Early life.

William Cooper was born in Yorta Yorta territory around the intersection of the Murray and Goulburn Rivers in Victoria, Australia on 18 December 1860. His family was a small remnant of what Cooper recalled as a large tribal group, "As a lad I can remember 500 men of my tribe, the Moiras, gathered on one occasion. Now my family is the only relic of the tribe." From there Cooper appears to have been forced by necessity to work for a variety of pastoral employers, even as a child.  On 4 August 1874, William Cooper, along with his mother, Kitty, his brother Bobby and other relatives arrived at Maloga, an Aboriginal Mission on the Murray, run by Daniel and Janet Matthews. Three days later, Matthews was struck by William's quick progress in literacy, and noted the following in his diary:6 Aug. Maloga. The boy, Billy Cooper, shows great aptitude for learning. He has acquired a knowledge of the Alphabet, capital and small letters, in three days and then taught Bobby – capitals only – in one day.From there, Cooper's education on the mission was sporadic; there was no requirement for Cooper to attend any school, and he moved to and from the mission freely. In an interview Cooper gave when he was 76, he said he had just seven months’ regular schooling.  Instead of school, Cooper said he spent much of his childhood into his teens working in the household of Sir John O'Shanassy, a pastoralist, Victorian Member of Parliament and one-time Premier of Victoria who owned several stations, including the Moira run (on Cooper's own mother's country). Through these pastoral networks, he travelled much of Australia as a teenager, even seeing "the remains of the Burke and Wills Expedition at Cooper’s Creek" in the remote Lake Eyre Basin.  However, Cooper kept a connection with the missionary Daniel Matthews and, in his 20s, he returned to Maloga, which appears to represent very happy years. In a letter he wrote towards the end of his life to the missionary's youngest daughter, Alma, he recalled Daniel and Janet and the Maloga community in very warm terms:I often cast my mind back to them, and the dear old place, and at times it brings tears in my eyes when thinking of the glorious hours, days and months, we spent together; the beautiful singing, the picnics, the games. — Your father’s voice still rings in my ears: We never ever had singing like we did at Maloga.It was at this time that Cooper took a stronger interest in the message of the Bible. In his early 20s, following a church service in January, 1884, Cooper approached Daniel Matthews and said "I must give my heart to God...." He was the last of his brothers and sisters to become a Christian.  The faith community seems to have nourished Cooper for a life of activism. "Matthews' evangelical work provided Cooper and other Yorta Yorta with powerful way of understanding and protesting against their plight, and so helped equip them to fight for equality."  From 1881, Cooper was educated by Thomas Shadrach James, a polymath Tamil from Mauritius, who had moved to Maloga to become the resident teacher. Cooper read widely, learning of the indigenous rights movements in North America and New Zealand.

Campaign for Aboriginal rights.

Cooper's long campaign for Aboriginal rights, especially land rights, began with the Maloga Petition in 1887. He was one of eleven signatories to the petition, which was addressed to the Governor of New South Wales. The petition Cooper supported held that local Aborigines:...should be granted sections of land not less than 100 acres per family in fee simple or else at a small nominal rental annually with the option of purchase at such prices as shall be deemed reasonable for them under the circumstances, always bearing in mind that the Aborigines were the former occupiers of the land. Such a provision would enable them to earn their own livelihood... For most of his adult life, Cooper lived and worked in missions such as Maloga and Warangesda. He also found work as a "shearer, drover, horse-breaker and general rural labourer in Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria."  Well into his 70s, when he discovered he was ineligible for the pension if he remained on an Aboriginal reserve, Cooper moved to Footscray in western Melbourne in 1933. Here he found his calling as an activist, an organiser, and a relentless letter-writer.  At first this was in an individual capacity. But by 1935 Cooper had helped establish the Australian Aborigines League. As its secretary, Cooper circulated a petition seeking direct representation in parliament, enfranchisement and land rights, on the basis that all Aborigines and Islanders were British subjects. He made up his mind to petition King George V. Over several years, he and his team collected 1814 signatures, despite active obstruction from the national and state governments of the day. He appears to have been helped in his cause by some missionaries, such as Rev E. R. B. Gribble in 1933. The text of the distributed petition, which was also published in "The Herald" (Melbourne) on 15 September 1933, was as follows:  Whereas it was not only a moral duty, but also a strict injunction included in the commission issued to those who came to people Australia that the original occupants and we, their heirs and successors, should be adequately cared for; and whereas the terms of the commission have not been adhered to, in that (a) our lands have been expropriated by your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth, (b) legal status is denied to us by your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth; and whereas all petitions made in our behalf to your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth have failed: your petitioners therefore humbly pray that your Majesty will intervene in our behalf and through the instrument of your Majesty's Government in the Commonwealth grant to our people representation in~ the Federal Parliament, either in the person of one of our own blood or by a white man known to have studied our needs and to be in sympathy with our race.  The petition was received by the Commonwealth Government in August 1937. However, by February 1938, it was clear that the Cabinet led by Joseph Lyons had decided that it should not be submitted to the King, who, by this time, was George VI.  Cooper was also effective in securing face-to-face meetings with governments. In 1935 he was part of the first aboriginal deputation to a Commonwealth minister and in 1938, the first deputation to the Prime Minister. The government of the day rejected his requests, or, perhaps more accurately, ignored them. By the late 1930s his activities were actively monitored. In December 1937, Cooper received a visit from a detective acting on behalf of the Commonwealth Investigation Branch.  Seeing the failure of using democratic means, Cooper's Australian Aborigines League joined forces with Jack Patten and William Ferguson from the Aborigines Progressive Association to shame white Australia. They arranged a Day of Mourning to commemorate the sesquicentenary of colonisation, on Australia Day, 1938. The event, which was watched by journalists and police, was held in Australian Hall in Elizabeth Street, Sydney, and was the first combined interstate protest by Australian Aborigines. He said: Now is our chance to have things altered. We must fight our very hardest in this cause. I know we could proudly hold our own with others if given the chance. We should all work in cooperation for the progress of Aborigines throughout the Commonwealth.Cooper retired in November 1940 to reside with his wife at Barmah, near Echuca, Victoria; having been made an honorary life member and president of the Australian Aborigines League. Cooper continued protesting the injustice of the Australian treatment of its Indigenous people until his death at Maroopna Base Hospital on 29 March 1941. His funeral was held at the church in Cummeragunja, the service conducted by his nephew Edward Atkinson, and he was buried at the nearby mission cemetery. Cooper's life and work are the subject of a book entitled "Blood from a Stone – William Cooper and the Australian Aborigines League", written by Andrew Markus and published by Allen & Unwin in 1988.

Family.

William was born to Kitty Cooper, who identified as a Wollithica woman and spoke Yorta Yorta; and to James Cooper a white labourer. His early years were spent in and around Moira Station – Moitherban country.  Cooper married Annie Clarendon Murri in 1884 at Maloga; she died in 1889, as did the first of their children, Bartlett; fortunately, their daughter Emma survived.  Four years after his loss, Cooper married Agnes Hamilton, who had grown up at the Coranderrk Mission. Six children were born to them, Daniel, Amy, Gillison, Jessie, Sarah and Lynch. Cooper's experience of loss continued, with Agnes dying in 1910.  Daniel, who was named for his father's mentor, Daniel Matthews, served with the 24th Australian Infantry Battalion and was killed in action at the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge in Belgium, in late 1917. His loss devastated Cooper. When war loomed again, Cooper argued that his people should not fight until they had ‘something to fight for'. His daughter, Amy Charles became the matron of the first Aboriginal hostel established in Melbourne in 1959.  Lynch Cooper, enjoyed a career as an athlete, winning the 1928 Stawell Gift and in 1929 the world professional sprint championship competition.  At age 65, William married Sarah Nelson, née McCrae, of Wahgunyah and Coranderrk. She supported him in his most prolific years as a community leader, helping to raise his many grandchildren, though they had no children together.  Cooper had many prominent relatives in his wider family including his protege, the church planter and Governor of South Australia, Pastor Sir Doug Nicholls, and the educator Thomas Shadrach James.

Protest against Kristallnacht.

On 6 December 1938, several weeks after Kristallnacht in Germany, Cooper led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League to the German Consulate in Melbourne to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany."  In a 1997 essay, historian Gary Foley argued that it was "probable that the ironies of the deputation’s visit to the German Consulate were part of the group’s strategy to draw attention to the similarities between what was happening in Germany and how Aborigines were being dealt with in Australia."  The protest has been referred to as "the only private protest against the Germans following Kristallnacht." However, this characterisation has been disputed by historian Hilary Rubinstein as a "falsehood" and "not accurate". Rubinstein states there were in fact several other protests against "Kristallnacht" in Australia, which are "unremembered and unremarked by the Australian Jewish community today" compared with Cooper's actions. The German Consulate did not accept the petition, but Alf Turner, Cooper's grandson, presented the consulate with a replica letter 79 years later.  In 2018 members of the Victorian Jewish community organised a walk on 6 December "in remembrance and appreciation of William Cooper and to reciprocate the march that he led on the German Consulate in Melbourne on the 6th December 1938."

Legacy.

