

Edwards graduated from Southwestern Seminary in 1954. He then spent five years pastoring two churches: England Grove Baptist Church (1954–56) in Commerce, Texas and Tabernacle Baptist Church (1957–58) in Pickton, Texas. Although a dynamic communicator, his unconventional delivery, born out of an oilfield roughneck upbringing, made him an ill fit for the traditional pastorate. Turning to itinerant evangelism, he began holding citywide meetings to train churches in door-to-door evangelism. By 1962, he had published two books on "soul winning," one of which would become recommended reading at Southwestern Seminary. As his popularity grew, he began to receive invitations from national denominations and parachurch organizations to assist them in implementing programs for personal evangelism. In April 1961, he was invited to speak at the annual gathering of the National Association of Evangelicals.  About the same time, Edwards had begun meeting with a small group of Christians in Tyler, Texas, in order to read "The Normal Christian Life", written by Watchman Nee and newly published in English. Nee's presentation of the believer's identification with Christ in death and resurrection deeply resonated with him, and in time he grew to believe that Evangelical churches in America had fundamentally strayed from the spiritual vitality of the first-century churches. In November 1961, at the height of his popularity, he ended his evangelistic ministry, canceling all future engagements.  Edwards spent a year in intensive study of early Church history, then began to seek out anyone who had known Watchman Nee and his church planting ministry in China. He first sought the company of Beta Sheirich, a former co-worker of Nee's who had returned from China to a fellowship in Louisville, Kentucky. While meeting in a conference with this group, he contracted disseminated histoplasmosis, which nearly took his life and confined him to bed for the next year. Pain and illness from this disease would haunt Edwards for the remainder of his life. In August 1965, he moved his family from Texas, to the Los Angeles area, where he soon began teaching high school (a profession he would remain in for the next 10 years).

Church Planting and Writing Ministry.

In January 1969, Edwards was asked to speak impromptu at a conference at UCLA featuring a panel of former Campus Crusade directors. He delivered a message on the "Eternal Purpose of God." A few weeks later, a former Campus Crusade group from Santa Barbara invited him to come and speak to them. The group met in Isla Vista (a college community near the University of California, Santa Barbara) and numbered about 20 (in its early days), eventually growing to about 150. It had frequent visitors and was characterized by gracious hospitality.  Over the following three decades, Edwards began writing books on "the deeper Christian life," with a particular emphasis on living in Christian community. His earliest books and tapes were carried by his own publishing house, which he named Christian Books Publishing House, later changing the name to SeedSowers. Besides his own books on devotional living and Christian community, Edwards also edited and republished out-of-print works by a selection of quietist Catholic mystics including Madame Guyon, François Fénelon, Miguel de Molinos, as well as Brother Lawrence. In 1991, Tyndale Publishers began publishing several of Edwards' books, bringing him international popularity. "A Tale of Three Kings", which has sold over half a million copies, became standard reading for ministerial students in seminaries and universities.  Edwards’ books and tapes laid the groundwork for his own house church movement that began in the United States in the 1970s. Groups and churches that he planted pattern their gatherings around primitive Christian practices such as meeting in homes, writing their own songs, and meeting in an open, participatory style. These groups aim for a distributed ministry model in which no one in the group possesses greater authority than any other so that all will be encouraged to function and speak in the meeting.

Books.

"(Earlier publication dates indicate Seedsowers/Christian Books releases except where otherwise indicated)"

Earl Eugene "Gene" Edwards (born July 18, 1932) is an American house church planter, a Christian author, and a former Southern Baptist pastor and evangelist. A graduate of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, he is an outspoken proponent of the house church concept in the United States.

Earl Eugene „Gene“ Edwards (* 18. Juli 1932 in Commerce, Texas) ist ein US-amerikanischer baptistischer Pastor, Evangelist, Hauskirchengründer, Buchautor und Redner.


Club career.

Sporting.

Born in Gijón, Asturias, José Ángel was a product of hometown Sporting de Gijón's prolific youth system, Mareo. He made his first-team and La Liga debut on 8 February 2009 in a 1–3 away loss against FC Barcelona, and went on to still feature regularly for the duration of the season as the side narrowly avoided a drop, adding a goal in a 3–2 home win over Deportivo de La Coruña.  In 2009–10, José Ángel appeared in another 13 matches for the first team, as they retained once again their top division status (15th position). In the following campaigns, he continued battling for position with another club youth graduate, Roberto Canella, with both players appearing in roughly the same number of matches.

Roma.

