History.

Background.

A high-speed railway connecting Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, railway was brought up in the late 1990s by the Government of Hong Kong. This Regional Express Railway (RER) proposal was developed in the 1994 “Railway Development Study” (RDS); it foresaw a continual growth of Hong Kong's population over the next two decades and strong demand for cross-border passenger traffic. The Hong Kong (SAR) Government commissioned a second Railway Development Study in March 1998. The Study went further on the British proposal of connecting Hong Kong and China from Kowloon. The RER could be further extended to Hong Kong Island. At the same time, the report recommended that Hung Hom station should continue to play a central role in Hong Kong's mass transit. Since the typical timeframe for rail projects, from conception to completion phase, would take eight or nine years, the Railway Development Study recommended that the Hong Kong (SAR) Government should commence as soon as possible, so that the new express railway could be constructed in time to meet capacity demands.

Maglev proposal.

In September 1999, the then mayor of Guangzhou, Lin Shusen, announced his “Suigang maglev rail project” at the "Fortune Global Forum" in Shanghai. Lin was already working with then-Chief Executive of Hong Kong, Tung Chee-hwa, on the development of Hong Kong Disneyland. Lin proposed that a maglev railway between Guangzhou and Hong Kong would benefit visitor numbers. The cost of construction was to be borne in equal proportion by governments of both cities.

Railway Development Strategy 2000.

The Hong Kong government, based on the results of the Second Railway Development Study by the Department of Transportation, issued a new plan, “Railway Development Strategy 2000 – new railway strategy”. On 16 May's Legislative Council meeting, the Legco Panel on Transport Railway Development Strategy tabled the strategy for use by the Hong Kong (SAR) Government. The Executive Council (upper house) recommended that, under the Chief Executive's advice, Hong Kong should adopt the "Railway Development Strategy 2000" until a further review in 2016.

Regional Express Railway.

“Railway Development Strategy 2000” recommended new six new rail corridors, through the New Territories, connecting the East Rail or the West Rail Line to the border, operating between Hung Hom and the border in an express manner similar to Hong Kong Airport's Airport Express line. " The decision to build a “Regional Express”, depended on the Lok Ma Chau Spur provided additional transport capacity which would soon be saturated. According to the 1998 price estimates, construction of the RER needed a budget of about HK$130 to 170 billion. It was intended that this railway would be operated by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation or the Mass Transit Railway Corporation, depending on the location of the downtown terminal.  At that time about the “Regional Express” concept, was not a high-speed rail, but only a commuter line connecting the city and the border with “rapid rail” services, in addition to the idea of a small number of intermediate stations being set up alongside the route, but also allowing for Hong Kong and China Intercity trains to run, reducing the load on the existing East Rail Line. At that time the initial alignment program has two starting points located around Hung Hom Station. The first one was the Eastern scheme, a new line following the East Rail Line of pink Lingnan station, connecting to Lo Wu station or a new rail crossings in the east of Luohu. However, this proposal needed to co-operation with the mainland. The second program for a new line from the West Rail line at Kam Sheung Road Station, northwards to Lo Wu or Lok Ma Chau Station.  Since 2001, the Hong Kong government began working on the “Regional Express” with mainland China, and discussing the feasibility of cooperation on “Suigang maglev rail project”. In 2001, the Hong Kong DoT, with the Shenzhen Municipal Government and Chinese railway authorities to explore the use of “RER” and maglev technology, project feasibility and actively using magnetic levitation technology to build a line from Hong Kong to Canton/Guangzhou. The study pointed out that the use of a maglev train would reduce the Hong Kong to Shenzhen running time of 40 minutes to 15 minutes. September 2001, when he was the Hong Kong SAR Chief Secretary Donald Tsang, visited Canton/Guangzhou, where he met with the Governor of Guangdong Province, Lu Ruihua, acting mayor of Guangzhou, Lin Shusen and Shenzhen Mayor Yu Youjun for talks about the “Regional Express line concept”. Tung attended the Shanghai APEC Summit in October 2001, formally proposing the construction of a maglev railway between Canton/Guangzhou and Hong Kong Express Line plans to the State Planning Commission. The Mayor of Shenzhen Yu Youjun said at a news conference at the APEC Senior Officials' Meeting, Shenzhen and Hong Kong is planning to build maglev railway and to continue to discuss the issue. But also at this time, the Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway Co. also made a Guangzhou–Kowloon Through Train speed plan.

Switch to high-speed rail.

By the end of January 2002, the concept of “Regional Express” gained further development. Tsang in Beijing to attend the “Mainland and Hong Kong SAR major infrastructure coordination meeting”, and with the State Development Planning Commission and the relevant ministry officials, the talks were initially on Regional Express railway line connecting Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong, focussing on the design and coordination of consensus between the parties. The central government officially approved research and co-ordination by the Ministry of Railways, and officially named this railway the "Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link". With a formal agreement with the Hong Kong SAR Government, decided by the Ministry of Railways, led the establishment of an expert group to study the construction of the Regional Express high-speed rail line.  In February 2002, in the framework of “collaborative meetings” by the Hong Kong SAR Government Environment, Transport and Works Bureau and the Ministry of Railways, the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link Planning Group was established, which meant the “Railway Development Strategy 2000” planned “Regional Express” was set aside for the “Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link - Hong Kong section”. The planning Group conducted preliminary studies on the main railway necessity, function, alignment, location transit, rail technology and economic benefits.  The first phase of the study topics included the functional and strategic importance of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link project, the relevant regional passenger transport demand analysis and forecasting, as well as railway lines and public transit locations. The first phase of the study completed in September 2002 and reported on the September 20th 2002 at the Second “Mainland and Hong Kong's major infrastructure cooperation held meeting”. At the meeting, the high-speed rail planning team reported the first phase of on the planning for the GZ-SZ-HK XRL. Including the necessities of GZ-SZ-HK XRL construction, function and regional transportation needs, forecasting and route traffic in order to determine the strategic value of the railway. Experts in Hong Kong and mainland China reached a consensus after comparing different alignments, shortlisting two options, “Guangzhou East – Dongguan – Lin Tong – Hong Kong” and “Panyu – Nansha – Shekou – Hong Kong”. A planning goal was to reduce Guangzhou to Hong Kong travel time from 100 minutes to less than 60 minutes. In addition, effective integration with the national high-speed rail network and the connections with the planned Pearl River Delta intercity rapid rail transit network.  The second phase of the study, included rail alignments, station locations and the Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen line connections, the main technical standards, passenger flow forecasting, financial benefits. During the study, in response to the latest developments of both the overall urban planning and transportation network planning, the Ministries of Railways, Environment, Transport and Works respectively needed to consider some new ideas and make adjustments for the Hong Kong section of GZ–SZ–HK XRL project. In mainland China, the Ministry of Railways had to consider the feasibility of the PRD Intercity Rapid Rail network together with the Guangzhou–Shenzhen section of GZ–SZ–HK XRL. In Hong Kong, the government began to consider the use of the proposed North West Rail Link, Northern Link and the feasibility GZ–SZ–HK XRL Hong Kong section. Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation and the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation produced a consolidated joint report submitted to the Government, it was a preliminary assessment of their ideas, but also required further studies by the Environment, Transport and Works Bureau & KCRC of the Northern Link.  In the first and second phases of the study, the planning team had to investigate and compare the traditional wheel-rail and maglev technologies. Operating and maintenance costs were greater with maglev than with wheel-rail technology, The construction period of the project was expected to be longer for maglev than the wheel-rail technology solutions. Maglev was not conducive to the existing rail network and compatibility. Also with current high-speed railway operating speeds of up to, the less than an hour goal was able to be achieved. Thus to reach the GZ–SZ–HK XRL's three goals, there was no need to adopt a relatively high cost and the technical difficulty of maglev technology. Thus, despite the advantages that high-speed maglev technology has, until August 2003, both sides tended to choose more mature high-speed wheel-rail plans. In other words, the "Regional Express" that was originally intended to have been conceived as a maglev train was cancelled.  March 2003, the Guangzhou Railway Group Corporation general manager,Wú Jùnguāng, at the National People's Congress, submitted a bill that called for the construction of a Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link Passenger Line as soon as possible. The Guangzhou–Shenzhen Railway utilization has exceeded 90% and was saturated. According to the existing passenger growth rate, to 2005, the Guangzhou East to Shenzhen route would require 96-151 train pairs daily, which will greatly exceed the capacity of the line. It is difficult to meet the transportation needs of the future with the new high-speed rail showing greater potential in the pipeline.  On January 7, 2004, China's State Council considered the “long-term railway network plan”, deciding to build more than 12,000 kilometers of “four vertical and four horizontal” Passenger Lines, including Hong Kong in the planning. The Guangzhou–Shenzhen section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link correspondingly accelerated planning until July 2004, decinding to adopt the “Panyu – Nansha – Shekou – Hong Kong” route. The station located in Guangzhou's Panyu district would also connect with the Wuhan–Guangzhou Passenger Line.

Route.

The route starts with a connection to the Wuguang High-Speed Railway at Guangzhou South railway station in Shibi, southern Canton/Guangzhou. From there it travels south to the same district before tunnelling eastwards underneath the Pearl River to Humen in Dongguan. It then moves south through three stations within Shenzhen and then across into Hong Kong where it arrives at West Kowloon Terminus in Kowloon.  This project has been divided into two sections, the Guangshen section with six stations, and the Hong Kong section, with one station.

Mainland Section.

Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen starts at Guangzhou South railway station and ends at Shenzhen Futian Station, it is line length, with a design speed of. From there it travels south to Qingsheng before tunnelling eastwards underneath the Pearl River to Humen in Dongguan. It then moves south to Guangmingcheng, Shenzhen North and Futian(u/c) in Shenzhen.  Originally the station in Humen was to be named Dongguan but this was changed to Humen to avoid confusion with an existing Dongguan railway station on the Guangzhou–Shenzhen Railway in the town of Changping.

Hong Kong Section.