In his own lifetime, William Cooper achieved almost none of the goals he had set for himself. The one exception was the creation of Aborigines Sunday, which was observed in Churches across Australia from 1940. It is still commemorated today, but as NAIDOC week.  However, many of his initiatives have gained recognition long after his death.  His influence extended to the next generation of Aboriginal activists through his nephew and protégé Douglas Nicholls. Pastor Doug, as he was frequently known, was a founding member of Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, whose greatest achievement was successfully lobbying to change racist elements of the Australian Constitution via plebiscite. This campaign was a complete success, resulting in 1967 Australian referendum. A record 90.77% voted to support the inclusion of Aboriginal Australians in census counts and to make Indigenous concerns a matter for Federal Government.  The existence of Cummeragunja, which is still a living Aboriginal community today, and belongs to the Indigenous people through the Aboriginal Lands Council of NSW, may also be attributed to the work of William Cooper. The Maloga Petition which Cooper had signed and supported in his early years resulted in the Government allocating 1800 acres of land for Aboriginal use. This land was just upstream from Maloga, and became known as Cummeragunja. Additional grants of land were made in 1900 bring Cummera, as it is also known, up to its total of size of 2965 acres.  In more recent years, Cooper's legacy has been appreciated by the Jewish community. In 2002, a plaque was unveiled at the Jewish Holocaust Centre in Melbourne in honour of "the Aboriginal people for their actions protesting against the persecution of Jews by the Nazi Government of Germany in 1938." The story of the protest is featured in the Jewish Holocaust Centre's permanent museum.  On 6 December 2008, in connection with the 70th anniversary of the protest against Kristallnacht, Cooper's grandson, Alfred "Boydie" Turner, was presented with a certificate from the Israeli Ambassador stating that 70 Australian trees were to be planted in Israel in honour of William Cooper. The ceremony, held at the State Parliament in Melbourne, was attended by several dozen members of the Yorta Yorta tribe as well as Victorian Premier John Brumby, Federal Indigenous Affairs Minister Jenny Macklin, lawmakers, diplomats and Jewish leaders.  On 28 April 2009, five trees were planted at the Forest of the Martyrs near Jerusalem at a ceremony in Israel attended by Turner and about 12 members of William Cooper's extended family as well as a number of Jewish leaders. On the same day, a ceremony at the Aborigines Advancement League in Melbourne was held to honour Cooper's "brave stance against the oppression of the Jews."  In August 2010 it was reported that the Yad VaShem Holocaust museum in Israel announced they would honour Cooper for his protests against the behavior towards Jews on Kristallnacht. Yad Vashem was considering plans to endow a small garden at its entrance in Cooper's honor. Cooper's name was submitted for recognition when it was discovered that Cooper's rally was the only private protest against Germany in the wake of Kristallnacht.Ultimately it was decided instead to name the Chair of Resistance Studies at the Research arm of Yad Vashem in his honour, and a plaque attesting to this sits on Level 2 of the Administration and Research Building.  On 5 October 2010, the William Cooper Justice Centre was opened in Melbourne. The newly developed court complex was named in honour of Cooper's efforts as an indigenous rights campaigner.  In December 2010, there were three commemorative events:  In 2012 Cooper's grandson, Uncle Alf (Boydie) Turner, led a re-enactment of the march by Cooper and his friends. The German consul-general in Melbourne finally accepted a copy of Cooper's protest letter. Also a cantata is being composed to commemorate both "William Cooper’s courage and the 1938 pogrom."  Additionally, the William Cooper Cup is an annual trophy awarded to the winner of an Australian rules football match between the Aboriginal All-Stars and Victoria Police at Whitten Oval in Footscray.  In June 2018, the Australian Electoral Commission renamed the federal Division of Batman to Division of Cooper in Cooper's honour.In December 2019, plans for the construction of a Holocaust museum in Perth, which would include a memorial to Cooper, were announced.

William Cooper (18 December 1860 or 1861 – 29 March 1941) was an Australian Aboriginal political activist and community leader; the first to lead a national movement recognised by the Australian Government.

William Cooper (* 1861 (?) Yorta Yorta-Territory in Victoria; † 29. März 1941 in Mooroopna, Victoria) war ein Führer der Aborigines Australiens, der sich für ihre politischen Rechte einsetzte. Er gründete 1934 die Australian Aborigines League und sein größter nachhaltiger politischer Erfolg war die Einführung des Day of Mourning, der seit 1940 in Australien jährlich begangen wird.


Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Mecklenburg

Life.

Elizabeth was the eldest daughter of Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel (1572-1632) from his marriage to Agnes (1578-1602), a daughter Count John George of Solms-Laubach. Her godmother was Queen Elizabeth I of England, who was represented on this occasion by the Earl of Lincoln. The christening of the Princess was one of the most elaborate ceremonies at the court in Kassel, including "four days of lavish games, tournaments, and fireworks". The last knight games in Europe were held on this occasion. The engraver and historian Wilhelm Dilich made a documentary about the event in 1598-1601. That volume is now in the City of Kassel Museum. A second manuscript about the celebrations, "compiled and executed by an unknown hand", is held by the Bavarian State Library.  Her father educated her and her brothers at the court school. Elizabeth was described as very witty. She was fluent in several languages and has authored more than 200 poems. She played and composed music and also translated texts into German and Italian.  Her father wanted to marry her to Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland, but she refused. She was then engaged to Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. However, he broke off the engagement when he could not meet the considerable demands for her dowry.  Elizabeth married on 25 March 1618 in Kassel, to Duke John Albert II of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, who already had four children from his first marriage. The Duchess, who was very musical, created the Court Orchestra at Güstrow and was also active as an author.  Elizabeth had no children from her marriage and on her death, her dowry, the city of Dargun, fell back to Hesse.

Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel (24 March 1596 in Kassel – 16 December 1625 in Güstrow), was a princess of Hesse-Kassel, by marriage Duchess of Mecklenburg, and a poet of the German and Italian language.

Elisabeth von Hessen-Kassel (* 24. März 1596 in Kassel; † 16. Dezember 1625 in Güstrow) war eine Prinzessin von Hessen-Kassel, durch Heirat Herzogin zu Mecklenburg und eine Dichterin der deutschen und italienischen Sprache.


Sinking.

At 0500 on Thursday, 21 February 1907, the Hook lighthouse keeper recorded that "Berlin" was navigating the channel when she suddenly veered off course northward after a huge wave struck her on her port quarter. Captain Precious and pilot Bronders managed to return the ship to her original course, but another wave struck "Berlin" and she swung northward again, causing her to become impaled on the tip of the granite breakwater at the entrance to the New Waterway.  Waves swept over the vessel, and both Precious and Bronders soon were swept overboard. The Dutch steam lifeboat "President van Heel" attempted to offer aid, but the rough seas prevented her from approaching the stricken vessel. "Berlin" broke in two amidships at 0600. The majority of those on board had fled to the bow, which sank when the ship broke in half. "President van Heel" could not close with the survivors on the stern of the vessel due to the weather. Only one man, a Captain Parkinson who was travelling as a passenger, was able to swim to the safety of the lifeboat.  Prince Henry made a visit the following day and went out on the pilot boat "Helvoetsluis" as "Helvoetsluis" and "President van Heel" attempted to recover the bodies from the sea and rescue the fifteen people remaining on the stern. The rescue of the people required a great deal of effort. An important role in this rescue was played by lifeboat Captain Martijn Sperling who used a small boat to reach the North Pier and ascend its iron beacon, from where he was able to throw ropes to the deck of the wreck to rescue 11 of the survivors. Captain Sperling then took a yawl from the salvage vessel "Van der Tak" alongside the wreck to rescue the remaining three survivors, all female.  Both Alberts Frères and the English firm The Warwick Trading Company filmed these events; their films are considered to be the only film of a current event in the Netherlands that attracted international attention in the early years of cinema.

Aftermath.

The correct number of persons on board the ferry at that time was apparently not immediately known. Estimates in English newspapers ranged from 128 to 180 persons on board. It is now known that 128 of 144 persons on board were killed, including about 40 crew members. The "Berlin" tragedy was a very large disaster for its time, and the investigation into it became the standard for later government investigations of shipping accidents.  Following the disaster, the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, Ltd., now part of Aviva, paid out £8,600, its largest single loss at the time. Of the 128 people killed, 10 were insured by the company, with three holding general accident policies and seven holding boat and rail tickets.

Notable passengers.

One notable passenger was Mr. Herbert, a King's Messenger travelling with diplomatic bags, including ones for Berlin, Copenhagen, and Tehran. Included in the Tehran bag was his jewelled sword, his decorations, all his other orders and ribbons including the insignia of the Knight Grand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order belonging to Prince ala-as-Saltanch. Although it is believed that Mr Herbert's body was recovered on 16 March 1907, his family asked for it to be treated as unidentified. The sword was recovered in early April 1907.  A second notable victim was Hendrik Spijker of the Spyker car company. Following his death in the sinking, investigations revealed that the company′s finances were in a parlous state, leading to the company declaring bankruptcy.  William Dearborn Munroe, general manager of the Arctic Coal Company, also drowned in the wreck.

Cultural references.

The Dutch television program "Andere Tijden" showed rare film footage of the disaster on 1 March 2007.

SS "Berlin" was a steel ship, which was owned by the Great Eastern Railway and built for use on their ferry service from Harwich and the Hook of Holland, which the company had initiated in 1893.

Die Berlin war ein Passagierschiff des britischen Eisenbahnunternehmens Great Eastern Railway, das von 1894 bis 1907 als Fähre diente und Passagiere und Fracht von der englischen Hafenstadt Harwich nach Hoek van Holland (Niederlande) beförderte. Am 21. Februar 1907 wurde das Schiff in einem Sturm auf die nördliche Mole von Hoek van Holland geworfen und zerbrach in zwei Teile. Durch den Sturm wurde die Rettung der 143 Passagiere und Besatzungsmitglieder stark behindert, sodass nur 15 Menschen gerettet werden konnten.


Role in German Romantic Medicine.

Until recently, the history of German medicine, particularly of Romantic medicine, had essentially denigrated, then largely forgotten, the contributions of the physician Andreas Röschlaub of Bamberg, a process that one reviewer terms "a curious combination of obscurity and notoriety." (Nigel Reeves) However, a major revision of his place in German and European medicine, in particular Romantic medicine and the advancement of the Brunonian system, by N. Tsouyopoulos, has come to the conclusion that he "was one of the most well-known, controversial and influential personalities of his time." His writings were extensive and influential as regards the problem of the reform of medicine and its placing on a sound scientific footing, and it was these writings that framed much of the debate in Germany at the time. Important figures of the time, such as Schelling and Hufeland undertook trips to Bamberg to meet him and seek his views. As one contemporary historian wrote "even public teachers and not insignificant figures wrote textbooks in which almost every paragraph begins with 'Röschlaub teaches' ".  The main reason for the neglect of Röschlaub's place in history is likely his acceptance of the ideas of Dr. John Brown while a medical student and their enthusiastic promotion, including making it the basis of a doctoral dissertation. He then further advanced Brown's ideas on graduation, making Germany the main centre for the implementation of the Brunonian system of medicine. Brown's ideas had been known in Germany some 10 years after the publication of "Elementa Medicinae" in 1780, when Dr. Christoph Girtanner, a well-known physician in Göttingen, wrote a paper in a French journal on Brunonianism without attributing the ideas to Brown, creating a minor scandal. Subsequently, a medical student at the university of Bamberg sent a copy of Brown's text to Professor Adam M. Weikard (1742-1803), who was sufficiently impressed to arrange the first German printing in 1794, and then to follow this with the publication the following year of his translation into German (Johann Brown's "Grundsätze der Arzneilehre aus dem Lateinischen übersetzt", Frankfurt). Then in 1796 a second translation, by Christoff Pfaff, was made available.  Röschlaub made his own translation, but did not publish it until 1806-7 (in three volumes as "John Brown's sämtliche Werke") out of consideration for Weikard. Meanwhile, Röschlaub worked closely on his graduation with Adalbert Marcus, the director of the famous hospital in Bamberg, to work out the implementation of the Brunonian system and were ready to publish the results in 1797. The main work was Röschlaub's "Untersuchungen über Pathogenie oder Einleitung in die Heilkunde", 3 vols. Frankfurt, 1798-1800. The work and writings that came out of the Bamberg clinic made the town a famous, intellectual and medical centre."

