South African tricameralism.

In 1983, South Africa's apartheid government put forward a constitution providing for a tricameral legislature. On 2 November, around seventy percent of the country's white population voted in favor of the changesblack South Africans were not consulted, and under the proposal they continued to be denied representation since in theory they were citizens of independent or autonomous Bantustans.  The South African tricameral parliament consisted of three race-based chambers:  The creation of the tricameral parliament was controversial on two fronts. On the one hand, many white conservatives disliked the idea of non-whites participating in Parliament at all. The dispute was a factor in the creation of the Conservative Party, a breakaway from the dominant National Party. On the other hand, many coloreds and Asians rejected the system as a sham, saying that the chambers reserved for them were powerless.  The tricameral parliament was not particularly strong. The 1983 constitution significantly weakened the powers of parliament and abolished the position of Prime Minister. Most authorities were transferred to the State President, including the power to appoint the Cabinet. This was seen by many as an attempt to limit the power of coloreds and Indiansnot only were the 'non-white' Houses of Parliament less powerful than the 'white' one, but parliament itself was subordinate to a white President.

Bolívar's tricameralism.

Simón Bolívar, the South American revolutionary leader, included a tricameral legislature as part of his proposals for a model government. Bolívar described the three houses as follows:  Bolívar intended his model government to function as a parliamentary system, and so the tricameral parliament was expected to govern through the active administration of the cabinet ministers who would be accountable to it. Bolívar was explicit in many of his writings, particularly in his Message to the Congress of Angostura on how his proposed system was meant to reflect the way the British parliamentary system works. His proposal for Censors was not for them to act as legislators but rather to act as an office similar to an Ombudsman. As such, some opinions differ on whether his system could truly be classified as a tricameral parliament, considering that the Censors weren't true legislators, but seemed to represent a separate branch of government altogether.  Despite Bolívar's huge influence in South America, no country in the region employs his tricameral parliament. Early attempts to implement the model, such as in Bolivia, were not successful, although the chaos of the period was likely a factor in this outcome. As a result of not adopting Bolívar's British-inspired parliamentary system, numerous celebrated political scientists like the late Juan Linz and many others have observed that the decision of many Latin American countries to model their systems of government on the presidential system of the United States has led to numerous examples of political instability and subsequent descent into dictatorship or anarchy.

French tricameralism.

Monarchism.

Some historians view the French States-General as an example of a tricameral legislature. The States-General evolved gradually over time and provided advice on various matters (including legislative issues) to the King. The three Estates were the simply labeled First (consisting of clergy), Second (consisting of nobility), and Third (consisting of commoners). (The term "fourth estate", referring to the press, derives from this system, but was coined long after the revolution that abolished it.)  There are two distinct problems with regarding the States-General as a tricameral legislature, however. First, the States-General never had any formal powers to legislate, although, at times, it played a major role in the King's legislative activity. Second, the division between the three estates was not always maintainedthe estates sometimes deliberated separately, but at other times, they deliberated as a single body, undermining the idea of tricameralism.

Consulate.

The French Consulate (and later First French Empire, although the lower two chambers were by then entirely without power) had a tricameral legislature, consisting of:  Whether the Sénat was part of legislature, however, is open to doubt, because Sieyès (the main instigator of the Consulate's Constitution and later president of this Senate) described it as belonging to an altogether different power beyond the executive, legislative and judiciary: the "conservative" power. In effect, Napoléon made the Sénat into a political élite to back his power as Consul and later as Emperor, whereas the other two chambers were subdued into submission. In 1807, the Tribunat was definitely abolished.

Chinese tricameralism.

The 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China has three chambers of parliament that is elected. Governmental organs of the constitution follows the outline proposed by Sun Yat-sen and supported by the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), while also compromise the opinion from the federalism supported Communist Party in the 1940s. The separation of powers was designed by Carsun Chang, a founding member of the China Democratic League.  As the mechanism is significantly different from the Western "trias politica", the grand justices has an interpretation which ruled that these three organs all bear characteristics equivalent to a "parliament".  However, the government of the Republic of China lost the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and retreated to Taiwan since then. A Temporary Provisions was passed by the National Assembly to gather more powers to the President and limits the functionalities of the tricameral parliament. Members of the tricameral parliament elected in China in 1947 and 1948 kept serving on Taiwan without reelection until 1991.  After a series of constitutional amendments in the 1990s in Taiwan, the new Additional Articles of the Constitution has changed the Legislative Yuan to be the unicameral parliament.

Other examples.

Former Yugoslavia.

The Socialist Republic of Croatia, as well as all other federal units of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (according to the provisions of the 1974 Constitution) had three houses of parliament (Sabor Socijalističke republike Hrvatske, now Hrvatski sabor): Socio-Political Council (Društveno-političko vijeće), Council of Municipalities (Vijeće općina) and Council of Associated Labor (Vijeće udruženog rada). This was abolished by the new constitution as Croatia gained independence in 1990.

Isle of Man.

The parliament of the Isle of Man, Tynwald, is sometimes called tricameral, but this description is not universally accepted. The two branches of Tynwald are the House of Keys and the Legislative Council. The Tynwald Court consists of the members of both houses meeting together regularly. Some argue that this counts as a third house. Others disagree, saying that as there are no members of the Court who are not also members of the other houses, the Court should not be considered separately (by comparison, in Australia, Switzerland and India deadlocks between the two Houses can sometimes be resolved by a joint sitting. It is a matter of semantics whether or not such arrangements are described as "tricameral". (Taking the expression literally, Tynwald is tricameral in that there are three separate chambers (rooms) in use for the sessions.)

Church of England.

The General Synod of the Church of England is sometimes described as tricameral. It is divided into a House of Bishops, the House of Clergy and the House of Laity. As the Church of England is the state church of England, the Parliament of the United Kingdom has given the General Synod the power (subject to veto) to make law relating to the Church.  However, a Diocesan Synod is not a tricameral institution. It is a bicameral institution, as it consists of the House of Laity, who are directly elected by the parishes, and the House of Clergy. The Bishop is not a member of either House, even though he is constitutionally a member of Synod.

Medieval Ireland.

In the fifteenth century, secular clergy of each diocese sent two proctors to the Parliament of Ireland, who met separately from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In 1537, their right to membership was revoked after they opposed the Reformation in Ireland.

Labor unions.

Tricameral meeting arrangements are a growing trend in labor unions where some members will always be working on one of three shifts. Under such arrangements, each shift will have its own meeting, but the action of one meeting will have to be adopted by the other two.

Tricameralism is the practice of having three legislative or parliamentary chambers. It is contrasted with unicameralism and bicameralism, both of which are far more common.

Ein Dreikammersystem (auch Drei-Kammer-System oder Trikameralismus) ist, analog zu Einkammersystem und Zweikammersystem, eine Regierungsform, in der sich das Parlament eines Staates aus drei Kammern zusammensetzt. Das System wird und wurde selten angewendet.


Club career.

Servette.

Being a young striker he played just one year for the second team, time in which he scored seven goals in ten appearances.

Politehnica Timișoara.

He was a pacey striker, with good heading skills. After a short spell at the Servette, the young Senegalese arrived in Timișoara before the start of the Divizia A 2004–2005 season. He was one of the most spectacular players of Politehnica Timişoara and one of the club's most promising young players in 2006. In the summer of 2009, he returned to Politehnica Timişoara, but he was injured for 6 months. On 22 September he scored 1 goal in 3–1 victory in Romanian Cup against Juventus Bucureşti. Later, he got injured again.

CS Buftea.

After a mistake in his transfer clause to Dinamo Bucureşti in 2007 he was kicked out from both teams and he did not train properly for months. Politehnica Timişoara agreed to let him back into the squad in 2008, and he was loaned out to the second league club CS Buftea where he scored 9 goals in 13 games. Politehnica Timişoara's coach Dušan Uhrin, Jr. wanted him back at the team, but this did not happen, as Dušan Uhrin was sacked before the winter break.

Gloria Buzău.

Mansour returned to the Romanian first league after being loaned for the 2009 spring season to Gloria Buzău.

Personal life.

Mansour has three brothers and four sisters, two of his brothers were also footballers: Azis played at junior level in Italy for Fiorentina, Juventus and A.S. Roma and Ousmane played mostly for clubs in the Romanian lower leagues. In 2008 he got married with Adelina Ziele but got divorced after a few months. Around 2010 he met Ramona Popa who gave birth about one year later to his first child, Mouhamed.

Mansour Gueye (born December 30, 1985 in Dakar) is a Senegalese-Romanian footballer who plays as a striker for Romanian Liga III side Flacăra Horezu. He was nicknamed in Romania "Omul-Foarfecă", which means "Scissor Man", for his spectacular scissors kick goals.

Mansour Guèye (* 30. Dezember 1985 in Dakar) ist ein senegalesischer Fußballspieler. Der Stürmer ist seit Sommer 2016 ohne Verein.


Industrial practice.

Although not practiced under the name, aromatization is a cornerstone of oil refining. One of the major reforming reactions is the dehydrogenation of naphthenes into aromatics. The process, which is catalyzed by platinum, is exemplified in the conversion methylcyclohexane (a naphthene) into toluene (an aromatic). Dehydrocyclization converts paraffins (acyclic hydrocarbons) into aromatics. A related aromatization process includes dehydroisomerization of methylcyclopentane to benzene:

Biochemical processes.

Aromatases are enzymes that partially aromatize steroids. The specific conversions are testosterone to estradiol and androstenedione to estrone. Each of these aromatizations involves the oxidation of the C-19 methyl group to formic acid to allow for the formation of the aromatic system, conversions which are necessary parts of estrogen tumorogenesis in the development of breast cancer and ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women and gynecomastia in men. Aromatase inhibitors like exemestane (which forms a permanent and deactivating bond with the aromatase enzyme) and anastrozole and letrozole (which compete for the enzyme) have been shown to be more effective than anti-estrogen medications such as tamoxifen likely because they prevent the formation of estradiol.

