History.

West Lake was created from a curved part of Red River and appeared in several Vietnamese legends. One legend suggests that West Lake was shaped after the battle between Lạc Long Quân and a nine-tailed fox spirit, and that's why the lake was once called "Fox Corpse Swamp" (). Another folk story claimed that original name of the lake was "Golden Buffalo Lake" (, or Han Viet: Hồ Kim Ngưu) because it was formed from struggle of a buffalo after the disappearance of her calf. In the 11th century, the lake was named "Foggy Lake" (Han Viet: Hồ Dâm Đàm) due to its misty condition. Ultimately its name was changed to "West Lake" in 1573 to avoid the given name of king Lê Thế Tông, which was Duy Đàm.  West Lake is bordered by many significant places in the history of Hanoi and Vietnam. Trấn Quốc Pagoda, the oldest pagoda in Vietnam, was built in the 6th century by Lý Nam Đế and is located on a small island in the middle of the lake. Near Tran Quoc Pagoda is Quán Thánh Temple, one of the Four Sacred Temples of ancient Hanoi (Vietnamese: Tứ trấn Thăng Long). Chu Van An High School, one of the oldest high schools in Vietnam, is also located close to the lake.

Recreation activities.

As Hanoi's largest lake, located right in the center of Hanoi, West Lake is abundant with gardens, hotels, restaurants and other entertainment centers. For this reason, real estate prices near West Lake are staggering, and the surrounding quarters are often full of many imposingly large edifices occupied by wealthy Vietnamese people and expatriates.

West Lake () is the biggest freshwater lake of Hanoi, Vietnam, located northwest of the city center. With a shore length of 17 km (about 10.6 miles) and 500 hectare (about 5 km2) in area, this is the largest lake of the capital and a popular place for recreation with many surrounding gardens, hotels and villas. A small part of West Lake is divided by Thanh Nien road to form Trúc Bạch Lake. One district of Hanoi is named after the lake, Tây Hồ District.

Der Westsee (vietn. Hồ Tây), früher als Tây Hồ, Đầm Xác Cáo, Hồ Kim Ngưu, Lãng Bạc, Dâm Đàm und Đoài Hồ bezeichnet, ist der größte Süßwassersee in Hanoi. Er hat eine Fläche von 500 ha, seine Uferlänge beträgt 14,8 km. Der Westsee liegt nordwestlich des Hanoier Stadtzentrums. Er entstand aus einem ehemaligen Arm des Roten Flusses, der heute nördlich des Westsees fließt.


Biography.

Bu Xiaolin was born in August 1958 in Tumed Left Banner, Inner Mongolia. She briefly worked as a sent-down youth at the end of the Cultural Revolution, before enlisting in the People's Liberation Army. She served as a medic in No. 291 Hospital of the Inner Mongolia Military District from 1977 to 1980.  In September 1980 she entered Peking University and graduated with a degree in economic law four years later. After graduation she briefly taught law at Inner Mongolia University, before joining the regional government of Inner Mongolia in 1985. From 1998 to 2001 she enrolled in the law school of Jilin University on a part-time basis, earning a doctoral degree in law in 2001. From 2003 to 2006 she conducted post-doctoral research at the Institute of Sociology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.  She was appointed Chief of Alxa League in September 2004, and Communist Party secretary two years later. In January 2008 she was promoted to Vice-Chairwoman of Inner Mongolia. In January 2014, she became Head of the United Front department of Inner Mongolia, as well as a member of the Regional Party Standing Committee. She succeeded the position left vacant by Wang Suyi, who was investigated for corruption and later sentenced to life in prison.  On 30 March 2016, Bu Xiaolin was appointed Acting Chairwoman of Inner Mongolia, succeeding Bagatur, who had resigned. Bu Xiaolin was the second woman to serve as leader of the Inner Mongolia government, and the sixth woman in the history of Communist-ruled China (after Gu Xiulian, Uyunqimg, Song Xiuyan, Li Bin and Liu Hui) to serve as the head of a provincial-level government. She was confirmed as Chairwoman on June 23.

Family.

Bu Xiaolin is the daughter of Buhe and the granddaughter of Ulanhu, who both served as chairman of Inner Mongolia. Ulanhu was a founding general and Vice President of the People's Republic of China.

Bu Xiaolin (; born August 1958) is a Chinese female politician of Mongol descent. She has served as Chairwoman of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Government (equivalent of a provincial governor) since March 2016. She is the daughter of Buhe, a former chairman of Inner Mongolia, and the granddaughter of Ulanhu, the founding chairman of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and a Vice President of China.

Bu Xiaolin (; * August 1958) ist eine chinesische Politikerin, die der mongolischen Minderheit in China angehört. Sie ist seit März 2016 Vorsitzende der Volksregierung der Autonomen Region Innere Mongolei (entspricht einem Provinzgouverneur). Sie ist die Tochter von Buhe, einem ehemaligen Vorsitzenden der Inneren Mongolei, und Enkelin von Ulanhu, dem Gründungsvorsitzenden der Autonomen Region Innere Mongolei und ehemaligem Vizepräsidenten der Volksrepublik China.


History.

In contrast to Hawaiian and Aloha, Mid Pacific Air's fleet was made up primarily of NAMC YS-11 turboprop planes; Hawaiian and Aloha operated jet aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (Hawaiian) and Boeing 737 (Aloha) on the same interisland routes. Mid Pacific added Fokker F28 Fellowship twin jets in 1985. In October 1982, the airline wet leased a Boeing 707 from Arrow Air and operated a short lived service from Honolulu to Pago Pago, American Samoa using the name Mid Pacific Arrow. In 1984, Mid Pacific leased four of its YS-11's to Fort Worth Airlines in Texas, and in February 1985 it became one of that airline's largest shareholders. That same month, the airline expanded to the southwestern United States, where it operated low-fare service between from Las Vegas, Nevada and the Grand Canyon to Burbank and Orange County, California, and also flew nonstop between Orange County and Fresno, California. In January 1986, Mid Pacific was sold to KOA Holdings, and shortly thereafter the F28 jets were removed from service.  Although Mid Pacific was able to lure customers with low fares and promotions that compensated for the slower, noisier turboprop aircraft, the airline was unable to compete with Hawaiian and Aloha and ended passenger flights in Hawaii on January 19, 1988, and ended cargo flights there a month later.  Following the termination of the Hawaii operation, Mid Pacific moved to the midwestern United States and operated all cargo freighter flights using the YS-11s from a base in Lafayette, Indiana, and in the 1990s operated commuter service via a code sharing agreement with Reno Air under the name Reno Air Express using British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 turboprop aircraft. These Reno Air Express flights provided connecting passenger feeder service at the Reno Air hub located at the San Jose International Airport (SJC) in northern California. In 1992 and 1993, the airline operated a British Aerospace BAe 146 jet in cargo freighter service on behalf of TNT between New York City and Bermuda. The airline ceased operations in 1995.

Mid Pacific Air destinations in 1986.

Hawaii  According to its system route map dated January 15, 1986, Mid Pacific was serving the following destinations in Hawaii with Fokker F28 Fellowship twin jets and NAMC YS-11 turboprops:  California & Nevada  According to its system route map dated January 15, 1986, Mid Pacific was serving the following destinations in California and Nevada with NAMC YS-11 turboprops:

Reno Air Express destinations in 1995.

According to its system route map dated January 3, 1995, Mid Pacific was serving the following destinations in California and Oregon with British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets operating as Reno Air Express via a code sharing agreement with Reno Air:

Mid Pacific Air was a low-cost regional airline which began operations with passenger services in Hawaii. Founded in 1981, initial routes connected the islands of Kauai, O'ahu, Maui and Hawaii (the Big Island). Its primary competitors were established air carriers Hawaiian Airlines and Aloha Airlines. When it operated in the Midwest, its headquarters were on the grounds of Indianapolis International Airport in Indianapolis, Indiana. Originally its headquarters were located at Honolulu International Airport.

Mid Pacific Air war eine regionale Billigfluggesellschaft, welche in Hawaii mit dem Passagierflugbetrieb begann. Die ersten Routen nach der Gründung im Jahr 1981 verbanden die Inseln Kauai, O'ahu, Maui und Hawaii. Die Hauptwettbewerber der Fluggesellschaft waren die etablierten Fluggesellschaften Hawaiian Airlines und Aloha Airlines. Als der Betrieb im Mittleren Westen eingeführt wurde, verlegte die Fluggesellschaft ihren Sitz auf den Indianapolis International Airport in Indianapolis, Indiana. Ursprünglich war ihr Sitz am Honolulu International Airport.


Early years.

McCoil attended Lutcher High School in Lutcher, Louisiana, where he helped lead the Bulldogs to the 2008 3A State Championship. He was ranked as the 58th top prospect in the state of Louisiana by Rivals.com. He was named the District MVP following his senior season. He was an honorable mention all-state in his Senior season. McCoil also earned the all-district, all-metro and all-River Parish honors following both his junior and senior seasons of high school.

College career.

McCoil was named the Defensive MVP following his performance in the 2011 Bell Helicopter Armed Forces Bowl. He also earned second-team all-Conference USA honors following his Junior season. Prior to his Senior season, he was selected on the Bronko Nagurski Trophy Watch List and also selected on the Jim Thorpe Award Watch List. In his four seasons at Tulsa, he finished with a total of 315 tackles, 18 Interceptions, 43 passes defensed, and one forced fumble.

Professional career.

