Background.

On 4 January 1868, the restoration of imperial rule was formally proclaimed. "Shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshinobu had earlier resigned his authority to the emperor, agreeing to "be the instrument for carrying out" imperial orders. The Tokugawa shogunate had ended. However, while Yoshinobu's resignation created a nominal void at the highest level of government, his apparatus of state continued to exist. Moreover, the Tokugawa family remained a prominent force in the evolving political order, a prospect hard-liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable.  Although the majority of fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji's consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa, Saigō Takamori physically threatened members of the assembly into ordering the confiscation of Yoshinobu's lands.  Although he initially agreed to the court's demands, on 17 January 1868, Yoshinobu declared "that he would not be bound by the proclamation of the restoration and called on the court to rescind it". On 24 January, after considerable provocation by Satsuma "rōnin" in Edo, Yoshinobu, from his base at Osaka Castle decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto, ostensibly to dislodge the Satsuma and Chōshū elements dominating the court and "freeing" young Emperor Meiji from their influence.

Prelude.

The battle started when shogunate forces moved in the direction of Kyoto to deliver a letter from Yoshinobu, warning the Emperor of the intrigues plotted by Satsuma and the court nobles who supported it, such as Iwakura Tomomi.  The 15,000-strong shogunal army outnumbered the Satsuma–Chōshū army by 3 to 1, and consisted mostly of men from the Kuwana and Aizu Domains, reinforced by "Shinsengumi" irregulars. Although some of its members were mercenaries, others, such as the "Denshūtai", had received training from French military advisers. Some of the men deployed in the front lines were armed in archaic fashion, with pikes and swords. For example, the troops of Aizu had a combination of modern soldiers and samurai, as did the troops of Satsuma to a lesser degree. The Bakufu had almost fully equipped troops and Chōshū troops were the most modern and organized of all. According to historian Conrad Totman: "In terms of army organization and weaponry, the four main protagonists probably rank in this order: Chōshū was best; Bakufu infantry was next; Satsuma was next; and Aizu and most liege vassal forces were last".  There was no clearly defined intent to fight on the part of the shogunate troops, attested by the many empty rifles of the men in the vanguard. Motivation and leadership on the part of the shogunate also seems to have been lacking.  Although the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were outnumbered, they were fully modernized with Armstrong howitzers, Minié rifles and one Gatling gun. The shogunate forces had been slightly lagging in term of equipment, although a core elite force had been recently trained by the French military mission to Japan (1867–68). The Shogun also relied on troops supplied by allied domains, which were not necessarily as advanced in terms of military equipment and methods, making up an army that had both modern and outdated elements.  The Royal Navy, generally supportive of Satsuma and Chōshū, maintained a fleet lying at anchor in Osaka harbour, a factor of uncertainty which lead to the shogunate to maintain the garrison at Osaka with a significant part of its army in reserve rather than commit them to the offensive in Kyōto. This foreign naval presence was related to the protection orders for the foreign settlements at Hyōgo (modern Kobe), and the very recent opening of the ports of Hyōgo and Ōsaka by decree to foreign trade three weeks earlier on 1 January 1868. Tokugawa Yoshinobu was in bed with a severe chill, and could not participate directly in the operations.

Events of 27 January.

On 27 January 1868 Tokugawa Yoshinobu, based at Osaka Castle, south of Kyoto, started to move his troops north to Kyoto, through two main roads, one being the Toba road (鳥羽街道), and the other the Fushimi road (伏見街道). Altogether about 13,000 troops were moving forward, although they were widely spread out, leaving about 8,500 for the action at Toba–Fushimi. The overall commander ("rikugun bugyō") of the operation was Takenaka Shigekata.

Toba encounter.

The shogunate forces move in the direction of Toba under the command of Vice-Commander Ōkubo Tadayuki, making a total of 2,000 to 2,500 troops. At around 17:00, the shogunate vanguard, made up largely of about 400 men of the "Mimawarigumi", armed with pikes and some firearms, under Sasaki Tadasaburo, approached a Satsuma-manned barrier post at the Koeda Bridge (小枝橋), Toba (located in what is now part of Minami-ku, Kyoto). They were followed by two infantry battalions (歩兵), rifles empty as they did not expect a fight, under Tokuyama Kōtarō, and further south by eight companies from Kuwana with four cannons. Some Matsuyama and Takamatsu troops and a few others were also participating, but Bakufu cavalry and artillery seem to have been absent. In front of them were about 900 entrenched troops from Satsuma, with four cannons.  After denying the shogunate force permission to pass peacefully, the Satsuma force opened fire from the flank, the first shots of the Boshin War. A Satsuma shell exploded on a gun carriage next to the horse of shogunal commander Takigawa Tomotaka, causing the horse to throw Takigawa and bolt. The startled horse ran wild, throwing the shogunate column into panic and disarray. The Satsuma attack was forceful and quickly sent the shogunate troops in disarray and retreat.  Sasaki ordered his men to charge the Satsuma gunners, but since the Mimawarigumi was armed only with spears and swords, his men were killed en masse. However, the Kuwana forces and a unit under Kubota Shigeaki held their ground, making the skirmish rage on inconclusively. The Shogunate troops set fire to various houses as they retreated, but that allowed Satsuma snipers to aim more easily. The situation stabilized during the night, as troops from Kuwana arrived in reinforcement.  The Toba battlefield has been transformed into a public park, "Tobarikyūato-kōen" (鳥羽離宮跡公園), which contains a monument to the battle. It is located just between the Koeda Bridge, where the Satsuma forces were stationed, and the Jōnangū Temple (城南宮), where the Imperial forces had their headquarters.

Fushimi encounter.

On the same day, Satsuma–Chōshū forces further to the southeast at Fushimi also inconclusively engaged Shogunal forces in their area. The Satsuma–Chōshū forces started firing on the Shogunal forces when they heard the firing of cannons from the area of Toba. The Shogunal forces were composed of Bakufu troops, Shinsengumi and Aizu troops.  A violent encounter took place for the control of Bungo Bridge (豊後橋).

Events of 28 January.

On 28 January, Iwakura Tomomi gave Saigō Takamori and Ōkubo Toshimichi orders obtained from Emperor Meiji proclaiming Tokugawa Yoshinobu and his followers to be enemies of the court, authorizing their suppression by military force, and granting use of the Imperial brocade banners. These brocade banners were prepared beforehand, having been made by Ōkubo Toshimichi a few months previously, and stored in Chōshū domain and in the Satsuma Kyoto residence until an appropriate opportunity presented itself.  In addition, Imperial Prince Yoshiaki, a young man of 22, who had lived as a Buddhist monk at the "monzeki" temple of Ninna-ji was named nominal commander in chief of the army. Although the Prince had no military experience, this nomination effectively transformed the Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance forces into an Imperial army ("kangun"), which proved to be a powerful tool of psychological warfare, sending shogunal forces into confusion and disarray, since anyone who fired on the army would automatically become a traitor to the emperor.  The Bakufu forces that had been to Toba retreated and regrouped with other Bakufu troops at Tominomori (), where they set up their command base.  Meanwhile, the Battle of Awa took place that same day on the nearby Inland Sea. It was the first naval battle between modern fleets in Japan, and ended with a small shogunal victory over a Satsuma fleet, but was insignificant to the unfolding of the land battle.

Takasegawa encounter.

The forces which had been to Fushimi, consisting in Aizu troops, Shinsengumi and Yūgekitai () guerilla troops were again attacked at Takasegawa () and Ujigawa () on the morning of the 28th by the troops of Satsuma and Chōshū, and were forced to retreat in the direction of Yodo Castle after a bitter fight.

Events of 29 January.

Tominomori encounter.

The Shogunal forces which had regrouped at Tominomori () were attacked by the forces of Satsuma in the morning. Around noon, the Imperial brocade banner appeared from behind the Satsuma–Chōshū lines. At first, neither side recognized the strange banner. Messengers had to be sent to both sides to explain what it was. Shogunal forces were thrown into confusion and Satsuma-Chōshū forces, their morale boosted, drew swords and charged the shogunal lines. The shogunal forces attempted to counter-attack, but were forced to retreat in disarray. In the afternoon, the Shogunal forces had once again to retreat to the area of Nōsho (), in the direction of the Yodo Castle.  Shogunal forces attempted to regroup at Yodo Castle, but were refused admission, as the "daimyō" of Yodo Domain had decided to defect to the Imperial side on the appearance of the Imperial banner and defeat of the Shogunal forces. The "daimyō" of Yodo maintained his gates closed despite the supplication of the retreating army, thus denying them a major means of defense, forcing them to flee as far as Osaka castle. The "daimyō" of strategically located Tsu Domain followed two days later.

Events of 30 January.

The retreating shogunal troops were progressively streaming into Osaka Castle.  At Osaka Castle, Tokugawa Yoshinobu gathered his advisors and military leaders to plan strategy and, to boost morale, advised that he would personally take to the field as commander of "bakufu" forces. That evening however, he slipped away from Osaka Castle accompanied by the "daimyōs" of Aizu and Kuwana to escape back to Edo on the shogunate warship "Kaiyō Maru".  As "Kaiyō Maru" had not arrived, he took refuge for the night on an American warship,, anchored in Osaka Bay. "Kaiyō Maru" arrived the following day.  When the remnants of his forces learned that the "shōgun" had abandoned them, they departed Osaka Castle, which was later surrendered to Imperial forces without resistance. Yoshinobu later claimed that he had been disturbed by the Imperial approval given to the actions of Satsuma and Chōshū, and, once the brocade banner had appeared, he had lost all will to fight.  French advisors Jules Brunet and Cazeneuve, who were present at the battle, left Osaka and returned to Edo on 12 January, together with Enomoto Takeaki on board the "Fujiyama". Enomoto brought with him various documents and a treasure of 180,000 "ryō". They arrived in Edo on 14 January.

Aftermath.

The effects of the Battle of Toba–Fushimi were out of proportion to its small scale. The prestige and morale of the Tokugawa "bakufu" was seriously weakened, and many "daimyōs" who had remained neutral now declared in favor of the Emperor and offered military support to prove their new loyalties. Even more significantly, the ill-conceived attempt by Tokugawa Yoshinobu to regain control silenced elements within the new imperial government who favored a peaceful resolution to the conflict.  Osaka Castle, an important symbol of Tokugawa hegemony over western Japan, fell to Imperial forces. The victory set a course for a military settlement rather than a political compromise.

The occurred between pro-Imperial and Tokugawa shogunate forces during the Boshin War in Japan. The battle started on 27 January 1868 (or fourth year of Keiō, first month, 3rd day, according to the lunar calendar), when the forces of the shogunate and the allied forces of Chōshū, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clashed near Fushimi, Kyoto. The battle lasted for four days, ending in a decisive defeat for the shogunate.

Die Schlacht von Toba-Fushimi (jap., "Toba-Fushimi no tatakai") vom 27. Januar bis 31. Januar 1868 war eine militärische Auseinandersetzung während des Boshin-Kriegs südlich der Ortzugänge zum damaligen Kyōto, dem Toba-guchi (鳥羽口) und dem Fushimi-guchi (伏見口). Dabei trafen Truppen des Tokugawa-Shogunats unter dem nominellen Oberbefehl des Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu auf Truppen einer Allianz der Han von Satsuma, Chōshū und Tosa unter dem Befehl Kaiser Meijis. Die Schlacht endete nach viertägigen Kampfhandlungen mit einer vollständigen Niederlage der Shogunatstruppen.


Background.

The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted. The practice derived from English legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers. Similar legislation for disabled veterans later only progressively passed by the North American colonies, beginning with Virginia in 1624.  In 1781, most of the Continental Army was demobilized. Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U.S. Congress was in session, and demanded back pay. Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later, the U.S. Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia.  In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans. Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at the Battle of Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate. Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836.  Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a Continental Army private received and $80.00 (2017: $1,968.51) at war's end, while a major general received. In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to, and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war. The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus. By 1860, had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system. Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish–American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus. The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus. On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism... bought and paid for is not patriotism." Congress overrode his veto a few days later, enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act. Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500 (), and $1.25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 (). Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid. All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years.  There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $3.64 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ). Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3.638 billion for the veterans. Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22.5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value. Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed.  The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates.  The first march of the unemployed was Coxey's Army in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects. In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox's Army", had marched on Washington, D.C., the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed.

March.

Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats, a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington, just south of the 11th Street Bridges (now Section C of Anacostia Park). Approximately 10,000 veterans, women and children lived in the shelters that they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw. The camps were tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, and held daily parades. To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged. The Superintendent of the D.C. Police, Pelham D. Glassford, worked with camp leaders to maintain order.  On June 15, 1932, the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus. The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill. The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18.

Police shooting.

On July 28, 1932, President Hoover ordered the Secretary of War to disperse the protesters. Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington. When the veterans moved back into the camp, police drew their revolvers and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later.  William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania. When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St. Louis, Missouri, and joined the army. After the war, he lived in Chicago.  Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California who fought in the trenches of France in World War I. He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.  On July 28 under prodding from the White House the D.C. Commissioners ordered Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended. When the two veterans were shot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops. Hoover passed the request to Secretary of War Hurley, who told MacArthur to take action.

Army report.

An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for Communist uprisings in all major cities. It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon. The report of July 5, 1932 by Conrad H. Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991.

Army intervention.

At 1:40 pm MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House. Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by Patton, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later. At 4 pm Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform), said that Hoover wanted him "on hand" to "take the rap if..."  Although the troops were ready, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night, both of which were ignored. Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment.  At 4:45 pm. commanded by General Douglas MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by six M1917 light tanks commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch. The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"  After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers. The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped. MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government. 55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested. A veteran's wife miscarried. When 12-week-old Bernard Myers died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good."  During the military operation, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides. Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later. "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff." Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower later wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct.

Aftermath.

Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him. Patton, however, dismissed him quickly. This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties.  Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D. Roosevelt.  Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation. He soon resigned as superintendent.  MGM released the movie "Gabriel Over the White House" in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president. Produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's.  During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands. A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital. Despite his opposition to the marcher's demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than did Hoover. The administration set up a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a day, bus transportation to and from the capital, and entertainment in the form of military bands.  Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an end to the protest. Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied. She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs. She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home. The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife." In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals.  Roosevelt later issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25. Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure. The House vote was 324 to 61, and the Senate vote was 76 to 19.

The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – made up of 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates. Organizers called the demonstrators the "Bonus Expeditionary Force", to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers". The demonstrators were led by Walter W. Waters, a former sergeant.

Bonus Army war im Jahr 1932 in den Vereinigten Staaten die volkstümliche Bezeichnung für eine 43.000 Personen umfassende Demonstrantengruppe in der Bundeshauptstadt Washington, D.C., bestehend aus etwa 17.000 Veteranen aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg mit ihren Ehefrauen und Kindern sowie einigen Gruppierungen, welche sich diesen angeschlossen hatten. Der offizielle Name, Bonus Expeditionary Force, lehnte sich an die Vergangenheit des US-Militärs an, besonders aber an die American Expeditionary Forces des Ersten Weltkrieges. Einer ihrer wichtigsten Sprecher war Sergeant a. D. Walter W. Waters.


Geography.

Midelt is situated on the main road between Fes and Meknes to the north and Errachidia to the south. Geographically, it is situated in the high plains surrounding the Moulouya River, between the Middle and High Atlas mountain ranges.  The city's elevation is, making it one of the highest large towns in Morocco.

Climate.

Midelt has a cold desert climate (Köppen: "BWk"). The elevation of Midelt and its relative proximity to the North Atlantic Ocean cools the daily temperatures to make Midelt one of the most temperate of the inland towns. However, many coastal towns have milder temperatures, warmer in winter and cooler in summer.  Every winter, when a cold damp air coming from the north west influence Western Europe and Morocco, temperatures can fall dramatically well below -10 degrees Celsius in Midelt. However, these extreme conditions don't last for more than 5 continuous days.  Temperature averages, from the years 1961 to 1990, yield daily maximum/minimum temperatures for January as 12.3 / 0.6 degrees Celsius and for July as 32.6 / 16.3 degrees Celsius. Snow is common in winter, and precipitation continues throughout the year at moderate levels. However, the principal water source of the region is a spring at the foot of Jbel Ayachi, south of Midelt.  A dam moderating the flow from the spring was destroyed by a flood in early 2006 following heavy snows the previous winter, damaging the nearby village of Tattiwin.

History.

Midelt grew in the first half of the 20th century around a French administrative post by the same name. Previously, villages and "ksour" had dotted the fertile surroundings. The French established their post to facilitate the mining of lead, gypsum, other minerals, and fossils in the nearby Ahouli and Mibladen mines and elsewhere. The development of these mines led to the construction of a railroad from Midelt to the Mediterranean coast and the electrification of Midelt in 1930. In Morocco, only Casablanca received electricity earlier.  After Moroccan independence in 1956, control reverted to the Moroccan government. Midelt is currently the provincial capital of Midelt Province.

People.

Midelt is a largely Berber (Amazigh) city. Berber residents speak the Central Atlas Tamazight (Ait Ayache) language but most can also use the dialect of Darija. Educated residents also speak Standard Arabic as well as French, which are used throughout Morocco in mass media, education, and government.  Because Midelt is a new city, almost all Mideltis can trace their roots either to one of the nearby villages or to elsewhere in Morocco. The city also lacks the sharply defined neighborhood divisions and traditional souqs of older Moroccan cities.  Very few non-natives live in Midelt. Of these, the longest established are a community of Franciscan nuns and Cistercian monks (namely Trappists) living at the Priory of Our Lady of Atlas in a nearby village. The nuns work with local women and girls to develop handcrafts and teach hygiene, French language, and other skills.

Economy.

Midelt functions as the market for an agricultural area extending from the Moulouya River to Jbel Ayachi, bounded on the east and west by dry plains. This region is best known for apples; other produce includes walnuts, apricots, plums, pomegranates, wheat, corn, and a wide variety of garden vegetables.  Nomads and sedentary farmers from the surrounding area also raise sheep and goats for slaughter and for wool. Both of these are sold in Midelt, but largely for local consumption. Locally gathered evidence indicates that the local price of meat is inversely related to rainfall: in wet years, nomads can keep their herds alive through the summer and do not bring them to market; in dry years, animals are better sold than lost to draught.  Midelt's industrial sector is largely related to the nearby mines, of which only Mibladen continues to operate at high capacity. Lead, gypsum, and a host of lesser-known minerals are extracted for sale to industry and for household decorations.  Tourism continues to grow as an important source of revenue for Midelt. The climate attracts many visitors, mostly Moroccans from lower climes and émigrés to Europe. These support several small hotels as well as two larger establishments catering to Europeans. In addition to visitors, local handcrafts - especially carpets and blankets in the roughhewn nomadic style - are sold through cooperatives and merchants both locally and in Morocco's larger cities.

Midelt (Berber: میدلت "Midelt", originally مݣدلت "Megdelt"; Arabic: ميدلت) is a town in central Morocco, in the high plains between the Middle Atlas and High Atlas mountain ranges. With a population of 55,304 recorded in the 2014 Moroccan census, Midelt serves as the commercial center of a large agricultural hinterland. It is also one of Morocco's principal cities for the mining of several minerals.

Midelt (, ursprünglich, ausgesprochen, wahrgenommen als "Meydelt", daher "Midelt"; ) ist eine etwa 56.000 Einwohner zählende Stadt in der Region Drâa-Tafilalet im geographischen Zentrum Nordmarokkos.


Early life and career.

Born in 1965 in the Malësi e Madhe District of northern Albania, Marinaj started his writing career as a restricted correspondent publishing in a number of Albanian media outlets, first in local newspapers in Shkodra, then in a series of Albanian national publications including "Zëri i Rinisë" ("The Voice of Youth"), "Luftëtari" ("The Fighter"), "Vullnetari" ("The Volunteer"), and "Drita" (The Light). In August 1990, Marinaj published an anti-communist satiric poem entitled ""Horses"" (original ) and aware of his imminent arrest from the communist regime, on September 12, 1990, Marinaj escaped authorities by illegally crossing the Albanian-Yugoslavian border and fled first to Yugoslavia and later on to the United States. He arrived in San Diego in July 1991, then went to Richardson, Texas. In 2001, Marinaj founded the Albanian-American Writers Association and served as president until 2009.

Author Interviews.

While pursuing his new life in America, Marinaj continued working as a freelance journalist for the Albanian media; his freelance work included interviews with President George Herbert Walker Bush, the ninth and current President of the State of Israel Shimon Peres, and world-renowned soccer player Pelé.

Horses.

Marinaj published his poem entitled "Horses" in the Albanian paper of record, "Drita", which at first glance it read like a simple poem about farm animals, but was actually a satirical social and political commentary about the Albanian people being herded and corralled by an oppressive communist regime. "Horses" appeared in "Drita" on August 19, 1990, and the response was immediate and overwhelming. The sheer audacity of publishing such a clearly subversive poem in a national publication amazed the Albanians (and soon after the international community as well). " Within hours, copies of "Drita sold" out across the country, so people took to scrawling the poem on scraps of paper and passing it to one another in the subways and on the streets and months later, protesters chanted the poem through megaphones during anti-government demonstrations. Seen from this point of view, "Marinaj's words inspired freedom, helped defeat communism in Albania." Nevertheless, "having seen other poets hanged in the city's center for voicing similar notions of freedom and liberty, Marinaj knew that he had to leave the country immediately; packed a few of his favorite books, told his friends and family that he was going on vacation, and set off on an eight-hour hike over the mountains and into Yugoslavia."

Education in America.

After his education in Albania, Marinaj earned an associate degree in science from Brookhaven College, in 2001. He continued his education at the University of Texas at Dallas where he graduated Magna Cum Laude in 2006 with a bachelor's in literary studies, and a master's degree in the same subject in 2008. Three years later, he received a certificate in Holocaust Studies from the Ackerman Center for Holocaust Studies.

Doctor of Philosophy.

The University of Texas at Dallas awarded Marinaj a PhD in 2012. His dissertation which focus on the history and philosophy of oral poetry in the Balkans and on the Translation Theory is titled "Oral Poetry in Albanian and Other Balkan Cultures: Translating the Labyrinths of Untranslatability".

Protonism Theory.

According to The Dallas Morning News, Marinaj's "Protonism Theory" seeks to "promote peace and positive thinking" through literary criticism. Protonism Theory proposes that there are strong and weak points in every piece of literature but argues that a critic's personal interests and biases influence how much focus those points receive. Marinaj founded the Protonism Theory in 2005 as a response to the flood of unduly negative criticism in East European academia following the collapse of communism and as a response, he developed Protonism to provide a common ground from which critics could evaluate a literary work more objectively. Protonism works along five central principles: truth, inquiry, restitution, protonismiotics, and ethics.

Current Occupation.

Marinaj teaches English and Communications, among other courses, at Richland College, since 2001.

Published books.

Marinaj has published several books of poetry, journalism, and literary criticism. His three books of poetry include ("Do Not Depart From Me"), ("Infinite"), and ("Prayer on the Eighth Day of the Week"). In addition, he has published a book of author interviews titled ("The Other Side of the Mirror"), a book of selected articles and essays titled ("Some things can't be kept secret"), and one book of literary criticism titled ("Protonism: theory into practice").

Translations.

Marinaj, who has served as guest editor of the Translation Review, has translated several books from English to Albanian, and two from Albanian to English, including a collection of Albanian oral epic poetry (with Frederick Turner) and has edited more than a dozen books in both languages.

Recognitions and critical reception.

Marinaj is a recipient of the Pjetër Arbnori Prize for literature from QNK, part of the Albanian Ministry of Culture, in 2008.

Gjekë Marinaj is an Albanian–American poet, writer, translator, literary critic, and founder of the Protonism Theory. Currently living in the United States, he has been the first president of the "Society of Albanian-American Writers", established in 2001 and has published several books of poetry, prose, and literary criticism. In 2008, Marinaj was awarded the "Pjetër Arbnori Award" for literature by QNK part of the Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and Sports of Albania.

Gjekë Marinaj (* 26. Mai 1965 in "Brrut", Kreis Malësia e Madhe, Albanien) ist ein albanisch-amerikanischer Dichter, Schriftsteller, Übersetzer und Literaturkritiker. Derzeit lebt er in den Vereinigten Staaten in Richardson (Texas). Marinaj war erster Präsident der "Vereinigung albanisch-amerikanischer Schriftsteller", die im Jahre 2001 gegründet wurde, und hat eine Reihe Werke in Lyrik und Prosa veröffentlicht, aber sich auch einen Namen mit seiner Literaturkritik gemacht. Seine Arbeit wurde mehrfach ausgezeichnet.


History.

The company was founded as Future Publishing in Somerton, Somerset, England, in 1985 by Chris Anderson with the sole magazine "Amstrad Action". An early innovation was the inclusion of free software on magazine covers, the first company to do so. It acquired GP Publications so establishing Future US in 1994. From 1995 to 1997, the company published "Arcane", a magazine which largely focused on tabletop games.  Anderson sold Future to Pearson plc for £52.7m in 1994, but bought it back in 1998, with Future chief executive Greg Ingham and Apax Venture Partners, for £142m. The company was the subject of an initial public offering in 1999. Anderson left Future in 2001.  Future published the official magazines for the consoles of all three major games console manufacturers (Microsoft, Nintendo, and Sony); however "" ceased publishing in November 2012, and "Official Nintendo Magazine" ceased publishing in October 2014.  The company had a period of shuttering print media properties in favour of digital media, closing many titles and selling off others. In January 2012, Future sold its U.S. consumer music magazines, including "Guitar World" and "Revolver", to NewBay Media for $3 million. In April 2013, it completed the sale of major components of its UK media-music brands for £10.2 million to Team Rock Ltd. In September 2013 – but bought these back for £800,000 in 2017 after Team Rock went into administration.  In August 2013, Future acquired two Australian computing titles, "APC" and "TechLife" from Bauer Media Group.  Future announced it would cut 55 jobs from its UK operation as part of a restructuring to adapt "more effectively to the company's rapid transition to a primarily digital business model." The company announced in March 2014 that it would close all of its U.S.-based print publications and shift U.S. print support functions such as consumer marketing, production and editorial leadership for Future's international print brands to the UK. Later in 2014, Future sold its sport and craft titles to Immediate Media, and its auto titles to Kelsey Media.  In March 2014, it was announced that the company's CFO Zillah Byng-Thorne would become the company's fourth CEO in nine years on 1 April 2014 after Mark Wood, CEO since 2011, stepped down.  In 2016, Future started to expand its print and web portfolio through a series of acquisitions. It bought Blaze Publishing to diversify into the shooting market and acquired Noble House Media to increase its interest in telecoms media. Future then completed the purchase of rival specialist magazine publisher Imagine on 21 October 2016 after receiving approval from the Competition and Markets Authority. In 2018, Future made further major acquisitions. It bought the "What Hi-Fi?", "FourFourTwo," "Practical Caravan" and "Practical Motorhome" brands from Haymarket. Future acquired NewBay Media, publisher of numerous broadcast, professional video, and systems integration trade titles, as well as several consumer music magazines. (This acquisition returned most of the U.S. consumer music magazines to Future with the exception of "Revolver" which already sold to Project Group M LLC in 2017).  It completed the acquisition of U.S. B2C publisher Purch for $132m by September 2018. Future also purchased nextmedia computing and tech assets (including "Atomic", "Hyper", "PC PowerPlay", and "PC Tech & Authority") in the same month and incorporating "PC PowerPlay" articles into the online versions of "PC Gamer".  In January 2019, Future sold some B2B brands to Datateam Media Group.  In February 2019, Future acquired Mobile Nations including Android Central, iMore, Windows Central and Thrifter for $115 million. Future also acquired "ProCycling" and CyclingNews.com from Immediate Media.  In July 2019, Future acquired SmartBrief (a digital media publisher of targeted business news and information) for an initial sum of $45 million.  In October 2019, Future announced the intent to acquire TI Media (41 brands including Decanter, Country Life, Wallpaper and Woman & Home) for £140 million. The acquisition completed on 21 April 2020 following shareholder and Competition and Markets Authority approval.

Organisation.

The company also owns the US company Future US.

Future plc is a British media company founded in 1985. It publishes more than 50 magazines in fields such as video games, technology, films, music, photography, home and knowledge. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Future plc ist ein britisches Medienunternehmen mit Publikationen in Großbritannien, Australien und den Vereinigten Staaten. Es verlegt über 200 Zeitschriften in den Bereichen Computerspiele, Technik, Automobil, Fahrradsport, Film und Fotografie und erreicht nach eigenen Angaben monatlich 50 Millionen Kunden (Stand: Geschäftsbericht 2012). Future verlegt unter anderem im englischsprachigen Raum die offiziellen Computerspielmagazine der drei Konsolenhersteller Sony, Microsoft und Nintendo. Das Unternehmen wird im FTSE Fledgling Index an der London Stock Exchange gelistet.


Course.

The Kitimat River originates from glacial meltwater on the northern slopes of Atna Peak. The area also feeds the headwaters of the Dala River, Atna River, Clore River, and Kemano River.  The Kitimat River headwaters lie northwest of Atna River Provincial Park.  The Kitimat flows north in a steep valley surrounded by glaciated mountains, such as Mount Davies and Davies Glacier. Davies Creek joins the Kitimat River just north of Mount Davies. Continuing north the Kitimat is joined by Hunter Creek, which collects glacial waters from high mountains such as Andesite Peak and Mount Clore.  After this the Kitimat River turns to flow west, collecting various tributaries such as Tetlock Creek, McKay Creek, and Christ Creek. Christ Creek originates on the north side of Mount Clore.  After the Christ Creek confluence the Kitimat River turns south as it enters the broad Kitimat Valley, which lies between the towns of Kitimat to the south and, Terrace on the Skeena River, to the north. The Stewart-Cassiar Highway, or Highway 37, runs between Terrace and Kitimat, parelling the Kitimat River after it enters the valley.  As it flows south the Kitimat River is joins by Cecil, Deception, Humphrys, and Nalbeelah Creeks before meeting the Wedeene River, which flows from the northwest. The Wedeene River and its main headwater tributary, Aveling Creek, originate from glaciers on and around Wedeene Mountain, Mount Light, Mount Temple, and Mount Holt.  Nalbeelah Creek Wetlands Provincial Park is located just southeast of the junction of the Kitimat River and Nalbeelah Creek.  Just below the Wedeene River confluence the Kitimat River is joined from the west by the Little Wedeene River. The Little Wedeene River originates at Mount Madden. It drain many other high peaks such as Mount Clague. Just below the Little Wedeene River confluence the Kitimat River flows by Kitimat River Provincial Park.  The Wedeene and Little Wedeene River basins lie just east of Gitnadoiks River Provincial Park.  As the Kitimat River enters the outskirts of the town of Kitimat it is joined by Hirsch Creek, from the east.  Finally the river flows through the town of Kitimat and by Kitimaat Indian Reserve 1, also known as Colichan Ground or Old Town, and is joined by Sumgás Creek, before emptying into Kitimat Arm by Minette Bay, the northernmost part of the long fjord Douglas Channel. The waters of Douglas Channel flow south to Wright Sound and on to Hecate Strait and the Pacific Ocean.

History.

Formerly a small fishing village, the present municipal town of Kitimat was built in the 1950s by the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan, now Rio Tinto Alcan) to support a large aluminum smelter. To power the smelter Alcan built Kenney Dam on the Nechako River, a 16 km (10 mi) tunnel to the Kemano Generating Station, and 82 km (51 mi) of transmission lines to Kitimat, where a deep sea terminal and smelter were built.

Tributaries.

This is an incomplete list of tributaries listed in upstream order.

The Kitimat River is a river in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It originates in the Kitimat Ranges, near the sources of the Dala River, Kemano River, Atna River, and Clore River. It flows in a curve north, then west, then south, emptying into Kitimat Arm at the head of Douglas Channel, at the town of Kitimat.

Der Kitimat River ist ein Fluss im Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine im Westen der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia. Der Kitimat River hat eine Länge von etwa 80 km. Er entwässert ein Areal von 2054 km2.


History.

Hatch was originally settled as Santa Barbara in 1851; however Apache raids drove the farmers away until 1853, when the nearby Fort Thorn was established. Fort Thorn closed in 1859, and the town was abandoned again in 1860. It was not until 1875 that it was re-occupied and at that time it was renamed as Hatch for Indian fighter Edward Hatch, who was then commander of the military District of New Mexico.

Geography.

Hatch is located at (32.664919, -107.158668).  According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of, all of it land.  The village is located just off Interstate 25, about northwest of Las Cruces, NM, and approximately northwest of El Paso, TX.

Demographics.

It is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area.  As of the census of 2000, there were 1,673 people, 538 households, and 402 families residing in the village. The population density was 540.2 people per square mile (208.4/km2). There were 635 housing units at an average density of 205.0 per square mile (79.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 46.03% White, 0.36% African American, 0.96% Native American, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 50.03% from other races, and 2.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79.20% of the population.  There were 538 households out of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11, and the average family size was 3.63.  In the village, the population was spread out with 35.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.  The median income for a household in the village was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $23,819. Males had a median income of $21,923 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,619. About 28.5% of families and 34.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 50.1% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy.

The Hatch Chile Festival is an annual event that occurs each Labor Day. This event attracts people worldwide to a place known as the chile capital of the world. The small town has accommodated up to 30,000 people for this event. This small farming community is known worldwide for raising renowned chiles. By 2012, Hatch chiles were being marketed under their name in most major urban markets in the US. Other crops such as onions, cotton, and corn are also raised there. Irrigation of local farms is accomplished by wells pumping ground water along with surface water irrigation ditches. These divert water from the Rio Grande and two lakes approximately north of Hatch named Caballo (Spanish for "horse") and Elephant Butte Reservoir (named after a rock formation in the middle of the lake that looks similar to an elephant).  Hatch is northwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico, on Interstate 25, and south of Spaceport America, a new purpose-built spaceport being built by the New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA) with state and county funding. In 2012, the NMSA announced it would be building a spaceport visitor's center in Hatch.

Hatch is a village in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,648 at the 2010 census. The town is experiencing moderate growth, along with its outliers of Salem, Arrey, Derry, and Rincon. Hatch is widely known as the "Chile Capital of the World," for growing a wide variety of peppers, especially the New Mexican cuisine staple, and one of New Mexico's state vegetables, the New Mexico chile.

Hatch ist eine US-amerikanische Kleinstadt im Doña Ana County des US-Bundesstaates New Mexico. International bekannt wurde die Stadt durch das dort angebaute scharfe Chili der Gattung Capsicum chinense.


Absorption.

FODMAPs are poorly absorbed in the small intestine and subsequently fermented by the bacteria in the distal small and proximal large intestine. This is a normal phenomenon, common to everyone. The resultant production of gas potentially results in bloating and flatulence.  Nevertheless, although FODMAPs can cause certain digestive discomfort in some people, not only do they not cause intestinal inflammation, but they help to prevent it because they produce beneficial alterations in the intestinal flora that contribute to maintain the good health of the colon.  FODMAPs are not the cause of irritable bowel syndrome nor other functional gastrointestinal disorders, but rather a person develops symptoms when the underlying bowel response is exaggerated or abnormal.  Fructose malabsorption and lactose intolerance may produce IBS symptoms through the same mechanism but, unlike with other FODMAPs, poor absorption of fructose is found in only a minority. Lactose intolerance is found in a majority of adults with the exception of certain geographic populations, notably those of European descent. Many who benefit from a low FODMAP diet need not restrict fructose or lactose. It is possible to identify these two conditions with hydrogen and methane breath testing and thus eliminate the necessity for dietary compliance if possible.

Sources in the diet.

The significance of sources of FODMAPs varies through differences in dietary groups such as geography, ethnicity, and other factors. Commonly used FODMAPs comprise the following:

Fructans, galactans, and polyols.

Sources of fructans.

Sources of fructans include wheat, rye, barley, onion, garlic, Jerusalem and globe artichoke, beetroot, dandelion leaves, the white part of leeks, the white part of spring onion, brussels sprouts, savoy cabbage, and prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), oligofructose and inulin. Asparagus, fennel, red cabbage and radicchio contain moderate amounts but may be eaten if the advised portion size is observed.

Sources of galactans.

Pulses and beans are the main dietary sources (although green beans, canned lentils, sprouted mung beans, tofu (not silken), and tempeh contain comparatively low amounts). Supplements of the enzyme supplement alpha-galactosidase may reduce symptoms if brands containing other FODMAPs, such as polyol artificial sweeteners, are avoided.

Sources of polyols.

Polyols are found naturally in some fruit (particularly stone fruits), including apples, apricots, avocados, blackberries, cherries, lychees, nectarines, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, watermelon, and in some vegetables, including cauliflower, mushrooms, and mange-tout peas. Cabbage, chicory, and fennel contain moderate amounts, but may be eaten in a low-FODMAP diet if the advised portion size is observed.  Polyols used artificially as bulk sweeteners added to commercially-prepared food and beverages include isomalt, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol. As noted above, they exacerbate the effect of galactans when consumed.

Fructose and lactose.

People following a low-FODMAP diet may be able to tolerate moderate amounts of fructose and lactose, particularly if they have lactase persistence.

Low-FODMAP diet.

A low-FODMAP diet consists in the global restriction of all fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs), that is recommended only for a short time. A low-FODMAP diet is recommended for managing patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and can reduce digestive symptoms of IBS including bloating and flatulence.

Effectiveness and risks.

A low-FODMAP diet might help to improve short-term digestive symptoms in adults with irritable bowel syndrome, but its long-term use can have negative effects because it causes a detrimental impact on the gut microbiota and metabolome. It should only be used for short periods of time and under the advice of a specialist. More studies are needed to evaluate its effectiveness in children with irritable bowel syndrome. There is only a little evidence of its effectiveness in treating functional symptoms in inflammatory bowel disease from small studies that are susceptible to bias. More studies are needed to assess the true impact of this diet on health.

Role in non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

FODMAPs that are present in gluten-containing grains have been identified as a possible cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity, in place of, or in addition to, gluten and other proteins in gluten-containing cereals, named amylasetrypsin inhibitors (ATIs). The amount of fructans in these cereals is small. In rye they account for 3.6%–6.6% of dry matter, 0.7%–2.9% in wheat, and barley contains only trace amounts. They are only minor sources of FODMAPs when eaten in the usual standard amounts in the daily diet. Wheat and rye may comprise a major source of fructans when consumed in large amounts.  In a 2018 double-blind, crossover research study on 59 persons on a gluten-free diet with challenges of gluten, fructans or placebo, intestinal symptoms (specifically bloating) were borderline significantly higher after challenge with fructans, in comparison with gluten proteins (P=0.049). Although the differences between the three interventions was very small, the authors concluded that fructans are more likely to be the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms of non-celiac gluten sensitivity, rather than gluten. In addition, fructans used in the study were extracted from chicory root, so it remains to be seen whether the wheat fructans produce the same effect.  A 2018 review concluded that although fructan intolerance may play a role in non-celiac gluten sensitivity, it only explains some gastrointestinal symptoms, but not the extra-digestive symptoms that people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity may develop, such as neurological disorders, fibromyalgia, psychological disturbances, and dermatitis; and that FODMAPs cause digestive symptoms when the person is hypersensitive to luminal distension.  A 2019 review concluded that wheat fructans can cause certain IBS-like symptoms, such as bloating, but they are not likely to cause immune activation nor extra-digestive symptoms since, in fact, many people with non-celiac gluten sensitivity report resolution of their symptoms after removing gluten-containing cereals while they continue to eat fruits and vegetables with high FODMAPs content in their diet.

FODMAP is an acronym for "Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides And Polyols". They are short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine. They include short chain oligo-saccharide polymers of fructose (fructans) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS, stachyose, raffinose), disaccharides (lactose), monosaccharides (fructose), and sugar alcohols (polyols), such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and maltitol. Most FODMAPs are naturally present in food and the human diet, but the polyols may be added artificially in commercially-prepared foods and beverages.

FODMAP ist die Abkürzung für „fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols“ (dt. „fermentierbare Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharide und Polyole“, etwa "vergärbare Mehrfach-, Zweifach-, Einfachzucker und mehrwertige Alkohole"). Es ist eine Gruppe von Kohlenhydraten und Zuckeralkoholen, die in vielen Nahrungsmitteln vorkommen und im Dünndarm nur schlecht resorbiert werden. Dieser Gruppe werden Fructose (Monosaccharid), Lactose (Disaccharid), Fructane, Galacto-Oligosaccharide (Oligosaccharide), Sorbit und Mannit (Polyole) zugerechnet. In einer 2010 veröffentlichten klinischen Studie wurde erstmals von einer positiven Wirkung einer FODMAP-armen Ernährung auf die Symptomatik funktioneller Darmerkrankungen, z. B. des Reizdarmsyndroms (RDS), berichtet.


Biographical details.

Friedmann was born in Burgkunstadt, Bavaria. He attended the universities of Munich, Heidelberg, Cologne and Erlangen, receiving his doctorate in philosophy in 1925 with a dissertation on Moses Mendelssohn. He was a strong believer in the importance of the arts, particularly music, in the education of children.  In 1925, Friedmann began teaching at the Odenwald School, a private boarding school in Heppenheim, Germany. In 1926, he began teaching at Samson School, a Jewish school in Wolfenbüttel. In July 1928, he passed his science exam in Cologne and in October 1929, he passed his teaching exam in Berlin. For a time, he conducted scholarly research in Königs Wusterhausen and in 1932, he was hired to be the director of Landschulheim Caputh. He was granted his teaching certificate from the Potsdam school administration on May 2, 1932, less than a year before the Nazi Party seized power and shortly thereafter, began to prohibit Jewish educators from teaching at "German" schools, requiring that they work at strictly Jewish schools. In 1937, while continuing to teach in Caputh on the weekend, Friedmann began working at a private secondary school ("realgymnasium") in Berlin which had been set up by the Berlin Jewish community. Following Kristallnacht, in November 1938, England agreed to accept 10,000 refugee children and a series of Kindertransports were set up. Friedmann accompanied several of them, remaining himself in 1939.  After the war, Friedman was in charge of reception centers for children survivors of the Holocaust. In 1946, he was hired by Anna Essinger to teach and become the new headmaster at Bunce Court School, a German-Jewish school that had been a community of refugee children and adults during the Nazi era and World War II. After the war, it took in a number of children survivors of Nazi concentration camps. The relationship with Essinger, who had been the sole headmistress of the school since its inception in Germany in 1926, was difficult and Friedmann left. Bunce Court School closed in 1948.  Friedmann taught at Carmel College, both at its first location in Greenham, then in Wallingford. He retired in 1961. He continued to lecture on Jewish history, speaking at Leo Baeck College and City Lit.

Fridolin Moritz Max Friedmann (June 2, 1897 – October 15, 1976) was a progressive German-Jewish educator. He taught at the Odenwald School and was later headmaster at the Landschulheim Caputh, both in Germany. He accompanied several Kindertransports to England, remaining there himself in 1939. He began teaching at Bunce Court School in 1946, hired by Anna Essinger to replace her, but she decided to close the school in 1948. He then taught at several other places before retiring. In retirement, he gave lectures about Jewish history.

Fridolin Friedmann (vollständig "Fridolin Moritz Max Friedmann", auch "Fridolin Maurice Friedmann"; geboren 2. Juni 1897 in Burgkunstadt; gestorben 15. Oktober 1976 in London) war ein deutsch-britischer Pädagoge.


Biography.

Glatze was born in Tacoma, Washington. His mother was a non-denominational Christian and his father was agnostic. His father died of a heart condition when Glatze was 13, and his mother died when he was 19. Glatze earned a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth College where he majored in English literature and creative writing, with a minor in music.  While working at "XY Magazine" in San Francisco, Glatze met Benjie Nycum. Glatze and Nycum coauthored the book "XY Survival Guide" (2000). They later co-founded their own magazine, "Young Gay America".  In 2003, Glatze starred in "Jim in Bold", an LGBT-related film, with his partner Benjie.  In 2005, Glatze was quoted by "Time" magazine saying "I don't think the gay movement understands the extent to which the next generation just wants to be normal kids. The people who are getting that are the Christian right."  Glatze turned toward Christianity after a health scare due to palpitations. Worried that he was affected by the same heart condition which claimed his father's life, he sought medical help. The palpitations turned out to be due to anemia, caused by celiac disease. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the first half of 2007 but left the church shortly thereafter.  He has received media coverage in other publications and in the book "16 Amazing Stories of Divine Intervention" as well as several blogs. Glatze now serves as a pastor of a small conservative Christian church in Yoder, Wyoming. His story is told in the independent film "I Am Michael" starring James Franco and Zachary Quinto and the short 2017 documentary "Michael Lost and Found".

Michael Elliot Glatze (; born 1975) is the co-founder of "Young Gay America" and a former advocate for gay rights.

Michael Glatze (* 1975 in Olympia, Washington, USA) ist ein ehemaliger Mitbegründer des Magazins "Young Gay America" und Aktivist von Homosexuellen-Rechten.


Biography.

Lhote was orphaned at age 12 and subsequently became a boy scout, where he learned about anthropology. He was largely self-taught until he became a pupil and protégé of Abbé Breuil, a great expert on prehistoric cave art in France. He began to do fieldwork in anthropology in 1929 but his work was often contested due to his lack of credentials. In 1945, at the age of 42, he finally obtained a doctorate under the direction of Marcel Griaule. He led unsuccessful expeditions to Hoggar and Teffedest Mountains in 1949-1950.

Discovery of Tassili.

Lhote met and befriended a French soldier named Charles Brennans who had discovered rock paintings and engravings in a remote, uninhabited zone on the edge of the Sahara desert, while on an exploratory mission there in the 1930s. The artwork was on sandstone cliffs in a deep wadi of a barren plateau known as Tassili-n-ajjer, and included depictions of elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and strange human figures.  With the help of Brennans, and with financial support from the Musée de l'Homme in Paris, Lhote mounted an expedition to investigate. They landed in Djanet in February 1956 and made their way over land to Tassili. Lhote later wrote that he had never seen anything "so extraordinary, so original, so beautiful" as the art at Tassili n'Ajjer. Over 16 months in 1956 and 1957 Lhote and his associates discovered about 800 paintings, many of which he documented with the aid of painters and photographers. These images were presented in 1957 and 1958 at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris and were, in the opinion of the writer and politician André Malraux, "one of the most defining exhibitions of the mid-century".  Lhote mounted three subsequent expeditions to Tassili between 1958 and 1962.

Ancient Astronauts.

In his book "The Search for the Tassili Frescoes: The story of the prehistoric rock-paintings of the Sahara" (1958), Lhote publicized the hypothesis that the humanoid drawings at Tassili represented space aliens. He baptized one particularly large and curious figure "Jabbaren" and described him as the "great Martian god." The popular press gave a lot of attention to this hypothesis of a prehistoric close encounter, and Lhote's arguments were later incorporated into the evidence assembled by Erich von Däniken for the thesis that ancient extraterrestrial astronauts visited the Earth in prehistoric times.  However, mainstream scientists regard the "great Martian god" and other rock art figures of Tassili as representations of ordinary humans in ritual masks and costumes rather than extraterrestrial lifeforms. For instance a dance scene that Lhote discovered in 1956 can be attributed on stylistic grounds to Neolithic hunters who lived in the area (which was then fertile) around 6,000 to 8,000 years ago.

Re-evaluation.

In 2003 a British anthropologist named Jeremy Keenan undertook a review of Lhote's publications and concluded that "many of the claims of the expedition's leader, Henri Lhote, were misleading, a number of the paintings were faked, and the copying process was fraught with errors." Keenan also found that the political context of French colonization of Algeria had influenced the treatment of the site and the interpretation of the artworks. In particular he singled out Abbé Breuil as "the arch-advocate of foreign influence in African rock art." He alleged that the expedition's methods caused damage to the rock art and "sterilized the archaeological landscape".

Namesakes.

The "Ouan Lhote Area" and the "Henri Lhote Arch" in Tassili National Park are named after him.  A species of North African lizard, "Philochortus lhotei", was named in his honour.

Henri Lhote (16 March 1903 – 26 March 1991) was a French explorer, ethnographer, and discoverer of prehistoric cave art. He is credited with the discovery of an assembly of 800 or more works of primitive art in a remote region of Algeria on the edge of the Sahara desert. Lhote came to believe the paintings testified to ancient contact with extraterrestrial beings and is considered one of the early proponents of paleocontact.

Henri Lhote (* 1903; † 1991) war ein französischer Schriftsteller, Forschungsreisender, Ethnograph und „Experte für prähistorische Höhlen-Kunst“. Ihm wird die Entdeckung „wichtiger Höhlenmalereien“ zugeschrieben, benannt als "Montage von 800 oder mehr großartigen Werke der primitiven Kunst" in unzugänglichen Regionen am Rande der Wüste Sahara. Lhote gilt als Vertreter der Prä-Astronautik (Paläo-SETI) und prähistorischer Kunst. In dieser Hinsicht werden Bildnisse menschenähnlicher Gestalten gedeutet.


Early life and career.

Melvin Seals began playing piano at age eight and began his musical adventure playing gospel music for his local church. Over the next years he joined a few different bands in San Francisco and became good at playing other keyboards, particularly the electric organ, which he would play for the majority of his musical career. He went on to record and perform with artists such as Charlie Daniels, Elvin Bishop and Chuck Berry.

Projects.

In 1980 Melvin Seals joined the Jerry Garcia Band and remained a member until Jerry Garcia's death in 1995. He had the third-longest tenure in the band next to Garcia and bassist John Kahn, who had been members for the band's entire history. After Garcia and Kahn's deaths in 1995 and 1996 respectively, Seals formed JGB which he performs with to this day. JGB is essentially the Jerry Garcia band without Jerry and aims to continue the group's legacy.  Other projects Seals has been involved in include The Mix with guitarist John Kadlecik and bassist Kevin Rosen and Steve Kimock's Crazy Engine with Steve Kimock. The original idea for the project was to perform original material.  On July 30, 2004, Seals was the first Jerry Garcia Band member to headline an outdoor music and camping festival named in honor of Jerry Garcia, called Grateful Garcia Gathering. Melvin Seals and JGB members that year included Stu Allen and John Kadlecik. Jerry Garcia Band drummer David Kemper joined Melvin Seals & JGB in 2007. To date, other musicians/friends of Jerry's have included Donna Jean, Mookie Siegel, Pete Sears, G. E. Smith, Barry Sless, Mark Karan, Mike Lawson, Dave Hebert Brian Lesh to name a few musicians.  In 2005 Seals released his first solo CD entitled "Melting Pot".  Seals played two concerts with Phil Lesh & Friends at the Capitol Theatre in Port Chester, New York on May 28 and 29, 2016. This marked Seals' first collaboration with Phil Lesh & Friends. Seals had previously only played with Lesh at two Jerry Garcia Band concerts in the 1980s when Lesh sat in for their regular bassist John Kahn.  In 2017 Seals toured with Oteil Burbridge on his Oteil & Friends tour, which extended into early 2018.

Melvin Seals (born 1953 in San Francisco, California) is an American musician, best known as a longtime member of the Jerry Garcia Band.

Melvin Seals (* 1953 in San Francisco, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Musiker, der vor allem als Organist in der Jerry Garcia Band bekannt wurde.


Government.

Mellen has a mayor-council form of government.  In the Wisconsin State Legislature, Mellen is located in the 74th Assembly District, and the 25th Senate District, represented by Assembly Representative Beth Meyers and State Senator Janet Bewley  In the United States House of Representatives, Mellen is served by Sean Duffy, of Wisconsin's 7th congressional district

Geography.

Mellen is located at (46.324288, -90.659295), along the Bad River.  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of, all of it land.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 731 people, 337 households, and 182 families living in the city. The population density was. There were 428 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the city was 97.1% White, 0.3% African American, 1.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.  There were 337 households of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.0% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.77.  The median age in the city was 46.5 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.6% were from 25 to 44; 30.1% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 845 people, 378 households, and 215 families living in the city. The population density was 456.5 people per square mile (176.4/km2). There were 436 housing units at an average density of 235.5 per square mile (91.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.57% White, 0.24% African American, 1.66% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population.  There were 378 households out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 39.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.89.  In the city, the population was spread out with 20.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 24.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $31,917, and the median income for a family was $41,111. Males had a median income of $30,804 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,297. About 1.4% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.

Mellen is a city in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 731 at the 2010 census.

Mellen ist eine Kleinstadt (mit dem Status „City“) im Ashland County im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Wisconsin. Im Jahr 2010 hatte Mellen 731 Einwohner.


History.

Lavabit was founded by Texas-based programmers who formed Nerdshack LLC, renamed Lavabit LLC the next year, who cited privacy concerns about Gmail, Google's free, widely used email service, and their use of the content of users' email to generate advertisements and marketing data. Lavabit offered significant privacy protection for their users' email, including asymmetric encryption. The strength of the cryptographic methods used was of a level that is presumed impossible for even intelligence agencies to crack. In August 2013, Lavabit had about 410,000 users and offered free and paid accounts with levels of storage ranging from 128 megabytes to 8 gigabytes. In January 2011, Lavabit had launched a shared web hosting service.  Before the Snowden incident, Lavabit had complied with previous search warrants. For example, in June 2013 a search warrant was executed against a Lavabit account for suspected possession of child pornography.

Connection to Edward Snowden.

Lavabit received media attention in July 2013 when it was revealed that Edward Snowden was using the Lavabit email address Ed_Snowden@lavabit.com to invite human rights lawyers and activists to a press conference during his confinement at Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow. The day after Snowden revealed his identity, the federal government served a court order, dated June 10, 2013, and issued under 18 USC 2703(d), a 1994 amendment of the Stored Communications Act, asking for metadata on a customer who was unnamed. Kevin Poulsen of "Wired" wrote that "the timing and circumstances suggest" that Snowden was this customer. In July 2013 the federal government obtained a search warrant demanding that Lavabit give away the private SSL keys to its service affecting all Lavabit users. A 2016 redaction error confirmed that Edward Snowden was the target.

Suspension and gag order.

On August 8, 2013, Lavabit suspended its operations, and the email service log-in page was replaced by a message from the owner and operator Ladar Levison. "The New Yorker" suggested that the suspension might be related to the US National Security Agency (NSA)'s "domestic-surveillance practices". "Wired" speculated that Levison was fighting a warrant or national security letter seeking customer information under extraordinary circumstances, as Lavabit had complied with at least one routine search warrant in the past. Levison stated in an interview that he has responded to "at least two dozen subpoenas" over the lifetime of the service. He hinted that the objectionable request was for "information about all the users" of Lavabit.  Levison explained he was under gag order and that he was legally unable to explain to the public why he ended the service. Instead, he asked for donations to "fight for the Constitution" in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Levison also stated he has even been barred from sharing some information with his lawyer. Meanwhile, the Electronic Frontier Foundation called on the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to provide greater transparency to the public, in part to help observers "understand what led to a ten-year-old business closing its doors and a new start-up abandoning a business opportunity".  Levison said that he could be arrested for closing the site instead of releasing the information, and it was reported that the federal prosecutor's office had sent Levison's lawyer an email to that effect.  Lavabit is believed to be the first technology firm that has chosen to suspend or shut down its operation rather than comply with an order from the United States government to reveal information or grant access to information. Silent Circle, an encrypted email, mobile video and voice service provider, followed the example of Lavabit by discontinuing its encrypted email services. Citing the impossibility of being able to maintain the confidentiality of its customers' emails should it be served with government orders, Silent Circle permanently erased the encryption keys that allowed access to emails stored or transmitted by its service. In September 2013 Levison appealed the order that resulted in the closing of his website.  Levison and his lawyer made two requests to Judge Claude M. Hilton to unseal the records, both of which were denied. They also launched an appeals case regarding legality of the original warrant. The appeals court then requested the records to be unsealed, and Judge Hilton granted the request. On October 2, 2013, the Federal District Court in Alexandria, Virginia unsealed records in this case, but only censored the name and detail of the target of the search order. "Wired" suggested the target was likely Snowden. The court records show that the FBI sought Lavabit's Transport Layer Security (TLS/SSL) private key. Levison objected, saying that the key would allow the government to access communications by all 400,000 customers of Lavabit. He also offered to add code to his servers that would provide the information required just for the target of the order. The court rejected this offer because it would require the government to trust Levison and stated that just because the government could access all customers' communication did not mean they would be legally permitted to do so. Lavabit was ordered to provide the SSL key in machine readable format by noon, August 5 or face a fine of $5000 per day. Levison closed down Lavabit 3 days later.  On October 14, 2013, Levison announced he would allow Lavabit users to change their passwords until October 18, 2013, after which they could download an archive of their emails and personal data.  The court documents stated that on July 13 Levison sent an open letter to the assistant US attorney, offering to give email metadata (without email content, usernames or passwords) to the FBI if it paid him $2,000 "to cover the cost of the development time and equipment necessary to implement my solution" and $1,500 to give data "intermittently during the collection period".  Afterwards, Levison wrote that after being contacted by the FBI, he was subpoenaed to appear in federal court, and was forced to appear without legal representation because it was served on such short notice; in addition, as a third party, he had no right to representation, and was not allowed to ask anyone who was not an attorney to help find him one. He also wrote that in addition to being denied a hearing about the warrant to obtain Lavabit's user information, he was held in contempt of court. The appellate court denied his appeal due to no objection, however, he wrote that because there had been no hearing, no objection could have been raised. His contempt of court charge was also upheld on the ground that it was not disputed; similarly, he was unable to dispute the charge because there had been no hearing to do it in. He also wrote that "the government argued that, since the 'inspection' of the data was to be carried out by a machine, it was exempt from the normal search-and-seizure protections of the Fourth Amendment."

Legacy.

One year after the suspension of Lavabit, its founder Ladar Levison announced a specification for the Dark Internet Mail Environment (DIME) at DEF CON 22. It is under development by the Dark Mail Alliance.  In April 2014, after a contempt of court conviction for providing the key as a printout was upheld by an appeals court, he described the initiative to "Ars Technica" as "a technological solution which would take the decision away from the will of man."  In November 2015, Levison said that work on DIME was still progressing, although slower than he would like. As of July 2016, posts to the Dark Mail Alliance forum suggest that all collaborators have left the project and Ladar has been working on DIME alone.

Relaunch.

On January 20, 2017, Lavabit owner Ladar Levison relaunched the service. Per the wording of the announcement, this date was apparently timed to coincide with the inauguration of Donald Trump (though he was not mentioned by name). The service has been revamped to use the Dark Internet Mail Environment protocols and software that Ladar had been working on for the past few years. This "DIME" platform, and the associated "Magma" open source email server, are designed to use end-to-end email encryption in such a way that when operating with the highest security settings, subpoenas cannot force service providers to give governments access to customer email (or be forced to shut down in order to avoid this). When using the maximum security settings, even an attacker breaking into DIME servers would have no feasible way to access customer emails, leaving client-side attacks as likely the only potential points of vulnerability.

Lavabit is an open-source encrypted webmail service, founded in 2004. The service suspended its operations on August 8, 2013 after the U.S. Federal Government ordered it to turn over its Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) private keys, in order to allow the government to spy on Edward Snowden's email.

Lavabit ist ein Anbieter eines Webmail-Service und ein US-amerikanisches Unternehmen, das verschlüsselte E-Mail-Dienste anbietet. Der Dienst wurde im Jahr 2004 von Ladar Levison gegründet und betrieben. Vom 8. August 2013 bis 20. Januar 2017 stellte Levison im Zusammenhang mit der Snowden-Affäre den Betrieb von Lavabit zeitweise ein.


Biography.

Personal life.

Born in Nicholson, Pennsylvania, Sherwood attended Lackawanna Trail High School and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1963, and spent the next two years in the U.S. Army. He opened a Chevrolet-Pontiac dealership in Tunkhannock and became well known in northeastern Pennsylvania through his ads in the area. He was also one the original owner principals of Tunkhannock radio station WEMR, which first went on the air in 1986. Though he has since sold the radio station, the car dealership is still owned by his family. He is married and has three daughters.  Sherwood began his political career in 1975, when he was elected to the Tunkhannock Area School Board. He served on this panel for 23 years, the last six as board president.

Congressional career.

In 1998, Sherwood won the Republican nomination to replace 10th District Congressman Joseph McDade, who was retiring after serving 36 years in Congress. He barely won the general election that year, edging out Democrat Patrick Casey, son of former Pennsylvania governor Robert Casey, by 515 votes. Some believe McDade's 11th-hour endorsement of Sherwood made the difference, even though Sherwood is considerably more conservative than McDade. He almost certainly got an additional boost from Governor Tom Ridge's landslide reelection victory. Sherwood narrowly defeated Casey again in 2000, most likely helped by George W. Bush narrowly winning the district.  For the better part of half a century, the 10th had been a relatively compact district covering the northeastern corner of the state, stretching just far enough to the south to grab Scranton, by far its largest city. The 10th had long been considered a swing district, though Republicans had held the seat since 1961. Redistricting by the Pennsylvania legislature after the 2000 census made Sherwood somewhat safer. The legislature shifted heavily Democratic Scranton, home to some 60 percent of the district's population, to the Wilkes-Barre based 11th, already a Democratic stronghold. In its place, the legislature added some more rural territory that had previously been in the heavily Republican 5th District. Sherwood successfully ran for re-election from this new, much more Republican district against third-party Kurt Shotko in 2002 and 2004, in both cases winning with over 80 percent of the vote.  In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators.

Extramarital affair/report of abuse.

On September 15, 2004, a woman locked herself inside the bathroom of Sherwood's Washington, D.C. apartment, and called 911 to report she was assaulted. When police arrived, the woman, Cynthia Ore, accused Sherwood of choking her, though he maintained he was only giving her a backrub. No charges were filed because both Sherwood and Ore refused to provide any details. The report of the Washington Metropolitan Police Department stated, "Both parties have left out significant information or are not willing to discuss in detail what actually happened." The details of that incident went unnoticed until 2005, when Veronica Hannevig, who ran against Sherwood on the right wing Constitution Party ticket in 2004, distributed a copy of the police report to several newspapers and television stations. Sherwood initially contended that Ore was merely a "casual acquaintance". He eventually admitted he had a five-year extramarital affair with Ore, but denied abusing her. Ore later filed a $5.5 million lawsuit against Sherwood, accusing him of repeatedly assaulting her during their relationship. On November 8, 2005, Sherwood and Ore ended the lawsuit by reaching a settlement, the terms of which were not released.  On November 3, 2006, the Associated Press reported that a source had revealed the terms of Sherwood's settlement with Ore. The story reports that Sherwood agreed to pay her about $500,000 but a confidentiality clause requires Ore to forfeit some of the money if she talks publicly about the case. It also reported that Ore had, as of November 3, received only about half of the money and that she would receive the other half after the November 7 election, giving Ore "a powerful incentive for her to keep quiet until after Election Day." The Ore incident damaged Sherwood’s standing with some Republicans. In April 2006, Martha Rainville, a Republican running for the U.S. House seat in Vermont, announced that she would return a campaign contribution from Sherwood’s political action committee. She cited her belief in "strong family values". But Sherwood received strong support from Republican leaders for the 2006 Republican primary in his district (see below).

2006 re-election campaign.

Primary.

In the Republican primary on May 15, 2006, Sherwood was held to 56 percent of the vote against political newcomer Kathy Scott. Sherwood received 56% of the vote. "CQPolitics" reported that his "mediocre showing" could be attributed to the admitted affair. Scott did not file a report with the FEC, which indicates that she spent less than $5,000 in her campaign.  Prior to the primary, Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum endorsed Sherwood and recorded an automated telephone call on Sherwood’s behalf, as did President George W. Bush. Sherwood also received campaign contributions from several political action committees of other Republican members of the House.

General election.

In the general election in November, Sherwood lost to Democrat Chris Carney, a former Defense Department consultant and navy lieutenant commander.  Carney criticized Sherwood's record on the issues, but also ran what the Associated Press described as "a hard-hitting commercial focusing on the [extramarital] affair". The ad quoted a voter saying, "This incident with Don Sherwood just cuts right at the core values of our district." The background displayed the text "repeatedly choking" and "attempting to strangle plaintiff", taken from the lawsuit filed by Ore against Sherwood.  Sherwood countered with a television ad in which he apologized for his affair with Ore, but denied ever abusing her. Addressing viewers, Sherwood said, "While I'm truly sorry for disappointing you, I never wavered from my commitment to reduce taxes, create jobs and bring home our fair share." He added, "Should you forgive me, you can count on me to keep on fighting hard for you and your family."  Carney defeated Sherwood in the election, 53% to 47%.

Donald L. "Don" Sherwood (born March 5, 1941) is an American politician. He served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district, from 1999 to 2007. He was defeated for reelection by Democrat Chris Carney in November 2006.

Donald L. „Don“ Sherwood (* 5. März 1941 in Nicholson, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1999 und 2007 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Pennsylvania im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Education and career.

After graduating from the Maria-Ward School, Mainz in 1984, Groden-Kranich continued her training at the LRP Landesbank Rhineland-Palatinate. She has continued to work for them as an investment advisor from 1989 until 2014.  Groden-Kranich is married and has a daughter. She is the honorary vice chairman of the German Red Cross (DRK) in the Mainz-Bingen district, as well as being the chairman in the local branch of Mainz-Hechtsheim. She also sits at the head of the support group for the St Pankratius Church in her locality.

Political career.

Groden-Kranich joined the Young Union of Germany (Junge Union), the youth branch of the CDU and CSU, in 1982 and later worked on the board of the CDU in Hechtsheim. She was also a member of the federal committee for Kommunalpolitischen Vereinigung (KPV) of the party.

Career in local politics.

In 1994 Groden-Kranich was elected to the local council in Hechtsheim and subsequently joined the city council in 1999. As a member of the city council she was the vice chairman of the CDU parliamentary group of the council and sat on the following committees:  In 2004 Groden-Kranich was elected to be the local representative for Mainz-Hechtsheim and was reelected in 2009.

Member of the German Bundestag, 2013–present.

Groden-Kranich decided to succeed Ute Granold and stand as the CDU candidate for the Mainz constituency in the 2013 general election. She was directly elected to the Bundestag. Due to the subsequent increase in work commitments she decided to retire from her role as local representative for Hechtsheim in 2014.  In parliament, Groden-Kranich serves on the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth and on the Committee on the European Affairs. On the Committee on Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, she is her parliamentary group’s rapporteur on European affairs, equal pay, adoption, social integration and citizenship. On the Committee on European Affairs, she covers relations with France, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.  In addition to her committee assignments, Groden-Kranich is a member of the German-French Parliamentary Friendship Group, the German-British Parliamentary Friendship Group and the German Parliamentary Friendship Group with the Nordic States. Since 2019, she has been a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly.

Political positions.

On July 17, 2015, Groden-Kranich voted against her party’s line and rejected the Merkel government’s proposal to negotiate a third bailout for Greece. In June 2017, she voted against Germany’s introduction of same-sex marriage.  Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018, she publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party’s chair.

Ursula Groden-Kranich (born 24 May 1965) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). She was elected to the Bundestag on 22 September 2013 in the constituency of Mainz with 40.1 percent of the vote. She is also a member of Mainz City Council and was the local representative for Mainz-Hechtsheim between 2004 and 2014.

Ursula Groden-Kranich (* 24. Mai 1965 in Mainz) ist eine deutsche Politikerin (CDU), Bankkauffrau und Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages. Seit der Bundestagswahl 2013 ist sie direkt gewählte Abgeordnete im Bundestagswahlkreis Mainz.


Molecular function.

While the primary molecular function of MOG is not yet known, its likely role with the myelin sheath is either in sheath "completion and/or maintenance". More specifically, MOG is speculated to be "necessary" as an "adhesion molecule" on the myelin sheath of the CNS to provide the structural integrity of the myelin sheath."  MOG's cDNA coding region in humans have been shown to be "highly homologous" to rats, mice, and bovine, and hence highly conserved. This suggests "an important biological role for this protein".

Physiology.

The gene for MOG, found on chromosome 6 p21.3-p22, was first sequenced in 1995. It is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of oligodendrocyte cell and on the outermost surface of myelin sheaths. "MOG is a quantitatively minor type I transmembrane protein, and is found exclusively in the CNS. "A single Ig-domain is exposed to the extracellular space" and consequently allows autoantibodies easy access. and therefore easily accessible for autoantibodies. The MOG "primary nuclear transcript... is 15,561 nucleotides in length" and, for humans, it has eight exons which are "separated by seven introns". The introns "contain numerous DNA" sequences, among which is "14 Alu sequences within 3 introns", and have a range varying from 242 to 6484 bp.

Structure.

Because of alternatively spliced from human mRNA of MOG gene forming at least nine isoforms.  The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was determined by x-ray diffraction at a resolution of 1.45 Angstrom, using protein from the Norway rat. This protein is 139 residues long, and is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The dssp secondary structure of the protein is 6% helical and 43% beta sheet: there are three short helical segments and ten beta strands. The beta strands are within two antiparallel beta sheets that form an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich fold. Several features of the protein structure suggest MOG has a role as an "adhesin in the completion and/or compaction of the myelin sheath." There is a "significant strip" of electronegative charge beginning near the N-terminus and running about half the length of the molecule. Also, MOG was shown to dimerize in solution, and the shape complementarity index is high at the dimer interface, suggesting a "biologically relevant MOG dimer."

Synthesis.

Developmentally, MOG is formed "very late on oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheath".

Role in disease.

Non-inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

Interest in MOG has centered on its role in demyelinating diseases. Some of them are not-inflammatory, such as adrenoleukodystrophy, vanishing white matter disease, and Rubella induced mental retardation.

Anti-MOG associated inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

MOG has received much of its laboratory attention in studies dealing with MS. Several studies have shown a role for antibodies against MOG in the pathogenesis of MS, though most of them were written before the discovery of NMO-IgG and the NMO spectrum of diseases.  Anti-MOG status is different depending whether it is measured by ELISA or by microarray (CBA). The proper way to identify it is by microarray, reacting patient serum with living cells, and detecting the binding IgG via a fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody.

In animal models.

Animal models of MS, EAE, have shown that "MOG-specific EAE models (of different animal strains) display/mirror human multiple sclerosis", but basically explains the part involved in the optic neuritis These models with anti-MOG antibodies have been investigated extensively and are considered the only antibodies with demyelinating capacity but again, EAE pathology is closer to NMO and ADEM than to the confluent demyelination observed in MS.  Anti-MOG mediated demyelination was shown to behave similar to NMO in animal models, and currently it is considered even a biomarker against the MS diagnosis

In seronegative neuromyelitis optica.

Anti-MOG autoimmunity has been found to be involved in the seronegative NMO and also in optic neuritis and some fulminant forms of ADEM MOG antibodies in NMOSD are variable depending on the seropositivity status

In other conditions.

The presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies has been associated with the following conditions

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein believed to be important in the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS). In humans this protein is encoded by the "MOG" gene. It is speculated to serve as a necessary "adhesion molecule" to provide structural integrity to the myelin sheath and is known to develop late on the oligodendrocyte.

Das Myelin Oligodendrozyten Glykoprotein (MOG) ist ein Glykoprotein, dem eine wichtige Rolle im Prozess der Myelinisierung von Nerven im ZNS zugesprochen wird (siehe auch Axon und Erregungsleitung). Codiert wird das Protein beim Menschen durch das "MOG"-Gen. Untersuchungen der molekularen Grundlagen der Myelinbildung sind für verschiedene neurologische Erkrankungen von Bedeutung, bei denen es zu einem Verlust der schützenden Myelinschicht kommt, wie bei der Multiplen Sklerose.