Writing and recording.

"Born in the U.S.A." is composed of twelve tracks, eight from early 1982 (including the "Electric Nebraska" sessions). They are "Born In the U.S.A.", which was completed on May 3, 1982; "Downbound Train", recorded April 28, 1982; "Cover Me", recorded at The Hit Factory, NY on January 25, 1982; "I'm On Fire", recorded at The Power Station on May 11, 1982; "Glory Days", recorded at The Power Station on May 5, 1982; "Darlington County", recorded at The Power Station on May 13, 1982; "Working on the Highway", recorded April 30 and May 6, 1982, and "I'm Going Down", recorded on May 12 or 13, 1982. The four remaining tracks are "No Surrender", recorded October 25–27, 1983; "Bobby Jean" from July 28, 1983; "My Hometown" recorded June 29, 1983, and "Dancing in the Dark", the last to be recorded, on February 14, 1984. The latter was written overnight, after Jon Landau convinced Bruce that the album needed a single. According to Dave Marsh in Glory Days, Bruce was not impressed with Landau's approach. "Look", he snarled, "I've written seventy songs. You want another one, you write it." After blowing off some steam, Bruce came in the next day with the entire song written.  The "Born in the U.S.A." (BITUSA) sessions cover more than two years (January 1982 thru March 1984), and produced approximately eighty songs. It is not accurate to separate these from "Nebraska"; two-thirds of this album was recorded in the same time frame, and consists of the songs that were recorded successfully with the E Street Band during that period (January-May 1982). This encompassed the most prolific point of Springsteen's career, though his output from June 1, 1977 (beginning of Darkness sessions) thru March 1984 (end of these sessions) is astounding. Springsteen spent much of the two years at the home he purchased in the Hollywood Hills area of Los Angeles in 1982, writing songs and recording demos at a home studio constructed by Mike Batlan, his assistant, in November-December 1982. During the BITUSA sessions time frame, Bruce conceived several sequences for proposed albums, but found a reason to scrap every one, until he was finally pressured into releasing BITUSA. Springsteen was recording material in 1982 while "Nebraska" was being prepared for release, and considered combining both sources for a double record release. "I had these two extremely different recording experiences going," he told Mark Hagen in an interview for Mojo magazine published in January 1999. "I was going to put them out at the same time as a double record. I didn't know what to do."  After "Nebraska"s release, and further solo recordings, Springsteen reunited with the E Street Band at The Hit Factory in New York in May 1983. Plans were made to release an album, "Murder Incorporated" in 1983, then scrapped "because it lacked cohesion", according to Springsteen. Finally Jon Landau put enough pressure on Springsteen to get BITUSA released, after the "Dancing in the Dark fight". There are a huge amount of unreleased recordings "in the vaults" from this period, and Springsteen followers are expecting some form of "super box" release, perhaps larger than anything done in the past.

Music and lyrics.

"Born in the U.S.A." showed Springsteen embracing a livelier mainstream sound than on his previous records but continued to express progressive themes and values in his lyrics. According to Roger Scott, it was a "defiantly rock 'n' roll" album, while "Rolling Stone"s Debby Bull said Springsteen incorporated "electronic textures" with music he "kept as its heart all of the American rock & roll from the early Sixties". Music journalist Matty Karas regarded it as "a quintessential pop album that was also a perfect distillation of the anger and bitterness seething beneath the surface of Reagan-era America." Although Springsteen's previous record "Nebraska" had darker songs, he said "Born in the U.S.A." was not entirely different: "If you look at the material, particularly on the first side, it's actually written very much like "Nebraska" – the characters and the stories, the style of writing – except it's just in the rock-band setting." Springsteen considered leaving "No Surrender" off the album, explaining that "you don't hold out and triumph all the time in life.... You compromise, you suffer defeat; you slip into life's gray areas." E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt convinced Springsteen otherwise: "He argued that the portrait of friendship and the song's expression of the inspirational power of rock music was an important part of the picture."  The title track of the album inspired the Annie Leibovitz photo of Springsteen's backside against the backdrop of an American flag, which was used as the album cover. Springsteen commented on the origin of the concept:  Some people thought that the cover depicted Springsteen urinating on the flag. He denied it: "That was unintentional. We took a lot of different types of pictures, and in the end, the picture of my ass looked better than the picture of my face, that's what went on the cover. I didn't have any secret message. I don't do that very much." According to political writer Peter Dreier, the music's "pop-oriented" sound and the marketing of Springsteen as "a heavily muscled rocker with an album cover featuring a giant US flag, may have overshadowed the album's radical politics."

Early configurations.

During May 1982, Springsteen made a decision to release ten of the seventeen songs from his January 1982 solo demo tape as his next official album – quite a radical decision for its time. The E Street Band sessions came to a halt and Springsteen focused his attention for the next couple of months on overseeing final preparations of Nebraska. However, mixing of the band material continued through June, alongside the Nebraska tracks. An album sequence for the band album was compiled, with "Born in the USA", "Murder Incorporated", "Downbound Train", "I'm Goin' Down", "Glory Days", and "My Love Will Not Let You Down" on side one. Side two consisted of "Working on the Highway", "Darlington County", "Frankie", "I'm on Fire", and "This Hard Land". All four songs, with the exception of "Murder Incorporated", were released in the Tracks box set in 1998. As of then, the album was nameless.  Following some low key solo sessions at his home studio in Los Angeles in early 1983, which yielded such songs as "Shut Out the Light" and "Johnny Bye Bye", Springsteen went back to trying to sequence the album. He has mentioned that at one point in early 1983 he even gave consideration to releasing the best of these above-mentioned Los Angeles home studio recordings as a thematic follow-up to the Nebraska album. However, this album concept is not known to have ever been given a working title because Springsteen quickly abandoned the concept. Soon after abandoning the idea of the solo album, brief consideration was given to combining tracks from both band sessions and solo sessions – with a tentative album title of “Murder Inc.”.  A document exists from around March 1983 revealing Springsteen's then-selections for the so-called “Murder Inc.” album, as well his choices for b-sides. This tracklisting appears to have been produced prior to the undertaking of the late-1983 band sessions. Side one consisted of "Born in the USA", "Murder Incorporated", "Downbound Train", "My Love Will Not Let You Down", "Glory Days", and "This Hard Land", while side two consisted of "Johnny Bye Bye", "Frankie", "I'm Goin' Down", "Working on the Highway", and "I'm on Fire". A list of five b-sides was also added, including "Sugarland", "Follow that Dream", "Don't Back Down", "One Love", and "Little Girl (Like You)".

Marketing and sales.

"Born in the U.S.A." became the first compact disc manufactured in the United States for commercial release when CBS and Sony opened its CD manufacturing plant in Terre Haute, Indiana in September 1984. Columbia Records' CDs previously had been imported from Japan. Although Springsteen had been a well-known star for almost 10 years before the album was released, Larry Rodgers from the "Arizona Republic" wrote "it was not until he hit the gym to get buffed up and showed off his rear end in Annie Leibovitz's famous cover photo for "Born in the U.S.A." that he became an American pop icon", touching off a wave of "Bossmania", as author Chris Smith called it. According to Bryan K. Garman, in his book "A Race of Singers – Whitman's Working-Class Hero From Guthrie to Springsteen", this new image helped Springsteen popularize his persona on a new scale, but also brought him a decisive attachment to political and sociocultural issues, in the times when Ronald Reagan was reviving a patriotic pride by reaffirming the values of prosperity, expansion, and world domination of the United States "within a decidedly masculine framework."  "Born in the U.S.A." was the best-selling album of 1985 and proved to be the best-selling record of Springsteen's career. It was promoted with a worldwide concert tour and seven singles that became top-10 hits: "Dancing in the Dark", "Cover Me", "Born in the U.S.A.", I'm on Fire", "Glory Days", "I'm Goin' Down", and "My Hometown". The album debuted at number nine on the "Billboard" 200 during the week of June 23, 1984, and after two weeks, it reached the top of the chart on July 7, staying at number one for seven weeks; it remained on the chart for one hundred forty three weeks. It was also a commercial success in Europe and Oceania; in the United Kingdom the album entered at number two on June 16, and after thirty four weeks, on February 16, 1985, it reached number one and topped the chart for five non consecutive weeks; it was present on the chart for one hundred thirty five weeks. It also topped the album charts in Australia, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.  "Born in the U.S.A" proved to be one of the best-selling albums of all time. It was certified three times platinum by the BPI on July 25, 1985, denoting shipments of 900,000 units in the UK. After the advent of the North American Nielsen SoundScan tracking system in 1991, the album sold an additional 1,463,000 copies, and on April 19, 1995, it was certified fifteen times platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 15,000,000 copies in the US. By 2012, it had sold 30 million copies worldwide.  As "Born in the U.S.A." became a massive commercial success, Springsteen expressed his thoughts on his growing fame in a 1984 interview:

Critical reception.

"Born in the U.S.A." received positive reviews from critics. In a contemporary review for "Rolling Stone", Dave Marsh called it Springsteen's most accessible listen since "Born to Run" (1975) and said that he knew how to incorporate "technopop elements without succumbing to the genre's banalities". The magazine's Debby Miller wrote that Springsteen has set songs that were as well thought-out as "Nebraska" to more sophisticated production and spirited music, and that the four story-driven songs that end each side of the album give it an "extraordinary depth" because of his world-beating lyrics. Robert Hilburn from the "Los Angeles Times" felt that, with the album's "richer" musical settings, Springsteen had succeeded in articulating his message to a wider audience. John Swenson of "Saturday Review" credited him for showing a more disciplined writing style than on his previous albums and for "championing traditional rock values at a time when few newer bands show interest in such a direction". Writing in "The Village Voice", Robert Christgau said Springsteen improved upon his previous work by eschewing dejected themes of nostalgia and losers in favor of tougher lyrics, a sense of humor, and an upbeat worldview more honest than the one-dimensional politics of "Nebraska". He added that the record's vibrant music "reminds me like nothing in years that what teenagers loved about rock and roll wasn't that it was catchy or even rhythmic but that it just plain sounded good". "Born in the U.S.A." was voted the best album of the year in "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1984. Christgau, the poll's creator, also ranked it number one on his list, in 1990 he named it the ninth-best album of the 1980s.  According to "" (1990), "Born in the U.S.A." may have seemed more conservative than Springsteen's previous work but it showed him evolving on what was his "most rhythmically propulsive, vocally incisive, lyrically balanced, and commercially undeniable album". Greg Kot, writing in the "Chicago Tribune", later called it "an 11-million-selling record with a conscience". AllMusic's William Ruhlmann interpreted the album as an apotheosis for Springsteen's reoccurring characters from his past albums and said that "Born in the U.S.A." "marked the first time that Springsteen's characters really seemed to relish the fight and to have something to fight for". Richard Williams was more critical in a retrospective review for "Q" magazine, writing that Springsteen had exaggerated his usual characters and themes in a deliberate attempt at commercial success. Williams added: "The decision by someone who grew up in the '60s to exploit the American flag on the cover and to bury the anti-war message of "Born In The USA" beneath an impenetrable layer of clenched-fist bombast... was, in the era of Reagan and welfare cuts, downright irresponsible."  In 1987, "Born in the U.S.A." was voted the fifth greatest rock album of all time in Paul Gambaccini's "" poll of 81 critics, writers, and radio broadcasters. In 2003, "Rolling Stone" ranked "Born in the U.S.A." number 85 on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and 86 in a 2012 revised list. In 2013, it was named the 428th greatest album in a similar list published by "NME". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".