Collaboration with Schelling.

In 1799 Röschlaub created a journal, the "Magazin der Vervollkommung der theoretischen und praktischen Heilkunde", published eventually in 10 volumes between 1799 and 1809. In the first volume, the famous natural philosopher, Schelling, wrote an article replying to a critical review of Brunonian literature in the renowned "Allgemeine Literatur Zeitung" earlier that year. While Schelling had been initially critical of Brown's work ("Weltseele", 1798), seeing in it but a mechanical approach, his contact with Röschlaub allowed him to appreciate the dynamic, vital nature of Brown's approach as he expressed in his "The first outline of a system of a philosophy of nature" (1799). Schelling's embracing of Brown's ideas led to a close collaboration with Röschlaub and a visit to Bamberg in 1800. Schelling's main contribution to the theory of excitability was to explain that there was a receptive and active antithetical function, which involved the generative power (Blumenbach's "Bildungstrieb" and Dr, Samuel Hahnemann's "Lebenserzeugungskraft"). Schelling held that each organism needs a'special rhythm' and that this was a function of a certain degree of receptivity and activity, deviation from which meant disorder "because it disturbs the rhythm of self-reproduction and finally influences the reproduction process itself, thus causing not only quantitative but also qualitative changes in the organism."  The nature of Schelling's influence in German culture was such as to further promote the Brunonian system, as presented by Röschlaub. "It was Röschlaub's explanation which made Brown's principle [of life as a 'forced state'] acceptable" to the German mind which had a more dynamic conception of life. Röschlaub helped to bring out the dynamic interplay between the outer stimulant ('excitant') and the inner life potential (excitability) resulting in the activity known as life (biological excitation). The organism possesses an intrinsic receptive activity to be acted upon but also a proactive ability to respond. Röschlaub also refined Brown's idea that disorders resulted from an excess (hypersthenia) or deficit (hyposthenia) of stimuli by adding that this involved a disporoportion between the receptive and pro-active sides of excitability.

Role of Physiology.

Röschlaub's work also allowed him to tie Brown's elements of a system of medicine to the emerging idea that physiology was the key to a scientific medicine. In this regard, Brown's central idea that pathology was simply a sub-set of physiology, a stretching of normal healthy dynamic rhythms or functions beyond a certain supportable degree, was central to then allowing German medicine to consider that "pathology, nosology and clinical practice could be linked to physiology" which seemed the way to establish a solid foundation for medicine in natural science. Medicine, for Röschlaub, becomes a science only when a true scientific physiology exists. "Only then will medicine be possible as a true 'art' when organismic physiology becomes a truly perfected science." (1801) This meant that physiology had to take into account a life principle (Lebensprinzip) that organized matter, but was not dependent on matter. While Röschlaub worked with Johann Christian Reil's general conception of physiology, which accepted that physiology was a product of natural forces, but tended to see these in chemical terms uniquely.  Röschlaub's explanation of excitability ("Erregbarkeit") as a dynamic, polarity between two antithetical functions - receptivity and pro-activity - made Brown's principle acceptable and also verifiable "and as such applicable to practical medical diagnosis and therapy." His continued work, while it led to some differences with Schelling, further elaborated the Brunonian system, but Röschlaub eventually came to realize that it could not be taken further without a more overarching theory for excitation itself and the understanding of life energy [Nelly article p. 72] (which would eventually emerge in the work of Wilhelm Reich on orgone energy).

Debate on Human Nature.

The Enlightenment view of human nature was an essentially static one (the unique individual who could be perfected according to reason), that of Romantic medicine dynamic (man was unique, but also evolving). While the idea of the mutability of human nature had emerged in the 1700s, it took root in the "dynamization and historification of consciousness through German philosophy."  German philosophy had an emerging view of life and consciousness as activity and action, such as expressed by Fichte: "The only Being is Life. And the modes of action are the only reality of the I." which Röschlaub often quoted, and which idea he expressed himself: "If we call the efficacy of living actions 'Life', then we must say by way of epitomizing this that all these bodies live." (1800) Out of this conception came the possibility of a new presentation of the relation between subject (I, consciousness-organism) and object (outer world, nature). The outer world wins for the first time a fundamental significance for the'subject'; it can be seen as the ground of consciousness and life; it conditions namely the mode of the subject without annulling it; it is the stimulus of activity which modulates the subject, a view that was strikingly close to that held by John Brown, but which could not be perceived except in the more dynamic context of German Romantic medicine.  The healthcare implications were that a dynamic view considered therapeutic measures affecting the interior milieu important considerations for the physician.Röschlaub entered the debate on this issue arguing for the role of the physician in "social medicine" or hygiene, and the importance of hygiene itself to a scientific medicine, a position that was largely taken up later by Virchow, whose views on this in 1849 could have been word-for-word those of Röschlaub.  However, where Virchow only saw hygiene as a prophylactic measure (negative role), Röschlaub also advocated a positive role, that is, the use of remedial measures to promote health. This was an idea that was largely forgotten until revived by Hans Buchner in 1896 in a lecture on "Biology and Health Doctrine", which caused quite a stir in German medical circles, but which also raises the question as to the goal of therapy, a question answered several decades later by the work of Wilhelm Reich and his function of the orgasm (special theory) and the more overarching theory of'super-imposition.'

Influence.

It was thanks to Röschlaub's interpretation, promotion and elaboration of Brown's new approach to medicine that it came to influence German medicine, and became the core aspect of German Romantic medicine. As the major historian of Röschlaub's contribution states, German medicine was shifted from the mechanism of the 1700s to a more dynamic conception of life and illness.  Röschlaub strove to unify surgery and medicine, and to place Healthcare on a natural scientific basis whilst also recognizing the need for special methods in approaching clinical practice that went beyond the natural sciences, but also went beyond the purely speculative symptomatic prescribing of traditional medicine (semiotics).  Röschlaub's championing of the new views of man and environment from Fichte and Schelling, stemming from Locke, and integrating these into the Brunonian system provided a scientific basis for considering Healthcare, one that continues to find echoes in medicine, such as expressed half a century later in the works of Claude Bernard. The new conception of man, as being acted upon by and acting in response to the world around him to create an individual ambient that was distinct from the environment more generally, is one that has persisted in medicine, particularly in various physicians concerned with hygiene, and the interaction of the organism and its environment, such as in the field of clinical ecology or 'environmental' medicine. As Röschlaub himself wrote quite presciently,

Andreas Röschlaub (21 October 1768 – 7 July 1835) was a German physician born in Lichtenfels, Bavaria. He studied medicine at the Universities of Würzburg and Bamberg, gaining his doctorate at the latter institution in 1795. In 1798 he became a full professor of pathology at Bamberg, and in 1802 transferred to the University of Landshut, where he was director of the medical school. In 1826 he relocated to the University of Munich as a professor of medicine. He died on 7 July 1835 during a recreational trip to Ulm.

Johann Andreas Röschlaub (* 21. Oktober 1768 in Lichtenfels; † 7. Juli 1835 in Oberdischingen/Oberamt Ehingen) war ein deutscher Mediziner, Naturphilosoph und Brownianer.


Organization.

Art of Living Foundation has been an educational and humanitarian organization in the U.S. since 1989. Accredited as a United Nations non-governmental organization in 1996, it works in special consultative status with the UN's Economic and Social Council, participating in a variety of committees and activities relating to health, education, sustainable development, conflict resolution, and disaster relief.  The majority of the officers of the organization, along with most of its teachers and staff, are volunteers. Many humanitarian programs, disaster relief efforts, and training programs are conducted through, or in conjunction with a partner organization, the International Association for Human Values (IAHV). The organization is involved in community service through its centers, and programs are taken by people of many traditions and religious backgrounds. Its underlying principles are compatible with Vedic philosophy.  Some of the key worldwide chapters include the Art of Living Foundation (U.S.A.), Vyakti Vikas Kendra (India), Die Kunst des Lebens (Germany), Art of Living Center (Canada), Art of Living South Africa, Art of Living Israel, Art of Living Brazil, and Art of Living Argentina. The Foundation operates as a charitable or a non-profit organization actively conducting "Art of Living" stress-relief courses, based on yoga, breathing, and meditation.  According to the tax return filed by the American chapter, AOL Foundation had total revenues of $US5.5 million, an income of $US3.5 million from course fees and expenditure of $US3.4 million from July 2006 to June 2007. Net assets at the beginning of July 2007 amounted to $US7.7 million.

Programmes and courses.

Its stress-elimination and self-development programs are based on the breathing technique Sudarshan Kriya, meditation and yoga. This technique is a major part of Art of Living courses, which are conducted by instructors, most of whom do voluntary work. These courses have also been conducted for students and faculty, government officials, firemen, ex-militants, and prisoners.

Social service.

Its areas of work cover conflict resolution, disaster and trauma relief, poverty alleviation, empowerment of women, prisoner rehabilitation, education for all, and campaigns against female foeticide, child labour and for environmental sustainability.

Project Vidarbha.

In 2007, the foundation initiated the 'Project Vidarbha – 'Swavalamban programme', with the aim of instructing and supporting farmers in severely drought hit regions to improve their living conditions. Over 1000 volunteers provided training in organic and zero-budget farming, rainwater harvesting, hygiene, and the construction of toilets in addition to the Art of Living course. The foundation received Rs 1.4 million funding from the state Government against its total expenditure of nearly Rs 7.5 million, some of which was self-financed, most of which was raised from corporate donors. A similar initiative was started to educate farmers in Andhra Pradesh to implement 'zero budget farming' to end suicides to due to financial stress.

Mission Green Earth.

In partnership with United Nations Millennium Campaign and United Nations Environment Programme the 'Mission Green Earth Stand Up Take Action' campaign was launched in 2008 with a goal to plant 100 million trees across the world to help reduce global warming and protect the environment. In 2010, in Bangladesh the foundation participated in the 'Billion Tree Campaign' started by United Nations Environment Programme.

