Career.

Born in the Sydney suburb of Lakemba, Cook attended Fort Street High School. After leaving school he worked around Australia in a variety of jobs including laboratory technician, journalist and television documentary-maker, and boatshed operator.  In 1966, with businessman Gordon Barton, Cook founded a new political party, the Liberal Reform Group. Cook was vehemently opposed to the Vietnam War, and stood (unsuccessfully) as an LRG candidate for the seat of Parramatta in the 1966 federal election.  A keen amateur lepidopterist, Cook established the first butterfly farm in Australia on the banks of Sydney's Hawkesbury River in the 1970s.  Several of Cook's novels were adapted for the screen. "Wake in Fright" was filmed in 1971 by Ted Kotcheff, starring Donald Pleasence and Gary Bond (released under the title "Outback" in Europe and the US). "Stockade" was filmed by Ross McGregor and Hans Pomeranz, also in 1971. In 1976 "The Bushranger" was made into a telemovie, starring Leonard Teale, John Hamblin and Kate Fitzpatrick.  Cook also wrote one episode of the Australian TV children's adventure series "The Rovers" (1970).  In 2007 Cook's novel "The Man Underground" was adapted as a radio drama by ABC Radio National.  A 72-minute audio interview with Cook by Hazel de Berg was recorded in 1972, in which he discusses his family, his work for the ABC, the background to "Wake in Fright", his ventures into film production and his novels. The interview is preserved in the collection of the National Library of Australia.  He also wrote novels under the pseudonyms Alan Hale and John Duffy. Cook's literary estate is managed by Curtis Brown Australia.

Personal life.

Cook was married to Patricia Hickie, with whom he had four children, Megan (an accomplished journalistic-style writer in her own right, as Megan Gressor), Kerry, Paul and Anthony. He and Patricia were subsequently divorced. Cook died of a heart attack in 1987, aged 57, while on a camping trip with his second wife, Jacqueline Kent. Patricia Cook died suddenly in 2006; daughter Megan Gressor died unexpectedly from post-operative complications in 2007, aged 52; his youngest son Anthony, a prominent lawyer who was well known for his work with Indigenous Australians, took his own life in April 2009.

Kenneth Bernard Cook (5 May 1929 – 18 April 1987) was an Australian journalist, television documentary maker, and novelist best known for his works "Wake in Fright", which is still in print five decades after its first publication, and the humorous "Killer Koala" trilogy.

Kenneth Cook (* 5. Mai 1929 in Lakemba, Sydney; † 18. April 1987 in Narromine) war ein australischer Journalist, Drehbuchautor und Regisseur. Er veröffentlichte mehr als 20 Bücher. Sein zweiter Roman "Wake in Fright" (dt. "In Furcht erwachen") wurde zum internationalen Erfolg und im Jahr 1971 von Regisseur Ted Kotcheff als Kinoproduktion unter dem Titel "Ferien in der Hölle" verfilmt.


Early life.

Serge had a very early musical initiation, through culture and interest for music from his mother. From a young age, he attended the Sacred Heart of Jesus Elementary School located in Quebec City, where he spent three consecutive years (1936-1939). Upset by the events of the economic crisis from 1929 to 1939, the Garant family moved successively from Quebec to L'Ancienne-Lorette in 1940, and L'Ancienne -Lorette to Verdun in 1941, and eventually settled in Sherbrooke in 1941. Continuing his academic learning over these moves, Serge Garant finished his ninth year at St. John the Baptist school Sherbrooke in 1945. During his studies, Garant developed a particular interest in the clarinet, one of several instruments that he came to master over his life. In 1946, Garant, who displayed a flair for wind instruments, learned saxophone by himself.  Exploring many aspects of the music industry, Garant decided to turn to the piano, a sinuous path where he was first under the supervision of one of the founders of the Symphony Orchestra of Sherbrooke, Sylvio Lacharité. Lacharité initiated Garant to the sumptuousness of literature and its inherent link with music, a legacy that greatly influenced his writings and compositions throughout his career. Enjoying a stay in the school orchestra Pierre Monteux through his contact with Lacharité, Garant took interests in writing music. In 1946, he wrote Conte (version for strings, flute and clarinet), a work which he presented at the Youth Festival in 1949. Thereafter, Garant, while continuing to practice and write music for the saxophone and clarinet, continued his piano studies in Montreal with Yvonne Hubert. In 1951, having learned the basics of music theory and widely explored the practical field experience as an interpreter and maestro, Garant sets sail for the French capital. In Paris, Serge Garant followed lessons of Andree Vaurabourg-Honegger and Messiaen.

Professor.