Aromatization pathways.

Oxidative dehydrogenation.

For cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and cyclohexadiene, dehydrogenation is the conceptually simplest pathway for aromatization. The activation barrier decreases with the degree of unsaturation. Thus, cyclohexadienes are especially prone to aromatization. Formally, dehydrogenation is a redox process. Dehydrogenative aromatization is the reverse of arene hydrogenation. As such, hydrogenation catalysts are effective for the reverse reaction. Platinum-catalyzed dehydrogenations of cyclohexanes and related feedstocks are the largest scale applications of this reaction (see above).  2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is often the reagent of choice. DDQ and an acid catalyst has been used to synthesise a steroid with a phenanthrene core by oxidation accompanied by a double methyl migration. In the process, DDQ is itself reduced into an aromatic hydroquinone product.  Sulfur and selenium are traditionally used in aromatization, the leaving group being hydrogen sulfide.  Soluble transition metal complexes can induce oxidative aromatization concomitant with complexation. α-Phellandrene (2-methyl-5-"iso"-propyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene) is oxidised to "p"-"iso"-propyltoluene with the reduction of ruthenium trichloride.  Oxidative dehydrogenation of dihydropyridine results in aromatization, giving pyridine.

Dehydration.

Non-aromatic rings can be aromatized in many ways. Dehydration allows the Semmler-Wolff transformation of 2-cyclohexenone oxime to aniline under acidic conditions.

Tautomerization.

The isomerization of cyclohexadienones gives the aromatic tautomer phenol. Isomerization of 1,4-naphthalenediol at 200 °C produces a 2:1 mixture with its keto form, 1,4-dioxotetralin.

Hydride and proton abstraction.

Classically, aromatization reactions involve changing the C:H ratio of a substrate. When applied to cyclopentadiene, proton removal gives the aromatic conjugate base cyclopentadienyl anion, isolable as sodium cyclopentadienide:  Aromatization can entail removal of hydride. Tropylium, arises by the aromatization reaction of cycloheptatriene with hydride acceptors.

From acyclic precursors.

The aromatization of acyclic precursors is rarer in organic synthesis, although it is a significant component of the BTX production in refineries.  Among acyclic precursors, alkynes are relatively prone to aromatizations since they are partially dehydrogenated. The Bergman cyclization is converts an enediyne to a dehydrobenzene intermediate diradical, which abstracts hydrogen to aromatize. The enediyne moiety can be included within an existing ring, allowing access to a bicyclic system under mild conditions as a consequence of the ring strain in the reactant. Cyclodeca-3-en-1,5-diyne reacts with 1,3-cyclohexadiene to produce benzene and tetralin at 37 °C, the reaction being highly favorable owing to the formation of two new aromatic rings:

Aromatization is a chemical reaction in which an aromatic system is formed from a single nonaromatic precursor. Typically aromatization is achieved by dehydrogenation of existing cyclic compounds, illustrated by the conversion of cyclohexane into benzene. Aromatization includes the formation of heterocyclic systems.

Aromatisierung bezeichnet die Reaktion einer ungesättigten cyclischen chemischen Verbindung zu einer aromatischen Verbindung. Da hierbei die Oxidationsstufe der zuvor ungesättigten Ringatome ansteigt, handelt es sich um eine Oxidation. Die Aromatisierung ist in der Regel energetisch günstig, da ein energiearmes mesomeriestabilisiertes aromatisches System entsteht.


Life and career.

In 1974, O'Neal moved to Birmingham, Alabama, where he worked as a full-time musician. In Birmingham he worked with local jazz musicians, such as Jerry Grundhofer, Dave Amaral, Cleveland Eaton, and Ray Reach. He moved to New York City to perform with Clark Terry in 1981, and also landed a regular job at the Blue Note, accompanying such musicians as Dizzy Gillespie, Ray Brown, Nancy Wilson, Joe Pass and Kenny Burrell. He was a member of Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers for two years from 1982 to 1983 and made his Carnegie Hall debut in 1985.  On the recommendation of Oscar Peterson, O'Neal portrayed Art Tatum in the 2004 movie "Ray", recreating Tatum's sound on the song "Yesterdays".  A 2006 DVD "Tight", captured O'Neal at the height of his powers. Included is an interview with pianist Mulgrew Miller, who stated,  In my generation of musicians there are two who are probably the most naturally talented. They both happen to be from Detroit. One is Kenny Garrett, the well-known saxophonist. The other is pianist Johnny O'Neal.

Playing style.

"There are so many outstanding things about Johnny's playing. Two or three of the most outstanding: number one, the touch. Johnny has a million dollar touch. Very few people touch the piano like that to get that kind of sound and feeling... The other thing is his feeling of swing, which is so natural."  On June 10 and 11, 2016 O'Neal was featured in "Lush Life: Celebrating Billy Strayhorn," performing with the Jazz at Lincoln Center Orchestra. He received a standing ovation.  With Art Blakey

Johnny O'Neal (born October 10, 1956 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American neo-bop jazz pianist and vocalist. His playing ranges from the technically virtuosic to the tenderest of ballad interpretations. Though unique in style, he is influenced by many jazz elders, including Oscar Peterson and Art Tatum. He has led many recording dates with musicians such as Russell Malone and many others. He was a 1997 inductee of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

Johnny O’Neal (* 10. Oktober 1956 in Detroit, Michigan) ist ein US-amerikanischer Jazzpianist und Sänger, der auch Gospel und Blues spielt. 1997 wurde O’Neal in die "Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame" aufgenommen.


History.

In the years of the Cold War there was always the danger that a conflict between the West (NATO) and the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) could break out. The Federal Republic of Germany was endangered by its position as a border state between the two blocs. For this reason, various security measures were taken in the Federal Republic, such as the government bunker built at this time at Ahrweiler. A similar bunker for the preservation of currency reserves was built for the then of Rheinland-Pfalz at the Spechtmühle near Lorscheid in the district of Trier-Saarburg.  There was a concern that the Eastern bloc might introduce large numbers of counterfeit banknotes into West Germany to cause hyperinflation. Therefore, a reserve emergency currency was stored so that purchasing power could be maintained. For this purpose, a special series of the German Mark, the BBk II, was printed. The money stock was randomly checked every three months by a Bundesbank auditor. Apart from these auditors, nobody was allowed to enter the bunker.  In 1988, the emergency currency was destroyed and the bunker was initially left empty. In 1994, the Deutsche Bundesbank sold the investment to. Lockers for customers were installed in a vault of the bunker, but most of the complex remained untouched.  The entire facility, consisting of the above-ground plot with two large camouflage dwellings and the underground bunker and vault system, was sold in 2014 for less than 500,000 euros to a Treis-Karden entrepreneur, who repaired the bunker and turned it into a museum. The zoning plan was changed in 2015 for this purpose, but group tours have been offered since the end of 2015. Since March 2016, the bunker at Cochem is also open to individuals for guided tours as an official documentation site; a shuttle bus runs from May to the end of October from Endertplatz in Cochem to the bunker. The former camouflage homes were converted into a hotel.

Location and structure.

The 1,500-square-metre bunker was built by the Deutsche Bundesbank between 1962 and 1964 in the Cond district of Cochem, near the Hunsrück, some 30 metres below the surface. Cochem was deliberately chosen for the location because the Moselle valley offers a very good protection, for example against a nuclear blast. Furthermore, it is on the left bank of the Rhine. Frankfurt am Main is 108 km east as the crow flies and was thus closer to the inner German border and the Fulda Gap.  The above-ground part of the plant, on a 8,700 square metre site, was disguised as a training and recreational home of the Deutsche Bundesbank in a residential area. The bunker has a main and an emergency access. The bunker can be accessed via the main entrance, located at 35, Am Wald, or through the basement of the training centre. The emergency exit is located in the cooling tower in the back of the garden and is camouflaged by trees and shrubs.  To protect the bunker, a security system with sensors was installed in the walls of the vaults, which reacted to shocks and noise. When an alarm was triggered, the local police were automatically notified, but they did not know what was in the bunker. Only the director of the installation could enter the bunker and listen to noises in the vault by means of an intercom. The vault itself could only be accessed by a few employees of the Bundesbank from Frankfurt, as the associated keys were not stored on site.  In the event of a nuclear war, the bunker would have protected 80 civilians who could have survived two weeks there. In addition to the vaults, there were also sleeping and working rooms, a warning post and a radio room with a direct connection to the Ministry of the Interior. The system had its own electricity supply by diesel generators and 18,000 litres of fuel reserves; the drinking water supply was secured by means of deep well secured and a 40,000 litre tank. The air supply for breathing was ensured by a sand filter.

The Bundesbank bunker was the German central bank's bunker in Cochem (Rheinland-Pfalz) for the preservation of an emergency currency. From 1964 to 1988, the Deutsche Bundesbank stored up to 15 billion marks in the top-secret facility, to protect West Germany from a national economic crisis in the event of potential hyperinflation that might be caused by the Cold War.

Der Bundesbankbunker Cochem war ein Bunker der Deutschen Bundesbank in Cochem (Rheinland-Pfalz) zur Aufbewahrung einer Notstandswährung. Von 1964 bis 1988 wurden in der streng geheimen Anlage bis zu 15 Milliarden Mark gelagert, die Deutschland im Falle einer Hyperinflation, verursacht durch den Kalten Krieg, vor einer nationalen Wirtschaftskrise bewahren sollten.


History.