McCoil went undrafted following the conclusion of the 2013 NFL Draft. McCoil attended the Oakland Raiders rookie minicamp but failed to make the final cut on the preseason 90 man roster.

Los Angeles Kiss.

On February 17, 2014, McCoil was assigned to the Los Angeles Kiss of the Arena Football League (AFL). In 5 games for the Kiss, McCoil managed several splash plays, including half a sack, and an interception returned 14 yards for a touchdown.

Edmonton Eskimos.

On May 31, 2014, he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He won the CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award in 2014 for recording 67 tackles, four sacks and tying for the league lead with six interceptions. McCoil and the Eskimos had a contract dispute during the 2015 CFL season as he claimed that he was not offered the 1-year contract (with a player option to extend to 2 years), rather he claimed the Eskimos only offered him the minimum 2-year contract. On the field McCoil continued to be a key cog in the Eskimos defense recording 76 defensive tackles, two sacks, three interceptions and a fumble recovery. On December 6, 2015, after winning the 103rd Grey Cup to close the season, the Eskimos announced they had reached a settlement of all outstanding matters with Dexter McCoil, the CFL and the CFLPA. Starting on May 1, 2016, McCoil was free to attempt to sign with an NFL team. In the event that McCoil was unsuccessful in securing an NFL standard player contract for the 2016 NFL season, he entered into an agreement to play for the Eskimos for the 2016 and 2017 CFL seasons.

San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers.

On January 12, 2016, he signed with the San Diego Chargers. The Chargers tried him out at linebacker and at safety during their off-season workouts. On September 3, 2016, he was listed on the Chargers' final 53-man roster. McCoil made his first start at safety for the Chargers on September 25, 2016, against the Indianapolis Colts. He played in all 16 games with two starts, recording 25 tackles, five passes defensed and one interception. On October 7, 2017, McCoil was waived by the Chargers.

San Francisco 49ers.

On October 9, 2017, McCoil was claimed off waivers by the San Francisco 49ers. He was released on April 30, 2018. He was re-signed by the 49ers on August 17, 2018. He was waived on September 1, 2018. He was re-signed again to the practice squad on September 27, 2018. He was released on October 9, 2018.

Los Angeles Chargers (II).

On January 2, 2019, McCoil was signed to the Los Angeles Chargers practice squad.

Calgary Stampeders.

On October 22, 2019 McCoil returned to the CFL, signing with the Calgary Stampeders near the end of the 2019 regular season. In two games played, McCoil managed 2 tackles on defense, 3 more on special teams, and a interception. Following Calgary's playoff defeat, during which McCoil put up 4 more defensive tackles and two more special teams stops, he was cut on November 25, 2019.

St. Louis BattleHawks.

On October 16, 2019, several days prior to signing with the Stampeders, McCoil was drafted by the St. Louis BattleHawks in the fourth round of the defensive backs phase of the 2020 XFL Draft. In 5 games played, McCoil finished tied for 3rd in the league in tackles (alongside several other players including teammate Terence Garvin) with 36, in addition to a quarterback sack.

Personal life.

His second cousin is former cornerback Corey Webster.

Dexter McCoil (born September 5, 1991) is an American football safety for the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL. He played college football at Tulsa. McCoil has also been a member of the Los Angeles Kiss, Edmonton Eskimos, Los Angeles Chargers, San Francisco 49ers, and Calgary Stampeders.

Dexter McCoil (* 5. September 1991 in Metairie, Louisiana) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-, Canadian-Football- und Arena-Football-Spieler. Er spielte auf der Position des Safeties in der Arena Football League (AFL), Canadian Football League (CFL) und National Football League (NFL).


Early years.

Smith attended Village Academy High School in Delray Beach, Florida. He did not start playing football until his freshman year in high school. He committed to the University of Central Florida (UCF) to play college football.

College career.

Smith attended and played at UCF from 2014 to 2017. During his collegiate career, he had 168 receptions for 2,748 yards and 22 touchdowns. After his junior season, he entered the 2018 NFL Draft. He played in the 2018 Senior Bowl.

Professional career.

On January 6, 2018, Smith released a statement through his Twitter account announcing his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and declare for the 2018 NFL Draft. On January 10, 2018, it was announced that Smith had accepted his invitation to play in the Senior Bowl. Although he was a redshirt junior, Smith was eligible to play since he had already graduated. Smith had a solid week of practice during the Senior Bowl and was able to maintain his draft stock. On January 27, 2018, Smith caught five receptions for 83-yards and scored on a 14-yard touchdown pass by quarterback Mike White to help the North defeat the South 45–16. Smith attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all of the combine and positional drills. He earned the third best broad jump and 14th best time in the 40-yard dash of all players who participated. On March 29, 2018, he participated at Central Florida's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. Smith attended a private workouts with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Giants. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Smith was projected to be a third or fourth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the 10th best wide receiver in the draft by Scouts Inc. and was ranked the 11th best wide receiver by DraftScout.com.  The New Orleans Saints selected Smith in the third round (91st overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. Smith was the 10th wide receiver drafted in 2018.

2018 season: Rookie year.

On May 21, 2018, the New Orleans Saints signed Smith to a four-year, $3.42 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $817,024.  Smith made his NFL debut in the season opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He did not record any receptions as the Saints lost 48-40. In the next game against the Cleveland Browns, he recorded his first NFL reception, which went for 18 yards in the 21–18 victory. During Week 5 on "Monday Night Football" against the Washington Redskins, Smith caught a 62-yard touchdown from Drew Brees, helping Brees surpass Peyton Manning for the most career passing yards in NFL history. The touchdown was part of a three-reception, 111-yard, two-touchdown performance for Smith. During a 48-7 Week 11 victory over the reigning Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles, he recorded ten receptions for 152 yards and a touchdown.  Smith finished his rookie year with 28 receptions for 427 yards and five touchdowns in 15 games and seven starts. The Saints finished with the top seed in the NFC with a 13-3 record and received a first-round postseason bye. In the postseason, Smith had two receptions for 25 yards and a five-yard rush.

2019 season.

In the season-opener against the Houston Texans, Smith caught two passes for 26 yards and a touchdown in the narrow 30-28 victory. Battling an ankle injury for much of the season, Smith finished his second season with 18 receptions for 234 yards and five touchdowns.

Tre'Quan Smith (born January 7, 1996) is an American football wide receiver for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at UCF.

Tre’Quan Smith (* 7. Januar 1996 in Delray Beach, Florida) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler in der National Football League (NFL). Er spielt für die New Orleans Saints als Wide Receiver.


Activities.

SAMI was established to provide military products and services in Saudi Arabia and to reduce the country’s reliance on foreign purchases of military products.  The company operates across aeronautics; land systems, including military vehicles; weapons and missiles; and defence electronics.  SAMI’s reported targets include the contribution of 14 billion riyals (US$3.7 billion) to the Saudi economy by 2030, 6 billion riyals (US$1.6 billion) investment in research and development and the creation of 40,000 jobs.

Partnerships.

In May 2017, SAMI signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) with defense contractors Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon and General Dynamics.  In October 2017, SAMI signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Russia's Rosoboronexport to manufacture military equipment in Saudi Arabia. The agreement provides for the transfer of technology for the local production of the S-400, the Kornet-EM system, the TOS-1A, the AGS-30 and the Kalashnikov AK-103.  In January 2018, on the sidelines of the launch of the National Industrial Development and Logistics Program, SAMI inked the establishment of two new joint ventures with Thales and CMI Defence. The scope of the joint venture signed with Thales includes Short range air defense and counter-rockets radars, C2s, multi-mission missiles, fuses for guided bombs, and inter-communication radios. The project aims to invest in the facilities and equipment in the local market, at a localization ratio of 70%, while around 2,000 direct and indirect jobs will be generated for Saudi youth. The second joint venture agreement, which is signed with CMI Defence, includes delivering multifunctional high-power turret systems for armored vehicles and all related services, providing in-country research and development and prototyping, design and systems engineering, supplier and material management, manufacturing, assembly and test, fielding and support, and upgrades, and integration of other OEM products and services. The project is expected to realize a localization rate of 60%, in addition to offering more than 700 direct and indirect jobs for the Saudi youth.  In November 2018, SAMI and Navantia. announced the launch of their joint venture, ‘SAMI Navantia Naval Industries,’ following the agreement signed by both parties to design and build 5 Avante 2200 corvettes with Combat Management System for the Ministry of Defense of Saudi Arabia. SAMI Navantia Naval Industries will focus on program management and naval combat system integration, system engineering and architecture, hardware design, and software development, testing and verification, prototyping, simulation, and modelling, in addition to the installation and integration of combat systems on the last two vessels of the Avante 2200 project, as well as the logistical support and training programs.  In February 2019, SAMI and Naval Group, have entered into a Memorandum of Agreement to create a joint venture company in Saudi Arabia’s naval defense domain.

Saudi Arabian Military Industries (SAMI) is a state-owned defense company launched in May 2017 by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund (PIF).

Saudi Arabian Military Industries (SAMI; ) ist eine im Mai 2017 gegründete staatseigene Rüstungsholding des Königreiches Saudi-Arabien. Die Holding ist Teil der Strategie der saudischen Regierung „Vision 2030“, soll die Streitkräfte Saudi-Arabiens mit modernem Gerät ausstatten und so unabhängiger von der ausländischen Lieferung machen. Das Unternehmen will über Joint Ventures mit weltweit tätigen Unternehmen (z. B. mit dem spanischen Schiffsbauunternehmen Navantia) sowie Unternehmenskäufe zu einem der 25 größten Rüstungskonzerne wachsen. Im November 2018 bot SAMI 1 Milliarde USD für 49 % von Rheinmetall Denel Munition (RDM), einem Joint Venture zwischen Rheinmetall und Denel.