The first experience of teaching for Serge Garant probably went back to the summer of 1951, when he was invited to participate in the camp musical Knowlton. But it was not until 1967 that Garant was invited by the Dean of the Faculty of Music of the University of Montreal to teach the twentieth century composition analysis class. The inauguration of the famous composer of Anerca (1961) at the Faculty of Music is a matter of clabauderie for many, probably because he doesn't have a graduate degree, that he never taught at university before and that he valued a more structuralist approach to music, serial music and atonal music, in an environment where they are not particularly valued. Despite this seemingly unfavorable context, Garant was granted tenure in 1971.  As part of his academic musical education, Garant found particularly difficult the task to evaluate the work of his students. He wanted to be as objective as possible and not judge their compositions according to his own values, but rather in terms of what students wanted to do and what they did. These comments are supported by a student who attended his classes : "You could come up with any crazy idea, [...] Read in any style, as long as we knew what we wanted. "  In 1986, Garant ended his teaching duties, weakened by illness and exhausted to teach. However, Garant communicated by telephone from the hospital to assign grades to his students through another professor of music from the University of Montreal.

Radio host.

Serge Garant participated in several radio programs as an expert, but his career as a host itself to CBC began in 1955 with "Do-Mi-Sol", and continues through "Sur nos ondes" (1957-1958) and "Musique de notre siècle" (1969-1985). The latter radio program was for him an extraordinary means of diffusion allowing him to hear and comment on works, among others, belonging to the serial and electroacoustic music. In addition to his writing in specialized periodicals and in some newspapers, speaking at a radio program was for Garant an extension of his work in pedagogy. It was a way to put forward modern music too, a style that he defended tooth and nail until the very end of his life.  According to Garant, musical work of the early twentieth century was to be classified as "classic", in contrast to the more recent works of his contemporaries he defended tirelessly. He refused to settle in the ease and comfort of a predictable intellectual and lived music.  Garant considered the actual transformation of contemporary musical language, focusing on instrumentation, orchestration and all electro technological methods now available to modern composers. Contextualizing his thoughts through comparisons with easily identifiable landmark works, as far back as Bach, he gave his listeners musicologically meaningful benchmarks.  Among the many styles of modern music, Serge Garant clearly identified himself as a "serial music" composer. He tried to explain to his audience the nature of this new musical language that swept all the old conventions of sound reference acquired in previous centuries.  He admitted the difficulty of approaching this new music, but passionately explored the renewed world of music with new musical origins. As an objective teacher, he described and analyzed some critical composers he considered dissidents, staying on position very encamped against them. In this sense, he admitted to being baffled by composing techniques and composers who created works with atypical structures that may seem sealed and inaccessible to those who refuse to supply a substantial intellectual contribution to the understand this modern music.

Albert Antonio Serge Garant, (September 22, 1929 – November 1, 1986) was a Canadian composer, conductor, music critic, professor of music at the University of Montreal and radio host of "Musique de notre siècle" on Radio-Canada. In 1966 he cofounded with Jean Papineau-Couture, Maryvonne Kendergi, Wilfrid Pelletier and Hugh Davidson the Société de musique contemporaine du Québec. In 1979, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. The Prix Serge-Garant was created in his honor by the Fondation Émile Nelligan. Among his notable pupils were Ginette Bellavance, Walter Boudreau, Marcelle Deschênes, Denis Gougeon,, Anne Lauber, Michel Longtin, Myke Roy, and François Tousignant.

Albert Antonio Serge Garant (* 22. September 1929 in Québec; † 1. November 1986 in Sherbrooke, Québec) war ein kanadischer Komponist und Dirigent.


Club career.

Born in Marktredwitz, West Germany, Ersen started playing for 1. FC Nürnberg, his Bundesliga input consisting in 20 minutes in a 0–1 away loss against SC Freiburg in 1998–99. After that sole season he switched to Turkey, going on to represent Beşiktaş JK, Siirtspor, Göztepe AS, Denizlispor and Ankaraspor.  In the 2006–07 campaign, Ersen represented Trabzonspor, finishing the season as the league's eighth best-scorer and helping his team finish fourth, good enough for qualification to the UEFA Cup. Subsequently, he had everything arranged with La Liga club Recreativo de Huelva in August 2007, but the deal eventually collapsed and he stayed at Trabzonspor; in October, FIFA stepped in and declared Ersen a player of the Spanish side– he had dual citizenship, but that status changed with 2007 changes in German laws and so, he eventually played his first season for the Andalusians as a foreign player.  On 3 February 2008, Ersen finally made his Recreativo debut, on a sour note as Sevilla FC won 2–1 away and he was sent off for a reckless challenge after just eight minutes as a substitute. On 27 April he got his first start and scored his first goal for "Recre", also assisting Javier Camuñas in a 2–0 home win that sent Levante UD to the second division.  On 1 July 2009, Ersen signed a two-year deal with Sivasspor, ending speculation he would be joining Scotland's Heart of Midlothian. On 4 August he netted his first competitive goal for the club, in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League: on the 12th minute of the second leg against R.S.C. Anderlecht he scored the team's first ever in the competition, in a 3–1 home victory (3–6 on aggregate).  After a poor first half of 2009–10, Ersen switched to Manisaspor. Overall, he finished the year with no goals and his teams ranked just above the relegation zone (15th and 14th).