The spy film genre began in the silent era, with the paranoia of invasion literature and the onset of the Great War. These fears produced the British 1914 "The German Spy Peril", centred on a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament, and 1913's "O.H.M.S.", standing for "Our Helpless Millions Saved" as well as On His Majesty's Service (and introducing for the first time a strong female character who helps the hero).  In 1928, Fritz Lang made the film "Spies" which contained many tropes that became popular in later spy dramas, including secret headquarters, an agent known by a number, and the beautiful foreign agent who comes to love the hero. Lang's Dr. Mabuse films from the period also contain elements of spy thrillers, though the central character is a criminal mastermind only interested in espionage for profit. Additionally, several of Lang's American films, such as "Hangmen Also Die", deal with spies during World War II.  Alfred Hitchcock did much to popularise the spy film in the 1930s with his influential thrillers "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934), "The 39 Steps" (1935), "Sabotage" (1937) and "The Lady Vanishes" (1938). These often involved innocent civilians being caught up in international conspiracies or webs of saboteurs on the home front, as in "Saboteur" (1942). Some, however, dealt with professional spies as in Hitchcock's "Secret Agent" (1936), based on W. Somerset Maugham's "Ashenden" stories, or the Mr. Moto series, based on the books of John P. Marquand.  In the 1940s and early 1950s there were several films made about the exploits of Allied agents in occupied Europe, which could probably be considered as a subgenre. "13 Rue Madeleine" and "O.S.S." were fictional stories about American agents in German-occupied France, and there were a number of films based on the stories of real-life British S.O.E. agents, including "Odette" and "Carve Her Name With Pride". A more recent fictional example is "Charlotte Gray", based on the novel by Sebastian Faulks.  Also during the period, there were many detective films ("The Thin Man Goes Home" and "Charlie Chan in the Secret Service" for example) in which the mystery involved who stole the secret blue-prints, or who kidnapped the famous scientist.  The peak of popularity of the spy film is often considered to be the 1960s when Cold War fears meshed with a desire by audiences to see exciting and suspenseful films. The espionage film developed in two directions at this time. On the one hand, the realistic spy novels of Len Deighton and John le Carré were adapted into relatively serious Cold War thrillers which dealt with some of the realities of the espionage world. Some of these films included "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1965), "The Deadly Affair" (1966), "Torn Curtain" (1966), and the "Harry Palmer" series, based on the novels of Len Deighton.  In another direction, the "James Bond" novels by Ian Fleming were adapted into an increasingly fantastical series of tongue-in-cheek adventure films by producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli, with Sean Connery as the star. This direction was inspired by novelist Edgar Wallace's 1950s era British and German "krimi" genre, they featured secretive and flamboyant, super-villains, an archetype which would later become a staple of the explosion of spy movies in the mid-to-late 1960s. The phenomenal success of the "Bond" series lead to a deluge of imitators, such as the eurospy genre and several from America. Notable examples include the two "Derek Flint" films starring James Coburn, "The Quiller Memorandum" (1966) with George Segal, and the "Matt Helm" series with Dean Martin. Television also got into the act with series like "The Man from U.N.C.L.E" and "I Spy" in the U.S., and "Danger Man" and "The Avengers" in Britain. Spies have remained popular on TV to the present day with series such as "Callan", "Alias" and "Spooks".  Spy films also enjoyed something of a revival in the late 1990s, although these were often action films with espionage elements, or comedies like "Austin Powers". Some critics identify a trend away from fantasy in favour of realism, as observed in "Syriana", the "Bourne" film series and the more recent "James Bond" films "Casino Royale" (2006), "Quantum of Solace" and "Skyfall".

Films.

Some of the most popular films include:  Longer series:  One-shots, sequels and remakes

Television series.

Some of the most popular television series include:  Classic era Modern era

The spy film genre, also known sometimes as an espionage film, deals with the subject of fictional espionage, either in a realistic way (such as the adaptations of John le Carré) or as a basis for fantasy (such as many James Bond films). Many novels in the spy fiction genre have been adapted as films, including works by John Buchan, le Carré, Ian Fleming (Bond) and Len Deighton. It is a significant aspect of British cinema, with leading British directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Carol Reed making notable contributions and many films set in the British Secret Service.

Der Agentenfilm oder Spionagefilm ist ein Filmgenre, das sich mit der Arbeit von Spionen und Geheimagenten beschäftigt. Die bekanntesten Vertreter des Spionagefilms sind die James-Bond-Filme.


Early life.

Spheeris was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to a Greek immigrant father who owned the "Magic Empire Shows" carnival and was a side-show strong man. Her mother, of Irish heritage, was raised in Kansas and later worked as a ticket taker for the carnival. Her father was forty-years-old and her mother was nineteen when they began a relationship. Spheeris has three full siblings, plus a number of older half-siblings from her father's first marriage. She is a sister of singer Jimmie Spheeris and a first cousin of musician Chris Spheeris, and the Greek-French director Costa Gavras, which she says has made her consider that there is a genetic component to her vocation.  Spheeris told author Paul Stenning, "I believe each of us is born with certain characteristics that we genetically inherit; some of which are good, some not so good. My mother was extremely compassionate, my father more of a barbarian. My father was passionately ambitious, where my mother was not. The most significant traits I learned from my parents were a strong sense of survival and unfaltering tenacity."  Spheeris spent her first seven years traveling around the American South and American Midwest with her father's carnival. Her father was shot and killed in Troy, Alabama after intervening in a racial dispute. In a 2015 interview, Spheeris stated that her father had come to the aid of an African American man who had been struck on the back of the head with a cane by a white man over a dispute about cutting in front of him in line. The white man soon after returned and stabbed Spheeris' father. She states that her father's killer served no jail time, the man's legal defence apparently resting entirely on the claim that he was justified in murdering Spheeris senior as "he was defending a black."  After her father's death, Spheeris and her three siblings moved with their mother to California, generally living in trailer parks with a succession of stepfathers. She spent her teenage years in Orange County, graduating from Westminster High School with a daunting'most likely to succeed' label. After high school, Spheeris attended Long Beach State College where she majored in art. She admired the teachings of George Falcon, a behavioural scientist. From his influence, Spheeris went on to study psychobiology at the University of California, Irvine, in Orange County, California, southeast of Los Angeles.  Working as a waitress at Denny's and IHOP, she put herself through film school. She majored in film and has a Master of Fine Arts degree in Theater Arts from UCLA in Los Angeles, California.

Career.

Spheeris launched her career by producing short subjects for comedian Albert Brooks, many of them being highlights in the first season of the television series "Saturday Night Live". Her first feature film was "The Decline of Western Civilization" (1981), a punk rock documentary that she produced as well as directed. She followed up with "", this time about the Los Angeles heavy metal scene of 1988, with footage and interviews of legendary metal bands such as Kiss, Ozzy Osbourne, Aerosmith, Megadeth and Motörhead. She later returned to the streets of Los Angeles and the punk rock scene in 1998 for the documentary "The Decline of Western Civilization Part III". She was offered the chance to direct "This is Spinal Tap", but declined.  In addition, she worked as a writer for the television series "Roseanne" (1988-1997). In the 1990s, she directed "Wayne's World", a comedy based on Mike Myers' skits from "Saturday Night Live". The movie grossed over $183 million and became a popular hit. She directed the "Wayne's World" music video work for Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", which earned a Grammy Award nomination. She had difficulty working with Myers, while acknowledging him as "profoundly talented," and in an "Entertainment Weekly" article stated she believes Myers dissuaded Paramount Pictures from hiring her for the sequel.  In 1996, she directed "We Sold Our Souls for Rock 'n Roll", a documentary about the Ozzfest, produced by Sharon Osbourne, which explored life on the road.  Other films Spheeris has directed include "The Beverly Hillbillies"; "The Little Rascals" (for which she co-wrote the screenplay); the Chris Farley/David Spade comedy "Black Sheep"; the Marlon Wayans-David Spade team-up "Senseless"; and "The Kid & I" starring Tom Arnold. In 2006, she was set to direct the still-unfilmed "Gospel According to Janis", about Janis Joplin.  The Portland Oregon Women's Film Festival named Spheeris its guest of honor for 2013.  The moving image collection of Penelope Spheeris is held at the Academy Film Archive. The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Penelope Spheeris' films, including "Bath", "Hats Off To Hollywood", and "Shit".

Personal life.

Spheeris has a daughter, director Anna Spheeris Fox, born in 1969.  Since September 9, 1998, Spheeris has been in a relationship with a man known as Sin, whom she met while filming the documentary "The Decline of Western Civilization III". In a 2015 interview, she revealed that he was in an institution in Florida after he stopped taking his medication (he is schizophrenic and bipolar) and ended up in jail. She has described him as the love of her life.

Radio and podcast appearances.

Spheeris appeared on "WTF with Marc Maron" on June 29, 2015.  She appeared on Ken Reid's "TV Guidance Counselor" podcast on October 18, 2016.

Awards.

Spheeris work has received recognition from the Directors Guild of America, The Recording Academy, Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the Chicago International Film Festival, the Chicago Underground Film Festival, the Deep Ellum Film Festival, the LA Femme International Film Festival, the Los Angeles Greek Film Festival, the Los Angeles Silver Lake Film Festival, the Melbourne International Film Festival, the Sundance Film Festival, and the Temecula Valley International Film Festival.

Reception.

Critical, public, and commercial reception to films Spheeris has directed.

Penelope Spheeris (born December 2, 1945 or 1946; sources differ) is an American film director, producer and screenwriter. She has directed both documentary film and scripted films. Her best known works include the trilogy titled "The Decline of Western Civilization", each covering an aspect of Los Angeles underground culture, and "Wayne's World", her highest-grossing film.

Penelope Spheeris (* 2. Dezember 1945 in New Orleans, Louisiana) ist eine US-amerikanische Filmregisseurin, Filmproduzentin und Drehbuchautorin. Sie wurde in den USA als Dokumentarfilmregisseurin mit der Trilogie "The Decline of Western Civilization" bekannt.


The series.

Volumes edited by Richard Davis.