Legacy.

With "Born in the U.S.A.", Springsteen helped popularize American heartland rock in the mainstream, which allowed for greater success for recording artists such as John Mellencamp, Tom Petty, and Bob Seger. After Mellencamp released his 1985 album "Scarecrow", critics mentioned him alongside Springsteen and also referred to his music as heartland rock.  Springsteen has expressed some mixed feelings about the album, believing that "Nebraska" contains some of his strongest writing, while "Born in the U.S.A." did not necessarily follow suit. The title track "more or less stood by itself", he declared. "The rest of the album contains a group of songs about which I've always had some ambivalence." Even so, and despite describing the album as "grab-bag", he acknowledged its powerful effect on his career, claiming: ""Born in the U.S.A." changed my life and gave me my largest audience. It forced me to question the way I presented my music and made me think harder about what I was doing."  The title track has become one of the most misunderstood songs in popular music. According to Greg Kot and Parker Molloy, the chorus of the song gave the feel of a positive, patriotic anthem, but the lyrics depicted the difficulties and marginalization working-class Vietnam veterans had to face returning to their country. Written during the early 1980s recession in the United States, "the crestfallen verses mock the empty slogan in the chorus", Kot said. Because the lyrics were overlooked, the song was used by politicians during rallies, campaign events, and victory speeches.  Springsteen's manager, Jon Landau, said that there were no plans for the band to celebrate the album's anniversary with a deluxe reissue box set in the manner of previous Springsteen albums. "At least not yet," he added. A full album live performance DVD titled "" was released exclusively through Amazon.com on January 14, 2014 along with a purchase of Springsteen's album, "High Hopes".

Track listing.

All songs are written by Bruce Springsteen.

Personnel.

The E Street Band  Additional musicians  Technical

Born in the U.S.A. is the seventh studio album by American rock singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen. It was released by Columbia Records on June 4, 1984. The album's music was written by Springsteen and recorded with his E Street Band and producers Chuck Plotkin and Jon Landau at The Power Station and The Hit Factory in New York City.

Born in the U.S.A. ist das siebte Studioalbum von Bruce Springsteen. Es wurde 1984 veröffentlicht und ist Springsteens mit Abstand meistverkauftes Album. Es hielt sich unter anderem in den USA, Großbritannien und Deutschland wochenlang auf dem ersten Platz der Charts. In den USA war "Born in the U.S.A." 139 Wochen in den Charts und wurde 15 Millionen Mal verkauft. Die sieben Singles zum Album erreichten alle die Top 10.


Life and career.

Franciscus was born in Clayton, Missouri, to Lorraine (née Grover) and John Allen Franciscus, who was killed in action during World War II. In 1957, Franciscus received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and theatre arts from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he graduated magna cum laude. He was a classmate of Dick Cavett and Bill Hinnant.  His first major role was as Detective Jim Halloran in the half-hour version of ABC's "Naked City". Franciscus guest starred on the CBS military sitcom/drama "Hennesey," starring Jackie Cooper, and on the NBC drama about family conflicts in the American Civil War entitled "The Americans." CBS soon cast him in the lead in the 13-week series "The Investigators," which aired from October 5 to December 28, 1961. He played the insurance investigator Russ Andrews, with James Philbrook as a co-star. Franciscus was also cast in the role of Tom Grover in the 1961 episode "The Empty Heart" of the CBS anthology series, "The DuPont Show with June Allyson." He performed in many feature films and television programs throughout the 1960s and 1970s, preceded by a minor role in an episode of "The Twilight Zone" titled "Judgment Night" in 1959, and a major role in episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents": “Forty detectives later “ in 1960, and "Summer Shade" in 1961. He starred in "I Passed for White" (1960), and in 1963 he appeared as Mike Norris in the episode "Hang By One Hand" on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry, "The Eleventh Hour." He also guest-starred on "Combat!" and "Miracle of the White Stallions". Franciscus may be best-remembered for his title roles in NBC's "Mr. Novak" (1963–65) and ABC's "Longstreet" (1971–72) which included his blind character taking martial arts lessons in Jeet Kune Do from the late Bruce Lee as Li Tsung in four episodes, and for his vocal performance in the big-screen version of "Jonathan Livingston Seagull" (1973). Along with Lloyd Bridges, he served as host of the syndicated real-life adventure series "Waterworld", which aired from 1972 to 1975. In 1977, he starred in his fifth television series, the short-lived "Hunter" (as a secret agent).  He was also frequently seen in feature films of the 1960s and 1970s such as "Youngblood Hawke," "Snow Treasure," "The Amazing Dobermans," "Marooned," "Beneath the Planet of the Apes," "City on Fire," "When Time Ran Out", "The Valley of Gwangi", and "The Greek Tycoon". Over the years, Franciscus found film work with Italian cinema. In 1971, he accepted the lead role in Dario Argento's second film, "The Cat o' Nine Tails". In 1979, he appeared in Antonio Margheriti's "Killer Fish", and in 1980 he starred in director Enzo G. Castellari's "Jaws"-inspired "Great White" (aka "The Last Shark"). He continued appearing in roles on the screen and television. When less important roles were offered, Franciscus turned to writing screenplays and producing. In 1991, the year of his death, he worked as an associate producer and screenwriter on the movie "29th Street" starring Anthony LaPaglia and Danny Aiello; it was his final project.

Personal life.

On March 28, 1960, Franciscus married Kathleen "Kitty" Wellman, the daughter of film director William A. Wellman. They had four childrenJamie, Kellie, Korie, and Jolie. After the couple's divorce he married Carla Ankney in 1980. They were still married at the time of Franciscus' 1991 death from emphysema in North Hollywood, California, at 57.

James Grover Franciscus (January 31, 1934 – July 8, 1991) was an American actor, known for his roles in feature films and in four television series: "Mr. Novak", "The Naked City", "The Investigators", and "Longstreet".

James Grover Franciscus (* 31. Januar 1934 in Clayton, Missouri; † 8. Juli 1991 in North Hollywood, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Filmschauspieler und Filmproduzent.


Establishment.

Based on passages in the "Records of the Grand Historian", the academy is generally credited to King Xuan and given a foundation date around 318 BC. However, Xu Gan credited the academy to King Xuan's grandfather, Duke Huan, and Sima Qian's passages are consistent with King Xuan having restored rather than established the institution. Although the academy has been summarized as "the first time on record a state began to act as a patron of scholarship out of the apparent conviction that this was a proper function of the state", others argue that the "Huanglao" political theories and the prestige produced by the project were undertaken merely to bolster the Tian clan's legitimacy following Duke Tai's overthrow of Qi's previous Jiang dynasty and Duke Huan's execution of his brother, nephew, and mother.

Importance.

Scholars including the most renowned of the era came from great distances to lodge in the academy: the Taoist philosophers Tian Pia, Shen Dao, Peng Meng, and possibly Zhuangzi; Zou Yan, the founder of the School of Naturalists; the Mohist philosopher Song Xing; and the Confucian philosophers Mencius, Xun Zi, and Chunyu Kun. The famous scenes of the "Mencius" dealing with King Xuan arose from the philosopher's time at the academy. The Jixia Academy was also the original center of the "Huanglao" school and was involved with the compilation of the "Guanzi" essay "Neiye" "Inward Training" that is the oldest received writing concerning "cultivation of qi" and meditation. Some have argued it was the probable location for the editing and redaction that produced the current "Tao Teh Ching".  The academy was popular not only because of the mansions and stipends provided, but because of the honors bestowed by King Xuan: the chief scholar held the rank of "Grand Prefect" and other leaders of the academy were called "Master" (, "xiānshēng") and honored as if they were high ministers of state (, "shàngdàifū") rather than lowly scholar gentry and they were exempt from corvee. According to the anti-Confucian chapter eleven of Discourses on Salt and Iron (81 BC), "King Xuan of Qi appreciated the scholars and their teachings. Mencius, Chunyu Kun, and others neglected the high offices they were given, preferring to make speeches about affairs of state. There were more than one thousand of these scholars disputing at the Jixia Academy in Qi. You admit that people like Gongsun Hong were everywhere then."

Legacy.

The Jixia Academy thrived until the reign of King Min. In 284 BC, it was scattered by Yan's sack of Linzi. However, Sima Qian credited its example with the creation of other academies, particularly those of the Four Lords: Lord Mengchang's within Qi, as well as Lord Pingyuan's in Zhao, Lord Chunshen's in Chu, and Lord Xinling's in Wei. In Qin, the chancellor Lü Buwei supported thousands of scholars between 250 and 238 BC.

The Jixia Academy or Academy of the Gate of Chi was a scholarly academy during the Warring States period. It was located in Linzi, the capital of Qi (present-day Shandong). The academy took its name from its position outside the city's western gate, named for the harvest god Ji.

Die Jixia-Akademie () aus dem alten Staat Qi auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Provinz Shandong in China war vom Ende des 4. Jahrhunderts v. u. Z. bis 221 v. u. Z. (als Qi vom Staat Qin erobert wurde) das geistige Zentrum der Zeit der Streitenden Reiche.


History.