International career.

Ersen received his first cap for the Turkish national team on 18 August 2004, in a 1–2 friendly home loss to Belarus. He appeared in a further two internationals two years later, also in exhibition games.

Personal life.

Martin's younger brother, Erkan, was also a footballer.

Ersen Martin (born 23 May 1979) is a Turkish former footballer who played as a centre forward. He amassed Süper Lig totals of 256 games and 73 goals over the course of 12 seasons, in representation of ten clubs.

Ersen Martin (* 23. Mai 1979 in Marktredwitz) ist ein ehemaliger deutsch-türkischer Fußballspieler. Durch seine dreijährige Tätigkeit für Denizlispor wird er häufig mit diesem Verein assoziiert. Mit über 100 Einsätzen und wichtigen Toren für Denizlispor gehört er zu der Liste mit den meisten Einsätzen der Vereinsgeschichte. Auf Fan- und Vereinsseiten wird er als einer der bedeutendsten Spieler der Vereinsgeschichte aufgefasst.


Society.

The Przeworsk culture people lived in small, unprotected villages, populated each by a few dozen residents at most, made up of several houses, usually set partially below the ground level (semi-sunken), each covering an area of 8–22 square meters. They knew how to dig and build wells, so the settlements didn't have to be located near bodies of water. Thirteen 2nd century wells with variously constructed timber lined walls were found at a settlement in Stanisławice, Bochnia County. Fields were being used for crop cultivation for a while and then as pastures, when animal excrement helped the soil regain fertility. Once iron share plows were introduced the fields were alternated between tillage and grazing.  Several or more settlements made up a micro-region, within which the residents cooperated economically and buried their dead in a common cemetery, but which was separated from other micro-regions by undeveloped areas. A number of such micro-regions possibly made up a tribe, with these separated by empty space, zones "of mutual fear", as Tacitus put it. The tribes in turn, especially if they were culturally closely related, would at times form larger structures, such as temporary alliances for waging wars, or even early statehood forms.  A Przeworsk culture turn of the millennium industrial complex for the extraction of salt from salt springs was discovered in Chabsk near Mogilno.  Examinations of the burial grounds, of which even the largest used continuously over periods of up to several centuries, contains no more than several hundreds graves, shows that the overall population density was low. The dead were cremated and the ashes sometimes placed in urns, which had the mid-part in the form of an engraved bulge. In the 1st century AD this was replaced with a sharp-profiled (with a horizontal ridge around the circumference) shape.  In Siemiechów a grave of a warrior who must have taken part in the Ariovistus expedition during the 70–50 BC period was found; it contains Celtic weapons and an Alpine region manufactured helmet used as an urn, together with local ceramics. The burial gifts were often, for unknown reasons, bent or broken, and then burned with the body. The burials range from "poor" to "rich", the latter ones supplied with fancy Celtic and then Roman imports, reflecting a considerably by this time developed social stratification.

Influences.

Scholars view the Przeworsk culture as an amalgam of a series of localized cultures. Continuity with the preceding Pomeranian culture is observed, albeit modified by significant influences from the La Tene and Jastorf cultures. The Przeworsk culture is often associated with the Vandals, however the culture has also been linked to the early Slavs, and most likely was of mixed Slavic and Germanic nature. To the east, the Przeworsk culture is connected with the Zarubintsy culture in what is now northern Ukraine and southern Belarus. Later in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, much of this area was subsequently absorbed by the Wielbark culture and Chernyakhov culture.

Features.

The main characteristic feature of the Przeworsk culture are burials. These were mostly cremations, with occasional inhumation. Warrior burials are notable, which often include horse-gear and spurs. Some burials are exceptionally rich, overshadowing the graves of Germanic groups further west, especially after 400 AD. Pottery and metalwork are often rich and show a great variety

Decline.

The culture's decline in the late 5th century coincides with the invasion of the Huns. Other factors may have included the social crisis that occurred as a result of the collapse of the Roman world and the trade contacts it maintained with peoples beyond its borders. In the late 5/6th century, the Prague-Korchak culture appears in the Vistula basin.

The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD.

Przeworsk-Kultur (ältere Bezeichnungen: "Oder-Warthe-Gruppe" für die frühen Phasen der Przeworsk-Kultur, in Deutschland traditionell "Wandalische Kultur") ist der Name einer eisenzeitlichen archäologischen Kultur auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Polens zwischen Warthe/Netze, Oder, Bug und Karpatenbogen. Benannt ist die Kultur nach einem Brandgräberfeld bei Przeworsk in der Wojewodschaft Podkarpackie. Träger dieser Kultur waren vermutlich aus historischen Quellen bekannte ostgermanische Stämme wie beispielsweise die Vandalen, Burgunden und Lugier.