On 19 July 2011, Serie A club A.S. Roma reached an agreement with Sporting Gijón for the transfer of José Ángel, joining compatriot Luis Enrique who had just been appointed team manager. The former paid €4.5 million for his services, plus bonuses. He made his competitive debut on 11 September, being sent off in a 1–2 home loss against Cagliari Calcio.  José Ángel spent the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons on loan to Real Sociedad, mainly acting as backup to Alberto de la Bella during his spell.

Porto.

In July 2014, José Ángel joined FC Porto for free, with Roma being eligible to receive 50% of any future transfer fee. He appeared in only 28 competitive games during his two-year spell in Portugal, his Primeira Liga debut arriving on 31 August 2014 in a 3–0 home win against Moreirense FC (90 minutes played).  On 25 July 2016, José Ángel was loaned to Villarreal CF for one year.

Eibar.

On 14 July 2017, José Ángel signed a three-year contract with SD Eibar as a free agent.

International career.

José Ángel earned four caps for the Spain under-21 team, his debut coming in 2009. He was selected by manager Luis Milla to the squad that appeared – and won – the 2011 UEFA European Championship in Denmark, being an unused member as RCD Espanyol's Dídac Vilà played all the matches and minutes.

Honours.

International.

Spain U20  Spain U21

José Ángel Valdés Díaz (born 5 September 1989), known as José Ángel or Cote, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for SD Eibar as a left back.

José Ángel Valdés Díaz (* 5. September 1989 in Gijón, Asturien), besser bekannt unter dem Kurznamen José Ángel oder seinem Spitznamen Cote, ist ein spanischer Fußballspieler. Er steht beim spanischen Erstligisten SD Eibar unter Vertrag. Seine Position ist in der Linksverteidigung.


Governance.

Since it was founded in 1887, the APS has had 86 presidents lead the organization, beginning with founder Henry Bowditch and continuing through its current president, Kim E. Barrett. The APS is governed by an elected Council consisting of the President, the President-Elect, the immediate Past President, and nine Councillors. Management of the affairs of the Society is the responsibility of a full-time Executive Director, appointed by and responsible to the Council. The Society maintains a staff and offices on the campus of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) in Bethesda, Maryland. The Society conducts its operations based on a Constitution and Bylaws, as given in the Society's Operational Guide. As a nonprofit scientific organization, the Society holds tax-exempt status. The organization is managed by Executive Director Martin Frank, PhD., a physiologist by training and is based in Bethesda, MD.

History and activity.

The APS recognizes five physiologists as its founders: Henry Pickering Bowditch, Silas Weir Mitchell, and Henry Newell Martin co-signed the original letter to active physiology researchers inviting them to the new society, and John Green Curtis and Russell Henry Chittenden provided early organizational support. The organizational meeting founding the society was held on December 30, 1887 in Curtis' laboratory space at Columbia University and was attended by seventeen people. The society had 28 founding members. The first regular meeting of the APS followed in September 1888 in Washington, DC, featuring paper presentations and demonstrations.  In its early days the APS served a young field with relatively few dedicated researchers, so its efforts were oriented toward advancing teaching and research. APS members collaborated to author a textbook of physiology and launched a journal, the "American Journal of Physiology", in 1898. As the field of physiology matured, the society expanded in membership.  The modern APS sponsors many awards, including the Horace W. Davenport Distinguished Lecturer, the Walter B. Cannon Award, and Arthur C. Guyton Award.

Publications.

The American Physiological Society publishes both journals and books as a nonprofit publisher.  There are 14 scholarly, peer-reviewed journals covering specialized aspects of physiology. Ten of the journals are published twice monthly. All told, APS publishes some 3,100 original peer-reviewed articles annually, totaling approximately 32,000 pages per year.

Sections.

Members can affiliate with one of twelve disciplinary sections composed of members that share a common interest. The sections are Cardiovascular, Cell and Molecular Physiology, Central Nervous System, Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Environmental and Exercise Physiology, Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, Neural Control and Autonomic Regulation, Renal Physiology, Respiration, Teaching of Physiology and Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis. Each member is asked to designate one primary, and two secondary section affiliations. Sections have their own internal governance.

Membership.

The APS has a variety of membership categories to accommodate all interest levels. Regular membership is for individuals conducting original research in physiology. Affiliate membership is for individuals interested in physiology but without the evidence of scholarly work. Graduate Student membership is for any student engaged in physiological work that will culminate in a doctoral degree. Undergraduate Student membership is for individuals working toward an undergraduate degree that will eventually lead to work in physiology or a related field.

Committees.

The American Physiological Society provides its membership with opportunities to be involved with the Society through service on its various committees. The Committees are: Animal Care and Experimentation, Awards, Career Opportunities in Physiology, Chapter Advisory Committee, Committee on Committees, Communications, Conferences, Daggs Award, Education, Finance, International Physiology, Joint Program, Physiologists in Industry, Membership, Perkins Memorial Fellowship, Porter Physiology Development, Public Affairs, Publications, Section Advisory, Senior Physiologists, Trainee Advisory, and Women in Physiology.