Alternative TV were formed by Mark Perry, the founding editor of "Sniffin' Glue", a punk fanzine, with Alex Fergusson. The name is a play on the name of Associated Television, a British broadcaster also known as ATV. Early rehearsals took place at Throbbing Gristle's Industrial Records studio with Genesis P-Orridge on drums (recordings from this period appeared, long afterwards, on the "Industrial Sessions" CD). The band's first live appearance was in Nottingham supporting The Adverts.  The band's debut on record was "Love Lies Limp", a free flexi disc issued with the final edition of Perry's "Sniffin' Glue" fanzine. For their first two singles Perry and Fergusson were accompanied by drummer John Towe (ex-Generation X) and Tyrone Thomas on bass; Towe later left to join The Rage and was replaced by Chris Bennett. This line-up was the most straightforwardly 'punk' version of ATV, although they combined short, fast songs with extended pieces such as "Alternatives to NATO", in which Perry read an anarchist political text and envisaged the possibility of a Soviet invasion of Britain. Shortly afterwards they released the "How Much Longer"/"You Bastard" 7" in December 1977. The A-side was a pointed critique of punk style: "How much longer will people wear/Nazi armbands and dye their hair?"  At the end of 1977, Perry sacked his chief collaborator and co-writer Fergusson. The latter went on to form the short-lived Cash Pussies and, a few years later, Psychic TV along with Genesis P-Orridge. Tyrone Thomas switched to guitar, later replaced by Kim Turner, while Dennis Burns joined on bass. A dub-influenced single, "Life After Life", was released, followed by the band's debut album, "The Image Has Cracked", both featuring Jools Holland guesting on piano.  By the end of 1978, only Perry and Burns remained from the previous line-up, although ATV used additional musicians live and in the studio. The band's second album, "Vibing Up the Senile Man (Part One)", saw the band take a more explicitly experimental direction, which alienated both the music press and audiences. A recording of one gig which ended in a violent stage invasion can be heard on the cassette-only release "Scars on Sunday". A live LP was released, documenting their tour with commune-dwelling progressive band Here & Now, marking the band's further movement away from the punk/new wave scene. A final single "The Force Is Blind" featured Anno from Here and Now on additional vocals.  Alternative TV soon evolved into the avant-garde project The Good Missionaries (taking the name from a track on the "Vibing" album), releasing one live album, "Fire From Heaven", in 1979. Perry also joined the experimental duo The Door and the Window, releasing some EPs and a studio album, "Detailed Twang". The following year, Perry released a solo album, "Snappy Turns", before he, Burns and Fergusson briefly reformed Alternative TV along with former members of Fergusson's Cash Pussies in 1981. The reconstituted ATV released one album, "Strange Kicks", a venture into light pop songs unlike any of their previous work, produced by Richard Mazda. The album was indifferently received, while a contemporary review by AllMusic panned the album, writing that the record, along with ATV's later work, "[falls] a little flat amidst the confusion and veer[s] closer to the new wave sound than most punks would dare to venture."  From 1981 to 1982 Perry had a new project, The Reflections, a band with Nag from The Door and the Window, Karl Blake (of Lemon Kittens) and Grant Showbiz, among others. They released one album, "Slugs and Toads", and a single, "4 Countries", before disintegrating.  Perry reformed ATV in 1985. This line up started with Karl Blake, Steve Cannell and Allison Philips. Martin 'Protag' Neish and then Clive Giblin featured later on guitar and ATV released further records over the following decade with varying line-ups, Perry being the only constant member. Another line-up followed with James Kyllo, Steve Cannell and Dave Morgan, which led to the release of "Sol" and "Dragon Love".  ATV's last studio album for over a decade, "Revolution", was released in 2001, followed in 2003 by the official bootleg album "Viva La Rock'n' Roll" – consisting of live performances recorded in the UK, France, Germany and the US. In 2004, Perry recorded the Ramones song "Now I Wanna Sniff Some Glue" for a single and an Argentinian Ramones tribute album.  Their first studio album in fourteen years, "Opposing Forces", was released through Lost Moment/Public Domain on 10 July 2015.

Legacy.

Unrecorded-at-the-time ATV lyric "Urban Kids" was released as a single by Chelsea in 1977. The Chameleons regularly closed their gigs with a cover of "Splitting in 2". Savage Republic covered "Viva La Rock n' Roll" on their 1988 LP "Jamahiriya Democratique et Populaire de Sauvage". Thee Headcoats recorded "Action Time Vision" for a single in 1993. Wild Billy Childish and the Musicians of the British Empire covered "Date With Doug" on their 2007 debut album.

Alternative TV (sometimes known as ATV) are an English band formed in London in 1977. Author Steve Taylor writes: "Alternative TV pioneered reggae rhythms in punk and then moved on to redefine the musical rules".

Alternative TV, abgekürzt ATV, war eine Punk-Band aus London, die ursprünglich von 1976 bis 1979 bestand, aber später noch zweimal neu gegründet wurde. Gründer aller drei Formationen war Mark Perry ("Sniffin’ Glue"-Fanzine). Ein weiterer Protagonist der Band in ihrer ersten Periode in den 1970ern war der Gitarrist Alex Fergusson, der auch an der Neugründung 1981 beteiligt war. Die Musik der Gruppe war generell experimentierfreudiger als die Masse der Bands des Genres und wird deshalb heute dem Art-Punk zugeordnet. Als Einflüsse nannten Fergusson und Perry den Reggae und die deutsche Band "Can".


History.

After 1870 and the unification of Italy, the corps was confined to Vatican City where they performed ceremonial functions as a guard of honor. The Palatine Guard were usually seen either when the Pope was in Saint Peter's Square, or when a head of state or other important visitors were received by the Pope. Members of the corps were part-time volunteers, who were not paid for their service, though they received an allowance for replacement or repair of their uniforms. The unit lacked modern weapons and the guardsmen received little training beyond drill in marching and presenting arms. The corps was also the only one in the service of the Vatican to have a full military band.  The Second World War was a high point in the history of the Palatine Guard. In September 1943, when German troops occupied Rome in response to Italy's conclusion of an armistice with the Allies, the Guard was given the responsibility of protecting Vatican City, various Vatican properties in Rome, and the Pope's summer villa at Castel Gandolfo. The guardsmen (mainly Roman shop keepers and office clerks) whose service had previously been limited to standing in ranks and presenting arms at ceremonial occasions, now found themselves patrolling the walls, gardens and courtyards of Vatican City and standing guard at the entrances to papal buildings around the Eternal City. On more than one occasion this service resulted in violent confrontations with Italian Fascist police units working with the German authorities to arrest political refugees who were hiding in buildings protected by the Vatican. At the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 the Palatine Guard mustered some 500 men, but the German occupation required the recruitment of additional personnel. By the liberation of Rome in June 1944 the corps had grown to 2,000 men, but at the end of the war the majority of these men left the Pope's service and the unit returned to its pre-war force level.

Uniform.

Throughout most of its history the Palatine Guard wore a nineteenth-century uniform comprising a shako or kepi, dark blue tunic and light blue trousers. During World War II armed members of the Guard undertook patrols and guard duty in a practical field uniform consisting of grey overalls and red beret.

Disbandment.

The corps, along with the Papal Gendarmerie and the Noble Guard, was abolished on 14 September 1970 by Pope Paul VI as part of the reforms of the Church following the Second Vatican Council. Before it stood down it was transformed into the Papal Honor Guard ("Guardia d'Onore del Papa"). Former guardsmen were invited to join a new group called the (), whose statutes were approved by the Pope on 24 April 1971. This civilian association supports charitable, educational, and religious programs in Rome.

The Palatine Guard () was a military unit of the Vatican. It was formed in 1850 by Pope Pius IX, who ordered that the two militia units of the Papal States be amalgamated. The corps was formed as an infantry unit, and took part in watch-keeping in Rome. The only occasion on which it saw active service was during the token resistance on 20 September 1870 to the occupation of Rome by Italian government troops.

Die Palatingarde (it. "Guardia palatina d'onore") war neben der Schweizergarde, der Nobelgarde und dem Gendarmeriekorps der Vatikanstadt eine der vier päpstlichen Garden.


Life.

Early life.

Knox-Johnston was born in Putney in London, his birth was registered in Wandsworth, in 1939. He was the eldest child of David R Knox-Johnston (1910-1970) and Elizabeth Magill née Cree (1908-1977), who were married in Tring, in 1937.  Knox-Johnston was educated at the Berkhamsted boys' school. From 1957 to 1968, he served in the Merchant Navy and the Royal Naval Reserve. In 1965, he sailed his William Atkins design ketch Suhaili from Bombay to England. Her design is based on the Norwegian sailing lifeboat designs of Colin Archer.  Due to a lack of money he had to interrupt his voyage for work in South Africa as Master of a coaster and stevedoring and was only able to complete it in 1967. In 1968, he was one of nine sailors who attempted to achieve the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world in the "Sunday Times"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Golden Globe race. He was the third sailor to start the race, and the only one to complete the voyage.

Family.

In early 1962, in Cambridge, he married Suzanne (Sue) Singer, whom he had known from the age of eight; they had one daughter, Sara, who was born in Bombay whilst he was at sea. His wife left him when he proposed taking her and the child back to England in his new boat "Suhaili", and they were divorced in 1967. However, in 1972 they remarried in Winchester, and now have five grandchildren, Florence, Oscar, Xavier, Ralph, and Valentine. Sue died in 2003.

Circumnavigation of the Earth.

On 14 June 1968 Knox-Johnston left Falmouth in his 32-foot (9.8-metre) boat "Suhaili", one of the smallest boats to enter the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race. Despite losing his self-steering gear off Australia, he rounded Cape Horn on 17 January 1969, 20 days before his closest competitor Bernard Moitessier. Moitessier had sailed from Plymouth more than two months after Knox-Johnston, but he subsequently abandoned the race and instead sailed on to Tahiti. The other seven competitors dropped out at various stages, leaving Knox-Johnston to win the race and become officially the first person to circumnavigate the globe non-stop and single-handed on 22 April 1969, the day he returned to Falmouth. Knox-Johnston donated his prize money for fastest competitor, a sum of £5,000, to the family of Donald Crowhurst, another competitor in the race who had committed suicide after attempting to fake his round the world voyage.  In recognition of his achievement, he was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

Further exploits.