Early life.

She was born in Warsaw (then part of the Russian Empire), the daughter of Anna (née Gintowt) and Artur Korjus, an Estonian lieutenant colonel in the Imperial Russian Army and later chief of staff to the war minister of Estonia. Her mother was descended from the Lithuanian-Polish nobility. Korjus was born during her father's military posting there, later the family moved to Moscow. She was the fifth of six children (she had one brother, and four sisters). Her mother and father separated during the Russian Revolution of 1917 - or about 1912 - and in 1918, she moved from Moscow to Kiev with her mother and sisters, where she began her musical training.

Career.

As a teenager, Korjus toured the Soviet Union with the Dumka Choir. In 1927, while performing in Leningrad, she managed to cross the border into Estonia, where she was reunited with her father. She then began touring the Baltic countries and Germany, and in 1929, married Kuno Foelsch (1894-1965), a physicist. Korjus continued her concert career as a soprano in Germany and was eventually engaged by the Berlin State Opera in 1933. Her operatic appearances and recordings quickly propelled her to the forefront of European singers and earned her the nickname "The Berlin Nightingale" and "Gorgeous Korjus". Irving Thalberg, head of production at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, heard her recordings and signed her to a ten-year film contract, sight unseen. She arrived with her husband and daughter in the US in March 1936.  Her sole film for MGM was "The Great Waltz" (1938), which Frank Nugent of the "New York Times" called "a showcase for Miliza Korjus" while also noting her resemblance to Mae West. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role. Korjus was scheduled to star in a film version of the novel "Sandor Rozsa" in 1940, but an automobile accident caused her leg to be crushed, and although she avoided amputation, she required extensive recuperation, causing the film to be canceled.  By 1941, she had healed well enough to begin a tour of South America. During her tour, the United States became involved in World War II, and she decided to stay in Mexico for the duration. While living there, she made the Spanish-language film "Caballería del Imperio". In 1944, Korjus returned to the United States, where she performed at Carnegie Hall. She toured the country for several more years, eventually settling in Los Angeles, California. She later founded Venus Records to release many of her earlier recordings.

Personal life.

In 1952, she married Dr. Walter Shector (1925-1973), a Canadian-born physician, and retired from the concert stage, preferring to concentrate on making records. She died of heart failure in 1980 at Culver City, California. She was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. She was survived by her two sons, Ernest (b. 1943) and Richard (b. 1946), and her daughter Melissa Foelsch (later Melissa Wells). Her daughter was born in Estonia in 1932, and served, for more than forty years, as a career officer of the U.S. foreign service. Wells served as U.S. ambassador to Estonia from 1998 to 2001.

References and notes.

Date of birth confirmed by Miliza's daughter, Ambassador Melissa Wells, 11/23/2019.

Miliza Elizabeth Korjus [militsa] (August 18, 1909 – August 26, 1980) was a Polish-born ethnic Estonian coloratura soprano opera singer, who later appeared in Hollywood films. Her birth year has been reported as uncertain, and ranges from 1900 to 1912, according to various sources but her daughter, Melissa Wells, is absolutely certain the year was 1909 and that her mother knew such. She later became a naturalized United States citizen. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance in "The Great Waltz".

Miliza Elizabeth Korjus (* 18. August 1909 in Warschau, Generalgouvernement Warschau, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 26. August 1980 in Culver City, Kalifornien, USA) war eine US-amerikanische Film- und Theaterschauspielerin sowie Opernsängerin (Sopran) estnisch-polnischer Herkunft.


Geography.

Location.

The Ellwangen Hills belong to the Keuper Uplands and lie about 65 kilometres northeast of the city of Stuttgart and around 67 kilometres (both as the crow flies) east-southeast of the city of Heilbronn between the Haller Plain to the north, the Franconian Heights and the Virngrund to the east, the Härtsfeld to the south, the Frickenhofer Höhe to the southwest and the Limpurg Hills to the west. They are situated south of Frankenhardt, west of Rosenberg and Ellwangen, northwest of Hüttlingen, east of Adelmannsfelden, Bühlerzell and Bühlertann and southeast of Obersontheim and Vellberg.

Hills.

