Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan (Nagasaki)

Basilika der sechsundzwanzig heiligen Märtyrer Japans

History.

In 1863, two French priests from the Société des Missions Étrangères, Fathers Louis Furet and Bernard Petitjean, landed in Nagasaki with the intention of building a church honoring the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan, nine European priests and seventeen Japanese Christians who were crucified in 1597 by order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The church was finished in 1864. Constructed by the master carpenter of the Glover Residence, Koyama Hidenoshin, it was originally a small wooden church with three aisles and three octagonal towers. The present structure is a much larger Gothic basilica that dates from around 1879. This version was built of white stuccoed brick with five aisles, vaulted ceilings, and one octagonal tower. The design most likely came from a Belgian plan used by Catholic missionaries in an earlier church built in Osaka. The stained glass windows were imported from France.  On March 17, 1865, shortly after the completion of the original cathedral, Father Petitjean saw a group of people standing in front of the cathedral. They indicated to the priest that they wanted him to open the doors. As the priest knelt at the altar, an old woman from the group approached him and said "We have the same feeling in our hearts as you do. Where is the statue of the Virgin Mary?" Petitjean discovered that these people were from the nearby village of Urakami and were Kakure Kirishitans, descendants of early Japanese Christians who went into hiding after the Shimabara Rebellion in the 1630s. A white marble statue of the Virgin Mary was imported from France and erected in the church to commemorate this event. The bronze relief in the courtyard below the church shows the memorable scene of the discovery. Before long, tens of thousands of underground Christians came out of hiding in the Nagasaki area. News of this reached Pope Pius IX, who declared this "the miracle of the Orient."  Ōura Cathedral was designated as a National Treasure in 1933. During World War II, the cathedral was damaged by the atomic bomb on August 9, 1945. Artefacts from the damage are in the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum.  The National Treasure designation was affirmed on March 31, 1953 under the 1951 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. It was the first Western-style building in Japan to be given this honor and had been the only one until 2009 when the neo-Baroque Akasaka Palace was designated a National Treasure.  The church was granted status as a minor basilica by the Holy See on April 26, 2016  On June 30, 2018 Ōura Cathedral, along with 11 other sites linked to Catholic persecution in Japan, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan (日本二十六聖殉教者堂) also is a Roman Catholic minor basilica and Co-cathedral in Nagasaki, Japan, built soon after the end of the Japanese government's Seclusion Policy in 1853. It is also known as the Church of the 26 Japanese Martyrs. It was for many years the only Western-style building declared a national treasure, and is said to be the oldest church in Japan.

Die Basilika der sechsundzwanzig Märtyrer von Japan (jap., "Nihon nijūroku seijunkyōshadō") ist eine römisch-katholische Basilica minor in Nagasaki, Japan, gebaut kurz nach dem Ende der Abschließung Japans im Jahr 1853. Die auch als Ōura-Kirche (, "Ōura Tenshudō") bekannte Basilika ist den Märtyrern von Nagasaki geweiht. Sie ist Teil des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbes. Sie war für lange Zeit als einziges Gebäude im europäischen Stil in die Nationalschätze Japans aufgenommen und wird als älteste Kirche Japans angesehen. Seit der Weihe der Urakami-Kathedrale dient sie als Konkathedrale des Erzbistums Nagasaki.


Taxonomy.

Described by Belgian naturalist Auguste Drapiez in 1819, the pink robin is a member of the Australasian robin family Petroicidae. Sibley and Ahlquist's DNA-DNA hybridisation studies placed this group in a Corvida parvorder comprising many tropical and Australian passerines, including pardalotes, fairy-wrens, honeyeaters, and crows. However, subsequent molecular research (and current consensus) places the robins as a very early offshoot of the Passerida (or "advanced" songbirds) within the songbird lineage. Testing of the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of Australian members of the genus "Petroica" suggests that the pink and rose robins are each other's closest relative within the genus.  The generic name Petroica derives from the Ancient Greek "petros"'stone' and "oikos" 'house'. The specific name "rodinogaster" derives from the Ancient Greek "rhodinos" 'pink' and "gaster" 'belly'.

Description.

The pink robin is 13.5 cm (5.5 in) long and displays sexual dimorphism – the males and females have plumage which differ markedly. The male has a dark blackish-grey head, throat, back, wings and tail, a pink breast and belly fading to white on the lower abdomen, and a white forehead. The female is dark grey-brown above, with two buff-coloured wing-bars and pinkish-tinged underparts. The bill and feet are black, and the eyes are dark brown.

Distribution and habitat.

Its range is the forests of southern Victoria and neighbouring parts of South Australia and New South Wales, and Tasmania.

Breeding.

Breeding occurs from September to January. The nest is a well-made, neat, deep cup of moss. Spider webs, feathers and fur are used for binding or filling, and the nest is generally placed in a tree fork up to 5 m (15 ft) above the ground. A clutch of three or four eggs is laid. The eggs, which measure 18 by 14 mm, are greyish-, greenish- or blueish-white, and are marked with dark brown and lavender splotches and spots, usually concentrated around the large end.

Feeding.

Prey consists of a variety of spiders and insects, including caterpillars, ichneumon wasps, beetles, flies and ants.

The pink robin ("Petroica rodinogaster") is a small passerine bird native to southeastern Australia. Its natural habitats are cool temperate forests of far southeastern Australia. Like many brightly coloured robins of the family Petroicidae, it is sexually dimorphic. Measuring 13.5 cm (5.3 in) in length, the robin has a small, thin, black bill, and dark brown eyes and legs. The male has a distinctive white forehead spot and pink breast, with grey-black upperparts, wings and tail. The belly is white. The female has grey-brown plumage. The position of the pink robin and its Australian relatives on the passerine family tree is unclear; the Petroicidae are not closely related to either the European or American robins, but appear to be an early offshoot of the Passerida group of songbirds.

Der Rosenbrust-Schnäpper ("Petroica rodinogaster"), zuweilen auch Rosaschnäpper genannt, ist ein in Australien und Tasmanien vorkommender Singvogel aus der Familie der Schnäpper (Petroicidae).


History.

Background.

Plans for the monorail were first announced in 1979, and it was planned to serve as a mode of transportation around Sentosa as well as to make the island more attractive to visitors. At that point in time, transport around the island was provided by a fleet of double-decker buses.

Construction and opening.

Site surveys commenced in March 1980, and construction began six months later. Initially expected to be completed in April 1982, it was completed two months before schedule at a cost of S$16 million, and opened on 23 February 1982. Four intermediate stations along the line at several locations around the island were opened on 1 December the same year. This resulted in the bus service to these locations being terminated, and the monorail thus became the main mode of transport around the island.  As a result of the monorail's opening, as well as the opening of several other attractions, the number of visitors to Sentosa also shot up, increasing to 1,067,192 visitors from 567,567 visitors over the same period in the previous year.

Closure.

Due to the rapid modernisation of the island, maintenance problems, increasing costs, and declining popularity as visitors started complaining that the ride was slow and uncomfortable, the Sentosa Monorail ceased operations on 16 March 2005 to make way for the new four-station Sentosa Express monorail. Much of the track and all of the rolling stock were sold as scrap for S$350,000. A subsequent assessment showed that some of the butt welds did not match the specification of British Standards. Five of the monorail stations have been repurposed for other uses, such as the "Surrender Chamber" at Fort Siloso, a restaurant being developed at the Central Beach, and the SDC Office was rebuilt and converted into a bar. Gateway was demolished when the line closed and Ferry Terminal was demolished in March 2007.

Stations.

There were no terminal stations for Sentosa Monorail.

The Sentosa Monorail was a monorail system which served as the main means of transportation on the island of Sentosa in Singapore, and has been replaced by the new monorail system, the Sentosa Express. The system was constructed at a cost of S$14 million by Von Roll of Switzerland, who also built the Singapore Cable Car.

Die Sentosa Monorail () war eine 5,8 Kilometer lange ringförmige und eingleisige Einschienenbahn auf der singapurischen Insel Sentosa. Sie war von 1982 bis 2005 in Betrieb und wurde durch den moderneren Sentosa Express ersetzt.


Plot.

Patricia Dombrowski wants a record label to become rap superstar. Danny hands her a flyer for an upcoming rap show that he and his friends will perform at.  Patti and Jheri go to the rap show to see Danny and his friends perform. They witness a solo performer, Basterd The Antichrist, who performs a hard rock song but gets booed off the stage.  One day, Patti spots Basterd going through a tunnel known as the Gates of Hell. Patti comes across Basterd's secret spot where he records music and beats and has Jheri come there. As Patti and Jheri are about to get kicked out, she pleads with Basterd to let them record something since they are desperate and want to make music.  Together, they create a demo cd with five original songs. They make copies and start selling a few, even getting Danny to buy one. Patti also meets a radio host named DJ French Tips, whom Patti is a fan of. She gives French Tips her demo cd to listen to.  Patti goes through incidents which blows down her spirits eventually breaking up with Basterd and Jheri. One day, Patti gets a call from DJ French Tips, calling to tell Patti she liked what she heard from the demo cd. She tells Patti that she submitted her name for a competition for that weekend in Newark called the Rookie Monster. Patti thanks French Tips, and her spirits are suddenly lifted. Patti reconciles with Basterd and Jheri.  Patti, Jheri, and Basterd go to Newark for the show. They learn that Oz, Patti's favorite rap artist, is up on the balcony watching the show. Patti is completely nervous but then gets up the courage to start spitting raps as Barb walks in to watch her perform. To her surprise, they used a sampling of one of her old songs, Tough Love, which incorporates Barb's lyrics into the song. The crowd goes wild as they love Patti's raps. Patti even gets Barb to personally sing the chorus. The two embrace as the crowd cheers. Ultimately, Nomad wins the competition, but that doesn't get Patti down.  After the show, Patti meets with Jheri and Basterd and they listen to the radio. They hear DJ French Tips announcing their song from the show which has become the most requested song. The three cheer and embrace each other as their song plays over the radio.

Release.

"Patti Cake$" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2017. The film received distribution offers from Focus Features, Neon, The Orchard and Annapurna Pictures. However, Fox Searchlight Pictures, acquired distribution rights to the film for $9.5 million, the second largest deal of the festival behind Amazon Studios' purchase of "The Big Sick". It was released on August 18, 2017.

Reception.

"Patti Cake$" received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 7.19/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Patti Cake$" hits a number of predictable beats, but adds enough fresh elements -- not least Danielle MacDonald's potentially starmaking turn -- to make its underdog story work." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."  "New York Magazine's" Vulture.com called the film a "Sundance charmer" and described it as perhaps "the most endearing surprise," of the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. "USA Today" reported that star of the film Danielle Macdonald was met with a standing ovation when she took the stage after the world premiere at Sundance. Macdonald has been described as the break out star of the film.  The film has been compared to "Hustle & Flow" and "8 Mile", which both also portray a person struggling to create a career as a rapper.