In 1970 (with Leslie Williams) and in 1974 (with Gerry Boxall), Knox-Johnston won the two-handed Round Britain Race. Knox-Johnston, Williams and their crew, which included Peter Blake, took line honours of the 1971 Cape Town to Rio Race. Williams and Knox-Johnston jointly skippered (with Blake a crew member again) maxi yacht Heath's Condor in the 1977 Whitbread Round the World Race. They took the line honours in the second and fourth leg, the ones which Knox-Johnston skippered.  Knox-Johnston and Blake (who acted as co-skippers) won the Jules Verne Trophy for the fastest circumnavigation in 1994. Their time was 74 days 22 hours 18 minutes and 22 seconds. It was their second attempt to win this prize after their first one in 1992 had to be aborted when their catamaran "Enza" hit an object which tore a hole in the starboard hull.  From 1992 to 2001, Knox-Johnston was president of the Sail Training Association. During his tenure the money was collected to replace the STA's vessels "Sir Winston Churchill" and "Malcolm Miller" with the new, larger brigs "Prince William" and "Stavros S. Niarchos". He was trustee of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich from 1992 to 2002 and still is trustee of the National Maritime Museum – Cornwall at Falmouth, where Suhaili is berthed today. The yacht has been refitted and took part in the Round the Island Race in June 2005.  He was created a knight bachelor in 1995.  In 1996, Knox-Johnston established the first Clipper Round the World Yacht Race and has since worked with the Clipper Ventures company as chairman to progress the race to higher levels every year. It is perhaps his greatest achievement to have introduced so many people to competitive sailing via their involvement in Clipper Ventures.  He completed his second solo circumnavigation of the world in the yacht "Saga Insurance "on 4 May 2007, finishing in fourth place in the Velux 5 Oceans Race. At 68 he was the oldest competitor in the race.  In late 2008 and early 2009, Knox-Johnston took part in a BBC programme called "Top Dogs: Adventures in War, Sea and Ice". The programme saw him unite with fellow British legends Sir Ranulph Fiennes, the adventurer, and John Simpson, the BBC world affairs editor. The team went on three trips, each experiencing each other's adventure field. The first episode, aired on 27 March 2009, saw Knox-Johnston, Fiennes and Simpson go on a potentially very dangerous news-gathering trip to Afghanistan. The team reported from the legendary Khyber Pass and infamous Tora Bora mountain complex. The three also undertook a voyage around Cape Horn and an expedition hauling sledges across the deep-frozen Frobisher Bay in the far north of Canada.  Having served two years as president of The Cruising Association, Knox-Johnston is now the association's patron. He is also a past-president of the Little Ship Club.  In November 2014, Knox-Johnston, at age 75, finished the solo transatlantic race the Route du Rhum in third place in the Rhum class. He crossed the finish line on his Open 60 Grey Power at Pointe à Pitre at 16:52 hours local time/20:52 hours GMT after 20 days, 7 hours, 52 minutes and 22 seconds at sea.  During the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic, Knox-Johnston was one of several notable figures interviewed by "The Guardian" about their experiences with social isolation.

Sir William Robert Patrick Knox-Johnston (born 17 March 1939) is a British sailor. In 1969, he became the first person to perform a single-handed non-stop circumnavigation of the globe. Along with Sir Peter Blake, he won the second Jules Verne Trophy, for which they were also named the ISAF Yachtsman of the Year award. In 2007, at the age of 67, he set a record as the oldest yachtsman to complete a round the world solo voyage in the Velux 5 Oceans Race.

Sir William Robin Knox-Johnston, CBE (* 17. März 1939 in Putney, London) war der erste Mensch, der im Einhandsegeln nonstop die Welt umsegelte.


Plot.

The Titans are a pantheon of gods who ruled prior to the Olympians, and are now destined to fall. They include Saturn (king of the gods), Ops (his wife), Thea (his sister), Enceladus (god of war), (in Greek mythology, a Giant rather than a Titan), Oceanus (god of the sea), Hyperion (the god of the sun) and Clymene (a young goddess). The poem opens with Saturn bemoaning the loss of his power, which is being overtaken by Jupiter. Thea leads him to a place where the other Titans sit, similarly miserable, and they discuss whether they should fight back against their conquest by the new gods (the Olympians). Oceanus declares that he is willing to surrender his power to Neptune (the new god of the sea) because Neptune is more beautiful (this is worth bearing in mind in relation to the Romantic idea that beauty is paramount). Clymene describes first hearing the music of Apollo, which she found beautiful to the point of pain (another Romantic idea). Finally, Enceladus makes a speech encouraging the Titans to fight.  Meanwhile, Hyperion's palace is described, and we first see Hyperion himself, the only Titan who is still powerful. He is addressed by Uranus (old god of the sky, father of Saturn), who encourages him to go to where Saturn and the other Titans are. We leave the Titans with the arrival of Hyperion, and the scene changes to Apollo (the new sun god, also god of music, civilisation and culture) weeping on the beach. Here Mnemosyne (goddess of memory) encounters him and he explains to her the cause of his tears: he is aware of his divine potential, but as yet unable to fulfill it. By looking into Mnemosyne's eyes he receives knowledge which transforms him fully into a god.  The poem as usually printed breaks off at this point, in mid-line, with the word "celestial". Keats's friend Richard Woodhouse, transcribing this poem, completed this line as "Celestial Glory dawn'd: he was a god!"

Style.

The language of "Hyperion" is very similar to Milton's, in meter and style. However, his characters are quite different. Although Apollo falls into the image of the "Son" from "Paradise Lost" and of "Jesus" from "Paradise Regained", he does not directly confront Hyperion as Satan is confronted. Also, the roles are reversed, and Apollo is deemed as the "challenger" to the throne, who wins it by being more "true" and thus, more "beautiful."

Extract.

From Book I, lines spoken by the Titan Hyperion:

Later influence.

"Hyperion" has influenced a number of later works:

References.

The following critics have written on "Hyperion" and on Keats' handling of the epic form:

Hyperion is an abandoned epic poem by 19th-century English Romantic poet John Keats. It is based on the Titanomachia, and tells of the despair of the Titans after their fall to the Olympians. Keats wrote the poem from late 1818 until the spring of 1819, when he gave it up as having "too many Miltonic inversions." He was also nursing his younger brother Tom, who died on 1 December 1818 of tuberculosis.

Hyperion ist der Titel eines nicht fertiggestelltes Gedichts des englischen Romantikers und Poeten John Keats. Das Gedicht basiert auf dem Krieg bzw. dem Fall der Titanen aus der griechischen Mythologie. Keats arbeitete von 1818 bis 1819 an dem Gedicht.


Historical context.

The Capitulare de villis is one of several capitularies issued by Carolingian royalty to address the organization and administration of their estates. This document is significant with regards to understanding Carolingian culture, administrative, and social-reform programs. Capitulare de villis along with 254 other manuscripts at the Herzog August Library in Germany are the only surviving administrative documents from Charlemagne's reign discussing detailed estate management and revenue collection.  The capitulary is of disputed origin and was "variously claimed for Fulda or the Rhineland... containing a group of texts associated with the royal court". There were also disputes regarding its publication date and under what circumstances the document was created. The general consensus is that the Capitulare de villis dates back to sometime between the years 771 and 800.  This document was developed in a time of change and transition. As the Carolingian court became a stationary body at a palace, the document was likely created in an effort to manage the logistical difficulties of supplying and maintaining the food and equipment for an administration at some distance from its estates, thereby ensuring that politicians and soldiers would be well provisioned. The amount of detail included in the Capitulare de villis speaks to the king's attention to government and the simplified form of administration at the time. Thus, although the Capitulare de villis is no longer used as a tool to understand the entire economic and social structure of the Carolingian world, it remains an important document for understanding Carolingian material culture and political administration.

Content.

The Capitulare de villis is not arranged in any logical order but instead jumps between different topics throughout the course of the document's seventy chapters. Topics were not treated equally by the author as some are longer and go into more detail than others. The text is much more specific in regard to crops and animals and tends to become more vague in regard to everyday care of livestock such as chickens and other less prevalent material.

Duties and administration.

The majority of the Capitulare de villis is given over to describing the duties of the "iudex", "an official tasked with the care of royal properties or the duties of their subordinates". It is mandated that "each steward shall perform his service in full, according to his instructions". The document includes many duties including warning officials against corruption, protection of the properties from being stolen, fairly prosecuting criminals, and presenting the king with certain items once annually. The most important duty described in this document, however, was creating an accurate inventory and facilitating the transportation of an estate's food, money, and goods to the Carolingian court.  As a whole, the document "lays administrative groundwork for the court to effectively manage royal properties and secure income for the palace from a distance". In terms of administering royal properties, the description of which takes up a sizable amount of space in the Capitulare de villis, the text outlines supplying various estate buildings and properties and caring for livestock but is noticeably less specific when it came to details in agricultural production, simply stating quotas for some crops rather than methods of growing them.

Justice.

The capitulary makes several mentions of how justice is to be handled on the king's estates in his absence and gives responsibility to the iudices to uphold the law. The text states that "[a]s far as concerns other men, let the stewards be careful to give them the justice to which they have a right, as the law directs". This demonstrates that the iudex was not only a servant to the king in terms of administering his properties but also was the king's representative of sorts when it came to dispensing justice if need be.

Animals.

Care of farm animals such as chickens and cows is stipulated in the Capitulare de villis but the text does not go into much more detail. Much attention is given to the care of puppies and horses to perhaps highlight the importance of these animals to the king in hunting and warfare.

Land and food.

Land use is outlined for the stewards, stating that fish ponds, byres, pigsties, sheepfolds, goat-pens, mills, and barns should all be included in the property. The amount of land that should be protected as forest space and the amount that should be cleared is also stipulated. The capitulary also gives some indication of a system of villae on royal estates kept ready and fully equipped to receive the king. and is designed to guarantee that certain basic necessities were to be found in each of the residences. Thus, the document is necessary to ensure that the estate was prepared at any given time for the king's use and that the land use suited his needs.  In terms of food, less instruction is given in terms of how and where to grow them but the iudex is tasked with ensuring both quantity and quality. Special attention is paid to wine, especially how it should be made and stored. In case of excess production, the "[p]rovision is made for the sale of fish and other goods that are not used because the king did not visit".

Craftsmen and tools.

The capitulary played a role in craftsmanship on the estates, mandating that a certain number of workers of different trades, from blacksmiths to weavers, work on the estate at all times. The Capitulare de villis also refers to providing certain materials for trade, particularly mentioning certain lands that were part of the estate where iron ore could be found and thereby supply blacksmiths with the raw materials for their trade. Workplaces were also mentioned in the document. Facilities where women worked with textiles was mentioned demonstrating a link between the document and the administration of trade.

Historical significance.

Military.

The Capitulare de villis played a role in preparing the king's estates to aid him in the event of military conflict by supplying provisions and materials. Particular reference is made to carts and produce for the army. Ultimately "[t]hese military provisions of the CV were geared towards logistical preparations for campaigns".  Horses and horse breeding were also an important part of these efforts. In order to properly prepare an army for combat, Charlemagne needed war horses as colts on his estates. Special attention was devoted in the capitulary to how horses should be cared for including how they should be bred. Horses were specifically mentioned as items of value that should be included in the annual inventories of the estates.  While the capitulary does not explicitly link horse care and breeding with military action, the fact that provisions for the army are mentioned elsewhere coupled with the care and attention that the text pays to horses, and colts in particular, suggests that there was a certain military focus being considered. Overall, the Capitulare de villis can shed some light on the type of preparations made for military conflict in this period and the pre-emptive consideration that the king put into such endeavours.

