Plot.

Through the course of the film, several flashbacks are shown involving the Skuggs brothers, including (in the beginning of the film) the drug-overdose death of their mother Ella (Khandi Alexander), the non-fatal shooting of their drug-addicted musician father, Arthur Romello "A.R." Skuggs (Clarence Williams III) (ultimately at the hands of the man they would later work for—Gus Molino (Abe Vigoda), and a scene where Roemello is offered a full scholarship to Georgetown.  Roemello as a teenager (Dulé Hill) avenges his father's shooting by shooting and killing Sal Marconi (Raymond Serra), Gus's cousin. After contemplating for a while, Roemello decides to quit dealing and start a new life with his girlfriend, Melissa (Theresa Randle), to the disdain of Raynathan, who is scared and hesitant to leave the drug game. However, Roemello learns that getting out is nowhere near as easy as getting in.  A series of events lead up to Roemello's eventual departure from the drug game, such as the death of his best friend, Ricky Goggles (Steve Harris) at the hands of an up-and-coming Brooklyn drug dealer and former boxing champion, Lolly Jonas (Ernie Hudson). The Skuggs brothers and their associates find Ricky's burned body hanging from the side of a neighborhood apartment building. They later go after and then kill Tony Adamo, one of the other men responsible for Ricky Goggles’ death. Because of this, an eventual street war starts off between The Skuggs crew and Lolly's organization.  Melissa becomes more hesitant of being involved with Roemello, because of his lifestyle. After learning of the death of an aspiring teenage “stick-up kid”, Kymie (Donald Faison) in Roemello's neighborhood (Kymie, in fact, saves Roemello's life in a drive-in shooting by Lolly's people), she decides to break off with Roemello and would have one date with basketball star, Mark Doby (Vondie Curtis Hall).  The date starts off fine as Mark takes Melissa back to his house but he becomes drunk, physically and verbally abuses Melissa and nearly rapes her by forcing her to perform oral sex. She barely escapes by punching Mark in the groin and running out the door. As she returns home, she is shamed by her mother for being a “tramp”. She finally returns to Roemello and they begin to make plans to leave New York City.  Before Roemello and Melissa depart for North Carolina, they stop by to visit A.R. However, upon arriving at A.R.’s apartment, they find him dead of a drug overdose. Raynathan gave A.R. the heroin that would eventually kill him, with Raynathan’s reasoning being that he wanted “put him out of his misery”. Raynathan is found across the street, coming out of Gus’ restaurant, where he gunned down Gus, Lolly, and Harry, Gus's son.  Roemello tells Raynathan what happened to A.R., but Raynathan accepts responsibility of their father's death. After seeing Melissa waiting for Roemello, Raynathan fires his gun at her, and the brothers proceed to fight each other and Raynathan accidentally shoots Roemello. Realizing this, Raynathan panics and shoots himself in the stomach, taking his own life.  Roemello and Melissa, sometime later, do move to North Carolina, where they have a young son, but Roemello is found in a wheelchair, likely paralyzed from the waist down (though the extent of the paralysis is not fully explained), however he is enjoying family life.

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that two of ten surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.9/10. Todd McCarthy of "Variety" called it "a self-indulgent drama" that plays like a dreary variation on "New Jack City"", Cooper's first film. Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" called it "an ambitious but terminally self-important film".  Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that it "sinks under the weight of excessive violence and a welter of overwrought plot contrivances". Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" rated it C− and wrote, "Though the movie itself isn’t much — a dawdling inner-city pastiche of Mean Streets and the Godfather films — a couple of the performers do succeed in fleshing out their threadbare roles."  Michael Gonzales of "Stop Smiling" in 2007 referred to Cooper's first three film screenplays as his "Harlem trilogy." He said that Cooper has had an influence on "hip-hop culture that can be heard in Jay-Z’s lyrics and seen in P. Diddy’s style."

Sugar Hill is a 1994 American crime film directed by Leon Ichaso and written by Barry Michael Cooper. It stars Wesley Snipes and Michael Wright as brothers Roemello and Raynathan Skuggs. Considered the second film of Cooper's "Harlem trilogy," it focuses on the two brothers who are major drug dealers in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem.

Sugar Hill ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller von Leon Ichaso aus dem Jahr 1994. Der Titel nimmt Bezug auf den gleichnamigen Stadtteil in Harlem, New York City.


Clinical significance.

If lipid A, part of the lipopolysaccharide, enters the circulatory system it causes a toxic reaction by activating toll like receptor TLR 4. Lipid A is very pathogenic and not immunogenic. However, the polysaccharide component is very immunogenic, but not pathogenic, causing an aggressive response by the immune system. The sufferer will have a high temperature and respiration rate and a low blood pressure. This may lead to endotoxic shock, which may be fatal. The bacterial outer membrane is physiologically shed as the bounding membrane of outer membrane vesicles in cultures, as well as in animal tissues at the host-pathogen interface, implicated in translocation of gram-negative microbial biochemical signals to host or target cells.

Biogenesis.

The biogenesis of the outer membrane requires that the individual components are transported from the site of synthesis to their final destination outside the inner membrane by crossing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compartments. The machinery and the energy source that drive this process are not yet fully understood. The lipid A-core moiety and the O-antigen repeat units are synthesized at the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane and are separately exported via two independent transport systems, namely, the O-antigen transporter Wzx (RfbX) and the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter MsbA that flips the lipid A-core moiety from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet of the inner membrane. O-antigen repeat units are then polymerised in the periplasm by the Wzy polymerase and ligated to the lipid A-core moiety by the WaaL ligase.  The LPS transport machinery is composed of LptA, LptB, LptC, LptD, LptE. This supported by the fact that depletion of any one of these proteins blocks the LPS assembly pathway and results in very similar outer membrane biogenesis defects. Moreover, the location of at least one of these five proteins in every cellular compartment suggests a model for how the LPS assembly pathway is organised and ordered in space.  LptC is required for the translocation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the inner membrane to the outer membrane. LptE forms a complex with LptD, which is involved in the assembly of LPS in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane and is essential for envelope biogenesis.

The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria. Its composition is distinct from that of the inner cytoplasmic cell membrane - among other things, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria includes a complex lipopolysaccharide whose lipid portion acts as an endotoxin - and in some bacteria such as "E. coli" it is linked to the cell's peptidoglycan by Braun's lipoprotein.

Die Äußere Membran gram-negativer Bakterien tritt vor allem bei Proteo- und Cyanobakterien auf. Sie ist Teil eines aus zwei Doppelmembranen bestehenden Membransystems. Die "Innere Membran" wird hierbei stets durch die eigentliche Zellmembran gebildet, während die Äußere Membran als zusätzliche Abgrenzung nach außen wirkt. Beide Membranen schließen ein Zellkompartiment ein, das als Periplasmatischer Raum bezeichnet wird.


Plot.