River Rejuvenation Projects.

A three-year program to rejuvenate the Kumudavathi River (in Bangalore) was initiated by the foundation under its 'Volunteer for Better India' campaign in collaboration with civic authorities and environmentalists in February 2013. "The project aims to address the water shortage problems through rainwater harvesting, increasing green cover and de-silting existing step wells, among other methods." Volunteers join the villagers every Sunday to participate in these activities under guidance of a geological scientist. To create awareness about this program, Art of Living founder Ravi Shankar, joined by other NGOs, prominent citizens, civic authorities, farmers and volunteers led a walkathon in Bangalore City. Apart from reviving some water bodies used by birds and animals, the project had revived five water-recharge wells, constructed 74 boulder checks, cleaned up 18 step wells and planted 2,350 saplings in seven villages by June 2014.  Similar efforts were held to revive Pallar River in Andhra Pradesh, Manjra river in Maharashtra, and Vedavathi River in Karnataka.

Volunteer For a Better India.

The Art of Living, combined with UN agencies, NGOs and civil society, launched Volunteer For a Better India (VFABI) on 5 December 2012. VFABI is involved in many activities, including protesting against the 2012 Delhi gang-rape case.  In May 2013, 1,634 volunteers distributed medicines worth Rs. 2.2 million under the guidance of 262 doctors to over 20,000 slum dwellers in Delhi through 108 free health camps organized in collaboration with the Indian Medical Association.  In September 2013, the 'I vote for better India' initiative was launched to increase awareness of the importance of voting as a responsibility towards the nation.

Controversies.

Settlement with anonymous bloggers.

In 2010, Art of Living sued two anonymous bloggers, "Skywalker" and "Klim", accusing them of defamation, trade libel, copyright infringement and disclosing trade secrets, after they claimed to be former teachers/followers of the organisation and created blogs critical of Art of Living. The Foundation's request to unmask the bloggers' identities was denied, and the judge allowed only the trade secrets claim to go to trial.  In 2012, a settlement was reached under which the foundation dropped the lawsuit without prejudice, compensated the bloggers' attorney fees, and agreed not to prosecute them, or any of their contributors. Skywalker and Klim agreed to freeze their existing blogs with no restriction on starting up new blogs critical of Art of Living.

Land encroachment.

In 2011 a public-interest litigation petition was filed in the high court alleging that Art of Living had constructed structures encroaching upon the water spread area of Udipalya tank. The irrigation department of the state government of Karnataka inspected the area and found that the foundation had encroached upon of the tank area and a show cause notice was issued to the foundation.

World Culture Festival on Yamuna flood plains.

Art of Living Foundation organised the World Culture Festival held on the Yamuna Flood plains in March 2016. A committee appointed by the National Green Tribunal (NGT) recommended a fine of Rs 1,200 million on Art of Living Foundation for damaging the ecology of the flood plains. The fine was reduced to Rs 50 million, with no further events to be allowed at that location. After initially disputing the fine, Ravi Shankar declaring that he would rather go to prison, the foundation paid on 3 June 2016.

Burning of the Islamabad center in Pakistan.

After the organization's yoga center in Islamabad, Pakistan was burned down by armed men in March 2014, the Foundation reported receiving threats from the Taliban.

The Art of Living Foundation is a volunteer-based, humanitarian and educational non-governmental organization (NGO). It was founded in 1981 by Ravi Shankar. The Art of Living Foundation has centers in more than 156 countries. Art of Living offers several stress-elimination and self-development programs based on breathing techniques, meditation and yoga.

Die International Art of Living Foundation (IAOLF) ist eine auf ehrenamtlicher Arbeit basierende wohltätige internationale Nichtregierungsorganisation, die sich dem Wohlergehen der Menschen und einer gewaltlosen und stressfreien Welt verschrieben hat. Geleitet von der Überzeugung, dass globaler Friede bei friedlichen Menschen beginnt, richten sich ihre Programme auf die individuelle Fähigkeit, Frieden zu empfinden und zu leben.


Formation.

In 1935, the Ministry of Aviation ("Reichsluftfahrtministerium", or RLM) designed a Luftwaffe of 2,370 active planes by April 1938, which would require the production of about 18,000 planes to cover attrition. When 1938 came, the Luftwaffe split its fighter groups into light "Jagdgeschwader" flying the Messerschmitt Bf 109, for home defense, and heavy fighter wings called "Zerstörergeschwader" flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110, for offensive operations, based on doctrine devised over the 1930s. Although the Luftwaffe simply could not meet its mandated pre-Munich Agreement size, five times its then current size, aircraft poured into the various "Geschwader" around the country.  At the Ingolstadt-Manching base, north of Munich, I./JG 433 was activated as the first "Gruppe" of "Luftflotte" 3 under the command of "Hauptmann" Dietrich Graf von Pfeil und Klein-Ellguth, who had commanded a provisional air unit during the Sudeten crisis. After the Munich Agreement, aircraft flooded into JG 433 in spite of the unit not even having a dozen pilots. By December, it had an almost full complement of Bf 109Ds, but a severe freeze around Christmas 1938 rendered them all inoperable. Improving weather and incoming trainees in the first weeks of 1939 improved JG 433's situation. To train the new pilots was the task of Klein-Ellguth's "Staffelkäpitane", "Oberleutnants" Wolfgang Ewald, Adolf Galland, and Alfons Klein. All three had been members of the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Klein was killed in a crash on 18 February 1939 and was replaced by "Oberleutant" Helmut Kühle, also a Condor Legion veteran, on 1 March 1939. Over the month of March, JG 433 received some new Bf 109Es and was transferred to a grass airfield at Böblingen, near Stuttgart. The "Luftwaffe" reorganized on 1 May 1939, introducing the "block" designations for air wings. "Luftflotte" 3 was assigned blocks 51–75 for its fighter units. I./JG 433 was redesignated I./JG 52, two places up from its previous designation.

Organizational structure.

"Jagdgeschwader" 52 followed the standard "Luftwaffe" organization for a fighter wing ("Jagdgeschwader"). As a "Geschwader", equivalent in function to a USAAF Wing or RAF Group, but with a permanent command structure, JG 52 was commanded by a "Geschwaderkommodore", usually a "Major", "Oberstleutnant", or "Oberst". The "Geschwaderkommodore" commanded three or four "Gruppe", identified by Roman numeral and their unit number (e.g. I./JG 52, II./JG 52, and III./JG 52), and were commanded by a "Major" or "Hauptmann", designated the "Gruppenkommandeur". The "Gruppe" then was divided into three or four "Staffeln" that were each commanded by a "Staffelkapitän", usually a "Hauptmann", "Oberleutnant", or sometimes a "Leutnant" and ordered by Arabic numeral and abbreviated, for example as 5./JG 1 rather than 5 "Staffel" II. "Gruppe", JG 1. In total, every Geschwader contained on average 124 planes. When the "Luftwaffe" reorganized in Summer 1939, there were "Geschwader" with only two "Gruppen".

Stab./JG 52.

The establishment of Stab./JG 52, the command group ("Geschwaderstab"), at Böblingen had been planned for the third week of August 1939, but was delayed by the invasion of Poland. Late September finally saw the formation and posting of Stab./JG 52.

I./JG 52.

As JG 433, I. "Gruppe" flew D and E models of the Bf 109, and began transitioning to the F series while based in the Netherlands in mid and late 1941. I. "Gruppe" flew the Bf 109Fs for a year until moving to the G models while stationed at Bakhmut (then Artemivsk) and flew them for the rest of the war, though I./JG 52 also flew the Bf 109K in the last year of the war.

II./JG 52.

Two "Staffeln", JG 72 and 71, were raised in the last weeks of peacetime as stopgap formations with the intent of forming a second "Gruppe" for JG 52. The first was  11.(N)/"Jagdgeschwader" 72, activated on 15 July 1939 as a night fighter "Staffel" with Arado Ar 68Fs. It was commanded by "Oberleutant" August-Wilhelm Schumann and based at Böblingen with I./JG 52. When the latter formation moved bases on 26–29 August 1939, 11./JG 72 was equipped with its Bf 190Ds. On the same day, 1./"Jagdgeschwader" 71 was activated at Schleißheim with Avia B-534s, commanded by "Oberleutant" Heinz Schumann. Until officially merging into II./JG 52 in early October 1939, the two "Staffeln" appear to have continued using their designations while being referred to as ""Jagdgruppe" Schumann" or as 4. and 5./JG 52.

III./JG 52.

III./JG 52 was formed from men and equipment from I. and II./JG 52 on 1 March 1939 at Strausberg, east of Berlin.  The "Gruppe" was transferred out of JG 52 to I./JG 28, which was based at Pipera, Bucharest from October 1940 to 4 January 1941, at which point it resumed being III./JG 52.  As JG 28 and early III./JG 52, III. "Gruppe" flew the Bf 109E until being stationed in Bucharest, where they transitioned to the F model. III. "Gruppe" moved on to the G series, which the "Gruppe" used for the rest of the war, while stationed at Taganrog and Luhansk.

13./JG 52.

The 13th "Staffel" of JG 52, made up entirely of Slovakian Luftwaffe personnel, was formed on 27 October 1941 in Piešťany, Slovakia and was disbanded in January 1944. As with the rest of JG 52, "Staffel" 13 only flew the Messerschmitt Bf 109. From its formation in October 1941, it flew the Bf 109E until transitioning to the F model at Krasnodar in January 1943. While being stationed at Kerch only a month later, they transitioned again to the G model series, which 13./JG 52 flew for the rest of the war.

15./JG 52.

15./JG 52 was one of two Croatian air squadrons raised for the "Luftwaffe". The "Staffel" flew the Bf 109E from their formation until July 1942, when they transitioned into the Bf 109G, flying it until the end of the war for Croatia.

Mobilization and Western Front.

"Jagdgeschwader" 52 spent the summer of 1939 training and practicing bomber defense around Stuttgart and along the western German border. In June, the unit transferred again, to another grassy field at on the upper Moselle to train for wartime operations. Because of deficiencies in the "Luftwaffe"s support structure, this was accomplished by requisitioning civilian trucks.  JG 52's final pre-war deployment was to the island of Wangerooge, near Wilhelmshaven, to train in dogfighting. In mid-August 1939, it moved back to Böblingen in time for the mobilization of the "Wehrmacht" and prepared to defend Stuttgart and its factories from French bombers. On 26 August 1939, 72 hours before Germany invaded Poland, I./JG 52 was assigned to "Luftflotte" 2, subordinated to JG 26 and JG 77, and ordered to the, where it moved three days later. As I./JG 52 left, its remaining Bf 190Ds were assigned to the newly-formed 11./(N)JG 72.