Patti Cake$ is a 2017 American drama film directed by Geremy Jasper. It was screened in the US Dramatic Competition section of the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. It was released on August 18, 2017, by Fox Searchlight Pictures.

Patti Cake$ – Queen of Rap (Originaltitel "Patti Cake$") ist ein US-amerikanischer Musikfilm von Geremy Jasper, der am 23. Januar 2017 im Rahmen des Sundance Film Festivals seine Premiere feierte. Am 2. November 2017 kam der Film in die deutschen Kinos.


Taxonomy.

There are three recognised subspecies of "Petroica boodang": the nominate subspecies "P.b.boodang" is found in mainland southeastern Australia; "P.b.leggii" is found in Tasmania and Flinders Island in the Bass Strait; and "P.b.campbelli" occurs in southwestern Western Australia.

Description.

Like the rest of the Australasian robins, the scarlet robins are stocky passerines with large heads. They range in size from 12 to 13.5 cm in length and weigh between 12 and 14 g. The plumage is sexually dimorphic. The males have black heads, backs and tails, black and white wings, a scarlet red breast, and white belly, forehead and rump. The female matches the male in pattern, but is duller, with brown plumage instead of black, a much more washed-out red on the breast, and a buff belly. Juvenile birds resemble the female without the reddish wash on the breast.

Distribution, movements and habitat.

The scarlet robin is endemic to Australia, where it is found near the coast from southern Queensland to central South Australia, Tasmania and southwest Western Australia. The species is mostly sedentary over its range, but some mainland populations undergo small local movements in the autumn and winter, either to more open habitats or to lower elevations.  The scarlet robin is most commonly found in eucalyptus woodland and forest, from sea level to 1000 m, particularly the more open habitats with grassy and shrubby understories. During the winter, more open environments, including urban habitats, are frequented.

Behaviour.

The scarlet robin feeds on arthropods, such as insects and spiders. It adjusts its foraging behaviour seasonally, feeding mostly on the ground during the winter, but during the summer and spring prey is more commonly snatched from bark and foliage.

Breeding biology.

The scarlet robin is a territorial and monogamous species, and defends its nesting territories both from others of the same species and from pairs of the related flame robin. Territories are established and breeding commences before the migratory flame robin arrives in its range (where the two co-occur). Both the male and the female participate in selecting the nesting site, but only the female constructs the nest, a task which takes four to ten days. The clutch size is between one and four eggs, with three being the average. The eggs are grey, green or pale blue, and marked with brown to olive-brown splotches and spots, usually concentrated around the large end. Only the females incubate the eggs, and the males feed the females on the nest. The chicks hatch after 14 to 18 days. At first, they are brooded by the female and fed by the male; when brooding ends, they are fed by both parents. Nesting success is generally low, between 8 and 40%. Scarlet robin nests are raided by snakes, and they are victims of brood parasitism by various species of cuckoo.

The scarlet robin ("Petroica boodang") is a common red-breasted Australasian robin in the passerine bird genus "Petroica". The species is found on continental Australia and its offshore islands, including Tasmania. The species was originally split in 1999 by Schodde and Mason, and as the original collection by Gmelin was from Norfolk Island, this retained the name of "multicolor", and is now known as the Norfolk robin.

Der Scharlachschnäpper ("Petroica boodang"), zuweilen auch Australienscharlachschnäpper genannt, ist ein in Australien und Tasmanien vorkommender Singvogel aus der Familie der Schnäpper (Petroicidae).


Plot.

Chunwoo Han is a martial artist who earned the title of Nine Arts Dragon from the Murim, a secret martial arts society that exists in harmony with modern society. The Murim's government is the Martial Arts Alliance who has garnered Chunwoo's hatred by killing his martial arts teacher. In the present, Chunwoo Han transfers to a fictional school in Seoul for a mission given to him by the Black Forest Defense Group, an anti-government group who opposes the Martial Arts Alliance. At the school, he meets the protagonist Shiwoon Yi. To solve his bullying problem, Shiwoon has Chunwoo train him in martial arts. Chunwoo initiates his mission and frees Sosul, the head of the Sunwoo Clan, from the Martial Arts Alliance. As Chunwoo prepares to leave the country, the Martial Arts Alliance take Shiwoon hostage, forcing him to intervene. In the conflict, Chunwoo publicly renounces Shiwoon as his disciple and destroys his Qi-center which cripples his potential as a martial artist. In doing so, Shiwoon is no longer considered part of Murim and will be protected by law from martial artists who wish to take revenge on Chunwoo through Shiwoon. In the aftermath, Shiwoon is greeted by the Sunwoo Clan who reveal Sosul has named him as her successor.  The sequel "The Breaker: New Waves" continues with Shiwoon who has declined his position as the head of the Sunwoo Clan. Meanwhile, the Martial Arts Alliance is losing its control over the world and a new group, acronymed SUC, begins terrorizing normal citizens under the name of the Nine Arts Dragon. Shiwoon becomes acquainted with Sera Kang who arranges a series of events and successfully restores Shiwoon's Qi-center. After learning about the existence of SUC, Shiwoon resolves to destroy them for tarnishing his teacher's name.  Shiwoon was a weak and cowardly boy who was constantly bullied. After meeting with Chunwoo Han and learning he can't be overly dependent on others, Shiwoon begins to improve himself, becoming more convicted to his sense of justice. In order to fix his body's weak Qi, Shiwoon ingests the One Moon Divine Pill (). Shiwoon is revealed to be a martial arts genius as he is able to learn techniques quickly. He is taught the Black Heaven and Earth Techniques () by Chunwoo. During the course of the series, Shiwoon is instated as the head of the Sunwoo Clan. His Qi center is destroyed in "The Breaker" which prevents him from doing martial arts but is repaired over the course of "New Waves".  Chunwoo is the last user of the Black Heaven and Earth Techniques. He earned the title of Nine Arts Dragon in a Murim tournament after defeating the other Arts Dragons. Because of his victory, his teacher, Unwol (), was killed by the Martial Arts Alliance out of spite. He joins the Black Forest Defense group as he intends to destroy the Martial Arts Alliance to avenge his master. He enters Shiwoon Yi's school to infiltrate Seoul for a mission and touched by Shiwoon's conviction, teaches him martial arts for a month before leaving Seoul. His lover, Shiho Lee is killed by the Martial Arts Alliance, furthering his hatred.

Release.

"The Breaker" was serialized in Daiwon C.I.'s "Young Champ"s magazine between June 1, 2007 and July 20, 2010. The series' individual chapters were encapsulated in ten volumes released between August 31, 2007 and July 27, 2010. The sequel, "The Breaker: New Waves", is currently serialized on Daum Communications' online comics portal beginning 2010. "The Breaker" has been localized into other languages such as French, Italian, Russian, and Polish.

Reception.

Manga News described the plot of the beginning chapters of "The Breaker" as conventional but intriguing. In further volumes, Manga News praised the action and the increased pacing of the story. Animeland agreed and praised the series for its extraordinary action scenes.

The Breaker () is a South Korean manhwa series written by Jeon Geuk-jin and illustrated by Park Jin-hwan under the pen name Kamaro. "The Breaker" was serialized in Daiwon C.I.'s "Young Champ"s magazine between June 2007 and July 2010. It is followed by "The Breaker: New Waves" () which is published on Daum Communications' online comics portal beginning 2010.

The Breaker (브레이커; RR: Beureikeo) ist eine koreanische Manhwa-Serie, die von den Autoren Geuk-Jin Jeon geschrieben und von Jin-Hwan Park, unter dem Künstlernamen Kamaro, illustriert wurde. "The Breaker" erschien zuerst von 2007 bis 2010 im "Young Champ’s Magazin" des koreanischen Verlags Daiwon C.I. Der Nachfolger "The Breaker: New Waves" (브레이커NW; "Beureikeo NW") wurde ab 2010 auf der Onlineplattform Daum Communications publiziert. "The Breaker" wurde in mehrere Sprachen übersetzt, darunter auch Deutsch.


Early life and education.

Charles Edward Maurice Spencer was born in London on 20 May 1964. Queen Elizabeth II is his godmother. His parents were titled Viscount and Viscountess Althorp, as his paternal grandfather, Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer, was still alive at the time of his birth. Spencer grew up with three older sisters, Sarah, Jane, and Diana. Charles' infant brother, John, was born four years before him, but died within hours of his birth. Charles and Diana were very close to each other in their childhood. His parents' troubled marriage ended in divorce when he was four years old. Spencer inherited the title Viscount Althorp when his father became Earl Spencer in 1975. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he read Modern History.

Career.

Spencer worked as an on-air correspondent with NBC News from 1986 to 1995, primarily for the network's morning programme, "Today", and "NBC Nightly News." He wrote and presented the 12-part documentary series "Great Houses of the World" (1994–95) for NBC Super Channel. He also worked as a reporter for Granada Television from 1991 to 1993.  Spencer has written several book reviews for "The Guardian" and "The Independent on Sunday" as well as feature stories for "The Guardian", "The Daily Telegraph", "The Sunday Telegraph" and American publications such as "Vanity Fair", "Verandah" and "Nest".  Upon his father's death on 29 March 1992, 27-year-old Spencer succeeded as 9th Earl Spencer, 9th Viscount Althorp, 9th Viscount Spencer of Althorp, 9th Baron Spencer of Althorp, and 4th Viscount Althorp. He also inherited Althorp, the family's ancestral seat in Northamptonshire. Since 2009, he has restored Althorp, re-roofing it and restoring its entire exterior for the first time since the 1780s. He has also helped establish Althorp Living History, a handmade fine-furniture line reproducing pieces from the collection at Althorp. The Spencer family's wealth derived from their profitable sheep farming in the Tudor era.  On 31 August 1997, his elder sister Diana died after a car crash in Paris and Spencer delivered the eulogy at her funeral service held at Westminster Abbey six days later. In his eulogy he rebuked both Britain's royal family and the press for their treatment of his sister. Spencer has ruled out the conspiracy theories regarding his sister's death, and called the alleged letter she wrote 10 months before her death in which she discussed her fears of a planned accident "just a bizarre coincidence rather than tied in with reality."  He was a Member of the House of Lords from 29 March 1992 (the day his father died and he inherited the peerage) until the House of Lords Act 1999 excluded most hereditary peers on 11 November 1999.  It was reported by "The Daily Telegraph" in 2003 that Spencer had refused to allow his sister Diana to live in a cottage on the Althorp estate, despite her request at the height of her emotional difficulties. It was also reported that Spencer had accused Diana of displaying "deceitful" and "manipulative" behaviour which were characteristics of the mental illness associated with bulimia nervosa which Diana herself had admitted she suffered. Diana was eventually buried on Spencer's ancestral estate, Althorp, where he built a garden temple memorial and a museum to her memory, displaying her wedding dress and other personal effects. The museum was opened to the public in 1998 with all profits going to Diana's Memorial Fund, also set up by Spencer. At this stage, Spencer began writing a series of books dealing with the estate itself and with his family history, beginning with an account of his ancestral home, "Althorp: the Story of an English House" published in 1998.  In 2003, Spencer founded the Althorp Literary Festival. Speakers at the annual event have included the authors Bill Bryson, Helen Fielding, Antonia Fraser, and Boris Johnson. In 2004, he presented two documentaries for the History Channel on "Blenheim: Battle for Europe".  Spencer was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Northamptonshire in November 2005; the Spencer family have had a long association with the county, the home of the family seat. Spencer is also a patron of the Northamptonshire County Cricket Club.