The highest point of the Ellwangen Hills is the summit of the Schönberg at 569.2 m, which is 1.7 kilometres north-northeast of Neuler-Gaishardt. The hill has a rather uneven plateau to the south of the summit which is about 100 metres wide and around 700 metres long, over 560 m metres high. The Schönberg is entirely wooded which means there are no views from the top.  The next highest point is the "Hohenberg", 568.9 m, at the eastern foot of which is the village of Rosenberg-Hohenberg. The hilltop forms a steep, "kuppe" that rises roughly 50 metres above the surrounding area and has a plateau measuring about 300 metres from west to east and is 100 metres wide. Apart from its western hillside, the whole "kuppe" is treeless and offers views over much of the Ellwangen Hills, to the south as far as the Albtrauf. Several footpaths meet on the "kuppe": from Burgberg to the north, Bühlerzell to the west, Orrotsee to the east and from Ellwangen to the southeast. There s a pilgrimage church, St. James, on the top and there is a Way of the Cross on the path climbing up from the village. For many years a branch of the Way of St. James also ran here, coming from Rothenburg ob der Tauber over the castle hill to the church and then on to Abtsgmünd-Wöllstein heading for Switzerland.

The Ellwangen Hills () are a hill ridge, up to, in the counties of Schwäbisch Hall and Ostalbkreis in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

Die Ellwanger Berge sind ein bis hoher Bergrücken im Landkreis Schwäbisch Hall und im Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg (Deutschland). Der Name der Ellwanger Berge leitet sich von der Stadt Ellwangen ab. Überregional bekannt wurden die Ellwanger Berge vor allem durch die gleichnamige Autobahnraststätte an der Bundesautobahn 7.


Professional wrestling career.

Early career (1977–1982).

Gray, a native of South Carolina, trained with longtime local independent wrestler and promoter Chief Jay Eagle (Jerry Bragg) and Darren "Rattlesnake" Westbrooks. He started his career at the age of 17 on the Carolina independent circuit wrestling both under his real name and as "Crusher Gray." He then moved on to wrestle in the Kentucky/Tennessee area, including for International Championship Wrestling (ICW), under the ring name Crusher Broomfield. Gray went in as part of a package along with Bragg, Westbrooks, and Ric Starr. One of Broomfield's major angles was that his contract was owned by ICW Champion Randy Savage and Savage's nemesis Ron Garvin defeated Savage in a match to set Broomfield free. He later worked for several National Wrestling Alliance-affiliated promotions, Mid-South Wrestling, and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as One Man Gang, billed as being from Chicago's Halsted Street on the South Side. He was managed by Kevin Sullivan, Theodore Long, Gentleman Jim Holiday, and Sir Oliver Humperdink in various territories.

Various territories (1983–1986).

Gang worked for many territories during this time for three years. His biggest success was in Florida where he had a feud with Dusty Rhodes from 1983 to 1984. Also he feuded with Blackjack Mulligan and Mike Rotunda. He teamed up with Ron Bass and won the tag team titles defeating Rhodes and Mike Davis. Two months alter they dropped the titles to Rotunda and Davis. In November 1984 as Panama Gang, he became the last NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) defeating Mulligan. Later the title was abandoned when Gang left the territory in 1985.  Then Gang worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling from 1983 to 1984 and 1986 feuding with Giant Baba, Genichiro Tenryu and Jumbo Tsuruta. He temaed with Bruiser Brody, Killer Tim Brooks and Stan Hansen. In 1984 he teamed with Goro Tsurumi. Then in 1986 he teamed with Jerry Blackwell, Harley Race and Tiger Jeet Singh.  During these years he also worked in Canada, Central States and Texas.

World Class Championship Wrestling (1985–1986).

In the regional territories, he was a member of Skandor Akbar's "Devastation Inc." as well as working with Gary Hart in World Class Championship Wrestling (WCCW). He would feud with The Von Erichs teaming with Rick Rude. Also he feuded in singles competition against Kerry Von Erich, King Parsons, Chris Adams, and Bruiser Brody.  On May 5, 1985 he lost to Kerry Von Erich in a hair vs hair match at the 2nd Von Erich Memorial Parade of Champions where he started sporting a mohawk. He lost to Bruiser Brody in a chain match at Christmas Star Wars 1985. Also lost to Brody again on two occasions a in a steel cage match on January 26 and 27, 1986.

Mid-South (1982–1983, 1985–1987).

It was as a protégé of Akbar's in the Mid-South territory where Gray would get the name that would stick with him the rest of his career. Making his debut in the territory by interfering in matches and assaulting the fan favorite, Mid-South announcer Bill Watts would say about the then-unnamed assailant "He's a one-man gang!". The Gang worked on-and-off in Mid-South in between tours of Florida, Toronto, Japan, and Texas. He would also return to his hometown territory, the Carolinas, to work for Jim Crockett Promotions, where he was initially billed as "The One Man Gang, George Gray." He worked in Texas All Star wrestling where he feuded with Big Bubba. It was on his last tour for Mid-South when the promotion renamed itself the Universal Wrestling Federation, with Gang one of its top villains, feuding at the main-event level with UWF top fan favorite Jim Duggan. In late 1986, Gang won the UWF Heavyweight Championship in an angle where the champion Terry Gordy was injured earlier in the evening by a revenge-minded "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. Gang, scheduled to face Gordy later on the card, was awarded the belt via forfeit. He held that title for six months, mostly facing Duggan, Williams, and Ted DiBiase.  In May 1987, Gray began receiving enquiries from the World Wrestling Federation about coming up to wrestle for them. He promptly agreed to terms, but returned to the UWF in order to drop the title to Big Bubba Rogers, who was there from his normal place in the NWA due to the recent sale of the UWF to Jim Crockett.