"Sitzkrieg" and Battle of France.

54 hours into the invasion of Poland, France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, beginning the Second World War. The remainder of 1939 have been dubbed the "Phony War", as German, French, and British ground forces idled and dug in. Air units, however, mounted local patrols and recon sorties as the weather permitted.  On 6 September 1939, 11./JG 72 scored JG 52's first kill, as well as the first German aerial victory on the Western front. A French, of the reconnaissance unit GAO 553, was spotted while the "Staffel" was patrolling south of Karlsruhe and intercepted. On 6 October, 2./JG 52 brought down a LeO 451 performing reconnaissance on "Luftwaffe" bases in the Ruhr. The shooting down of a Bristol Blenheim IV from No. 114 Squadron RAF, as it was performing reconnaissance of German defenses, a week later is attributed to 1./JG 52. In the first week of October, II./JG 52 was established from 1./JG 71 and 11./JG 72, as was Stab./JG 52, turning JG 52 into a "Geschwader" of three "Gruppen" commanded by "Major" Hubert Merhart von Bernegg. Stab./JG 52 and II./JG 52 transferred from Böblingen to Mannheim. On 8 November, II./JG 52 made its first two kills as a formation of JG 52: a French observation balloon near Karlsruhe and a Morane MS 406 near Bitche.  Over the rest of November 1939, the "Luftwaffe" reorganized its fighter units on the "Westwall" in preparation for the offensives of the next year. As part of this, I./JG 52 was transferred to on 21 November and was placed under the control of "Luftflotte" 3 along with the rest of JG 52. That same day, Hptm. Klein-Ellguth and his wingman "Leutnant" Christoph Geller were shot down by French fighters. Both survived, but Klein-Ellguth was too severely injured to return to service. JG 52 suffered its first fatality on 22 November when "Unteroffizier" Hans-Joachim Hellwig's plane suddenly went into a steep dive and crashed behind French lines while on a high-altitude patrol. Harsh winter weather brought aerial action to an end for the rest of 1939.  On 1 February 1940, II./JG 52 was moved to Speyer, then gave up men and material with I./JG 52 to form III./JG 52 late in the month. III./JG 52 trained at an airbase near Berlin for six weeks, then joined Stab./JG 52 at Sandhofen on 6 April 1940.

Eastern Front.

During Operation Barbarossa, the unit operated on the southern and central sectors of the front. During 1941–1942, with the "Luftwaffe" constantly on the offensive against vast numbers of the ill-equipped and poorly trained Soviet Air Force, the experienced and well-equipped JG 52 fighter pilots claimed numerous aircraft shot down. In the period between 22 June – 5 December 1941, the unit destroyed 881 Soviet aircraft, in return for 49 losses in aerial combat and five aircraft on the ground.  By early 1942, JG 52 and JG 3 provided the fighter support along the southern sector of the Eastern Front. On 8 May 1942, JG 52 claimed its 1,500th victory. By 3 June, it had reached 2,000.

The Caucasus and Stalingrad offensives.

In mid-July 1942, the "Gruppen" commenced re-equipment with the new Bf 109 G "Gustav", and the wing continued covering the armoured spearhead offensive deep into the Caucasus. Gruppe I. by this time had become a highly mobile 'fire brigade' formation, sent at short notice to areas where fighter cover was quickly and urgently required. Shuttling between areas ranging from the Kerch Peninsula on the Black Sea to the Moscow Front, I. /JG 52 was in constant action. The "Gruppe's" 700th claim was achieved in September 1942.  Although JG 52 was not directly involved in the final stages of the Battle of Stalingrad, III./JG 52 was used during the push towards the Caucasian oil fields in the south during August–September 1942, and II./JG 52 supported the attempted break-through by the 4th Panzer Army in late 1942. During this time, the 4,000 kill mark was reached, on 10 December 1942. The first half of 1943 saw action centered around the Strait of Kerch and the Crimea. By mid March, II. and III. "Gruppen" had the task of protecting 17th Army's main line of retreat. On 20 April 1943, Hptm. Günther Rall scored the "Geschwader's" 5,000th victory.

Battle of Kursk.

I. and III./JG 52 moved into the Ukraine in July 1943 in preparation for the massive Kursk offensive. As two of the eight fighter "Gruppen" involved, the offensive saw JG 52 pass the 6,000 mark in aircraft claimed shot down. By this time, German pilots faced the new generation of advanced Soviet fighter aircraft (such as the Yak-9 or La-5 of the La-5FN version) and improved battlefield tactics on the part of Soviet pilots.

Defense of the Reich.

The withdrawal of JG 3 in August 1943 left JG 52 as the sole complete fighter wing on the Eastern Front. Constantly on the move, JG 52 now operated from makeshift and temporary airstrips close to the rapidly contracting frontline.  By November 1943, the loss of Kiev threatened the stability of the entire Southern sector front, the whole of JG 52 being brought together again to help bolster defences. By December 1943 JG 52 had reached 8,000 victories. Over the Uman region, III./JG 52 claimed 50 victories in 60 days. III./JG 52 became its most successful "Gruppe", claiming its 3,500 kill on 21 March 1944. By the end of the month, III./JG 52 was based in Poland.  On 10 May 1944, the 9,000th claim was made, with the 10,000 mark passed on 2 September 1944 by Adolf Borchers. The last German troops left the Crimea in May 1944, II./JG 52 retiring from battle a week earlier. Artillery fire and constant air raids had caused steady aircraft losses. A retreat to Romania followed soon after. A new opponent appeared at this stage, with elements of the USAAF 15th Air Force bombing the Ploiesti oil fields in Romania. During JG 52's six-week defense, some 15 US aircraft were shot down, but by this time, attrition had reduced II./JG 52 to just nine operational fighters.  With the Normandy invasion underway, JG 52 was weakened by the removal of three "Staffeln" for service in the West. New 2, 4 and 7 "Staffeln" would be activated later in the year, with each JG 52 "Gruppen" now expanded to four "Staffeln".  III./JG 52 was now seconded to the Central front, attached to elements of JG 51. By the spring of 1945, I. and III./JG 52 were stationed within Czechoslovakia, with II./JG 52 based in Austria. Although the units surrendered to the American forces at the end of the war; most of the I. and III. "Gruppe" personnel were handed over to the Soviet Army.

"Jagdgeschwader" 52 (JG 52) was a German World War II fighter-wing that exclusively used the Messerschmitt Bf 109 throughout the war. The unit originally formed near Munich in November 1938, then moved to a base near Stuttgart. JG 52 became the most successful fighter-wing of all time, with a claimed total of more than 10,000 victories over enemy aircraft during World War II. It was the unit of the top three scoring flying aces of all time, Erich Hartmann, Gerhard Barkhorn and Günther Rall.

Das Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52) war ein Verband der Luftwaffe im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Das Geschwader wurde hauptsächlich an der Ostfront eingesetzt. Mit annähernd 9.000 Abschüssen während des Krieges ist es das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader bis in die heutige Zeit. Zu den bekanntesten Einheitsangehörigen zählten Erich Hartmann, Gerhard Barkhorn und Günther Rall. Das Standardflugzeug der Einheit war die Bf 109.


Education and career.

Liley graduated from Otago Medical School at the University of Otago in Dunedin, in 1954. After a period at Australian National University in Canberra, he returned to Auckland where he worked for the rest of his life except for a brief period at Columbia University. While in Auckland he held a number of posts, including at Auckland University, National Women's Hospital and the Medical Research Council of New Zealand (now the Health Research Council of New Zealand).  In 1963, after three unsuccessful attempts, Liley successfully carried out the first ever successful intrauterine blood transfusion. The fetus had Rh disease/hemolytic disease and had been expected to die before birth. The highly publicised procedure was a milestone in not only medical treatment but also public perception. Initially the procedure had a success rate of only about 40%, but this rose over time.  Liley was awarded fellowships with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and was appointed to the Vatican's Pontifical Academy of the Sciences, although he was an atheist. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. In the 1973 Queen's Birthday Honours Liley was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for distinguished service to medicine.

Personal life.

Liley met his future wife Helen Margaret Irwin Hunt (known as Margaret) as a classmate in medical school; they married in 1953. They had five biological children and an adopted child with Down syndrome.  The family maintained an block outside Benneydale in the King Country where Liley exercised a passion for silviculture.

Activism.

Liley was one of the founders of the New Zealand anti-abortion group, the Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (now Voice for Life), in 1971 and served as that organisation's first president. In 1977, Robert Sassone edited a series of interviews with Liley and Jérôme Lejeune, entitled "The Tiniest Humans".

Suicide.

Liley committed suicide in 1983.

Liley Medal.

Since 2004 the Health Research Council of New Zealand has annually awarded the Liley Medal in recognition of an outstanding contribution to medical research.

Sir Albert William Liley (12 March 1929 – 15 June 1983) was a New Zealand medical practitioner, renowned for developing techniques to improve the health of foetuses "in utero".

Sir Albert William (“Bill”) Liley KCMG (* 12. März 1929 in Auckland; † 15. Juni 1983 ebenda) war ein neuseeländischer Gynäkologe und Geburtshelfer.


History.

"We Know What It Means to Be Alone" EP (2004–2007).

You Me at Six formed in Weybridge, Surrey in 2004. The band's line-up consisted of vocalist Josh Franceschi, guitarists Max Helyer and Chris Miller, bassist Matt Barnes, and drummer Joe Phillips. The group released an EP, "We Know What It Means to Be Alone" in 2006, after which, Phillips left the band. He was replaced by Dan Flint, who the band had gone to college with, following the band's appearance at Slam Dunk Festival 2007. Flint was initially asked to fill in on drums for a tour, before being asked to join the band.

"Take Off Your Colours" (2007–2008).

The band released another EP later in 2007. During summer 2007, the owner of Drive-Thru, Richard Reines, had arranged a meeting with the band. The band were ecstatic about the prospect and proceeded to wait in London for three hours, only for Reines to fail to show up.  Their debut album, "Take Off Your Colours," came out in October 2008 on Slam Dunk Records. Six singles were released from the album: "Save It for the Bedroom", "If I Were in Your Shoes", "Gossip", "Jealous Minds Think Alike", "Finders Keepers" and "Kiss and Tell". "Take off Your Colours" was re-released as a "deluxe" version, with added tracks, and the band supported Fall Out Boy in late 2008. They were nominated for "Best British Band" at the 2008 and 2009 Kerrang! Awards, but lost both times to Bullet for My Valentine.