Women.

A certain amount of historical evidence regarding the role of women can also be discerned from the Capitulare de villis. Where the text delves into the management of the king's estates, it reveals that his queen would also be expected to take part in these duties. While the document illustrates that the king already had male stewards taking responsibility for much of the managerial upkeep of the estates, it also mentions that the queen has overlapping duties and overarching authority over the operation as a whole including the stewards themselves and could direct their work as she saw fit. Overall, it may be possible to employ what is known about the queen's role from this capitulary in order to gain a better understanding of elite women at this time and the responsibilities they had with regard to family estates.  Considering the position of women and their responsibilities when it came to hospitality in particular may give insight into the ways in which aristocratic women likely controlled or helped to manage the estates. When the capitulary mentions the number of beds and linens among other essentials to be kept on hand, these would have been items that women were especially concerned with due to their role in ensuring the comfort of guests in their home. Furthermore, the Capitulare de villis makes note of the fact that, when the queen sent orders to a steward or any other official on the estate through the butler or seneschal, those orders were meant to be obeyed and the "authority of the queen to give such orders, especially through these two officers, probably derived from her responsibility for the provision of hospitality; her interests extended both to entertaining guests while appropriately displaying the wealth of the family and to providing meat for gathering aristocrats".  Beyond the role of hospitality, the queen also needed to replace the role of the iudex when he was away on business for the king. This extended to ruling on punishment of criminal activity or insubordination on the estate. The text specifies that, in the case of an order by the iudex or those above him not being carried out by his subordinates, the queen had the power to determine a penalty.

Controversy.

The reasons for the creation of the Capitulare de villis are still being debated centuries after its authorship. Some studies of the document have attempted to use particular words and phrases to tie the text to a particular region or person. One study from 1912 attempted to argue that the document was written by Louis the Pious "during his programme of estate reform in Aquitaine in 794, based in particular on its mention of certain plants that grew only in the milder climate of southern France". Another proposed that, due to Charlemagne's tradition of taking action in the form of pen on paper in response to concrete situations, the text might have been created in response to the famine of 792-3. Other reasons that have been put forward for the creation of the Capitulare de villis include an attempt to "improve administration in the kingdom and to end the abuses of the royal treasury and of the king's residences throughout his vast realm" or, conversely, to provide a supply of provisions for the Carolingian army. No single answer has gained the full support of the academic world.

The Capitulare de villis is a text composed in c. 771–800 that guided the governance of the royal estates during the later years of the reign of Charlemagne (c. 768–814). It lists, in no particular order, a series of rules and regulations on how to manage the lands, animals, justice, and overall administration of the king's property and assets. The document was meant to lay out the instructions and criteria for managing Charlemagne's estates and was thus, an important part of his reform of Carolingian government and administration.

Das Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii (Caroli Magni), kurz Capitulare de villis (Karls des Großen) genannt, ist eine Landgüterverordnung, die Karl der Große als detaillierte Vorschrift über die Verwaltung der Krongüter erließ. Dieses Kapitular ist eine berühmte Quelle für die Wirtschafts-, speziell die Agrar- und Gartenbaugeschichte. Der Titel wird oft auch mit "et" statt "vel" und mit "imperialibus" statt "imperii" geschrieben.


Early life.

Hodgman was born and raised in Brookline, Massachusetts, the son of Eileen (née Callahan), a nurse and educator, and John Francis Hodgman, the President and CEO of the Massachusetts Technology Development Corporation and a professor at Tufts University. He attended the Heath School and Brookline High School, where he edited the underground magazine "Samizdat", named for the grassroots dissident publishing movement produced under the Soviet Bloc. During his last year of high school, he hosted the weekly "Radio Consuelo" show on freeform station WMFO in Medford.  In 1994 Hodgman graduated from Yale University with a degree in literature, focusing on literary criticism. Before gaining fame as a writer, Hodgman worked as a literary agent at Writers House in New York City, where he represented Darin Strauss, Deborah Digges, and actor Bruce Campbell, among others. Hodgman has used his experience as an agent in his column “Ask a Former Professional Literary Agent” at "McSweeney's Internet Tendency."

Career.

Hodgman appeared on "The Daily Show" on November 16, 2005, to promote his book, "The Areas of My Expertise." Host Jon Stewart described the book as “very funny” and said that the section on hobo names in particular was written with “a certain kind of genius.” Hodgman has returned to the "Daily Show" numerous times for "resident expert" interview segments, and has been listed on the show's web site as a contributor.  In 2005, Hodgman played a character named "The Deranged Millionaire" in They Might Be Giants's "Venue Songs DVD/CD", narrating in between songs with dialog he co-wrote with the band. The Deranged Millionaire character also appeared on "The Daily Show" on April 2, 2014. He also narrated a number of "Venue Songs"-themed setlists during the band's live shows in 2005, and has introduced the band while in the role of The Deranged Millionaire up to May 16, 2007. Hodgman appeared again with They Might Be Giants on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", on December 11, 2009. Hodgman performed the spoken-word portions of the song "Why Does the Sun Shine?" In February 2006, Hodgman appeared on "Attack of the Show," a show that aired daily on G4, to share some insight with the host and promote his book "The Areas of My Expertise". In this appearance, Hodgman recounted the sad tale of the lobster (which he said were actually a small, furry, extinct species, killed and replaced by the creatures we think of as lobsters today) and brought along Jonathan Coulton, a frequent Hodgman collaborator and musical director of the Little Gray Book lectures. Coulton performed a song called "Furry Old Lobster." Also, on October 18, 2008, Hodgman appeared again on "Attack of the Show" to talk about his newest book, "More Information Than You Require."  Hodgman appeared in the North American Get a Mac advertising campaign for Apple Inc., which ran from May 2006 through 2010. In the ads he plays the personification of a PC alongside his Mac counterpart, played by actor Justin Long. In reality, however, Hodgman himself became a Mac user in 1984.  In 2007, Hodgman appeared in the "Bowie" episode of the HBO television series "Flight of the Conchords." He played the manager of a musical greeting card company who was considering using one of the band's songs for a greeting card.  On October 1, 2008, "Boing Boing"s Xeni Jardin announced the official debut of the web series "SPAMasterpiece Theater". Hodgman himself described it as "true tale[s] of romance, adventure, infamy, and low-cost prescription drugs, all culled from the reams of actual, unsolicited emails, received here by us and people like you – what we call SPAM."  Hodgman appeared in the episode "No Exit" of "Battlestar Galactica," appearing as the civilian neurosurgeon, Dr. Gerard. He had earlier visited the set in 2005 to write about the show for "The New York Times Magazine."  On June 19, 2009, Hodgman was the headline speaker at the 2009 Radio and Television Correspondents' Association dinner in Washington, D.C. Hodgman referred to this event as a "Nerd Prom." Many of his jokes were on the topic of President Barack Obama as the first nerd president, and quizzed the president on his knowledge of Frank Herbert's novel "Dune."  Hodgman appeared in the last two episodes of the first season of "Bored to Death," "The Case of the Stolen Sperm" and "Take a Dive," as a literary reviewer who wrote a bad review that offended the main character. He returned in the second and third seasons.  Hodgman voice-acted on "The Venture Bros." in the episode "Self-Medication" as Dale Hale, an ex-boy detective in therapy following the death of his father. He has since had multiple appearances in Season 5 as O.S.I. operative Snoopy, along with other roles.  Also, during the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards in September 2009, Hodgman provided color commentary with made up trivia about the winners. He reprised this role for the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards in August 2010.  Because of his continuing support for "QI," the BBC's intellectual comedy quiz, to be shown on BBC America, Hodgman was invited to appear on the show. He was the first “fifth panelist" on the program broadcast December 3, 2009 (the usual line-up being Stephen Fry as host, Alan Davies as regular panelist and three guests)—and won, continuing the tradition of a guest winning their "rookie" appearance on the show.  In 2012, Hodgman guest-starred in an episode of "Delocated" called "Reunion Show," acting as the host of a fictional show-within-a-show. Also in 2012, he appeared as a psychiatrist in an episode of "Community" called "Curriculum Unavailable."  Hodgman made a guest appearance on the sitcom series "Husbands" in its second season.  In 2013, Hodgman starred as "Special Agent Henry Topple" in "Wired"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first scripted web series "Codefellas". Hodgman appeared as public radio personality August Clementine in the episode "Anniversaries" of "Parks and Recreation", which aired in February 2014.  Hodgman has a supporting role in the FX comedy "Married", which premiered in July 2014.  In December 2014, Hodgman appeared in three episodes of the Amazon Studios series "Mozart in the Jungle".  In 2014–2015, Hodgman appeared for three episodes as a fictionalized version of psychiatrist and medical doctor Henry Cotton on the Cinemax series "The Knick".  In 2016, Hodgman played the role of Travis, a local television station manager, in four episodes of the second season of Amazon's "Red Oaks" series.  In November 2017, Hodgman was named one of ""Portland Magazine's"" "10 Most Intriguing Mainers."

Netflix special.

Netflix, the American streaming media website, aired the comedy special "" on June 20, 2013, as a "Netflix Original". The special featured material from Hodgman's most recent book, "That Is All", and his December 21, 2012 show at The Bell House in New York.

Podcast: Judge John Hodgman.

In 2010, Hodgman began hosting a weekly, comedic court show podcast called Judge John Hodgman. The program features Hodgman acting as a judge (with Jesse Thorn as bailiff) adjudicating real-life disputes within a fictional courtroom setting. The cases answer questions like, "Should the kitchen sink's built-in dispenser be filled with dish soap or hand soap?" and "Can you stop family members from using your childhood nickname?"  In January 2020, the podcast aired its 450th episode. Judge John Hodgman is distributed online by Maximum Fun.

Other media appearances.

Podcasts and radio appearances.

Hodgman has been a guest on radio programs including WBEZ's "This American Life", and "The Sound of Young America", WFMU's "The Best Show on WFMU", NPR's "Wait, Wait, Don't Tell Me," North Carolina Public Radio's "The State of Things," Live Wire Radio (Episode 374), and BBC's "Museum of Curiosity."  Hodgman has been featured on podcasts including occasional appearances as "Judge John Hodgman" on "Jordan, Jesse, Go!" which led to a stand-alone podcast produced by Maximum Fun. Hodgman was a guest alongside Jonathan Coulton on episodes of "You Look Nice Today". Hodgman was a guest on "This Week In Tech" with Leo Laporte, "Stuff You Should Know", and has been featured on the podcast "Boing Boing TV". Hodgman appeared in person and on the NPR radio broadcast of "City Arts and Lectures", in a recorded interview by Dave Eggers, in front of a live studio audience on November 10, 2008, at the Herbst Theatre in San Francisco, California. He was a guest on Neil deGrasse Tyson's radio show "StarTalk Radio" on February 27, 2011. He appeared again on "City Arts and Lectures", in front of a live audience at the Nourse Theater, interviewing Adam Savage on May 29, 2013.  Hodgman appeared on Ken Reid's "TV Guidance Counselor" podcast on September 23, 2016.

In print.

As contributor: As author:

John Kellogg Hodgman (born June 3, 1971) is an American author, actor, and humorist. In addition to his published written works, such as "The Areas of My Expertise", "More Information Than You Require", and "That Is All", he is known for his personification of a PC in contrast to Justin Long's personification of a Mac in Apple's "Get a Mac" advertising campaign, and for his work as a contributor on Comedy Central's "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart."

John Kellogg Hodgman (* 3. Juni 1971 in Brookline, Massachusetts) ist ein US-amerikanischer Autor und Humorist, dessen Arbeit in der "The Paris Review", dem "New York Times Magazine" und dem "McSweeney's Quarterly Concern" veröffentlicht worden ist. Er trat auch in "This American Life" (Public Radio International), "Wiretap" (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) und in "The Daily Show" (Comedy Central) auf. Er erlangte (wenn auch nicht namentlich) größeren Bekanntheitsgrad durch seinen Part als „PC“ in den „Get a Mac“ Werbespots der Firma Apple.


History.

Nisan-Ronen: a new framework for studying algorithms.

In 1999, the seminal paper of Nisan and Ronen drew the attention of the Theoretical Computer Science community to designing algorithms for selfish (strategic) users. As they claim in the abstract:  This paper coined the term algorithmic mechanism design and was recognized by the 2012 Gödel Prize committee as one of "three papers laying foundation of growth in Algorithmic Game Theory".

Price of Anarchy.

The other two papers cited in the 2012 Gödel Prize for fundamental contributions to Algorithmic Game Theory introduced and developed the concept of "Price of Anarchy". In their 1999 paper "Worst-case Equilibria", Koutsoupias and Papadimitriou proposed a new measure of the degradation of system efficiency due to the selfish behavior of its agents: the ratio of between system efficiency at an optimal configuration, and its efficiency at the worst Nash equilibrium.

The Internet as a catalyst.

The Internet created a new economy—both as a foundation for exchange and commerce, and in its own right. The computational nature of the Internet allowed for the use of computational tools in this new emerging economy. On the other hand, the Internet itself is the outcome of actions of many. This was new to the classic, ‘top-down’ approach to computation that held till then. Thus, game theory is a natural way to view the Internet and interactions within it, both human and mechanical.  Game theory studies equilibria (such as the Nash equilibrium). An equilibrium is generally defined as a state in which no player has an incentive to change their strategy. Equilibria are found in several fields related to the Internet, for instance financial interactions and communication load-balancing. Game theory provides tools to analyze equilibria, and a common approach is then to ‘find the game’—that is, to formalize specific Internet interactions as a game, and to derive the associated equilibria.  Rephrasing problems in terms of games allows the analysis of Internet-based interactions and the construction of mechanisms to meet specified demands. If equilibria can be shown to exist, a further question must be answered: can an equilibrium be found, and in reasonable time? This leads to the analysis of algorithms for finding equilibria. Of special importance is the complexity class PPAD, which includes many problems in algorithmic game theory.

Areas of research.

Algorithmic mechanism design.

Mechanism design is the subarea of economics that deals with optimization under incentive constraints. Algorithmic mechanism design considers the optimization of economic systems under computational efficiency requirements. Typical objectives studied include revenue maximization and social welfare maximization.

Inefficiency of equilibria.

The concepts of price of anarchy and price of stability were introduced to capture the loss in performance of a system due to the selfish behavior of its participants. The price of anarchy captures the worst-case performance of the system at equilibrium relative to the optimal performance possible. The price of stability, on the other hand, captures the relative performance of the best equilibrium of the system. These concepts are counterparts to the notion of approximation ratio in algorithm design.

Complexity of finding equilibria.

The existence of an equilibrium in a game is typically established using non-constructive fixed point theorems. There are no efficient algorithms known for computing Nash equilibria. The problem is complete for the complexity class PPAD even in 2-player games. In contrast, correlated equilibria can be computed efficiently using linear programming, as well as learned via no-regret strategies.

Computational social choice.

Computational social choice studies computational aspects of "social choice", the aggregation of individual agents' preferences. Examples include algorithms and computational complexity of voting rules and coalition formation.  Other topics include:  And the area counts with diverse practical applications:

Conferences.

Algorithmic Game Theory papers also often appear in general Theoretical Computer Science conferences such as STOC and FOCS, or Artificial Intelligence conferences such as AAAI and IJCAI.

Journals and newsletters.

Algorithmic Game Theory papers are often also published in Game Theory journals such as GEB, Economics journals such as Econometrica, and Computer Science journals such as SICOMP.

Algorithmic game theory is an area in the intersection of game theory and computer science, with the objective of understanding and design of algorithms in strategic environments.

Die Algorithmische Spieltheorie ist eine Wissenschaft an der Schnittstelle zwischen Informatik, Spieltheorie und Volkswirtschaftslehre. Sie befasst sich sowohl mit dem Entwurf effizienter Algorithmen zum Auffinden von Gewinnstrategien als auch der Analyse der Komplexität von Spielen.


Reign.

A professor of the period, one Victor de la Canorgue, wrote of Prince Honoré in negative terms: extravagant and fond of luxuries for himself, but miserly for others, even his own family, to whom he gave "pensions disproportionate to his means." This professor endeavored to collect accounts of the reigns of Honoré V and of his brother/successor, Prince Florestan, and to translate them from Italian to French, for the purpose of better understanding the causes of the ever-increasing anti-monarchist movements, especially in former parts of the Principality like Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. One ordinance, dated from 1815, suggested that Prince Honoré V was not only miserly but greedy, that he brought even "the benches of the parish church, which some persons had built at their own expense," under his control, for his own profit.  Gustave Saige describes him as a loner who did not trust anyone, let alone his brother, to help him govern. He was invisible to the public. For a monarch to be invisible to an increasingly restless public was an unfortunate circumstance, to say the least. In fairness, his focus had to be the crippled economy of Monaco. He raised taxes and tried to restore the tobacco plant his grandfather Honoré III had founded but which had been closed by the government of Turin. He earnestly endeavored to open factories and initiate citrus farm cooperatives in order put people to work, generate production, and alleviate poverty. However, none of his efforts raised his popularity, as his measures were seen by the people as autocratic.

Child and succession.

Although Honoré V never married, he did have a son. Louis Gabriel Oscar Grimaldi was born in Paris on 9 June 1814 and died in Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 15 July 1894.  Louis Gabriel Oscar Grimaldi was legitimized, however it was his younger brother, Prince Florestan, who succeeded him.

Honoré V (Honoré Gabriel Grimaldi; 13/14 May 1778 – 2 October 1841) was Prince of Monaco and Duke of Valentinois. He was the first son of Honoré IV of Monaco and Louise d'Aumont.

Honoré V. von Monaco (* 14. Mai 1778 in Paris; † 2. Oktober 1841 ebenda) war von 1819 bis zu seinem Tod regierender Fürst von Monaco. Er war der Sohn seines Vorgängers Honoré IV. und der Louise d’Aumont Mazarin, Herzogin von Mazarin und von La Meilleraye.


Weather station.

Altnaharra has a Met Office weather station. The village's northerly latitude and inland location mean that in winter it often features in the daily weather extremes for the United Kingdom. It is unusual in that the coldest month of the year is normally December. On 30 December 1995, the UK's lowest temperature ever was recorded there, at. This matched a similar recording at Braemar in the Grampians on 11 February 1895 and on 10 January 1982.  On 20 March 2009, it was recorded as the warmest place in the UK, at, which was the station's warmest recorded March temperature and possibly the first time the station had recorded the warmest UK temperature. The station also reported the equal warmest national temperature of, with Tain on 20 January 2020. On 19 June 2020, the station had both the warmest temperature,, and the coldest temperature,, reported anywhere in the United Kingdom on that day. The March 2009 temperature was beaten on 25 March 2017 when the station recorded. Also on 26 May 2017, the station recorded its highest May temperature of, beating the previous recorded on 27 May 2012. On 8 January 2010, the temperature dipped to, the coldest temperature recorded in the UK since 1995. On 3 November 2015 the warmest November temperature of was reached, followed by on 17 December 2015 being the warmest December temperature on record at the weather station. On 25 January 2016, the highest January temperature of was reached.

Altnaharra () is a small hamlet in Sutherland in the Highland region of northern Scotland. The hamlet is on the A836 road, close to its junction with the B873. The nearest villages are Lairg and Tongue. Lochs in the area include Loch Naver and Loch Eriboll.

Altnaharra (gäl.: "Allt na h-Eirbhe") ist ein Weiler in der Grafschaft Sutherland in der nordschottischen Council Area Highland. Er liegt an der Fernstraße A836 am oberen Ende des Loch Naver. Die nächstgelegenen Dörfer sind Lairg und Tongue. 2011 lebten 37 Personen in Altnaharra.


Life.

He was born at Patrae (modern-day Greece). He was a disciple of Photius. He studied at the University of Constantinople. He became Deacon of Patrea around 900 and was made Archbishop of Caesarea by Nikolas of Constantinople in 903. He was deeply involved in court politics and was a principal actor in the controversy over the scandal created when Emperor Leo VI attempted to marry a fourth time after his first three wives had died and left him without an heir. Despite Arethas' fame as a scholar, Jenkins thinks little of him as a person. When recounting the details of the scandal, Arethas is described as "...narrow-minded, bad-hearted... morbidly ambitious and absolutely unscrupulous..."

Works.

He is the compiler of a Greek commentary (scholia) on the Apocalypse, for which he made considerable use of the similar work of his predecessor, Andrew of Caesarea. It was first printed in 1535 as an appendix to the works of Oecumenius. Albert Ehrhard inclines to the opinion that he wrote other scriptural commentaries. To his interest in the earliest Christian literature, caught perhaps from the above-named Andrew, we owe the "Arethas Codex", through which the texts of almost all of the ante-Nicene Greek Christian apologists have, in great measure, reached us.  He is also known as a commentator of Plato and Lucian; the famous manuscript of Plato ("Codex Clarkianus"), taken from Patmos to London, was copied by order of Arethas. Other important Greek manuscripts, e.g. of Euclid, the rhetor Aristides, and perhaps of Dio Chrysostom, are owing to him. Karl Krumbacher emphasizes his fondness for ancient classical Greek literature and the original sources of Christian theology.  Arethas' works also contain the oldest known references to the "Meditations" (written c. 175 AD) by the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. Arethas admits to holding the work in high regard in letters to the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise and in his comments to Lucian and Dio Chrysostom'. Arethas is credited with reintroducing the "Meditations" to public discourse.  Up through the 19th century, scholars believed there to be an earlier Arethas, also an archbishop of Caesarea, who had authored the works on the Apocalypse, around the year 540. Modern scholars believe this to be incorrect, and there to have been only one Arethas.

Arethas of Caesarea (; born c. 860 AD) was Archbishop of Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia (modern Kayseri, Turkey) early in the 10th century, and is considered one of the most scholarly theologians of the Greek Orthodox Church. The codices produced by him, containing his commentaries are credited with preserving many ancient texts, including those of Plato and Marcus Aurelius' "Meditations".

Arethas von Caesarea (griechisch Ἀρέθας "Aréthas"; * um 860 in Patras, Griechenland; † nach 944) war Erzbischof von "Kaisareia" (lateinisch "Caesarea") in Kappadokien (heute Kayseri in der Türkei). Er gilt als einer der gelehrtesten Theologen der orthodoxen Kirche.


Husserl Archives.

Van Breda saved the extensive writings and manuscripts of Edmund Husserl from destruction by the Nazis.  For the preparation of his PhD thesis he traveled to Freiburg, Germany in 1938, where he found, in the legacy of Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), more than 40,000 "Gabelsberger" stenography manuscripts and his complete research library. The political situation in Germany at that time convinced him of the necessity to transport these manuscripts and Husserl's private library to Leuven. In order to smuggle the documents out of Nazi Germany, he needed the support not only of the rector of the Catholic University of Leuven, but also of the Belgian government. The Belgian Prime Minister at that time, Paul-Henri Spaak, allowed van Breda to bring the documents from Freiburg to the Belgian embassy in Berlin and diplomatic couriers to bring them to Leuven in Belgium.  Van Breda also was able to convince Husserl's former assistants, Eugen Fink and Ludwig Landgrebe, to collaborate on the editing of these documents in Leuven. At the beginning of World War II the documents were being kept in the university library in Leuven, which burned to ashes on 17 May 1940. Fortunately, one week before the fire, Van Breda decided to bring the documents to the Higher Institute of Philosophy.  In 1943 the documents were, for safety, distributed over different locations in Leuven, including a shelter in the cellar of the Institute of Philosophy and the Abbey of Postel. After the war they were brought back to the Institute of Philosophy, where they form the basis for the Husserliana, the complete works of Edmund Husserl.  For his work on spreading Husserl's work he was awarded an honoris causa doctorate from the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg.

Herman Leo Van Breda (born Leo Marie Karel; 28 February 1911, Lier, Belgium – 3 March 1974, Leuven) was a Franciscan, philosopher and founder of the Husserl Archives at the Higher Institute of Philosophy of the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium.

Herman Leo Van Breda (bürgerliche Name "Leo Marie Karel"; * 28. Februar 1911 in Lier; † 4. März 1974 in Löwen) war Franziskaner, Philosoph und Begründer des Husserl-Archivs in Löwen.


Early life and education.

Born in Lebanon, Mouawad's family left the country when he was eight due to the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War. He moved to Montreal in 1983 after living in France for five years. He obtained his diploma from the National Theatre School of Canada in 1991.

Career.

In 1998, his creation "Willy Protagoras enfermé dans les toilettes" ("Willy Protagoras locked up in the toilets") was voted best Montreal-based production by l'Association québécoise des critiques de théâtre.  From 2000 to 2004, he led the Théâtre de Quat'sous in Montreal.  In 2004 he directed and produced his first film, "Littoral", based on the play of the same name.  In September 2007, he became the artistic director of the National Arts Centre's French Theatre in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.  In early 2011, Mouawad cast French rock musician Bertrand Cantat in Chœurs, his production of a trilogy of Greek plays by Sophocles. This sparked widespread public criticism in Canada, as Cantat had recently been released after serving four years for the murder of his girlfriend, French actress Marie Trintignant. Canadian politicians suggested barring Cantat's entry into the country, as he failed to meet legal requirements for the entry of ex convicts. In April 2011 the artistic director of Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, Lorraine Pintal, announced that Cantat would not be performing in Chœurs in Canada, though he did tour with the production in France, Belgium and Switzerland. Mouawad responded to the controversy by publishing an open letter to his three-year-old daughter Aimee in the newspaper "Le Devoir", arguing for Cantat's right to complete reintegration into society.  Since April 2016, Mouawad has been the director of the Théâtre national de la Colline in Paris.

Work.

His play "Incendies" (Scorched) has been produced all over the world, including the United States, Austria, Germany, Mexico, Spain and Australia, and the 2007 production at the Tarragon Theatre in Toronto won several awards. The Vienna Burgtheater assigned Stefan Bachmann with the stage production. It subsequently received much praise from critics, winning the "Nestroy Award" in 2007. In 2011 "Incendies", the film version of the play directed by Denis Villeneuve was Canada's official selection for the Academy Awards.

Adaptations.

He has adapted different works for the theatre, from "Don Quixote" to "Trainspotting".

Wajdi Mouawad, OC, (born 1968) is a Lebanese-Canadian writer, actor, and director. He is known in Canadian and French theatre for politically engaged works such as the acclaimed play "Incendies" (2003). His works often revolve around family trauma, war, the betrayal of youth. Since April 2016, Mouawad is the director of the Théâtre national de la Colline in Paris.

Wajdi Mouawad OC (; Waǧdī Muʿawwaḍ, * 16. Oktober 1968 in Dair al-Qamar, Libanon) ist ein kanadischer Schriftsteller, Schauspieler und Regisseur libanesischer Herkunft. Er schreibt auf Französisch und lebt in Frankreich.


Ancestry.

Jolivet was born on 25 September 1884 in Castleton, Richmond County, New York, one of the three children of Charles Eugene Jolivet (1840–1920) from Carmansville, New York, United States, an owner of extensive vineyards in France, and French-born Pauline Hélène Vaillant (1857–1957), a talented musician who retired from the concert stage after marrying in 1879.  Jolivet had a sister, Inez Henriette, and a brother, Alfred Eugene. Her great-great-grandmother was the only member of her family to avoid the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her grandmother Vaillant was among the "beautés de Cour" in the court of Napoleon III.

Social prominence.

Jolivet was an intimate of the inner society circles in London and a close friend of the family of Lord Lowther, the British ambassador to Turkey. Her sister, Leigh, was a noted violinist, who performed as Inez Jolivet. She had been awarded decorations from King Edward VII and Czar Nicholas II.

Theatre.

She began her stage career as a youth, making her London debut in "Much Ado About Nothing". Jolivet also played Juliet for producer William Poel of London, in "Romeo and Juliet". Poel maintained a company of players which performed in university towns in Britain, giving performances of Shakespeare. Jolivet was a pupil of Mademoiselle Thenaud, who had been a leading actress of the Comédie-Française and who was a personal palm reader to Queen Victoria. In 1910, Jolivet was the leading lady in George Alexander's play "The Eccentric Lord Comberdene".  Jolivet played the role of Marsinah in the first American stage production, produced by Harrison Grey Fiske, of "Kismet" in 1911. The principal role of Hajj, the beggar, was played by Otis Skinner. "Kismet" was staged at the Knickerbocker Theatre in March 1912. Jolivet was in the cast of "A Thousand Years Ago" by Percy MacKaye, presented at the Shubert Theatre in January 1914.

RMS "Lusitania" survivor.

Jolivet was a passenger on the on 7 May 1915, when it was torpedoed by a German U-boat and sank in the Atlantic ocean off the coast of Ireland, kilometres off the Old Head of Kinsale. Jolivet was standing on the bridge with Charles Frohman, a theatrical producer who was grooming her for stardom, when the liner went down. Frohman's final words to her, quoting his favourite play, Peter Pan: "Why fear death? It is the most beautiful adventure in life." Jolivet climbed onto a chair and obtained a life preserver that was in her stateroom. She was saved with others when boats arrived from Ireland. She had been a rising star, both in Frohman's theatrical productions and in silent films, however after Frohman's death her theatrical career essentially came to a halt.  Jolivet testified in the Federal District Court during a hearing regarding a petition of the Cunard Steamship Company, which owned the "Lusitania". The company was seeking a limitation of liabilities for the deaths and damage which occurred from the tragedy. Jolivet's brother-in-law, George L Vernon, was drowned on the "Lusitania". He was going to join his wife, Jolivet's sister, Inez Vernon, who was residing in Europe. Inez became depressed following her husband's death and committed suicide by shooting herself at Sumner Apartments, 31 West 11th Street, New York City on 28 July 1915.  In November 1919, Jolivet's younger brother, Alfred, married 29-year-old American Beatrice Witherbee, who was also a "Lusitania" survivor. Her mother, Mary Cummins Brown, and her three-year-old son, Alfred Scott Witherbee Jr, died in the sinking, and she never publicly discussed it afterwards.

Marriages.

On 14 November 1908 Jolivet married Alfred Charles Stern, but the marriage soon failed. On 27 January 1916 she married her second husband, Italian nobleman Count Giuseppe de Cippico, at Kew Gardens, Surrey. He had a son from a previous marriage. Cippico and Jolivet had no children together, and the marriage ended in divorce.  After the divorce, Lady Allan (the wife of Sir Hugh Montagu Allan of Ravenscrag, Montreal), another survivor of the "Lusitania", introduced Jolivet to 'Jimmy', her husband's popular Scottish cousin, Bryce Allan of The Cliff, Wemyss Bay, Renfrewshire. He was the son of Captain Bryce Allan of Ballikinrain Castle, Stirlingshire, and his wife, daughter of Stewart Clark (1830–1907) MP, DL, of Dundas Castle, South Queensferry; and grandson of James Allan of Glasgow, older brother of Sir Hugh. Allan was a nephew of Sir John Stewart-Clark and Sir Thomas Dixon, 2nd Baronet. Their marriage at the Church of Scotland in Paris on 26 April 1928 was "celebrated with much fanfare". The reception was held at Ballikinrain Castle (a estate, which employed 50 servants), and which Allan subsequently leased. After the World War II the couple took up travelling again and sold Ballinkinrain. They moved to a smaller castle in Scotland, where they threw parties with royalty, heads of state and many other famous people on their lengthy guest lists.

Film career.

Jolivet preferred film work to theatre in some respects, because the silent drama allowed her "more scope for dramatic expression." Her film career started in Italy with the Ambrosia Company. She made "Fata Morgana" (1914), "Zvani" (1915), "L'Onore di Morire" (1915), "La Mano di Fatma" (1915), and "Cuore ed arte" (1915). She returned to Italy to make "Teodora" (1921), in which she portrayed the Empress Theodora in a famous romance by the French dramatist Victorien Sardou; historians disagree about the character of the wife of the Emperor Justinian, but the film depicted both her as beautiful and charming. It was first shown in American cinemas in 1922.  Jolivet went to America and was affiliated to Famous Players-Lasky. Her first Hollywood film was "The Unafraid" in 1914. In 1917 Jolivet and Vincent Serrano made "One Law for Both"; the drama, directed by Ivan Abramson, illustrated the "secret and stirring methods of revolutionaries". It is now presumed lost. Jolivet and her husband Count Giuseppe de Cippico donated the proceeds from "Lest We Forget" (1918) to 'the alleviation of suffering caused by World War I.' She was an avid Liberty Bond booster, and it was reported that she sold more of them throughout the United States than Douglas Fairbanks, Sr, Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford combined. In a single week in May 1918 Jolivet sold more than $5,000,000 in Liberty Bonds in Baltimore, Maryland.  "Lest We Forget" was shown in Washington, D.C., with Jolivet addressing audiences before three of its screenings. She told the audiences of her riveting personal experiences since the war began in August 1914, when she was in France. In the film she plays Rita Heriot, a Paris soprano who is rescued from the RMS "Lusitania" sinking after playing an engagement at the Metropolitan Theatre in New York.  Jolivet continued making films in France and Italy through 1926. The filmography of her later screen work includes the titles "The Bride's Confession" (1921), "Roger la Honte" (1922), "Messalina" (1922), "Phi-Phi" (1926) and "Marchand de bonheur" (1926).

Death.

Jolivet died in Nice, France in 1971.

Rita Jolivet (born Marguerite Lucile Jolivet; 25 September 1884 – 2 March 1971) was an American-born British actress of French descent in theatre and silent films in the early 20th century. She was known in private life as the Countess Marguerita de Cippico.

Rita Jolivet, geborene "Marguerite Lucile Jolivet" (* 25. September 1884 in Castleton, Richmond County, New York; † 2. März 1971 in Nizza) war eine amerikanische Theater- und Stummfilmschauspielerin französischer Herkunft, die in den 1910er und 1920er Jahren aktiv war.


Synthesis and reactions.

The synthesis of "t"-BuCP entails the reaction of pivaloyl chloride and P(SiMe). The reaction proceeds via the intermediacy of a bis(trimethylsilyl)pivaloylphosphine, which undergoes a 1,3-silyl shift to form E- or Z-phosphoalkene isomers. Carrying out the phosphoalkene reaction at 120-200 °C in the presence of catalytic amounts of solid NaOH forms the final "t"-BuCP product.

Other phosphaalkynes.

Phosphaalkynes possessing a C≡P bonded to bulky aryl groups are also known, e.g. Mes*C≡P and P≡C(Tript)C≡P are known to possess C≡P bond lengths of 1.516 and 1.532 Å, respectively (see below). While "t"-BuCP possesses a carbon-phosphorus bond length of 1.536 Å and a first ionization potential (π MO) of 9.70eV, H-C≡P possesses a C≡P bond length of 1.5421Å and a first ionization potential (π MO) of 10.79eV. These physical properties produce characteristic reactivity differences between the two species: tert-butylphosphaacetylene is a stable volatile liquid (b.p. 61 °C), and phosphaacetylene readily reacts to form elemental phosphorus. It has been proposed that isophosphaalkynes (R-P≡C) are produced as intermediates during the syntheses of phosphaalkynes. Such isomeric species have never been isolated.

Reactions.

With their characteristic C-P triple bonds, the phosphorus atoms of phosphaalkynes such as "tert"-butylphosphaacetylene exhibit reactivities similar to nitriles, despite the significant differences between the radii of P (1.09 Å) and N (0.71 Å). At temperatures above 130 °C, the phosphaalkyne undergoes cyclotetramerization. To some extent its reactivity more closely resembles the reactions of alkynes.  "tert"-Butylphosphaacetylene can bind to metals via various coordination modes to give inorganic and organometallic complexes. These complexes utilize either the triple bond or the nonbonding electrons on P.  The higher electronegativity of carbon (2.5) over phosphorus (2.2) leads to polarized C≡P bonds, which induces protonation at its carbon center. Its variety of coordination geometries enable "tert"-butylphosphaacetylene to participate in several types of reactions, including 1,2-additions of halogenated compounds.  Organolithium compounds and enophiles can also react with C-P triple bonds, along with [2+1], [2+2], [2+3], and [2+4] cycloadditions. "tert"-Butylphosphaacetylene also undergoes a homo Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction.

"tert"-Butylphosphaacetylene is an organophosphorus compound. Abbreviated "t"-BuCP, it was the first example of an isolable phosphaalkyne. Prior to its synthesis, the double bond rule had suggested that elements of Period 3 and higher were unable to form double or triple bonds with lighter main group elements because of weak orbital overlap. The successful synthesis of "t"-BuCP discredited much of the double bond rule and opened new studies into the formation of unsaturated phosphorus compounds.

tert-Butylphosphaethin ist ein Phosphaalkin der Zusammensetzung P≡C–C(CH). Es ist das erste bei Raumtemperatur isolierbare sowie verwendbare Phosphaalkin. "tert"-Butylphosphaethin ist eine farblose, bei 61 °C destillierbare, luftempfindliche Flüssigkeit. Es wurde durch die basenkatalysierte "β"-Eliminierung von Hexamethyldisiloxan vom Phosphaalken [(MeSiO)(But)C=PSiMe] erhalten. Die Synthese dieser kinetisch stabilisierten Verbindung stellte einen Meilenstein in der Erforschung der Reaktivität von Kohlenstoff-Phosphor-Mehrfachbindungen dar. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus Kristallstrukturanalysen konnte für die P≡C-Bindung eine Bindungslänge von 154,8 pm ermittelt werden. Quantenmechanische Rechnungen lassen vermuten, dass die Eigenschaften eher mit Alkinen als mit Nitrilen vergleichbar sind, welches das außergewöhnliche Interesse an dieser Verbindung erklärt.


Plot.

Two years after, Marnie Piper (Kimberly J. Brown) prepares to begin a new school year. She asks the Halloweentown Council to work toward openness between Halloweentown and the mortal world. She proposes bringing a group of Halloweentown students to her own high school in the mortal world. The Council is initially apprehensive, mostly due to the legend of the Knights of the Iron Dagger: a fanatical knighthood who wanted to destroy all things magical. The Halloweentown High Council, however, agrees to accept the plan after Marnie mistakenly bets "all the Cromwell magic" that her plan will work. If she does not prove she is right by midnight on Halloween, then her entire family will lose their magical abilities. Marnie, regretting what she said to the Council, wants to cancel the program she has made, but her grandmother Aggie (Debbie Reynolds) opposes, saying that they have nothing to fear.  The Halloweentown students arrive and are magically given human appearances to disguise their true non-human natures. School begins with Marnie acting as a tour guide for the exchange group, claiming they are from Canada. Aggie substitute teaches so she can be available in case of need. Cody (Finn Wittrock), a new student, shows a romantic interest in Marnie.  While Aggie proves unable to teach any subject effectively, the Halloweentown students keep to themselves, hiding in the refuge that Aggie magically creates for them in a remote student locker. Marnie gradually encourages the students to join sports teams, school activities, and to make new friends.  Marnie's progress is interrupted by a warning that appears to be from the Knights of the Iron Dagger, then by a magical incident at the mall that results in the Halloweentown students assuming their natural appearances in public. This is followed by a break-in at the secret magical locker and the disappearance of Cassie (Eliana Reyes).  Meanwhile, Marnie's developing relationship with Cody parallels an unexpected romance beginning between Aggie and the school's principal Phil Flannigan (Clifton Davis). Aggie suspects Cody of being the cause of the trouble and tries to convince Marnie to halt their relationship, but Marnie in turn suspects Flannigan. They eventually discover that Flannigan is the Knight in question; he was told prior to the students' arrival that he was the last of the Order.  Edgar Dalloway (Michael Flynn), head of the Witches' Council and father of one of the students, is the real root of their problems. He wants to keep Halloweentown isolated from the mortal world, and used Flannigan to ensure the failure of Marnie's project. This, he hoped, would cause a negative reaction in Halloweentown and keep the portal between Halloweentown and the mortal world closed.  The Halloweentown students use the school's Halloween carnival to improve mortal attitudes toward magical folk. Their haunted house depicts the ordinary lives of creatures that have typically been seen as monsters in the mortal world, including displays like the "Monster Tea Party" and ogres "picnicking in their natural setting", which winds up boring the carnival goers. Meanwhile, Marnie's mother Gwen (Judith Hoag) uses a Witch's Glass to hunt down Cassie.  At the school carnival, Dalloway launches magical attacks against the mortal students by bringing the inanimate monsters in the haunted house to life. The ensuing panic spirals beyond Marnie's and Aggie's ability to contain the monsters. Flannigan incites a mob to corner the Halloweentown students. Cody shames the crowd, the students reveal themselves, and the crowd accepts them for who they are. Flannigan also renounces being a knight and accepts Aggie.  Dalloway claims the Cromwell magic and explains that his son Ethan (Lucas Grabeel) helped with most of the things that happened, but Gwen has shown the evening's events to the Halloweentown High Council. They return the Cromwell magic, Gwen returns with the imprisoned student, and the Council imprisons Dalloway in another Witch's Glass taking his disagreement with them as a form of resignation.  The portal between Halloweentown and the mortal world opens inside the haunted house, and crowds of children from Halloweentown cross over to enjoy the carnival together with children of the mortal world. Marnie flies off for a romantic broom ride with Cody. While flying over the carnival, they kiss.

Halloweentown High (also known as Halloweentown III) is a 2004 Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on October 8, 2004 for the holiday of Halloween. It drew 6.1 million viewers for its premiere. It is the third installment in the "Halloweentown" series.

Halloweentown III: Halloweentown Highschool (Originaltitel: "Halloweentown High") ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie der Walt Disney Company von Mark A.Z. Dippé aus dem Jahr 2004. Der Fernsehfilm ist nach Halloweentown II (Originaltitel: "Halloweentown II: Kalabar's Revenge") aus dem Jahr 2001 die zweite Fortsetzung der Komödie "Halloween Town – Meine Oma ist ’ne Hexe" aus dem Jahr 1998.