In April 1857, a large part of the Indian subcontinent is under the control of the British East India Company. Mangal Pandey (Aamir Khan), a sepoy (soldier of Indian origin) in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry of the company's army, is being led to his execution by hanging for fomenting mutiny against company rule. Witnessing the execution is Pandey's friend, Captain William Gordon (Toby Stephens), who is relieved when the execution is delayed due to the hangman's refusal to hang Pandey.  The film then flashes back to four years earlier. While fighting in Afghanistan, Pandey saves Gordon's life by dragging him to safety when the two were targeted by Afghan snipers. Afterwards, while both recover at a camp, Gordon seeks out Pandey and gives him his pistol as a token of appreciation. Three years later, during a New Year's Eve ball at the governor-general's palace in Calcutta, Pandey angers Captain Hewson (Ben Nealon) when he attempts to stop him from severely beating an Indian servant for inadvertently touching the daughter of Mr. Kent (Kenneth Cranham), an influential British businessman. Gordon witnesses the assault but does not stop it, leading to tension with Pandey. However, Gordon apologizes to Pandey during a wrestling match with him, and a friendship is formed, transcending rank and race.  The company then introduces a new weapon for its troops: the Enfield rifled musket. Rumours spread among the sepoys that the paper cartridges holding the powder and ball for the rifle are greased with either pig fat or beef tallow; the process of loading the rifle requires the soldier to bite down on the cartridge, and the soldiers believe that this would cause them to consume pork or beef — acts abhorrent to Muslim and Hindu soldiers for religious reasons. A low-caste labourer named Nainsukh teases Pandey, a Brahmin, that he has lost his caste by using such a gun, but Pandey dismisses Nainsukh's taunts. The sepoys, led by Pandey, express their concerns to General Hearsey (Jeremy Clyde), but he reassures them that no such cartridge exists. The sepoys remain concerned when they are asked to test-fire the new rifle at musketry drill, but Gordon, after talking to Hearsey, reiterates that no such cartridge exists and asks a sepoy to test-fire the rifle. Pandey volunteers, and his fellow sepoys chastise him afterward. However, demonstrating his trust in Gordon, he states his belief that the rumours are untrue.  Meanwhile, Gordon stops a sati ceremony from occurring and rescues a widow, Jwala (Ameesha Patel). He arranges for her to be treated, and the two gradually become closer, eventually having an affair. Also, Pandey further earns Captain Hewson's ire by stopping him from trying to rape a "tawaif" named Heera (Rani Mukerji), who was sold to a brothel run by Lol Bibi (Kirron Kher). He suffers a serious beating from Hewson and two other officers the next day, but Gordon intervenes. Pandey meets Heera at the brothel afterwards, and they begin to fall in love with each other. Some time later, Nainsukh takes Pandey and some other sepoys to see the factory, owned by Mr. Kent, where the cartridge grease is made; indeed, the grease turns out to be pig fat and beef tallow. Pandey, believing Gordon lied to him, returns Gordon's pistol and ends their friendship.  Hearing of the 34th Regiment's refusal to use the rifles, the 19th Regiment at Berhampore also refuses to use them, and mutiny brews among the sepoys. Gordon unsuccessfully attempts to dissuade Pandey and the mutineers from rebelling, and is likewise unsuccessful at convincing Major General George Anson (Christopher Adamson), the Commander-in-Chief, India, to abandon using the cartridges. The mutineers, meanwhile, meet with Tatya Tope (Deepraj Rana) and his messenger Azimullah (Shahbaz Khan) and they all agree to unite under the leadership of the elderly Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar (Habib Tanvir) and rise in rebellion. Anson decides to send the Queen's Regiment from Rangoon to intercept and subdue the rebels; it is scheduled to arrive in Berhampore on 1 April. Heera informs Pandey of this plan, having spent the previous night with Hewson. The rebels revise their timetable to march on 30 March, but the wife of one of the rebels, angry at her husband after an argument in which he tells her of the impending revolt, informs her British employer woman of the plans. As the employer woman is having an affair with Hewson at the time, he overhears the conversation and later tortures the rebel into revealing the date of the march.  On 29 March, the mutineers are informed of the Rangoon Regiment's arrival. Pandey attempts to rally them into fending off the attack, and when the officers, including Gordon, inquire as to what they are doing, the rebels turn on them. With the regiment's arrival, the mutineers want to throw down their weapons; Pandey, however, fires at the opposing forces, killing two and injuring four, then attempts to shoot himself when the regiment surrounds him. Captured alive, he is court-martialed, and Gordon testifies on his behalf, passionately defending his actions and warning of bloody rebellion if he is hanged. Despite Gordon's warning, the court-martial imposes a death sentence on Pandey. The night before Pandey's execution, Heera visits him in his jail cell and has him place sindoor on her forehead, marking their marriage.  The next day, in front of Gordon, the British officers, his fellow sepoys, and the townspeople, Pandey is hanged. Inspired by his execution, the spectators break out in revolt. The film ends with drawings of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and footage of the later Indian independence movement.

Release.

Box office.

"Mangal Pandey: The Rising" had a great start at the box office but was declared average by Box Office India. It grossed at the Indian box office and worldwide.  The film topped the Chennai box office on its opening weekend.

Critical reception.

Upon its release, "Mangal Pandey" received positive reviews. It received a 91% rating from noted critics and was rated "fresh" at "Rotten Tomatoes". Film critic Taran Adarsh of "IndiaFM" gave four stars out of five saying it is "A genuine attempt at bringing alive a great hero on celluloid, the film will only bring pride and prestige in the domestic market as well as on the international platform."  Raja Sen of "Rediff" panned the film as being about "cleavage and cliche".  Derek Elley of "Variety" commented, "This is the classic structure of all the best historical epics, and though the film employs recognizable Bollywood trademarks, helmer Mehta's approach is more "Western" in its rhythms, pacing and avoidance of Asian melodrama. Musical set pieces are more integrated into the action, and the focus is kept tightly on the Gordon-Pandey relationship."  Film scholar Omer Mozaffar of RogerEbert.com commented that this film is a study in imperialism and sensitivity, comparing the issue of the rifle grease to the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. The inciting event that leads to the Rising could have been avoided or quickly rectified. However, in the context of the situation, it was a larger issue of unrest due to negligent power brokers.

Controversy.

In India, the Bhartiya Janata Party demanded a ban on the film, accusing it of showing falsehood and indulging in character assassination of Mangal Pandey. As an example, the BJP spokesman stated that the film shows Mangal Pandey visiting the house of a prostitute. The Samajwadi Party leader Uday Pratap Singh called in the Rajya Sabha for the movie to be banned for its "inaccurate portrayal" of Pandey. The Uttar Pradesh government criticised the film for "distortion" of historical facts, and considered banning it. Protestors in Ballia district, where Pandey had been a native, damaged a shop selling cassettes and CDs of the film, stalled a goods train on its way to Chapra (Bihar), and staged a sit-in on the Ballia-Barriya highway.  A recently (2014) published analysis of the opening stages of the Great Indian Rebellion is critical of the lack of historical evidence supporting the events of 1857, as portrayed in Mangal Pandey: The Rising.

Soundtrack.

The music was scored by A. R. Rahman with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar.

Mangal Pandey: The Rising (internationally known as The Rising: Ballad of Mangal Pandey) is a 2005 Indian historical biographical drama film based on the life of Mangal Pandey, an Indian soldier known for helping to spark the Indian rebellion of 1857 (also known as "The First War of Indian Independence").

The Rising – Aufstand der Helden ist ein indischer Film von Ketan Mehta aus dem Jahr 2005. Er beruht lose auf dem Leben Mangal Pandeys.


History.

Lincoln County was named in honor of President Abraham Lincoln. It was once the largest county in the United States. In the late 1870s the Lincoln County War began between ranchers and the owners of the county's largest general store. William Bonney, better known as Billy the Kid, became involved on the side of the ranchers after his friend and employer was killed. In the end, Bonney killed the county sheriff, a deputy, and the deputy that killed his friend. Several other people were slain in the conflict, which included the other leader of the rancher faction. His death ended the conflict. In 1878, the new territorial governor, retired Union General Lew Wallace, offered amnesty to the combatants to bring a long-lasting truce between the factions.  Most of the population is in the Greater Ruidoso Area. The town of Carrizozo serves as the county seat and is in the Tularosa Basin northwest of Ruidoso. Ruidoso boasts several small suburbs and neighbor communities including Ruidoso Downs, Hollywood, Mescalero, and Alto which contribute to the Ruidoso Micropolitan Statistical Area's population of 21,224. Ruidoso serves as the second largest city in south central New Mexico behind Alamogordo which is 46 miles southwest of the village. Ruidoso Downs on the southern end of the county and southeast of Ruidoso operates the Ruidoso Downs Racetrack and Casino. The track hosts both thoroughbred and quarter horse racing, notably the All American Futurity, the richest in quarter horse racing. Historical figures from Lincoln County include Billy the Kid and Smokey Bear, whose names help drive the tourism trade that is heavily popularized within the county.

Geography.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of, virtually all of which is land.

Demographics.

2000 census.

As of the 2000 census, there were 19,411 people, 8,202 households, and 5,634 families living in the county. The population density was 4 people per square mile (2/km2). There were 15,298 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 83.60% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 1.95% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 11.28% from other races, and 2.48% from two or more races. 25.63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  There were 8,202 households out of which 26.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.60% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.30% were non-families. 26.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.80.  In the county, the population was spread out with 22.70% under the age of 18, 6.00% from 18 to 24, 23.20% from 25 to 44, 30.20% from 45 to 64, and 17.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males.  The median income for a household in the county was $33,886, and the median income for a family was $40,035. Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $19,923 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,338. About 10.80% of families and 14.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.70% of those under age 18 and 8.70% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census.

As of the 2010 census, there were 20,497 people, 9,219 households, and 5,859 families living in the county. The population density was. There were 17,519 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the county was 85.1% white, 2.4% American Indian, 0.5% black or African American, 0.4% Asian, 9.2% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 29.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 17.0% were Irish, 15.6% were German, 12.3% were English, and 4.8% were American.  Of the 9,219 households, 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.4% were non-families, and 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age was 49.4 years.  The median income for a household in the county was $43,750 and the median income for a family was $53,871. Males had a median income of $34,306 versus $29,836 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,290. About 8.1% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,497. Its county seat is Carrizozo, while its largest community is Ruidoso.