"Hold Me Down" (2009–2010).

The band released second album, "Hold Me Down", on Virgin Records in January 2010. The album was preceded by a free digital download of song "The Consequence". Recorded at Outhouse Studios in Reading, produced and engineered by Matt O'Grady and mixed by John Mitchell, "Hold Me Down", debuted at No. 5 in the UK album charts. They have completed their third sell-out headline tour in support of their second album "Hold Me Down". They were joined by Sean Smith and Elissa Franceschi on selected dates. In Belfast, Matt told GiggingNI.com how it was "exciting to see how much you've grown from a year and a half ago". Follow-up singles, the "Underdog EP" "and" "Stay With Me", were also released. You Me At Six again lost out to Bullet For My Valentine in the "Best British Band" category at the 2010 Kerrang! Awards and collaborated with American rap duo Chiddy Bang on a track titled "Rescue Me" that was released in February 2011.  On 18 May 2010, You Me at Six visited BBC Radio One's Live Lounge for the second time, presented by Fearne Cotton. Aside from being interviewed they played a version of "Liquid Confidence" and a cover of Ellie Goulding's "Starry Eyed" at Maida Vale, in London live on air. You Me at Six kicked off their year playing a launch show in Kingston – originally intended to be an instore gig at Banquet Records, it was quickly upgraded to the new Hippodrome – in support of their new album "Hold Me Down" on 11 January. They played 3 dates, including, also, an HMV instore and an HMV event headline promoting new British music at the Relentless Garage London. They announced that they would be playing several festivals including Punkspring in Japan, the whole Vans Warped Tour; and supported Paramore on all Soundwave dates, as well as on Paramore's tour.

"Sinners Never Sleep" and "Cavalier Youth" (2011–2014).

You Me At Six recorded a third album, "Sinners Never Sleep", at The Sound Factory studio in Los Angeles, California. The record was released in October 2011, and peaked at No. 3 in the UK Album Charts. A single, "Bite My Tongue", featuring Oliver Sykes was released two months later, and the group finally won the "Best British Band" award at the Kerrang! Awards. A further single, "No One Does It Better", was released in 2012, as was a song specially recorded for The Swarm, a ride at Thorpe Park. On 16 April 2011, Blink-182 announced that their headlining tour would be delayed till 2012 due to the fact that they have not finished recording for the new album yet. As a result, You Me at Six will not be touring with them. Upcoming tour dates for the UK in September will be released on 15 June, and the band have announced that they will be touring Australia with We the Kings in late August–early September.  On 29 August 2011, the fourth track of the "Sinners Never Sleep", "This Is the First Thing" was leaked online by one of the inside recording team member back in Los Angeles while the band was tracking their vocals. On 1 September 2011, a 30-second snippet of the track from the record "Bite My Tongue" featuring Oli Sykes was leaked on the internet as well. It was removed 30 minutes later due to infringement and copyrighted issues. The band's next UK tours started in March 2012. The first two tour dates, which were supposed to be played in Belfast and Dublin were postponed due to Josh Franceschi contracting tonsillitis and being unable to perform. You Me at Six played the entire Warped Tour 2012. In 2013 the band returned to Los Angeles to record with producer Neal Avron. The resulting album, "Cavalier Youth", was released in January 2014, with single Lived A Lie trailing the full-length in September 2013.

"Night People" and "VI" (2016–present).

Their fifth album, "Night People" was released on 13 January 2017, and their sixth album, "VI", was released on 5 October 2018.

Band members.

Current Former  Touring musicians Timeline

Discography.

Studio albums

References.

Citations Sources

You Me at Six are an English rock band from Weybridge, Surrey. Formed in 2004, the group achieved success in 2008 with the release of their debut album, "Take Off Your Colours", which included the singles "Save It for the Bedroom", "Finders Keepers" and "Kiss and Tell", with the latter two peaking at number 33 and number 42 respectively in the UK Singles Chart. Their second album "Hold Me Down" (2010) debuted at number 5 in the UK, while third album "Sinners Never Sleep" (2011) peaked at number 3, was certified Gold, and spawned the band's fifth top 50 single "Loverboy".

You Me at Six (auch YMAS, YM@6 oder youmeatsix) ist eine englische Pop-/Rock- und Pop-Punk-Band, die im Jahre 2004 in Weybridge (Surrey) gegründet wurde.


Plot.

Two years after the events of "428: Shibuya Scramble", Maria Ōsawa and Minoru Minorikawa are dispatched as reporters to Shanghai in order to cover the upcoming Shanghai NBCR International Anti-Terrorist Conference. Prior to their current assignment, both Maria and Minoru were survivors of the Shibuya bio-terrorism incident, where Maria was kidnapped by terrorists and was infected by the Ua virus but was cured by her scientist father using an experimental anti-Ua virus vaccine. On her first day in Shanghai, Maria is targeted by masked assassins but saved by a Middle Eastern girl named Canaan, whom she befriended in the Middle East prior to the events of "428: Shibuya Scramble" and her Shanghai trip.  Their presence in the city is being overshadowed by a mysterious event being planned by Alphard, Canaan's rival. Unknown to the two, Alphard is preparing a big plot related to the anti-terrorist summit after being rescued by Cummings and Liang Qi, a pair of mercenaries and Alphard's allies. Maria's life was placed in danger once more when Snake assassins were dispatched to harm her, placing Canaan at the forefront of it all in order to protect her friend. Minoru investigates a strange purple mark that he spotted from one of the assassins Canaan had killed recently, tying it back to the events in Shibuya.  Canaan and Alphard continue to violently confront one another before and after the terrorist attack on the anti-terrorist summit, the latter trying to make Canaan fight her with all of her strength. The reason for their rivalry was Siam, a mercenary and mentor to Canaan, who was gunned down by Alphard during a joint mission together in an attempt to forge her own path without being influenced by Siam as she also was raised by him with the name "Canaan" once before she discarded it for her current name. Canaan later goes on a journey with Mino, Maria and several others to Western China where a new Ua virus was first used to find out about its origin and track down Alphard.  After Maria and Minoru made their safe return to Japan from their journey in China, Maria opened a photo gallery and reflected on the friendship she and Canaan shared. One of the portraits she had for public display was named "Canaan". It consisted of pictures of Alphard, who was formerly known as Canaan, and the Canaan she knew back from her Middle East trip.

Development.

The series was known in its initial planning stages as "428 the animation" when it was first announced in "Newtype"s October 2008 issue and by Sega at the 2008 Tokyo Games Show, where a trailer for the series was aired and announced as an adaptation of Type-Moon's original scenario for the game.  The title was subsequently changed in December of the same year to "Canaan", with Sega also announcing that they would host a booth for the series in the 2008 Winter Comiket, where DVDs featuring specials and trailers for the show, packaged with a booklet featuring original character designs by Takashi Takeuchi and completed animation designs by animator Kanami Sekiguchi would be featured, along with CDs of the theme song, "Arousing Soul", performed by Faylan. A seventeen-second promo was subsequently streamed on the series' official website, featuring the dual DVD/CD release at Comiket.  It was announced in 2009 that the show's 13 episodes would be compressed into one film. As of 2011, there is no word on the official release of the movie in Japan.

Media.

Anime.

The series was animated by the animation studio P.A.Works, directed by Masahiro Andō, who previously directed the Bones movie "Sword of the Stranger", and features series composition by Mari Okada, who previously wrote "Vampire Knight" and "True Tears", and also features animation character designs by Kanami Sekiguchi and original music composed by Hikaru Nanase. Bee Train Digital contributed 2D graphic works for the ending theme. The opening theme is "Mind as Judgment" by Faylan and the ending theme is "My heaven" by Annabel.  Sentai Filmworks licensed the series in North America, and anime distributor Section23 Films released the series on October 26, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The Anime Network streamed the series on their website and their On Demand service for Cable and Satellite users. In Germany, Austria and in German-speaking parts of Switzerland, "Canaan" is released by Universum Anime with four DVDs released. They are retailed with original Japanese and dubbed German audio with volume one having episode one, volume two having episodes two to five, volume three having episodes six to nine and volume four having episodes ten to thirteen. In Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, China and in Chinese-speaking communities in Malaysia and Singapore, the series is licensed for distribution by Mighty Media, which has released the series in a DVD Box Collection featuring all the episodes.

Printed media.

A manga adaptation, illustrated by Akira Ishida, was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "Comp Ace" magazine between the August 2009 and March 2011 issues. Three "tankōbon" volumes were released between January 26, 2010 and February 26, 2010. Another manga titled, written by Chunsoft and illustrated by Jun Sasameyuki, was serialized in Bandai Visual's web magazine "Comic Gekkin" from March 1, 2010 to 2011. Two volumes were released between December 10, 2010 and May 10, 2011. Ichijinsha published an anthology titled on September 24, 2009  Two light novels were released by Kadokawa Shoten, the first on January 1, 2010 and the second on March 1, 2010. The "Canaan Official Fanbook" was released by publisher Ichijinsha on February 12, 2010. It contains character sketches of the various characters in "Canaan" with episode commentaries and interviews from the show's cast and crew.

Other.

Two volumes of "Canaan" radio DJ CDs, known officially as, were released on December 23, 2009 and February 24, 2010.  Several "Canaan" figures were released, concentrating on Canaan and Alphard. A poseable Figma Canaan figure was made by Miki Asai and released by Max Factory in November 2009. Three PVC-made figures were released by the Good Smile Company. The first PVC figure was a Nendoroid Canaan, sculpted by Reiichi Ito and released in December 2009. A regular Canaan figure soon followed, sculpted by Kunihito Iwamoto and released in January 2010. A regular Alphard figure, also sculpted by Iwamoto, was released in March 2010. Both of the figures are made on 1/8 scale.

Reception.

"Canaan"s DVD volume one was on the top 30 Japanese Animation DVD Ranking from October 19–25, 2009. In the Japan Animation Blu-ray Disc Ranking, DVD volume one limited edition was third on the top ten list from October 19–25, 2009, followed by DVD volume two limited edition at eighth place in the top ten. The limited edition release of Blu-ray volume six was ranked third on the top ten Japan Animation Blu-ray Disc Ranking from March 15–21, 2010.  At the fourth annual Seiyu Awards, Miyuki Sawashiro was announced to be the Best Leading Actress for her role as Canaan. "Canaan" was awarded at the 13th Japan Media Arts Festival Awards as part of Jury Recommended Works in Long Animation.