The Hong Kong section is in total of dedicated underground track, emergency rescue sidings and the stabling sidings in Shek Kong, ventilation facilities at Mai Po, Ngau Tam Mei and Pat Heung, along with an emergency access point at Tai Kong Po.  The Regional Express Line originally envisaged in the Railway Development Strategy 2000 proposed by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (HKSAR Government), has now become the Hong Kong section of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL). In April 2008, the HKSAR Government asked the MTR Corporation to carry out further planning and design of the Express Rail Link. Subsequently, the HKSAR Government gazetted the Scheme for the Express Rail Link under the Railways Ordinance to collect public views.  In early 2009, the government of Hong Kong signed a memorandum of understanding with the Chinese Ministry of Railways that would permit the construction of the Shenzhen–Hong Kong section of the railway.  On 20 October 2009, the Chief Executive in Council authorised the scheme and the Amendments of the Scheme of the Express Rail Link. On 16 January 2010, the Finance Committee of the Legislative Council approved the funding application for the construction of the Express Rail Link. The construction commenced in late January 2010 and was completed in September 2018. In October 2014 an MTR report warned that the revised budget of HK$71.5 billion might be at risk. This section had been expected to open in 2015, but severe storms flooded the tunnels and caused immense damage to the Tunnel Boring Machines in March 2014. The railway has been expected to be completed in third quarter of 2018. According to the Rail Merger Bill, MTR Corporation will lease the rights to conduct operations on this line, until December 1, 2057.  With the completion of the section, the journey time through the Rail Link have been reduced to 14 minutes between WKT and Futian stations, 23 minutes between Hong Kong and Shenzhen North and 48 minutes between Hong Kong and Guangzhou South. As of 2015 the cost of the project has risen substantially to HK$85.3 billion.

Operations.

At present, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail operates around 104 northbound trains and 101 southbound trains a day, three pairs of separate lines on weekends, a separate peak line 20 pairs and 7 high-speed sleeper train pairs, including:  In December 2014, overnight high-speed sleeper trains were added to several long distance destinations, such as Beijing.

Trains and equipment.

Currently Railway Bureau using this line and the train types used are as follows:  In Hong Kong, MTR announced their intention to purchase several high-speed EMU. The tender (contract number: 840) was for 9 trainsets, each with 8 cars and a maximum operating speed of 350 km. With three classes of service, the train will be fitted with ordinary seats, business seats and VIP seats. This resulted in Chinese company CSR Sifang as the successful bidder, based on the Harmony CRH380A model. Purchase contract was signed on April 16, 2012 at the headquarters of MTR.

Tickets.

Train fare table G numbered trains (Business seat fare / VIP Class fare / First Class fare / Second Class fare; Unit: yuan; tickets for children, disabled veterans half price tickets, student tickets share a quarter discount of the fare for a Second Class ticket.)

Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL), also known as “Guangshengang XRL” (officially Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong section), is a high-speed railway line that connects Beijing and Hong Kong (Kowloon) via Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

Die Schnellfahrstrecke Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hongkong, besser bekannt unter Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link, abgekürzt XRL, oder Guangshen'gang XRL, ist das Teilstück Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hongkong der Schnellfahrstrecke Peking–Hongkong. Es besteht aus der am 26. Dezember 2011 eröffneten Strecke Guangzhou Süd–Shenzhen Nord und der 2018 fertiggestellten Strecke Shenzhen Nord–Kowloon West auf der Halbinsel Kowloon.


Early life and education.

Born into the planter class at the family plantation, "Gallant Green", in Charles County, Maryland, Mudd was reared Catholic and first educated locally. He attended Georgetown University and graduated from St. John's College of Annapolis, Maryland in 1878.  He "read the law" as an apprentice with an established firm and also attended the law department of the University of Virginia at Charlottesville. He was admitted to the bar in 1880 and returned to Charles County to begin his practice.

Marriage and family.

Mudd married a daughter of Walter Griffin of Surrattsville (now part of Clinton, Maryland). Among their children was Sydney Emanuel Mudd II, who became an attorney and politician like his father. The son was elected to several terms as a Congressman from Maryland's 5th district beginning in 1914, after his father's death.

Career.

Mudd was elected a member of the Maryland House of Delegates in 1879 and 1881.  As a Republican candidate, he challenged and successfully contested the 1888 election of Barnes Compton as US Representative from the 5th district to the Fifty-first Congress. At a time when many Maryland elections were surrounded by violence and fraud as Democrats sought to re-establish white supremacy, Mudd filed charges of election fraud. He claimed that election officials had turned away qualified voters and that, in Anne Arundel County, Democrats posing as US Marshals intimidated blacks, forcing them from the polls. The House Committee on Elections investigated and decided in his favor. Congress awarded the seat to Mudd in 1889, and he served in the next session, from March 20, 1890, to March 3, 1891. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress, defeated by Compton.  In 1895 Mudd was elected again to the state House of Delegates, where he served as Speaker of the House. He moved to rural La Plata, Maryland in 1896. He served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention the same year.  In 1896 Mudd benefitted by the coattails of a winning Republican biracial coalition that gained the governorship. He was elected from the 5th district to the Fifty-fifth and to the six succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1897 to March 3, 1911. (His chief Democratic rival in the district, Barnes Compton, died in 1898.) In Congress, Mudd served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Justice (Sixtieth and Sixty-first Congresses).  Mudd died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was interred in St. Ignatius’ Catholic Church Cemetery at Chapel Point near La Plata.  His son, Sydney Emanuel Mudd II, was also elected as a Republican US Congressman from Maryland's fifth district. He was first elected in 1914 and for succeeding terms until his death in office in 1924.

Sydney Emanuel Mudd I (February 12, 1858 – October 21, 1911) was a politician, elected as Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates (1896) and as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives (1890–1891; 1897–1911), at a time of dominance by Democrats in much of the state. He was first seated by Congress in 1890 after it found in his favor in relation to the contested 1888 election in Maryland's 5th congressional district, which was marked by fraud and intimidation.

Sydney Emanuel Mudd (* 12. Februar 1858 im Charles County, Maryland; † 21. Oktober 1911 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1890 und 1911 vertrat er zwei Mal den Bundesstaat Maryland im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Life.

Metz was born October 19, 1867 in New York City, to Edward J. and Frances K. Metz, who were immigrants from Germany. He attended private and public schools. Later in life he was honored with the degree of Sc.D. from Union College and the degree of LL.D. from Manhattan College.  Metz was married twice, first, from 1891 to 1915 to Laura A. Traudt, from whom he was divorced, and second, from 1916 onward, to the former Mrs. Alice M. Norman ("nee" Van Ronk).  Metz died May 17, 1934, in a hospital in New Rochelle, New York. He was survived by his second wife, four sons, and a brother. He was interred in Kensico Cemetery, Westchester, New York.

Business career.

Metz attended private and public schools and rose to prominence as a manufacturer and importer of dyestuffs, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. From school he entered the employ of P. Schulze-Berge as an office boy in 1881, remaining with the firm through various consolidations and changes and advancing through the ranks to become its vice-president and general manager by 1893, and its majority stockholder and president in 1899. By that time it had become Victor Koehl & Co., specializing in pharmaceuticals, chemicals and dyestuffs. In 1903 the chemical and dyestuff department was split off from the company and incorporated as H. A. Metz & Co., and the manufacture of color and chemicals as Consolidated Color and Chemical Co., with Metz as president. He also became president of H. A. Metz Laboratories, Inc., Ettrick Mills, Textileather Company, and New York and Hanseatic Corporation, a member of numerous chemical and industrial societies, and a director with a number of banks. In July 1926 his dyestuff interests were consolidated into the General Dyestuff Corporation, of which he became president. He remained chairman of its board of directors at the time of his death.

Political career.

Metz was one of the founders and president of the Kings County Democratic Club in Brooklyn. He served as member of the Board of Education of Brooklyn and the City of New York, as Comptroller of the City of New York from 1906 to 1910, as a member of the commission appointed by Governor Hughes to draft the New York City Charter in 1907 and 1908, and as a member of the charter commission appointed by Governor Miller in 1922. He also served as commissioner of the State board of charities, a director of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, president of the National Civic Club, and a governor of the Democratic and Reform Club of New York.  Metz was the nominee of Kings County for governor in 1912, but withdrew in favor of William Sulzer after the second ballot, instead running for Sulzer's congressional seat. He was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third Congress (March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915). His district was a Republican one of which he was not a resident. He served on the Committee on Claims, and the Committee on Patents. As a German-American businessman with extensive ties to German manufacturing interests, he favored American neutrality during the early years of the First World War. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1914, instead resuming his former business activities. Metz was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1904, 1908, and 1920. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Sixty-eighth Congress in 1922.

Military career.

Metz served as a first lieutenant, captain, lieutenant colonel, and brigadier general of the Fourteenth Infantry, New York National Guard. During the war he served on the home front as an ordnance officer, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, in the Twenty-seventh Division. Afterward he served as colonel in the ordnance department of the United States Army Officers' Reserve Corps. He was elevated to the post of brigadier general on the eve of his retirement in 1931.

Commemoration.

After his death Metz was honored together with U.S. founding father Alexander Hamilton in the naming of Hamilton-Metz Field, a park in the Wingate neighborhood of Brooklyn. Originally part of Alexander Hamilton High School, the field was transferred to the city Parks department in 1940 and augmented by a number of adjoining parcels donated in memory of Metz and his wife by the Metz family.

Herman August Metz (October 19, 1867 – May 17, 1934) was a German-American businessman and politician who served as U.S. Representative from New York.

Herman August Metz (* 19. Oktober 1867 in New York City; † 17. Mai 1934 in New Rochelle, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Geschäftsmann und Politiker. Zwischen 1913 und 1915 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New York im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Overview.

The series of paintings depicts the growth and fall of an imaginary city, situated on the lower end of a river valley, near its meeting with a bay of the sea. The valley is distinctly identifiable in each of the paintings, in part because of an unusual landmark: a large boulder is situated atop a crag overlooking the valley. Some critics believe this is meant to contrast the immutability of the earth with the transience of man.  A direct source of literary inspiration for "The Course of Empire" paintings is Byron's "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812–18). Cole quoted lines from Canto IV in his newspaper advertisements for the series:  Cole designed these paintings to be displayed prominently in the picture gallery on the third floor of the mansion of his patron, Luman Reed, at 13 Greenwich Street, New York City. The layout was approximately as shown here, according to Cole's installation diagram. The series was acquired by The New-York Historical Society in 1858 as a gift of the New-York Gallery of Fine Arts.

"The Course of Empire".

"The Savage State".

The first painting, "The Savage State", shows the valley from the shore opposite the crag, in the dim light of a dawning stormy day. Clouds and mist shroud much of the distant landscape, hinting at the uncertain future. A hunter clad in skins hastens through the wilderness, pursuing a fleeing deer; canoes paddle up the river; on the far shore can be seen a clearing with a cluster of tipis around a fire, the nucleus of the city that is to be. The visual references are those of aboriginal North American life. This painting depicts the ideal state of the natural world. It is a healthy world, unchanged by humanity.

"The Arcadian or Pastoral State".