History.

In 1987, the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, bought the Dorchester Hotel and the Beverly Hills Hotel and then transferred the ownership to the Brunei Investment Agency in 1991. The Audley Group, owned by the BIA, was established in 1996 to manage the hotels under one company. Later, the Audley Group became the Dorchester Group Limited. The Dorchester Group Ltd. owns the Dorchester Collection which was established in 2006 to manage several luxury hotels in Europe and the United States. The Dorchester Collection manages 10 luxury hotels. The hotels are a mix of wholly owned and part-owned hotels as the Dorchester Collection acquires them and manages them on behalf of third party owners.

Controversy.

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, via his Brunei Investment Agency (BIA) owning the Dorchester Collection hotels, raised concern abroad in April 2014 by implementing the Sharia law penal code that includes death by stoning, the severing of limbs, and flogging for crimes in Brunei such as abortions, adultery, and homosexual acts. None are exempted from the Sharia Law regardless of the classes they are in and the laws only apply in Brunei's border. Brunei has a complex legal system that consists of two parts which involve separate courts and legislation for Islamic and non-Islamic citizens.  In protest, a United States national LGBT advocacy organization, the Gill Action Fund, canceled its reservation to hold a conference of major donors at the Beverly Hills Hotel and demanded a refund of its deposit. The hotel management responded by issuing a statement asserting that it does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som subsequently called for wider protests, urging the fashion industry to boycott all of the hotels owned by the Dorchester Collection. The Beverly Hills Hotel, long a popular spot for celebrity functions, has been rejected by much of Hollywood over the controversy. HR Magazine said that the protests are "misguided" and will not affect the government policy of Brunei when the Dorchester Collection's annual revenue is $300 million while the BIA has over $30 billion in assets from oil and gas.  Chief executive officer Christopher Cowdray asked the public to consider the issue at hand in a broader perspective, citing the fact that many brands are backed by foreign investors. The U.S. national advertising-industry newspaper Adweek declared that "the bad press and protests have tarnished the glamorous image of the Beverly Hills Hotel, one of the most famous hotels in the world" and added that "such extreme brand damage will be difficult to repair." As of May 2014, "more than $2 million worth of events have been canceled at the Beverly Hills Hotel by dozens of groups." There have also been people speaking out in opposition of the protests and boycott of the hotel. Russell Crowe and Kim Kardashian have spoken out against the boycott, despite disapproval of the new laws in Brunei, citing how it is unfair to punish the hardworking employees and workers at the hotel.  In March 2019 when the Sultan announced the coming into force of the sharia law in question on 3 April 2019 George Clooney, Elton John and Ellen DeGeneres called again for a boycott of all hotels associated with him.

Dorchester Collection is a luxury hotel operator owned by the. Dorchester Collection owns and manages nine luxury five star hotels: The Dorchester (London), The Beverly Hills Hotel (Beverly Hills), Plaza Athénée (Paris), Hotel Meurice (Paris), Principe di Savoia (Milan), Hotel Bel-Air (Los Angeles), Coworth Park (southwest of London), 45 Park Lane (London) and Hotel Eden (Rome).

Dorchester Collection ist der Marktauftritt des 2006 gegründeten Unternehmens "Dorchester Group Limited" mit Sitz in London, das im Besitz der staatlichen Brunei Investment Agency des Sultanats Brunei ist. Es betreibt derzeit (Stand März 2019) neun 5-Sterne-Luxushotels in den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa. 2017 erzielte die Hotelkette einen Umsatz von 384,4 Millionen £.


Species.

Author citations are from Tropicos or the International Plant Names Index.

Classification.

"Mertensia" is a member of the tribe Cynoglosseae. Its closest relative is the monotypic Eurasian genus "Asperugo". These two are probably close to "Anoplocaryum", a genus of Central Asia and Siberia. The relationships of "Anoplocaryum" have never been investigated by cladistic analysis of DNA sequences.

Taxonomy.

The type species for "Mertensia" is "M. virginica". "Mertensia" is divided into two sections: Stenhammaria and Mertensia. Section Stenhammaria consists of the circumboreal "M. maritima" and 11 of the 12 species from Asia.  The Central Asian species, "M. dschagastanica", is assigned to section Stenhammaria, but it is morphologically unusual and might constitute a third section of "Mertensia". It has never been sampled for DNA.  Section Mertensia consists of all of the North American species plus "M. rivularis", a denizen of the Russian half of the Beringian floristic region.  The North American species "M. pilosa" has been reported from Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. It is the only species of "Mertensia" that is native to both Asia and North America. It resembles "M. rivularis" and might be closer to that species than to the other species of North America. It also resembles "M. platyphylla" and some authors have placed it in synonymy under "Mertensia platyphylla" variety "platyphylla". It has not yet been sampled in a molecular phylogenetic study.  With the possible exception of "M. pilosa", North American "Mertensia" is a monophyletic group consisting of three clades that are known informally as the Pacific Northwest clade, the Southern Rocky Mountain clade, and the Central Rocky Mountain clade. These groups are named for the region where most of their species occur, but each includes species from well outside of that region.

History.

In 1753, in his landmark "Species Plantarum", Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus placed five species in the genus "Pulmonaria". Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, in 1797, separated what are now "M. virginica", "M. maritima", and "M. sibirica" from "Pulmonaria" to form the genus "Mertensia", based on their smaller and differently structured calyx, their different anther position, and the presence of nectar glands on the inner surface of the corolla. Roth described one species as "Mertensia pulmonarioides", apparently unaware that Linnaeus had already described it as "Pulmonaria virginica". He thus created a superfluous synonym that has been a source of confusion ever since.  "Mertensia" was named after the German botanist, Franz Carl Mertens.  In the time since "Mertensia" was erected in 1797, it has been the subject of six major revisions. These, in chronological order, were done by George Don (George Don, the younger (G. Don), not George Don, the elder (Don)), Asa Gray, James Francis Macbride, Per Axel Rydberg, Louis Otho Williams, and Mikhail Grigorevich Popov.  Asa Gray divided "Mertensia" into two sections: Stenhammaria and Mertensia. The section Stenhammaria was named for the Swedish naturalist and clergyman Christian Stenhammar, who is best known for his work in lichenology. Gray defined the section Stenhammaria as consisting only of the littoral species "M. maritima", but in 2014, it was expanded to comprise 12 species.  In 1886, Asa Gray described seven species in "Mertensia". After Gray completed his monograph of "Mertensia", many species were discovered by botanical expeditions in the western United States. Many of the species recognized by Macbride and Rydberg were later placed in synonymy by Louis O. Williams in his treatment of North American "Mertensia" in which he accepted only 24 species, far fewer than Macbride and Rydberg. "M. pilosa" was not mentioned anywhere in the monograph by Williams, not even as a synonym. Popov (1953) recognized the same 24 North American species as Williams as well as 14 species from Asia, including "M. pilosa". Phylogenetic analysis of DNA data has shown that many of the species are polyphyletic, but no comprehensive revision of the Asian or of the North American species has been attempted since 1953.  In 1967, one of the sections delineated by Popov was raised to the rank of genus as "Pseudomertensia". This reclassification has been confirmed by molecular phylogenies which place "Pseudomertensia" closer to "Myosotis" than any of the genera that have been sampled so far.

Evolution.

In the earlier infrageneric classifications of "Mertensia", some of the groups were based on shared "primitive" characters rather than the derived character states that show true phylogenetic relationships. In "Mertensia", as elsewhere, such groups have often proved to be paraphyletic. More recently, molecular phylogenetics has greatly clarified the ancestral and derived character states in "Mertensia". Some of the traits evolving later have appeared independently as many as seven times.  Ancestral states in "Mertensia" include short plant height (< 40 cm), long stamens (> 1.5 mm), filaments inserted higher in the corolla, calyces divided at least ⁄ of the way to the base, and acute to acuminate calyx lobe apices. Their derived alternatives are greater plant height (> 40 cm), short stamens (< 1.5 mm), filaments attached lower in the corolla, and calyces divided less than halfway to the base, and obtuse calyx lobe apices.  The nutlets and pollen of "Mertensia" are nearly uniform and consequently, are not of much taxonomic value.  There are no known fossils of "Mertensia". A molecular clock analysis has estimated that "Mertensia" diverged from "Asperugo" in the late Oligocene or early Miocene. "Asperugo" and "Mertensia" do not closely resemble each other morphologically. Being mostly plants of subarctic climates, "Mertensia" spread southward and to lower elevation during periods of Pleistocene glaciation, then retreated northward and to higher elevation during interglacials. "Mertensia" originated in Asia and dispersed over the Beringian land bridge to North America. Most of the groups that originated in Asia are more diverse there, but "Mertensia" is a conspicuous exception in having most of its species in North America.

Mertensia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. They are perennial herbaceous plants with blue or sometimes white flowers that open from pink-tinged buds. Such a change in flower color is common in Boraginaceae and is caused by an increase of pH in the flower tissue. "Mertensia" is one of several plants that are commonly called "bluebell". In spite of their common name, the flowers are usually salverform (trumpet-shaped) rather than campanulate (bell-shaped).

Mertensia ist eine Gattung aus der Familie der Raublattgewächse, die mit etwa 40 bis 60 Arten auf der Nordhalbkugel, sowohl in Nordamerika wie auch in Nordasien, mit einer Art auch in Nordeuropa, verbreitet ist. Einige Arten werden aufgrund der attraktiven Blüten als Zierstauden in Gärten angepflanzt.


Life.

Christine Bonhoeffer attended the Grunewald-Gymnasium. In September 1921, Bonhoeffer and Hans von Dohnanyi got engaged. In 1924 she abandoned her studies of zoology. In 1925 they married. Her daughter Barbara von Dohnanyi was born in 1926. Her first son Klaus von Dohnanyi was born in 1928, her second son Christoph von Dohnányi in 1929.  Christine von Dohnanyi took part in all resistance activities of her husband Hans von Dohnanyi and supported his activities. He had informed her about all activities and was in active exchange with her.  Beside her husband and her brother Dietrich Bonhoeffer, she was also arrested by the Gestapo in the house in Sacrow on April 5, 1943 on suspicion of treason. For a long time Hans von Dohnanyi knew nothing about the arrest of the wife and her brother and tried to send letters to the wife from prison. Christine von Dohnanyi, still stricken by a stomach operation at the beginning of 1943, was first taken to the Charlottenburger Kaiserdamm police prison and then imprisoned together with Josef Müller's wife in the Alexanderplatz police headquarters. However, she was released after a few weeks. After her release, she tried to obtain the release of her husband and brother. She smuggled diphtheria bacilli several times to enable him to escape interrogations, but also secret messages into her husband's prison. Any contact was made through the examining magistrate Manfred Roeder, who had a considerable influence on the possibilities of visiting and writing.  After Berlin's capitulation, the Allies granted her the status of a "victim of fascism" on 27 June 1945. She desperately tried to find out something more about the whereabouts of her husband and worked with the Allies for an appropriate appreciation of the resistance. Her grave is on the Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof. Son Klaus von Dohnanyi founded the foundation "Zivilcourage Hans und Christine von Dohnanyi".

Christine von Dohnanyi (née Bonhoeffer, born 26 October 1903 in Königsberg, died 2 February 1965 in Kassel) was the sister of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the wife of Hans von Dohnanyi.

Christine „Christel“ von Dohnanyi, geborene "Bonhoeffer" (* 26. Oktober 1903 in Königsberg; † 2. Februar 1965 in Kassel), war eine Deutsche, die im Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus aktiv war.


Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

Administrative structure.

Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the United States), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located. New missionaries receive a formal "mission call", assigning them to a particular mission for the duration of their two years or eighteen months of service. Each mission has, on average, about 150 missionaries serving there.

Mission president.

All missionaries serve in a "mission" under the direction of a mission president, who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the LDS Church president. The mission president must be a married high priest in the Melchizedek Priesthood; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. In 2013 the mission president's wife was given additional leadership roles in the mission. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission

Mission councils.

Like other units of the church, a leadership council is used to assist in the governance of the mission. Prior to April 2013, this was often called a zone leader council, consisting of

Mission organization.

Organization in areas with stakes.

Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. The mission president assigns missionary leaders to help him direct the work. Among the leadership assignments in the mission are assistants to the president, zone leaders, and district leaders.  There are two or more missionaries who serve as "assistants to the president" (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the mission president in organizing the

Organization in areas without stakes.

The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized stakes of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of Latter-day Saints living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stake-less areas, the mission president is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into districts (not to be confused with the

Variations in size.

The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve at Temple Square, and occasionally serve in another mission in another part of the United States for a few months, then return to Temple Square for the final months of their 18-month mission call. Only female missionaries and older, retired couples are called to the Temple Square Mission.  The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the Micronesia Guam Mission, which covers an area that is roughly the size of the

Special language assignments within missions.

Missionaries are sometimes called to serve in a particular mission, but with a non-standard

Central church structure.

The work of the missions is overseen by the Missionary Committee, which consists of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve. Much of the actual work of overseeing the missions is delegated to the Missionary Executive Council (MEC). This committee has roots in the Radio, Publicity and Missionary Literature Committee formed in the 1930s, with Stephen L. Richards as chair and Gordon B. Hinckley as executive secretary. In the late 1940s, Richards and Hinckley held the same positions, with Hinckley essentially fulfilling the duties later undertaken by the missionary department.  By the early 1970s, the MEC consisted of Spencer W. Kimball, Hinckley, Thomas S. Monson and Bruce R. McConkie, all members of the Quorum of the Twelve. L.

History of missions.

The title of "First Mission" is normally given to the British Mission, today considered the lineal ancestor of the England London Mission. This was begun under the direction of Heber C. Kimball in 1837. Missionary work had previously occurred in the United States and Canada, but missionaries were not organized into specific missions. The work of this mission began in Preston, England, largely because one of the missionaries Joseph Fielding had a brother there who initially opened his chapel to the missionaries preaching. Later they often preached at the location also used by the Temperance Society. The first convert in the British Mission was George D. Watt, who would later be important in the compilation of the "Journal of Discourses". Within the first year of missionary work the headquarters of this mission were moved to Manchester. In 1840 they were moved again to Liverpool, largely so the mission leaders could play a role in organizing the emigration of Latter-day Saints to America. In 1929 when the British Mission was separated from the European Mission, its headquarters were moved to Birmingham. The headquarters were moved to London in about 1930 since by this time the church was no longer encouraging Latter-day Saints to emigrate from Britain.

United States and Canada.

Early missions.

Although the church's missionaries served in many parts of the Eastern United States of America from 1830 on, no mission was organized until 1839. In this year a mission was organized in New York City presided over by John P. Greene. However, at this time missionaries continued to serve outside of regular mission areas.  With the removal of the main body of the Saints to Utah Territory and other western states, the number of church members in the Eastern United States was very small. As mission president of the Eastern States Mission, Wilford Woodruff tried to bring

Establishment of permanent missions.

The true advent of fully functioning missions, with missionaries functioning under a mission president, in the United States on a large and permanent scale can be dated to the organization of the Southern States Mission. This mission was started in 1876 with Henry G. Boyle as president. A short time later John Hamilton Morgan was made the president of this mission.  The next mission to be organized was the Northern States Mission (initially called the Northwestern States Mission) with headquarters in Council Bluffs, Iowa. The first president of this mission was Cyrus H. Wheelock. Wheelock had served as a missionary in both Iowa and Michigan about this time. The mission was organized in 1878. It was renamed the Northern States Mission in 1889. The mission headquarters were moved to Chicago in 1896.  In 1883, the Indian Territory Mission was reestablished with Matthew W. Dalton as president.

Missions in the Western United States.

Unlike missions in the Eastern United States, in this period missions in the Western States were generally set up in areas into which church members had already begun to move.  The origins of the Northwestern States Mission go back to the Oregon Lumber Company which was run by David Eccles and Charles W. Nibley. Many Latter-day Saints worked in the company's offices in Baker City, Oregon, and a branch was organized there in 1893. At that point this branch was part of the Oneida Stake headquartered in Preston, Idaho.  In 1896 Edward Stevenson was appointed to go open a

Missions in the early 20th century.

In 1900, the United States was divided into eight missions, with three whole states and parts of two others outside of all missions. The newly acquired Hawaiian Islands made a ninth mission in the United States. However, missionary work was not going on in the Philippines, Puerto Rico or any of the smaller areas the U.S. had acquired in the Spanish–American War.  Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Southern Idaho and Western Wyoming, all areas which by that time had large Mormon populations, were not in any mission. Missionary work, to the extent that it occurred in these areas, was administered through the Home Missionary Program at the stake level.  In 1902, the Middle States Mission was created with Ben E. Rich as president. However, in 1903, Ephraim H. Nye, president of the Southern States

Central States Mission history.

The Missouri Independence Mission is one of the oldest missions. Its history goes back to 1855.  In the 1855 General Conference the church called missionaries to the Indian Territory. They worked primarily with the Cherokee and the Creeks. There were also several converts made among the followers of Lyman Wight some of whom by that time were residing in Oklahoma. At the end of the year a company of 65 left for Utah. Early church apostle Parley P. Pratt was killed in the mission near Alma, Arkansas in 1857.  An

Early 20th century growth of the Northwestern States Mission.

From 1902 to 1909 Nephi Pratt served as the president of the mission. He was succeeded by Melvin J. Ballard. Among Ballard's successors in the 1920s was Brigham S. Young, a son of Brigham Young Jr. and a grandson of Brigham Young and Orson

Mission field versus stakes.

Early on in church history, a general dichotomy grew up where the "mission field" was viewed as a separate area from the stakes of

East Central States Mission history.

The ancestor of the current Kentucky Louisville Mission was the East Central States Mission. It was organized in November 1928. It took in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia from the Southern States Mission and

Post–Second World War expansion.

In 1945 there were the following missions in the United States: In May 1945 the Texas Mission was renamed the Texas Louisiana Mission. In October 1947 the Central Atlantic States Mission was formed from the East Central States Mission. This mission was headquartered at Roanoke, Virginia. In 1970 this mission was renamed the North Carolina-Virginia Mission. In 1974 it became the Virginia Roanoke Mission. It was renamed the Virginia Richmond Mission in February 1992 and currently has its headquarters in Richmond.  In 1949 the Great Lakes Mission was organized, consisting of Michigan, Indiana and Ohio. The West Central States mission was organized in 1950, consisting primarily of Montana and Wyoming. There was then a break until a new mission was organized in the United States. There was no new mission organized in the United States for almost eight years after this. The general plan of having "states" in the various mission names was expanded when in 1955 the Texas-Louisiana Mission was renamed the Gulf States Mission.  In March 1958 the West Spanish-American Mission was organized. In October 1960 the Eastern Atlantic States Mission was organized with George B. Hill as president. This mission included the District of

Latin America.

The first mission in Latin America was an attempt in the 1850s by Parley P. Pratt to preach in Chile. He made no progress and did not make a permanent impact.  It was not until the 1870s, after Meliton Trejo and Daniel Jones had translated the Book of Mormon into Spanish that missionary work began on a permanent footing in Mexico. The first mission president there was Moses Thatcher. Another

Europe.

After the initial opening of the British Mission it would be over ten years before missions would open in continental Europe. Although a missionary was sent to Germany in 1840 and Orson Hyde traveled across Europe in the early 1840s, it would not be until after the Latter-day Saints had gone to the Salt Lake Valley that missions would be established in Europe.  In October General Conference of 1849 three apostles were called to open missionary work in Europe. Erastus Snow was assigned to open missionary work in Scandinavia. The other two assignments were for Lorenzo Snow to go to Italy and John Taylor to go to France. There were other elders assigned to accompany each of these apostles, so a mission organization was in place even before any missionaries had reached their destinations. The

Oceania.

The first missionaries to the Pacific Islands went to French Polynesia in 1844. These missionaries had much success in baptizing converts, but there were only three missionaries so no fully functioning organization was needed. Addison Pratt was designated the mission president, but the missionaries made decisions jointly on where to labor.  In 1850 a mission was organized in Hawaii. Here there was also a designated mission president, and there were enough missionaries

International Mission.

In 1973, the church created the International Mission and gave it responsibility for all areas of the world not otherwise assigned to organized missions. Its

Africa.

The first mission in Africa was the South African Mission, originally organized in 1851. This became the South Africa Cape Town and South Africa Johannesburg missions in 1985. Later, the South Africa Durban Mission was created from portions of these missions as well as other regions in southern Africa.

West Africa.

There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans.  After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work in these areas progressed they were organized as the West African Mission in 1981.  French-speaking areas of Africa were originally organized into a separate Cameroon Yaounde Mission in 1991. The original plan was to have the mission cover a broad range of French speaking areas. However, after a short time it was decided to initially focus on building up the church in Côte d'Ivoire, and so the mission headquarters was moved to Abidjan.

Asia.

The Japanese mission was split in 1968, with the mission headquartered in Tokyo retaining that name while a new mission was organized based in southern Japan that was designated the Japan-Okinawa Mission. The new mission was headed

Reunions.

Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former mission president will host reunions of missionaries who served during his tenure. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in Utah, especially during church general conference weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

A mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a geographical administrative area to which church missionaries are assigned. Almost all areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not any of the church's missionaries live or proselytize in the area. As of July 2018, there were 407 missions of the LDS Church. On January 2, 2019, the LDS Church announced changes that will close 12 missions through boundary realignments and open up 4 new ones, effective July 1, 2019. When these changes take place, there will be 399 missions of the church.

Eine Mission der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage ist eine geographische abgegrenzte administrative Einheit der Kirche, der Missionare zugeteilt werden. Fast jedes Gebiet auf der Erde liegt innerhalb einer Mission der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage, unabhängig davon, ob Missionare in dem Gebiet leben oder missionarischen Tätigkeiten nachgegangen wird. Mit Stand Juli 2018 gab es 407 Missionen der Kirche. Am 2. Januar 2019 gab die Kirche bekannt, dass 12 Missionen durch Grenzverschiebung aufgelöst werden würden und dass zum 1. Juli 2019 vier neue Missionen geschaffen würden. Sobald diese Veränderungen durchgeführt worden seien, werde es 399 Missionen geben.


Geography.

Antigny-la-Ville is located some 60 km south-west of Dijon and 25 km north-west of Beaune. It can be accessed by the minor road D111 which runs off the D33 west of Bligny-sur-Ouche and passes west through the commune and the village continuing to join the D906 in the west. The D14 road also comes from Culètre in the north also passing through the village and continuing south to Lacanche. There are also many local roads giving access to the commune. In addition to the village there is also the hamlet of Chamoy in the north. The commune is mostly farmland but there are large forests in the west (the Bois du Petit Rondeau and the Bois de Retraite).  The "Ruisseau du Breuil" forms part of the northern border of the commune and gathers some tributaries which rise in the commune flowing west through the "Étang de Breuil" to join the Arroux south of Viscolon.

History.

During the revolutionary period of the National Convention (1792-1795), the commune was called "Antigny-la-Montagne".

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2009 the commune had 112 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Culture and heritage.

Religious heritage.

The Pariish Church of the Assumption contains several items that are registered as historical objects:

Antigny-la-Ville is a French commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Antinniens" or "Antinniennes"

Antigny-la-Ville ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand: ) im Département Côte-d’Or in der Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Sie gehört zum Kanton Arnay-le-Duc und zum Arrondissement Beaune.


History.

Public interest design grew out of the community design movement, which got its start in 1968 after American civil rights leader Whitney Young issued a challenge to attendees of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) national convention:  "... "you are not a profession that has distinguished itself by your social and civic contributions to the cause of civil rights, and I am sure this does not come to you as any shock. You are most distinguished by your thunderous silence and your complete irrelevance"."  The response to Young’s challenge was the establishment of community design centers (CDCs) across the United States. CDCs, which were often established with the support of area universities, provided a variety of design services – such as affordable housing - within their own neighborhoods.  In architecture schools, “design/build programs” provided outreach to meet local design needs, particularly in low-income and underserved areas. One of the earliest design/build programs was Yale University’s Vlock Building Project. The project, which was initiated by students at Yale University School of Architecture in 1967, requires graduate students to design and build low-income housing.  One of the most publicized programs is the Auburn University Rural Studio design/build program, which was founded in 1993. The Rural Studio’s first project, Bryant House, was completed in 1994 for $16,500.

Public Interest Design from the 1990s – Present.

Interest in public interest design – particularly socially responsible architecture – began to grow during the 1990s and continued into the first decade of the new millennium. Conferences, books, and exhibitions began to showcase the design work being done beyond the community design centers, which had greatly decreased in numbers since their peak in the seventies.  Non-profit organizations – including Architecture for Humanity, BaSiC Initiative, Design Corps, Public Architecture, Project H, Project Locus, and MASS Design Group – began to provide design services that served a larger segment of the population than had been served by traditional design professions.  Many public interest design organizations also provide training and service-learning programs for architecture students and graduates. In 1999, the Enterprise Rose Architectural Fellowship was established, giving young architects the opportunity to work on three-year-long design and community development projects in low-income communities.  Two of the earliest formal public interest design programs include the Gulf Coast Community Design Studio at Mississippi State University and the Public Interest Design Summer Program at the University of Texas. In February 2015, Portland State University launched the first graduate certificate program in Public Interest Design in the United States.  The first professional-level training was conducted in July 2011 by the Public Interest Design Institute (PIDI) and held at the Harvard Graduate School of Design.  Also in 2011, a survey of American Institute of Architects (AIA), 77% of AIA members agreed that the mission of the professional practice of public interest design could be defined as the belief that every person should be able to live in a socially, economically, and environmentally healthy community.

Conferences and exhibits.

The annual Structures for Inclusion conference showcases public interest design projects from around the world. The first conference, which was held in 2000, was called “Design for the 98% Without Architects." Speaking at the conference, Rural Studio co-founder Samuel Mockbee challenged attendees to serve a greater segment of the population: “I believe most of us would agree that American architecture today exists primarily within a thin band of elite social and economic conditions...in creating architecture, and ultimately community, it should make no difference which economic or social type is served, as long as the status quo of the actual world is transformed by an imagination that creates a proper harmony for both the affluent and the disadvantaged."  In 2007, the Cooper Hewitt National Design Museum held an exhibition, titled “Design for the Other 90%,” curated by Cynthia Smith. Following the success of this exhibit, Smith developed the "Design Other 90" initiative into an ongoing series, the second of which was titled “Design for the Other 90%: CITIES” (2011), held at the United Nations headquarters. In 2010, Andres Lipek of the Museum of Modern Art in New York curated an exhibit, called “Small Scale, Big Change: New Architectures of Social Engagement.”

Professional Networks.

One of the oldest professional networks related to public interest design is the professional organization Association for Community Design (ACD), which was founded in 1977.  In 2005, adopting a term coined by architect Kimberly Dowdell, the Social Economic Environmental Design (SEED) Network was co-founded by a group of community design leaders, during a meeting hosted by the Loeb Fellowship at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. The SEED Network established a common set of five principles and criteria for practitioners of public interest design. An evaluation tool called the SEED Evaluator is available to assist designers and practitioners in developing projects that align with SEED Network goals and criteria.  In 2006, the Open Architecture Network was launched by Architecture for Humanity in conjunction with co-founder Cameron Sinclair's TED Wish. Taking on the name Worldchanging in 2011, the network is an open-source community dedicated to improving living conditions through innovative and sustainable design. Designers of all persuasions can share ideas, designs and plans as well as collaborate and manage projects. while protecting their intellectual property rights using the Creative Commons "some rights reserved" licensing system.  In 2007, DESIGN 21: Social Design Network, an online platform built in partnership with UNESCO, was launched.  In 2011, the Design Other 90 Network was launched by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, in conjunction with its Design with the Other 90%: CITIES exhibition.  In 2012, IDEO.org, with the support of The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, launched HCD Connect, a network for social sector leaders committed to human-centered design. In this context, human-centered design begins with the end-user of a product, place, or system — taking into account their needs, behaviors and desires. The fast-growing professional network of 15,000 builds on "The Human-Centered Design Toolkit," which was designed specifically for people, nonprofits, and social enterprises that work with low-income communities throughout the world. People using the HCD Toolkit or human-centered design in the social sector now have a place to share their experiences, ask questions, and connect with others working in similar areas or on similar challenges.

Further reading.

Books advocating public interest design:

Public interest design is a human-centered and participatory design practice that places emphasis on the “triple bottom line” of sustainable design that includes ecological, economic, and social issues and on designing products, structures, and systems that address issues such as economic development and the preservation of the environment.

Public Interest Design ist ein Paradigma in der Designausbildung, -forschung und -praxis, das die Orientierung am Gemeinwohl sowie die Beteiligung von Designerinnen und Designern an Projekten zur Gestaltung öffentlicher Interessen, zur Gestaltung im Interesse des Gemeinwesens, zur Gestaltung des öffentlichen Raums und zur Gestaltung von sich digital transformierenden Öffentlichkeiten in den Mittelpunkt stellt.


Original 1985 single.

Despite the group's record label (ZTT) pre-emptively promoting the single as "their fourth number one", an achievement that would have set a new UK record for consecutive number one singles by a debuting artist, "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" peaked at number two in the UK singles chart, being kept off the top spot by the Phil Collins/Philip Bailey duet "Easy Lover". The single spent a total of eleven weeks on the UK chart.  It was the first release by the group not to reach number one and, despite representing a creditable success in its own right, it symbolically confirmed the end of the chart invincibility that the group had enjoyed during 1984. Frankie Goes to Hollywood would not release another record for seventeen months, and they would ultimately fail to emulate their past glories upon their return.  The spoken-word introductions to both 12-inch mixes are adapted from Walter Kaufmann's 1967 translation of Friedrich Nietzsche's "The Birth of Tragedy". The recitation on the first 12-inch ("Real Altered") is by Gary Taylor, whilst that on the second 12-inch ("Fruitness") and the cassette is by actor Geoffrey Palmer. It is unknown whether Palmer's concluding "Welcome To The Pleasured"r"ome" was a genuine mistake or a deliberately scripted one.  This is the only single from the group that was not released on a CD single at that time, the other being "Watching The Wildlife". "Relax", "Two Tribes", "The Power of Love" and "Rage Hard+" all saw a CD-maxi release in Germany at the end of the '80s. "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" was not given such a release. However, the 7" vinyl single was released in two different mixes, and it was purely random as to which one you ended up with, as both mixes were in identical sleeve designs and carried the same catalogue number. Not only that, but the subtitle used to identify different mixes was identical on both record labels, with only the matrix number on the run out groove giving the game away. The first 7" (matrix 7 A 1 U) carried the normal 7" single mix, which was guitar driven. However, the "secret" alternative mix (matrix 7 A 7 U or 7 A 8 U) was quite different, and featured on the Apple shaped Picture Disc. The subtitle for that disc was 'alternative reel' but on the 7" single the subtitle remained unchanged as 'altered real'. In fact, although appearing to be identical sleeves, the two mixes were actually released in slightly different ones. The standard 7" mix came in a thick paper sleeve, whereas the "secret" one came in a thin paper sleeve.

B-sides.

All releases featured an edited version of "Get It On", originally recorded for a BBC Radio 1 session in 1983 (a full-length version was included on the cassette release), plus a faded or full length version of "Happy Hi!", a non-album track.  Both "Relax (International)" and "Born To Run" are live recordings (with some minor overdubs), based on an actual live appearance on "The Tube's" "Europe A-Go-Go" in Newcastle during early January 1985.

Video.

The video, by Bernard Rose, features the group stealing a car, going to a carnival and encountering all manner of deceptively "pleasureable" activities. The audio soundtrack of the video was included as part of the cassette single.

Promotional releases.

In 1984, a few months prior to the album's release, an early instrumental version of the album track was issued as a promotional 12-inch single, entitled "Welcome to the Pleasuredome (Pleasure Fix)", along with a similar early instrumental of "The Only Star in Heaven" (subtitled "Star Fix"). These tracks were subsequently given wider release as part of the B-side to the second 12-inch of "The Power of Love" single.  "Welcome to the Pleasuredome" was also used on several promotional records in the USA during 1985, featuring the following tracks in various combinations:

Reissues.

The track has periodically been reissued as a single, including during 1993 and 2000. Although these releases have some admirers, and have usefully made available various original mixes on CD for the first time, the accompanying A-side remixes by contemporary DJs have tended on the whole to bear little or no comparison to the spirit of the originals.  Reissues in the group's name have also tended to shun any overt reference to the identity of the original artists, and the reissue artwork has notably featured no images of the group. It has been suggested that this situation may relate to Johnson's successful but acrimonious court case against ZTT in 1989, which freed him (and effectively the other group members) from their unfair contract with the label.  1993 reissues

CD: ZTT / FGTH2CD United Kingdom.

Track 4 is mislabeled. It's the "Real Altered" version from 12 ZTAS 7.

12": ZTT / FGTH2T United Kingdom.

2000 reissues

12": ZTT / ZTT 166 TPX United Kingdom.

2014 reissues

Other versions.

The instrumental "Into Battle Mix" appears on the soundtrack to the film "Toys", specifically utilized whenever the Tommy Tanks appeared.

"Welcome to the Pleasuredome" is the title track to the 1984 debut album by Frankie Goes to Hollywood. The lyrics of the song were inspired by the poem "Kubla Khan" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Welcome to the Pleasuredome ist der Titelsong des 1984 erschienenen gleichnamigen Debütalbums von Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Er wurde im März 1985 erheblich verkürzt als vierte UK-Single der Gruppe veröffentlicht.


The characters.

Groo (the epithet "the Wanderer" is informal and rarely mentioned within the stories) first appeared as a parody of the brutal sword and sorcery heroes who were popular at the time of his creation in the 1970s, especially Conan the Barbarian as presented in Marvel Comics. Groo is a large-nosed buffoon of unsurpassed stupidity who constantly misunderstands his surroundings. Possessed of superlative skills in swordsmanship (the only task at which he is remotely competent) he delights in combat but otherwise is a peaceable and honest fellow who tries to make his way through life as a mercenary or by working odd jobs. He is incredibly accident-prone, and despite generally good intentions causes mass destruction wherever he goes. Most of his adventures end with him either oblivious to the mayhem he has wrought or fleeing an angry mob. His penchant for destruction has become so widely known that just the news of Groo approaching is sometimes enough to cause chaos among the population. Groo occasionally meets with respect and good fortune, but it does not last. Businesses, towns, civilizations and cultures have all been unwittingly destroyed by Groo. Such is Groo's incompetence that so much as his stepping onto a ship can cause it to sink.  Groo has slain entire armies with nothing more than his swords, which appear to be a pair of katanas. Groo loves these frays, as he calls them, and often charges into the melee with a cry of "Now Groo does what Groo does best!" He is indiscriminate in the use of his battle skills, usually leaping into the bloodshed before attempting to ascertain the reasons for the fight, or even who is on what side. Even when Groo does join battle intending to fight for a particular side, he is prone to forget which side he is on or be tricked into fighting his unfortunate allies, often causing him to utter "Did I err?" in confusion once everybody is dead.  The following is a sample of the thousands of characters Groo has encountered:

The setting.

Groo's adventures take place in an environment that generally resembles Medieval Europe, although his travels have also taken him to places that resemble Africa, Indonesia, Japan, the Middle East, and elsewhere. In addition to regular flora and fauna, dragons and other legendary creatures occasionally appear, and several cultures use dinosaur-like creatures as beasts of burden. Over the years, Groo has also encountered several "non-human" cultures such as the Kalelis and the Drazil. The currency in Groo's world is usually the Kopin.  Although many technologies and peoples in "Groo" appear ancient, more modern innovations such as the printing press can be found as well.

The creators.

"Groo" is initially plotted and drawn by Sergio Aragonés, and Mark Evanier then writes the dialog. Sakai then does the lettering, after which Aragonés does the final artwork, including the word balloons. Finally, Luth does the coloring.  Evanier also answers the letters page, something he takes special pride in, since the practice in mainstream comics is to pass this task off to low-level assistants, something he did not know when his own teenage fans' letters were published. He claims that no one knows what he does, and that he does not get paid. His official credit, during the Marvel/Epic run, was usually a ludicrously polysyllabic title that changed every issue.  Caricatures of Aragonés, Evanier, Sakai, and Luth often appear as background characters within the stories, sometimes with family members. Evanier and Sakai are also the role models for the characters Weaver and Scribe.  Rufferto was based on Aragonés' own dog named Rufferto, who is actually more mottled than spotted.

Rufferto one page stories.

Starting with issue 87 of Marvel's ongoing Groo series issues of Groo ended with a wordless one page gag involving Groo's dog Rufferto. When the Groo comic went to Image and Dark Horse comics these one page Rufferto stories continued.  In one instance (Groo issue 9 from Image Comics) Rufferto's brother Arfetto replaced Rufferto as the star of the backup story.  In all 93 of these Rufferto one page stories were printed.

Publication history.

Aragonés created the character of Groo in the late 1970s. However, at that time no comic book company would allow creators to retain the rights to their characters, and Aragonés did not wish to surrender those rights. In 1981, a comic book, "Destroyer Duck" #1, was published by Eclipse Comics as a benefit to raise money for a legal battle over creator rights; a four-page story contributed by Aragonés featured Groo's first published appearance. A few months later, Groo appeared in a two-page preview ad and the back cover art in "Starslayer" #4, published by Pacific Comics. The second Groo story appearance was in a five-page backup story in "Starslayer" #5.  In 1982, Pacific Comics began publishing "Groo the Wanderer" as a regular series. Pacific faced various financial difficulties and was only able to publish eight issues of the title. With Pacific unable to publish new material, a one-shot issue of material that was originally written for them (titled the "Groo Special") was instead published by Eclipse. When Groo was published by Pacific, he was not portrayed as a bumbling idiot. In fact, one issue had him use his brains to create sophisticated traps and his speech was similar to Conan the Barbarian's.  Aragonés and Evanier eventually negotiated a deal with Epic Comics, an imprint of Marvel Comics, for that company to take care of publication while preserving creator rights. This resulted in the longest run of "Groo the Wanderer" with 120 issues. In 1994, with Marvel facing financial difficulties, the title switched to Image Comics and was retitled "Groo". (In the first issue Groo remarks "The "marvels" of the world are but "images" before me.")  When Image in turn faced legal problems after publishing twelve issues, the title switched to Dark Horse Comics in 1998. Dark Horse is not publishing the title as a regular series, but is periodically releasing new material and reprints as miniseries and collections.  At the 2007 WonderCon, the creators revealed that since 2005 they had been trying to produce a "Groo"/"Conan" crossover (both titles are published by Dark Horse). The project encountered a number of postponements; although two issues had been completed by the spring of 2011, the series was further delayed because of a backache suffered by Aragonés. The book finally saw print in July 2014, with Aragonés and writer Mark Evanier working with artist Thomas Yeates, who drew the Conan portions of the book.

Similar characters.

The character of the Groosalugg in the TV series "Angel" is generally called "Groo" by other characters, and is a somewhat naïve wandering barbarian hero who is a highly skilled swordsman.  In Norway, the magazine "Pyton" once parodied the comic by placing the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland in the role of Groo, as a pun on her name.  Also in Norway, when the local version of "Mad" magazine ran a parody of "Ronia, the Robber's Daughter", the "gray dwarves" pestering Ronia had become "Groo dwarves".

Awards and nominations.

Sergio Aragonés received the National Cartoonist Society Reuben Award for 1996 for his work on "Groo" and "Mad" magazine. In 2009, "Groo: Hell on Earth" was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best Limited Series.  The comic protagonist of the same name has also received positive reviews. "Wizard" ranked him as the 135th-greatest comic book character of all time, while IGN ranked Groo as the 100th-greatest comic book hero of all time stating that "while he may not be the brightest bulb on the battlefield, Groo is an earnest and kind-hearted adventurer whose travels are never short on laughs and adventure."

Groo the Wanderer is a fantasy/comedy comic book series written and drawn by Sergio Aragonés, rewritten, co-plotted and edited by Mark Evanier, lettered by Stan Sakai and colored by Tom Luth. Over the years it has been published by Pacific Comics, Eclipse Comics (one special issue), Marvel Comics (under its Epic imprint), Image Comics and Dark Horse Comics.

Groo (engl. "Groo the Wanderer") ist ein Fantasy-Funny-Comicserie, erdacht und gezeichnet von Sergio Aragonés, getextet von Mark Evanier und coloriert von Tom Luth.


Biography.

He was a nephew of Hannibal Barca, Carthage's leading general. Hanno's mother was one of Hannibal's three elder sisters.

Travel through the Alps.

When Hannibal's army reached the Western bank of the Rhône River, they began preparations to cross. A group of Gauls gathered on the Eastern bank, intent on preventing the army from crossing. Hanno led a small group north, which crossed in small rafts they built. Once across, they headed south toward the Gauls. Hanno sent a smoke signal to inform Hannibal that his force was ready. Hannibal began to send his cavalry across in canoes. As the cavalry attained a foothold on the Eastern bank, the Gauls approached, ready to fight. At this point, Hanno's force attacked the Gauls' rear, causing enough confusion to force the Gauls to retreat.

Campaign in Italy.

At the Battle of Cannae, Hanno led the Numidian cavalry on the right (northern) side of the Carthaginian army. Hasdrubal led the Spanish and Celtic cavalry on the left (south near the Aufidus river) of the Carthaginian army. Hasdrubal was given about 6,500 cavalry, and Hanno had 3,500 Numidians. Hasdrubal's force was able to quickly destroy the Roman cavalry (on the south), pass the Romans' infantry rear, and reach the Roman allied cavalry while they were engaged with Hanno's Numidians. Once the Romans' allied cavalry was destroyed, Hanno and Hasdrubal were able to lead their cavalry into the Roman infantry's rear.  With the defection of several cities to Carthage in Lucania, Bruttium, Apulia and Samnium after Cannae, Hannibal sent Mago Barca into Lucania with a detachment of troops in 216 BC to recruit troops and subjugate towns. Mago completed his mission, and when he sailed to Carthage to report to the Carthaginian senate and ask for reinforcements, Hanno was left in command of his army. Hanno continued to subdue pro-Roman towns in Bruttium. While marching back to Campania Tiberius Sempronius Longus defeated Hanno near Grumentum, causing 2,000 casualties, and forcing Hanno to retreat back to Bruttium in early 215 BC. Hanno received the reinforcements landed by Bomilcar, the leading Carthaginian admiral, consisting of 4,000 cavalry and 40 elephants, near Locri and joined Hannibal near Nola later that year. He was present at the Third Battle of Nola in the summer of 215 BC. After the battle, Hannibal sent Hanno back to Bruttium with an army.  Hanno led a mostly Bruttian army that captured Crotona in 215 BC, and with the defection of Locri, all of Bruttium except Rhegium was allied with Carthage. He had marched to join Hannibal in Campania in early 214 BC, but, near the River Calor, at Beneventum, his army was intercepted by the praetor Tiberius Gracchus and his legions of mostly freed slaves. In the ensuing combat, Hanno’s army of 17,000 foot (mostly Bruttians and Lucanians) and 1,200 horse was utterly routed, forcing Hanno to escape with only 2,000 soldiers, chiefly cavalry back to Bruttium. His situation improved when he destroyed a force of pro-Roman Lucanians in early 213 BC in Bruttium.

Defending Capua.

In 212 BC, Hannibal ordered Hanno to arrange provisions for Capua, which was being threatened by the Romans. The Romans had fielded six legions, along with allied units and cavalry units, to besiege Capua (led by prefects Hanno and Bostar), which they were circumventing with double palisades. Hanno, starting from Bruttium, slipped past the army of Gracchus in Lucania, then evaded the respective armies of the two consuls in Samnium, and finally reached Beneventum. He set up camp on a hill and collected provisions from his Samnite allies, then requested some wagons from the Capuans so as to carry the provisions to Capua from his camp.  The tardiness of the Capuans, who were slow to send sufficient wagons, gave time for Quintus Fulvius Flaccus to get wind of the enterprise from loyal Italians, and he attacked the Carthaginian camp when most of Hanno’s men were out foraging. Although the Carthaginians succeeded in repulsing the first assault, the Romans were galvanized by the actions of an Italian allied cohort and eventually captured all the supplies and wagons along with the camp. Hanno, unable to do anything further for Capua, then retired to Bruttium, again evading the Roman armies that could have intercepted him in on the way.

Return to Africa.

He reappears in sources as the next commander of the land armies of Carthage after the defeat of Hasdrubal Gisgo. He was replaced by Hannibal himself.

Hanno (, ), distinguished as the son of the suffet Bomilcar, was a Carthaginian officer in the Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC)

Hanno († nach 203 v. Chr.) war ein im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. lebender karthagischer General. Als Feldherr Hannibals nahm er am Zweiten Punischen Krieg teil, den Karthago gegen Rom führte.


Premise.

A journalist stops her coverage of the 1984 U.S. Presidential election to care for her dying father. In the process, she inherits his position as an arms dealer for Central America, and learns of the Iran–Contra affair.

Production.

In September 2017, it was announced Dee Rees would direct, based upon the novel of the same name by Joan Didion, from a screenplay by Marco Villalobos. Cassian Elwes will produce the film, under his Elevated Films banner. In February 2018, Anne Hathaway joined the cast of the film. In June 2018, Willem Dafoe joined the cast of the film. In July 2018, Ben Affleck, Toby Jones, Rosie Perez, Edi Gathegi, Mel Rodriguez and Carlos Leal joined the cast of the film.  Principal photography began on June 14, 2018, in Puerto Rico.

Release.

In May 2018, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film. It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 27, 2020.

Reception.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 5% based on 55 reviews, with a weighted average of 2.86/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "It'll be the last thing most viewers want, too." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average rating of 35 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".  Nick Allen, a critic for RogerEbert.com, called the film "incomprehensible to an almost impressive degree [...] A true Netflix Original Film paradox – not even a pause and rewind button at the ready will help it make much sense." Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called the movie "a two-hour film packed with too much and somehow not enough, "The Last Thing He Wanted" is a thing that no one wanted."

The Last Thing He Wanted is a 2020 British-American political thriller film directed by Dee Rees based on the book of the same name by Joan Didion, from a screenplay by Rees and Marco Villalobos. It stars Anne Hathaway, Ben Affleck, Rosie Perez, Edi Gathegi, Mel Rodriguez, Toby Jones, and Willem Dafoe.

Das Letzte, was er wollte (Originaltitel "The Last Thing He Wanted") ist ein Politthriller von Dee Rees, der im Januar 2020 beim Sundance Film Festival seine Premiere feierte und am 21. Februar 2020 in das Programm von Netflix aufgenommen wurde. Der Film basiert auf einem gleichnamigen Roman von Joan Didion.


Origin of name and history.

Basti came from the original name vasisthi, vasisth the great sage ashram situated in this area. Sher Shah Suri made a well and a "sarai" here and hence receiving the name.  In 1801, the town Basti became a "tehsil" headquarter, and in 1865, it was chosen as the headquarters of the newly established Basti district of Gorakhpur Commissionary.  Amorha Khas is a historical place situated at a distance of 41 km from the district headquarters. Its old name is Amorha, and it was once a province (state) of Raja Zalim Singh. Raja Zalim Singh's Mahal is here, old wall of mahal is still there with the mark of a bullet used by the English. The famous temple Ramrekha Mandir is here. Ramrekha Temple is one of the most ancient Hindu Mandir of Lord Ram and Goddess Sita. Lord Shri Ram stayed here for one day during his journey of Janakpur-Ayodhya. Lord Shri Rama and Sita with Lakshmana journeyed towards Ayodhya by the road called Ram Janki Marg (State Highway 72) near Chhawani.

Geography.

The district lies between the parallels of 26° 23' and 27° 30' North Latitude and 82° 17' and 83° 20' East longitude. Its maximum length from north to south is about 75 km. and breadth from east to west about 70 km. The district lies between newly created district Sant Kabir Nagar on the east and Gonda on the west on the south, the Ghaghra river near Amorha Khas previously known as Amorha Province or State of Raja Zalim Singh separates it from the Faizabad and newly created district Ambedkar Nagar. On the north it is bounded by district Sidharth Nagar.

Demographics.

According to the 2011 census, Basti district had a population of 2,464,464, of which only 5.6% lived in urban areas. This ranked it the 178th most populous district in India. The district had a population density of. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 18.21%. Basti had a sex ratio of 963 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 67.22%. The child sex ratio of Basti was 922 females for every 1000 males.

Languages.

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 97.77% of the population in the district spoke Hindi and 2.14% Urdu as their first language.  Languages spoken in the district include Awadhi in western areas and Bhojpuri in the eastern side. The district Basti may be considered as the demarcation of the languages Awadhi and Hindi. In city, due to increase in educated population, "khari boli" of Hindi is also observed in daily conversations.

Indian diaspora.

During the late 1800s some 6,415 people from the district of Basti migrated through the indenture system to the Fiji Islands and Suriname. A lot stayed and carried their traditions in the then British Colony.

Education.

The district have medical college named Maharishi Vashishtha Medical College and one Rajkiya Engineering College in Government Polytechnic, Basti. The district follows a usual 10+2+3 pattern of education as elsewhere in India. Some notable schools and institutions of the district are :

Administration.

Basti town is the district headquarters of the district. Basti district, a part of Basti division, is formed of four tehsils: Basti Sadar, Harriya, Bhanpur and Rudhauli and 15 development blocks, 139 Nyay Panchayats, two Parganas named Amorha and Nagar as well as 10 Gram Sabhas. The development blocks included are:

Economy.

The district is noted for its cotton textiles and sugar industries. Cottage industries and small-scale industries including the manufacturing units of brassware, iron and carpentry goods, agricultural implements, bricks, agro-products, foot-wear, soaps, candles, and pottery are present here. Basti is also known for its bamboo, eucalyptus ("Eucalyptus teritrornis"), mango and shisham ("Dalbergia sissoo") populations. Four sugar factories are housed in the district. Sugarcane, maize, paddy, pulses, wheat, barley, and potato are commonly cultivated. Most of the population depends for their livelihood on agricultural practices. The district is well-connected through NH 28 which reflects on its good economy. The city is well-connected through railways also. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Basti one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). City is also known for nationwide youth organisation National Association of Youth founded by Bhavesh Kumar Pandey and run from Basti.

Transportation.

Basti railway station lies on the main line connecting Lucknow with Gorakhpur and places in Bihar and Assam in the east passes through the south of the district. The main line has 7 railway stations which are, from east to west, Munderwa, Orwara, Basti, Govindnagar, Tinich, Gaur, and Babhnan within the district. There is a daily Intercity express between Gorakhpur, Basti, Gonda, and Lucknow. National Highway 28, a part of the East West Corridor project of Government of India and NHAI, also passes through Basti.

Flora and fauna.

The forest cover of the district has dwindled with increasing use of land for agriculture. There are areas with high prevalence of mango ("Mangifera indica"), mahua ("Madhuca longifolia"), sal ("Shorea robusta"), and bamboo ("Bambusa arundinacea") trees. Some of the wild animals of the district are the nilgai ("Boselaphus tragocamelus"), antelok ("Anelok cervicapra"), pig ("Sus scrofa"), wolf ("Canis lupus"), jackal ("Conis aureus"), fox ("Vulpes bengalensis"), hare ("Lepus ruficandatus"), monkey ("Macaca mulatta"), wild cat ("Felis bengalensis") and the porcupine ("Hystric leucura"). Several species of game birds are also seen, including the peafowl ("Pavo cristatus"), the black partridge ("Frencolinus francolinus") and the gray partridge ("Francalinus pondicervanus"). A number of migratory water fowls visit the water bodies of the district in winter, such as the goose ("Anser anser"), common teal ("Anas crecca"), red-crested pochard ("Netta rufina"), white-eyed pochard ("Aythya rufa") and the wigeon ("Mareca penelope"). The cobra ("Naja naja"), krait ("Bungarus caeruleus"), and rat-snake ("Ptyas mucosus") are commonly found. The Indian crocodile or naka ("Crocodylus palustris"), and the ghariyal ("Gavialis gangeticus") are also found in the river Ghaghra. The common fish species are rohu ("Lebeo rohita"), bhakur ("Catla catla"), nain ("Cirrhina mrigala"), parhin ("Wallagonia attu"), krunch ("Labeo calbasu"), and tengan ("Mystus seenghala").

Notable people.

Notable people from the district include:

Basti district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state, India, and a part of Basti Division. Basti city is the district headquarters. In the freedom struggle of 1857, about 250 martyrs of Amorha State were hanged by the British Government from peepal trees located at Chhawani.

Basti ist ein Distrikt im nordindischen Bundesstaat Uttar Pradesh. Die Fläche beträgt 2.6888 km2. Verwaltungssitz ist die Stadt Basti. Die Fläche beträgt 2.6888 km2. Verwaltungssitz ist die Stadt Basti.


Life.

James Gaven Field was born in Walnut, Culpeper County, Virginia to Judge Lewis Yancy Field and Maria Duncan. After attending a classical school, he engaged in mercantile pursuits at Fairfax, Virginia, and subsequently taught school. On June 20, 1854 he married Frances E. Cowherd until her death in April 1877 and on February 2, 1882 married Elizabeth R. Logwood.  In 1848 he accompanied Major Hill, paymaster in the U.S. Army, to California as clerk, and became engaged in the pay department of the U.S. Army. He was chosen a secretary of the convention that framed the first constitution of the state of California in 1850. In October 1850 he returned to Virginia, where he studied law with his uncle, Judge Richard H. Field, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1859 he was appointed as commonwealth attorney for Culpeper county.  On April 17, 1861 he resigned as commonwealth attorney and volunteered with Culpeper county's minute men and participated at the Battle of Harpers Ferry. He was promoted to the rank of major on March 23, 1861 and served on the staff of General A. P. Hill. At the Battle of Cold Harbor he was wounded and later lost a leg at the Battle of Cedar Creek on August 9, 1862. He was temporarily out of the army until May 1863 and continued his service until April 9, 1865.  Following the Civil War he joined the Conservative Party. He became Attorney General of Virginia in 1877 and in 1879 he argued before the Supreme Court in Ex Parte Virginia that Congress did not have the authority to require blacks on trial juries, but was defeated in the court case and after serving five years in this capacity retired to a farm in Albemarle County, Virginia.  During the 1892 presidential election he was nominated as the People's Party vice presidential candidate on the first ballot on July 5 alongside James B. Weaver as the presidential nominee. Field campaigned in the southern and border states and in support of the party's radical reform platform. At a mid-July speech in Gordonsville, in Orange County, he compared the revolutionary impulse of Populism with the American Revolution of 1776 and advised his audience to "Read your Bibles Sunday and the Omaha platform every day in the week." The ticket won five states and received over one million votes. In 1893 he advocated for the impeachment of President Grover Cleveland and later supported William Jennings Bryan in 1896 and 1900.  On October 12, 1901 he died in Gordonsville, Virginia.

James Gaven Field (February 24, 1826 – October 12, 1901) was an American politician and Confederate major who served as Attorney General of Virginia and as the vice presidential nominee of the Populist party during the 1892 presidential election.

James Gaven Field (* 24. Februar 1826 im Culpeper County, Virginia; † 12. Oktober 1901 in Gordonsville, Virginia) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker. Er war als Mitglied der Conservative Party Attorney General von Virginia und später Kandidat der People’s Party für das Amt des Vizepräsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.