Canaan is a 13-episode anime television series, conceptualized by Type-Moon co-founders Kinoko Nasu and Takashi Takeuchi, based on the scenario that they created for the Wii visual novel "", which is noted for being one of the few games to have been awarded a perfect score by games publication "Famitsu". The series spawned manga and light novel adaptations.

Canaan (ursprünglich als 428 the animation bezeichnet) ist eine Anime-Fernsehserie, die auf dem 2. Bonus-Szenario der Sound Novel für die Nintendo Wii "" basiert, das selbst von wenigen Spielen eine perfekte Punktzahl in der Kritik der Famitsu erhielt. Das eigentliche Spiel stammt von Chunsoft, jedoch wurde das 2. Bonus-Szenario mit der dem Anime titelgebenden Figur Canaan von Type-Moon (Text: Kinoko Nasu, Grafik: Takashi Takeuchi) beigesteuert. Der Anime wurde erstmals am 4. Juli 2009 im japanischen Fernsehen gezeigt.


Origins.

In the beginning of April 1941, Iraqi politician Rashid Ali al-Gaylani along with several more Iraqi officers, part of the nationalist group the Golden Square, overthrew the pro-British regime in the Kingdom of Iraq. The new pro-Nazi government sought German and Italian support for an Iraqi revolt against the British forces in the country. Contact was established with the Axis powers with the help of the Nazi supporter Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Amin al-Husseini who had lived in Iraq since he fled imprisonment from Mandatory Palestine shortly before the war.  In May, 1941 the Anglo-Iraqi War begun with British forces entering Iraq. Adolf Hitler had agreed to send Luftwaffe squadrons to support Iraq as well as "Sonderstab F", a special mission headed by Hellmuth Felmy which was to support the revolt and raise a German-led Arab brigade.  By late May the same year the Iraqi forces had been beaten by the British and al-Husseini and al-Gaylani fled to Iran and then Germany. After the failure a number of Arab sympathisers were shipped out of the Middle East through French Syria and ended up in Cape Sounion, Greece.

Units.

Hellmuth Felmy had by June been given command of "Army Group Southern Greece" and was to continue the raising of the German-Arab units through "Sonderstab F", which had now been expanded and "should be the central field office for all issues of the Arab world, which affect the Wehrmacht". Therefore, the two units "Sonderverband 287" and "Sonderverband 288" were created.  "Sonderverband 288" consisted mostly of Germans but with a cadre of Arab translators and a mobile printing company that could produce Arabic-language leaflets as well as a squad for the operation of oil production facilities. By January, 1942 the whole unit was transferred to Libya to defend against the British forces in the North Africa Campaign, the unit was planned to eventually be used in an invasion of the Middle East through Egypt, but this never came to be. After several months of fighting the unit was renamed "Panzer Grenadier Regiment Africa" and eventually captured by American forces following the capitulation of all Axis forces in North Africa, May 1943.

Sonderverband 287.

Although "Sonderverband 288" only contained a small group of Arab soldiers, the "true" "Free Arabian Legion" where the Arabic units came from was "Sonderverband 287". Note however, that the name "Free Arabian Legion" was not the name of any specific unit, but an all-encompassing name of all Arabic units in the German Army. The unit was formed on 4 August 1942, with much help from Amin al-Husseini and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and consisted of mostly of Iraqi and Syrian Muslims, bolstered by former prisoner of war and other volunteers.  The 3rd battalion of "Sonderverband 287" was taken from the unit and sent as the "Deutsche-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung" to the Caucasus in September 1942. It was part of the Axis offensive into the region and the German plan to raise an Iraqi government-in-exile there. They were then to use the region as a force station and base for a way of conquering Iraq. The plan never came to be and the unit never saw action following heavy German setbacks in late 1942. The unit was sent to the battle in Tunisia through Italy in January 1943. Here the "Deutsche-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung" was placed on the southern flank of the Axis army and was used to recruit more local Arabs who formed a second battalion of auxiliaries who were used for guard duty and as construction troops. The whole unit was captured along with the rest of the Axis forces in Africa, May 1943.  The remaining soldiers the 3rd battalion, i.e. the "Deutsche-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung", who had not been sent to North Africa, were used, together with French residing Muslims from North Africa, to form into the "German-Arab Batallion 845" in the summer of 1943. They served in the Peloponnese region of Greece as part of the 41st Fortress Division from November the same year. It participated in the Greek partisan war, specifically against ELAS. In October 1944 it was withdrawn from Greece into Yugoslavia and was in early 1945 strengthened by the addition of Arabs from a battalion of Arab volunteers that was disbanded before it was fully formed. It ended the war near Zagreb as part of the 104th Jäger Division.  The 1st and 2nd battalions of the Free Arabian Legion who had not been part of the "Deutsche-Arabische Lehr-Abteilung" were used to replace losses and rebuild "Grenadier Regiment 92" together with a light battery and light pioneer company on 2 May 1943, which was then redesignated to "Grenadier Regiment 92 (MOT)" on 5 June 1944. The regiment moved to Yugoslavia to fight against Partisans and was part of Army Group F. The regiment suffered heavy losses in the fighting near Belgrade in October 1944 and the remains became part of the 2nd Panzer Army where it was rebuilt into "Panzergrenadier Brigade 92" in January 1945. The whole army capitulated in disarray in Austria, May 1945.

Free Arabian Legion (; German: "Legion Freies Arabien") was the collective name of several Nazi German units formed from Arab volunteers from the Middle East and North Africa during World War II.

Die Legion Freies Arabien () war eine Legion von Freiwilligen aus dem Nahen Osten, islamischen Teilen Nordafrikas und Südosteuropa, die für die Wehrmacht kämpfte.


Main sights.

The biggest church in Guardiagrele is Santa Maria Maggiore of which it has been written: In addition to Santa Maria Maggiore, there are several other churches and palazzi or mansions of various ages which are of architectural interest, including S. Nicola di Bari (founded in the 4th century), the convent of the Chapuchins (1599), Palazzo De Lucia (16th century), Palazzo Elisii (15th-18th century), the cloister of the Palazzo Comunale Piazza San Francesco (17th century) and Palazzo Marini (1391).  Museums include:

Culture.

Known throughout Abruzzo for its wrought-iron craft, copper craft and gold-work, Guardiagrele was the home of the great goldsmith and sculptor Nicola da Guardiagrele, who was born there in the late 14th century.  The patron saints of Guardiagrele are Saint Donatus of Arezzo and Saint Emidius. Annually between the 6th and 8 August there is a festival celebrating these saints in which the effigy of Donatus is paraded around the streets of Guardiagrele. It is traditional to eat "porchetta (oven or spit roasted suckling pig flavoured with pepper, rosemary, garlic and other seasonings)" at this time.  In the 11th century Archimandrite Saint Nicholas the Greek led a group of monks fleeing the Saracens who had occupied Calabria. In 1338 his body was moved to Guardiagrele and interred in la Chiesa di San Francesco (14th century). His saint's day is celebrated on the third Sunday of May.  The church preserved in its choirbooks the important Guardiagrele Codex, of polyphonic works by Landini and anonymous composers.

External links.

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Guardiagrele (; Abruzzese: ; ) is a town and "comune" in the province of Chieti, part of the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is in the foothills of the Maiella mountain at an elevation of around. Its population numbers about 10,000.

Guardiagrele ist eine italienische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern in der Provinz Chieti in den Abruzzen und ist Mitglied der Vereinigung "I borghi più belli d’Italia" (Die schönsten Orte Italiens)


Life.

Napoleon Cybulski was born on 14 September 1854 in Krzywonosy, in the Vilna Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Belarus). He came from a Polish-Lithuanian noble family. His father was Józef Napoleon Cybulski, of the Prawdzic coat of arms, and his mother was Marcjanna Cybulska, "née" Hutorowicz.  Cybulski graduated from secondary school in Minsk and studied medicine at the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy (since 1881 called Imperial Military Medical Academy) in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In 1880 he received his physician's diploma "cum eximia laude" (with the highest distinction). In 1877–85 he worked there as an assistant in the Department of Physiology under Ivan Tarkhanov. In 1885 he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine with a thesis on the velocity of blood flow as detected by a photohemotachometer, a device he had constructed himself. He also carried out research on the influence of the phrenic nerve on the respiration rate and on the larynx and the vagus nerves.  The same year (1885), he moved to Kraków and became head of the Department of Physiology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1887–88 and 1895–96 he served as dean of the Faculty of Medicine and subsequently as rector (1904–5) and deputy rector (1905–9) of the university. He was the founder of the Kraków School of Physiology and from 31 October 1891 was an active member of the Academy of Learning. His students included Adolf Beck, Władysław Szymonowicz, Leon Wachholz, Aleksander Rosner, and Stanisław Maziarski.  He married Julia Rogozińska and opened a dental surgery office in order to satisfy the financial needs of his large family. In 1916 he bought a manor house in Nawojowa Góra. In 1918 he received the Award of the Erazm and Anna Jerzmanowski Foundation bestowed by the Polish Academy of Learning. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine three times between 1911-1918.  He died 26 April 1919 of stroke in his study in the Department of Physiology at the Jagiellonian University. He was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.

Scientific work.

Napoleon Cybulski is widely regarded as a pioneer of electroencephalography and endocrinology in Poland and the world.  In 1895, with his pupil (1869–1939), he discovered the hormonal interactions of the adrenal medulla and isolated adrenaline. He called the substance "nadnerczyna" (which in Polish literally means "adrenalin": "nadnercze" is the Polish for "adrenal gland").  In 1890 Cybulski carried out one of the first-ever EEG recordings of the cerebral cortex. Working with Adolf Beck (1863–1942), he conducted pioneering research on electroencephalographic waves. Under Cybulski’s supervision, Beck made pioneering studies of cerebral-cortex activity in response to peripheral-nerve stimulation in dogs and monkeys, using electrodes placed on the skull to record changes in electric potential. In this way they invalidated William Horsley’s notion that these changes reflected the activity of skull muscles. By further analyses of potential changes, they mapped out sensory regions of the cerebral cortex. They also provided evidence that the amplitude of signals depended on the strength and kind of sensory stimulus and on the depth of anesthesia. They suspected that brain function was mediated by neurons' bioelectrical activity. Their studies on brain mapping and nerve stimulation were absolutely innovative, since they were unfamiliar with earlier research done by Richard Caton on changes in bioelectrical activity of the dog brain during sleep, activity, and changes in behavior.  Again working with Beck, Cybulski showed that every taste sensation in the tongue was caused by a separate kind of receptor. He gave a description of the difference between afferent and efferent impulses entering and leaving the spinal cord based on recordings from dorsal and ventral roots.  In 1914 Napoleon Cybulski and S. Jeleńska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures.  Cybulski was one of the first physiologists to register and describe the blood flow linear velocity of the carotid artery and the femoral artery.  Among his other discoveries was establishing that an increase in intracranial pressure causes disturbances in blood flow to the brain.  Cybulski authored around 100 medical research papers.  He initiated research on hypnosis in Poland. Some of his theses in "O hypnotyzmie ze stanowiska fizyjologicznego" (On Hypnosis From the Physiological Standpoint) anticipate ideas of Sigmund Freud and make him a precursor of the concept of the unconscious.