In the second painting, "The Arcadian or Pastoral State", the sky has cleared and we are in the fresh morning of a day in spring or summer. The viewpoint has shifted further down the river, as the crag with the boulder is now on the left-hand side of the painting; a forked peak can be seen in the distance beyond it. Much of the wilderness has given way to settled lands, with plowed fields and lawns visible. Various activities go on in the background: plowing, boat-building, herding sheep, dancing; in the foreground, an old man sketches what may be a geometrical problem with a stick. On a bluff on the near side of the river, a megalithic temple has been built, and smoke (presumably from sacrifices) arises from it. The images reflect an idealized, pre-urban ancient Greece. This work shows humanity at peace with the land. The environment has been altered, but not so much so that it or its inhabitants are in danger. Yet the construction of the warship and the concerned mother watching as her child sketches a soldier, herald the emerging imperial ambitions.

"The Consummation of Empire".

The third painting, "The Consummation of Empire", shifts the viewpoint to the opposite shore, approximately the site of the clearing in the first painting. It is noontide of a glorious summer day. Both sides of the river valley are now covered in colonnaded marble structures, whose steps run down into the water. The megalithic temple seems to have been transformed into a huge domed structure dominating the river-bank. The mouth of the river is guarded by two pharoi, and ships with lateen sails go out to the sea beyond. A joyous crowd gathers on the balconies and terraces as a scarlet-robed king or victorious general crosses a bridge connecting the two sides of the river in a triumphant procession. In the foreground, an elaborate fountain gushes. The look of the painting suggests the height of ancient Rome. The decadence seen in every detail of this cityscape foreshadows the inevitable fall of this mighty civilization.

"Destruction".

The fourth painting, "Destruction", has almost the same perspective as the third, though the artist has stepped back a bit to allow a wider scene of the action, and moved almost to the center of the river. The action is the sack and destruction of the city, in the course of a tempest seen in the distance. It seems that a fleet of enemy warriors has overthrown the city's defenses, sailed up the river, and is busy ransacking the city and killing its inhabitants and raping women. The bridge across which the triumphant procession had crossed is broken; a makeshift crossing strains under the weight of soldiers and refugees. Columns are broken, and fire breaks from the upper floors of a palace on the river bank.  In the foreground a statue of some venerable hero (posed like the "Borghese Gladiator") stands headless, still striding forward into the uncertain future. In the waning light of late afternoon, the dead lie where they fell, in fountains and atop the monuments built to celebrate the affluence of the now fallen civilization. The scene is perhaps suggested by the Vandal sack of Rome in 455. On the other hand, a detail in the lower right of "The Consummation of Empire" shows two children, maybe brothers, fighting, one clad in red and the other in green—the colors of banners of the two contending forces in "Destruction," which thus might depict a foreshadowed civil war. The children, now men, are shown, with one having finally prevailed over the other but seemingly in contemplation of the heavy price paid.

"Desolation".

The fifth painting, "Desolation", shows the results decades later. We view the remains of the city in the livid light of a dying day. The landscape has begun to return to wilderness and no humans are to be seen; but the remnants of their architecture emerge from beneath a mantle of trees, ivy, and other overgrowth. The broken stumps of the pharoi loom in the background. The arches of the shattered bridge and the columns of the temple are still visible; a single column looms in the foreground, now a nesting place for birds. The sunrise of the first painting is mirrored here by a moonrise, a pale light reflecting in the ruin-choked river while the standing pillar reflects the last rays of sunset. This gloomy picture suggests how all empires could be after their fall. It is a harsh possible future in which humanity has been destroyed by its own hand.  This cycle reflects Cole's pessimism, and is often seen as a commentary on Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. (Note, for instance, the military hero at the center of "Consummation.") However, some Democrats had a different theory of the course of empire. They saw not a spiral or cycle but a continuing upward trajectory. Levi Woodbury, a Democrat and a justice of the United States Supreme Court, for instance, responded to Cole by saying that there would be no destruction in the United States.

The Course of Empire is a series of five paintings created by Thomas Cole in the years 1833–1836. It is notable in part for reflecting popular American sentiments of the times, when many saw pastoralism as the ideal phase of human civilization, fearing that empire would lead to gluttony and inevitable decay. The theme of cycles is one that Cole returned to frequently, such as in his "The Voyage of Life" series. "The Course of Empire" comprises the following works: The Course of Empire – The Savage State; The Arcadian or Pastoral State; The Consummation of Empire; Destruction; and Desolation. All the paintings are 39.5 inches by 63.5 inches (100 cm by 161 cm) except "The Consummation of Empire" which is 51" by 76" (130 cm by 193 cm).

The Course of Empire () ist ein 1836 fertiggestellter fünfteiliger Gemäldezyklus des US-amerikanischen Landschaftsmalers Thomas Cole, des bedeutendsten Vertreters der Hudson River School. Die Bilder folgen einem klaren dramatischen Narrativ und schildern in leicht unterschiedlichen Landschaftsausschnitten – Wiedererkennungsmerkmal ist jeweils eine markante Klippe im Hintergrund – die Entwicklung einer Zivilisation von der Barbarei über ihre Blütezeit bis zur gewaltsamen Auflösung und dem damit einhergehenden Untergang und spielen auf die biologische Natur der Geschichte (also die Vergänglichkeit ihrer Epochen) an. Ausgestattet mit einer überbordenden allegorischen Symbolik zeigt der Zyklus, der – dem jeweiligen Stand der Sonne zu entnehmen – einen Tag durchläuft, die sich verändernde Beziehung des Menschen unter anderem zur Natur und zum Militär.


Early life.

Messel was born in London, the second son of Lieutenant-Colonel Leonard Messel and Maud, the only daughter of Linley Sambourne, the eminent illustrator and contributor to Punch magazine. He was educated at Hawtreys, a boarding preparatory school then in Kent, Westminster School and Eton — where his classmates included Harold Acton, Eric Blair, Brian Howard, and Robert Byron— and at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College.

Painting, stage design.

After completing his studies, he became a portrait painter and commissions for theatre work soon followed, beginning with his designing the masks for a London production of Serge Diaghilev's ballet "Zephyr et Flore" (1925). Subsequently, he created masks, costumes, and sets – many of which have been preserved by the Theatre Museum, London – for various works staged by C. B. Cochran's revues through the late 1920s and early 1930s. His work as a set designer was also featured in the US in such Broadway shows as "The Country Wife" (1936); "The Lady's Not For Burning" (1950); "Romeo and Juliet" (1951); "House of Flowers" (1954), for which he won the Tony Award; and "Rashomon" (1959), which was nominated for a Tony Award for his costume as well as his set design. He also designed the costumes for "Romeo and Juliet"; "Rashomon"; and "Gigi" (1973), the latter two receiving Tony Award nominations.  For film his costume designs include "The Private Life of Don Juan" (1934); "Scarlet Pimpernel" (1934); "Romeo and Juliet" (1936); "The Thief of Bagdad" (1940); and "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945). For "Romeo and Juliet" he also served as Set Decorator. He was Art Director on "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945), "On Such a Night" (1956) and Production Designer on "Suddenly Last Summer" (1959), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award.

Wartime camouflage.

During the Second World War Messel served as a camouflage officer, disguising pillboxes in Somerset. According to his fellow officer Julian Trevelyan, he revelled in the opportunity to give his talents free rein. The disguises of his pillboxes included haystacks, castles, ruins, and roadside cafes.

Post-war career.

In 1946, Messel designed the sets and costumes for the Royal Ballet's new and highly successful production of Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Sleeping Beauty", a production which famously starred Margot Fonteyn. It became the first production of the ballet shown on American television, on the program "Producers' Showcase". That production, the first ever televised in color, survives on black-and-white kinescope and has been released on DVD. In 2006, it was revived by the Royal Ballet, starring Alina Cojocaru, with some new additions to the scenic design by Peter Farmer, and released on DVD.  In 1953, he was commissioned to design the decor for a suite at London's elegant Dorchester Hotel, one in which he would be happy to live himself. The lavishly ornate Oliver Messel Suite, which the hotel advertises as Elizabeth Taylor's favourite place to stay in London, combines baroque and rococo styles with modernist sensibility and a considerable dose of fantasy. The suite, along with other suites that he designed in the Dorchester, are preserved as part of Britain's national heritage. It was restored in the 1980s by many of the original craftsmen, overseen by Messel's nephew, Lord Snowdon (Antony Armstrong-Jones), the former husband of Princess Margaret. By the mid 50s, despite his earlier acclaim, Messel's set designs were viewed in the UK as tired and escapist in comparison to designs that aimed for photographic realism, which were popular at the time.  Messel also contributed to retail design, creating the new Delman shoe store for H. & M. Rayne in Old Bond Street in 1960. Whereas upmarket shoe stores had been discreet enclaves dressed with curtains and pot plants, while shoes were consigned to underground stores, this radical refit incorporated display stands and cases, some of them illuminated, to show off hundreds of pairs of shoes. An article in "The Observer" noted that: "Mr Messel and Mr Rayne are at one in thinking that shoes to buy should be as easy to see and handle as books in a library".

Messel and the Caribbean.

Oliver Messel came from a wealthy, well-connected family, and when his nephew, Antony Armstrong-Jones (Lord Snowdon), married Princess Margaret, a lifelong relationship with the British royalty began. Messel was later to design Les Jolies Eaux, Princess Margaret's home on Mustique Island in The Grenadines (a 45 min flight west of Barbados), and "Point Lookout" an extraordinary stone beach house on the northern tip of Mustique. In 1966, Messel, exhausted by a demanding theatre season and recurring arthritis, retreated to Barbados and the lush beauty of the eastern Caribbean. He was 62 and at the peak of a career in which he had dazzled three decades of theatre-goers with his fantastic, romantic and inspired stage sets and costumes. The warmth, colour and vibrancy of the tropics seemed to liberate new sources of energy and imagination, leading him to what would eventually become a whole new career in designing, building and transforming homes. Not content to rest there, he also designed many furnishings for these homes, particularly for outdoor use.  Messel bought an existing house called Maddox, a simple bay house perched above a small beach on the St. James coast. With the help of his companion Vagn Riis-Hansen, with whom he had a 30-year relationship, and a Barbadian staff, Messel transformed it using the trademarks of his theatrical design: slender Greek columns, flattened arches, white-on-white interiors splashed with bright spots of colour, elaborate plaster mouldings – an easy mix of baroque and classical. It was his use of the materials and traditions of island architecture that was truly innovative. Wealthy friends commissioned Messel to design houses for them, both on Barbados and Mustique, and thus began what architect Barbara Hill described as “his work... of converting quite ordinary houses into wonderlands.” As well as his own home, Maddox, he re-designed and supervised the renovations of Leamington House and Pavilion (for the Heinz family), Crystal Springs, Cockade House, Alan Bay and Fustic House. He designed and built Mango Bay from scratch and was commissioned by the Barbados government to restore the old British officers Garrison headquarters in Queens Park, creating an elegant adaptation of it to a theatre and art gallery.  He would probably have gone on to do more on Barbados, but was lured away by his friend Colin Tennant and his private island home, Mustique. Glenconner commissioned Messel to design all the houses built on the island. Between 1960 and 1978 Messel created some 30 house plans, of which over 18 have so far been built. Barbados remained his first island love and his home, and he died there in 1978, at the age of 74.  One lasting legacy is that his preferred light sage green shade of paint, now known as “Messel Green’ by paint companies in the Caribbean, has been immortalised as many property owners choose this colour for its quintessential Caribbean-ness.