Meetings.

The American Physiological Society sponsors a number of scientific meetings each year. Experimental Biology, the APS annual meeting, is conducted jointly with other FASEB member societies. In addition to its annual meeting, specialized APS Conferences are held throughout the year and focus on designated areas of physiological research. The spring annual meeting, Experimental Biology, is convened jointly with other biomedical societies. This multi-society interdisciplinary, biomedical, and scientific meeting features plenary and award lectures, symposia, oral and poster sessions, a placement center, and an exhibit of scientific equipment, supplies, and publications.

The American Physiological Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members. Of them, 21 were graduates of medical schools, but only 12 had studied in institutions that had a professor of physiology. Today, it has 10,500 members, most of whom hold doctoral degrees in medicine, physiology or other health professions. Its mission then, as now, is to support research, education, and circulation of information in the physiological sciences.

Die American Physiological Society, abgekürzt "APS", ist eine wissenschaftliche Organisation, die sich mit allen Aspekten der physiologischen Forschung beschäftigt. Sie hat ihren Sitz in Bethesda (Maryland). Die Gesellschaft wurde 1887 von 28 Mitgliedern gegründet. In den ersten Jahren nach Gründung kümmerte sich die Gesellschaft um die Ausweitung von Forschung und Lehre für das Fach Physiologie. Im Jahr 1898 wurde die Zeitschrift "American Journal of Physiology" gegründet. Inzwischen hat die Gesellschaft etwa 10.500 Mitglieder und veröffentlicht sowohl Fachbücher als auch zwölf Fachzeitschriften.


Biography.

Early life.

Brian Clarke was born in Oldham, Lancashire, to Edward Ord Clarke, a coal miner, and Lilian Clarke (née Whitehead), a cotton spinner. Raised in a family familiar with spiritualism, his maternal grandmother a notable local medium, Clarke attended a Spiritualist Lyceum through his childhood. Growing up in an environment where the non-material world was considered to be naturally present and able to interact with the material, he was considered a ‘sensitive’ and gained a reputation locally as a 'boy medium'. In 1965, aged 12, he applied for a place as the last intake of an education scheme existing in the North of England to enable artistically promising children to leave their secondary school and become full-time art students, and was awarded a scholarship to the Oldham School of Arts and Crafts. In place of a standard curriculum, he principally studied the arts and design, learning drawing, heraldry, pictorial composition, colour theory, pigment mixing and calligraphy among other subjects. Considered a prodigy, by the age of 16 Clarke had mastered the orthodoxies of academic life drawing. In 1968 he and his family moved to Burnley and, too young at 15 to gain entrance to Burnley College of Art, he lied about his age and was accepted on the strength of his previous work.

1970s.

In 1970 Clarke enrolled in the Architectural Stained Glass course at North Devon College of Art and Design, from which he graduated two years later with a first class distinction in their Diploma in Design. In 1971, aged 17, he received his first commission, for a series of windows in the Grade II* listed Southcott Barton, a 17th-century residential home, and the following year received his first ecclesiastical commission, for a memorial window in Preston Parish Church. In August 1972, he married his fellow art student Liz Finch, the daughter of a local vicar, opened a stained glass studio in Preston, and began to take on work including painting restoring, designing lamps, repairing damaged ecclesiastical glass, as well as working independently as a painter. This was followed by a commission for a new window for Coppull Church, Lancashire, in 1973, and further secular stained glass commissions, for which he painted, fired, leaded, assembled and installed the windows and panels himself, transporting them on a local bus. Further local ecclesiastical commissions followed.  In 1974 Clarke was awarded the Winston Churchill Memorial Travelling Fellowship to study medieval and contemporary stained glass in Italy, France and West Germany. That same year he received a commission for a suite of 20 windows for the Church of St Lawrence, Longridge, considered to be his first mature work, and in 1975 was awarded the Churchill Extension Fellowship to study art in architecture in the United States. Later in 1975 Clarke moved to Birchover, Derbyshire, renting a vicarage as home and studio from the local church authorities – he later designed and gifted a suite of windows to the parish church, St Michael and All Angels. A travelling exhibition of secular, autonomous stained glass panels inspired in part by Oriental landscape painting, "Glass Art One", was shown at venues in Derbyshire and Lancashire, including Derby Cathedral and Manchester Cathedral. An internationally notable commission from the University of Nottingham to produce 45 paintings, vestments, and a series of stained glass windows for a multi-faith chapel in the Queen's Medical Centre followed, the process of which was filmed by the BBC as material for a documentary. The research from the two Churchill Trust Fellowships led to the Arts Council of Great Britain-funded exhibition of stained glass "GLASS/LIGHT", co-curated by Clarke, British war artist John Piper and art historian Martin Harrison, with the collaboration of Marc Chagall, and produced the book "Architectural Stained Glass". "GLASS/LIGHT", part of the Festival of the City of London, was the most extensive exhibition of stained glass of the 20th century. In 1978, Clarke controversially appeared on the cover of the journal "Architectural Review" with a work titled "Velarde is Not Mocked". Clarke had been commissioned to design and fabricate two windows for the notable 1930s Art Deco church of St Gabriel’s, Blackburn, by F. X Velarde, which was to be restored, and the windows were designed to complement and respond to the architecture, making reference to the elements of the original design. The building, considered one of the milestones in the development of English church architecture towards modernism, was changed significantly by the restoring architect and the interior and exterior elements were unsympathetically altered. Clarke's public attack on the treatment of the architecture by the restoring firm marked the end of his working in the church. In 1979 he undertook a polemical lecture tour of British universities on the subject of art and architecture, and was the subject of an hour-long BBC Omnibus documentary, "Brian Clarke: The Story So Far", which followed a year in his life. Seen by millions of viewers, at a time when the UK had only 3 television channels, the programme received multiple complaints and propelled him into the public eye. Later in 1979, Clarke became a presenter on the BBC2 arts programme "Mainstream", and the BBC Radio 4 programme Kaleidescope, conducting interviews with figures including Brassaï, Andy Warhol, and Elisabeth Lutyens, and giving Sheffield band The Human League, of whom he’d been an early supporter, their first television appearance.

1980s.

At the start of 1980, Clarke began to paint in oils again after a period of working primarily graphically and in acrylic, and created his first constructions, in wood and steel, and designs for furniture. Clarke accepted a proposal to design stage sets for Kraftwerk, and collaborated on unrealised projects with David Bailey, Brian Eno, and with Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood as designer of the aborted zine "Chicken", whose creation was funded by EMI and filmed by BBC's "Arena". Noticing the similarity between the reticular, Constructivist-derived symbols that dominated his work and the light-metering computergrams from the Olympus OM System cameras, he produced a series of technology-related paintings including one titled "Time Lag Zero" for the headquarters of Olympus Optical (UK). Its unveiling at Langan's Brasserie by Patrick Lichfield for the fifth anniversary of Olympus UK was filmed by Granada Television as part of a documentary on Clarke and his work, released by ITV as "Time Lag Zero: Impressions of Brian Clarke". Later that year, a major commission for paintings, a wooden construction, and a suite of stained glass windows for the Olympus European Headquarters Building in Hamburg was executed, for which Clarke was given 'complete freedom of the design of the entrance hall for the new building', and, starring in a series of adverts for Olympus and for Polaroid, he became a household name in the UK and the United States. The complexity of the stained glass designs for Hamburg necessitated the development of special diamond cutting and sandblasting techniques to accommodate the graphic, non-structural role of the lead in places, and marked the start of Clarke's manufacturing his windows in Germany rather than England, a major break with tradition.  In 1981, Clarke was invited to teach as a visiting artist at Pilchuck Glass School in Washington, with Patrick Reyntiens and Dale Chihuly, for the summer education programme. Clarke introduced all-day life-drawing classes, intensively teaching academic drawing from the life in place of glass painting techniques with the aim of opening up 'new ways of looking at glass design'. Later that year, receiving a commission from the Government of Saudi Arabia for the Royal Mosque of King Khalid International Airport, Clarke studied Islamic ornament at the Quran schools in Fez. A portfolio of screenprints, dedicated to his friend C. P. Snow called '"The Two Cultures"' (after Lord Snow's influential 1959 Rede Lecture on the perceived gulf between the humanities and sciences of the same name) was published, and he became the first artist to have an exhibition at the Royal Institute of British Architects, with a solo show of his paintings, constructions and prints. That year, the first monograph on his work, "Brian Clarke" by Martin Harrison, was published, and the Victoria and Albert Museum acquired a large-scale stained glass triptych, executed by him in 1979, and an oil painting titled "Trial and Error". The Royal Mosque, completed in 1982 and containing 2,000 square metres of stained glass, was considered to be the largest and technically most advanced stained glass project of the modern period, requiring the full staff of 4 stained glass factories and 150 craftsmen, taking a year to fabricate. Urged by his art dealer Robert Fraser to leave Britain to avoid the gossip columns and paparazzi, Clarke moved to live and work in Düsseldorf and Rome. In 1982, Clarke produced the cover painting for Paul McCartney's solo album Tug of War, designing the cover together with Linda McCartney. In 1983 the Tate acquired an edition of "The Two Cultures" and Fraser, a key figure of the Swinging Sixties who first brought to Europe the work of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, reopened his gallery on Cork Street in London with a show of Clarke's paintings and with the aid of funding from him. The opening night received significant press coverage, and public interest and celebrity attendance led to the opening party spilling out into the street, necessitating its closure by police cordon. Before its closure following Fraser's death in 1986, the gallery went on to exhibit and introduce to the British public the works of Jean-Michel Basquiat and Ellsworth Kelly, both of whom Clarke exhibited with, and Keith Haring. In 1984, Clarke was commissioned to contribute to the refurbishment of Joseph Paxton's Thermal Baths on the Royal Crescent in Buxton; his scheme, designed in 1984 and completed in 1987, was for a barrel-vaulted stained glass canopy to enclose the Grade II-listed former baths, creating the Cavendish Arcade. Functioning as a local landmark, the work, which was the largest stained glass work in Britain until 1989, and remains Britain's largest stained glass window, is visible from the surrounding hills at night when it is lit internally. In 1988, architect Arata Isozaki approached Clarke to collaborate with him on the Lake Sagami Building in Yamanishi. Clarke designed a composition of stained glass for the central lantern and a series of interrelated skylights that internally referenced elements of Isozaki’s building and early designs, for which Isozaki in turn designed a lighting system that turned the work and building into a beacon at night.

1990s.

In 1998, Clarke and John Edwards donated the contents of the artist Francis Bacon's studio to the Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin. The studio at 7 Reece Mews had remained largely untouched since Bacon's death in 1992, and the decision was taken to preserve it for posterity. A team of archaeologists, art historians, conservators and curators moved the studio, wholesale, to Dublin. The locations of over 7,000 items were mapped, survey drawings made, the items packed and catalogued, and the studio was rebuilt, including the original doors, floor, walls and ceiling. In 2001 the relocated studio was opened to the public, with a fully comprehensive database, the first computerised record of the entire contents of an artist's studio.

"Clarke (Executor of the Will of Francis Bacon) v Marlborough Fine Art".

Following the death of Clarke's friend Francis Bacon in 1992, in 1998 the English High Court severed all ties between Bacon's former gallery, Marlborough Fine Art, and his estate, and Clarke was appointed sole executor of the Estate of Francis Bacon by the High Court, on behalf of Bacon's heir John Edwards. Clarke transferred representation of Francis Bacon to the Tony Shafrazi Gallery in New York, where a major show was mounted of 17 previously unseen Bacon paintings recovered from his studio. A court case was brought against Marlborough, "Professor Brian Clarke (Executor of the Will of Francis Bacon) v Marlborough Fine Art (London)", alleging that the Gallery had underpaid Bacon for his work, asserted undue influence over him, and failed to account for up to 33 of his paintings, but following John Edwards' diagnosis with lung cancer in 2002 the litigation was settled out of court, with each side paying its own costs. During the legal process an undisclosed number of Bacon's paintings were recovered from Marlborough, and "vast quantities of correspondence and documents relating to the life of the artist were handed over by the gallery".

2000s.

In 2004, Clarke collaborated with Norman Foster on the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, a landmark building in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, built to house the triennial Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. Initial designs incorporated a stained glass ramp throughout the pyramidical structure; completed in 2006, the transparent upper portion is clad in 9700 square feet of stained glass, which forms the pyramid’s apex.

Work.

Paintings, stained glass, screenprints, collage, constructions, ceramics, mosaic, fresco, furniture, sculpture, tapestry, jewellery and ironmongery by Clarke can be found in architectural settings and private and public collections internationally, including the Tate, Victoria and Albert Museum, the Bavarian State Painting Collections at Museum Brandhorst, Munich, the Sezon Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, and the Corning Museum of Glass, New York.  Major works include the five-story stained glass wall in the lobby of the Al Faisaliyah Center in Riyadh for the King Faisal Foundation, the largest stained glass work in the world between 2000 and 2017, and Stansted Airport; 21,528 sq ft of stained glass for the Royal Mosque at King Khalid International Airport); the mosaic and stained glass ceiling of Pfizer World Headquarters in New York, for which Clarke developed new techniques for the inclusion of two colours in a single sheet of opaque glass (in 1997), and a new stained glass facade (in 2001); stained glass, mosaic, ceramics, and turf-cut chalk drawing for Beaverbrook Coach House and Spa; the Stamford Cone in Connecticut; windows for Linköping Cathedral in Sweden; the Papal Chapel of the Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain; the world's largest stage sets (for Paul McCartney's 1993 World Tour) and both the largest stained glass work in Great Britain and Europe, and the largest in the world.  Other projects include ecclesiastical commissions in churches, mosques and synagogues across Europe, the US and the Middle East (including the Holocaust Memorial Synagogue in Darmstadt, built on the site of the former Gestapo headquarters, the Heidelberg Synagogue, and the Sinai Temple, Chicago; the screenprinted Yves-Klein blue glass exterior of ‘Le Grand Bleu’, the Hôtel du département des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseilles (with Will Alsop); stage sets for Wayne Eagling's Dutch National Ballet tribute to Clarke's friend Rudolf Nureyev, and sets for an opera of "The Crucible" ("Hexenjagd") directed by Hugh Hudson at Staatstheater Braunschweig; the stained glass and mosaic of Norte Shopping, Rio de Janeiro; the Spindles Shopping Mall, Oldham; the stained glass ceiling of the Victoria Quarter Arcade in Leeds, which replaced Buxton as the largest stained glass work in the world; windows for the 13th century Cistercian Abbaye de la Fille-Dieu, Romont, Switzerland; collaborations in stained glass and cyanotypes with photographer Linda McCartney; the cover of Terence Davies’ book "Hallelujah Now", and EP and album covers for Paul McCartney, Jools Holland, Worldbackwards and EMI Classical.

Unexecuted projects.

Clarke's design of stained glass for the Great South Window of the grandstand at Royal Ascot Racecourse, as part of the £185 million 2004-2006 redevelopment funded by Allied Irish Bank and designed by Populous and Buro Happold, was to have been the world's largest work in the medium. The project received royal approval from Queen Elizabeth II, but problems arose during the redevelopment's construction that prevented the installation of the window, as redressing them would have necessitated a delay to reopening the racecourse, leading to the project being scrapped. Commissions for two roundel windows in Derby Cathedral (1976), and for the North Transept windows of Salisbury Cathedral (2014-2019), were not approved by the Church of England. Clarke worked on designs with Norman Foster for incorporating stained glass throughout Stansted Airport, and a glass tower for the Willis Faber and Dumas Building; Renzo Piano for a public sculpture for the Shard at London Bridge; Zaha Hadid on mosaic and stained glass for a building in Spittelau, Vienna, and KAPSARC, Saudi Arabia; with Will Alsop on mosaic and stained glass for Crossrail Paddington, and stained glass for Hungerford Bridge; and stained glass for Stratford International.

Recognition and roles.

Brian Clarke is former Visiting Professor of Architectural Art at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London; Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects; Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts; Hon. Doctor of Law (University of Huddersfield); Doctor of Humane Letters, (Virginia Theological Seminary); former trustee and Chairman of the Architecture Foundation; Governor of the Capital City Academy Trust; Fellow, Trustee and Council member of the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust; Honorary Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass; and a Freeman of the City of London.

Brian Clarke (born 2 July 1953) is a British architectural artist, painter and printmaker, known for his large-scale stained glass and mosaic projects, abstract and symbolist canvases, and collaborations with major figures in Modern and contemporary architecture.

Brian Clarke (* 2. Juli 1953 in Oldham, Lancashire, England) ist ein britischer Architekturkünstler, Maler und Grafiker, bekannt für seine großformatigen Glasmalerei- und Mosaikprojekte, abstrakten und symbolistischen Leinwände und seine Zusammenarbeit mit bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten der modernen und zeitgenössischen Architektur.


History.

A stronghold on Kłodzko's Castle Hill was mentioned for the first time in the "Chronicle of Bohemians", written by Cosmas of Prague. Most probably, it was a complex of wooden buildings, protected with a palisade. Kłodzko itself is located along the strategic route between Wrocław and Prague, and its role as a trading point must have been significant since the early Middle Ages. In 1114, the stronghold was captured and destroyed by Czech troops under prince Soběslav, who at the same time reconquered the whole area.  In 1129, Soběslav rebuilt the town and placed a castellan there. Some time around 1300, a spacious castle was built on the hill, which became seat of the Kłodzko County. Gradually, the castle grew, a church and a chapel were added and in 1557, Lorenz Krischke, architect at the court of Prince Ernest of Bavaria, built the Lower Castle. In the 16th century, there were five wells in the castle with the oldest one from 1393.  In 1622, during the Thirty Years' War, after the long siege, the fortress was captured by the Austrian Army. The city was besieged in June of that year, but for a long time resisted the attackers. Finally, the Austrians brought in two large cannons - the "Wingless Dragon" and the "Black Sow" to fire upon the walls of Kłodzko and the city surrendered on October 25. In subsequent years the Austrians modernized the fortress and replaced ancient fortifications with up-to-date bastions.  In 1742, during the War of the Austrian Succession the city together with its stronghold was conquered by Prussia under Frederick II. The city itself surrendered on January 14, but the fortress, with 2000 soldiers, held out until April 25, when starvation made further resistance impossible. Out of the initial Austrian garrison of 2000, only 200 survived, "pale as shadows". The Prussians expanded the fortress, making it a defensive one. Major works continued during the Silesian Wars, until 1770, however, the fortress was not fully completed 200 years after the Austrians began to modernize it.  in 1745 by Friedrich II order at Glatz under the guard of Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué was imprisoned a Prussian officer Friedrich von der Trenck. Next year he escaped from the fortress.  In the 19th century, the stronghold, which in 1807 was captured by the French Army supported by Bavarian troops became a prison. In early 19th century, due to economic depression, prisoners’ earnings in Glatz were so low that the administration would send a prisoner every Saturday to beg for help in the city. Among prisoners there, was a British Army captain Bertrand Stewart, who in 1911 was accused of espionage and released in 1913. During World War II, the stronghold was not only a prisoner-of-war camp, but a sub-camp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp.

Currently.

In 1945, the stronghold together with the city became part of Poland. The Kłodzko Fortress, its current name, looks like it did 200 years ago with little changes, and it is one of the main tourist attractions of the city. Between May and October, it is open from 9:00 to 19:00 and in the winter, it is open from 9:00 to 16:00. From its top, there are views of the Kłodzko Valley. It is also possible to visit the cellars, with a labyrinth of underground corridors, excavated in the 19th century by prisoners of war.  The stronghold’s complex covers an area of 17 hectares. Its lower walls are 11 meters thick, and the upper walls are around four meters. According to some sources, it is the largest and the best preserved fortress of its kind in Poland.

Kłodzko Fortress (, ) is a unique fortification complex of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestern Poland. The fortress once was one of the biggest strongholds in Prussian Silesia, however, in the whole German Empire, it was regarded as a minor one. Now, together with an extensive network of tunnels, it is one of the biggest attractions of the town of Kłodzko, with its underground labyrinth and a repository of different objects, from old fire engines to local glassware.

Die Festung Glatz (polnisch "Twierdza Kłodzko"; tschechisch "Kladská pevnost") ist eine militärische Festungsanlage in der Stadt Glatz, der Hauptstadt der ehemaligen Grafschaft Glatz (seit 1945 Kłodzko, Polen). Sie entstand an der Stelle einer böhmischen Grenzburg, die im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert zu einem Schloss umgebaut worden war. Die Festung liegt auf dem 369 Meter hohen Burg- bzw. Schlosshügel auf der westlichen Seite der Glatzer Neiße, oberhalb des Glatzer Rings ("Rynek"). Das Gelände ist 17 Hektar groß.


Early life and education.

Born and raised in Israel, Fast spent much of his teenage years in Jericho, New York while his father pursued a medical degree in both countries. He received his BFA from a dual-degree program at Tufts University and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston in 1995, majoring in English and painting, and an MFA from Hunter College in 2000. He subsequently got a job doing magazine layout.

Work and controversy.

According to "New York Times" art critic, Roberta Smith, Fast is one of several contemporary artists who restages existing films, including Pierre Huyghe, Robert Melee, and Yasumasa Morimura.

"August" (2017).

In 2017, Fast was met with protests and allegations of racism by the Chinatown Art Brigade and others in the Asian and Asian-American art community, including the Korean American artist and 47 Canal gallery owner Margaret Lee, for his August exhibition in the James Cohan gallery on Manhattan's Lower East Side. The show was titled “August” after its centerpiece, a 3D video from 2016 inspired by the life of August Sander, a German portrait and documentary photographer. But that video, along with an earlier one, was upstaged by Fast's surrounding installation that transformed Cohan’s white-box space into a New York Chinatown shop or bus company waiting room with metal chairs, broken ATMs, and a shabby facade. Fast seemed to have intended the Cohan gallery “waiting room” not as a replication of any real Chinatown but as a version of immigrant neighborhoods evoked to justify “slum clearance.” While the "Guardian" wrote that the work was intended to provoke a strong reaction, a group of activists and others called out the piece as racist “poverty porn” and demanded its removal.

"Remainder" (2015).

In 2015 Fast released his first feature film, based on the Tom McCarthy novel "Remainder".

"Continuity" (2012).

"Continuity" features an older couple who hires male escorts to play out their dead son’s return from Afghanistan. The 40-minute work explores loss and grief as much as the narrative constructions of fiction and the cinematic conventions used in documentary films.

"5000 Feet is the Best" (2011).

Fast directed this short film shown at the Biennale di Venezia in 2011.

"Nostalgia" (2009).

In October 2009, Fast’s exhibition "Nostalgia" opened at South London Gallery. The exhibition included "Nostalgia", a three-part film installation that intermingles a man’s account of his struggle for asylum in Britain with a reenactment of his story as a 1970s science fiction movie in which he attempts to flee a dystopian Europe and relocate to a colony in Africa. Fast's 2009-2010 Nostalgia at the Whitney Museum of American Art received the 2008 Bucksbaum Award, given to the most prominent artist in that year's Whitney Biennial.

"The Casting" (2007).

In the four-channel video piece "Casting", the viewer walks into the screening room initially encountering two hanging projection screens. Each contains a different depiction of a narrative showing the characters acting while silent and remaining completely still. The projection screens are double-sided and contain two additional images on the rear side where the viewer sees two men engaged in an interview. The two men are a young American Army sergeant and the artist in a dialog about the narrative. The artist states during the interview that he is interested only in memory and how memory gets mediated; he says the work he is trying to achieve has or should have no political slant. Although the work is politically ambiguous it shows the powerlessness of an American Army sergeant in the current Iraqi conflict and possibly the powerlessness of perceived American hegemonic power.

"CNN Concatenated" (2002).

In 2002, Fast finished "CNN Concatenated", an 18-minute-long single-channel video which uses CNN news anchor clips. The video is cut so that each word is spoken by a different newsperson. The piece literally asks the viewers questions about media authenticity and gives CNN a distinct voice.

"Spielberg's List".

The 59-minute two-channel work centers on interviews with residents of Krakow, Poland, who worked as extras in the concentration camp scenes in Steven Spielberg's film "Schindler's List". The video suggests that, whatever their experience, many conflated the Hollywood version of the Holocaust with historical reality.  Fast's politically charged subject matter covers issues of race, pornography, and war—both historical battles and contemporary conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Exhibitions.

Fast has had solo exhibitions at the Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus (2012), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (2010), Berkeley Art Museum (2009), Museum of Modern Art, Vienna (2007), Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh (2005), Midway Contemporary Art, Minneapolis (2005), Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich (2004), and the Frankfurter Kunstverein, Frankfurt (2003). His work has also been featured in dOCUMENTA (13) (2012) and biennials and group exhibitions. In 2016 the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin is showing the exhibition "Omer Fast. Talking is not always the solution". His work has been exhibited in the United States and internationally. In October 2015, a monographic exhibition of Fast’s work titled "Present Continuous" opened at the Jeu de Paume, Paris, and subsequently travelled to the Baltic Center of Contemporary Art, Gateshead, UK, and the KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art, Aalborg, Denmark. He has been the subject of solo exhibitions at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Moderna Museet, Stockholm, Sweden; Le Caixa, Madrid, Spain; Musée d’Art Contemporain, Montréal, Canada; Museum of Contemporary Art, Krakow, Poland; STUK Leuven, Belgium; Dallas Museum of Art, TX; Cleveland Museum of Art, OH; the Art Institute of Chicago, IL; the Minneapolis Institute of Art, MN; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, NY. His work was featured in dOCUMENTA (13), the 54th Venice Biennale, and the 2002 and 2008 Whitney Biennials. He received a BFA from Tufts University and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and an MFA from Hunter College in New York City. Fast lives and works in Berlin.  His work is represented by gb agency, Paris and ARRATIA, BEER (Berlin) and James Cohan Gallery (NY).

Awards & collections.

He was the recipient of the 2009 Preis der Nationalgalerie für Junge Kunst and the 2008 Bucksbaum Award from the Whitney Museum of American Art. Fast's work is in the collections of the Whitney Museum of American Art, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Hamburger Bahnhof, Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the Museum of Modern Art, Vienna.

Omer Fast (born in Jerusalem, Israel 1972) is an Israeli video artist. He is represented by James Cohan Gallery and gb agency and lives in Berlin.

Omer Fast (* 1972 in Jerusalem) ist ein israelischer Videokünstler und Filmregisseur. Er studierte Kunst an der Tufts University (Bachelor 1995) und am Hunter College (Master 2000). 2015 drehte er seinen ersten abendfüllenden Spielfilm "Remainder", der am 10. Oktober 2015 beim London Film Festival uraufgeführt wurde und am 15. Februar 2016 auf der Berlinale seine Deutschlandpremiere feierte. Dort wurde ebenfalls sein zweiter Langspielfilm "Continuity" gezeigt. Der Film ist eine Erweiterung des gleichnamigen Kurzfilms aus dem Jahr 2012.