1. The Year’s Best Horror Stories, editor Richard Davis, Sphere Books (UK) 1971; DAW Books (US) 1972  2 (UK). The Year’s Best Horror Stories II, editor Richard Davis, Sphere Books (UK) 1972.  3 (UK). The Year’s Best Horror Stories III, editor Richard Davis, Sphere Books (UK) 1973.  2 (US). The Year’s Best Horror Stories: Series II, editor Richard Davis, DAW Books (US) 1974  3 (US). The Year’s Best Horror Stories: Series III, editor Richard Davis, DAW Books (US) 1975; Orbit Books (UK) 1976 as "The First Orbit Book of Horror Stories"

Volumes edited by Gerald W. Page.

4. The Year’s Best Horror Stories IV, editor Gerald W. Page, 1976.  5. The Year’s Best Horror Stories V, editor Gerald W. Page, 1977.  6. The Year’s Best Horror Stories VI, editor Gerald W. Page, 1978.  7. The Year’s Best Horror Stories VII, editor Gerald W. Page, 1979.

Volumes edited by Karl Edward Wagner.

8. The Year’s Best Horror Stories VIII, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1980.  9. The Year’s Best Horror Stories IX, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1981.  10. The Year’s Best Horror Stories X, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1982  11. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XI, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1983.  12. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XII, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1984.  13. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XIII, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1985.  14. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XIV, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1986.  15. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XV, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1987. 16. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XVI, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1988.  17. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XVII, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1989.  18. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XVIII, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1990.  19. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XIX, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1991.  20. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XX, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1992.  21. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XXI, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1993.  22. The Year’s Best Horror Stories XXII, editor Karl Edward Wagner, 1994.

The Year’s Best Horror Stories was a series of annual anthologies published by DAW Books in the U.S.from 1972 to 1994 under the successive editorships of Richard Davis from 1972 to 1975 (after a 1971-1973 series published by Sphere Books in the U.K.; the first volumes had the same contents, the U.S. second volume in 1974 drew stories from the second and third U.K. volumes, and the 1975 U.S. third volume was very different from the U.K's.; the U.S. third volume was published as a one-shot volume in the U.K. by Orbit Books in 1976), and of Gerald W. Page from 1976 to 1979, and Karl Edward Wagner from 1980 to 1994. The series was discontinued after Wagner's death. It was a companion to DAW’s The Annual World’s Best SF and The Year's Best Fantasy Stories, which performed a similar function for the science fiction and fantasy fields.

The Year's Best Horror Stories war eine jährlich erscheinende Anthologie des US-amerikanischen Verlags "DAW Books". Als Donald A. Wollheim 1971 zusammen mit seiner Ehefrau Elsie diesen Verlag gründete, war unter den ersten Veröffentlichungen – neben den Reihen "The Annual World's Best SF" und "The Year's Best Fantasy Stories" für die Genres Science-Fiction und Phantastik – die Reihe "The Year's Best Horror Stories".


Musical career.

2003–2007: "Folk Music".

The three original members of Far East Movement, Kevin Nishimura (Kev Nish), James Roh (Prohgress), and Jae Choung (J-Splif), grew up in the Downtown Los Angeles area. They were close companions in high school and shared a passion for music together. The trio promoted their music online and began performing at local clubs and events in Los Angeles; soon, they began their musical career with the name "Emcees Anonymous" by 2001. However, they later changed it to Far East Movement or FM, originating from a song that they produced with the same name. In 2003, they organised an event called "Movementality" in Koreatown, Los Angeles, featuring ten different performances with all the proceeds sent to a local youth drug rehabilitation center.  In 2005, Far East Movement released a mixtape called "Audio-Bio", which was one of their first CDs and contained many of their earliest songs and many songs not available anywhere else. Their first album, titled "Folk Music", was released in early 2006. The single "Round Round" was featured in the film, "", appearing both on the self-titled and video game. This critical breakout was the catalyst that cemented their decision to pursue music as a full-time career. Their songs "Get Offa Me" and "Make Ya Self" were featured in "The Fast and the Furious" video game. They proceeded to perform on two world tours (including USA, South America, Canada, and Asia), and they signed distribution deals in Japan and Korea with Avex Network and JF Productions for their album.  In 2007, they were featured in the Sundance Film Festival film called "Finishing the Game", making the song "Satisfaction" for the film. They also released the single "You've Got A Friend" featuring Lil Rob and Baby Bash, which became their first song on major national radio.

2008–2009: DJ Virman and "Animal".

LA's radio station Power 106 DJ, DJ Virman, came to the group as their official DJ. They released another single titled "Lowridin" that received heavy airplay in 2008. Soon after, they planned on showcasing a second album, releasing "Animal" later on in the same year. "Animal" featured three hit singles that frequently won national radio play: “You’ve Got A Friend”, “Lowridin”, and the successful “Girls On The Dance Floor”. "Girls on the Dance Floor" reached 27 on the Billboard chart for the Latin Rhythm Airplay, which marked their debut on the Billboard's charts.  There were several collaborations on the "Animal" album, including The Stereotypes, Lil Rob, Baby Bash, Bruno Mars, Wiz Khalifa, Bionik, 24/8, IZ, DB Tonik, and Jah Free. Their songs from the "Animal" album were featured in major film and television on multiple occasions. FM's single "Girls on the Dance Floor" has been played on MTV's "America's Best Dance Crew" on the Season 4 Finale during a performance with Artistry In Motion, Vogue Evolution and We Are Heroes. It was also featured on "Get Him to the Greek", FOX's "So You Think You Can Dance" and on the 7th episode of "" Season 8. In addition, "Dance Like Michael Jackson" was aired on ABC Family's "Lincoln Heights" on November 10, 2009 and on the "Gossip Girl" episode, "Dan de Fleurette". "I Party" was highlighted on FOX's TV series "Lie To Me" and "Fetish" was on Spike TV's Guy's Choice Awards 2009. "Girls on the Dance Floor" has attained over 5 million hits on Myspace while attracting over 8 million views on YouTube.  Streetwear company Orisue teamed up with Far East Movement and helped shoot a music video for "Lowridin". In May 2009, Far East Movement joined the Korean hip hop group Epik High on their "Map the Soul" tour throughout the U.S. Then they held their first headlining concert at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood by July 2009, which resulted in a sold-out show. Together with Wong Fu Productions, FM has established another three sold-out "International Secret Agents" concerts titled as "ISA", hosted in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York in order to promote Asian American artists in the media with performances by Quest Crew, Poreotics, Jay Park, and others.  FM's mixtape "Party Animal" was released on the first date of LMFAO's Party Rock Tour. Their two singles, "Girls on the Dance Floor" and "2 is Better w/ Ya Boy", garnered successful radio airplay. They later announced that they were working on a new album with Grammy nominated producers, The Stereotypes, who had produced their hit track, "Girls on the Dance Floor".

2010–2011: Cherrytree/Interscope Records and "Free Wired".

In February 2010, Far East Movement signed a major record deal with Cherrytree Records, a subsidiary of Interscope Records. They were managed at the time by Ted Chung and Russell Redeaux of Stampede Management.  Later in the same year, the group supported Robyn and Kelis on their double headlining tour along with Dan Black, in addition to being announced as the opening act of Lady Gaga's tour on the Japanese leg of The Monster Ball Tour. Furthermore, their previous hit track, "Girls on the Dancefloor" & "Fetish", was featured in "Piranha 3D", yet it was not slotted into the film's soundtrack.  Their 2010 "ISA" shows in New York and LA were held on August 28 and September 5 respectively. They performed their songs alongside acts by AJ Rafael, Jay Park, Wong Fu Productions, Poreotics and Quest Crew (both winners from America's Best Dance Crew), David Choi, Jennifer Chung, David Garibaldi, Lydia Paek, and more.  From September 13 until mid-October, the group was one of the opening acts for the Up In The Air Tour with Mike Posner, across various cities in North America.  "Free Wired", their debut album from Cherrytree/Interscope Records, was released on October 12, 2010. The album includes collaborations with Keri Hilson, Lil Jon, Snoop Dogg (their song co-written by Bruno Mars), Mohombi, Colette Carr, Natalia Kills, Koda Kumi, and Ryan Tedder from OneRepublic.  In the October 30, 2010 edition of "Billboard Magazine", their single featuring The Cataracs and Dev titled "Like a G6" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 as well as iTunes. While gathering success for both their album and single, they were featured in a series of tour dates with their Cherrytree/Interscope Record label mate, La Roux, in November 2010.  On November 20, it was confirmed that the group had reached the double Platinum status for "Like a G6", collecting two million in sales. Their second single which was released for airplay as a follow up to "Like A G6" was "Rocketeer", which featured Ryan Tedder.  The group was awarded Best International Artist in the 2010 M.net Asian Music Awards.  The group toured with Rihanna and Calvin Harris from late February to early March, as part of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour.  Far East Movement toured with Lil Wayne on the I Am Still Music tour. On tour, the group took out a second tour bus to work on their second album under the Cherrytree Records label.

2012–2015: "Dirty Bass" and "KTown Riot".

Their second major label album, "Dirty Bass", was released on May 18, 2012. The lead single from the album was "Live My Life", featuring Justin Bieber. It was more successful than the original first single "Jello." The single was released on February 28, 2012, with the release of the music video on March 23, 2012. The video was shot on the streets of Amsterdam, and directed by Mickey Finnegan.  Far East Movement also worked with producers such as David Guetta, Cherry Cherry Boom Boom (aka Cherrytree founder/president Martin Kierszenbaum), will.i.am and RedOne. In September 2012, the group performed in Charlotte with Perez Hilton as part of the 2012 Democratic National Convention. On October 22, 2012, they released a new single, "For All" which they then performed at then President Barack Obama's re-election inauguration.  Far East Movement also performed the official theme song for the first season of the American-Japanese animated series "Monsuno", which airs in the United States on Nicktoons.  In 2012, "Get Up (Rattle)," a song by the Bingo Players on which they were featured, hit #1 on the UK Singles Chart. "Turn Up the Love," a track from "Dirty Bass," reached the top 5 on the overall singles charts in over a dozen countries.  On April 29, 2013, Far East Movement released the song "Lovetron," featuring Travis Garland. On June 2, 2013, they released the song "The Illest", featuring Riff Raff. On January 9, 2014, they released the song "Bang It To The Curb", featuring Sidney Samson. Their EP "KTown Riot" was released on October 28, 2014.

2016: "Identity" and J-Splif's Departure.

On September 21, 2016, S.M Entertainment, one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea, announced that Chanyeol, from popular K-pop band EXO, would be collaborating with Far East Movement in their track "Freal Luv", which also features Tinashe and Marshmello.  On October 10, 2016, Starship Entertainment announced that Hyolyn, from K-pop girl-group Sistar, would be featuring in a new song titled "Umbrella".  Both songs were included in the band's fifth studio album, "Identity", released on October 21. It features various Korean artists, such as Tiffany from Girls' Generation, rappers Yoon Mi-rae, Jay Park, Loco and R&B group Urban Zakapa, along with American singer-songwriter Macy Gray, rapper Soulja Boy and credits from British singer-producer MNEK. "Identity" debuted at #1 on the global iTunes dance charts. The music video for "Freal Luv" was viewed over 30 million times on YouTube.  On October 14, 2016, Far East Movement released "We Out Here" featuring Blackbear and Thurz.  On November 23, 2016, Far East Movement announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family reasons.

2017-present: International Collaborations.

On October 26, 2018, Far East Movement released a song titled "Bamboo" which features vocals from Jason Zhang and Kina Grannis.  On February 8, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Blossoms" which features Troop Brand and Chinese rapper Vava.  On March 14, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Lovebird" which features Lay.  On April 19, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Paint the Clouds" which features vocals from Tia Ray.  On June 21, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Maps", featuring Diamond, Starchild Yeezo, and Rell the Soundbender.  On July 26, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Glue", featuring Heize and Shawn Wasabi.

Members.

DJ Virman joined the group in 2007. Before joining Far East Movement, he was working as a DJ for the Power 106 radio station in Los Angeles.  On November 23, 2016, Far East Movement announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family reasons.

References.

Far East Movement (abbreviated FM) is an American hip hop and electronic music group based in Los Angeles. The group formed in 2003 and as of August 2018 consists of Kev Nish (Kevin Nishimura), Prohgress (James Roh) and DJ Virman (Virman Coquia). Their 2010 single, "Like a G6", featuring pop-rap duo The Cataracs and singer Dev hit number one on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and on the iTunes chart in late October 2010, making them the first Asian-American group to earn a number one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Among their other chart toppers are: "Rocketeer" featuring Ryan Tedder of One Republic (peaked at number seven on "Billboard"), "Turn Up the Love" (number two on the UK charts), and their 2012 remix to the song "Get Up (Rattle)" by the Bingo Players, also hit number one on the UK charts.

Far East Movement (stilisiert Far⋆East Movement, abgekürzt FM) "(deutsch etwa: Fernost-Bewegung)" ist ein US-amerikanisches Electro-, Hip-Hop- und Dance-Trio, das 2003 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien gegründet wurde. Die Gründungs- und aktuellen Mitglieder sind Kev Nish, Prohgress und DJ Virman. Der Name der Band spielt auf deren asiatische Wurzeln in verschiedenen Ländern Ostasiens an, nämlich China, Japan, Korea und Philippinen. Erste Bekanntheit erlangte die Band mit dem Lied "Round Round", das im Soundtrack des Films "" enthalten war. In der Folgezeit waren Songs der Gruppe in mehreren amerikanischen Serien, wie "", "" und "Entourage" zu hören. Der kommerzielle Durchbruch gelang der Band im Jahr 2010 mit der Single und Nummer-eins-Hit "Like a G6".


Ties to other organisations.

The HVIM is responsible for organising the yearly "Magyar Sziget" festival. The youth movement has ties to the "Betyársereg" ('Army of Outlaws'), a black-clad'self-defense force' that has a motor club as well. This group is also present at the HVIM youth camps, teaching kids survival skills as well as Hungarian history.

Charges on attempted terrorist act.

On 1 December 2015, István Beke, a member of the organization, was arrested by the Romanian authorities for planning to detonate an improvised explosive device in Târgu Secuiesc during the Great Union Day parade. Beke was charged with "attempted actions against constitutional order and failure to observe the rules governing the explosive materials regarding the prevention and combat of terrorism".  Zoltán Szőcs, the leader of HVIM's Transylvanian chapter, was also detained. According to the Romanian prosecutor's office, Szőcs had incited Beke and other activists to produce home-made bombs, which would be detonated during the national holiday. On 1 February 2016, the arrest warrants of the two HVIM members were extended by 30 more days.  On 7 April 2017, Beke and Szőcs were sentenced to 11 months and 10 months imprisonment, respectively. On 4 July 2018, Beke and Szőcs were handed a final sentence of 5 years imprisonment each.

Violence in Serbia.

In September 2011, group of 15 Hungarian members of the "Sixty-Four Counties" movement assaulted 5 Serbian men with metal rods who were going back from their friend's birthday party in Temerin. According to the statement of a victim's mother, the attackers were dressed in uniformed Blackshirts and attacked the young men because they were speaking Serbian. As the mother stated, "these children had to be beaten because they are Serbs and because they speak Serbian in Serbia".

The Sixty-Four Counties Youth Movement (, HVIM) is a far-right movement originating in Hungary and also present in Romania, Slovakia and Serbia, advocating the unification of all ethnic Hungarians that live outside of Hungary and the revision of the Treaty of Trianon from 1920, which defined the current borders of the Hungarian state. Until 2013 the leader of the 64 Counties Youth Movement was László Toroczkai.

Die Hatvannégy Vármegye Ifjúsági Mozgalom (kurz HVIM; oder „64 Burgkomitate“) ist eine rechtsextremistische Organisation, die in Ungarn und unter den ungarischen Minderheiten in den Nachbarstaaten aktiv ist.


Biography.

Rina Goder (nee Messinger) was born in Kiryat Tiv'on, near Haifa. Her father was a mechanic and pilot in the Israeli Air Force and her mother was a kindergarten teacher. Rina Mor-Goder became a lawyer and mother of two daughters.

Beauty queen.

Upon her proclamation as the winner, she remarked, "I'm no politician. I think my being Miss Universe will show people that Israel has another side, not only war." Extensive security precautions were taken as she began her world tour with a stop in Bangkok. The first Miss Israel ever to win the crown, Messinger answered the contest question as to which country would she most like to visit? Her immediate response: "An Arab one."  In 1989 and 2004 she was a judge in the Miss Israel contest.  In 1981, she wrote a book on her experience as Miss Universe.  After her reign as Miss Universe, Messinger worked in public relations for the Jewish Agency and Israel Bonds in New York. After four years she returned to Israel and continued working in public relations for a private company. There she met her husband, a businessman, with whom she has two daughters.

Legal career.

In 1991, she began studying law in Tel Aviv University. After completing her bachelor's degree with honours, the family left for the Netherlands. She completed her master's degree there, specializing in family law. In 2002, after six years in the Netherlands, the family returned to Israel. Mor-Godor is a lawyer in Tel Aviv, working on her doctorate and appearing every week in the morning show of Channel 10, where she gives advice in family law.

Rina Mor-Goder (; née Messinger; February 16, 1956) is an Israeli lawyer, writer and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 1976.

Rina Mor-Goder (* 16. Februar 1956 in Kirjat Tiw’on als "Rina Messinger") ist eine ehemalige israelische Schönheitskönigin. Mor-Goder war die erste israelische Gewinnerin des Titels Miss Universe (gewählt am 11. Juli 1976 in Hongkong). Kurz zuvor war sie zur Miss Israel (Malkat HaJoffi) gewählt worden.


Club career.

Born in Reus, Tarragona, Catalonia, Sergi Roberto began playing football with local UE Barri Santes Creus at the age of 8, arriving in Barcelona's youth academy six years later from neighbours Gimnàstic de Tarragona. In the 2009–10 season, at only 17, he first appeared with "Barça"'s reserves, contributing with 29 appearances as the team returned to the second division after 11 years.  On 10 November 2010, Roberto made his debut for the first team, playing the second half of a 5–1 home win against Ceuta for the campaign's Copa del Rey (7–1 on aggregate). On 27 April of the following year he made his first UEFA Champions League appearance, coming on as a substitute for David Villa in the last minute of a 2–0 away victory over Real Madrid for the competition semi-finals' first leg.  Roberto first appeared in La Liga on 21 May 2011, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–1 win at Málaga in the season's last round. His first start for the main squad came on 6 December of that year, against BATE Borisov in the Champions League group stage, as manager Pep Guardiola rested all his starters for the upcoming "El Clásico": in the 35th minute, he opened the scoring in an eventual 4–0 home win.  In only his third official appearance for Barcelona's first team, on 12 January 2012, Roberto scored his second goal, helping the visitors come from behind to win it 2–1 against Osasuna in the domestic cup (6–1 on aggregate). On 16 December 2014, also in that competition, he netted his third, contributing to an 8–1 demolition of Huesca at the Camp Nou.  In the 2015–16 season, after being reconverted by manager Luis Enrique and merely months after nearly being deemed surplus to requirements, Roberto appeared as a right-back in several games. In two consecutive matches against Athletic Bilbao in January 2016, one for the league and another for the Spanish Cup, he featured on the other flank in the place of injured Jordi Alba, going on to play in as many as seven different positions.  On 20 August 2016, Roberto started as a right-back and provided two assists in a 6–2 home defeat of Betis in the opening match of the campaign. On 24 September, from the same position, he again contributed with two assists in a 5–0 away rout of Sporting de Gijón.  On 8 March 2017, Roberto scored the final goal for Barcelona in the 95th minute as part of a decisive 6–1 home victory against Paris Saint-Germain in the second leg of the Champions League round-of-16, making Barcelona the first club to overcome a four-goal deficit in the competition. On 22 February 2018, he extended his contract until 2022.  In injury time of the first half of "El Clásico" on 6 May 2018, Roberto was shown a straight red card after punching Marcelo, in an eventual 2–2 home draw. He was first-choice right-back during the season ahead of newly signed Nélson Semedo, and his team won the national championship after a one-year wait.

International career.

In October 2009, shortly after making his Barcelona B debuts, Sergi Roberto was called by the Spanish under-17 team for the 2009 FIFA World Cup in Nigeria. On 5 November, before being substituted by Javier Espinosa in the 88th minute, he scored a hat-trick against Burkina Faso at the Sani Abacha Stadium in Kano. Spain eventually finished third in the tournament, with him and Atlético Madrid's Borja Bastón accounting for eight of the team's total goals.  Roberto made his debut for the under-21 side on 5 September 2011, playing the last four minutes of the 2–0 win in Lugo over Georgia for the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers. He received his first call up to the senior squad in March 2016, for friendlies against Romania and Italy. His debut took place in the former match on the 27th, as he started in a 0–0 draw in Cluj-Napoca.

Style of play.

Sergi Roberto plays predominantly as a full-back, but also excels in midfield. In the 2015–16 season, under Luis Enrique, he played in seven different positions with Barcelona. This versatility, combined with his pace, strength, rigorous work rate and accurate passing earned the praise of the manager: "In a team like ours, except in goal, he could play in any position, it's no surprise. The most difficult thing is doing it well all over the field and Sergi Roberto does that." He is best utilized as a box-to-box player.

Personal life.

In 2014, Sergi Roberto started dating Israeli model Coral Simanovich (Pnina Rosenblum's stepdaughter). They became engaged in early September, and got married in Tel Aviv on 30 May 2018.  Roberto's mother, María Rosa Carnicer, died in December 2019, a year after being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Career statistics.

International goals.

(Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each S. Roberto goal)

Honours.

Club.

Barcelona

International.

Spain U17

Sergi Roberto Carnicer (, born 7 February 1992) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Barcelona and the Spain national team. Mainly a central midfielder, he can also operate as a full-back, defensive midfielder or winger.

Sergi Roberto Carnicer (* 7. Februar 1992 in Reus, Provinz Tarragona) ist ein spanischer Fußballspieler. Der Mittelfeldspieler spielt beim FC Barcelona.


Education.

Srinivasan was born in India on February 28, 1929. Srinivasan received both bachelor's and master's degrees in science from the University of Madras, in 1949 and 1950. In 1953 he moved to the United States to attend graduate school. He earned a doctorate in physical chemistry at the University of Southern California in 1956, studying protein chemistry with chemical kineticist Sidney W. Benson. He held postdoctoral positions at the California Institute of Technology in 1956, and at the University of Rochester from 1957 to 1961.

Career.

Srinivasan has spent a thirty-year career, from 1961 to 1990, at IBM's T. J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. He joined the research staff in 1961, and was promoted to "manager of fundamental photochemical research" in 1963. His research group has studied ultraviolet light and its effects on organic matter.  In 1981, Srinivasan and his coworkers determined that an ultraviolet excimer laser could be used to etch designs into polymers. The technique has since been used in the computer industry to drill polymers to create computer circuit boards and ink jet printer nozzles.  Srinivasan, physicist James J. Wynne and materials scientist Samuel Blum speculated that it might also be possible to use excimer lasers on living tissue. On November 27, 1981, Srinivasan experimented with the remains of his family's Thanksgiving turkey, and proved that it was possible to create precisely-etched patterns. An ultraviolet excimer laser pulsed at 193 nm was able to etch living tissue precisely without causing any thermal damage to surrounding area. Srinivasan named the technique Ablative Photodecomposition (APD), a type of Laser ablation.  In 1983, ophthalmic surgeon Stephen Trokel approached Srinivasan about the possibility of using APD for surgery of the cornea. The collaboration of Srinivasan, Trokel, and Bodil Braren led to development of LASIK eye surgery, a technique for reshaping the cornea to correct visual issues such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. In 1995, a commercial system for laser refractive surgery was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.  Srinivasan has published over 130 scientific papers and holds at least 22 US patents. A patent application filed by Stephen Trokel in 1992, claiming a LASIK surgery technique as his sole invention, was declared invalid in 2000 by an International Trade Commission ruling that found that Srinivasan should have been included as a co-author.  In 1990, Srinivasan formed a consulting company, UVTech Associates.

Awards.

In 1997, Srinivasan was awarded the American Chemical Society's Award for Creative Invention, and the ACS North East Section's Esselen Medal.  In 1998, Srinivasan was awarded the Max Delbruck Prize in Biological Physics by the American Physical Society.  In 1999, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.  In 2002, he was inducted into the US National Inventors Hall of Fame.  In 2004, he received the Prize for Industrial Applications of Physics from the American Institute of Physics.  In 2011, Srinivasan, Wynne, and Blum received the Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize from Ohio University and the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for their work, "a bioengineering achievement that significantly improves the human condition."  In 2012, Srinivasan, Wynne, and Blum were named as recipients of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation. The award was presented on February 1, 2013 by President Barack Obama, to acknowledge their work with the Excimer laser, leading to the development of LASIK Surgery.

Rangaswamy Srinivasan (born February 28, 1929, Madras, India) is a physical chemist and inventor with a 30-year career at IBM Research. He has developed techniques for ablative photodecomposition and used them to contribute to the development of LASIK eye surgery. He received the National Medal of Technology from President Obama on February 2, 2013 for his contributions to laser eye surgery.

Rangaswamy Srinivasan (* 28. Februar 1929 in Madras) ist ein indisch-US-amerikanischer Physiker, Erfinder und Unternehmer. Srinivasan studierte an der University of Madras Chemie (B.Sc. in Chemie, M.Sc. in Physikalischer Chemie). 1953 kam er als Graduate Student in die USA und erwarb seinen Ph.D. an der University of Southern California mit einer Dissertation über Proteinchemie bei Sidney Benson. Als Postdoktorand arbeitete dann 1956 am California Institute of Technology und 1957–61 an der University of Rochester. 1961–1990 leitete er eine Gruppe am IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. Seit 1990 leitet er das von ihm gegründete Unternehmen "UVTech Associates", das Beratung zu Lasern und Laseranwendungen anbietet.


Origin.

According to George Reisner (who published plates of the papyrus in 1905), the Hearst Papyrus was received in the spring of 1901 at the camp of the Hearst Expedition in Egypt from a peasant of the nearby village of Deir el-Ballas, as a thank-you for being allowed to take fertilizer from their dump-heaps. It was later named after Phoebe Hearst (the mother of William Randolph Hearst, the newspaper magnate) who funded much of that expedition carried out by the University of California.  The papyrus has been dated to the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, around the time of pharaoh Tuthmosis III. The text is believed to have been composed earlier, during the Middle Kingdom, around 2000 BC., it is kept in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.  In later years, some doubts have been raised about its authenticity. The contents of the papyrus have been studied extensively from the published plates, but the original papyrus had never been carefully examined. As its curator explained in 2003, "the papyrus is in surprisingly good condition. It is almost too good to be true." On the other hand, Reisner had no doubts, writing in 1905, "The roll had not been opened since antiquity as was manifest in the set of the turns, the fine dust, and the casts of insects." To settle the matter, the Bancroft Library has expressed its intention to have the papyrus examined at some point in the future to establish "whether it is indeed real or an almost perfect fake".

Contents.

The Hearst Papyrus is one of the medical papyri of ancient Egypt, which were used to record remedial methods for problems such as headaches and digestive problems. Most papyri also included a section on incantations and magic spells that would be performed on the patient before, during, and after treatment.  The Hearst Papyrus contains 260 paragraphs on 18 columns of medical prescriptions, written in hieratic Egyptian writing. The topics range from "a tooth which falls out" to "remedy for treatment of the lung", but concentrates on treatments for problems dealing with the urinary system, blood, hair, and bites (by human beings, pigs, and hippopotamuses). One incantation deals with the 'Canaanite illness', "when the body is coal-black with charcoal spots", probably tularemia, one of the 'plagues' which helped to unseat the Hyksos.

The Hearst Papyrus, also called the Hearst Medical Papyrus, is one of the medical papyri of ancient Egypt. It was named after Phoebe Hearst. The papyrus contains 18 pages of medical prescriptions written in hieratic Egyptian writing, concentrating on treatments for problems dealing with the urinary system, blood, hair, and bites. It is dated to the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. It is considered an important manuscript, but some doubts persist about its authenticity.

Der Papyrus Hearst ist ein altägyptischer medizinischer Papyrus. Er enthält viele Parallelen zum Papyrus Ebers, jedoch auch Rezepte gegen neue, zum Teil unbekannte Krankheiten wie z. B. die „"Asiaten-Krankheit"“ (Lepra oder Beulenpest).


Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011

Before Eurovision.

Rumours about return.

Some days after the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 rumours about Austria's return to Eurovision were spread. These rumours were confirmed by ORF in the end of July 2010.

Düsseldorf - wir kommen!

ORF and radio station Hitradio Ö3 cooperated to find the artists for the national final. From October until 10 December, Austrians were invited to nominate artists that could represent their country.  Every nomination had to be backed by at least 33 people. From the admitted artists, a jury decided which 30 artists were to proceed to the online voting to be held in January 2011. Those artists receiving the most votes were asked to participate in the national final on 25 February 2011, where televoting decided the Austrian Eurovision entry.  Among the candidates admitted by ORF to the selection process were several former Eurovision representatives and talent show winners as well as other well-known Austrian artists : Alkbottle, Excuse Me Moses, Louie Austen, Luttenberger*Klug, as well as Nadine Beiler and Oliver Wimmer, winners of seasons 3 and 4 of the talent show "Starmania" respectively. The entrepreneur and 1998 presidential candidate Richard Lugner also took part in the selection. Former Eurovision participants admitted to the selection were: Waterloo (Hans Kreuzmayr) as well as Robinson, who represented Austria together as the duo Waterloo & Robinson in the Eurovision Song Contest 1976, Petra Frey (1994), Alf Poier, Austria's representative in 2003, and di Bernando, part of the boyband Tie Break who represented Austria in 2004. Also, the German Got Talent 2010 winner Freddy Sahin-Scholl send a song to ORF. On 3 January, ORF announced the thirty candidates for the online voting.

Online Voting.

The online voting took place from 3 January to 31 January 2011. The top 10 songs, chosen by SMS and jury voting qualified for the final on 25 February 2011. Songs were awarded points based on placing, with the 1st place song getting 1 point, 2nd place getting 2 points etc., therefore the 10 songs with the lowest overall ranking qualified for the final.

Final.

The final was held on 25 February 2011 at the ORF TV Studios in Vienna, hosted by Mirjam Weichselbraun, Robert Kratky and Andi Knoll. The winner was chosen in two rounds of televoting - the first to select the top 3 and the second to select the winner.

At Eurovision.

Austria competed second in the second semi-final of the contest, on 12 May. In the semifinal Nadine placed seventh with 69 points and advanced to the final. In the final on 14 May, Nadine performed eighteenth and placed eighteenth with 64 points.

Austria returned to the Eurovision Song Contest in 2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany, after previously entering in 2007 with Eric Papilaya singing "Get a Life – Get Alive", placing second to last in the semi-final. Austria selected their entry through a televised national final, organised by Austrian broadcaster Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF).

Die Österreichische Vorentscheidung zum Eurovision Song Contest 2011 wurde in einem mehrphasigen Casting unter dem Titel Guten Morgen Düsseldorf veranstaltet. Das Finale "Düsseldorf wir kommen! – Wer fährt zum Song Contest" war am 25. Februar 2011 auf ORF eins zu sehen. Nadine Beiler gewann das Casting und vertrat Österreich beim Eurovision Song Contest 2011, bei dem sie den 18. Platz erreichte.


Effectiveness.

In 2006, the British National Health Service's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) considered evidence of the effectiveness and the potential risks of the laser surgery stating "current evidence suggests that photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors is safe and effective for use in appropriately selected patients. Clinicians undertaking photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors should ensure that patients understand the benefits and potential risks of the procedure. Risks include failure to achieve the expected improvement in unaided vision, development of new visual disturbances, corneal infection and flap complications. These risks should be weighed against those of wearing spectacles or contact lenses." The FDA reports "The safety and effectiveness of refractive procedures has not been determined in patients with some diseases."

Satisfaction.

Surveys of LASIK surgery find rates of patient satisfaction between 92 and 98 percent. In March 2008, the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery published a patient satisfaction meta-analysis of over 3,000 peer-reviewed articles from international clinical journals. Data from a systematic literature review conducted from 1988 to 2008, consisting of 309 peer-reviewed articles about “properly conducted, well-designed, randomized clinical trials" found a 95.4 percent patient satisfaction rate among LASIK patients.  A 2017 JAMA study claims that overall, preoperative symptoms decreased significantly, and visual acuity excelled. A meta-analysis discovered that 97% of patients achieved uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/40, while 62% achieved 20/20. The increase in visual acuity allows individuals to enter occupations that were previously not an option due to their vision.

Dissatisfaction.

Some people with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced quality of life because of vision problems or physical pain associated with the surgery. A small percentage of patients may need to have another surgery because their condition is over- or under-corrected. Some patients need to wear contact lenses or glasses even after treatment.  The most common reason for dissatisfaction in LASIK patients is chronic severe dry eye. Independent research indicates 95% of patients experience dry eye in the initial post-operative period. This number has been reported to up to 60% after one month. Symptoms begin to improve in the vast majority of patients in the 6 to 12 months following the surgery. However, 30% of post-LASIK referrals to tertiary ophthalmology care centers have been shown to be due to chronic dry eye.  Morris Waxler, a former FDA official who was involved in the approval of LASIK, has subsequently criticized its widespread use. In 2010, Waxler made media appearances and claimed that the procedure had a failure rate greater than 50%. The FDA responded that Waxler's information was "filled with false statements, incorrect citations" and "mischaracterization of results".  A 2016 JAMA study indicates that the prevalence of complications from LASIK are higher than indicated, with the study indicating many patients wind up with glare, halos or other visual symptoms. Forty-three percent of participants in a JAMA study (published in 2017) reported new visual symptoms they had not experienced before.

Presbyopia.

A type of LASIK, known as presbyLasik, may be used in presbyopia. Results are, however, more variable and some people have a decrease in visual acuity.

Risks.

Higher-order aberrations.

Higher-order aberrations are visual problems that require special testing for diagnosis and are not corrected with normal spectacles (eyeglasses). These aberrations include'starbursts', 'ghosting', 'halos' and others. Some patients describe these symptoms post-operatively and associate them with the LASIK technique including the formation of the flap and the tissue ablation.  There is a correlation between pupil size and aberrations. This correlation may be the result of irregularity in the corneal tissue between the untouched part of the cornea and the reshaped part. Daytime post-LASIK vision is optimal, since the pupil size is smaller than the LASIK flap.  Others propose that higher-order aberrations are present preoperatively. They can be measured in micrometers (μm) whereas the smallest laser-beam size approved by the FDA is about 1000 times larger, at 0.65 mm. In situ keratomileusis effected at a later age increases the incidence of corneal higher-order wavefront aberrations. These factors demonstrate the importance of careful patient selection for LASIK treatment.

Dry eyes.

95% of patients report dry-eye symptoms after LASIK.Although it is usually temporary, it can develop into chronic and severe dry eye syndrome. Quality of life can be severely affected by dry-eye syndrome.  Underlying conditions with dry eye such as Sjögren's syndrome are considered contraindications to Lasik.  Treatments include artificial tears, prescription tears, and punctal occlusion. Punctal occlusion is accomplished by placing a collagen or silicone plug in the tear duct, which normally drains fluid from the eye. Some patients complain of ongoing dry-eye symptoms despite such treatments and dry-eye symptoms may be permanent.

Halos.

Some post-LASIK patients see halos and starbursts around bright lights at night. At night, the pupil may dilate to be larger than the flap leading to the edge of the flap or stromal changes causing visual distortion of light that does not occur during the day when the pupil is smaller. The eyes can be examined for large pupils pre-operatively and the risk of this symptom assessed.  Complications due to LASIK have been classified as those that occur due to preoperative, intraoperative, early postoperative, or late postoperative sources: According to the UK National Health Service complications occur in fewer than 5% of cases.

FDA's position.

In October 2009, the FDA, the National Eye Institute (NEI), and the Department of Defense (DoD) launched the LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP) to help better understand the potential risk of severe problems that can result from LASIK in response to widespread reports of problems experienced by patients after LASIK laser eye surgery. This project examined patient-reported outcomes with LASIK (PROWL). The project consisted of three phases: pilot phase, phase I, phase II (PROWL-1) and phase III (PROWL-2). The last two phases were completed in 2014.  The results of the LASIK Quality of Life Study were published in October 2014. The FDA's director of the Division of Ophthalmic Devices, said about the LASIK study "Given the large number of patients undergoing LASIK annually, dissatisfaction and disabling symptoms may occur in a significant number of patients". Also in 2014, FDA published an article highlighting the risks and a list of factors and conditions individuals should consider when choosing a doctor for their refractive surgery.

Contraindications.

Not everyone is eligible to receive LASIK. Severe keratoconus or thin corneas may disqualify patients from LASIK, though other procedures may be viable options. Those with Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy, corneal epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, retinal tears, autoimmune diseases, severe dry eyes, and significant blepharitis should be treated before consideration for LASIK. Women who are pregnant or nursing are generally not eligible to undergo LASIK.  Large Pupils: These can cause symptoms such as glare, halos, starbursts, and ghost images (double vision) after surgery. Because the laser can only work a section of the eye, the outer ring of the eye is left uncorrected. At night or when dark, a patient's eyes dilate and thus the uncorrected outer section of the eye and the inner corrected section, create the problems.

Process.

The planning and analysis of corneal reshaping techniques such as LASIK have been standardized by the American National Standards Institute, an approach based on the Alpins method of astigmatism analysis. The FDA website on LASIK states,  The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.

Preoperative procedures.

Contact lenses.

Patients wearing soft contact lenses are instructed to stop wearing them 5 to 21 days before surgery. One industry body recommends that patients wearing hard contact lenses should stop wearing them for a minimum of six weeks plus another six weeks for every three years the hard contacts have been worn. The cornea is avascular because it must be transparent to function normally. Its cells absorb oxygen from the tear film. Thus, low-oxygen-permeable contact lenses reduce the cornea's oxygen absorption, sometimes resulting in corneal neovascularization—the growth of blood vessels into the cornea. This causes a slight lengthening of inflammation duration and healing time and some pain during surgery, because of greater bleeding. Although some contact lenses (notably modern RGP and soft silicone hydrogel lenses) are made of materials with greater oxygen permeability that help reduce the risk of corneal neovascularization, patients considering LASIK are warned to avoid over-wearing their contact lenses.

Pre-operative examination and education.

In the United States, the FDA has approved LASIK for age 18 or 22 and over because the vision has to stabilize. More importantly the patient's eye prescription should be stable for at least one year prior to surgery. The patient may be examined with pupillary dilation and education given prior to the procedure. Before the surgery, the patient's corneas are examined with a pachymeter to determine their thickness, and with a topographer, or corneal topography machine, to measure their surface contour. Using low-power lasers, a topographer creates a topographic map of the cornea. The procedure is contraindicated if the topographer finds difficulties such as keratoconus The preparatory process also detects astigmatism and other irregularities in the shape of the cornea. Using this information, the surgeon calculates the amount and the location of corneal tissue to be removed. The patient is prescribed and self-administers an antibiotic beforehand to minimize the risk of infection after the procedure and is sometimes offered a short acting oral sedative medication as a pre-medication. Prior to the procedure, anaesthetic eye drops are instilled. Factors that may rule out LASIK for some patients include large pupils, thin corneas and extremely dry eyes.

Operative procedure.

Flap creation.

A soft corneal suction ring is applied to the eye, holding the eye in place. This step in the procedure can sometimes cause small blood vessels to burst, resulting in bleeding or subconjunctival hemorrhage into the white (sclera) of the eye, a harmless side effect that resolves within several weeks. Increased suction causes a transient dimming of vision in the treated eye. Once the eye is immobilized, a flap is created by cutting through the corneal epithelium and Bowman's layer. This process is achieved with a mechanical microkeratome using a metal blade, or a femtosecond laser that creates a series of tiny closely arranged bubbles within the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back, revealing the stroma, the middle section of the cornea. The process of lifting and folding back the flap can sometimes be uncomfortable.

Laser remodeling.

The second step of the procedure uses an excimer laser (193 nm) to remodel the corneal stroma. The laser vaporizes the tissue in a finely controlled manner without damaging the adjacent stroma. No burning with heat or actual cutting is required to ablate the tissue. The layers of tissue removed are tens of micrometers thick.  Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain than the earlier technique, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).  During the second step, the patient's vision becomes blurry, once the flap is lifted. They will be able to see only white light surrounding the orange light of the laser, which can lead to mild disorientation. The excimer laser uses an eye tracking system that follows the patient's eye position up to 4,000 times per second, redirecting laser pulses for precise placement within the treatment zone. Typical pulses are around 1 millijoule (mJ) of pulse energy in 10 to 20 nanoseconds.

Repositioning of the flap.

After the laser has reshaped the stromal layer, the LASIK flap is carefully repositioned over the treatment area by the surgeon and checked for the presence of air bubbles, debris, and proper fit on the eye. The flap remains in position by natural adhesion until healing is completed.

Postoperative care.

Patients are usually given a course of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops. These are continued in the weeks following surgery. Patients are told to rest and are given dark eyeglasses to protect their eyes from bright lights and occasionally protective goggles to prevent rubbing of the eyes when asleep and to reduce dry eyes. They also are required to moisturize the eyes with preservative-free tears and follow directions for prescription drops. Occasionally after the procedure a bandage contact lens is placed to aid the healing, and typically removed after 3–4 days. Patients should be adequately informed by their surgeons of the importance of proper post-operative care to minimize the risk of complications.

Wavefront-guided.

Wavefront-guided LASIK is a variation of LASIK surgery in which, rather than applying a simple correction of only long/short-sightedness and astigmatism (only lower order aberrations as in traditional LASIK), an ophthalmologist applies a spatially varying correction, guiding the computer-controlled excimer laser with measurements from a wavefront sensor. The goal is to achieve a more optically perfect eye, though the final result still depends on the physician's success at predicting changes that occur during healing and other factors that may have to do with the regularity/irregularity of the cornea and the axis of any residual astigmatism. Another important factor is whether the excimer laser can correctly register eye position in 3 dimensions, and to track the eye in all the possible directions of eye movement. If a wavefront guided treatment is performed with less than perfect registration and tracking, pre-existing aberrations can be worsened. In older patients, scattering from microscopic particles (cataract or incipient cataract) may play a role that outweighs any benefit from wavefront correction.  When treating a patient with preexisting astigmatism, most wavefront-guided LASIK lasers are designed to treat regular astigmatism as determined externally by corneal topography. In patients who have an element of internally induced astigmatism, therefore, the wavefront-guided astigmatism correction may leave regular astigmatism behind (a cross-cylinder effect). If the patient has preexisting irregular astigmatism, wavefront-guided approaches may leave both regular and irregular astigmatism behind. This can result in less-than-optimal visual acuity compared with a wavefront-guided approach combined with vector planning, as shown in a 2008 study. Thus, vector-planning offers a better alignment between corneal astigmatism and laser treatment, and leaves less regular astigmatism behind on the cornea, which is advantageous whether irregular astigmatism coexists or not.  The "leftover" astigmatism after a purely surface-guided laser correction can be calculated beforehand, and is called ocular residual astigmatism (ORA). ORA is a calculation of astigmatism due to the noncorneal surface (internal) optics. The purely refraction-based approach represented by wavefront analysis actually conflicts with corneal surgical experience developed over many years.  The pathway to "super vision" thus may require a more customized approach to corneal astigmatism than is usually attempted, and any remaining astigmatism ought to be regular (as opposed to irregular), which are both fundamental principles of vector planning overlooked by a purely wavefront-guided treatment plan. This was confirmed by the 2008 study mentioned above, which found a greater reduction in corneal astigmatism and better visual outcomes under mesopic conditions using wavefront technology combined with vector analysis than using wavefront technology alone, and also found equivalent higher-order aberrations (see below). Vector planning also proved advantageous in patients with keratoconus.  No good data can be found that compare the percentage of LASIK procedures that employ wavefront guidance versus the percentage that do not, nor the percentage of refractive surgeons who have a preference one way or the other. Wavefront technology continues to be positioned as an "advance" in LASIK with putative advantages; however, it is clear that not all LASIK procedures are performed with wavefront guidance.  Still, surgeons claim patients are generally more satisfied with this technique than with previous methods, particularly regarding lowered incidence of "halos," the visual artifact caused by spherical aberration induced in the eye by earlier methods. A meta-analysis of eight trials showed a lower incidence of these higher order aberrations in patients who had wavefront-guided LASIK compared to non-wavefront-guided LASIK. Based on their experience, the United States Air Force has described WFG-Lasik as giving "superior vision results".

Topography-assisted.

Topography-assisted LASIK is intended to be an advancement in precision and reduce night-vision side effects. The first topography-assisted device received FDA approval September 13, 2013.

History.

Barraquer's early work.

In the 1950s, the microkeratome and keratomileusis technique were developed in Bogotá, Colombia, by the Spanish ophthalmologist Jose Barraquer. In his clinic, he would cut thin (one hundredth of a mm thick) flaps in the cornea to alter its shape. Barraquer also investigated how much of the cornea had to be left unaltered in order to provide stable long-term results. This work was followed by that of the Russian scientist, Svyatoslav Fyodorov, who developed radial keratotomy (RK) in the 1970s and designed the first posterior chamber implantable contact lenses (phakic intraocular lens) in the 1980s.

Laser refractive surgery.

In 1980, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, at the IBM Research laboratory, discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could etch living tissue, with precision and with no thermal damage to the surrounding area. He named the phenomenon "ablative photo-decomposition" (APD). Five years later, in 1985, Steven Trokel at the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University in New York City, published his work using the excimer laser in radial keratotomy. He wrote, Together with his colleagues, Charles Munnerlyn and Terry Clapham, Trokel founded VISX USA inc. Marguerite B. MacDonald MD performed the first human VISX refractive laser eye surgery in 1989.

Patent.

A number of patents have been issued for several techniques related to LASIK. Rangaswamy Srinivasan and James Wynne filed a patent application on the ultraviolet excimer laser, in 1986, issued in 1988. In 1989, Gholam A. Peyman was granted a US patent for using an excimer laser to modify corneal curvature. It was, The patents related to so-called broad-beam LASIK and PRK technologies were granted to US companies including Visx and Summit during 1990-1995 based on the fundamental US patent issued to IBM (1988) which claimed the use of UV laser for the ablation of organic tissues.

Implementation in the U.S..

The LASIK technique was implemented in the U.S. after its successful application elsewhere. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) commenced a trial of the excimer laser in 1989. The first enterprise to receive FDA approval to use an excimer laser for photo-refractive keratectomy was Summit Technology (founder and CEO, Dr. David Muller). In 1992, under the direction of the FDA, Greek ophthalmologist Ioannis Pallikaris introduced LASIK to ten VISX centres. In 1998, the "Kremer Excimer Laser", serial number KEA 940202, received FDA approval for its singular use for performing LASIK. Subsequently, Summit Technology was the first company to receive FDA approval to mass manufacture and distribute excimer lasers. VISX and other companies followed. <nowiki> </nowiki>Pallikaris suggested a flap of cornea could be raised by microkeratome prior to the performing of PRK with the excimer laser. The addition of a flap to PRK became known as LASIK.

Further research.

Since 1991, there have been further developments such as faster lasers; larger spot areas; bladeless flap incisions; intraoperative corneal pachymetry; and "wavefront-optimized" and "wavefront-guided" techniques which were introduced by the University of Michigan's Center for Ultrafast Optical Science. The goal of refractive surgery is to avoid permanently weakening the cornea with incisions and to deliver less energy to the surrounding tissues.

Comparison to photorefractive keratectomy.

A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.  A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.

LASIK or Lasik ("laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis"), commonly referred to as laser eye surgery or laser vision correction, is a type of refractive surgery for the correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. LASIK surgery is performed by an ophthalmologist who uses a laser or microkeratome to reshape the eye's cornea in order to improve visual acuity. For most people, LASIK provides a long-lasting alternative to eyeglasses or contact lenses.

Die Laser-in-situ-Keratomileusis (LASIK) ist eine Augenoperation mit dem Excimer-Laser zur Korrektur optischer Fehlsichtigkeiten, die im Gegensatz zur Photorefraktiven Keratektomie (PRK) nicht an der Oberfläche, sondern ausschließlich im inneren (in-situ) Teil der Hornhaut (Stroma) durchgeführt wird, aber seine optische Wirkung an der Oberfläche der Hornhaut entfaltet. Sie ist bei Abwägung der Vor- und Nachteile sowie der im System liegenden Risiken eine Alternative zur Beseitigung der Fehlsichtigkeit durch Brille oder Kontaktlinse. Der Eingriff ist die derzeit verbreitetste Methode innerhalb der refraktiven Chirurgie.