Personal life.

The Earl Spencer has seven children from three marriages.  On 16 September 1989, Spencer, then known by the courtesy title of Viscount Althorp, married Victoria Lockwood (born 20 November 1965). The wedding was held at the Church of St Mary, Great Brington, and Darius Guppy was the best man. Two nieces, Emily McCorquodale and The Hon. Eleanor Fellowes, were bridesmaids. Two nephews, Prince Harry and The Hon. Alexander Fellowes (son of Lord and Lady Fellowes), were page boys. Spencer and Lockwood, who had moved to Cape Town, South Africa, were divorced on 3 December 1997. Diana's death occurred while the divorce case was in progress; shortly after his divorce, Spencer moved back to the United Kingdom. The Earl has four children by Victoria Lockwood, three daughters and one son:  On 15 December 2001, he married Caroline Freud ("née" Hutton; born 16 October 1966), former wife of Matthew Freud. They separated in 2007 and later divorced. They have two children:  On 18 June 2011 at Althorp, Spencer married Karen Gordon ("née" Villeneuve; born 30 November 1972), a Canadian philanthropist, the founder and chief executive of Whole Child International, a charity based in Los Angeles that works to improve the lot of orphaned, abandoned, or abused children. They have one child together:  Spencer chose his fifth daughter's middle name in honour of his sister, Diana, Princess of Wales. Spencer was reported to have said, "We hadn't settled on a first name before the birth, but Charlotte is a name we both love, and it really suits her. We knew that as soon as we saw her. And though it's been 15 years since Diana died, I still miss her every day and I wanted her commemorated in the naming of our daughter."  The Earl resides at Althorp House.

Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer, (born 20 May 1964), styled Viscount Althorp between 1975 and 1992, is a British nobleman, peer, author, journalist, and broadcaster. He is the younger brother of Diana, Princess of Wales, and thus he is the maternal uncle of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.

Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, 9. Earl Spencer (* 20. Mai 1964) ist ein britischer Adliger und Journalist. Er ist der jüngere Bruder der 1997 gestorbenen Prinzessin Diana von Wales.


History.

This area was previously part of the "Macellum Liviae", and the market included a inside a large basilica building, later a church, putative identified as the "Basilica Sicinium" (now identified with the church of Santa Maria Maggiore) mentioned by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus in the 4th century. After the persecutions of Domitian, the area was called the "Macello Martyrum" or "marketplace of the martyrs".  A church, titled "San Vito in Macello Martyrum" was first recorded in the "Liber Pontificalis" for the reign of Pope Leo III (795–816). The church was dedicated to St. Vitus, a 4th-century martyr in Sicily. He became very popular during the Middle Ages as the patron saint of those suffering from epilepsy, and was venerated as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers. In England and other countries his name was mutated into "Guy" (as in Guy Fawkes), which in Italian became Guido.  The church was described as a "diaconia", a center for the Church's charitable activities and received donations from Pope Leo. This implies that it was founded when there was still a local residential population to be served from the time of its founding, likely in the 6th century, as the Esquiline began to lose its population about that time. Possibly in line with its ancient orientation, it became a titular church for a Cardinal Deacon in 1088. The first cardinal to receive this title was Leo of Ostia, a Benedictine monk. In that same period a legend describing the martyrdom of St. Vitus became popular. This legend associated him with two other martyrs called Modestus and Crescentia who were identified as a married couple, his childhood tutor and nursemaid. As a result, the church was renamed San Vitale e Modesto "in Macello Martyrum", which was also the name of the cardinalate. Later in the Middle Ages the cardinalate was renamed Santi Vitale, Modesto e Crescentia, but the church came to be called simply Santi Vito e Modesto, and the "Macello Martyrum" was forgotten.  By the 15th century the church had fallen into ruins. One source mentions the church was always suspect due to links to heresy under Pope Damasus I in the 4th century. It was rebuilt a parish church by 1474-1477 by Pope Sixtus IV near the original site. The church has housed multiple orders: in the 15th century, it was linked to nuns under the order of St Bernard. In 1685, it was entrusted to the Cistercian monks. They established a small monastery adjacent to the church, which served as the residence of the Procurator General of the Order. Later it passed on to other clerical orders. In 1834, the church had a major restoration under the architect Pietro Camporese il Giovane, and in 1900 by Alfredo Ricci who added the modern facade.  According to "Mas Latrie", this deaconry became a title from 1477 until 1480, when it was returned to its older rank as a Cardinal-Deaconry. and again in 1565 when Pope Pius IV (1559–1565) created 23 new cardinals. It underwent a series of reconstructions in the following centuries. In the 19th century, it was occupied by a Polish order, known for ministering to the rabid. Pope Sixtus V listed it among the deaconries in his apostolic constitution "Religiosa".  The interior has frescoes of the Madonna, child, and Saints attributed to Antoniazzo Romano. It also has 19th-century frescoes depicting the "Madonna offering the Rosary to Saints Dominic and Catherine of Siena". The main altar has a painting by Pasqualino Marini.  The current Cardinal Deacon is Giuseppe Bertello, appointed in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Santi Vito e Modesto is a Roman Catholic church, and appears to have two facades, a 20th-century marble facade on Via Carlo Alberto, but a rustic brick older entrance, in reality the apse, on the Via San Vito in the Rione Esquilino of Rome, Italy. It has also been called Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia (Saints Vito, Modesto and Crescenzia). It is located, adjacent to the Servian Wall, near the former Monastery of the Viperesche.

Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia ist eine römisch-katholische Pfarrkirche und Titeldiakonie in Rom. Die Kirche wird meist Santi Vito e Modesto genannt. Sie hat von Santa Maria Maggiore die Aufgabe der Pfarrkirche der Pfarrei Santa Maria Maggiore in San Vito. Sie ist der einzige Fall, in dem Kardinalstitel, Kirche und Pfarrei unterschiedliche Namen tragen.


Education and early career in Italy.

Ciampi studied at the Naples Conservatorio della Pietà dei Turchini with Francesco Durante and Leonardo Leo. His first known success was the comic opera "Da un disordine nasce un ordine", performed at the Teatro dei Fiorentini in Naples in 1737, when he was only eighteen. Five more of his comic operas were produced in Naples up to 1745, and he also received commissions for operas to be presented in Rome and other Italian cities. In 1746 he was engaged as a harpsichordist at the opera house in Palermo, and his opera seria "Ataserse" was performed there in 1747. That same year he was engaged at the Ospedale degli Incurabili in Venice as an assistant to the "maestro di coro" G. B. Runcher, whom he had succeeded by 1748.

London.

Ciampi was one the first music directors of the Ospedale to be given extended leave, and by the autumn of 1748 he was in London. His replacement at the Ospedale was Gioacchino Cocchi. In London Ciampi was the composer and director of music for a company of Italian singers under G. F. Crosa, who presented the first season of Italian comic opera at the King's Theatre, London. The company's repertory consisted of works already presented in Venice, among which was "Gli tre cicisbei ridicoli" in which appeared the popular song "Tre giorni son che Nina", often attributed to Pergolesi. This caused Barclay Squire and others to suggest the song was actually composed by Ciampi, however, according to Frank Walker, "this is extremely doubtful". Ciampi continued to appear in London until 1756.

Vincenzo Legrenzo Ciampi (Piacenza, 2 April 1719 – Venice, 30 March 1762) was an Italian composer. He is best known today for a work that cannot be certainly ascribed to his pen, the song "Tre giorni son che Nina in letto senesta", formerly called Pergolesi's "Nina".

Vincenzo Legrenzio Ciampi (* 2. April 1719 Piacenza d’Adige (Padua)?; † 30. März 1762 Venedig) war ein italienischer Komponist. Seine Oper "Bertoldo alla corte" trug (über Umwege) zur Entwicklung der deutschen Spieloper bei.


Life and career.

1993–2010: Early life.

Min Yoon-gi was born on March 9, 1993 in Daegu, South Korea. The younger of two sons, he attended Taejeon Elementary School, Gwaneum Middle School, and Apgujeong High School. He became interested in rap after hearing "Reggae Muffin" by Stony Skunk, stating that it was different from anything he had ever heard before. After hearing Epik High, he decided to become a rapper.  By age 13, he began to write music lyrics and learned about MIDI. He worked a part-time job at a record studio by age 17. From then on, he began composing and arranging music, rapping, and performing. Before being signed, he was active under the name Gloss as an underground rapper. As part of the hiphop crew D-Town in 2010, he produced "518-062", a song commemorating the Gwangju Uprising.

2013–present: BTS.

Originally joining the company as a music producer, Suga trained under Big Hit Entertainment for three years alongside members J-Hope and RM. He made his debut as a member of BTS on Mnet's "M Countdown" with the track "No More Dream" from their debut single album "2 Cool 4 Skool". He has produced and written lyrics for a variety of tracks on all of BTS' albums.  For BTS' third Korean-language extended play (EP) "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1", Suga released a solo intro entitled "Intro: The Most Beautiful Moment in Life". The rap track's lyrics itself discussed the fears of reaching adulthood at the end of one's adolescent years. It released on April 17, 2015, and featured an animated music video. "Pt. 1"'s follow up EP, "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 2", featured another intro performed by Suga, called "Intro: Never Mind", specifically recounting Suga's teenage years. The song released on November 15, 2015, and additionally served as the intro for BTS' 2016 compilation album "". Suga did not perform another introductory track for BTS until 2020, where he released "Interlude: Shadow" as part of the album roll out for "". The interlude is a rap song that references "Intro: O!RUL8,2?" from the 2013 EP of the same name, and discusses BTS' fame, comparing its reality to the celebrity "O!RUL8,2?" dreamed about. The song released on January 10, along with a music video also referencing the struggles of fame. Tamar Herman of "Billboard" described it as a "evocative, yet brash track" and noted how the song's sound changes midway through to show "this dichotomy between the relationship of how fame and audiences watching him affects his idea of self".  In addition to performing intros for BTS, Suga released two solo tracks under the group's name. The first, a song entitled "First Love", appeared on BTS' 2016 studio album "Wings", is an autobiographical rap track reminiscent of a monologue. On the 2018 compilation album "", Suga released the song "Trivia: Seasaw", which discussed the up-and-down nature of falling in love. That same year, Suga was awarded the fifth-class Hwagwan Order of Cultural Merit as a member of BTS by the President of South Korea along with other members of the group.

2016–present: Solo work.

Suga released a free self-titled mixtape via SoundCloud on August 15, 2016. He decided against releasing the project as a commercial studio album, describing it as the "feeling of being trapped in some sort of framework." On the record, he discussed matters such as his struggles with depression and social phobia. Fuse TV rated it one of the top 20 mixtapes of 2016. The following year, in 2017, Suga composed the song "Wine" for singer Suran, whom he had previously worked with for a single on his mixtape. At Suga's studio, Suran heard a rough draft of "Wine" and asked Suga for the song. The record peaked at #2 on the Gaon Digital Chart and won best Soul/R&B track of the year at the Melon Music Awards on December 2, 2017. Suga also received the "Hot Trend Award" for his work on the track. Suga later re-released his mixtape for digital purchase and streaming in February 2018. The reissue reached #3 on "Billboard"s World Albums Chart, #5 on the Heatseekers Albums chart, and #74 on the Top Album Sales chart. It also caused Suga's solo alias, Agust D, to reach #46 on the Emerging Artists chart for the week of March 3.  In 2019, Suga provided a rap feature for the song "Song Request" by South Korean singer Lee So-ra, which released on January 22. The track was written by Suga and Tablo of Epik High, who also produced the track. The song debuted at number three on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart and at number two on "Billboard"s World Digital Songs chart, with 3,000 downloads made in the United States during the song's two-day American charting week. On February 27, it was announced that Suga produced a track for Epik High's "Sleepless in " extended play, titled "Eternal Sunshine". Suga was later revealed to have produced the digital single "We Don't Talk Together" for singer Heize, which was released on July 7. The song was produced by Suga with Heize joining as a lyrical co-writer and El Captixn and Heize as co-composers.  In December 2019, American singer-songwriter Halsey released the song "Suga's Interlude" from her third studio album "Manic", which both featured and was produced by Suga.  On May 6, 2020, IU released the digital single "Eight" featuring and produced by Suga. The song debuted at number one on both the Gaon Digital Chart and "Billboard" World Digital Songs chart.  Suga released his second mixtape, "D-2", which is the continuation of "Agust D", together with the music video for its title track "Daechwita" on May 22, 2020. It debuted 11th on the "Billboard" 200 chart, becoming the highest-charting album by a Korean soloist in the US, and it was the first Korean solo release to reach the top 10 in the United Kingdom, opening at 7th.

Name.

The stage name Suga () is derived from the first syllables of the term shooting guard (), the position he played in basketball as a student. He adopted the alias Agust D in 2016 for his mixtape, which is derived from the initials DT, short for his birthplace, Daegu Town, and "Suga" spelled backwards.

Artistry.

Suga is responsible for writing, composing, arranging, mixing, and mastering his material. Over 70 registered songs are credited to him by the Korea Music Copyright Association. He is a pianist, and produces hiphop and R&B music. His lyrics involve themes that are "full of dreams and hope," conceived with the intent of his music becoming "many people's strength." He cites Stony Skunk and Epik High as his inspirations to pursue hiphop music. Particularly, he credits the former's reggae-hiphop hybrid album "Ragga Muffin" (2005) and its title track for igniting his interest in the genre.  Jeff Benjamin of Fuse said that Suga's mixtape "showcases the star's ear for hot productions, hardcore rap style, and how he can make his vulnerabilities a strength." Other critics stated that Suga's "storytelling execution in the music he creates tears down the barrier of censoring and sugarcoating".  In January 2018, Suga was promoted to a full member of the Korea Music Copyright Association.

Impact and influence.

In a survey conducted by Gallup Korea, Suga was ranked the 13th most preferred idol of the year for 2017. In the 2018 and 2019 surveys, he ranked 7th and 9th, respectively.

Personal life.

As of 2019, he lives in Hannam-dong, Seoul, South Korea. In 2018, he purchased a US$3 million luxury apartment located in South Korea but continues to live in Hannam-dong.  In 2014, he made a promise to buy his fans meat should he find success as a musical artist. Four years later, on his 25th birthday, he donated beef to 39 orphanages as "ARMY", the name of BTS' fanbase. For his 26th birthday, he donated KR ₩100,000,000 or US$88,000, to the Korea Pediatric Cancer Foundation alongside 329 BT21 Shooky dolls.  Suga has spoken openly about mental health and equality for the LGBTQ+ community.

Min Yoon-gi (; born March 9, 1993), better known by his stage names Suga and Agust D, is a South Korean rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Managed by Big Hit Entertainment, he debuted as a member of the South Korean pop idol group BTS in 2013. In 2016, he released his first solo mixtape, "Agust D". The Korea Music Copyright Association attributes over 100 songs to Suga as a songwriter and producer, including Suran's "Wine", which peaked at number two on the Gaon Music Chart and won best Soul/R&B track of the year at the 2017 Melon Music Awards. In 2020, he released his second solo mixtape, "D-2". The mixtape peaked at number eleven on the US "Billboard" 200 and number two on Australia's ARIA Album Chart.

Min Yoon-gi (Hangul: 민윤기; geboren 9. März 1993, in Daegu, Südkorea), auch bekannt als Suga oder Agust D, ist ein südkoreanischer Rapper, Songschreiber, Tänzer und Musikproduzent. Er ist Mitglied der Boygroup BTS (Hangul: 방탄소년단), die 2013 von Big Hit Entertainment gegründet wurde. 2016 brachte er sein erstes Solo-Mixtape heraus.


Classification and orbit.

"Cambridge" is a member of the Eos family (), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,906 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.  It was first identified as Simeiz Observatory in 1916. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in 1931, or 49 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.

Physical characteristics.

"Cambridge" is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, in line with the overall spectral type for members of the Eos family.

Rotation period.

In February 2004, a rotational lightcurve of "Cambridge" was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.80 hours with a brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (). In October 2010, observations at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, gave a longer period of 12.200 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude ().

Diameter and albedo.

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Cambridge" measures between 19.15 and 23.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.147 and 0.2104.  The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.2102 and a diameter of 19.15 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.9, identical with the results obtained by IRAS.

Naming.

This minor planet was named after the University of Cambridge in England and the universities in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States), where the Minor Planet Center (MPC) is located at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. The approved naming citation was published by the MPC on 8 April 1982 ().

2531 Cambridge, provisional designation, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 June 1980, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Arizona, United States. The asteroid was named for the Cambridge University.

(2531) Cambridge ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 11. Juni 1980 vom US-amerikanischen Astronomen Edward L. G. Bowell an der "Anderson Mesa Station" (IAU Code 688) des Lowell-Observatoriums in Coconino County entdeckt wurde.


History.

2010: Debut with "The First Mini Album" and "The Second Mini Album".

Orange Caramel debuted on June 16, 2010, with the single "Magic Girl". Their debut mini-album, "The First Mini Album" was released on June 21, 2010. The album was a commercial success, peaking at No. 2 on the Gaon Chart with the lead single "Magic Girl" peaking at No. 18. "Magic Girl" was a domestic hit and became famous for its choreography and outfits featuring large bows, with the song's concept proving popular as it was often parodied on variety shows throughout 2010. The mini-album was also released in Taiwan, where a Mandarin version of "The Day You Went Away", a cover from Cyndi Wang, originally by M2M, was also included. Both versions of the album included Raina's R&B solo, "Love Does Not Wait".  On November 18, 2010, "The Second Mini Album" was released with the title track "A-ing". The music video for "A-ing" had a fairy tale witches concept. The album peaked at No. 10 on the Gaon Chart and the lead single, "A-ing", peaked at No. 5. The second single released from the album, a solo by Raina titled "Not Yet...", peaked at No. 42. The album also includes the song "One Love" and a Korean version of "The Day You Went Away".

2011: "Bangkok City" and "Shanghai Romance".

On March 30, "Bangkok City" was released as part of the group's "One Asia" project. The single peaked at No. 3 on the Gaon Chart, thus making it the group's most successful single to date. Orange Caramel continued the "One Asia" project with the release of "Shanghai Romance" on October 13, which peaked at No. 8. The song's lyrics were written by Kim Hee-chul of Super Junior. The single had two B-sides: "Close Your Eyes" (눈을 감아), a solo by Nana, and the Mandarin version of "The Day You Went Away". A Japanese version of "Shanghai Romance" was later released as a bonus track on After School's debut Japanese album, "Playgirlz".

2012–2013: Japanese debut and "Lipstick".

Orange Caramel debuted in Japan on September 5, 2012 with a cover of 1970s pop group Candies song "My Sweet Devil". They returned to Korea and released their first studio album, "Lipstick" on September 12. On October 23, 2012, Orange Caramel released the single "Lipstick DJ Remix". It consisted of two remixes of "Lipstick" by DJs Vodge Diper and Hanmin. Vodge Diper's remix was subsequently used in their live TV performances.  The group's first Japanese studio album, "Orange Caramel", was released on March 13, 2013. It included their previous Japanese singles and Japanese versions of their Korean singles, as well as some new songs.  On May 9, 2013, Orange Caramel released a collaboration with indie band 10cm. The single is a remake of 10 cm's "Hug Me" and is part of LOEN Entertainment's "Re;code" project. In July 2013, Orange Caramel released the book "Youth Travel", which contains short essays and photos of the group visiting Seoul and Jeonju.

2014: "Catallena" and "My Copycat".

Orange Caramel's third single, "Catallena" was released on March 12. In the music video, the group appear as mermaids before turning into different types of sushi. The song has a Bollywood-inspired disco beat and samples a Punjabi wedding folk song. The single peaked at No. 5 on Gaon's album chart and No. 6 on the digital chart, as well as No. 4 on Billboard's K-Pop Hot 100. The group's performances of the song went viral on social media sites due to the "screaming" during the introduction of the song. Orange Caramel released a promotional single, "Abing Abing", on May 20. The song was used to promote Baskin Robbins' new line of ice cream bingsoo, or patbingsu, a Korean shaved ice dessert. At the end of 2014, it was number 12 on Billboard's list of the 20 best K-pop songs of the year.  On August 18, Orange Caramel's fourth single, "My Copycat" was released. The theme of the music video is based on "Where's Waldo?" and prompts viewers to find the Orange Caramel members in different scenes as well as spot the differences between similar side-by-side shots. It was directed by video production team duo Digipedi who had previously worked with the group on "Catallena" and "Lipstick". The single peaked at No. 8 on Gaon's album chart and No. 19 on the digital chart. A music video for the B-side track "The Gangnam Avenue" was released on September 3. Later that month, the group released their first soundtrack single, "Tonight" for the television series "It's Okay, That's Love".

2015–2019: Solo endeavours and Lizzy & Raina's graduation.

Since 2015, both After School and Orange Caramel promotions slowed down whilst members focus on individual activities. What became Orange Caramel's final concert appearance together was on April 15, 2016, at the SBS Cultwo Show Legend Concert held at the Olympic Hall; interviews at the concert revealed that they had been working on music. Raina has embarked on a solo music career, whilst Lizzy and Nana focused more on acting. On May 1, 2018, Pledis Entertainment announced that Lizzy had left After School, due to the expiration of her contract. However, they later clarified that she had not left Orange Caramel, and that if the opportunity were to arise in the future, the sub-unit would still release songs as three members. On December 27, 2019, Raina left After School and Pledis without any statement concerning her membership with Orange Caramel.  |-  |-  |-  |-  |-

Orange Caramel () was the first subgroup of South Korean girl group After School. The subgroup was formed in 2010 with the third generation After School members Nana, Raina, and Lizzy.

Orange Caramel (Hangul: 오렌지 캬라멜) ist die erste Sub-Unit der südkoreanischen Girlgroup After School, bestehend aus den Bandmitgliedern Nana, Raina und Lizzy. Das Konzept von Orange Caramel ist farbenfroh und verspielt und wird daher als "Candy Culture" bezeichnet.


Early life.

Ellen Johanne Broe was born on 11 February 1900, in Horsens, Denmark, to Anna (née Raahauge) and Peter Johannes Broe. She was the youngest child in the family, which had three daughters. Her father was a pastor at the local prison. She completed her secondary education at Horsens State School in 1916. Then, because she wanted to travel and she saw nursing as a way to do that, Broe enrolled in a student nursing program at Bispebjerg Hospital in 1919, but was rejected by Charlotte Munck, the head of the program, because she was too young. Broe moved to England, where she had a sister living with her English spouse and remained until 1921, when she was accepted into the program at Bispebjerg now that she was almost 22, the minimum age for admission. She competed her training in 1924.

Career.

Broe began her career at Otto Møller's Birth Clinic but, encouraged by Munck, she shortly afterwards took a job as a private nurse with an English family who lived in Morocco. She then worked as a private nurse in Paris and later in the Netherlands. In 1930, she studied and worked at the East Harlem Nursing and Health Service and New York City's Presbyterian Hospital, but had to return to Denmark to care for her father who was ailing. She became head of the briefly and then began working at the Central Tuberculosis Center in Copenhagen. In 1933, Broe became the head nurse at Sundby Hospotal, which had just opened in the Copenhagen district of Sundby, serving there until 1938. During her tenure she helped establish a continuing education curriculum for nurses to help reduce infant mortality. The work was influential and allowed her to take a leave of absence and study nursing organization and administration at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City during the 1936-1937 term, along with Elisabeth Larsen and Ellen Margrethe Schrøder. The curriculum also spurred the adoption of legislation in 1937, titled the "Law on Control of Morbidity and Mortality" to establish standards. The National Board of Health created guidelines for teaching nurses at Aarhus University, the leading trainer of nurses until the Danish Nursing School opened in 1938.  Simultaneously, Broe became involved with the Danish Nurses Organisation (). Between 1934 and 1935, she served on the Committee for Additional Training and from 1934 to 1950, worked among others on the Building Committee. From 1938, Broe served on DSR's Teaching Committee and was its chair between 1943 and 1946. The committee task was to propose minimum curriculum for nursing students along with basic educational prerequisites. When Broe returned from study in New York in 1938, she was hired as training manager for the new program offered at Aarhus University to train nurses and senior nurses. It was a twelve-year appointment, marked with three sabbaticals. Broe joined the Danish Florence Nightingale Committee and the Nurses' Cooperative of Nordic Countries () in 1940 and increasingly sought international cooperation in developing nursing standards. Between April and May 1945, Broe worked at the Padborg Quarantine Station set up by the Danish Red Cross. The rescue mission was an evacuation of sick prisoners from the Neuengamme concentration camp in Sweden to Denmark. After arriving at one of three quarantine stations, the prisoners were bathed, fed, hydrated and given basic medical aid. After a night of stabilization, all evacuees proceed to Sweden where their care continued until Germany‘s unconditional surrender. In 1947, Broe joined the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and took a leave to study abroad, first at Columbia's Teachers College again and then at the University of Toronto. She went abroad again to study in 1950 at the University of Chicago.  In 1951, Broe was appointed as director of the ICN's Education Department at the Florence Nightingale International Foundation (FNIF) of London. Under her direction, the FNIF prepared reports on the range of nursing education at various levels. She visited numerous countries to study their systems and provided advice to enhance their training of nurses, as well as participating in negotiations with authorities. Her travels led her to Australia, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan and several European countries. She spearheaded planning and led two international conferences in nursing research: the Sèvres, France, conference of 1956 and the New Delhi, India, conference in 1960. The goal of her work was to guide international nursing organizations to enhance training and education, especially in developing nations. Her work was recognized when she was honored with the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961.  In 1962, Broe resigned from the ICN and returned to Denmark for a rest. Beginning in 1963, she became a nursing consultant for the Danish Red Cross and led an effort to recruit staff for a Danish hospital which was being built in Zaire. She retired in 1971 and received the Pro Humanitate Medal from the organization. In her retirement, Broe helped found the Senior Association for Nurses, which joined the DSR in 1982.

Legacy and death.

Broe died on 1 September 1994 at the Liobasøstrenes Nursing Home in Copenhagen. In addition to publishing a large number of articles in both Danish and international journals on nursing education and research, Broe wrote a textbook on Nursing History and its development.

Publications.

In addition to numerous contributions to journals and other works, Broe published two books:

Ellen Johanne Broe (1900–1994) was a Danish nurse who spent several decades working and seeking education abroad before returning to Denmark and helping to establish educational and training initiatives in Denmark. She helped draft minimum curriculum requirements for nursing students, as well as continuing education guidelines. She was active in the International Council of Nurses (ICN) and sought to find ways to bring nursing education to developing areas most in need of trained nursing staff. She received the Florence Nightingale Medal in 1961 for her contributions to nursing excellence.

Ellen Johanne Broe (* 11. Februar 1900 in Horsens, Jütland (DK); † 24. August 1994 in Kopenhagen (DK)) war eine dänische Krankenschwester, Pflegehistorikerin, Direktorin des Bildungsdepartments des International Council of Nurses in der Florence Nightingale Foundation.


Early life and career.

In 1954 Rob Agerbeek and his family arrived in the Netherlands. He started playing the piano at the age of 17 or 18. Except for one piano lesson from his mother he is completely self-taught; he learned the piano by listening to records of Albert Ammons, Johnny Maddox, Winifred Atwell, Pete Johnson and Meade Lux Lewis. In the first years of his career Agerbeek is mainly into Boogie-woogie and later in his career he expands his playing styles with bebop, hardbop and dixieland. He accompanied more than hundred, mainly American, Jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Hank Mobley, Dexter Gordon, George Coleman, Johnny Griffin and Gene Ammons. Rob Agerbeek performed at international jazzfestivals as the Paris Jazz Festival, Hammerveld Jazz Festival, North Sea Jazz Festival, Kongsberg Jazz Festival and the Berlin Jazz Festival.

Later career.

On 17 November 1996 Agerbeek celebrated his 40 years jubilee as an allround jazz pianist when he was presented with the membership of honour of the Hague Jazz Club.  Rob Agerbeek still occasionally performs with his trio consisting of himself on piano and Ben Schröder on drums and Alex Milo on bass. Joining in on vocals on several performances are Jazz singer Mirjam van Dam, Susanne de Rooij and Brigitte Soffner.

Discography.

Rob Agerbeek's discography of over 40 albums include a double LP with Dexter Gordon live at the Haagse Jazz Club, five CDs with the Dutch Swing College Band and 10 recordings with his own bands of which three on the Oldie Blues label.

Robbert Arris Jules "Rob" Agerbeek (born 28 September 1937 in Batavia (Jakarta)) is an Indo Dutch boogie-woogie and jazz pianist and winner of several jazz concourses in the Netherlands in the late 1950s. He is regarded as one of Europe's finest jazz pianists, covering the full spectrum of jazz styles from his early days of Boogie-woogie to Chicago traditional Jazz, swing and contemporary jazz.

Robbert Arris Jules „Rob“ Agerbeek (* 28. September 1937 in Batavia) ist ein niederländischer Jazzpianist indonesischer Herkunft. Er gilt als einer der besten europäischen Jazzpianisten seiner Generation und beherrscht das ganze Spektrum vom Boogie Woogie über den Swing bis hin zum Hard Bop.


Early life.

The son of a Senegalese high official and member of the Lebou ethnic group, Diop left Senegal in the 1970s to study engineering in Paris, but once there turned to music, joining a fellow Senegalese musician, Umban Ukset, in forming the band West African Cosmos. Diop left the band in 1979 to start a solo career, and over the next decade achieved some small success, particularly in partnerships with singer Marie-France Anglade of Black heritage, and jazz saxophonist Yasuaki Shimizu. It was not until the early 1990s that his career began to take off, with the success of his first album, the soundtrack to the film "Hyenes" (which had been directed by his brother, Djibril Diop Mambety). "Variety" described his soundtrack to 2006's "Daratt" from Chad as "outstanding". His mother was Binta Diop.  More albums followed: "No Sant" in 1995, "Toxu" in 1998, and the compilation album, "Everything Is Never Quite Enough" in 2004.  Diop lives in Paris and writes much of his lyrics in French. Among English speaking audiences, he is probably best known for "African Dream", a single from "No Sant" which narrowly missed the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart, and "Everything is Never Quite Enough", which is featured on the soundtrack to the 1999 film, "The Thomas Crown Affair". "Yambo," his Wolof language cover of the Talking Heads song "Once in a Lifetime", was included in a "special markets" CD, "World is Africa", produced by Universal Music for Starbucks.

Personal life.

His brother is film director Djibril Diop Mambéty. His cousin is Elhadji Yade.  Diop is also the father of French actress and filmmaker Mati Diop.

Wasis Diop (born 1950 in Dakar, Senegal) is a Senegalese musician of international renown, known for blending traditional Senegalese folk music with modern pop and jazz.

Wasis Diop (* um 1952 in Dakar, Senegal) ist ein senegalesischer Musiker und Songwriter, bekannt für eine Mischung der traditionellen senegalesischen Volksmusik mit moderner Popmusik und Jazz.


The political process.

The tramway in Odense was suggested for the first time in 2008 by the former and late mayor Jan Boye. Since then Odense Municipality and the Region of Southern Denmark have been working on the project, which was unanimously backed up by the city council. A formal agreement between the State, the Region of Southern Denmark and Odense Municipality dated 23 June 2014, constituted the official declaration of financial support to the tramway project by the State and the Region.  On 5 February 2015, the construction regulation "Law on Odense Letbane" was approved by the Danish parliament, Folketinget, after which it was possible to form a construction company Odense Letbane P/S to implement the project.

Planning.

In August 2012, the competition for the design and visualization consultancy for the Odense Tramway was won by a team consisting of Niras, PLH Architects, Atelier Villes & Paysages and MBD Design. The team will create a design coherence of the tramway line's first stage of and be responsible for its integration of the light rail in the existing urban environment.  In March 2015, Parsons Brinckerhoff won the contract for project management, and strategic and economic advice. COWI was selected as technical advisor.

Construction.

All utilities (pipes, cables i.e.) were moved before the actual construction work commenced. These works lasted from April 2015 until December 2017.  To make space for the tramway, it is necessary to relocate the roads, bike lanes, and pavements. The tramway needs eight meters width for the tramway tracks. The work commenced in August 2017 and construction of new roads, bike lanes, and pavements continues until spring 2019. This work is carried out by the three Danish contractors Arkil, M.J. Eriksson, and Barslund. The next phase is the track work where the contractors establish the tracks with foundations, drainage, and cables. The Spanish company COMSA is the contractor for this part of the project, collaborating with their sub-contractors Munck (Denmark), EFACEC (Portual) and IDOM (Spain). Last part of the project is the test and trial run of the tramway. This will be carried out during 2019 and 2020 by the assigned operator which is also in charge of maintenance. The contract for operation and maintenance is expected to be closed by the end of 2018. The Swiss-German tram company Stadler Pankow delivers 16 trams of the model Variobahn for the Odense Tramway project.

Operation.

According to the current schedule, the tram will run daily from 05:00 until 24:00 on weekdays and until 01:00 during weekends. During working hours, the tram will run every 7.5 minutes and during evening it will run every 15 minutes. Runtime from the two terminals will be 42 minutes.  The first tram was delivered in February 2020 and the line is due to open in Autumn 2021.

Criticism.

There has been some criticism about the project, due to high costs. This has also caused some criticism of the name "Odense Letbane" (Odense light rail) as the line will be a tram, not a light rail system.

Odense Letbane (Odense Tramway) is a planned tram system in Odense, Denmark. The first phase is scheduled to open in 2021. The tramway will start in Tarup in the north-western part of Odense, travel via the central train station, University of Southern Denmark, and the new hospital reaching its final destination in Hjallese in the southernmost part of town. The first line will consist of of tracks and will have 26 stations. Expected number of passengers is 34,000 daily. The total budget is 3.3 billion Danish krone (2017 numbers). The tramway is financed by the Odense Municipality, the Danish State, and the Region of Southern Denmark. The planned second line consists of of tracks with a budget of 1.9 billion Danish krone. The City Council has decided to work towards establishing a second line. However, there is no construction regulation or co-financing from the Danish state at the moment (August 2018).

Die Odense Letbane ist ein laufendes Projekt für ein Stadtbahnsystem, dessen Einführung in der dänischen Stadt Odense 2015 beschlossen wurde. Mit der Inbetriebnahme wird 2020 gerechnet.


Life.

Věšín was born in the town of Vraný in what is today Kladno District of the Central Bohemian Region. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague, but moved to the Academy of Fine Arts Munich in 1881 and graduated in 1883.  Afterwards he worked in Munich and in Slovakia, with his paintings of the period mainly related to Slovak village life. Věšín arrived in Bulgaria in 1897 and remained there for the remainder of his life. Until 1904, he was a professor at the National Academy of Fine Arts in Sofia and mainly worked in the area of genre painting, with notable paintings such as "Threshing near Radomir" (1897), "Ploughman" (or "Land", 1899), "Horse market in Sofia" (1899), "Smugglers" (1899), "In front of a market" (1899), "Threshing" (1900), etc. The main topic of his interest was the life and labour of the Bulgarian villager. After 1904, Věšín became the head painter with the Ministry of War and, although he did not abandon his old interests (with works such as "Coaler" (1910), "Lumberjacks" (1910), "On the game's track" (1910), "Hunter with hounds" (1911), etc.), he became famous with his masterpieces of battle painting: "Manoeuvres" (series began in 1899 and lasted until the Balkan Wars, "The Samara flag" (1911), "Onslaught" (or "Bayonet charge", 1913), "The Turkish retreat at Lüleburgaz" (1913), "Lüleburgaz-Çatalca" (1913) and a series of sketches and complete works on the siege of Edirne, among which "Bibouac in front of Edirne" (1913), "Resting after 13 March 1913" (1913), etc.  Many of his works are displayed in the National Museum of Fine Arts in Sofia. Among Věšín's students were Nikola Petrov, Atanas Mihov, and other major Bulgarian painters.

Jaroslav František Julius Věšín (, "Yaroslav Veshin") (23 May 18609 May 1915) was a Czech painter who mainly worked in Bulgaria and who was noted as a master of genre painting. The realistic depiction of battle scenes from the First Balkan War (1912) are the subject of a substantial part of his work.

Jaroslav František Věšín (bulgarisch Ярослав Вешин; * 23. Mai 1860 in Vrané, Österreich-Ungarn; † 9. Mai 1915 in Sofia) war ein tschechischer Maler.


Route to the final.

The DFB-Pokal began with 64 teams in a single-elimination knockout cup competition. There were a total of five rounds leading up to the final. Teams were drawn against each other, and the winner after 90 minutes would advance. If still tied, 30 minutes of extra time was played. If the score was still level, a penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner.  "Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away)."

Pre-match.

Officials.

On 28 April 2017, the German Football Association announced that Deniz Aytekin would officiate the match, joined by his assistants Christian Dietz and Eduard Beitinger. Benjamin Brand was chosen as the fourth official. Aytekin has officiated on the DFB level since 2004, and in the Bundesliga since 2008. He is a FIFA listed referee since 2011, and is ranked as a UEFA Elite group referee.

Ticketing.

With a stadium capacity of nearly 74,500, the two finalist teams received 21,000 tickets each. The remaining tickets available to the general public were available for sale via the DFB ticket portal from 2 to 16 March 2017 in four price categories: €130, €95, €70, and €45. A computer-generated draw determined the ticket allocation.

Seating.

On 28 April 2017, the finalists met in Berlin with the DFB to set out the framework for the final. Eintracht Frankfurt were allocated the guest dressing room, with the Frankfurt fans in the "Ostkurve" of the stadium. The Alexanderplatz is connected to the "Ostkurve" for the "Fanfest". Borussia Dortmund got the home dressing room, and the Dortmund fans located at the "Marathontor". The Breitscheidplatz is connected to the "Marathontor" for the "Fanfest".

Trophy.

For the first time, the DFB, in partner with ERGO Group, hosted the "DFB-Pokal-Tour" of the competition trophy from 21 April to 4 May 2017. The trophy visited nine cities, with visitors getting to experience the history of the trophy. The tour also included the women's competition trophy on display while in Cologne, the venue for the women's final. Due to the positive response, the trophy also will make two additional stops in Berlin in the days before the final.  On 5 May 2017, Berlin mayor Michael Müller received the trophy at the traditional "Cup Handover" at the "Wappensaal" of the Rotes Rathaus in Berlin. The trophy will remain on display at the city hall until the final. DFB president Reinhard Grindel, DFB vice-president Peter Frymuth, and Berlin senator Andreas Geisel all attended the event. Hasan Salihamidžić symbolically gave the trophy to Grindel, on behalf of the current titleholders, Bayern Munich. The two finalists were represented at the event by Fredi Bobic and Alexander Meier for Eintracht Frankfurt, as well as CEO Hans-Joachim Watzke and Nuri Şahin for Borussia Dortmund.  At the "Cup Handover", the DFB announced that retired German figure skater and East German Olympic gold medalist Katarina Witt would be the trophy bearer for the final.

Kits.

On 28 April 2017, Eintracht Frankfurt announced a special kit featuring the club's traditional colours would be worn for the final. The kit was unveiled on 8 May, featuring a white shirt with a black collar, a black stripe running along the top of the sleeve and upper back, and black sleeve cuffs. Eintracht Frankfurt's four previous cup-winning years are printed on the back of the collar. The kit also features black shorts and white socks in addition to the white kit.  On 18 May, Borussia Dortmund unveiled their new home kit for the 2017–18 season, which will also be worn during the DFB-Pokal final. The kit features a gradient hoop pattern on the front, with the back and sleeves monochrome. This will be accompanied by yellow shorts, and yellow and black socks.

Half-time performance.

On 23 May, it was announced that German singer Helene Fischer would perform a specially made melody during the half-time interval of the DFB-Pokal final.

Related events.

On 24 and 25 May, the finals of the 2016–17 Verbandspokal took place, determining the regional teams which will enter next season's edition of the DFB-Pokal. The 2017 DFB-Pokal der Frauen Final was held on 27 May at the RheinEnergieStadion in Cologne. The 2017 DFB-Junioren-Vereinspokal Final was also held on 27 May at the Stadion auf dem Wurfplatz in Berlin.

Match.

Summary.

Ousmane Dembélé opened the scoring for Borussia Dortmund in the 8th minute when he cut in past defender Jesús Vallejo on the right to fire left footed high into the net. Ante Rebić equalised in the 29th minute for Eintracht Frankfurt with a low shot to the right of the goalkeeper from ten yards out after receiving the ball out on the left from Mijat Gaćinović.  Borussia Dortmund were awarded a penalty in the 67th minute when goalkeeper Lukáš Hrádecký tripped Christian Pulisic. Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang scored from the penalty, chipping the ball to the center of the goal with his right foot.

Details.

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The 2017 DFB-Pokal Final decided the winner of the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal, the 74th season of the annual German football cup competition. The match was played on 27 May 2017 at the Olympiastadion in Berlin.

Das Endspiel der Saison 2016/17 im DFB-Pokal fand am Samstag, dem 27. Mai 2017, im Olympiastadion Berlin statt. Es standen sich die beiden Bundesligisten Eintracht Frankfurt und Borussia Dortmund gegenüber. Borussia Dortmund gewann dabei erstmals seit 2012 und insgesamt zum vierten Mal den DFB-Pokal.


Background.

Under the 1975 accord, Sheikh Abdullah agreed to measures previously undertaken by the central government in Jammu and Kashmir to integrate the state into India. Sociologist Farrukh Faheem states that it was met with hostility among people of Kashmir and laid the groundwork for the future insurgency. Those opposed to it included Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir, People's League in Indian Jammu and Kashmir, and Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) based in Azad Kashmir. Since the mid-1970s, communalist rhetoric was being exploited in the state for votebank politics. Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) tried to spread Wahhabism in place of Sufism to foster religious unity with their nation, the communalisation helped in furthering it. Islamization of Kashmir began during 1980s when Sheikh Abdullah's government changed the names of about 2,500 villages from their native names to new Islamic ones. Sheikh also started delivering communal speeches in mosques similar to his speeches in 1930s. Additionally, he referred to the Kashmiri Hindus as "mukhbir" or informers of the Indian government.  ISI's initial attempts to create unrest in Kashmir against the Indian government were unsuccessful until it started growing in late-1980s. The Afghan jihad against the Soviets, the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the armed struggle of the Sikhs in Punjab against the Indian state became sources of inspiration for large numbers of Kashmiri Muslim youth. Both the pro-Independence JKLF and the pro-Pakistan Islamist groups including Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir mobilised the fast growing anti-Indian sentiments among the Kashmiri population. The year of 1984 saw a pronounced rise in terrorist violence in Kashmir. When the JKLF militant Maqbool Bhat was executed in February 1984, strikes and protests by Kashmiri nationalists broke out in the region, where large number of Kashmiri youth participated in widespread anti-India demonstrations, which faced heavy handed reprisals by the state forces.  Critics of the then Chief Minister, Farooq Abdullah, charged that Abdullah was losing control. His visit to Pakistan administered Kashmir during then became an embarrassment, where according to Hashim Qureshi, he shared a platform with JKLF. Though Abdullah asserted that he went on behalf of Indira Gandhi and his father, so that sentiments there could "be known first hand", few people believed him. There were also allegations that he had allowed Khalistan terrorist groups to train in Jammu province, although those allegations were never proved. On 2 July 1984, G. M. Shah, who had support from Indira Gandhi, replaced his brother-in-law Farooq Abdullah and became the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, after Abdullah was dismissed, in what was termed as a political "coup".  G. M. Shah's administration, which did not have people's mandate, turned to Islamists and opponents of India, notably the Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari, Mohammad Shafi Qureshi and Mohinuddin Salati, to gain some legitimacy through religious sentiments. This gave political space to Islamists who previously lost overwhelmingly in the 1983 state elections. In 1986, Shah decided to construct a mosque within the premises of an ancient Hindu temple inside the New Civil Secretariat area in Jammu to be made available to the Muslim employees for 'Namaz'. People of Jammu took to streets to protest against this decision, which led to a Hindu-Muslim clash. In February 1986, Gul Shah on his return to Kashmir valley retaliated and incited the Kashmiri Muslims by saying "Islam khatrey mein hey" (trans. Islam is in danger). As a result, Kashmiri Hindus were targeted by the Kashmiri Muslims. Many incidents were reported in various areas where Kashmiri Hindus were killed and their properties and temples damaged or destroyed. The worst hit areas were mainly in South Kashmir and Sopore. In Vanpoh, Lukbhavan, Anantnag, Salar and Fatehpur, Muslim mobs plundered or destroyed the properties and temples of Hindus. During the Anantnag riot in February 1986, although no Hindu was killed, many houses and other properties belonging to Hindus were looted, burnt or damaged. An investigation of Anantnag riots revealed that members of the'secular parties' in the state, rather than the Islamists, had played a key role in organising the violence to gain political mileage through religious sentiments. Shah called in the army to curb the violence, but it had little effect. His government was dismissed on 12 March 1986, by the then Governor Jagmohan following communal riots in south Kashmir. This led Jagmohan to rule the state directly. The political fight was hence being portrayed as a conflict between "Hindu" New Delhi (Central Government), and its efforts to impose its will in the state, and "Muslim" Kashmir, represented by political Islamists and clerics.  The Islamists had organised under a banner named Muslim United Front, with a manifesto to work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre, and contested the 1987 state elections, in which they lost again. However, the 1987 elections are widely believed to have been rigged so as to help bring the secular parties (NC and INC) in Kashmir at the forefront. The corruption and alleged electoral malpractices were the catalysts for an insurgency. The Kashmiri militants killed anyone who openly expressed pro-India policies. Kashmiri Hindus were targeted specifically because they were seen as presenting Indian presence in Kashmir because of their faith. Though the insurgency had been launched by JKLF, groups rose over the next few months advocating for establishment of "Nizam-e-Mustafa" (administration based on Sharia) on Islamist groups proclaimed the Islamicisation of socio-political and economic set-up, merger with Pakistan, unification of "ummah" and establishment of an "Islamic Caliphate". Liquidation of central government officials, Hindus, liberal and nationalist intellectuals, social and cultural activists was described as necessary to rid the valley of un-Islamic elements. The relations among the semi-secular and Islamist groups were generally poor and often hostile. The JKLF had also utilized Islamic formulations in its mobilization strategies and public discourse, using Islam and independence interchangeably. It demanded equal rights for everyone, however this had a distinct Islamic flavor as it sought to establish an Islamic democracy, protection of minority rights per Quran and Sunnah and an economy of Islamic socialism. The pro-separatist political practices at times deviated from their stated secular position.

Insurgency activity.

In July 1988, the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) began a separatist insurgency for independence of Kashmir from India. The group targeted a Kashmiri Hindu for the first time on 14 September 1989, when they killed Tika Lal Taploo, an advocate and a prominent leader of Bharatiya Janata Party in Jammu & Kashmir in front of several eyewitnesses. This instilled fear in the Kashmiri Hindus especially as Taploo's killers were never caught which also emboldened the terrorists. The Hindus felt that they were not safe in the valley and could be targeted any time. The killings of Kashmiri Hindus continued that included many of the prominent ones.  In order to undermine his political rival Farooq Abdullah who at that time was the Chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, the Minister of Home Affairs Mufti Mohammad Sayeed convinced Prime Minister V.P. Singh to appoint Jagmohan as the governor of the state. Abdullah resented Jagmohan who had been appointed as the governor earlier in April 1984 as well and had recommended Abdullah's dismissal to Rajiv Gandhi in July 1984. Abdullah had earlier declared that he would resign if Jagmohan was made the Governor. However, the Central government went ahead and appointed him as Governor on 19 January 1990. In response, Abdullah resigned on the same day and Jagmohan suggested the dissolution of the State Assembly.  Most of the Kashmiri Hindus left Kashmir valley and moved to other parts of India, particularly to the refugee camps in Jammu region of the state.

Attack and threats.

On 14 September 1989, Tika Lal Taploo, who was a lawyer and a BJP member, was murdered by the JKLF in his home in Srinagar. Soon after Taploo's death, Nilkanth Ganjoo, a judge of Srinagar High court who had sentenced Maqbul Bhat to death, was shot dead. <br> On 4 November 1989, high court judge in Kashmir Neelkanth Ganjoo was killed near the High Court in Srinagar. In December 1989, members of JKLF kidnapped Dr. Rubaiya Sayeed, daughter of the-then Union Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed demanding release of five militants, which was subsequently fulfilled.  On 4 January 1990, Srinagar-based newspaper "Aftab" released a message, threatening all Hindus to leave Kashmir immediately, sourcing it to the militant organization Hizbul Mujahideen. On 14 April 1990, another Srinagar based newspaper named "Al-safa" republished the same warning. The newspaper did not claim ownership of the statement and subsequently issued a clarification. Walls were pasted with posters with threatening messages to all Kashmiris to harshly follow the Islamic rules which included abidance by the Islamic dress code, a prohibition on alcohol, cinemas, and video parlors and strict restrictions on Kashmiri women. Unknown masked men with Kalashnikovs used to force people to reset their time to Pakistan Standard Time. Offices buildings, shops, and establishments were colored green as a sign of Islamist rule. Shops, factories, temples and homes of Kashmiri Hindus were burned or destroyed. Threatening posters were posted on doors of Hindus asking them to leave Kashmir immediately. During the middle of the night of 18 and 19 January, a blackout took place in the Kashmir Valley where electricity was cut except in mosques which broadcast divisive and inflammatory messages, asking for a purge of Kashmiri Hindus.  On 21 January 1990, two days after Jagmohan took over as governor, the Gawkadal massacre took place in Srinagar, in which the Indian security forces had opened fire on protesters, leading to the death of at least 50 people, and likely over 100. These events led to chaos. Lawlessness took over the valley and the crowd with slogans and guns started roaming around the streets. News kept coming of violent incidents and those Hindus who survived the night saved their lives by traveling out of the valley.  On 29 April 1990, Sarwanand Kaul Premi, a veteran Kashmiri poet was gruesomely murdered. Several intelligence operatives were assassinated, over the course of January.  On 2 February 1990, Satish Tikoo, a young Hindu social-worker was murdered near his own house in Habba Kadal, Srinagar.  On 13 February 1990, Lassa Kaul, Station Director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was shot dead.  In December 1992, Hriday Nath Wanchoo, a trade union leader and human rights activist, was murdered with Kashmir separatist Ashiq Hussain Faktoo being convicted for the murder.  Many Kashmiri Hindu women were kidnapped, raped and murdered, throughout the time of exodus.

Aftermath.

The militancy in Kashmir had increased after the exodus. The militants had targeted the properties of Kashmiri Hindus after their exodus. In 2009 Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to recognise 14 September 2007, as Martyrs Day to acknowledge ethnic cleansing and campaigns of terror inflicted on non-Muslim minorities of Jammu and Kashmir by militant seeking to establish an Islamic state.  Kashmiri Hindus continue to fight for their return to the valley and many of them live as refugees. The exiled community had hoped to return after the situation improved. They have not done so because the situation in the Valley remains unstable and they fear a risk to their lives. Most of them lost their properties after the exodus and many are unable to go back and sell them. Their status as displaced people has adversely harmed them in the realm of education. Many Hindu families could not afford to send their children to well regarded public schools. Furthermore, Hindus faced institutional discrimination by predominantly Muslim state bureaucrats. As a result of the inadequate ad hoc schools and colleges formed in the refugee camps, it became harder for the children of Hindus to access education. They suffered in higher education as well, as they could not claim admission in PG colleges of Jammu university, while getting admitted in the institutes of Kashmir valley was out of question. Later the Indian Government has taken up the issue of education of the displaced students from Kashmir, and helped them get admissions in various Kendriya Vidyalayas and major educational institutions & universities across the country. In 2010, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir noted that 808 Hindus families, comprising 3,445 people, were still living in the Valley and that financial and other incentives put in place to encourage others to return there had been unsuccessful. According to a Jammu and Kashmir government report, 219 members of the Hindus community out of total 1400 Hindus, had been killed in the region between 1989 and 2004 but none thereafter.  The local organisation of Hindus in Kashmir, Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti (KPSS) after carrying out a survey in 2008 and 2009, said that 399 Kashmiri Hindus were killed by insurgents from 1990 to 2011 with 75% of them being killed during the first year of the Kashmiri insurgency, and that during the last 20 years, about 650 Hindus have been killed in the valley. Kashmiri Pandit Sangharsh Samiti, estimates 357 Hindus were killed in Kashmir in 1990.  Panun Kashmir, a political group representing the Hindus who fled Kashmir, has published a list of about 1,341 Hindus killed since 1990. An organisation called Roots of Kashmir filed a petition in 2017 to reopen 215 cases of more than 700 alleged murders of Kashmiri Hindus, however the Supreme Court of India refused its plea.

Assessments.

Whilst some Hindu organisations such as Panun Kashmir etc. have accused Kashmiri Muslims of genocide and mass-rape, during the times of exodus, authors have labeled the claims as "exaggerated". Scholars Mridu Rai and A. Evans have outright rejected the claims of genocide.  Some scholars have also accused the Indian state and Media of utilizing the experience of Hindus as a tool of propaganda. In February 1993, a notable Indian magazine launched an investigation upon a list of 23 shrines provided by Bharatiya Janata Party and found that the claims of alleged desecration of scores of Hindu shrines in Kashmir, widely perpetuated by the Indian media and right-wing Hindu politicians, were "false".  Further, whilst significantly higher figures of death, in thousands, have been reported by certain Hindu-organisations, scholars have rejected the claims, instead choosing to roughly rely upon the official figures. According to the government of Jammu and Kashmir 219 Kashmiri Hindus were killed and 24,202 families migrated out of the valley.

Recent developments.

The Indian Government has tried to rehabilitate the Hindus and the separatists have also invited the Hindus back to Kashmir. Tahir, the commander of a separatist Islamist group, ensured full protection to the Kashmiri Hindus.  The apathy on the part of the government and the sufferings of the Kashmiri Hindus have been highlighted in a play titled 'Kaash Kashmir'. Such efforts or claims have lacked political will as journalist Rahul Pandita writes in a memoir.  Some consider Article 370 as a roadblock in the resettlement of Kashmiri Hindus as the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir does not allow those living in India outside Jammu and Kashmir to freely settle in the state and become its citizens.  Sanjay Tickoo, president of Kashmiri Pandit Sangarsh Samiti (KPSS), says that the 'Article 370' affair is different from the issue of exodus of Kashmiri Hindus and both should be dealt with separately. He remarks that, linking both the affairs is an "utterly insensitive way to deal with a highly sensitive and emotive issue".  As of 2016, a total of 1,800 Kashmiri Hindu youths have returned to the Valley since the announcing of Rs. 1,168-crore package in 2008 by the UPA government. R.K. Bhat, president of Youth All India Kashmiri Samaj criticised the package to be a mere eyewash and claimed that most of the youths were living in cramped prefabricated sheds or in rented accommodation. He also said that 4,000 vacancies have been lying vacant since 2010 and alleged that the BJP government was repeating the same rhetoric and was not serious about helping them. In an interview with NDTV on 19 January, Farooq Abdullah commented that the onus was on Kashmiri Hindus to come back themselves and nobody would beg them to do so. His comments were met with disagreement by Kashmiri Hindu authors Neeru Kaul, Siddhartha Gigoo, Congress MP Shashi Tharoor and retired General Syed Ata Hasnain. He also said that during his tenure as Chief Minister in 1996, he had asked them to return but they refused to do so. He reiterated his comments on 23 January and said that the time had come for them to return.  The issue of separate townships for Kashmiri Hindus has been a source of contention in Kashmir with separatists as well as mainstream political parties opposing it. Hizbul Mujahideen militant, Burhan Muzaffar Wani, had threatened of attacking the "Hindu composite townships" which were meant to be built for the rehabilitation of the non-Muslim community. In a 6-minute long video clip, Wani described the rehabilitation scheme as resembling Israeli designs.  However, Burhan Wani welcomed the Kashmiri Hindus to return and promised to guard them. He also promised a safe Amarnath Yatra. Kashmiri Hindus residing in the Valley also mourned Burhan Wani's death. Burhan Wani's successor in the Hizbul Mujahideen, Zakir Rashid Bhat, also asked the Kashmiri Hindus to return and ensured them protection.  During the 2016 Kashmir unrest, transit camps housing Kashmir Hindus in Kashmir were attacked by mobs. About 200–300 Kashmiri Hindu employees fled the transit camps in Kashmir during night time on 12 July due to the attacks by protesters on the camps and have held protests against the government for attacks on their camp and demanded that all Kashmiri Hindus employees in Kashmir valley be evacuated immediately. Over 1300 government employees belonging to the community have fled the region during the unrest. Posters threatening the Hindus to leave Kashmir or be killed were put up near transit camps in Pulwama allegedly by the militant organisation Lashkar-e-Islam. There were doubts as to who put up the poster with speculations being raised as to whether other groups had put up the poster using the name of Lashkar-e-Islam.  The employment package was also extended to Hindus who did not migrate out of the valley with an amendment to "J&K Migrants (Special Drive) Recruitment Rules, 2009" in October 2017.  Village Defence Committees were set up in 1995 to protect Hindus from militancy in remote areas. Following the death of a Kashmiri-Hindu Sarpanch Ajay Pandita Bharti in June 2020, former Jammu and Kashmir police chief said Shesh Paul Vaid that Hindus and minority Muslims could be armed and Village Defence Committees could be set up with proper planning.

In popular culture.

The 2020 Hindi film "Shikara" is based on the exodus of Kashmiri Hindus.

The Hindus of the Kashmir Valley, were forced to flee the Kashmir valley as a result of being targeted by JKLF and Islamist insurgents during late 1989 and early 1990. Of the approximately 300,000 to 600,000 Hindus living in the Kashmir Valley in 1990 only 2,000–3,000 remain there in 2016. 19 January 1990 is widely remembered by Kashmiri Hindus as the tragic "exodus day" of being forced out of Kashmir.

Die Vertreibung der Hindus aus Kaschmir begann, als am 20. Januar 1990 die meisten Hindu-Familien aus dem Kaschmir-Tal gezwungen waren wegen Terroranschlägen zu fliehen. Es wird geschätzt, dass über 100.000 Hindus aus Kaschmir geflohen sind.


High school career.

Monk first attended East Poinsett County High School in Lepanto, Arkansas during his Freshman year. As a freshman, he averaged 22.8 points, 4.6 rebounds, and 2.7 assist per game while leading them to a (25-8) overall record and an appearance in the Class 2A state championship game. After his freshman season, Monk transferred to Bentonville High School in Bentonville, Arkansas. In his junior year, he averaged 26.6 points per game. In the spring and summer of 2015, Monk competed for the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) team, Arkansas Wings Elite, on the Nike Elite Youth Basketball Circuit (EYBL) where he averaged 19.7 points per game. He then competed on the 2015 Nike Global Challenge for the East team, where he averaged 22 points, 12 rebounds, and four assist in addition to earning Tournament MVP honors. On November 18, 2015 Monk committed to Kentucky, choosing UK over Arkansas. As a senior, he averaged 28.6 points per game, 4.4 assist per game and 7.6 rebounds per game. In 2016, Monk played in the 2016 McDonald's All-American Game and Jordan Brand Classic where he earned Co-MVP honors alongside Kentucky teammate De'Aaron Fox.  On March 11, 2016, Monk played his final high school game, scoring 19 points in a 59-49 loss in the 7A state championship to Cabot High School.  Monk was a consensus five-star prospect and ranked as one of the best players in the 2016 class by the four main recruiting services Rivals, ESPN, Scout, and 247 Sports. Monk was ranked as the No.9 overall player and No.1 shooting guard in the 2016 high school class.

College career.

On November 18, 2015, Monk tweeted that he would be attending the University of Kentucky.  On December 17, 2016, Monk set a University of Kentucky freshman scoring record with 47 points in a win over the University of North Carolina. Twelve days later, he scored 34 points on 5 for 7 three point shooting in a 99–76 win over Ole Miss. On January 21, 2017, Monk scored 27 points in a 85–69 win over South Carolina. On January 31, 2017 he scored 37 points against Georgia Bulldogs. On February 25, 2017, Monk tallied 33 points in a 76–66 victory over Florida. On February 28, 2017, Monk scored 27 points in a 73–67 win over Vanderbilt. At the end of his freshman season, Monk was named SEC Player and Freshman of the Year, while also being named to both First-team All-SEC and the SEC All-Freshman team.  At the conclusion of his freshman season, Monk announced that he would forgo his final three years of collegiate eligibility and enter the 2017 NBA draft where he was projected as a first round selection.

Professional career.

Charlotte Hornets (2017–present).

On June 22, 2017, Monk was selected with the eleventh overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. On July 2, 2017, Monk signed his rookie scale contract with the Hornets. Monk would miss the entire 2017 NBA Summer League due to an ankle injury. In his fourth game on October 25, 2017, Monk recorded 17 points, 2 steals, and 2 assist in a 110-93 victory against the Denver Nuggets. On November 1, 2017, Monk scored 25 points in a 126-121 victory against the Milwaukee Bucks.  During his rookie season, Monk was assigned to the Hornets’ NBA G League affiliate, the Greensboro Swarm for one game. He scored 25 points, collected 8 rebounds and recorded 4 assists in a December 26, 2017 game. On February 26, 2020, Monk was suspended indefinitely for violating the NBA's substance use policy. Before the suspension, Monk was averaging 10.3 points and 2.9 rebounds per game. He was reinstated on June 8, after it was determined he was in compliance with the anti-drug program.

Personal life.

Monk was born to Jackie Monk and Michael Scales and is the younger brother of former Arkansas All-SEC wide receiver Marcus Monk.

Malik Ahmad Monk (born February 4, 1998) is an American professional basketball player for the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Kentucky Wildcats.

Malik Monk (* 4. Februar 1998 in Jonesboro, Arkansas, Vereinigte Staaten) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler. Sein Bruder Marcus spielte als Basketball-Profi in Deutschland.