Social questions.

Apart from medicine, Cybulski was also interested in a range of social questions and published books and articles such as "Czy państwo i społeczeństwo mają obowiązek popierać naukę?" (Do the State and Society Have an Obligation to Support Science?, 1895), "W sprawie organizacji gospodarstw włościańskich" (On the Organization of Peasant Farms, 1896) and "Nauka wobec wojny" (Science and War, 1918).  He was a staunch advocate of allowing women to study medicine. In 1891, Cybulski and a pioneering Polish bacteriologist, Odo Bujwid (1857–1942), established the first girls' "gimnazjum" (secondary school) in Kraków.

Napoleon Nikodem Cybulski (14 September 1854 – 26 April 1919) was a Polish physiologist and a pioneer of endocrinology and electroencephalography. In 1895, he isolated and identified adrenaline.

Napoleon Nikodem Cybulski (* 14. September 1854 in Krzywonosy bei Święciany, Ostlitauen; † 26. April 1919 in Krzeszowice bei Krakau) war ein polnischer Physiologe.


First generation (2008–2016).

Head up Display.

The Exclusive and Allure models have a head up display, which projects a reading onto a small perspex like screen just in front of the main windscreen area in front of the driver. It also contains a distance alert, which warns the driver if he or she is too close to the car in front. It also displays details for cruise control or the speed limiter.

Hybrid Version.

The Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4 was launched in February 2012, and is the world's first mass production diesel electric hybrid.  The crossover hybrid has four different operating modes: Auto (the electronics automatically control the entire system), ZEV (all electric), four wheel drive mode (4WD) and sport (higher engine speeds than normal mode). A 200v nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery pack is located in the rear.

Global version.

Pre-facelift styling Facelift styling

Chinese version.

Pre-facelift styling Facelift styling

Second generation (2016–present).

A second generation 3008 was announced by Peugeot in May 2016, and was first presented to the public at the Paris Motor Show in September 2016. Its design allows the vehicle to come into contention with large competitors in the C segment market of SUVs, which has been a prominent market in the past years.  It features Peugeot's new iCockpit, which is an improved design compared to the current iCockpit featured in the Peugeot 208, Peugeot 2008 and Peugeot 308. The second generation was introduced on 23 May 2016.  Features include an eight-inch touch screen to the centre console, a 12.3-inch customisable heads up display, and the small style steering wheel, which has become standard in all current models of Peugeot.  Production started in 2016, with sales starting in January 2017. 100,000 orders were made in Europe between October 2016 and March 2017, half of them were made by people who did not own a Peugeot.

The Peugeot 3008 is a compact crossover SUV unveiled by French automaker Peugeot in May 2008, and presented for the first time to the public in Dubrovnik, Croatia. It was launched in April 2009.

Der Peugeot 3008 ist ein Kompakt-SUV des französischen Autoherstellers Peugeot auf Basis des 308 sowie des Citroën C4 Picasso und des größeren Modells 5008. Peugeot stuft ihn als Crossover ein. Als Konzeptfahrzeug "Prologue Hymotion4" war er auf dem Pariser Autosalon im Herbst 2008 erstmals zu sehen. Die Serienversion wurde im März 2009 auf dem Genfer Auto-Salon gezeigt. Ende 2016 kam die zweite Generation auf den Markt.


Uses.

Perceptual mapping enables companies to better understand their customers: the who, why, where, how and what of their behaviour. If a business is perceived in a manner they find unsatisfactory, further research then identifies what can be done to change that. Perceptual mapping also allows businesses to see what consumers think of other brands, particularly their competitors. Regular uses of the maps can help track preferences, and see changes as they happen. Perceptual mapping can help define market segments, showing clusters of businesses differentiated by key aspects (such as higher class or number of restaurants). Within the clusters found in perceptual maps of entire industries, a business can classify potential partners or possible businesses to merge with, since the clustering of brands signifies the similarity in businesses, meaning they have corresponding attributes. It can also help identify gaps in a market where a new product or service could be introduced.  Perceptual maps can also be used to help keep track of how a new product, such as a recently introduced smartphone, is being viewed in a specific market. It is important to see that the way a business is marketing its product is not only successful, but successful in a manner that aligns with the business’s overarching goal for positioning.  Some companies seem to have fallen out of favor with the public, such as Quicken Loans and VW. Perceptual mapping can help elicit the extent of the damage.

Limitations.

There are many limitations to perceptual mapping. The largest is the number of variables used. Traditionally, the map uses two variables and does not account for others. This assumption can hinder the reliability of results, as in some cases, it is not safe to assume that there are only two major factors influencing the decision of purchase for a consumer. For example, a graph may use quality of food and pricing, but not take into account other relevant variables such as the number of visits and locations. Also, there is often a blurred line between what a business can offer and what a consumer thinks the business can offer. This could be due to miscommunication, lack of knowledge, impact from social media, and so on. These untruths can influence the result, creating a slight bias in the statistics. Another limitation is data gathering. The data needed to form a perceptual map is usually obtained through surveys, and can be difficult to obtain. The range of behaviours that the map covers is also a constraint, as the limitation to two variables means that its application works mainly with purchase decisions made with little thought and effort, such as purchasing a beverage at a store or going to a fast food restaurant.

Examples.

Perceptual maps can have any number of dimensions but the most common is two dimensions. The first perceptual map below shows consumer perceptions of various automobiles on the two dimensions of sportiness/conservative and classy/affordable. This sample of consumers felt Porsche was the sportiest and classiest of the cars in the study (top right corner). They felt Plymouth was most practical and conservative (bottom left corner).  Cars that are positioned close to each other are seen as similar on the relevant dimensions by the consumer. For example, consumers see Buick, Chrysler, and Oldsmobile as similar. They are close competitors and form a competitive grouping. A company considering the introduction of a new model will look for an area on the map free from competitors. Some perceptual maps use different-sized circles to indicate the sales volume or market share of the various competing products.  Displaying consumers’ perceptions of related products is only half the story. Many perceptual maps also display consumers’ ideal points. These points reflect ideal combinations of the two dimensions as seen by a consumer. The next diagram shows a study of consumers’ ideal points in the alcohol/spirits product space. Each dot represents one respondent's ideal combination of the two dimensions. Areas where there is a cluster of ideal points (such as A) indicate a market segment. Areas without ideal points are sometimes referred to as demand voids.  A company considering introducing a new product will look for areas with a high density of ideal points. They will also look for areas without competitive rivals. This is best done by placing both the ideal points and the competing products on the same map.  Some maps plot ideal vectors instead of ideal points. The map below displays various aspirin products as seen on the dimensions of effectiveness and gentleness. It also shows two ideal vectors. The slope of the ideal vector indicates the ratio of the two dimensions preferred by those consumers within that segment. This study indicates that there is one segment that is more concerned with effectiveness than harshness, and another segment that is more interested in gentleness than strength.

Other types of mapping.

Spidergrams.

Spidergrams are an alternative to perceptual mapping that similarly are visual marketing tools; however, spidergrams also request customers to rate attributes.

Multidimensional perceptual maps.

Traditional perceptual maps are built with two visual dimensions (X- and Y-axis). Multidimensional perceptual maps are built with more dimensions visualised as profile charts in small map regions, and then items are mapped to the regions by their similarity to the vectors that represent the region. A common technique to construct this kind of multidimensional perceptual maps is the self-organizing map. This helps pinpoint more variables, allowing for more in-depth research into what influences the consumer. This means that the perceptual map can be applied beyond low-involvement purchases, and also helps with identification of segments in a market.

Intuitive maps.

Perceptual maps need not come from a detailed study. There are also intuitive maps (also called judgmental maps or consensus maps) that are created by marketers based on their understanding of their industry. These are limited by not being based on consumer data.  When detailed marketing research studies are done methodological problems can arise, but at least the information is coming directly from the consumer. An assortment of statistical procedures can be used to convert the raw data collected in a survey into a perceptual map. Preference regression will produce ideal vectors. Multi dimensional scaling will produce either ideal points or competitor positions. Factor analysis, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis and logit analysis can also be used. Some techniques are constructed from perceived differences between products, others from perceived similarities, and still others from cross price elasticity of demand data from electronic scanners.

Modern techniques.

Marketers can reveal shoppers' collective perceptual map with increasing precision and detail by aggregating and analysing their data; this is done, for example, in the smartphone and laptop industries.  Furthermore, they can be used in non-commercial applications, such as identifying factors involved in dangerous driving.

Perceptual mapping / Market mapping is a diagrammatic technique used by asset marketers that attempts to visually display the perceptions of customers or potential customers. The positioning of a brand is influenced by customer perceptions rather than by those of businesses. For example, a business may feel it sells upmarket products of high quality, but if customers view the products as low quality, it is their views which will influence sales. Typically the position of a company's product, product line, or brand is displayed relative to their competition. Perceptual maps, also known as market maps, usually have two dimensions but can be multi-dimensional; they can be used to identify gaps in the market and potential partners or merger targets as well as to clarify perceptual problems with a company's product. So, if a business wants to find out where its brand is positioned in the market, it might carry out market research. This will help them to find out how the customers sees their brand in relation to others in the market

Die Value Map (oder auch Wertematrix bzw. Preis-Leistungs-Matrix) ist ein Instrument zur Bestimmung der Wettbewerbsposition von Produkten oder Dienstleistungen. Dabei werden relativer Preis und relative Qualität des Produktes bzw. der Dienstleistung betrachtet und ergeben das relative Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis.