Early life.

She was born to an Armenian family in Tehran, Iran. Her father, "Arto", was a stage director, poet and translator (with the pen name "Arizad" meaning "Born to Aryan") who had translated Shahnameh, from Persian to Armenian. and her mother, "Vartu", was stage actress and director.

Education.

Teriān graduated in 1947 in the Science Department of University of Tehran. She began her career in the physics laboratory of this university and was elected the chief of laboratory operations in the same year.  She signed for scholarship to study in France but Dr. Hesabi didn't accept it. He believed it's already enough for a woman to study this much. At last she left Iran for France, by her father's financial support, where in 1956 she obtained her doctorate in atmospheric physics from Sorbonne University. Upon this she returned to Iran and became assistant professor in thermodynamics at University of Tehran. Later she worked in solar physics in the then West Germany for a period of four months through a scholarship that was awarded by the German government to University of Tehran. In 1964 Teriān became the first female professor of physics in Iran.  In 1966, Teriān became a member of the Geophysics Committee of the University of Tehran. In 1969 she was elected chief of the solar physics studies at this university and began to work in the solar observatory, of which she was one of the founders. Teriān retired in 1979. At the time of her death she was living in Tehran.  Teriān's 90th birthday celebration in Tehran was attended by a number of Iranian parliamentarians and over 100 Iranian Armenians.  Terian died on March 4, 2011, at the age of 90.

Ālenush Teriān (; ; November 9, 1921 – March 4, 2011), was an Iranian-Armenian astronomer and physicist and is called 'Mother of Modern Iranian Astronomy'.

Alenoush Terian (* 9. November 1920 in Teheran, Iran; † 4. März 2011 ebenda, oder, ) war eine iranische Physikerin und Astronomin. Im Iran gilt sie als die "Mutter der iranischen Astronomie".


Background.

According to the organizing committee of the summit in Paris, the objective of the 2015 conference was to achieve, for the first time in over 20 years of UN negotiations, a binding and universal agreement on climate. Pope Francis published an encyclical called "Laudato si'" intended, in part, to influence the conference. The encyclical calls for action against climate change: " Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or aggravate it." The International Trade Union Confederation has called for the goal to be "zero carbon, zero poverty", and its general secretary Sharan Burrow has repeated that there are "no jobs on a dead planet".

Location and participation.

The location of UNFCCC talks is rotated by regions throughout United Nations countries. The 2015 conference was held at Le Bourget from 30 November to 12 December 2015.  To some extent, France served as a model country for delegates attending COP21 because it is one of the few developed countries in the world to decarbonize electricity production and fossil fuel energy while still providing a high standard of living. As of 2012, France generated over 90% of its electricity from zero carbon sources, including nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind.  The conference took place two weeks after a series of terrorist attacks in the 8th ward of Paris, Saint-Denis. Martial law was declared and national security was tightened accordingly, with 30,000 police officers and 285 security checkpoints deployed across the country until after the conference ended.  The European Union and 195 nations ("see list in reference") were the participating parties.

Negotiations.

The overarching goal of the Convention is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the global temperature increase. Since COP 17 this increase is set at above pre-industrial levels. However, Christiana Figueres acknowledged in the closing briefing at the 2012 Doha conference: "The current pledges under the second commitment period of the Kyoto protocol are clearly not enough to guarantee that the temperature will stay below 2 °C and there is an ever increasing gap between the action of countries and what the science tells us."  During previous climate negotiations, countries agreed to outline actions they intended to take within a global agreement, by 1 October 2015. These commitments are known as Intended Nationally Determined Contributions or INDCs. Together, the INDCs would reduce global warming from an estimated 4–5 °C (by 2100) to 2.7 °C, and reduce emissions per capita by 9% by 2030, while providing hope in the eyes of the conference organizers for further reductions in the future that would allow meeting a 2 °C target.  Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council (WPC) argued that the keys to success lay in convincing officials in the U.S. and China, by far the two largest national emitters: "As long as policy makers in Washington and Beijing didn't put all their political capital behind the adoption of ambitious carbon-emission capping targets, the laudable efforts of other G20 governments often remained in the realm of pious wishes. Things changed for the better on 12 November 2014 when President Obama and General Secretary Xi Jinping agreed to limit greenhouse gases emissions."  President Obama insisted on America's essential role in that regard: "We've led by example [...] from Alaska to the Gulf Coast to the Great Plains [...] we've seen the longest streak of private job creation in our history. We've driven our economic output to all time-highs while driving our carbon pollution down to its lowest level in nearly two decades. And then, with our historic joint announcement with China last year, we showed it was possible to bridge the old divide between developed and developing nations that had stymied global progress for so long [...] That was the foundation for success in Paris."

Outcome.

On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. In the 12-page document, the members agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C". In the course of the debates, island states of the Pacific, the Seychelles, but also the Philippines, their very existence threatened by sea level rise, had strongly voted for setting a goal of 1.5 °C instead of only 2 °C. France's Foreign Minister, Laurent Fabius, said this "ambitious and balanced" plan was an "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing global warming. However, some others criticized the fact that significant sections are "promises" or aims and not firm commitments by the countries.

Non-binding commitments, lack of enforcement mechanisms.

The Agreement will not become binding on its member states until 55 parties who produce over 55% of the world's greenhouse gas have ratified the Agreement. There is doubt whether some countries, especially the United States, will agree to do so, though the United States publicly committed, in a joint Presidential Statement with China, to joining the Agreement in 2016.  Each country that ratifies the agreement will be required to set a target for emission reduction or limitation, called a "nationally determined contribution," or "NDC," but the amount will be voluntary. There will be neither a mechanism to force a country to set a target by a specific date nor enforcement measures if a set target is not met. There will be only a "name and shame" system or, as János Pásztor, the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told CBS News, a "name and encourage" plan.  Some analysts have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, US, India, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."

Institutional investors' contribution to limiting fossil fuels.

Speaking at the 5th annual World Pensions Forum held on the sidelines of the COP21 Summit, Earth Institute Director Jeffrey Sachs argued that institutional investors would eventually divest from carbon-reliant firms if they could not react to political and regulatory efforts to halt climate change: "Every energy company in a pension fund's portfolio needs to be scrutinized from purely a financial view about its future, 'Why is this [a company] we would want to hold over a five- to 20-year period?'... If we continue to hold major energy companies that don't have an answer to a basic financial test, we are just gambling. We have to take a fiduciary responsibility – these are not good bets."  Some US policy makers concurred, notably Al Gore, insisting that "no agreement is perfect, and this one must be strengthened over time, but groups across every sector of society will now begin to reduce dangerous carbon pollution through the framework of this agreement."

Declarations of non-state parties.

As is usual before such major conferences, major NGOs and groups of governments have drafted and published a wide variety of declarations they intend to seek a consensus on, at the Paris conference itself. These include at least the following major efforts:

Financing.

The conference was budgeted to cost €170m (US$186.87m at the time). The French government said that 20% of the cost would be borne by French firms such as EDF, Engie (formerly known as GDF Suez), Air France, Renault-Nissan and BNP Paribas.

Demonstrations.

Around the world, 600,000 took part in demonstrations in favour of a strong agreement, such as the Global Climate March organized by 350.org (and other events such as Alternatiba, Village of Alternatives). Paris had a ban on public gatherings in the wake of recent terrorist attacks (state of emergency), but allowed thousands to demonstrate on 12 December against what they felt was a too-weak treaty. There was also an illegal demonstration in Paris, including violent clashes between police and anarchists, ten policemen were injured and 317 people arrested.  On 30 November, the first day of the conference, a "climate strike" was organised by students in over 100 countries; over 50000 people participate.

The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.

Die UN-Klimakonferenz in Paris 2015 (, kurz COP 21) fand als "21. UN-Klimakonferenz" und gleichzeitig "11. Treffen zum Kyoto-Protokoll" (, kurz CMP 11) vom 30. November bis 12. Dezember 2015 in Paris (Frankreich) statt. Den Vorsitz hatte der französische Außenminister Laurent Fabius. Dieser Konferenz wurde eine zentrale Bedeutung zugemessen, da hier eine neue internationale Klimaschutz-Vereinbarung in Nachfolge des Kyoto-Protokolls verabschiedet werden sollte.


Early life and education.

Keller was raised in Switzerland on a dairy farm, the sixth of 12 children. She grew up in poverty. In the one-room schoolhouse where she was educated, boys were given training in math and science while girls were taught cooking and cleaning, the skills they would need to be proper housewives. Her hunger for knowledge led her to read the textbooks assigned to her elder siblings, and she would prepare summaries of the material for her brothers and sisters.  She attended a vocational school starting at age 14 and learned sewing. There she organized a protest against rules that required female students to wear skirts, as she rode her bicycle three miles each way to school and wanted to be able to protect herself from the cold. The female students won the right to wear pants from then on.  After receiving her vocational certificate at age 17, she went to work for Pierre Cardin, where she was paid the equivalent of 25 cents per hour to sew luxury gowns that would sell for as much as $1,000 for which she was paid $12. She traveled around the world, learning English and working in England, followed by travel to North Africa, Spain and Australia. She survived being shot in a bank robbery in Australia in 1965, despite awakening in a hospital intensive care unit to find a priest pressing her to confess, telling her that she was going to die.  After ending up in San Francisco in 1968, Keller was "freaked out" by the shots and tear gas launched at student protests; she chose to focus on education and took a high school equivalency exam. She received her undergraduate degree at San Francisco State University and received a doctorate in geology and paleontology from Stanford University in 1978.

Paleontology.

After earning her doctorate, Keller worked for the United States Geological Survey and Stanford. She came to Princeton University in 1984 and after a few years started studying the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary), the geological signature of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Keller's research has led her to conclude that the Chicxulub impact predates the extinction event and therefore could not have been the sole cause. "I'm sure the day after, they had a headache," Keller states, adding however that "we vastly overestimate the damage to the environment and to life that this Chicxulub impact had".  The main evidence for the Alvarez hypothesis that a single impact resulted in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that killed the dinosaurs has come from the presence around the world of shocked quartz granules, glass spherules and tektites embedded in a layer of clay with extremely high levels of iridium, all signs of an asteroid impact. Keller's research found layers where the glass spherules and the iridium clay are found separated by as much as of sandstone and other material. Supporters of the Alvarez theory believe that the sandstone is the result of a massive tsunami that sandwiched the sand from the massive waves triggered by the impact between the shocked quartz layer and the iridium clay. Keller's analysis of the strata between the spherules and iridium clay contain signs that the material was laid down over as much as 300,000 years based on signs of plankton, worms and weathering found on the intervening material.

Gerta Keller (born 7 March 1945) is a paleontologist who contests the Alvarez hypothesis that the impact of the Chicxulub impactor, or another large celestial body, caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Keller maintains that such an impact predates the mass extinction and that Deccan volcanism and its environmental consequences were the most likely major cause possibly exacerbated by the impact.

Gerta Keller, "geboren als Gertrud Keller" (* 7. März 1945 in Schaan, Liechtenstein), ist eine US-amerikanische Geologin, Paläontologin und Professorin an der Princeton University. Sie ist bekannt als Vertreterin der These, das Massenaussterben an der Kreide-Paläogen-Grenze wäre Folge des Dekkan-Trapp-Vulkanismus und nicht eines Asteroideneinschlags im Chicxulub-Krater (Alvarez-Hypothese).


Early years.

High school.

Ross did not grow up possessing a love for running. In, fact it was not until he was cut from Woodbury High School's baseball team that he took up running. It was not long before his second choice of sport was a true calling, as Ross blossomed into one of the greatest high school distance runners in the entire state of New Jersey. In the spring of 1943, his senior year, he was crowned the N.J. State Mile Champion and National Interscholastic Indoor Mile Champion.

World War II.

Like many teenagers during his generation, Ross graduated from high school and went straight into military service. He joined the Navy and fought in World War II. Upon discharge several years later, he was discovered by Villanova University track coach Jim "Jumbo" Elliott and awarded a scholarship after a victory in a two-mile race at Madison Square Garden.

Villanova University.

Ross was one of Elliott's first magnificent runners at Villanova during the late 1940s. In 1948 he won the NCAA steeplechase championship, which paved the way for his 1948 U.S. Olympic Team qualification weeks later.

International competition.

1948 and 1952 Olympics.

Ross competed in the 1948 London Olympics where he became the only American to compete in the steeplechase final, placing 7th overall with a 9:23.2 time. After the Olympics were over Ross decided to stay in Europe and postpone his return trip to the United States because he wanted to compete in road races held in Ireland. It was there that he discovered a vast resource of running talent, and when Ross returned home he promptly alerted "Jumbo" of his findings. Elliott heeded his advice, and thus began Villanova's tradition with its long line of Irish runners.  Ross, however, did not match the same success in the 1952 Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland. He qualified to compete but never reached the finals in any competition.

1951 Pan American Games.

At the 1951 Pan American Games, Ross placed 1st in the 1500 meter run, shared 1st in the 3000 meter steeplechase, and finished 4th in the 5000 meter run. A controversy occurred in the 3000m steeplechase, where two Americans, Curt Stone and Ross, had pulled away from the field. Stone slowed down on the last straightaway and held Ross's hand as they crossed the line together. Argentine officials debated for two hours whether their actions violated rules requiring athletes to make an effort to win before finally allowing the results to stand, ranking Stone as first after a close examination of the finish photo.

"Long Distance Log".

With such passion for the sport he loved it was inevitable that Ross would continue to stay involved even after his heyday of running. In 1955 he recognized the need for distance running results to be published and widely distributed in order to increase the public's awareness of the sport. In 1956 he created the "Long Distance Log" (after its inspiration, "Distance Running Journal", created by Austin Scott in 1953) the only publication devoted exclusively to long-distance running in the USA. The first issues were mimeographed on the backs of recycled high school history tests. The "Log" would become the major instrument to unite runners and address their concerns over the next 20 years. He was the first editor-in-chief of the magazine, which mailed monthly to about 1,000 subscribers throughout the country until 1975.  In 1958 Ross founded the Philadelphia Road Runners Club, which later became the national Road Runners Club of America. The club today boasts of more than 180,000 members nationwide.

Harris Browning 'Brownie' Ross (April 26, 1924 – April 27, 1998) is often referred to as the father of long-distance running in America.

Browning Ross ("Harris Browning „Brownie“ Ross;" * 26. April 1924 in Woodbury, New Jersey; † 27. April 1998 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Mittelstrecken-, Langstrecken- und Hindernisläufer.


Personal life.

Rock Scully was born on August 1, 1941 in Seattle, Washington. His stepfather was journalist and academic Milton Mayer. Due to Mayer's multifarious career, Scully was raised in Carmel, California (where he cultivated a close friendship with future politician Sam Farr) and various locales in Europe. He finished his secondary education at a Swiss boarding school, where he acquired a penchant for skiing, a lifelong avocation.  After studying under Kurt Adler at the University of Vienna, Scully graduated with a degree in history and literature from Earlham College in 1963. Although he provisionally accepted an administrative post with Farr's father (a member of the California State Senate), Scully refused to remit the required loyalty oath and was unable to assume his duties. Beginning in the fall of 1963, he completed graduate work in history at San Francisco State University, where he coordinated student dances.  Following a monthlong jail sentence for participating in a civil rights demonstration in 1965, Scully determined that aiding the incipient 1960s counterculture would provide "musical relief" to the civil rights movement. He dropped out of graduate school to manage The Charlatans and worked with other groups as a member of Chet Helms's Family Dog collective before joining the Grateful Dead's organization.  Although they never legally married, Scully was in a relationship with Kemetic priestess Nicki Scully from 1969 to 1984; they had a daughter, Sage. He also raised her daughter from a previous relationship (Acacia, also known as Spirit) and fathered a son (Luke) in a previous relationship. Luke died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami while vacationing in Thailand. During the Grateful Dead's 1974 European tour, he engaged in a brief liaison with and may have married Lady Carolyne Christie, the niece of Lawrence Dundas, 3rd Marquess of Zetland. Scully's brother has subsequently expressed doubts about the legality of the union, which Scully misrepresented to his common-law wife as a green card marriage. Christie later married Roger Waters of Pink Floyd.  After spending time as a concert promoter near Lake Tahoe, Scully moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where he operated an automotive paint shop for three years with his longtime companion, former Grateful Dead associate Amy Moore. Shortly after relapsing, he broke up with Moore and returned to California in 1992. While he attempted to reclaim his old position, Scully found that his job "had been usurped by others." Nevertheless, he remained on amicable terms with the group, as evinced by a 2010 group interview with Scully, Phil Lesh and Bob Weir.  Scully died of lung cancer on December 16, 2014, in Monterey, California. There, he spent his final years serving as caregiver to his ailing mother following the death of his second wife, Frankie, while also participating in local civic life after regaining his sobriety. In a series of tweets, Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow eulogized his friend, culminating in the following observation: "Though occasionally fraudulent, you were always the real thing."

Rock Robert Scully (August 1, 1941 – December 16, 2014) was one of the managers of the rock band the Grateful Dead from 1965 to 1985.

Rock Robert Scully (* 1. August 1941 in Seattle, Washington; † 16. Dezember 2014 in Monterey, Kalifornien) war von 1965 bis 1985 Manager der Band Grateful Dead.


Promotion and relegation.

Teams relegated to 2015 K League Challenge  Teams promoted from the 2014 K League Challenge

Participating clubs.

The following 12 clubs will compete in the K League Classic during the 2015 season.

Foreign players.

Restricting the number of foreign players strictly to four per team, including a slot for a player from AFC countries. A team could use four foreign players on the field each game including a least one player from the AFC country.

League table.

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Positions by matchday.

Round 23–38.

"Split rounds are from round 34 to round 38"

Results.

Matches 1–22.

Teams play each other twice, once at home, once away.

Matches 34–38.

After 33 matches, the league splits into two sections of six teams each, with teams playing every other team in their section once (either at home or away). The exact matches are determined upon the league table at the time of the split.

Promotion-relegation playoffs.

The promotion-relegation playoffs were held between the winners of the 2015 K League Challenge Playoff and the 11th-placed club of the 2015 K League Classic. The winner on aggregate score after both matches earned entry into the 2016 K League Classic.

Second leg.

"Suwon FC secure promotion to the 2016 K League Classic season, 3:0 on aggregate.

Awards.

Season Awards.

The 2015 K League Awards was held on 1 December 2015.

The 2015 K League Classic was the 33rd season of the top division of professional football in South Korea since its establishment in 1983 as K-League and the third season in its current name, the K League Classic.

Die K League Classic 2015 war die dritte Spielzeit der höchsten südkoreanischen Fußballliga unter diesem Namen und die insgesamt 33. Spielzeit seit der offiziellen Einführung im Jahr 1983. Die reguläre Saison begann am 7. März und wurde am 4. Oktober 2015 beendet. Im Anschluss fanden im Oktober und November 2015 die Meisterschafts- und die Abstiegsrunde statt. Titelverteidiger war Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors.


History.

The airline was formed in, following the collapse of Air Malawi, the hitherto national carrier, in February 2013, as a result of inability to pay its debts. A deal with Ethiopian Airlines, that would see this carrier having a 49% shareholding in Air Malawi, was finalised in ; the agreement also contemplated the renaming of Air Malawi to "Malawian Airlines Ltd."  Operations commenced on serving the Blantyre–Lilongwe domestic route using 67-seater Bombardier Q400 aircraft. Malawian launched its first international service to Harare on. Johannesburg was added to the route network two weeks later, on, and Dar es Salaam was incorporated on.

Corporate affairs.

Ownership.

The airline is owned by the Government of Malawi (51%) and Ethiopian Airlines (49%). The government planned to offload 31% of its stake to private investors after a minimum period of 12 months after operations commence and it expected to earn US$6 million from this sale. In March 2016 Jimmy Lipunga, CEO of The Public Private Partnership Commission (PPPC), said that plans by the Malawi government to sell some shares in the airline to members of the public would depend on the airline attaining profitability.

Business trends.

Malawian Airlines has not been profitable since its launch in 2014. Few financial and other trends have been made available as yet (years ending 31 December):

Head office.

The airline's head office is in Mwai House in the city centre of Lilongwe.

Destinations.

Malawian Airlines serves the following destinations, :

Fleet.

As of August 2019 the airline's fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Malawian Airlines Limited is the flag carrier airline of Malawi, based in Lilongwe and with its hub at Lilongwe International Airport. It was established in 2012 after the liquidation of Air Malawi, the former national airline. Ethiopian Airlines operates it under a management contract and owns 49% of the airline after it emerged as the winner following competitive bidding.

Malawi Airlines (bis 2016 "Malawian Airlines") ist die nationale Fluggesellschaft Malawis mit Sitz in Lilongwe und Basis auf dem Flughafen Lilongwe und eine Tochtergesellschaft der Ethiopian Airlines.


Biography.

Klimmer was the son of renowned veterinary professor, and attended medical school at the University of Leipzig. In 1926, he joined the Communist Party of Germany while continuing his studies, and he earned his doctorate in 1930. His career was cut temporarily short when the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, and he worked for a time as a ship's doctor for the Hamburg America Line in the Americas and Asia. He returned to Germany in 1934 and became the senior physician at the Bethel Institution in Bielefeld. Due to his political affiliations, however, he was jailed twice by the Nazi regime in 1938 and 1941, for sentences of five months and a year, respectively, and was banned from medical practice. Nonetheless, he continued to perform medical research for Schering AG throughout the duration of the war. He married a lesbian in the 1930s to avoid the persecution of gay people in Nazi Germany.  After the war, Klimmer opened up a psychiatric practice in Leipzig, and joined the Socialist Unity Party, the ruling party of the newly formed East Germany. Using his political ties, he attempted multiple times to repeal Paragraph 175 from the criminal code, which prohibited homosexuality. In 1954 Klimmer personally asked Walter Ulbricht, the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, to decriminalize homosexuality and repeal Paragraph 175, to no avail. He became director of a sexual health institute and formed a committee to lobby in the Volkskammer. In the late 1950s and early 1960s he wrote pro-gay works, but had to publish them in Hamburg due to publishing restrictions in the East. Thanks to his tireless work, no more convictions were made in the East under Paragraph 175 after 1957, and his efforts, along with those of Kurt Freund, pushed the GDR to fully decriminalize homosexuality in 1968, a year before West Germany.  Klimmer died in Wuppertal in 1977, while visiting relatives in the West.

Rudolf Klimmer (1905-1977) was a German psychologist and sexologist who was an early gay activist, most notable for his work in the German Democratic Republic.

Rudolf Klimmer (* 17. Mai 1905 in Dresden; † 26. Juli 1977 in Wuppertal) war ein deutscher Arzt und Sexualforscher, der vor allem in der DDR in der Bewegung der Homosexuellen eine wichtige Rolle spielte.


Categories.

Active Categories  Defunct Categories

Ceremonies and winners.

The BAFTA ceremonies are typically held in March or April of each year. In some years, BAFTA has given out additional awards just prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo event, which happens in May or June of the year.

2003.

The 2003 ceremony took place on February 2004.

2004.

The 2004 ceremony took place on 1 March 2005.

2006.

The 2006 ceremony took place at The Roundhouse on 5 October 2006 and was hosted by Vernon Kay.

2007.

The 2007 ceremony took place at Battersea Evolution on 23 October 2007 and was hosted by Vic Reeves.

2008.

The 2008 ceremony took place at London Hilton on 10 March 2009 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2009.

The 2009 ceremony took place at London Hilton 19 March 2010 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2010.

The 2010 ceremony took place at London Hilton on 16 March 2011 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2011.

The 2011 ceremony took place at London Hilton on 16 March 2012 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2012.

The 2012 ceremony took place at London Hilton on 5 March 2013 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2013.

The 2013 ceremony took place at Tobacco Dock on 12 March 2014 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2014.

The 2014 ceremony took place at Tobacco Dock on 12 March 2015 and was hosted by Rufus Hound.

2015.

The 2015 ceremony took place at Tobacco Dock on 7 April 2016 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2016.

The 2016 ceremony took place at Tobacco Dock on 6 April 2017 and was hosted by Danny Wallace.

2017.

The 2017 ceremony took place at The Troxy on 12 April 2018 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2018.

The 2018 ceremony took place at Queen Elizabeth Hall on 4 April 2019 and was hosted by Dara Ó Briain.

2019.

Though originally planned to be presented at a ceremony at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, the event was instead presented as a live stream on 2 April 2020 due to concern over the COVID-19 pandemic.

The British Academy Games Awards are an annual British awards ceremony honoring "outstanding creative achievement" in the video game industry. First presented in 2004 following the restructuring of the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards, the awards are presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), and are thus commonly referred to as the BAFTA Games Awards.

Die British Academy Video Games Awards, auch BAFTA Video Games Awards, sind eine jährlich stattfindende, von der British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) ausgerichtete Preisveranstaltung für Computerspiele.


Europa Terra Nostra.

The Europa Terra Nostra is the official European political foundation of the APF. The ETN was founded 3 July 2015 in Berlin where it continues to operate as the official think-tank of the APF and serves as the European framework for national foundations/think-tanks recognised by APF member-parties.

International connections.

The APF works to co-ordinate European nationalist parties across the continent. It helped establish the Italy for the Italians coalition composed of APF member New Force along with Tricolour Flame. In 2017 the APF aided in the formation of the National Identity Bloc in Europe coalition, APF members, United Romania Party and Noua Dreaptă joined forces with the Greater Romania Party. In 2019 The APF played a part in forming the ADÑ Identidad Española coalition, composed of APF member National Democracy, FE-JONS, Spanish Alternative and La Falange.  The party also maintains contacts with the former leader of the National Rally, Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was expelled from his party in 2015. He joined the group in March 2018.  The APF maintains contacts with conservative circles in Russia with the group being invited to conferences hosted by the Kremlin. The party supports Vladimir Putin and United Russia's leadership of Russia, especially in the Ukraine crisis and Syrian Civil War. The party is supportive of Alexander Lukashenko and maintains contacts with the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus.  The APF strongly supports Serbian nationalists and is opposed to international recognition of Kosovo, it has worked in the past with the Serbian Radical Party.  It maintains friendly relations with the Syrian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party government with Deputy chairman, Nick Griffin being invited to Syria by Bashar al-Assad multiple times as an ambassador. Meetings between the party and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party have been held with the AFP publicly supporting the SSNP. The group maintains contacts with Hezbollah and has hosted at least one meeting with Hezbollah leaders. The group has been in regular contact with Lebanese leader Michel Aoun and the ruling Free Patriotic Movement.

MEPs.

Eighth European Parliament:  Ninth European Parliament:

The Alliance for Peace and Freedom (APF) is a far-right European political party founded on 4 February 2015. The main member parties had been involved in the now defunct European National Front.

The Walking Deceased – Die Nacht der lebenden Idioten (Originaltitel: "Walking with the Dead") ist eine US-amerikanische Horrorkomödie des Regisseurs Scott Dow aus dem Jahr 2015. Sie stellt eine Parodie zur AMC-Horrorserie "The Walking Dead" dar. Der Film hatte ein Budget von 1,25 Millionen US-Dollar.


Biography.

Marguerite Georges was born "Marguerite-Josephine Weimer" in Bayeux, the daughter of a German employed in the theatre orchestra in Amiens. She debuted on stage in 1802 at the age of fifteen at the Théâtre Français in Paris; she was made sociétaire in 1804. Her affair with Napoleon took place between 1802 and 1804, and was rumoured to be the reason she left France in 1808.  She was active in Saint Petersburg in Russia in 1808–1812, debuting at St. Petersburg, in "Phèdre", and alternating nights with the Russian actress Ekaterina Semenova. She toured Europe in 1812–1813, during which she performed at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm and Dresden. She then returned to France. She was active at the Théatre Français in 1813–1818, at the Odéon Theatre and in 1831–49 at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin. Her affair with Wellington is supposed to have taken place in 1814, and would make her one of two women known to have shared the two opponents' beds, the other one being Giuseppina Grassini. Unlike Grassini, she was indiscreet enough in later life to compare their sexual performances, her opinion being that "Monsieur le Duc était de beaucoup le plus fort" ("The Duke was much the stronger").  In 1814 she had a child, Maria Alexandrovna Parijskaia, fathered by Tsar Alexander I of Russia.  She lived at 25 Rue Madame, but moved to a boarding house at Rue de Helder. She retired in 1853, and received a pension from Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. She died in Passy.

Marguerite Georges (1787–1867) was a French stage actress. She was one of the most famous French actresses of her time. She is also known for her affair with Napoleon, but also claimed to have had an affair with the Duke of Wellington, a claim which is considered probable by some historians. She published under the name Marguerite-Josephine Weimer George.

Mademoiselle Georges (geboren als Marguerite-Joséphine Weimer am 23. Februar 1787 in Bayeux; gestorben am 11. Januar 1867 in Passy) wurde zu den bedeutendsten französischen Schauspielerinnen ihrer Zeit gezählt.


Alleged characteristics.

The Germanic king originally had three main functions:  The office was received hereditarily, but a new king required the consent of the people before assuming the throne. All sons of the king had the right to claim the throne, which often led to co-rulership (diarchy) where two brothers were elected kings at the same time. This evolved into the territories being considered the hereditary property of the kings, patrimonies, a system which fueled feudal wars, because the kings could claim ownership of lands beyond their "de facto" rule.  As a sort of pre-Christianization high priest, the king often claimed descent from some deity. In the Scandinavian nations, he administered pagan sacrifices (blóts) at important cult sites, such as the Temple at Uppsala. Refusal to administer the blóts could lead to the king losing power (see Haakon the Good and Anund Gårdske).  According to the testimony of Tacitus ("Germania"), some early Germanic peoples had an elective monarchy already in the 1st century.  Germanic pre-Christianization society had three levels, the king, the nobility and the free men. Their respective political influence was negotiated at the thing. According to the testimony of Tacitus,  Tacitus notes that as each tribe had its own customary law, the political power of the king could vary between nations. Thus, he states that the Gothones were ruled by kings "a little more strictly than the other German tribes, but not as yet inconsistently with freedom" while beyond the Gothones, the Rugii and Lemovii (tribes placed at the far end of Magna Germania, near the Baltic Sea) lived in "servile submission to their kings".

Later development.

With the decline of the Roman Empire, many of its provinces came under the rule of Germanic kings: Hispania to the Visigoths, Italia to the Ostrogoths, Gallia to the Franks, Britannia to the Anglo-Saxons, and Africa to the Vandals. These nations had by then been in contact with Rome for a century or more and had adopted many Roman customs. They had also been Christianised and pre-Christianization practice was slowly being replaced.  The Frankish state under the Merovingian dynasty had many of the characteristics of Germanic monarchy under heavy influence from secular and ecclesiastic Rome. Its kings, through their division of the territory, treated it not as a state independent of themselves, but as their patrimony, land won by conquest (theirs and their forefathers'). The king was primarily a war leader and a judge. There are many theories to explain the collapse of Merovingian power, most of which blame the inability of later Merovingians in war as an important factor. The commonly cited occasion of Sigebert III sobbing in his saddle after a defeat (the king was then only ten years old) highlights the importance of victory in battle for a king who is chiefly a warrior.  The principle of election, which determined Germanic succession, was abandoned in those states under the heaviest influence from the papacy, such as Merovingian Gaul, where hereditary succession and the divine right of the reigning dynasty was recognised. In Anglo-Saxon Britain, the principle survived until the Norman Conquest removed it. Anglo-Saxon kings were elected by the witena gemót. Finally, the principle survived in some form or other for centuries after the demise of the last Germanic monarchies. The civil wars of medieval Scandinavia and the electorate of the Holy Roman Empire are part of its legacy.

Germanic kingship is a thesis regarding the role of kings among the pre-Christianized Germanic tribes of the Migration period (c. 300–700 AD) and Early Middle Ages (c. 700–1,000 AD). The thesis holds that the institution of feudal monarchy developed, through contact with the Roman Empire and the Christian Church, from an earlier custom of sacral and military kingship based on both birth status and popular consent.

Konungr (vgl. altgermanisch "*kuningaz", altenglisch "cyning", schwedisch "konung", russisch "Ко́нунг") war die Bezeichnung für den ranghöchsten Herrscher eines Gebietes in frühen altnordischen Sagas und Inschriften. Die lateinische Entsprechung in den Quellen ist "rex", was aber nur bedingt als König wiederzugeben ist und auch einen lokalen Herrscher (Kleinkönig) bezeichnen kann.


Early life.

John Clarke was born at Westhorpe in the county of Suffolk, England, and was baptized there on 8 October 1609. He was one of seven children of Thomas Clarke and Rose Kerrich (or Kerridge), six of whom left England and settled in New England. No definitive record has been found concerning his life in England other than the parish records of his baptism and those of his siblings.  Clarke was apparently highly educated, judging from the fact that he arrived in New England at the age of 28 qualified as both a physician and a Baptist minister. His many years of study become evident through a book that he wrote

Rhode Island.

Clarke arrived in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in November 1637 when the colony was in the midst of the major theological and political crisis known as the Antinomian Controversy. A major division had occurred within the Boston church between proponents of so-called "covenant of grace" theology, led by John Cotton, and proponents of so-called "covenant of works", led by John Wilson and others.  The controversy ultimately resulted in many people leaving Massachusetts Bay Colony, either voluntarily or by banishment. Some went north in November 1637 to found the town of Exeter, New Hampshire, while a larger group were uncertain where to go. They contacted Roger Williams, who suggested that they purchase land from the Narragansett people along the Narragansett Bay, near his settlement of Providence Plantations. John Clarke apparently went with both groups, based on what he wrote in his book: "By reason of the suffocating heat of the summer before [1637], I went to the North to be somewhat cooler, but the winter following [1637-38] proved so cold, that we were forced in the spring to make towards the South."  Clarke joined a group of men at the Boston home of William Coddington on 7 March 1638, and they drafted the Portsmouth Compact. Some historians suggest that Clarke wrote the document, based on its religious sentiment. 23 men signed the document which was intended to form a "Bodie Politick" based on Christian principles, and Coddington was chosen as the leader of the group.  Roger Williams suggested two places where the exiles could settle on the Narraganset Bay: Sowams (which became Barrington

Founding of the Newport church.

In 1638, Roger Williams established a church in Providence which is now known as the First Baptist Church in America. The next Baptist congregation was established by John Clarke on Rhode Island and likely had its beginnings when he arrived on the island in 1638. Massachusetts Governor John Winthrop wrote that there were "professed Anabaptists" on

Baptist activism.

In 1649, Clarke went to Seekonk (then in Plymouth Colony but later in Rehoboth, Massachusetts) to help organize a Baptist church. Roger Williams confirmed this in a letter to Governor Winthrop: "At Seekonk, a great many have lately concurred with Mr. John Clarke, and our Providence men, about the point of a new baptism and the manner by dipping; and Mr. John Clarke hath been there lately, and Mr. Lucar, and hath dipped them. I believe their practice comes nearer to the first practice of our great Founder, Christ Jesus, than other practices of religion do." Several members of the Seekonk church had quarreled with their minister Samuel Newman and had broken off from the main church, largely over the issue of infant baptism. Hearing of this division, Clarke and Lucar went to welcome the dissidents and baptize them by immersion. One of the Seekonk men was Obadiah Holmes who is considered a "pugnacious man [and] a hot-tempered fault-finder" by Clarke biographer Sydney James.  The Massachusetts clergymen and magistrates were angered when they learned of the Seekonk baptisms. In their eyes, they invalidated the earlier baptisms which the parishioners had undergone as children, and also invalidated the ministers who performed them. The magistrates wrote to their counterparts in Plymouth accusing them of doing nothing about the practices. The Seekonk church then excommunicated Holmes and he was compelled to move to Newport in 1650 or 1651 with a few other dissidents, following court action against him. He subsequently became an elder of the Newport church.

Imprisonment.

William Witter was an elderly blind man with Baptist sentiments who was living in Lynn, Massachusetts in July 1651. He wanted to connect with his Baptist faith, but he was too infirm to travel to Newport, so Clarke, Obadiah Holmes, and John Crandall visited him at his home. The party arrived on Saturday 19 July and held a religious service the next day. Those present included family and visitors and "four or five strangers that came in unexpected". During the service, two constables appeared with a warrant signed by local magistrate Robert Bridge calling for the arrest of Clarke and his two associates. No baptisms had been performed, but the wording of the warrant suggested

Aftermath.

Following the men's arrest and ill treatment, Sir Richard Saltonstall wrote from England to Reverends Cotton and Wilson of the Boston church: "These rigid wayes have lay'd you very lowe in the hearts of the saynts." Shortly after the incident, Roger Williams wrote a letter to Governor Endicott, making an earnest plea for toleration in matters of conscience and religion, but the request was unheeded. However, Williams did not let the matter rest, and used Clarke and Holmes as the subjects of his book "The Bloody Tenent Yet More Bloody" (1652). Williams gave a copy of this book to Clarke and wrote in the front: "For

Time in England.

William Coddington was unhappy with the colonial patent that Roger Williams had obtained in 1643, and he was resistant to consolidating the four settlements into the unified Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which ultimately came about in 1647 as a result of the patent. He wanted colonial independence for the two island towns of Newport and Portsmouth, and decided to go to England to present his case to the Colonial Commissioners in London. On 3 April 1651, the Council of State of England gave Coddington the commission of a separate government for the island of Aquidneck and for the smaller neighboring island of Conanicut (later Jamestown, Rhode Island), with him as governor for life.

Repeal of Coddington Commission.

Criticism arose as soon as Coddington returned to Rhode Island with his commission. In September 1651, William Arnold summed up the feelings of many of the Providence settlers when he wrote, "Whereas Mr. Coddington have gotten a charter of Road Iland and Conimacuke Iland to himself, he have thereby broken the force of their charter that went under the name of Providence, because he have gotten away the greater part of that colonie." Clarke voiced his opposition to Coddington's rule of the island, and he was commissioned as the island's

"Ill Newes from New England".

Very soon after arriving in England, Clarke published "Ill Newes from New England: or a Narrative of New England's Persecution" (1652). The book begins with a letter to the English Parliament and Council of State, conveying an earnest plea for liberty of conscience and religious toleration. This is followed by another letter addressed to the Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. The largest part of the book is devoted to Clarke's beliefs on conducting a church and why he thought that the Massachusetts churches were proceeding in the wrong direction. Less than half of the book concerns the persecution that Clarke and his companions experienced at the hands of the

Rhode Island agent.

Clarke was Rhode Island's official agent in England, although he received little compensation for his work. However, he remained active in his religious commitment and joined a Particular Baptist church under the pastorship of William Kiffin. One of his means of support was preaching at this church, which he called his "cheefe place for proffitt and preference", possibly because this arrangement offered him room and board. He also offered legal services and practiced medicine in London.  Most of Clarke's time in England was during the Interregnum, when rule of the country was under

Negotiating a charter.

In 1660, Charles II ascended the throne of England, and within two years the Act of Uniformity was passed requiring unified religious observances centered on the Anglican Church. The new king harbored prejudices against the Presbyterians, Independents, and Baptists, increasing Clarke's difficulty in crafting a charter that included religious freedoms. Clarke's commission as the agent for Rhode Island was renewed on 18 October 1660, and he filed at least ten petitions and letters to the king between 1661 and 1662. He offered the king

Rhode Island's Royal Charter.

Once the boundary issue between Rhode Island and Connecticut was resolved, the long-awaited charter, drafted by Clarke, was given the king's seal on 8 July 1663. The document was remarkable in that it not only offered corporate powers beyond what most English bureaucrats thought prudent, but offered a degree of religious freedom without precedent. The provisions of this charter were so far-reaching that not only would Rhode Island proceed as an autonomous entity, but the document would remain in effect for 180 years.  In this charter, colonial boundaries were outlined, provisions for a military and for prosecuting war were effected, fishing privileges were secured, and a means of appeal to England was detailed. The charter guaranteed the rights of Rhode Island residents to travel freely within the other colonies, which rights had been curtailed due to religious reasons in the past. The new charter also forbade the other New England colonies from making war against the Indians within Rhode Island, without its permission, and also directed that disputes with other colonies would be appealed to the crown. It also outlined provisions for colonial representation, specifying a colonial governor, deputy governor, and ten assistants (called magistrates because of their judicial role). In addition, the number of deputies allotted to each town was specified.  Of paramount importance to Clarke was the charter's explicit guarantee of religious freedom. It excused Rhode Islanders from conformity with the Anglican Church "because some of the people... cannot, in their private Opinions, conform to the publique exercise of religion..." It also took some of the language from the Declaration of Breda:  that no person within the said colony, at any time hereafter shall be any wise molested [harassed], punished, disquieted, or called in question, for any differences in opinion in matters of religion, and do not actually disturb the civil peace of our said

Later life.

With the royal charter ready to travel to New England, Clarke had to begin gathering funds to get himself back as well. Only a week after the king put his seal on the charter, Clarke made an indenture with Richard Deane of London, mortgaging his Newport properties to raise money. Even this didn't ensure his immediate departure from England, and it wasn't until the following spring that he was able to make the voyage back to Rhode Island. He and his wife sailed aboard "The Sisters" of London, carrying their belongings and a shipment of armaments for the colony.  Despite the magnanimous provisions of Rhode Island's charter, it did not definitively settle the land disputes with Connecticut, which would continue for more than half a century. Nor did it settle the issue with the Atherton Company, occupying two large tracts of land within Rhode Island's "Narragansett country". Fortuitous for the Rhode Island colony, however, was the arrival in 1664 of a group of royal commissioners. Samuel Gorton had told the crown that in 1644 the Narragansett people had submitted themselves to England's king. Once the newly arrived commissioners verified this, they declared all of the Narragansett territory (what is now Washington County and a part of Kent County, Rhode Island, including the Atherton tracts), to be Kings Province. One of the commissioners was Samuel Maverick, a good friend of Rhode Island's recent governor William Brenton, who abhorred the Atherton Company. Clarke was one of three men allowed to present Rhode Island's views on the land disputes, and the commissioners ultimately took a strong stance in favor of Rhode Island. Eventually, the Atherton Company lost its Narragansett property, and the Kings Province became a part of the Rhode Island colony.

Civil roles.

Following his great usefulness in England, Clarke became further involved in the affairs of the Rhode Island colony upon his return. He served for six years, from 1664 to 1671, as a Deputy from Newport in the General Assembly, and then served as the Deputy Governor under Governor Benedict Arnold for two of the three years between 1669 and 1672. With his legal background, he was appointed in October 1666 to make a digest of Rhode Island laws. In June 1670 and again in March 1672 he was chosen as an agent to go back to England on behalf of the colony. His selection in 1672 was to make an appeal to the king

Church divisions.

While Clarke became very active in the affairs of the colony upon his return from England, he also resumed his leadership role in the Newport church. One major schism occurred in the church while he was in England, and another several years after his return. The first of these concerned the "laying on of hands". This practice was considered to be one of Christ's six principles as advocated in the biblical verse Hebrews 6:2, and the ritual was welcomed in the Newport Baptist Church. However, some members of the church wanted the practice to be mandatory, while others did not want additional restrictions placed on the parishioners. This disagreement prompted William Vaughan to break

Death and legacy.

With the help of Richard Baily, Clarke drafted his will on 20 April 1676, then died in Newport the same day. He was buried in his family plot in Newport, as directed in his will, beside his two wives, Elizabeth and Jane, who predeceased him.  In his will he set up a trust to be used "for the relief of the poor or bringing up of children unto learning from time to time forever." Still in use, this trust is generally considered to be the oldest educational trust fund in the United States. Ironically, the trust undermined some of the principles that Clarke cherished, particularly the separation between church and state. While the trust was used to support ministries of the church, it enmeshed the town counsel and the church in many legal entanglements. Eventually the trust was used to pay, at least in part, the salary of a paid minister—something that Clarke thought to be highly inappropriate.  Clarke believed that secular government should peacefully coexist with religion, and he became a seminal figure in applying the separation of church and state. Historian

Ancestry and family.

John Clarke was the fifth of seven known children born to Thomas and Rose Clarke, all born or baptized at Westhorpe, Suffolk, England. Margaret was the oldest child, born about 1601, and next was Carew, baptized 17 February 1602/3, followed by Thomas, baptized 31 March 1605. Mary was next, baptized 26 July 1607, then the subject John was baptized 8 October 1609, next was William baptized 11 February 1611 who married Katherine Bunce, and the youngest, Joseph, was baptized on 16 December 1618. Margaret married Nicholas Wyeth and lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mary married John Peckham, and came to Newport, Rhode Island with her husband and four brothers, Carew, Thomas, John, and Joseph.  John Clarke was married three times, his first wife being Elizabeth Harris, the daughter of John Harris who was lord of the manor of Westlingworth in Bedfordshire. This

Notes.

a. The complete title of Clarke's book is "Ill Newes from New-England: Or a Narrative of New-Englands Persecution. Wherin is Declared that While Old England is Becoming New, New-England is Become Old. Also Four Proposals to the Honoured Parliament and Councel of State, Touching the Way to Propagate the Gospel of Christ (with

References.

Bibliography.

"Books"

John Clarke (October 1609 – 20 April 1676) was a physician, Baptist minister, co-founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, author of its influential charter, and a leading advocate of religious freedom in America.

John Clarke (* 3. Oktober 1609 in Westhorpe, England; † 20. April 1676 in Newport, Rhode Island) war ein englischer Arzt, Baptistenprediger und Politiker. Er gehört zu den Mitbegründern der Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations und fungierte dort auch als Vizegouverneur. Clarke verfasste die richtungsgebende Satzung der Kolonie und war ein führerender Verfechter von Religionsfreiheit in Amerika.


Etymology.

In Arabic, "iman" ( "ʾīmān"), means "faith". It is the verbal noun of آمَنَ "to believe (in something)."

Meaning.

In a hadith, Muhammad defined "iman" as "a knowledge in the heart, a voicing with the tongue, and an activity with the limbs." Faith is confidence in a truth which is real. When people have confidence, they submit themselves to that truth. It is not sufficient just to know the truth, but the recognition of the heart should be expressed by the tongue which is the manifestation of the intelligence and at last to reflect this confidence in their activities.  Hamiduddin Farahi, while explaining the meaning of imān in his exegesis, wrote:

The Six Articles of Faith.

Faith ("iman") breaks down into six axioms:  Of these, the first five are mentioned together in the Quran and by Muhammad, while including a corollary of belief in Allah – the good and evil of fate ordained by God – has referred to all six together in the following manner in the Hadith of Gabriel:  Another similar narration ascribed to Muhammad is:  Ibn Abbas narrates that the Angel Jibril once asked the Prophet: "Tell me what is Iman?" The Prophet replied: "Iman is to believe in Allah, the Day of Judgment, His (Allah's) Angels, Books and Prophets and to believe in life after death; and to believe in Paradise and the Fire, and the setting up of the Mizan (scales) to weigh the deeds; and to believe in the Divine Decree, the good and the bad of it (all). Jibril then asked him: "If I do all this will I be with Iman?" The Prophet said: "When you have done all of this, you will be having Iman."

Delineation in the Quran and Hadith.

In the Quran, iman is one of the 10 qualities which cause one to be the recipient of God's mercy and reward. The Quran states that faith can grow with remembrance of God. The Quran also states that nothing in this world should be dearer to a true believer than faith.  Muhammad is reported to have said that he gained sweetness of faith who was pleased to accept God as Lord, Islam as religion and Muhammad as prophet. He also said that no one can be a true believer unless he loves the Prophet more than his children, parents and relatives. At another instance, he has remarked that it is this love with God and Muhammad after which a person can be aware of the real taste of faith.  Amin Ahsan Islahi, a notable exegete of the Quran has clarified the nature of this love:... it does not merely imply the passionate love one naturally has for one's wife, children and other relatives, but it also refers to the love on the basis of intellect and principles for some viewpoint and stance. It is because of this love that a person, in every sphere of life, gives priority to this viewpoint and principle... So much so, if the demands of his wife, children and relatives clash with the demands of this viewpoint, he adheres to it and without any hesitation turns down the desires of his wife and children and the demands of his family and clan.  Islahi and Maududi both have inferred that the Quranic comparison of a good word and a bad word in Chapter 14 is actually a comparison of faith and disbelief. Thus, the Quran is effectively comparing faith to a tree whose roots are deep in the soil and branches spread in the vastness of the sky.  Iman is also the subject of a supplication uttered by Muhammad to God: O God! I have resigned myself to You and I have consigned my matter to you and have taken support from You fearing Your grandeur and moving towards You in anticipation. There is no refuge and shelter after running away from You, and if there is, it is with You. Lord! I have professed faith in your Book which You have revealed and have professed faith in the Prophet you have sent as a Messenger.

The 77 Branches of Iman.

The 77 Branches of Faith is a collection compiled by Imam Al-Bayhaqi in his work "Shu`ab al-Iman". In it, he explains the essential virtues that reflect true faith through related Quranic verses and prophetic sayings.  This is based on the following Hadith ascribed to Muhammad: Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said: "Iman has more than 70 branches. The most excellent among these branches is the saying of "Laa ilaaha ill Allah" (there is no God but Allah), and the smallest branch is to remove an obstacle from the wayside. And "Haya" (modesty) is an important branch of Iman."

Faith and deeds.

In Islam, it is essential that there exist harmony and concord between faith and deeds. Farāhī has explained this aspect in his tafsīr in the following manner:  Righteous deeds are mentioned in the Qurān right after faith in the capacity of an explanation... In the case of faith, the need for its explanation is obvious: the place of faith is the heart and the intellect. In matters of intellect and heart, not only can a person deceive others but also at times he himself can remain in deception. He considers himself to be a mu’min (believer) whereas actually he is not. For this reason, two testimonies needed to be required for it: a person's words and a person's deeds. Since words can be untrue, hence a person who only professes faith through words is not regarded as a mu’min and it was deemed essential that a person's deeds also testify to his faith. Thus the Qurān said: "O you who believe with the tongue! Believe through your deeds."

Faith and reason in Islam.

The relation between reason and faith in Islam is a complex debate spanning over centuries. Ismail Raji al-Faruqi states on this subject: As for the non-Muslims, they may contest the principles of Islam. They must know, however, that Islam does not present its principles dogmatically, for those who believe or wish to believe, exclusively. It does so rationally, critically. It comes to us armed with logical and coherent arguments, and expects our acquiescence on rational, and hence necessary, grounds. It is not legitimate for us to disagree on the relativist basis of personal taste, or that of subjective experience.

Iman ( "ʾīmān", lit. faith or belief) in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of Islam. Its most simple definition is the belief in the six articles of faith, known as "arkān al-īmān".

Īmān () ist der Glaube (an Gott) in der islamischen Religion. Das Wort "Iman" ist das Verbalsubstantiv der IV. Form des Stammes ʾmn, welches auch in anderen semitischen Sprachen das Konzept von Vertrauen und Sicherheit zum Ausdruck bringt (siehe Amen), hat also eine doppelte Bedeutung, nämlich zum einen „Glauben“ im Sinne von „an etwas glauben“, aber auch „beschützen, sichern“.


Background.

After studying German Studies, History and Catholic Theology in Würzburg, Bonn and Rome, she worked as a research assistant for prof. dr. Dr. W. Trusen at the Institut für Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte und Kirchenrecht. She received a doctorate for her research on the ecclesiology of the Albigensians considering dogmatism and dogma history. In 1996 followed her habilitation on these subjects, with a "venia legendi" for history of canon law. From 1986 to 2002 she was a member of the scientific advisory council of the Centre D‘Etudes Cathares in Carcassonne. As a "Privatdozentin" she contributed to the DFG research project "Die Entstehung des öffentlichen Strafrechts" and to the DFG Graduierten project "Die Wahrnehmung der Geschlechterdifferenz in religiösen Symbolsystemen". From 1998 onward, she is a visiting professor Canon Law at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU) in Münster. In 2001 she took up the chair for Church History at the Catholic University of Utrecht and in 2007 she worked as a professor for the History of Church and Theology at Tilburg University. From 2009 onward she is professor Church History and Canon Law, and also History of Christianity at the Faculty of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at the Radboud University in Nijmegen. She is co-founder of CIRCAED (Collectif International de Recherche sur le Catharisme Et les Dissidences), which was founded in Toulouse in 2012 and the Center of Catholic Studies: Historical and Systematic Perspectives at the Faculty of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies at the Radboud University in Nijmegen.  Her research interests are heresy and the interweaving of canon law and theology. The point of departure of her research is the connection between historical, theological and legal aspects. The focus is on the interaction of the competing models of interpretation within Christianity, whereby orthodoxy and heterodoxy are not regarded as contrary, but as a continuing process of the development of learning within Christianity. The disputes concerning the different interpretations of the teachings are the driving force of the development of the spiritual culture of Europe, long before the Enlightenment.

Daniela Müller (born 10 July 1957 in Aschaffenburg, Germany) is a German theologian and church historian, who works in the Netherlands since 2007 and who holds the chair of Church History/History of Christianity and Canon Law at the Radboud University in Nijmegen. She has numerous publications on the subjects heresy and dissidents, and is the editor of the in 2014 initiated book series "Christentum und Dissidenz".

Daniela Müller (* 10. Juli 1957 in Aschaffenburg) ist eine deutsche katholische Theologin und Kirchenhistorikerin, die seit 2001 in den Niederlanden, seit 2009 an der Radboud-Universität Nijmegen, lehrt. Sie hat zahlreiche Publikationen zum Thema Ketzerei und Dissidenz veröffentlicht und 2014 eine Reihe zum Thema "Christentum und Dissidenz" initiiert.


Ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament

Olympische Winterspiele 2018/Eishockey (Herren)

Qualification.

Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, United States, Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Slovakia qualified as the top eight teams in the IIHF World Ranking in 2015.  South Korea qualified as host team. To field a competitive team, the South Korean government agreed to grant one American and six Canadian hockey players that were playing in Korean leagues dual citizenship to make them eligible for the national team. The remaining three teams qualified from qualification tournaments.

Match officials.

14 referees and 14 linesmen were selected for the tournament.

Preliminary round.

"All times are local (UTC+9)."

Tiebreak criteria.

In each group, teams will be ranked according to the following criteria:

Ranking after preliminary round.

Following the completion of the preliminary round, all teams will be ranked 1D through 12D. To determine this ranking, the following criteria will be used in the order presented:

Playoff round.

Qualification playoffs.

The four highest-ranked teams (1D–4D) received byes and were deemed the home team in the quarterfinals as they were seeded to advance, with the remaining eight teams (5D–12D) playing qualification playoff games as follows. The losers of the qualification playoff games received a final ranking of 9 through 12 based on their preliminary round ranking.

Quarterfinals.

Following the quarterfinal games, the winning teams were re-ranked F1 through F4, with the winner of 1D vs. E4 re-ranked as F1, the winner of 2D vs. E3 re-ranked as F2, the winner of 3D vs. E2 re-ranked as F3, and the winner of 4D vs. E1 re-ranked as F4. The losers of the quarterfinal round games received a final ranking of 5 through 8 based on their preliminary round ranking.

Statistics.

Average age.

Team Canada was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 31 years. Gold medal winner Team Russia was the youngest, averaging 28 years. The tournament average was 29 years and 6 months.

Scoring leaders.

List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.

Leading goaltenders.

Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.

The men's tournament in ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held in Gangneung, South Korea between 14 and 25 February 2018. Twelve countries qualified for the tournament; eight of them did so automatically by virtue of their ranking by the International Ice Hockey Federation, one, South Korea, automatically qualified as hosts, while the three others took part in a qualification tournament.

Das Eishockeyturnier der Herren bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 2018 in Pyeongchang fand vom 14. bis zum 25. Februar – so wie bei den Spielen in Sotschi – mit zwölf Nationalmannschaften statt. Die Partien wurden hauptsächlich im 10.000 Zuschauer fassenden Gangneung Hockey Centre (koreanisch: I ) ausgetragen. Insgesamt sieben der 30 Partien wurden im Kwandong Hockey Centre (koreanisch: II ) ausgetragen, das 6.000 Zuschauer fasst. Beide Stadien befinden sich in der Küstenstadt Gangneung.


Political parties.

On the unionist side, the Democratic Unionist Party gained ten seats, primarily at the expense of smaller unionist parties, to become the largest party both in seats and votes, with thirty seats. The Ulster Unionist Party increased their vote slightly, despite slipping to third place in first preference votes, and won 27 seats, a net loss of one. Shortly after the election three Ulster Unionist MLAs, Jeffrey Donaldson, Norah Beare and Arlene Foster, defected to the Democratic Unionists.  On the nationalist side, Sinn Féin saw a big increase in their vote, gaining six seats at the net expense of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, for a total of 24 seats.  The minor parties all saw a significant fall in their support. The Alliance Party managed to hold all six of its seats despite their vote almost halving, the Women's Coalition, United Unionist Coalition and Northern Ireland Unionist Party were all wiped out, and the Progressive Unionist Party and UK Unionist Party won just one seat each.  The biggest surprise of the election came in West Tyrone with the election of the independent Kieran Deeny, a doctor campaigning on the single issue of hospital provision in Omagh.  Several sitting MLAs stood under a different label to the one they had used in the 1998 election. Some had failed to be selected by their parties to stand and so stood as independents, whilst others had changed parties during the course of the assembly. Most of these realignments occurred within the unionist parties, with several defections between existing parties, and two new parties being formed – the United Unionist Coalition (formed by the three MLAs elected as independent unionists, though one later joined the Democratic Unionist Party) and the Northern Ireland Unionist Party (formed by four of the five MLAs elected as the UK Unionist Party, though one later left them, joined the Democratic Unionists for a period, then contested the election as an independent unionist). Neither the United Unionist Assembly Party nor the Northern Ireland Unionists won any seats in 2003.

Results.

"Electorate: 1,097,526; Valid votes: 692,028; Turnout: 63.05%."

The 2003 election to the Northern Ireland Assembly was held on Wednesday, 26 November 2003, after being suspended for just over a year. It was the second election to take place since the devolved assembly was established in 1998. Six members from each of Northern Ireland's eighteen Westminster Parliamentary constituencies were elected by single transferable vote, giving a total of 108 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs). The election was contested by 18 parties and a number of independent candidates.

Bei der Wahl zur Nordirland-Versammlung 2003 am 26. November 2003 wurde die Northern Ireland Assembly („Nordirland-Versammlung“) neu gewählt. Die Wahl endete mit Zugewinnen der radikaleren Parteien, sowohl auf Seiten der Unionisten, als auch der irischen Republikaner.


Description.

The Selangor silvered langur has a gray body with a black face and black feet and hands. The type specimen had a head and body length of and a tail that was long. The closely related silvery lutung has an average head and body length of for females and for males. The silvery lutung has an average weight of for females and for males. The Selangor silvered langur differs from the silvery lutung in the shape of its whiskers. The Selangor silvered langur has long, straight whiskers while the silvery lutung has mussel-shaped whiskers. The two species also differ genetically.  Infants are born with a very different color pattern than the adults. They have bright orange fur with white faces, hands and feet. The infant coloration transforms to the adult coloration over its first 3 to 5 months, starting with the head, hands and feet. All members of the group participate in the care of the infants, including females other than the mother and the dominant male. One theory for the reason for the orange infant coloration is that it may attract other females to help look after the infant.

Distribution.

This langur's distribution is restricted to the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia in Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Melaka, Perak and Kedah. It is arboreal and prefers mangrove and riparian forests, but is also sometimes found on plantations. It eats mostly leaves, but also fruit, seeds, flowers and even dried wood. At Bukit Melawati, feeding the Selangor silvered langurs is a popular tourist activity. The Selangor silvered langurs at Bukit Malawati are among the few wild leaf monkey populations to have experienced continual habituation to humans. They will sometimes willingly touch and climb on visitors, in addition to approaching to beg for food.

Behavior.

Like most leaf monkeys, the Selangor silvered langur typically lives in groups with a single adult male and multiple adult females and their juvenile offspring. A study by Sterck and Van Hooff found that it was more likely than most to live in groups with more than one adult male. In some cases, a former dominant male was permitted to stay with the group after a younger male became dominant. In some cases, new young adult males were permitted to join the group without toppling the dominant male. In other cases younger males, presumably sons of the dominant male, were permitted to stay with the group for some time after reaching adulthood. More typically young males are ejected from the group by the dominant male upon reaching adulthood. Similarly aged males tend to leave their natal group together and join new groups together. Groups are territorial, with little overlap between the territories of different groups. A study by Lord Medway indicated that Selangor silvered langur infant births do not show a seasonal pattern  Besides feeding and caring for infants, the activity budget of Selangor silvered langurs includes playing, transportation, resting, vocalizing and grooming. Juveniles of both sexes participate in most of the playing and even infants that are only a few weeks old engage in play. Play can include wrestling and other play fighting and juvenile males are the most active participants in this type of play. A study by Bernstein at Bukit Melawati found that much play occurs on the ground and that whenever the group was on the ground and undisturbed the juveniles engaged in play. Monkeys of all ages, including infants and the dominant male, engage in grooming. Grooming sessions typically involve 2 monkeys but sometimes involve 3 or 4. At times of distress the monkeys often embrace each other.  A study by Lee Harding observed that when Selangor silvered langurs encounter the smaller long-tailed macaques the langurs generally move away without fighting. On the other hand, Bernstein found that the two monkey species sometimes travel together and even feed in the same trees at times.

Conservation status.

The conservation status of the Selangor silvered langur has not been evaluated since it was identified as a separate taxon. A study by Khan published in 1978, prior this recognition, suggested that the population in West Malaysia had declined from about 6,000 individuals to about 4,000 over the period of 1958 through 1975.

The Selangor silvered langur ("Trachypithecus selangorensis") is a species of leaf monkey found on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It had been previously considered a form of silvery lutung. Roos and colleagues elevated this population to a subspecies level, "Trachypithecus cristatus selangorensis", in 2008. It has since come to be regarded by primatologists as a separate species, "Trachypithecus selangorensis".

Der Selangor-Langur ("Trachypithecus selangorensis") ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Schlankaffen (Presbytini), der an der Westküste der Malaiischen Halbinsel in den malayischen Bundesstaaten Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malakka und im Südwesten von Johor vorkommt.


Biography.

Alfred Liskow was born 1910.  Before joining the German military 1939, he worked as a furniture maker at a furniture factory in Kohlberg, Bavaria. He was a dedicated Communist and at one point a member of the Alliance of Red Fighters.  Liskow served at Infantry Regiment 222 of the 75th infantry division stationed on the eve of the invasion north to the town Sokal (north to Lwow). At that time he was 30 years old. After learning about the German invasion, he left his military unit and having swum across the Bug river on June 21, 1941 at about 9:00 pm and surrendered to the Soviet border patrol soldiers of the 90th Border Unit. During a questioning, he said that at dawn on June 22, the German Wehrmacht would attack.  After that the Soviet authorities used him for their propaganda. One of the quotes attributed to him was "I am from a family of workers, from Kolberg. My parents and I hate Hitler and his regime. For us, the USSR is a friendly country, and we don’t want to fight with the Soviet people. There are many such families in Germany. They don’t want a war with you" In spite of this in January 1942 he was arrested and put to a Russian prisoner camp, and was rehabilitated July 16, 1942. Liskow's fate is unknown. However, Stalin later ordered the execution of a "German deserter" for misinformation. It is unclear if this refers to Liskow or another German deserter.

Alfred Liskow, sometimes "Liskov" or "Liskof" or "Albert Liskow" or Albert Liskov, (1910–1942?) was a German soldier who swam across the Bug River at 21:00 on the eve of Operation Barbarossa near Sokal, just north of Lwow, in 1941 to warn the Red Army of imminent attack the next morning.

Alfred Liskow, auch geschrieben als "Liskov" oder "Liskof" oder "Albert Liskow" oder Albert Liskov (1910–1942?), war ein deutscher Soldat und Tischler, der am Vorabend des Unternehmens Barbarossa den Fluss Bug nördlich von Lwiw bei Sokal durchschwamm, um die Rote Armee vor dem bevorstehenden Angriff zu warnen.


Biography.

Harry Hale Cooley was born in Georgia, Vermont on November 13, 1893, the son of William A. and Anna (Hale) Cooley. He was educated in the elementary and high schools of Essex Junction, and graduated from the Vermont School of Agriculture and Normal School (now Vermont Technical College) in 1913. After graduating, Cooley taught agriculture, including terms at the high school in Stowe. From 1926 to 1946, he was a member of the faculty at the Vermont School of Agriculture, and taught agricultural science.  Cooley was a resident of Randolph, and operated a farm. A Democrat in an era when the Republican Party dominated Vermont politics, Cooley was active in local politics and government, and served as Randolph's town meeting moderator and lister, in addition to serving on the school board. Cooley also served as chairman of the Orange County Democratic Committee.  From 1941 to 1958, Cooley was supervisor of the White River Soil Conservation District, and he was president of the White River Dairy Cooperative from 1950 to 1960. He served in the Vermont House of Representatives from 1959 to 1961. In 1962 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Vermont Senate.  In 1964, Cooley won election as Secretary of State as part of that year's Democratic landslide; his victory marked the first time Democrats had ever won the Secretary of State's office. Cooley was reelected in 1966, and served from January 1965 to January 1969. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1968.  After leaving office, Cooley served as a volunteer with the federal VISTA program; he taught agriculture and helped supervise farm projects in Arkansas before returning to Vermont in 1970.  Long active with Randolph's historical society, in 1978 Cooley authored a book, "Randolph, Vermont: Historical Sketches, to Which Are Appended Reminisces of the Author".

Death and burial.

Cooley died in Randolph on October 21, 1986. He was buried at Randolph Center Cemetery in Randolph.

Family.

In 1916, Cooley married Gertrude E. Small, also a graduate of what is now Vermont Technical College and a teacher. She died in 1955; in 1957, Cooley married Bernice Lane, who died in 1962.  With his first wife, Cooley was the father of two sons and three daughters: Charles, John, Idora, Ruth, and Marion.

Harry H. Cooley (November 13, 1893 -- October 21, 1986) was a Vermont teacher, farmer and public official who served in the Vermont House of Representatives and as Secretary of State.

Harry H. Cooley (* 13. November 1893 in Georgia, Vermont; † 1986) war ein US-amerikanischer Farmer und Politiker, der von 1965 bis 1969 Secretary of State von Vermont war.


Description.

Clackline Bridge is a timber bridge spanning the Clackline Brook and the former Eastern Railway alignment, in the Shire of Northam, east of Perth. Constrained by the topography of the site, the route of the Eastern Railway tracks, and the previous alignment of Great Eastern Highway, the bridge has a unique curved and sloping design. It has 18 spans over a length, with a 1 in 20 slope and a horizontal curve radius of. There are 18 numbered piers, starting from pier 1 at the eastern end. The double tracks of the Eastern Railway, which linked Perth and Northam until its removal in 1981, passed between piers 16 and 17. Piers 14 to 17 are parallel to that former railway, at an angle of approximately 40 degrees to the bridge. This resulted in spans of various lengths: heading out from the western abutment, then a span between piers 16 and 17, followed by a length, two spans, and 13 spans of. The bridge has undergone multiple alterations, but the original piers remain. They were constructed as "four rounded braced wandoo piles supported from horizontal 450mm timber sills, adzed to 400mm, fixed to concrete footings", with the footings designed to bear on foundation rocks beneath the surface. The bridge's original spans were made up of seven rounded timber wandoo stringers, of at least diameter, bearing on jarrah corbels, supported by jarrah half caps in size. The span over the railway alignment was originally supported on four steel beams, weighing each.  Various aspects of Clackline Bridge have since been modified. Originally wide, with a footpath, the bridge was widened by, with two additional piles installed at each pier. At the same time the railway span was strengthened, with eight additional steel beams installed, and steel plates welded to the flanges of the existing girders. The approaches to the bridge were also widened, over a length of to the west, and to the east. The timber decking was upgraded to a concrete slab that has been repaired a number of times, especially around pier 13. Some of the connecting bolts in the structure have been replaced, and a concrete approach slab was installed at the western end. In 2008, the bridge was assessed as being in a well-maintained condition.  Main Roads Western Australia identifies Clackline Bridge as Structure Number 0608., the bridge dimensions are recorded as in length and in width, with a distance of between kerbs, a deck area of, and maximum span length of., it is the only bridge in Western Australia to have crossed both a railway line and a waterway.

History.

The settlement of Clackline began as a stopping point on the Spencers Brook to Northam section of the Eastern Railway line, which opened on 13 October 1886. It was also the point where the road to Newcastle (now Toodyay) departed the Perth to Kalgoorlie road. Both the road and railway crossed the adjacent Clackline Brook. In 1926, the newly formed Main Roads Department's Engineer for Roads and Bridges, A. Fotheringham, described the majority of the Wooroloo to Clackline road as "simply a bush track widened out from time to time by the traffic". The road crossed the railway line twice, and Clackline Brook via a small bedlog bridge, in the vicinity of the town, but the rail crossings were "awkwardly and dangerously situated in regard to road traffic, owing to limited visibility", and the water crossing was described in 1935 as "a primitive and inadequate culvert". Though the need to improve this section of road was recognised in 1926, funding was limited. Only part of the required improvement work was undertaken, and included rerouting the highway along Lockyer Road, resuming several town lots, and resurfacing the road, at a cost of £8000. In March 1934, torrential rain caused widespread flooding in the Wheatbelt, affecting Northam, Toodyay, York, Beverley, and surrounding areas. Rail services were disrupted, and main roads were cut off at many points, including at Clackline. Some cars managed to bypass the flooded road by driving along the railway line, but such practice was described by the Royal Automobile Club as "highly dangerous" and "against the railway regulations". The Main Roads Department had been considering completing the remaining improvements in November 1933, but the flooding made the situation more urgent. It prompted Albert Hawke, MLA for Northam, to write to the Commissioner for Main Roads, E. W. Tindale, urging that the Clackline works commence, especially since works at nearby Northam had almost been finished.

Design and construction.

Main Roads engineer Ernest Godfrey completed a design for the Clackline Deviation, a single bridge over the waterway and railway, in August 1934. Godfrey was the first bridge engineer for Main Roads, and is credited with introducing concrete and steel bridges into Western Australia; however, for Clackline Bridge, he proposed using timber – the standard material for the preceding hundred years – with steel construction only for the longer span over the railway. He also suggested that a footpath be included on the bridge, so that schoolchildren and other pedestrians would have a safer railway crossing. The cost was estimated at £8500, plus an additional £700 for the footpath. The initial design was moved south, to satisfy the Railways Department's requirement that the route not be too close to the Toodyay railway line (a spur line off the Eastern Railway) that ran parallel to the highway. This shift increased the curve radius, but required "the destruction of some well developed pine trees inside the old boundary fence of the [Clackline School] playground".  Construction was undertaken by Main Roads Department day labourers, starting in January 1935, as part of an unemployment relief works program. The Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) was involved in various aspects of the project – some railway land acquisition was required, and WAGR supplied and supervised a five-ton crane, used to erect the railway span girders. The bridge was completed less than one year after construction began, which would later be described as "a considerable achievement of the management and workforce for such a complex structure". Clackline Bridge was opened on 30 August 1935 by Acting Minister for Works H. Millington, having cost £9000. The first vehicle to cross the bridge was Millington's car, carrying himself and Albert Hawke on the front bumper, and a small boy who decided to take a ride on the rear bumper. Afterwards, there was an official lunchtime party in Northam, hosted by the Northam Roads Board.

Safety concerns and upgrades.

Within two decades the bridge was considered a safety hazard, due to increased traffic volume, speed, and truck sizes. The primary concerns were deficiency in the width and curve radius. The bridge was strengthened as well as widened in 1959–60. Removing the footpath and using that space for the road had been suggested, but instead the structure itself was widened by, leaving the footpath intact. The approaches to the bridges were widened, new piers were erected either side of the railway span, and eight new girders were installed – six of which were part of the previous Causeway structure. The work was undertaken from a suspended platform, which had to be quickly pulled up when trains went past. The widening, designed by Main Road's second bridge engineer Gilbert Marsh, cost approximately £20,000.  Clackline Bridge continued to be a safety concern, with several accidents occurring in the 1970s. The narrow road and small curve radius were considered major factors in the accidents, and there was roughness in the road surface between the original and widened sections. A reinforced concrete overlay was installed on the bridge in 1978, initially with a single coat surface, but then upgraded to a bituminous concrete surface in 1987. The 1980s saw the closure and removal of the Perth–Northam railway line, as well a number of major and sometimes fatal accidents involving prime movers. There were also several car accidents, and the "screaming brakes of cars and hiss of airbrakes" were often heard at night in Clackline. After each accident, damaged sections of the bridge – usually the guardrails, handrails, or bridge entry section – needed to be repaired. A 1989 prime mover accident severely damaged the footpath. Rather than repair the narrow footpath, and given that the railway had been removed, a new pedestrian path was constructed on the ground below the bridge.  A bushfire burnt through the area in December 1993, destroying the former railway's bridge over Clackline Brook. Clackline Bridge survived, weakened but in a reasonable condition. The damage included internal expansion joints that had failed, split bedlogs, and other deteriorated timbers. Steel props were installed to support the bridge, and the substructure was repaired in 1995, which mainly involved replacing connecting bolts. A concrete approach slab was installed adjacent to the western abutment in 1998, and in 2013 the concrete deck near pier 13 was repaired. Clackline Bridge was the crossing point for Great Eastern Highway until the highway's bypass of Clackline opened in February 2008. The bridge remains open to traffic, as part of the local road network. In July 2012 it once more carried highway traffic, excluding heavy vehicles, when an accident temporarily closed Great Eastern Highway at Spencers Brook Road.

Replacement.

In the wake of the accidents of the 1970s and 1980s, replacement of Clackline Bridge seemed inevitable; however, both Main Roads and the Shire of Northam received letters from residents asking for the bridge to be kept. In 1988, the Shire requested that Main Roads note the preservation value of the bridge, and retain it in any plans for road realignment. A decade later, in 1998, the bridge was placed on the Northam Municipal Heritage Inventory, in category C – "conserve if possible". In that same year, it was included in an Institute of Engineers survey of the state's large timber structures, as a current structure with "very high heritage value". By this time Great Eastern Highway's bypass of Clackline was being planned, but maintenance works continued to be undertaken as needed. The bypass was eventually constructed, with works beginning in January 2007, and the project completed in February 2008. The Clackline community welcomed the bypass, but there were still concerns that the historic Clackline Bridge would be lost. The bridge has since received a permanent entry on the Heritage Council of Western Australia's Register of Heritage Places, in November 2008. The new highway alignment crosses Clackline Brook on a large box culvert, giving vehicles a safer crossing than Clackline Bridge.

Clackline Bridge is a road bridge in Clackline, Western Australia, east of Perth in the Shire of Northam, that carried the Great Eastern Highway until 2008. It is the only bridge in Western Australia to have spanned both a waterway and railway, the Clackline Brook and the former Eastern Railway alignment. The mainly timber bridge has a unique curved and sloped design, due to the difficult topography and the route of the former railway. The bridge was designed in 1934 to replace two dangerous rail crossings and a rudimentary water crossing. Construction began in January 1935, and was completed relatively quickly, with the opening ceremony held in August 1935. The bridge has undergone various improvement and maintenance works since then, including widening by in 1959–60, but remained a safety hazard, with increasing severity and numbers of accidents through the 1970s and 1980s. Planning for a highway bypass of Clackline and the Clackline Bridge began in the 1990s, and it was constructed between January 2007 and February 2008. The local community had been concerned that the historic bridge would be lost, but it remains in use as part of the local road network, and has been listed on both the Northam Municipal Heritage Inventory and the Heritage Council of Western Australia's Register of Heritage Places.

Clackline Bridge ist eine Straßenbrücke in Clackline, Western Australia, 77 km östlich von Perth im Shire of Northam, über die bis 2008 der Great Eastern Highway führte. Es ist die einzige Brücke in Western Australia, die über einen Fluss und eine Bahnstrecke führt, nämlich den Clackline Brook und die frühere Strecke der Eastern Railway. Aufgrund der schwierigen Topographie und wegen des Verlaufes der früheren Bahnstrecke hat die weitgehend aus Holz errichtete Brücke eine ungewöhnlich gebogene und geneigte Konstruktionsweise. Die Brücke wurde 1934 in Auftrag gegeben, um zwei gefährliche Eisenbahnübergänge und eine kleine Brücke zu ersetzen. Der Bau begann im Januar 1935 und wurde rasch durchgeführt, sodass die Brücke bereits im August desselben Jahres eingeweiht werden konnte. Seither wurde das Bauwerk mehrmals verbessert und instand gesetzt; 1959/60 wurde die Brücke um drei Meter verbreitert, doch blieb die Brücke ein Sicherheitsrisiko, und in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren nahm die Schwere und Zahl von Verkehrsunfällen zu. Die Planungen für eine Umgehung der Brücke begannen in den 1990er Jahren, und zwischen Januar 2007 und Februar 2008 entstand der Neubau. Die Ortsansässigen befürchteten jedoch, dass das historische Bauwerk verloren gehen könnte; es dient jedoch noch immer dem lokalen Verkehr und wurde sowohl in das Northam Municipal Heritage Inventory als auch in das Register of Heritage Places des Heritage Council of Western Australia aufgenommen.