Oliver Hilary Sambourne Messel (13 January 1904 – 13 July 1978) was an English artist and one of the foremost stage designers of the 20th century.

Oliver Hilary Sambourne Messel CBE (* 13. Januar 1904 in London-Paddington; † 13. Juli 1978 in Maddox House bei Bridgetown, Barbados) war ein britischer Architekt, Modeschöpfer, Kostümbildner sowie Szenenbildner bei Bühne und Film. Messel stand als Onkel von Lord Snowdon zugleich auch in einem verwandtschaftlichen Verhältnis mit Königin Elisabeth II.


Biography.

Vladimir Stoychev was born in Sofia, the capital of the Principality of Bulgaria. He graduated from the Theresian Military Academy in Vienna, and the Military School and the Military Academy in Sofia. As a serviceman in the Bulgarian Army, Stoychev participated in the Balkan Wars and World War I.  In the interwar period, Stoychev represented Bulgaria in the equestrian events at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, among other competitions. From 1930 to 1934, Stoychev was a Bulgarian attaché in France and the United Kingdom. In 1934, he was appointed head of the Sofia Cavalry Academy, but he was fired from the army a year later due to his antimonarchist views and his affiliation with Zveno; he was also imprisoned a number of times due to his political stance.  In 1944, Stoychev became a member of the Fatherland Front's Bureau of the National Committee. During World War II, Stoychev was in command of the Bulgarian First Army after the country switched allegiance to the Allies. Under Stoychev, the Bulgarian First Army helped the Red Army and Yugoslav Partisans drawing the Nazis out of much of Yugoslavia and Hungary, reaching the Austrian Alps by May 1945. On 8 May 1945, Vladimir Stoychev signed a demarcation agreement with British V Corps commander Charles Keightley in southern Austria. On 24 June 1945, he took part in the Moscow Victory Parade.  In 1945–1947, Vladimir Stoychev was Bulgaria's representative in Washington, D.C. and the United Nations. Upon his return, he became Chairman of the Supreme Committee of Sports with the Council of Ministers. From 1951 or 1952 to 1982, he presided over the Bulgarian Olympic Committee; he remained honorary chairman until his death. From 1952 to 1987, he was also an International Olympic Committee member. Vladimir Stoychev died in Sofia in 1990, at an age of 98.

Vladimir Dimitrov Stoychev (, 24 March 1892 – 27 April 1990) was a Bulgarian Colonel General, diplomat and Olympic equestrian.

Wladimir Dimitrow Stojtschew (, engl. Transkription "Vladimir Stoychev;" * 24. Februar 1892 in Sofia; † 27. April 1990 ebenda) war ein bulgarischer Generalmajor, Diplomat und Mitglied des Internationalen Olympischen Komitees.


History.

Aculco was founded approximately in 1110 AD by the Otomies, despite the fact that its name comes from Nahuatl. After being a village inhabited by Otomies for long time, it became a region dominated by the Mexicas, who lived there many years before the founding of Tenochtitlan.  With the arrival of the Spanish in 1540, construction on the church and the convent of San Jeronimo began. In November 1810, Miguel Hidalgo and his contingent, who began the Mexican War of Independence, arrived in the region. Aculco was also where insurgents, led by Don Miguel Hidalgo, lost a battle against the troops of Felix Ma. Calleja.  During the nineteenth century, the town hall and the first primary school in the region were constructed. Public baths and a municipal pool were also built.  On February 19, 1825, it became a municipality. In 1914 and 1915, Aculco was the scene of clashes led by the revolutionaries’ carrancistas, villistas and Zapatistas.

Geography.

The municipality of Aculco has a geographical extent of. That represents 2.18% of Mexico State, of which it is a part of. Aculco borders Polotitlán in the north, Querétaro in the south, and Acambay and Timilpan in the south. It is approximately 100 kilometers away from or over 1 hour from Toluca, Toluca.

Climate.

Aculco has a relatively cool, humid climate, with rain in the summer. The annual average temperature is of, with the lowest temperature occurring in the winter. The rain season starts at the end of March or beginning of April and lasts until October or November.

Flora and fauna.

There is a diversity in plants and animals of temperate climate and semi-arid climate (Mezquital Valley).  Native animals include: cacomistle, skunk, gopher, Virginia opossum, rabbit, Mexican gray squirrel, turkey, colibri, turkey vulture, northern mockingbird, rattlesnake, pine snake, black phoebe, rufous-crowned sparrow, great horned owl, axolotl, frog, toad, red ant, bee, and others.

Politics.

Mayors.

Sworn in to the role on December 13, 2018, Aculco Jorge Alfredo Osornio Victoria will remain president until 2021. He was previously a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Economy.

The main economic activity of Aculco is the ranching of animals like pigs and sheep. The municipality's principal products include milk, fur, wool and egg. Aculco's inner commerce principally occurs at the municipal market, while its outer commerce is with Toluca, Mexico City and Querétaro.  Another major economic activity of Aculco is the exploitation of natural resources like sand, with quarries present in the region. The municipality is also home to a metal structure manufacturing company.  Aculco is famous for the dairy products it produces. In 2019, Aculco has about 60 artisan workshops for cheese and dairy production.

Tourism.

Aculco contains a number of notable geographic features. Two cascades are located in the area: "Tixhiñu" and "la Concepción". Rivers including the Río Ñadó and Río Prieto also flow through the municipality.  Aculco is home to numerous historic sites, including the San Jerónimo and the "Garrido Varela" bullring, as well as the former residence of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Two busts are located in Aculco in the memory of Benito Juarez and Miguel Hidalgo.

Demographics.

According to INEGI, in 2005, Aculco has a population of over 40,000. The ethnic composition is mainly Otomi.  Over 16,000 people in the region are illiterate.

Communities belonging to the municipality.

Other communities include:

Culture.

The foundation of the Aculco municipality is celebrated on February 19. In March and April, the municipality holds a scenic performance of Semana Mayor that starts on Holy Thursday, in honor of Señor Nenthé. There is a festival to the Saint Patron Saint Jerome on September 30, including regional fairs, dances, and food.

Aculco is a municipality located in the Atlacomulco Region of the State of Mexico in Mexico. The municipality is located to northwestern Mexico State. The name comes from Nahuatl. The municipal seat is the town of Aculco de Espinoza, although both the town and municipality are commonly referred to as simply "San Jerónimo Aculco".

Aculco ist ein Municipio im mexikanischen Bundesstaat México. Der Sitz der Gemeinde ist Aculco de Espinosa, einwohnerstärkster Ort hingegen San Lucas Totolmaloya vor San Jerónimo Barrio und Gunyo Poniente. Die Gemeinde hatte im Jahr 2010 44.823 Einwohner, ihre Fläche beträgt 455,1 km2.


Biography.

Chase was born in Cooperstown, New York in 1789. He was educated locally, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1815. In 1818, he studied at the Litchfield Law School.  In addition to practicing law in Richfield, Chase was active in other business ventures; he was part-owner of a hotel and tavern, and was one of the original incorporators of the Otsego County Bank. He held various positions in local and county government, including postmaster of Richfield and the judicial position of Master in Chancery. From 1821 to 1829 he was District Attorney of Otsego County.  In 1826, Chase was elected to the 20th Congress as a supporter of John Quincy Adams. He served one term, 1827 to 1829, after which he returned to his Otsego County law practice.

Death and burial.

Chase died in Richfield on August 3, 1838, and was buried at Lakeview Cemetery in Richfield. Chase's grave marker indicates that he died in 1839; this is clearly in error, since contemporary newspaper accounts and the probate process for his estate give his year of death as 1838.

Family.

In 1828, Chase married in Washington, DC Mary Frances Whetcroft, the daughter of William Whetcroft and Anne Winchester Whetcroft of Annapolis, Maryland. After Chase's death, Mary Whetcroft married Philetus Allen of Springville.  Chase's children included Frank Chase (September 18, 1838—January 14, 1902), who was born the month following Chase's death. Frank Chase was a graduate of Albany Law School, and resided in Concord and Springville. In addition to practicing law, he was involved in local politics and government, including service as Springville's town supervisor and a justice of the peace.

Samuel Chase (1789—August 3, 1838) was an American lawyer from Otsego County, New York. He represented New York in the U.S. House for one term.

Samuel Chase (* 1789 in Cooperstown, New York; † 3. August 1838 in Richfield, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1827 und 1829 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New York im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Format.

The tournament's usual format was in play with the usual 501 legs double-in double-out format (the World Grand Prix remains the only televised darts tournament to use the double-in format). The first round's games were best of 3 sets - the quickfire nature of this round means shocks are frequent in this round, not least involving eight-time champion Phil Taylor who, three times, has gone out in the first round here. Second round games were best of 5 sets, the quarter finals best of 7 sets, the semi finals best of 9 sets, and the final was best of 11 sets. All sets were best of 5 legs/first to three legs.

Prize money.

A tournament record prize fund of £350,000 was available to the participants, divided based on the following performances:

Qualification.

The field of 32 players was mostly made up from the top 16 players in the PDC Order of Merit on September 7, following the two Players Championship events in Salzburg, Austria. The top 8 from these rankings were also the seeded players. The remaining 16 places went to the top 12 non-qualified players from the 2009 Players Championship Order of Merit, and then to the top 4 non-qualified residents of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland from the 2009 Players Championship Order of Merit who have competed in at least six Players Championship events.

Television coverage and sponsorship.

As usual and since its inception the tournament was screened by Sky Sports.  The tournament was sponsored for the last time by Sky Bet after five years.

The 2009 Skybet World Grand Prix was the twelfth instance of the darts tournament held by the Professional Darts Corporation, the World Grand Prix. It was held from 5–11 October 2009. It was staged at the Citywest Hotel in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. The event featured a tournament record prize fund of £350,000 with £100,000 going to the winner.

Der World Grand Prix war ein Major-Turnier im Dartsport und wurde vom 5. bis zum 11. Oktober 2009 zum zwölften Mal von der Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) veranstaltet. Austragungsort war zum neunten Mal das Citywest Hotel in Dublin.


Education and career.

Born on September 21, 1808, in Shaftsbury, Bennington County, Vermont, Olin attended the common schools, then graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts in 1835, and read law in 1838. He was admitted to the bar and entered private practice in Troy, New York from 1838 to 1856. He was city recorder for Troy from 1844 to 1852.

Congressional service.

Olin was elected as a Republican from New York's 13th congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 35th, 36th and 37th United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1857, to March 3, 1863.

Federal judicial service.

Olin was nominated by President Abraham Lincoln on March 10, 1863, to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia), to a new Associate Justice seat authorized by 12 Stat. 762. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 11, 1863, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on January 13, 1879, due to his retirement.

Death.

Olin died on July 7, 1879, in the former community of Sligo (now part of Silver Spring), Maryland. He was interred in the Danforth family lot adjacent to West Lawn Cemetery in Williamstown, Berkshire County, Massachusetts.

Family.

Olin was the son of Gideon Olin, a United States Representative from Vermont. He was the cousin of Henry Olin, also a United States Representative from Vermont.

Abram Baldwin Olin (September 21, 1808 – July 7, 1879) was a United States Representative from New York and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.

Abram Baldwin Olin (* 21. September 1808 in Shaftsbury, Vermont; † 7. Juli 1879 bei Sligo, Maryland) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Zwischen 1857 und 1863 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New York im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Der Kongressabgeordnete Gideon Olin war sein Vater.


Early life.

Carl Poul Oscar Moltke was born on 2 January 1869 in Denmark. He was the son of Adam Henrik Carl Moltke (1828–1913) and Emma Christine, Countess Capizucchi di Cassini (1836–1870). His maternal grandparents were Poul Capizucchi di Cassini and Elisabeth Loy af Triest.

Family.

His paternal grandfather, Carl Graf von Moltke (1798–1866), was a cousin of Adam Wilhelm Moltke (1785–1864), the first Danish Prime Minister in the Danish constitutional monarchy, and the great-grandson of Adam Gottlob Moltke (1710–1792), a Danish courtier, statesman and diplomat, and favourite of Frederick V of Denmark. His family was very involved in both Danish and German history.

Career.

From 1908 to 1912, Moltke was the Danish Ambassador to the United States. He later represented his country as the Ambassador to Germany in Berlin. In 1920, the secretary of the Danish legation in Berlin during World War I, Count Bent Holstein, brought serious charges against Moltke, saying:  The radical Government tried every way to strangle the Slesvig question. The Danish Ambassador in Berlin thus went to the German Foreign Department during the war proposing that Germany give very many iron crosses to men from North Slesvig in order to make them forget Denmark. Not a German, but the Danish Ambassador under the Zahles Government tried Danish souls with German iron crosses.  In 1924, he was chosen by Thorvald Stauning, the first social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark, to be the Foreign Minister of Denmark, serving from 23 April 1924 to 14 December 1926, until Thomas Madsen-Mygdal became Prime Minister.  In February and March 1930, he served as the chairman of the "Conference for Concerted Economic Action" in Geneva as part of the League of Nations. As chairman, he urged European economic unity to better conditions throughout the world with the aid of the Belgian Foreign Minister, Paul Hymans (who later served as the 2nd President of the League of Nations). He envisioned a broad conception of European economic organization and proposed a tariff truce, which he described as "the consolidation of duties."

Personal life.

On 29 June 1907, he married Cornelia Van Rensselaer Thayer Robb (1881–1960), an American who was the daughter of Nathaniel Thayer III. She was born in Boston and was the granddaughter of Nathaniel Thayer Jr. (1808–1883), who married Cornelia Paterson, the daughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer IV. She was also descended from Thomas Cornell as well as the Bayard, Livingston, and Schuyler families. At the wedding, Baron Rosencrantz was his best man. Together, they had a son:  Moltke died on 5 September 1935, aged 66, in Copenhagen.

Descendants.

He was the paternal grandfather of Countess Victoria Ann Moltke and Countess Cornelia Alexandra Moltke Isles (b. 1947), an actress and documentary filmmaker.

Count Carl Poul Oscar Moltke (2 January 1869 – 5 September 1935) was the Danish minister to the United States in 1908 and the Foreign Minister of Denmark 1924–1926.

Carl Poul Oscar Graf Moltke (* 2. Januar 1869 in Görz; † 5. September 1935 in Christiansholm) war ein dänischer Diplomat und Außenminister.


Background.

Jack Lauterwasser - he pronounced it "Law-tuh-woss-uh" with the "w" as in English - was the son of a German who emigrated to France in the late 19th century and then to England. His parents ran a pie shop near Oxford Street, London, where they lived in poor housing. His father was returned to Germany at the outbreak of war in 1914 and Lauterwasser lived with his mother and the rest of her children. They moved to Highbury in north London and Lauterwasser worked as a cycling delivery boy for a grocery store.  He said: "We lived above a greengrocer's and the shopkeeper let me borrow the bike."

Early cycling.

Lauterwasser joined Finsbury Park cycling club in 1924 and won his first race, his club's 25-mile time trial for novices, when he was 13. He began riding longer races, including time-trials that lasted 12 hours. "I really was a novice, a greenhorn who knew nothing, but in my first season I progressed to being club champ and winning some good time-trials," he said. He broke the Road Records Association 50-mile record in 1928.(ref RRA General Secretary)

Olympic Games.

Lauterwasser was picked for the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam and cycled there from London. He won a silver medal in the 160 km road race event at the Amsterdam Olympics. The race was run against the clock as an individual time trial, a British speciality, with riders starting at two-minute intervals. Lauterwasser finished fifth in 5h 2m 57s. He and his team-mates, Frank Southall (second) and John Middleton (26th), were originally judged third best team but were raised to second after Italy was disqualified. Lauterwasser had already returned home with his bronze medal. He was then sent the silver medal as well and was never asked to return the bronze, he said. It took him a further two years to get the silver medal from his club; "Our club secretary's wife considered it belonged to the club," he said. He kept both medals in a biscuit tin.

Other cycling.

In the same year as the Olympics, Lauterwasser broke the Road Records Association 50-mile record by almost three minutes with lhr 54m 47s and the 100-mile record by more than 18 minutes, in 4hr 13m 35s. He won the Polytechnic CC 12-hour race with a record 237.8 miles. Lauterwasser and others believed he had ridden further, that he had been first to cover 240 miles. Seven years later the course was remeasured and Lauterwasser was credited with 240m 76 yards, making his total distance 240 miles 76 yds, the first rider to exceed 20 mph.(ref Finsbury Park CC archives)

Retirement.

Lauterwasser opened a cycle shop in Holloway Road, London, in 1929. He built lightweight bicycles to order and created a design of handlebar named after him. His lightest Lauterweight bicycle weighed 17.5 lb. The business was not a success, however.  The shop closed and he joined Rudge. He moved to BSA during the Second World War and made folding bicycles for parachutists. He moved to Raleigh when peace returned and worked as a sales rep in the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1965 he joined Alex Moulton at Bradford-on-Avon, making bicycles with suspension. He continued working until he was 90. He died after a fall at home broke his leg.

John "Jack" Jacob Lauterwasser (4 June 1904 – 2 February 2003) was an English racing cyclist and cycling engineer, who won a bronze and silver medal in the same race at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.

John Jacob „Jack“ Lauterwasser (* 4. Juni 1904 in London; † 2. Februar 2003 in Bath) war ein britischer Radrennfahrer und Fahrradbauer.


Critical reception.

William York, writing for AllMusic rated the album 3.5/5, commented, “It seems clear that some care was put into this CD so that it doesn't appear carelessly thrown together or incoherent like so many remix albums, which is nice. The album flows well and doesn't contain any outright duds or annoying throwaways. On the other hand, it is still just a remix CD, and it will therefore appeal to a limited audience of electronic-era Ulver obsessives and/or die-hard fans of the remix artists.”  Writing for webzine Chronicles of Chaos, Pedro Azevedo rated the album 4.5/10, commenting, “There is much in this disc that sounds anonymous and devoid both of context and interest. Even Ulver's own opening track fails to stand out from the collection, but there are still some very good tracks amidst all this, unrelated as they may sound. Perhaps the purpose of this collection has been achieved; perhaps some people other than the fourteen authors of these remixes will find considerable interest in the entirety of this disc, instead of less than half of it—but for this listener, this compilation as a whole presents insufficient aesthetic and musical value.”  Aversionline rated the album 8/10, commenting. “All in all this is a nice tribute to Ulver. Of course there are some weak moments, but there's really only one completely worthless song here—the rest all have strengths. And if nothing else, I find it interesting to hear how these artist have remixed both Ulver's old and new material to achieve different results. (8/10)”  Writing for webzine, Satan Stole My Teddybear, John Chedsey, adds “Needless to say, this is the first truly unnecessary Ulver release, but thankfully, it's technically not an Ulver release. Remix albums are almost always a waste and there's very little here that would warrant a mad rush to the CD store to demand a copy. This particularly remix album does little to change my opinion of the remix phenomenon. They're the only thing worse and less needed than a tribute album.”  Niels van Rongen, commenting for Musique Machine, “Most—if not all—artist featured on 1st Decade are from the IDM, glitch scene. This is not a huge surprise since Ulver has been doing this kind of music for the last few years. Still it would've been nice to hear someone from outside this scene. As colleague Martijn Busink suggested to me, a dub version of Kveldssanger would've been great. And I miss the vocals. I know it's hard to successfully incorporate vocals in IDM and remixes, though it can be done. Nevertheless ‘’1993-2003: 1st Decade In The Machines’’ is a really good remix album. It's an interesting release for long time Ulver fans, but also for people who are just starting to get into this kind of music. I wouldn't buy this if it's gonna be your first Ulver album. But everyone who is into their electronic period can easily pick this up. So, happy birthday Ulver and a toast to another 10 great years. “

1993–2003: 1st Decade in the Machines is a remix album commissioned by Ulver, issued on April 29, 2003 via Jester Records. The album celebrates Ulver's ten year anniversary and features remixes by Ulver, Alexander Rishaug, Information, The Third Eye Foundation, Upland, Bogdan, Raczynski, Martin Horntveth, Neotropic, A. Wiltzie vs. Stars Of The Lid, Fennesz, Pita, Jazzkammer, V/Vm and Merzbow.

1993–2003: 1st Decade in the Machines ist eine Kompilation mit Remixen von Ulver-Stücken. Sie erschien im Jahr 2003 bei Jester Records und wurde von Voices Music & Entertainment vertrieben.


Location.

The station is located on the northern outskirts of Annweiler. The Großer Adelberg (hill) is directly north of it, which required a retaining wall to be built. A residential area is located northeast of it on the slope. South of the railway station parallel to the tracks are "Bahnhofstraße" (station street) and the Queich. The western end of the station is covered by a stone arch bridge, which serves road traffic. The Landau–Rohrbach railway, which is very curvy in the built-up area of the town, comes from the north-east and continues to the west from the station; it follows the Queich until shortly before Hauenstein.

History.

A meeting took place in Speyer on 10 January 1838, which marked the beginning of selling shares in the Palatine Ludwig Railway Company ("Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn-Gesellschaft"). One suggestion was to build the railway through Zweibrücken and from there along the Schwarzbach via Rodalben, Annweiler and Langenkandel to the Rhine, but this was not adopted.  However, plans existed for the building of a line from Landau to Zweibrücken. Annweiler and the other places in the Queich valley would be the main beneficiaries. Annweiler, in particular, would benefit from a railway connection to its industrial settlements and villages between Landau and Annweiler would also benefit. In spite of the resistance of the administration of the Palatine Railway, which feared a weakening of the Ludwig Railway, they did not give up, persistently advocating the construction of such a connection. A planning committee considered, as an alternative, the establishment of a branch line from Landau to Annweiler. However, the committee changed its mind under pressure from the town of Landau and also agreed to support the construction of a Landau–Zweibrücken line. This time the efforts were successful: the committee was given the right to draft a suitable plan, which, however, it had to finance itself. The necessary concession was granted on 1 April 1865. The Annweiler-based industry, which produced straw hats and paper among other things, also supported a route along the Queich, after a route through the Wasgau via Bergzabern and Dahn was also considered.  The Annweiler am Trifels station was opened with the commissioning of the Landau (Pfalz)–Annweiler am Trifels section on 12 September 1874. A festival was held in the town on this occasion. At the station there were many celebrations and a total of 300 people travelled on the first train. In addition, the mayor made a speech. Afterwards, a pageant was held, led by the chapel of the 25th Rhenish Infantry Regiment from Strasbourg.

Further development.

For the first 14 months of its existence it was the terminus of the line, until it was extended to Zweibrücken on 25 November 1875. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the station had ticket gates like other stations in the Palatinate. During this time, the railway station was managed by the Zweibrücken operations and construction inspectorate and its tracks were part of the responsibility of the "Bahnmeisterei" (track master's office) of Albersweiler-St. Johann. After Germany lost the First World War and the French military invaded, the Palatine network south of Maikammer-Kirrweiler was blockaded to passenger traffic on 1 December 1918, but released for operations three days later. The line and Annweiler station became part of the area of the "Reichsbahndirektion" (Reichsbahn railway division) of Ludwigshafen after the founding of the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1922. A year later, the railway workers employed at the railway station were expelled during the operation of the railway by the French military during the occupation of the Palatinate by France. They then returned to work. During the dissolution of the railway division of Ludwigshafen, responsibility for it was transferred to the railway division of Saarbrücken on 1 May 1936 and the "Betriebsamtes (RBA) Zweibrücken" (operations office of Zweibrücken).  Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB), which was responsible for railway operations from 1949, assigned the station to the railway division of Mainz, which was responsible for all railway lines within the newly created state of Rhineland-Palatinate. In the course of the staged dissolution of the railway division of Mainz from 1 August 1971, its counterpart in Saarbrücken took responsibility for the station. At the same time the platforms were raised. In 1996, the station became part of the area where services are organised by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar transport association, VRN). Since 2002, the tickets of the "Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund" (Karlsruhe Transport Association, KVV) have also been recognised. DB Station&Service commissioned a passenger information display at the station on 1 January 2009. In 2014, the platforms were to be upgraded for disabled people.

Infrastructure.

Entrance building.

The entrance building was built in the neoclassical style for the commissioning of the station in 1874. It is protected under the Rhineland Palatinate Conservation Act. In its execution it was almost identical with its original counterpart at Biebermühle station (now Pirmasens Nord station). The front-gabled central section of the building has three floors. Two two-storey wings are attached to it. The platform canopy was completed a few years after the station was opened. Similar buildings were found on the lines of the Palatinate Railways ("Pfälzische Eisenbahnen") as well as the stations of Enkenbach, Kirchheimbolanden, Langmeil and Marnheim.

Other buildings.

In addition, a two-storey secondary building, which was used for handling freight and has now been converted into a residence, was located in the western area of the station. It is also characteristic of the Palatinate Railways. A relatively large goods shed, which was built in the 1930s, was demolished in September 2013. In the eastern part of the station there is a signal box, which was also built in the 1930s. Red sandstone from the region was used for its lower floor.

Facilities.

The station has three platforms for passenger services, including a dead-end platform which was restored in about 1990.

Operations.

Passenger services.

The Landau–Zweibrücken railway formed the continuation of the Germersheim–Landau railway and the Bruhrain Railway (Bruchsal–Germersheim), which is evident in the continuous chainage (kilometre markings). This starts in the middle of the Rhine Bridge, Germersheim. In the 1897 timetable, for example, thorough journeys from Zweibrücken via Annweiler and Landau to Germersheim are listed. At the end of the 1930s, there were continuous passenger services from Saarbrücken to Germersheim and Bruchsal. From 1938, it ran to the east towards Winden, Wörth and Karlsruhe; this continued in the Second World War.  Annweiler was regularly the terminus of trains that started in Landau. At the same time, trains ran to Pirmasenser Hauptbahnhof and Zweibrücken. In the 1970s, there were some through trains to Homburg, Neustadt, St. Ingbert and Bruchsal. In 1994, most of the services ran to Zweibrücken or Saarbrücken, since then traffic has been concentrated on Pirmasens. The last through train to Saarbrücken was abandoned in 2008. Two years later, connections had been established between Karlsruhe and Annweiler that ran over the Neustadt–Wissembourg railway and the Winden–Karlsruhe railway. From May to October, "Felsenland-Express" excursion services run on Wednesdays, Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays from Neustadt and Karlsruhe, stopping in Annweiler.

Freight operations.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, freight trains operated over the Kaiserslautern–Homburg–Landau–Germersheim and Saarbrücken–Landau–Germersheim lines. Their customers at the station included "Stabila", a local manufacturer of measuring instruments. After the Second World War freight traffic also lost importance. From the 1980s onwards, a Übergabegüterzug (goods exchange train) served the station. Its operation were based in Neustadt Hauptbahnhof. The trains ran from Landau to Wilgartswiesen. Operation of freight traffic at the station ended in 1994. Subsequently, the loading tracks at the station were disconnected and partially dismantled in 2001. Subsequently, the loading tracks in the station were disconnected and partially dismantled in 2001. It had already lost all freight traffic a few years earlier.

Bus services.

There is a bus stop in the station forecourt ("Bahnhofsvorplatz"). Since 2012, "Queichtal Nahverkehrsgesellschaft GmbH" has been responsible for operating the bus routes, which were reorganised in the same year.  Currently, the station is served by the following bus routes:

Annweiler am Trifels station is the main station in the town of Annweiler am Trifels in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Deutsche Bahn classifies it as a category 5 station and it has three platform tracks. The station is located in the network of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar transport association, VRN) and belongs to fare zones 181 and 191. Since 2002, Annweiler has also been part of the area served by the "Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund" (Karlsruhe Transport Association, KVV) using tickets at a transitional rate. Annweiler was always the most important station between Landau (Pfalz) Hbf and Pirmasens Nord and it used to be served by long-distance services.

Der Bahnhof Annweiler am Trifels ist der wichtigste Bahnhof der rheinland-pfälzischen Kleinstadt Annweiler am Trifels. Er gehört der Bahnhofskategorie 5 der Deutschen Bahn an und besitzt drei Bahnsteiggleise. Der Bahnhof liegt im Verbundgebiet des Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckars ("VRN") und gehört zu den Tarifzonen 181 und 191. Seit 2002 ist Annweiler mit einem Übergangstarif auch an den Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (KVV) angeschlossen. Zwischen Landau (Pfalz) Hbf und Pirmasens Nord war Annweiler stets der wichtigste Unterwegsbahnhof; entsprechend hielten an ihm früher viele Fernzüge.


Introduction.

Baglung is surrounded by Parbat, Myagdi, Rukum, Rolpa, Pyuthan and Gulmi districts. It has 59 Village Development Committees and one Municipality. Baglung has a moniker of "District of suspension bridges" as there are numerous suspension bridges. It is a hilly district, most of the population settled in the sides of the rivers. Fertile plains situated in the either sides of the rivers are used for farming. Headquarters of Baglung District is Baglung Municipality which is located on a plateau overlooking the holy - Kali Gandaki. Like Nepal, Baglung is also diverse in religion, culture, ethnicity, altitude, temperature etc. Hinduism and Buddhism are the major religions. Magar, Chhetri, Brahman, Newar, Gurung, Chhantyal and Thakali are the major ethnic groups living in Baglung.  Baglung is rich in herbal medicinal plants. Rice, Corn, Millet, Wheat and Potato are the major crops of Baglung. Small scale mining mostly for Iron and Copper was a major activity in Baglung in the past. However, due to economics of operating small mines most have closed since. Slate mining remains the most widespread form of mining in present times. Slate mined in Baglung is considered excellent for roofing.  Baglung Municipality, Hatiya- Galkot and Burtibang are the main trading centers of Baglung. Galkot, Kusma and Burtibang are connected with the district headquarters Baglung Bazaar by roads. Baglung is served by Nepal Electricity Authority and various small local hydropower plants. Recently, telephone has been accessible in almost all villages of Baglung. Baglung is considered to be one of the politically most conscious districts and it plays a significant role in the Nepali politics.

Geography and Climate.

Highest temperature at the lowest elevation of baglung rises up to about 37.5 degrees Celsius in summer and the lowest temperature at Dhorpatan falls up to about −15 degrees Celsius in winter. The elevation of Baglung varies from about 650 meters at Kharbang to about 4,300 meters in Dhorpatan.

Demographics.

At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Baglung District had a population of 268,613. Of these, 92.3% spoke Nepali, 5.4% Magar, 0.5% Kham, 0.5% Chhantyal and 0.5% Newari as their first language.

Administration.

The district consists of 10 Municipalities, out of which four are urban municipalities and six are rural municipalities. These are as follows:

Former Village Development Committees.

Prior to the restructuring of the district, Baglung consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees:  a

2015 Nepal earthquake.

The district was moderately affected by an April 2015 Nepal earthquake. Many old buildings sustained damages and a few collapsed. Since then many of the buildings have been rebuilt by the owners.

Baglung District ( ), a part of Gandaki Pradesh, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Baglung as its district headquarters, covers an area of and has a population (2011) of 268,613.

Der Distrikt Baglung () ist einer von 77 Distrikten in Nepal. Er ist Teil der Verwaltungszone Dhaulagiri in der Entwicklungsregion West. Der Distrikt umfasst das Bergland südlich des Dhaulagiri-Massivs und erstreckt sich südlich des Myagdi Khola und westlich des Kali Gandaki. Der Verwaltungssitz ist in der Stadt Baglung.


Plot.

First episode (1943–1958).

15 January 1993. Cosa nostra'superboss' Salvatore Riina has been arrested after 23 years, and receives a visit in prison from his childhood friend, Biagio Schirò, triggering a flashback. In 1943, as a boy of 13 years, Riina is working in the fields around the town of Corleone when he finds a buried bomb. His father decides to take the bomb home, in order to extract the gunpowder from inside in order to sell it to hunters in order to supplement his very low farm labourer's income. The bomb explodes, killing Riina's father and younger brother, Ciccio, and leaving Salvatore as the head of the family to lead a life of misery.  Tired of living in poverty, Totò, together with his friends Bernardo Provenzano (aka Binnu), Calogero Bagarella (Calò) and Biagio Schirò, begins to work for Luciano Liggio, Picciotto of the boss Michele Navarra, who meanwhile orders the kidnapping and murder of Placido Rizzotto. Soon after, Totò gets into a murderous fight with Menico, the son of a miller to whom he sells his grain, and ends up in prison; meanwhile Schirò's change of heart takes him back to school. Six years later, Totò, an adult by now, is freed. Waiting outside the prison gates are Provenzano, Bagarella and a new member of the gang, Luciano Maino.  Riina soon picks up where he left off in Liggio's gang: intent on more power and infamy, the gang murder the capo Michele Navarra and plan to expand towards Palermo. Schirò, meanwhile, has become a police officer and is working with commissioner Angelo Mangano on Liggio and his gang. Totò meets the studious younger sister of Calogero Bagarella, Ninetta, and falls in love. It soon emerges that Ninetta is a close friend of Teresa, who in turn is dating Biagio Schirò.

Second episode (1963–1969).

The full Corleonesi Clan (Luciano Liggio, Totò Riina, Bernardo Provenzano, Calogero Bagarella and Luciano Maino) prepare to go to Palermo for a 'business conversation' with Salvatore La Barbera and Vito Ciancimino. As soon as they arrive, they begin straight away to demand respect: first killing a butcher who is late in paying for a load of clandestine meat, then killing an accountant who had paid protection to the wrong family. One evening, while the Corleonesi are in a night club (where Maino meets a girl, Maria Nigro) Salvatore La Barbera is kidnapped and killed by Michele Cavataio. All the other mafiosi in La Barbera's clan flee from Palermo.  Back in Corleone, Totò's relationship with Ninetta Bagarella strengthens. Biagio discovers from Teresa that word has it that Riina will be at Ninetta's one evening, and organizes a search. Nevertheless, Totò manages to hide both himself and his friend Calogero, and neither are caught. Totò promises to Ninetta not to enact revenge on Teresa for the betrayal, but she tells him that she had already decided to break all links to her friend, rather to continue her relationship in secret with him.  On 30 June 1963, in the Ciaculli quarter of Palermo, a police officer notices a parked Alfa Giulietta. Unaware that the car is packed with explosives, an officer opens the boot which triggers the bomb inside which kills seven people. This leads to many arrests, with many other mafiosi, including the Corleonesi, going into hiding. Maino refuses to do so, preferring to stay in Palermo with his girlfriend. While fleeing from Corleone, Totò and Calogero are stopped by a police patrol. Calogero manages to escape but Totò is arrested; he attempts to provide forged identity documents but these fail when he is recognized by Biagio.  A few days later, Biagio tells Teresa (who has just graduated) that Riina has been caught, and that the two can marry without threat. At the same time, an eavesdropping Ninetta (also recently graduated) overhears everything. Schirò goes to the parents of Teresa to ask her hand in marriage and, after an awkward conversation with her father, is given their blessing.  Meanwhile Maria, Maino's girlfriend, discovers his hidden life via the newspapers, and convinces him to go to the police. He tells Judge Cesare Terranova everything he knows about the Corleonesi. Shortly after, Luciano Liggio too is arrested by Commissario Mangano and Schirò, discovered hiding in the wardrobe of Leoluchina Sorisi, the ex-girlfriend of the murdered Placido Rizzotto.  The Bari trial begins, and Maino stands as witness, fingering directly Totò and his companions, and testifying to all of their murders. Despite this concrete proof, Liggio, Riina and the other convicts are released thanks to a lack of evidence - the jury had been threatened. A few days after the trial, Luciano Maino is found, hanging, at his home.

Third episode (1969-1978).

Biagio and Teresa have married, and have a baby (Antonio) at the beginning of the episode. Simultaneously Riina and his fellow mafiosi - Provenzano, Bagarella and two other men, soldiers of Tano Badalamenti, boss of Cinisi - enter the offices of Michele Cavataio dressed with uniforms of the Guardia di Finanza. The aim of the attack is to assassinate Michele Cavataio, who had earlier killed Salvatore La Barbera.  One of Badalamenti's henchmen, nervously lets his gun fire, killing two men and triggering a massacre - no longer under cover, they have to murder five others before reaching Cavataio. Following a spree of bullets, Cavataio feings death until Totò and Calogero enter, when he turns and shoots, hitting and killing Bagarella. Enraged, Provenzano responds by beating Cavataio to death with the butt of his gun (Viale Lazio massacre).  In Corleone, Totò informs his own sister, and girlfriend of Calogero, Arcangela, of his friends death. He then calls on his Ninetta, Calogero's sister, calling her away from her teaching job and giving her the news; meanwhile Schirò requests a transfer to Palermo. Needing cash in order to make key investments in Palermo, Riina decides to kidnap the young lad, Antonio Caruso, from the town hall while visiting now mayor Vito Ciancimino. This triggers the disdain of the mafiosi of Palermo, in particular bosses Stefano Bontade and Giuseppe Di Cristina.  On 5 May 1971, Riina orders the homicide of District Attorney Pietro Scaglione, and during the ambush the police escort agent Antonio Lo Russo is also killed. Totò wishes to flee with Ninetta to Venice, and marry. Having discovered the body of Bagarella, the police decide to search the home of his sister, Arcangela, and find a photo of Ninetta and Totò. Implicated, the police arrest Ninetta. During her trial, Vito Maranza, one of Riina's men, goes to Biagio's house and kidnaps Teresa and Antonio, holding them to ransom until Bagarella is released.  Luciano Liggio is arrested in Milan by commissario Mangano, as a consequence Riina becomes the main capo of the Corleonesi Clan, and is chosen by Don Michele Greco as his 'prediletto' (his favourite).  Two of Riina's "soldati" are ordered to kill Giuseppe Di Cristina but fail, killing instead his driver. Shadowing Di Cristina, they discover that he is collaborating with Commissario Boris Giuliano. Meanwhile Totò and Ninetta marry.  Some of the mafiosi - Pippo Calderone, Badalamenti and Di Cristina - begin to have problems with Totò, and their interaction becomes cold. At a successive meeting of the Commissione, Riina asks for their lives and is given permission to kill only Di Cristina, though he also kills Calderone.  At the end of the episode, Silvio Albertini, an honest colleague of Schirò, chances upon the hiding place of Riina, his wife and Provenzano. He immediately telephones Biagio from a phone box, and summons him to the location. As soon as he arrives, Schirò heads up to the apartment and finds Silvio's lifeless body on the floor. Suddenly, Riina's two "soldati" appear and beat Schirò. Riina emerges and warns his old friend to leave his family alone, especially Ninetta, before knocking him out cold.

Fourth episode (1979–1981).

Schirò and Boris Giuliano with his men go to the Punta Raisi airport in Palermo to arrest French chemists who have come to Sicily to teach Francesco Marino Mannoia (Bontate's chemist) to cut the drug, and on the other hand a meeting between the biggest mafia bosses. As soon as the police arrive at the airport, Commissioner Giuliano receives a phone call in which he is told that it is not possible to stop the two Frenchmen for lack of evidence.  Peppe (who has an ill brother), Bontate's "capodecina", accompanies Totò at home and receives the money to treat his brother in America.  Meanwhile Totò and Ninetta have two children (Concetta and Giovanni) and they are waiting for the third one. Giuliano found the refinery of Corleone, Schirò found the one of Bontade. Back to the police station Giuliano got a phone call telling him that he'll die soon.  At the airport is found a suitcase full of money, addressed to Bontade, who at this point calls his friends in Rome to complain that Giuliano is going too far and they must stop him, otherwise, he will.  Boris Giuliano sends his family on holiday promising to reach them the week after but a few days later he's killed by Leoluca Bagarella (Luchino) and Pino Greco (Scarpuzzedda). Meanwhile, Ninetta begins to feel pain, she's brought to the hospital but it's just a false alarm.  Someone in the city spits bad drugs. Totò Riina discovers who is responsible: it's a certain Tanino, right hand of Salvatore Inzerillo, to whom Tanino takes away the drug he resells. Totò manages to blackmail the bad dealer.  In the best clinic of Palermo Ninetta has given birth to her third son Giuseppe and meanwhile Teresa finds out she's pregnant. At Giuliano's funeral, Schirò (left watching it on TV) is unaware of the state of his wife and he has an argument with her, Teresa loses the child and decides to leave Sicily for Rome. After a while she's reached by her husband.  After a speech with Schirò, judge Gaetano Costa signs the arrest warrants for all the bosses of Palermo and he's subsequently killed by the Bontate family. Meanwhile, Cesare Terranova is sent to Palermo where he's killed by Totò. When the Palermo bosses come to know, they decide to eliminate 'u Curtu. Totò changed home (since the one where he lived was owned by Stefano Bontade): all the Palermitans are now against him.  With the help of Tanino and Peppe, Riina manages to escape all the attacks against him and Stefano Bontate, Salvatore Inzerillo and their families are killed by Mario Prestifilippo and "Scarpuzzedda". The Second Mafia War produces many deaths so John Gambino, the biggest American boss, arrives in Palermo to try to stop the murders. Riina assures and convinces him that the war is over and no other men of honor will be killed.

Fifth episode (1982-1987).

The fifth episode begins with Pio La Torre, regional secretary of the Italian Communist Party, which on one hand is a debate in Corleone to prevent the construction of a Cruise missiles base in Comiso and the other side with the full Commission. In the commission there is a certain Apuzzo, a dear friend of Tommaso Buscetta pretending to be loyal to Totò Riina.  The Mangano Commissioner, now retired, advised the magistrates in Palermo (who want to fight the Mafia at all costs) Schirò as wildcard to find all the large and back to Corleone to tell Schirò to go to Palermo to work with Giovanni Falcone, Paolo Borsellino and Rocco Chinnici.  While Toto plays with her son Giovanni, Ninetta is pregnant again and is concerned for the ideas of her husband. Toto then decides to call a few of his soldiers and ordered the murder of Pio La Torre along his bodyguard Rosario Di Salvo.  Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa was sent to Palermo. The first action of General Dalla Chiesa is to send his men to search the collector of Ignazio Salvo, powerful man colluded with the Mafia. Shortly after General Dalla Chiesa was killed by "soldiers" Riina and Nitto Santapaola. Also Rocco Chinnici is murdered.  Meanwhile Apuzzo travels to Brazil by Tommaso Buscetta. Toto as they are known and does kill him and all of Buscetta relatives. Tommasino was arrested for heroin trafficking. In the Brazilian prison he is tortured, but did not speak. He is transferred to Italy and started working with Giovanni Falcone, which explains the structure of Cosa Nostra. After questioning are arrested hundreds and hundreds of people, among them was Vito Ciancimino.  28 July 1985 he was assassinated the commissioner Giuseppe Montana, who was investigating with Biagio on victims of the Second Mafia War. A young man is wrongly accused of murder. Brought to the police station, Giacalone (police constable) is carried away by the violence and kills the boy. Then Ninni Cassarà informs Falcone and opens an investigation by the judiciary on. Teresa and Antonio (wife and son of Schiro), who were in Rome, meanwhile, returned to Palermo.  On 6 August 1985 Ninni Cassarà was killed by Pino Greco "Scarpuzzedda", before the eyes of his wife and daughter. Meanwhile, in the security jailhouse of the Asinara, (in Sardinia), Falcone and Borsellino prepare the Maxi Trial that a few days later, he began his work. At the end of the process, Riina and Provenzano were sentenced in absentia while Michele Greco and Luciano Leggio and many others, present in the courtroom, are also sentenced to life imprisonment.  The episode ends with a shootout where we find on the one hand Schirò and on the other Vito Maranza and Leoluca Bagarella. The outcome of the shooting is a dead (Vito Maranza) and a seriously injured (Biagio Schirò).

Sixth episode(1988-1993).

Biagio Schirò is seriously injured due to the shooting with Leoluca Bagarella and Vito Maranza. He is taken to the hospital and fortunately he is saved, but remains lame in one leg. Totò Riina is nervous because he has been sentenced to life in prison. Ignazio Salvo reassures Toto by telling him that the sentence will be changed in the Court of Cassation. Totò orders Luchino to follow Ignazio Salvo.  For the title of head of the education office in Palermo there are two candidates: Giovanni Falcone and Antonino Meli. Falcone's appointment seems obvious but the role is instead entrusted to Meli. Riina orders the murder of Falcone to Pino Scarpuzzedda and Luchino. Pino organizes an attack on the judge's house at the sea in Addaura, near Mondello, but fails. In the following days Scarpuzzedda, now become quite powerful, with his swaggering air, performs two robberies in the area of the boss Pietro Aglieri, one in a jewelry store and the other at Banco di Sicilia. U Curtu had him strangled by his own colleagues (Antonino Madonia, Filippo Marchese, Antonino Marchese, Pino Marchese, Gaetano Carollo, Giuseppe Lucchese and Giuseppe Giacomo Gambino), with whom he carried out the bank robbery and the failed attack on Falcone.  Falcone is transferred to Rome. Ninuzzo Schirò decides to follow in his father's footsteps, also becoming a policeman. The revision of the Maxiprocesso sentence does not even take place in the Court of Cassation and Totò has Salvo Lima killed. A few days later Totò Riina and Giovanni Brusca meet to organize the attack on Falcone. The judge, who went to Palermo, is killed with the TNT at the crossroads of Capaci on May 23, 1992, together with his wife Francesca Morvillo and the escort. About two months later Paolo Borsellino is also killed, while the negotiation was underway between deviated pieces of the institutions and the Cosa Nostra which Paolo Borsellino would surely have firmly opposed. Some soldiers of Totò, on his order, kill Ignazio Salvo. Meanwhile Vito Ciancimino is contacted by the captain of the carabinieri Li Donni in an attempt to deal with the Corleonesi to end the massacres. Totò Riina decides to negotiate with the state and prepares a "papello" with all his requests.  Binnu does not agree with the "war on institutions" that is leading Totò and for this reason he has a bitter discussion with him while they are having lunch with Ninetta and Luchino. One evening, while traveling in his car, Baldassare Di Maggio (Balduccio) is stopped and taken to prison. He too decides to become a collaborator of justice and has Totò arrested, revealing his hiding place in via Bernini, in Palermo.  After the arrest of her husband, Ninetta and her children (Concetta, Giovanni, Giuseppe and Lucia) return to Corleone. At the home of Totò, Luchino, Binnu and Giovanni Brusca take all the documents that could still be compromising. The episode ends with a clarifying dialogue between Biagio and Totò.

Trivia.

The miniseries has been watched by Salvatore Riina, now that he is in prison, raising some criticism on the coverage of the topic.

Il Capo dei Capi ("The Boss of the Bosses") is a six-part Italian miniseries which debuted on Canale 5 between October and November 2007. It tells the story of Salvatore Riina, alias "Totò u Curtu" (Totò the Short), a mafioso boss from Corleone, Sicily. Riina is played by Palermo-born actor, Claudio Gioè, and the series was directed by Alexis Sweet and Enzo Monteleone. The film is inspired from the eponymous book-inquiry of and Attilio Bolzoni. The series was broadcast in the UK in the spring of 2013 on the Sky Arts channel, retitled Corleone and split into 12 one-hour episodes.

Der Boss der Bosse (Originaltitel: "Il capo dei capi") ist eine sechsteilige italienische Fernseh-Miniserie. Die Erstausstrahlung erfolgte in Italien zwischen Oktober und November 2007 im "Canale 5". Die Reihe ist eine Verfilmung über das Leben des sizilianischen Mafiabosses Salvatore Riina, alias "Totò u Curtu". Die Figur wird interpretiert von Claudio Gioè und die Rolle von "Bernardo Provenzano" von Salvatore Lazzaro. Regie führt Alexis Sweet und Enzo Monteleone. Produziert wurde die Serie von Taodue.


Bathymetrical survey.

Loch Lubnaig differs from the other lochs in the neighbourhood in that it does not constitute a single basin. The bottom is apparently very irregular; the contour lines of depth do not follow the contour of the loch. Hollows and ridges alternate with each other and in some placed comparatively deep water is found close to the shore, while in other places shallow water extends a considerable distance from shore. The loch is also comparatively speaking, very narrow and shallow considering its size, nearly two-thirds of the area being under in depth. The loch may be conveniently divided into two halves, defined by the central constriction in the outline of the loch at the entrance of the Ardchillarie burn, where the bottom shallows and separates two principal deep depressions. The northern half trends in a north-west and south-east direction, while the southern half trends almost directly north and south.  There are two depressions in which the depth exceeds, with an isolated sounding of 106 feet between them. The larger depression is contained in the southern half of the loch, and is over half a mile in length with a maximum width of about wide. The smaller but deeper depression is situated at the base of the northern half of the loch, occupying a central position and is over in length with a width of 280 yards. The deepest part of the loch at is centrally located in the depression. There are three other smaller depressions.  On the western shore, between from the southern end of the loch, there is a sandy spit, which stretches out towards the centre of the loch.

Loch Lubnaig (Loch Lùbnaig in Gaelic) is a small freshwater loch near Callander in the Stirling council area, Scottish Highlands. It lies in the former county of Perthshire. It is part of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park.

Loch Lubnaig (gälisch "Loch Lùbnaig") ist ein kleiner Loch nahe Callander in der Council Area Stirling. Er liegt in der ehemaligen Grafschaft Perthshire.


History.

The name "P4" originates from 1973 when it was the name of a radio programme directed towards younger audience and broadcast on Sunday evenings on DR P1. This programme had been broadcast for 24 years when it was closed in 1997.  On 4 April 1960 DR started regional programming on DR P2. At this time six stations were available: Bornholms Radio in Rønne, Midtjyllands Radio in Aarhus, Nordjyllands Radio in Aalborg, Radio Fyn in Odense, Sjællands Radio in Næstved, and Sønderjyllands Radio in Aabenraa.  At the beginning each station broadcast only half an hour of its own programming, each Monday from 19.15. Two years later this was expanded to 45 minutes. From 1967 a 40-minute round-up from all the regions was also broadcast on Tuesdays.  It was the expansion of FM radio, which necessitated the building of a denser network of transmitters to ensure good reception in all parts of the country, which also made regional radio technically possible.  DR had in 2001 won the rights to use Denmark's new fourth nationwide FM channel to which DR P2 was moved on 1 September 2001. The regional programming stayed on the former P2 regional channels and was re-launched as DR P4.  In March 2013 DR P4 became the first of DR's radio channels to be available on DAB+ digital radio. The other stations were available on standard DAB.

DR P4 Regional stations.

DR P4 Bornholm.

Began in 1960 as "Bornholms Radio".

DR P4 Esbjerg.

Began broadcasting on 1 January 2007.

DR P4 Fyn.

Began in 1960 as "Radio Fyn".

DR P4 København.

Began in 1962 as "Københavns Radio".

DR P4 Midt & Vest.

Began in April 1974 as "Regionalradioen i Holstebro"; was later renamed "Radio Midt & Vest".

DR P4 Sjælland.

Formerly "DR Regionalen"; was expanded following the closure in 2013 of "P4 Nordvestsjælland" to cover the area formerly covered by the latter station.

DR P4 Trekanten.

Began in 1980 as Kanal 94; was later renamed P4 Trekanten and now covering a smaller area. The "Trekanten" (triangle) region is the area which includes the three major centres of Fredericia, Kolding, and Vejle as well as the towns of Billund, Haderslev, Middelfart, and Vejen.

DR P4 Østjylland.

Began in 1960 as "Østjyllands Radio".

DR P4 is the regional radio channel of Denmark's national public broadcasting corporation, DR. The 10 regional stations which make up P4 originate their own local programming and also carry jointly produced nationwide content. P4's programming is a mixture of popular music, traffic announcements, national and regional news.

DR P4 ist ein dänischer Hörfunksender und der Regionalsender von DR. Gesendet wird ein Mix aus Musik, nationale und regionale Nachrichten und Verkehrsmeldungen. Mit einem Marktanteil von über 42 % (Stand: Januar 2013) ist P4 der mit Abstand beliebteste dänische Hörfunksender. Das Durchschnittsalter der Hörer fällt mit 52 Jahren niedriger aus als bei DR P1 (57 Jahre) und DR P2 (66–67 Jahre).