Lincoln County ist ein County im Bundesstaat New Mexico der Vereinigten Staaten. Hier leben 20.497 Einwohner. Der Verwaltungssitz (County Seat) ist Carrizozo. Das County ist benannt nach dem ehemaligen Präsidenten Abraham Lincoln.


Construction and commissioning.

The contract to build "Stonewall Jackson" was awarded to Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California, on 21 July 1961 and her keel was laid down there on 4 July 1962. She was launched on 30 November 1963, sponsored by Miss Julia Christian McAfee, and commissioned on 26 August 1964, with Commander John H. Nicholson in command of the Blue Crew and Commander Richard A. Frost in command of the Gold Crew.

Service history.

"Stonewall Jackson" departed Vallejo on 3 September 1964 for her shakedown cruise to Cape Kennedy, Florida. The Blue Crew completed training with a successful Polaris ballistic missile firing on 2 December 1964 and was relieved by the Gold Crew. Following the Gold Crew's successful Polaris missile launch on 16 December 1964, "Stonewall Jackson" returned to the Pacific Ocean to complete shakedown operations. She began post-shakedown alterations and repairs on 13 February 1965, then made final preparations at Bangor, Washington for an overseas deployment. In April 1965, she began her first strategic deterrent patrol.  In June 1965, the Gold Crew relieved the Blue Crew at Apra Harbor, Guam. For the next five years "Stonewall Jackson" conducted deterrent patrols from Apra Harbor.  In the spring of 1970, "Stonewall Jackson" was reassigned to the United States Atlantic Fleet. On 23 April 1970, she got underway from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, to conduct a special operation, before continuing on to the Panama Canal. She transited the canal on 7 May 1970 and changed operational control from Submarine Flotilla 5 to Submarine Flotilla 6, officially joining the Atlantic Fleet. On 15 May 1970, she put into New London, Connecticut.  "Stonewall Jackson" spent the second half of May 1970 in upkeep at New London, then headed south on 1 June 1970. She stopped at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, from 7 June to 10 June 1970 for midshipman indoctrination tours, then put to sea for special operations. She entered Charleston, South Carolina, to off-load ballistic missiles during the first week in July 1970, then shaped a course for New London, arriving on 10 July 1970. On 15 July she entered the shipyard of the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics at Groton, Connecticut, for conversion to carry the Poseidon C-3 ballistic missile system.  The installation of the new missile system was completed by 29 October 1971, when the Blue Crew began preparations to put to sea. Between October 1971 and March 1972, both the Blue Crew and the Gold Crew conducted their shakedown cruises off the southeastern coast of the United States. "Stonewall Jackson" returned to Groton on 4 March 1971 and, on 8 March, commenced post-shakedown repairs and alterations at the General Dynamics shipyard.  On 7 April 1971, "Stonewall Jackson" got underway for Charleston for ballistic missile loading in preparation for her first post-conversion and first Atlantic deterrent patrol.  "Stonewall Jackson" was based at Holy Loch, Scotland, for patrol duties until mid-1978. She returned to the United States for an extensive overhaul at Portsmouth, New Hampshire Shipyard and was fitted with the Trident C-4 missile system at Pier side Port Canaveral, Florida in late 1988. 1988-1990 in Charleston, SC is where she deployed for patrols. She then operated out of Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia, until her final patrol in 1994.

Decommissioning and disposal.

"Stonewall Jackson" was decommissioned on 9 February 1995 and simultaneously stricken from the Naval Vessel Register. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Bremerton, Washington, was completed on 13 October 1995.

USS "Stonewall Jackson" (SSBN-634), a fleet ballistic missile submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for Confederate States Army General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (1824–1863).

Die USS Stonewall Jackson (SSBN-634) war ein U-Boot der "Lafayette-Klasse". Sie wurde nach dem General Thomas Jonathan Jackson, bekannt als "Stonewall Jackson" benannt, der in der Armee der Konföderierten Staaten von Amerika gekämpft hat.


Company structure.

Suzlon is a vertically integrated wind power company. It makes and installs wind turbines, and manufactures blades, generators, panels, and towers in-house. It is integrated downstream and delivers turnkey projects through its project management and installation consultancy, and operations & maintenance services. Suzlon has offices, R&D and technology centres, manufacturing facilities and service support centres spread across the globe, with its head office in Pune, India. The company's larger offices, design and R&D teams are located in India, Germany, Denmark and The Netherlands. As per its website, Suzlon has fifteen manufacturing facilities and a workforce of over 8,000 employees globally.

History.

In 1995, founder Tulsi Tanti was managing a 20-employee textile company. Due to the erratic availability of power locally, and its rising costs, the highest business expenditure after the raw materials was electricity. The cost of electricity also offset any profits made by the company. After providing electricity for his own company, Tanti moved into wind energy production as a way to secure the textile company's energy needs, and founded Suzlon Energy. Suzlon adopted a business model wherein clients would be responsible for 25% of the up-front capital investment and Suzlon would arrange the remaining 75% on loan. Initially, banks were hesitant to fund loans for this model, but by 2008, many Indian banks started financing wind power projects for Suzlon clients.  In 2001, Tanti sold off the textile business; Suzlon is still actively run by Tulsi Tanti, now in the role of Chairman, Suzlon Group.  In 2003, Suzlon got its first order in USA from DanMar & Associates to supply 24 turbines in southwestern Minnesota. Also in 2003 Suzlon set up an office in Beijing.  Suzlon Rotor Corporation in 2006 began producing the blades in Pipestone, Minnesota in the United States. Among its clients is Wind Capital Group.  In the year 2006, Suzlon reached a definitive agreement for acquisition of Belgium firm Hansen Transmissions, specializing in gearboxes for wind turbines, for $565 million. In 2007, the company purchased a controlling stake in Germany's Senvion (then operating as REpower Systems) which valued the firm at US$1.6 billion.  In June 2007, Suzlon had signed a contract with Edison Mission Energy (EME) of US for delivery of 150 wind turbines of 2.1 megawatts in 2008 and a similar volume to be delivered in 2009. EME had an option not to purchase the 150 turbines due to be delivered in 2009, which it has chosen to exercise.  In November 2009, the company decided to sell 35% stake of Hansen for $370 million as part of its debt restructuring program, through placing new shares. It appointed Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Morgan Stanley as the managers and book runners for the same.  In January 2011, Suzlon received an order worth US$1.28 billion for building 1000 megawatts of wind energy projects from the Indian branch of the Lord Swaraj Paul-owned Caparo Energy Ltd.  In May 2011, Suzlon announced returning to profitability after the financial crisis of 2009 In October 2011, Suzlon sold its remaining 26.06% stake in Hansen Transmissions International NV to ZF Friedrichshafen AG for.  In the same month, it also achieved full control of its German subsidiary REpower Systems (now Senvion) by acquiring the remaining 5% stake held by minority shareholders that resisted the takeover. The takeover was completed through the squeeze-out procedure by paying EUR 63 Million. It has to redeem 500 million worth of FCCB's (foreign currency convertible bonds) in 2012 in tranches of 300 million in June and 200 million in October respectively. In line with the previously announced strategy to dispose of non-critical group assets to reduce long-term debt, Suzlon Chairman said that Suzlon Energy, will sell stake in its China manufacturing unit to China Power New Energy Development Company Limited for 3.4 billion rupees ($60 million).  On 30 November 2013 the Suzlon Group subsidiary REpower Systems (now Senvion SE) won an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract from Mitsui & Co (Australia) Ltd to deliver 52 wind turbines with a total rated output of 106.6 MW for the Bald Hills Wind Farm in Victoria, Australia.  As of August 2014, Suzlon's debt was over 8000 crores. On 22 January 2015, Suzlon announced the sale of Senvion SE, its wholly owned subsidiary, to Centerbridge Partners, a private equity firm in a deal valued at 7200 crores. The deal is expected to ease Suzlon's debt burden. In a further equity infusion, Dilip Shanghvi Family and Associates (DSA), run by Dilip Shanghvi, the founder and managing directory of Sun Pharmaceutical, agreed to purchase a 23 percent stake in Suzlon for a sum of 1800 crores. The deal will see Tanti's holding shrink to 24 percent, but management control will still remain with the Tanti family. Its total borrowings stood at Rs 11430.76 crore in FY16 from Rs 17810.96 crore FY15.  On 17 January 2017, Suzlon Energy achieved 10,000 megawatts installed wind energy milestone in India. Suzlon's 10,000 MW of wind installation is capable of powering over 5 million households per annum and offsets approximately 21.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO) emission annually which is equivalent to planting over 1500 million trees.

Wind parks.

Globally, Suzlon has installed over 17000 MW of wind power capacity in 18 countries.

India.

Suzlon crossed 11,000 megawatts of cumulative installations in India. Suzlon has cumulatively added over 11000 megawatts of wind power capacity for over 1,700 customers in India across 40 sites in eight States. Suzlon accounts for nearly one-third of the country's total wind installations.  Its notable installations in India include:  In 2012, Suzlon signed an Expression of Interest with the government of Karnataka to develop 2500 MW of wind power in the state between 2012 and 2017.

Suzlon Energy Ltd. is a wind turbine supplier based in Pune, India. It was formerly ranked by MAKE as the world's fifth largest wind turbine supplier. It has since dropped out of the Global top ten rankings (as of 2014) due to extensive losses and inability to repay debts. The company's website claims to have over 17,000 MW of wind energy capacity installed globally, with operations across 18 countries and a workforce of over 8,000. Despite financial issues, it continues to be a major manufacturer of wind turbines; in 2016, the company posted a profit EBITDA after accruing losses over seven consecutive years.

Suzlon Energy Ltd. ist ein indischer Hersteller von Windkraftanlagen, mit Sitz in Pune, Bundesstaat Maharashtra. Er ist derzeit der größte asiatische und weltweit – gemessen an der bis 2014 installierten Leistung – fünftgrößter Windturbinenhersteller. Suzlon erzielte im Geschäftsjahr 2014/2015 einen Umsatz von 3,17 Mrd. US-$. Das Unternehmen ist seit 2005 an der Börse in Mumbai gelistet und beschäftigt weltweit rund 7.500 Mitarbeiter in 19 Ländern.


Biography.

Dechaineux was born in Launceston, Tasmania, to a Belgian-born father, Florent Dechaineux, and an Australian mother. He entered the Royal Australian Naval College, Jervis Bay at the age of 14, graduated three years later, and was promoted to Midshipman in 1920. In the first half of the 20th century, the RAN worked very closely with the British Royal Navy (RN), frequently exchanging personnel. Dechaineux spent much of the 1920s training with the RN as a torpedo officer and naval air observer.  In September 1932 Dechaineux achieved the rank of Lieutenant Commander. In 1935 he was appointed Squadron Torpedo Officer, on board HMAS "Canberra". The following year he married Mary Harbottle. In 1937, Dechaineux returned to the UK to attend the Royal Naval College and in June he was promoted to Commander.  At the outbreak of World War II, Dechaineux was attached to the RN Tactical and Minesweeping divisions until April 1940. Then, as the commander of the destroyer HMS "Vivacious", he made five trips to assist Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of Dunkirk.  On 26 May the ship was allocated to Dynamo. At first, deployed from Dover, on 27 May the ship patrolled the beaches off Dunkirk, providing general anti-aircraft cover and protecting against fast E-boat attacks while scores of vessels crossed the mercifully semi-calm Channel in evacuation. The pleasure steamer "Mona’s Isle", for example, now fitted out as an armed boarding vessel, was amongst the many. But her machineguns were no match for the attacking aircraft and occasional ship of the enemy: she was bombed as she reached the open sea outside Britain, and 40 on board were killed. This was the new and dangerous world of Dechaineux in action for the first time.  The next day the destroyer made two trips from Dunkirk to Dover, bringing out 326 men in the first trip and 359 in the second; one can only imagine the crowding of every interior space and her weather deck by so many men. Two days later another 537 men were safely landed in the British port. On 31 May the vessel came under fire from shore batteries off Bray and sustained 15 casualties. Dechaineux received a minor wound to his forehead and a piece of shrapnel tore the back of his trousers In a letter to his wife he remarked “I am very grateful that the ship was heading away from the gunfire, rather than towards it!” On 1 June another 427 men were brought back to Dover.  On 3 June the destroyer was directed to take part in Operation OK, which sank blockships, to provide a temporary wharfage point, in Dunkirk Harbour. Vivacious safely brought the crews of these ships back across the Channel. Altogether the destroyer brought out a total of 1,649 passengers from Dunkirk during five voyages. The evacuation lasted nine days, and safely brought hundreds of thousands of men back to Britain. Four years later, many would return for the D-Day landings. Dechaineux had proved his worth during his baptism of fire, not only by commanding the ship through battle, but also through the effective leadership of his men. He was destined for greater things.  On 25 September 1940 he was given command of the brand new Hunt-class escort destroyer, HMS Eglington. After working up to satisfactory operational capability in Scapa Flow – where the ship and her captain were assessed by RN experts – the last months of the year were spent on North Sea convoy escort duties, as was 1941, although on 4 October the ship carried out a brief search for a German destroyer reported minelaying off South Foreland.  In 1941, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.  Dechaineux returned to Australia later in 1941, as Director of Operations at the Navy Office in Melbourne. In June 1943, following the outbreak of war with Japan, he was given command of the tactical (destroyer) component of RAN-US Navy Task Force 74. From his immediate command, HMAS "Warramunga", Dechaineux commanded operations in waters around Australia and New Guinea, including support for amphibious landings, such as those in the Admiralty Islands. He was promoted to Captain on 31 December 1943.  On 9 March 1944, Dechaineux was given command of the heavy cruiser HMAS "Australia", the flagship of both the RAN and Task Force 74, under the overall force commander Commodore John Collins. The "Australia" supported Allied landings at Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and on the islands of Biak, Noemfoor and Morotai.  On 21 October 1944, HMAS "Australia" was supporting the landings in Leyte Gulf. Off Leyte Island, gunners from HMAS "Australia" and HMAS "Shropshire" fired at and hit a Japanese aircraft. Initially, the plane flew away from the ships, but it subsequently turned and dived into "Australia". The plane struck the superstructure of the "Australia" above the bridge. Although the 200 kg (440 pound) bomb carried by the plane failed to explode, burning fuel and debris were spewed over a large area. Dechaineux was disembowelled by shrapnel and died a few hours later. He was buried at sea that night. Another 30 crew members died as a result of the attack; among the wounded was Commodore Collins.  The US government posthumously appointed Dechaineux an Officer of the Legion of Merit.  In 1990 the Australian government announced that a new Collins class submarine would be named HMAS "Dechaineux" in his memory. It was launched in 1998 in the presence of Dechaineux's widow, Mary Purbrick, and his son, former RAN Commodore Peter Dechaineux.

Honours and awards.

Captain Emile Dechaineux was decorated with the following honours:

Emile Frank Verlaine Dechaineux, DSC (3 October 1902 – 21 October 1944) was an Australian mariner who reached the rank of Captain in the Royal Australian Navy during World War II. He was killed by a Japanese aircraft in what is believed to have been the first ever "kamikaze" attack, in the lead-up to the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

Emile Frank Verlaine Dechaineux (* 3. Oktober 1902 in Launceston (Tasmanien), Australien; † 21. Oktober 1944 in der Philippinensee) war ein australischer Marineoffizier im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Er befehligte mehrere Kriegsschiffe der Royal Navy und der Royal Australian Navy. Dechaineux fiel in der Schlacht im Golf von Leyte.


Life and work.

Benesch was the son of art collector Heinrich Benesch, an important patron of the Austrian artist Egon Schiele. Being familiar with modern art from childhood, a personal acquaintance with Schiele left a lasting impression on him, which is also to be seen in several of his publications.  From 1915 to 1921, Benesch studied art history, archaeology and philosophy at the University of Vienna mainly under Max Dvořák. In 1921 he wrote his PhD dissertation on the development of Rembrandt's drawing. From 1920 to 1923, he volunteered at the Art Gallery of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. In 1923, he became an assistant and later curator of the collection of the Albertina, where he classified the Rembrandt collection and also curated exhibitions. He lost this job during the Nazi era, because his wife was of Jewish ancestry. Therefore, in 1938, he emigrated to France, in 1939 to England, and in 1940 to the USA. From 1940 to 1947, he lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and worked at Harvard's Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts; at Princeton University; and in New York City. In Princeton, he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Studies. In 1947, he was appointed back to Vienna, where he served as Director of the Albertina and curated many important exhibitions. In 1948 he was also appointed extraordinary professor of art history. He retired in 1961.  Benesch's work focused on the graphic arts and Rembrandt. His further interests covered gothic art, the conservation of monuments, art theory and even musicology.  Benesch was an Officer of the Legion of Honor and was decorated with the Orders of Orange‐Nassau and Leopold II, and the Austrian Cross of Honor for Science and Art.  "Max Dvořák", he said, "introduced me to the strict and pragmatic spirit which regards the history of art as a historical discipline, far removed from all aesthetic assayism. The sole foundation of this scientific method of approach is the view that the work of art is a statement and the literary evidence its meaningfully interpreted source."  He wrote of Rembrandt's religious convictions: "Life itself was something sacred to Rembrandt, independent of its religious or profane content. Life was to him, first of all, life of the soul, eloquence and expressiveness of man."

Otto Benesch (June 29, 1896 – November 16, 1964) was an Austrian art historian. He was taught by Max Dvořák and is considered a member of the Vienna School of Art History. He is well known for his catalogue of Rembrandt's drawings. In 1942 he was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship.

Otto Benesch (* 29. Juni 1896 in Ebenfurth, Niederösterreich; † 16. November 1964 in Wien) war ein österreichischer Kunsthistoriker und Vertreter der Wiener Schule der Kunstgeschichte. Er wurde entscheidend von der Lehre Max Dvořáks geprägt und zählt neben Hans Tietze zu den bedeutendsten Nachfolgern Dvořáks in der sogenannten geisteswissenschaftlichen Methode der Kunstgeschichte.


Personal life.

Juanda arrived in the United States in 1990, when he enrolled at Oklahoma State University. He earned an MBA from Seattle University. Juanda was a high school track star for the 200 meter sprints to 5000 meters races.  He is fluent in both English and Mandarin Chinese. Juanda currently resides in Tokyo, Japan.

Poker career.

In both 2001 and 2002, he was "Card Player Magazine's" tournament Player of the Year, winning four World Series of Poker titles, and a World Poker Open Championship title. In November 2004, he won the inaugural Professional Poker Tour event at the Foxwoods Casino in Connecticut.  In November 2005, he earned nearly $500,000 in Monte Carlo, Monaco after winning the Monte Carlo Millions Consolation tournament, finishing sixth in the Monte Carlo Millions Main Event, and finishing second at "The FullTiltPoker.Net Invitational Live from Monte Carlo." In January 2006, Juanda defeated a field including Jeff Lisandro, Mike Sexton, Barry Greenstein, Tony Bloom, Tony G, and Phil Ivey to win the A$1,000,000 ($732,901) first prize in the Crown Australian Poker Championship A$100,000 speed poker event. Juanda won the 2008 World Series of Poker Europe £10,000 No Limit Holdem Main Event, earning £868,800 ($1,580,096). A little over a week later, he finished runner-up to Jason Mercier at the European Poker Tour's London £1 Million Showdown, a non-title no limit holdem event also known as the £20,000 High Roller event, earning £327,000 ($598,770).  Although Juanda has made six World Poker Tour final tables, he has never captured a WPT title. He has finished 2nd (Bellagio Season 1), 3rd (WPT Invitational Season 2), 4th (Mirage Season 3), 5th (twice; Aruba Season 3 and Niagara Falls Season 5), and 6th (Bellagio Season 3) at the six final tables he has appeared at. He has also finished 7th (PartyPoker Cruise Season 2) and 8th (Legends Season 5), just missing two more opportunities at another final table. As of 2014, his total live tournament winnings exceed $16,000,000. Juanda's 54 cashes at the WSOP account for $4,702,392 of his live tournament winnings and place him tied for 8th for all time WSOP cashes.  In 2015, he was selected to be part of the Poker Hall of Fame along with Jennifer Harman.

Johnson "John" Juanda (born July 8, 1971) is an Indonesian-born American professional poker player based in Marina del Rey, California. He has won five World Series of Poker bracelets.

Johnson „John“ Juanda (* 8. Juli 1971 in Medan, Indonesien) ist ein professioneller US-amerikanischer Pokerspieler. Juanda hat sich mit Poker bei Live-Turnieren mehr als 25 Millionen US-Dollar erspielt und wird in der "Hendon Mob Poker Database" als erfolgreichster indonesischer Pokerspieler geführt. Er ist fünffacher Braceletgewinner der "World Series of Poker" und gewann einmal das Main Event der "European Poker Tour". Im Rahmen der 50. Austragung der "World Series of Poker" wurde Juanda im Juni 2019 als einer der 50 besten Spieler der Pokergeschichte genannt.


Early career.

Wank began early on with ski jumping. At only 12 years old, he was the 2000 German Masters students. In 2001, he reached 3rd place in the Schülercup in the overall standings. He also earned 3rd place in the overall standings of the Germany Cup. In 2002, he was on the team for the German Championships. He won the silver medal in the team competition. A year later he started again in junior ranking and became German Vice-Junior Champion. In addition, he again reached 3rd Place in the overall standings of the Germany Cup.

Later career.

From 2004, Wank started in the Continental Cup and achieved in his second jump in Rovaniemi, with his first podium place 3. Then Wank was in the National Group for World Cup jumping in Oberstdorf in the Four Hills Tournament 2004–05. In his first jump in the highest ski-series, he reached 45th Place. In 2005, he made German Junior Champion in singles and was also on the team. At the German Senior championships, he finished sixth overall. In 2007, his team won the gold medal at the German championships.  On 27 February 2008 he placed 1st in Poland's Zakopane in the junior world champion in singles, the biggest success of his career. Two days later, he also won the title in the team jumping. In the season 2008–2009 he first belonged to the A-national squad for the World Cup ski jumping. In the end, he reached the 59th Place in the World Cup overall standings.  On 19 July 2009 Wank won the individual competition of the German championship in ski jumping in Garmisch-Partenkirchen with complete surprise jumps of 135 meters and 139 meters in front of Michael Neumayer and Michael Uhrmann.  His previous best finish in an individual jump, which he reached in the summer Grand Prix on 3 October 2009 in Klingenthal, was the 7th place.

Personal life.

Wank is originally from Domnitz in Saxony-Anhalt. Since the age of ten he has lived in Oberhof, where he graduated from a sports school in 2007. In March 2008, he enrolled at the University of Ansbach to study international management in a program that has been adapted to the HS Anspach and designed specifically for top athletes.

Andreas Wank (born 18 February 1988) is a German ski jumper who competes at World Cup level. He is 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 73 kg (161 lbs).

Andreas Wank (* 18. Februar 1988 in Halle (Saale)) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Skispringer und Sportsoldat im Dienstgrad Oberfeldwebel in der Sportfördergruppe der Bundeswehr in Oberhof. Er wurde bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 2014 in Sotschi mit der deutschen Mannschaft Olympiasieger. Sein bisher größter internationaler Erfolg in einem Einzelwettbewerb ist der Gesamtsieg beim Sommer-Grand-Prix 2012. Zudem gewann er bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 2010, den Skiflug-Weltmeisterschaften 2012 und den Nordischen Skiweltmeisterschaften 2013 jeweils die Silbermedaille mit der deutschen Mannschaft.


Terminology.

Biosolids may be defined as organic wastewater solids that can be reused after suitable sewage sludge treatment processes leading to sludge stabilization such as anaerobic digestion and composting.  Alternatively, the biosolids definition may be restricted by local regulations to wastewater solids only after those solids have completed a specified treatment sequence and/or have concentrations of pathogens and toxic chemicals below specified levels.  The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines the two terms – sewage sludge and biosolids – in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 as follows: "Sewage sludge" refers to the solids separated during the treatment of municipal wastewater (including domestic septage), while "biosolids" refers to treated sewage sludge that meets the EPA pollutant and pathogen requirements for land application and surface disposal. A similar definition has been used internationally, for example in Australia.  Use of the term "biosolids" may officially be subject to government regulations. However, informal use describes a broad range of semi-solid organic products produced from sewage or sewage sludge. This could include any solids, slime solids or liquid slurry residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage including scum and solids removed during primary, secondary or advanced treatment processes. Materials that do not conform to the regulatory definition of "biosolids" can be given alternative terms like "wastewater solids".

Characteristic.

Quantities.

Approximately 7.1 million dry tons of biosolids were generated in 2004 at approximately 16,500 municipal wastewater treatment facilities in the United States.  In the United States, as of 2013 about 55% of sewage solids are turned into fertilizer. Challenges faced when increasing the use of biosolids include, the capital needed to build anaerobic digesters and the complexity of complying with health regulations. There are also new concerns about micro-pollutions in sewage (e.g. environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants) which make the process of producing high quality biosolids complex. Some municipalities, states or countries have banned the use of biosolids on farmland.

Nutrients.

Encouraging agricultural use of biosolids is intended to prevent filling landfills with nutrient-rich organic materials from the treatment of domestic sewage that might be recycled and applied as fertilizer to improve and maintain productive soils and stimulate plant growth. Biosolids can be an ideal agricultural conditioner and fertilizer which can help promote crop growth to feed the increasing population. Biosolids may contain macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur with micronutrients copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, molybdenum and manganese.

Industrial and man-made contaminants.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others have shown that biosolids can contain measurable levels of synthetic organic compounds, radionuclides and heavy metals. EPA has set numeric limits for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc but has not regulated dioxin levels.  Contaminants from pharmaceuticals and personal care products and some steroids and hormones may also be present in biosolids. Substantial levels of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) polybrominated diphenyl ethers were detected in biosolids in 2001.  The United States Geological Survey analyzed in 2014 nine different consumer products containing biosolids as a main ingredient for 87 organic chemicals found in cleaners, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and other products. These analysis detected 55 of the 87 organic chemicals measured in at least one of the nine biosolid samples, with as many as 45 chemicals found in a single sample.  In 2014, the City of Charlotte, North Carolina discovered extreme levels of PCB's in their biosolids after being alerted by that illegal PCB dumping was taking place at regional waste water treatment plants across the state.  Biosolids land application in South Carolina was halted in 2013 after an emergency regulation was enacted by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) that outlawed any PCB contaminated biosolids from being land applied regardless if Class A or Class B. Very soon thereafter, SCDHEC expanded PCB fish consumption advisories for nearly every waterway bordering biosolids land application fields.

Pathogens.

In the United States the EPA mandates certain treatment processes designed to significantly decrease levels of certain so-called indicator organisms, in biosolids. These include, "...operational standards for fecal coliforms, "Salmonella" sp. bacteria, enteric viruses, and viable helminth ova."  However, the US-based Water Environment Research Foundation has shown that some pathogens do survive sewage sludge treatment.  EPA regulations allow only biosolids with no detectable pathogens to be widely applied; those with remaining pathogens are restricted in use.

Classification systems.

United States.

In the United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, Part 503 governs the management of biosolids. Within that federal regulation biosolids are generally classified differently depending upon the quantity of pollutants they contain and the level of treatment they have been subjected to (the latter of which determines both the level of vector attraction reduction and the level of pathogen reduction). These factors also affect how they may be disseminated (bulk or bagged) and the level of monitoring oversight which, in turn determines where and in what quantity they may be applied.

European Union.

The European Union (EU) was the first to issue regulations for biosolids land application; this aimed to put a limit to the pathogen and pollution risk. These risks come from the fact that some metabolites remain intact after waste water treatment processes. Debates over biosolid use vary in severity across the EU.

History.

As public concern arose about the disposal of increased volumes of solids in the United States being removed from sewage during sewage treatment mandated by the Clean Water Act. The Water Environment Federation (WEF) sought a new name to distinguish the clean, agriculturally viable product generated by modern wastewater treatment from earlier forms of sewage sludge widely remembered for causing offensive or dangerous conditions. Of three-hundred suggestions, "biosolids" was attributed to Dr. Bruce Logan of the University of Arizona, and recognized by WEF in 1991.

Biosolids are solid organic matter recovered from a sewage treatment process and used as fertilizer. In the past, it was common for farmers to use animal manure to improve their soil fertility. In the 1920s, the farming community moved from animal manure to using local wastewater treatment plants. It is through years of research, scientists confirmed that these biosolids contained similar nutrients to that of regular cow manure. All biosolids that are used as fertilizer in the farming community is usually treated to prevent diseases and other pathogens from spreading to the public.

Klärdünger ist ein organischer Dünger aus Klärschlamm für landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen. Der Einsatz ist umstritten wegen der Schwermetalle und Schadstoffe, die in das Grundwasser und die Nahrungskette gelangen können. Die Verwertung von Klärschlamm als Dünger unterliegt der Klärschlammverordnung (AbfKlärV) und der Düngemittelverordnung (DüMV).


Early life.

Descended from a Maltese sea captain, Caffari grew up in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire and attended St. Clement Danes School. Caffari studied at Leeds Metropolitan University and became a PE teacher for 5 years before beginning her sailing career.

Sailing career.

Caffari trained at UKSA (based in Cowes, Isle of Wight) completing her Yachtmaster course and a range of ocean qualifications. Caffari then worked for Formula 1 Sailing, first as a skipper and then as the manager of their fleet of Farr 65s in the UK and the Caribbean.  She then took part in the ten-month Global Challenge race, which departed on 3 October 2004. Held every four years, this race takes a fleet of one design (or matching) steel yachts, crewed by amateur sailors who have paid to take part, round Cape Horn and through the Southern Ocean where winds can exceed 70 knots. That race also takes the westabout route.  Caffari was the skipper of the yacht "Imagine It. Done". One crewmember needed to be airlifted off in the Southern Ocean, creating the largest Southern Ocean Rescue of all time for the New Zealand Rescue Service. The race also saw the team develop from having to retire from the second leg of the race to finishing on the podium in leg six.  On 20 November 2005, she set off on her attempt to single-handedly circumnavigate the world against the prevailing winds and currents. She finished on 18 May 2006, at 17:55pm, after 178 days at sea. Her voyage was sponsored by Aviva.  On 2 December 2006, she was a runner up for BBC South Sports Personality of the Year. She did win the Tenon Yachtsperson of the Year award.  In January 2007 Caffari announced that she would be taking part in the Vendée Globe 2008/09 singlehanded round the world yacht race, again sponsored by Aviva. In March 2007 she announced a technical partnership with Mike Golding to allow both the British entries in the Vendée Globe to work together.  In September 2007, Caffari's autobiography "Against the Flow" was published by Adlard Coles Nautical.  In December 2007 she had to be rescued by Royal Navy frigate HMS Northumberland after dismasting in severe weather off northwest Spain whilst competing singlehanded in the Transat Ecover B2B Race.  In May 2008 she competed in the Artemis Transat race across the Atlantic Ocean from Plymouth to Boston, against the prevailing winds.  In February 2009 Dee Caffari completed the Vendee Globe race and set a new record becoming the first woman to sail solo, non-stop, around the world in both directions.  In March 2009, Caffari's autobiography "Against the Flow" was published in paperback with an additional chapter charting the lead up to her Vendee Globe entry and subsequent world record achievement.  In June 2009 Dee Caffari set a new record for circumnavigating Britain and Ireland after crossing the Solent finish line on her Open 60 Aviva having beaten the existing record by 17 hours.  Caffari was a crewmember aboard all-female Team SCA for the 2014–15 Volvo Ocean Race.  In 2017 she skippers the Turn the Tide on Plastic boat in the 2017–18 Volvo Ocean Race. She will be a guest skipper on "Maiden"'s global voyage in 2018 in support of The Maiden Factor Foundation.

Role within the Community.

Dee has been an enthusiastic supporter of charities such as Toe in The Water (using competitive sailing to re-inspire injured servicemen), and Sail 4 Cancer.  In October 2011, Dee Caffari accepted the role as the new patron for the charity Gosport and Fareham Inshore Rescue Service which is an independent lifeboat station based in Stokes Bay local to where Dee Caffari lives.  Dee Caffari sits on the Operations Board of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution, and is an Honorary Commander in the Royal Navy.

Bibliography.

Caffari, Dee. "Against the Flow: The Inspiring Story of a Teacher Turned Record-breaking Yachtswoman" A & C Black Publishers Ltd, UK (3 Sep 2007)

Denise "Dee" Caffari MBE (born 23 January 1973) is a British sailor, and in 2006 became the first woman to sail single-handedly and non-stop around the world "the wrong way"; westward against the prevailing winds and currents. In February 2009, Caffari completed the Vendée Globe race and set a new record to become the first woman to sail solo, non-stop, around the world in both directions.

Denise „Dee“ Caffari MBE (* 1973 in Hertfordshire) ist eine britische Seglerin. Sie wurde 2006 die erste Frau, die als Einhandseglerin die Welt non-stop Richtung Westen (gegen den Wind) umsegelte.


History.

Westward expansion during the 18th and 19th centuries pushed First Nation groups westward and into competition with each other for resources. The Algonkian-speaking Cree had pushed the Athapaskan-speaking Dunneza into the BC portion of the Peace River Country, which pushed the fellow Athapaskan-speaking Sekani into the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and beyond. European-Canadian explorers penetrated the area during the 19th century by canoeing allow the Peace River and establishing trading posts at Fort St. John and Hudson's Hope. In 1883 the province gave the federal government control over of land, anywhere north the Rocky Mountains, as part of a deal to extend a rail line to Vancouver. After settling land claims with Treaty 8 First Nations, creating the East Moberly Reserve, West Moberly Reserve, Halfway River Reserve, and the St. John Reserve, the government surveyed out its land as the Peace River Block in 1907 and opened it to homesteading in 1912. Pioneer Hector Tremblay, and a few others, helped cut trails and opened stores and lodges to help incoming settlers. The first community of these settlers was established at Pouce Coupe, around Tremblay's cabin. The land was granted back to the province in 1930 after conflicts regarding the water and mineral rights emerged.  The region grew slowly as agricultural settlements spread westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and northward to the muskegs of the Liard. In 1932 Pouce Coupe became the first community in the region to incorporate as a village, followed by Dawson Creek in 1936 after a rail line was extended there from Alberta. The 1941 Canadian Census recorded 8,444 people in northeastern BC but a year later the Alaska Highway was constructed by 10,000 US Army servicemen connecting Dawson Creek to Alaska via Fort Nelson. After the war and turning the highway over the province, the highway made it much easier to transport resources and agricultural products to rail lines and left Dawson Creek with 14-fold increase, and northeastern BC with a 2.5-fold increase, in population by 1956. Industrial development began with the provincially funded megaprojects which included the extension of transportation and utility infrastructure through the Rocky Mountains to Chetwynd and across the region and the construction of two hydroelectric dams at Hudson's Hope. An oil and gas industry developed and helped Fort St. John's population increase from 3,619 people in 1961 to 13,891 in 1981 surpassing Dawson Creek as the largest city. The last municipality in the region to incorporate was Tumbler Ridge which was built by the province in 1981 as an instant community to service two proposed coal mines. The region experienced little growth in the late-1980s and the population remained between 55,000 and 59,000 between 1992 and 2003. Since then, with a booming oil and gas industry, the population has gained over 5,500 people in three years.

Geography and climate.

The Regional District is the largest in the province, comprising 13% of its area. At 119,200 km (46,023 mi) it is similar in area to the American state of Pennsylvania or New Zealand's North Island. The northern border along the 58th parallel north was created when the PRLRD split to create the PRRD and the NRRD. The Regional District borders with six municipal districts in Alberta to the east – the Municipal District of Greenview No. 16, the County of Grande Prairie No. 1, Saddle Hills County, Clear Hills County and the County of Northern Lights. The southwestern border runs along the Rocky Mountains, beginning at Intersection Mountain then northwesterly along the summit of the Hart Ranges to Williston Lake and then northwesterly along the watersheds of the Manson, Omineca, Mesilinka, Finlay, and Kechika rivers.  Despite this large area, only about 64,272 people live there, giving the Regional District a population density of 0.54 people per km (1.4 people/mi). The people live almost exclusively in the agricultural areas in British Columbia's portion of the Peace River Country straddling the Peace River. This biogeoclimatic zone, called the Boreal White and Black Spruce Zone, begins on the northern end of the Rockies and stretches into Alberta and the NRRD. Here, mean annual temperatures have ranged between -2.9 and 2 °C with annual precipitation averages between 330 and 570 mm.  According to BC's Ecoregion Classification System most of the Regional District is located in the Boreal Plains Ecoprovince of the Polar Ecodomain. This area is characterized by a continental climate with low year-round precipitation. Moist Pacific air loses its precipitation over several mountain ranges before moving over the region, while Arctic air masses are uninterrupted. About 61% of BC's bird species and 46% of all breeding species occur in this ecoprovince. This ecoprovince is divided into four ecosections: the rolling uplands with few ridges and wide valleys of the Clear Hills and Halfway Plateau ecosections, the wide plains with deeply incised rivers of the Peace Lowland ecosection, and the rolling uplands and Rocky Mountain foothills of the Kiskatinaw Plateau ecosection. These ecosections have many wetlands, ponds, and slow-moving streams the area is a major migratory corridor for water- and shorebirds. Moose are the most common large mammal but mule and white-tailed deer, caribou, and elk are also very common. The ecosystem also supports Dall sheep, black bear, grizzly bear, and gray wolf. There are few small mammal or reptile species. Fish species are restricted to freshwater fish like the Arctic grayling, northern pike, and slimy sculpin. Major tree species include white spruce, black spruce, trembling aspen, lodgepole pine, balsam poplar, tamarack, subalpine fir, and paper birch.

Government and politics.

The Regional District is governed by a board of 11 directors. The Board consists of one representative from each municipality, usually the mayors, and one director from each electoral area. The municipal representatives, and their alternates, are elected by the municipal councils and the electoral area directors are elected for 3 year terms by their constituents during province-wide local elections. Due to its population size relative to the other jurisdictions and the Board's weighted voting scheme, Fort St. John elects two directors and two alternates. The Board annually elects a chairperson from its membership. The Board convenes twice a month in the board room of Regional District office in Dawson Creek, although they occasionally meet in other member municipalities. Portions of these meetings are dedicated to the matters arising from the Peace River Hospital District which has the same membership and is responsible for raising capital for hospital expenditures.  The Electoral Area Directors Committee, consisting of the four electoral area directors, meet separately from the Board as a committee twice a month and addresses issues from their jurisdictions that do not require municipal participation. The board directors also form committees for wildlife, solid waste, rural budgets, and parks and recreation. The directors are joined with members of the public on committees for agricultural advisory, libraries, fire protection, community sewer systems, and emergency management. Directors can also be appointed to outside agencies to represent the interests of the Regional District.  The Regional District is covers portions of two provincial electoral areas: Peace River South and Peace River North. Peace River South is entirely with the Regional District and is represented by Mike Bernier in the Legislative Assembly. Peace River North, represented by Pat Pimm, includes the northern half of the Regional District as well as the entire Northern Rockies Regional District. The Peace River Regional District is entirely with the federal riding of Prince George—Peace River and is represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Bob Zimmer.

Regional parks and community facilities.

Regional parks.

The Peace River Regional District administers five regional parks:

Recreation facilities.

In cooperation with member municipalities and communities, the PRRD supports and/or finances recreation facilities in many communities. These include:

Community halls and grounds.

The regional district supports community organizations in maintaining various public community halls and grounds.

Time zone.

The regional district and the municipalities within it observe Mountain Standard Time (UTC−7) year round; they do not change their clocks for daylight saving time. Hence, from March to November, clocks in the regional district are synchronized with the rest of the province, which is on Pacific Daylight Time. During the winter, they are synchronized with clocks in Alberta.  The surrounding regions, namely Grande Prairie, Alberta (Mountain Time) and Prince George, British Columbia (Pacific Time) do observe daylight-saving time.

The Peace River Regional District is a regional district in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The regional district comprises seven municipalities and four electoral areas. Its member municipalities are the cities of Fort St. John and Dawson Creek, the district municipalities of Tumbler Ridge, Chetwynd, Taylor, and Hudson's Hope, and the village of Pouce Coupe. The district's administrative offices are in Dawson Creek.

Der Peace River Regional District ist ein Bezirk in der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia. Er ist 117.387,55 km2 groß und zählt 62.942 Einwohner (2016). Beim Zensus 2011 wurden noch 60.082 Einwohner ermittelt. Hauptort ist Dawson Creek. Flächenmäßig ist er, knapp hinter der Stikine Region, der zweitgrößte Bezirk in British Columbia.


Applications.

Although the purpose of Grover's algorithm is usually described as "searching a database", it may be more accurate to describe it as "inverting a function". In fact since the oracle for an unstructured database requires at least linear complexity, the algorithm cannot be used for actual databases. Roughly speaking, if a function formula_11 can be evaluated on a quantum computer, Grover's algorithm calculates formula_12 when given formula_13. Inverting a function is related to the searching of a database because we could come up with a function that produces one particular value of formula_13 ("true", for instance) if formula_12 matches a desired entry in a database, and another value of formula_13 ("false") for other values of formula_12.  Grover's algorithm can also be used for estimating the mean and median of a set of numbers. The algorithm can be further optimized if there is more than one matching entry and the number of matches is known beforehand.

Setup.

Consider an unsorted database with formula_2 entries. The algorithm requires an formula_2-dimensional state space formula_20, which can be supplied by formula_21 qubits. Consider the problem of determining the index of the database entry that satisfies some search criterion. Let "f" be the function that maps database entries to 0 or 1, where "f"("x") = 1 if and only if "x" satisfies the search criterion ("x" = "ω"). We are provided with (quantum black box) access to a subroutine in the form of a unitary operator "U" that acts as follows:  An alternative definition of "U" may be encountered assuming the presence of an ancillary qubit system (like in the quantum circuit depicted below). The operation then represents a conditional inversion ("NOT" gate) conditioned by the value of "f"("x") on the main system: or briefly, This is a natural way to realize a binary operation using the method of uncomputation. Note that if the ancillary qubit is prepared in the state formula_25, the effective operation of this controlled "NOT" gate becomes equivalent to the original form, leaving the ancillary system disentangled from the main system:  In either setting, our goal is to identify the index formula_27.

Algorithm steps.

The steps of Grover's algorithm are given as follows. Let formula_28 denote the uniform superposition over all states  Then the operator  is known as the Grover diffusion operator.  Here is the algorithm:

The first iteration.

A preliminary observation, in parallel with our definition is that formula_38 can be expressed in an alternate way:  In other words, both transformations are of Householder transformation type. To prove this it suffices to check how formula_38 acts on basis states:  The following computations show what happens in the first iteration:  It is worth noting the special case of "N" = 4 with a single marked state. This has formula_43, meaning that in a single application of the Grover iterator the marked state is returned.  After application of the operators formula_35 and formula_36, the square amplitude of the queried element has increased from formula_46 to formula_47.

Description of "U".

Grover's algorithm requires a "quantum oracle" operator formula_35, which can recognize solutions to the search problem and give them a negative sign. In order to keep the search algorithm general, we will leave the inner workings of the oracle as a black box, but will explain how the sign is flipped. The oracle contains a function formula_49 that returns formula_50 if formula_51 is a solution to the search problem and formula_52 otherwise. The oracle is a unitary operator operating on two qubits:  where formula_51 is the index qubit and formula_55 is the oracle qubit.  As usual, formula_56 denotes addition modulo 2. The operation flips the oracle qubit if formula_50 and leaves it unchanged otherwise. In Grover's algorithm we want to flip the sign of the state formula_51 if it labels a solution. This is achieved by setting the oracle qubit in the state formula_59, which is flipped to formula_60 if formula_51 is a solution:  We regard formula_51 as flipped, thus the oracle qubit is not changed, so by convention the oracle qubits are usually not mentioned in the specification of Grover's algorithm. Thus the operation of the oracle formula_38 is simply written as

Geometric proof of correctness.

Consider the plane spanned by formula_66 and formula_27; equivalently, the plane spanned by formula_27 and the perpendicular ket formula_69. We will consider the first iteration, acting on the initial ket formula_66. Since formula_27 is one of the basis vectors in formula_66 the overlap is  In geometric terms, the angle formula_74 between formula_66 and formula_76 is given by  The operator formula_38 is a reflection at the hyperplane orthogonal to formula_27 for vectors in the plane spanned by formula_76 and formula_27, i.e. it acts as a reflection across formula_76. The operator formula_36 is a reflection through formula_66. Therefore, the state vector remains in the plane spanned by formula_76 and formula_27 after each application of the operators formula_36 and formula_38, and it is straightforward to check that the operator formula_89 of each Grover iteration step rotates the state vector by an angle of formula_90.  We need to stop when the state vector passes close to formula_27; after this, subsequent iterations rotate the state vector "away" from formula_27, reducing the probability of obtaining the correct answer. The exact probability of measuring the correct answer is where "r" is the (integer) number of Grover iterations. The earliest time that we get a near-optimal measurement is therefore formula_94.

Algebraic proof of correctness.

To complete the algebraic analysis, we need to find out what happens when we repeatedly apply formula_95. A natural way to do this is by eigenvalue analysis of a matrix. Notice that during the entire computation, the state of the algorithm is a linear combination of formula_96 and formula_97. We can write the action of formula_36 and formula_35 in the space spanned by formula_100 as:  So in the basis formula_103 (which is neither orthogonal nor a basis of the whole space) the action formula_104 of applying formula_35 followed by formula_36 is given by the matrix  This matrix happens to have a very convenient Jordan form. If we define formula_108, it is  It follows that "r"-th power of the matrix (corresponding to "r" iterations) is Using this form, we can use trigonometric identities to compute the probability of observing "ω" after "r" iterations mentioned in the previous section, Alternatively, one might reasonably imagine that a near-optimal time to distinguish would be when the angles 2"rt" and −2"rt" are as far apart as possible, which corresponds to formula_113, or formula_114. Then the system is in state A short calculation now shows that the observation yields the correct answer "ω" with error "O"(1/"N").

Extension to space with multiple targets.

If, instead of 1 matching entry, there are "k" matching entries, the same algorithm works, but the number of iterations must be formula_116instead of formula_117.  There are several ways to handle the case if "k" is unknown. For example, one could run Grover's algorithm several times, with  iterations. For any "k", one of the iterations will find a matching entry with a sufficiently high probability. The total number of iterations is at most  which is still formula_120. It can be shown that this can be improved. If the number of marked items is "k", where "k" is unknown, there is an algorithm that finds the solution in formula_121 queries. This fact is used in order to solve the collision problem.

Quantum partial search.

A modification of Grover's algorithm called quantum partial search was described by Grover and Radhakrishnan in 2004. In partial search, one is not interested in finding the exact address of the target item, only the first few digits of the address. Equivalently, we can think of "chunking" the search space into blocks, and then asking "in which block is the target item?". In many applications, such a search yields enough information if the target address contains the information wanted. For instance, to use the example given by L. K. Grover, if one has a list of students organized by class rank, we may only be interested in whether a student is in the lower 25%, 25–50%, 50–75% or 75–100% percentile.  To describe partial search, we consider a database separated into formula_122 blocks, each of size formula_123. The partial search problem is easier. Consider the approach we would take classically – we pick one block at random, and then perform a normal search through the rest of the blocks (in set theory language, the complement). If we don't find the target, then we know it's in the block we didn't search. The average number of iterations drops from formula_124 to formula_125.  Grover's algorithm requires formula_126 iterations. Partial search will be faster by a numerical factor that depends on the number of blocks formula_122. Partial search uses formula_128 global iterations and formula_129 local iterations. The global Grover operator is designated formula_130 and the local Grover operator is designated formula_131.  The global Grover operator acts on the blocks. Essentially, it is given as follows:  The optimal values of formula_132 and formula_133 are discussed in the paper by Grover and Radhakrishnan. One might also wonder what happens if one applies successive partial searches at different levels of "resolution". This idea was studied in detail by Korepin and Xu, who called it binary quantum search. They proved that it is not in fact any faster than performing a single partial search.

Optimality.

It is known that Grover's algorithm is optimal. That is, any algorithm that accesses the database only by using the operator "U" must apply "U" at least as many times as Grover's algorithm. This result is important in understanding the limits of quantum computation. If the Grover's search problem was solvable with log "N" applications of "U", that would imply that NP is contained in BQP, by transforming problems in NP into Grover-type search problems. The optimality of Grover's algorithm suggests (but does not prove) that NP is not contained in BQP.  The number of iterations for "k" matching entries, ("N"/"k")/4, is also optimal.

Applicability and limitations.

The database is not represented explicitly. Instead, an oracle is invoked to evaluate an item by its index. Reading a full data-base item by item and converting it into such a representation may take a lot longer than Grover's search. To account for such effects, Grover's algorithm can be viewed as solving an equation or satisfying a constraint. In such applications, the oracle is a way to check the constraint and is not related to the search algorithm. This separation usually prevents algorithmic optimizations, whereas conventional search algorithms often rely on such optimizations and avoid exhaustive search. These and other considerations about using Grover's algorithm are discussed in a paper by Viamontes, Markov and Hayes.

Grover's algorithm is a quantum algorithm that finds with high probability the unique input to a black box function that produces a particular output value, using just formula_1 evaluations of the function, where formula_2 is the size of the function's domain. It was devised by Lov Grover in 1996.

Der Grover-Algorithmus ist ein Quantenalgorithmus zur Suche in einer unsortierten Datenbank mit formula_1 Einträgen in formula_2 Schritten und mit formula_3 Speicherbedarf (siehe O-Notation). Er wurde von Lov Grover im Jahre 1996 veröffentlicht und ist der bislang einzige bekannte Algorithmus, für den bewiesen ist, dass Quantenrechner prinzipiell schneller als klassische Computer sind.