World Wrestling Federation.

One Man Gang (1987–1988).

Gray made his debut in the WWF on May 12, 1987, being managed by Slick, in a match against Jesse Cortez. He spent much of his early WWF run defeating enhancement talent in extremely short matches in order to build him up, most notably in a match where he Gourdbustered his opponent after the bell and then did the same to the referee, thus being (kayfabe) fined $10,000 for his actions. While the Gang often defeated enhancement talent and other lower card wrestlers with ease, he was often on the end of defeat when main eventing against bigger stars such as Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage, although Gang was a major part of the angle regarding Billy Graham being forced into retirement. One Man Gang participated in the first ever Survivor Series pay-per-view as a member of André the Giant's team, fighting a team led by Hulk Hogan. In 1988, Gang entered the inaugural Royal Rumble at number 19 out of 20 participants and was one of the last two men left in the ring, before being eliminated by Jim Duggan. One Man Gang participated in the World Title Tournament at WrestleMania IV, defeating Bam Bam Bigelow by count-out in the opening round. He drew a bye in the quarterfinals before being disqualified in the semi-finals against eventual-tournament-winner Randy Savage after Gang attempted to hit Savage with his manager's cane. Following his loss at WrestleMania, Gang was placed lower "on the card," feuding with Bam Bam Bigelow, Koko B. Ware, and Don Muraco.

Akeem and Twin Towers (1988–1990).

In September 1988, One Man Gang's manager, Slick, announced that Gang was actually African and planned to re-embrace his roots. An episode of "WWF Superstars", which aired on September 24, 1988, featured a vignette with Gene Okerlund on-location in an American ghetto that was dubbed "The Deepest Darkest Parts Of Africa," where dancers dressed as tribal Africans danced and chanted around a fire; Slick then announced that Gang would be known by his new name, "Akeem, the African Dream", though Okerlund immediately called him out as the One Man Gang. This vignette received some criticism, as the Caucasian "Akeem" delivered a promo in which he spoke with an extremely stereotypical "jive" black accent and danced in the style of Dusty Rhodes while an African ritual took place in the background.  Akeem and the Big Boss Man captained a team that featured "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase, the Red Rooster, and Haku to battle the Mega Powers' team at Survivor Series in 1988. During the match, Akeem along with teammate Big Boss Man handcuffed Hulk Hogan to the ring post and were later disqualified. The two formed a team called The Twin Towers. Though the Twin Towers never held the WWF Tag Team Championship, they did feud heavily with WWF World Tag Team champions Demolition at house shows while also feuding with the Mega Powers (Hulk Hogan and undisputed WWF Champion "Macho Man" Randy Savage) and throughout the summer and fall of 1988, with the Twin Towers and Slick advertising title match that night against Demolition while on Arsenio Hall's talk show. They were also strongly involved in the storyline which would eventually cause Randy Savage to become a villain and defend his title against Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania V. In the Royal Rumble, Randy Savage was accidentally eliminated by teammate Hogan, allowing both Akeem and Bossman to double team Hogan and eliminate him. "The Main Event" show broadcast live on NBC on February 3, 1989 featured The Mega Powers vs. The Twin Towers. During the match, Savage's manager (and real life wife) Miss Elizabeth was injured after Savage was thrown through the ropes and knocked her to the ground, which led Hogan to abandon his partner and carry Elizabeth back to the locker room for medical help. Although Hogan later returned to the match to help Savage defeat Akeem and Boss Man, Hogan's actions with Elizabeth caused Savage to attack him backstage, setting up the headline match for WrestleMania. The Twin Towers went on to face The Rockers at WrestleMania V and defeated them when Akeem pinned Shawn Michaels with a diving Air Africa after a powerbomb from the Big Boss Man.  In early 1990, Big Boss Man became upset with Slick always trying to take the credit for him (as well as refusing to be part of a payoff from Ted DiBiase to get DiBiase's "Million Dollar Championship" belt back from Jake "The Snake" Roberts) and turned on both his manager and his partner Akeem. He then defeated Akeem at WrestleMania VI. Although Akeem remained in the WWF until October 1990, his loss to The Boss Man at WrestleMania was his last high profile match in the company. He wrestled as the replacement Bad News Brown in Harlem Street fights with Jake Roberts on the house show circuit. Although he was beginning to be featured on television in a feud with Saba Simba, Gray left the World Wrestling Federation in October 1990 due to his fading role in the company at the time. He had been advertised to be a part of Sgt. Slaughter's team at the 1990 Survivor Series alongside the Orient Express. Due to his departure, he was replaced by Boris Zhukov.

United States Wrestling Association (1990).

On December 28, 1990, Gang would make his only appearance in United States Wrestling Association in Memphis where he won a battle royal.

World Championship Wrestling (1991, 1995–1996).

On the March 5, 1991 taping of "WCW Pro" in Marietta, Georgia, Gray resumed his One Man Gang persona when he assisted Kevin Sullivan in attacking Ron Simmons after the latter's win over Joe Cruz. Gang was undefeated in the early going, beating Ranger Ross, Brad Armstrong, and Junkyard Dog. He made his first WCW PPV appearance on May 19 at SuperBrawl I when he attacked El Gigante following his match with Sid Vicious. In a strange ritual, Sullivan sent the spirit of Akeem back to the underworld, while bringing back a now insane One Man Gang. He and Sullivan shaved Gigante's head in a post-match sneak attack on the June 22 edition of "World Championship Wrestling". He lost a Hair vs. Career match on the final Great American Bash event in Atlanta's Omni on August 25. Other notable matches from Gang's 1991 WCW run include being involved in a handful of War Games matches at the Great American Bash house shows and advancing to the semi-finals of the WCW World Tag Team Championship tournament with partner Black Blood over Big Josh and El Gigante. He was promoted to be part of the infamous "Chamber of Horrors" match at Halloween Havoc '91 in October, but was fired by Jim Herd in September for refusing to lose to P.N. News. Gang would take a hiatus from wrestling for the next few years.  Gang returned to WCW in the fall of 1995, making his first appearance on the November 16 taping of "WCW Saturday Night" when he defeated Scott Turner (the match aired December 2). His televised return came at the WCW World War 3 PPV on November 19, where he was the last person to be eliminated in the three ring, sixty man battle royal. Following this, he appeared in a post-show dark match for Starrcade '95. He upset United States Champion Kensuke Sasaki to win the championship. Although the match was subsequently restarted with Sasaki winning, WCW never acknowledged the second match and Gang remained the titleholder.  His first US title defense came on the January 20, 1996 edition of "WCW Saturday Night" when he defeated Super Giant Ninja. Gang became a member of Sullivan's burgeoning Dungeon of Doom. On the January 22 edition of "WCW Monday Nitro", Gang lost to Hulk Hogan in a non-title match. Following the match, he joined members of the Dungeon of Doom and the Horsemen in attacking Hogan and Randy Savage. The next night, at "Clash of the Champions XXXII", Gang successfully defended the belt against Disco Inferno. However his title run would come to an end at the next television taping, when he was defeated by Konnan in a match that aired February 4 on "WCW Main Event". He was unsuccessful his regaining the belt in a rematch with Konnan at SuperBrawl VI the following month, and left the promotion shortly thereafter.

Independent circuit (1996–2000).

After leaving WCW, Gang returned to Texas and wrestled in the Sportatorium, where he wrestled during his tenure in WCCW 10 years earlier. Gang defeated his former rival Terry Gordy on July 19, 1996. He feuded with Charlie Norris and Black Bart. On January 25, 1997 he lost to King Kong Bundy at NWA New Jersey.  On November 29, 1998 he returned to Japan and made an appearance for Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling in a three-way against Sabu and Yukihiro Kanemura. Sabu won the match.  Gang wrestled at Heroes of Wrestling event on October 10, 1999 against Abdullah The Butcher in a double count out.  On June 30, 2000 Gang made an appearance for i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling in Sydney, Australia defeating Tatanka for the i-Generation Australasian Championship.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1998–1999).

Also in 1998, Gang briefly joined Extreme Championship Wrestling, including appearing at their flagship event, November to Remember. He feuded with Rob Van Dam, Sabu and Shane Douglas. He left ECW in October 1999.

Return to WWF (1998, 2001).

One Man Gang wrestled in a dark match defeating Flash Flanagan prior to the February 3, 1998 "Raw is War" taping but was not hired.  Gray made another appearance in the WWF in 2001 for the gimmick battle royal at WrestleMania X-Seven as One Man Gang, eliminating Michael Hayes and then getting eliminated by Kamala. The Iron Sheik won the battle royal.

Puerto Rico (2000–2001).

In 2000, he also worked for the World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico where he won the World Wrestling Council (WWC) Hardcore Title and feuded with Abdullah The Butcher, El Nene, and Carlos Colón. He left Puerto Rico in June 2001. He would retire from wrestling.  In later years, Gray lost a lot of weight following a heart attack in 2000.

Return to Wrestling (2007–2009).

Gray came out of retirement in 2007 after a six-year hiatus. He made appearances on the independent circuit. He teamed with Kamala as they lost to The Powers of Pain on October 19, 2007 at Wrestlefanfest Malice in the Palace in San Francisco. He also made an appearance for Chikara's King Of Trios 2008, teaming with Demolition, where they lost to the Fabulous Three of Larry Sweeney, Mitch Ryder, and Shayne Hawke. On March 28, 2009, Gang wrestled at an International Wrestling Cartel event. He was defeated by Jim Duggan in the main event.

Personal life.

After his wrestling career, Gray worked as a prison guard at the Louisiana State Penitentiary, until a recurring back problem forced him to quit his job.  In 1992, Gray appeared in the movie "Stay Tuned".  In July 2016, Gray was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. The lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant in September 2018.  In August 2016, Gray's home in Baton Rouge was partially submerged by the 2016 Louisiana floods, destroying most of its contents. He was among the estimated 125,000 people who had not purchased flood insurance to cover the damage, as that part of the capital was not designated a flood zone, so he appealed for help through GoFundMe.

George Gray (born February 12, 1960) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, (The) One Man Gang. For two years in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), he was Akeem "The African Dream". Prior to this, he was the top heel for the WWF's short-lived national competitor, the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), and UWF Heavyweight Champion for six months in 1986 and 1987.

George Gray (* 12. Februar 1960 in Chicago, Illinois) ist ein ehemaliger amerikanischer Wrestler. Er wurde vor allem unter seinem Ringnamen (The) One Man Gang bekannt.


History.

Bard on the Beach began as an Equity Co-op in the summer of 1990, funded primarily by an Explorations Grant awarded to Artistic Director Christopher Gaze by the Canada Council for the Arts. Following his graduation from the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, Gaze had moved to Canada on the advice of his friend, mentor and theatre legend Douglas Campbell. After performing with a variety of theatre companies and festivals across Canada, including three seasons with the Shaw Festival, Gaze moved to Vancouver in 1983 where he performed as Richard III in the 1984 season of the now defunct Vancouver Shakespeare Festival.  While in Vancouver, Gaze became acquainted with a group of actors and fellow Shakespeare lovers when he was asked to direct a production of "Under Milk Wood" for the 1989 Vancouver Fringe Festival. The following summer, this same group staged "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in a rented theatre tent in Vanier Park as the inaugural Bard on the Beach production. The company's initial four-week run drew a total of 6,000 people and signaled the need for a more formal company structure. Bard on the Beach officially registered as a not-for-profit under the Society Act of BC in December, 1990.

Site.

Bard is located in Vanier Park at the south end of the Burrard Street Bridge. It consists of two performance stages: the BMO Mainstage and the Howard Family Stage. There is also a group of tents known as the Bard Village which contains the box office, Bard Boutique gift shop, and concession stands. The festival grounds also contain dressing rooms, administrative offices for seasonal staff and an event Marquee along with two large picnic lawns and portable washrooms for patrons.

BMO Mainstage.

Bard purchased its first 500-seat saddlespan tent in 1992. By the end of the 2010 season, the Mainstage theatre tent was in need of replacement and, following the "Staging our Future" capital campaign, the Festival built a custom-designed Mainstage theatre tent. The new tent expanded the seating capacity to 742 seats and included a redesigned stage. The theatre tent also came with more comfortable seating for patrons including cup holders for drinks purchased from the concession stands. The new tent maintains an open-backed design and Bard's signature backdrop: False Creek; the Coast Mountains; and city skyline. The physical playing space within the theatre was named after the Bank of Montreal in recognition of their lead contribution to the Festival's capital campaign.  Bard on the Beach typically stages two productions in repertory on the BMO Mainstage in each season, alongside a selection of choral, symphony and opera presentations. The set presents a unique challenge and opportunity for set designers from year to year as it must incorporate elements which can be shared by both productions during season.

Howard Family Stage and the Douglas Campbell Theatre tent.

The Douglas Campbell Theatre tent was added in 1999 as part of Bard's 10th anniversary season as an intimate space for the staging of Shakespeare's lesser-known works or for more modern, innovative stagings of the established canon. Beginning in 2005 with a production of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead by Tom Stoppard, the theatre tent has also served as a space for productions of plays which, while not by Shakespeare, serve to examine the context of his work.  The theatre is named for the Canadian stage actor Douglas Campbell. Campbell was a good friend and mentor to Christopher Gaze and had either performed in, or directed, plays in Bard's earlier seasons. Campbell and his son Torquil Campbell also performed together in productions of Henry IV, Part I and Macbeth at Bard on the Beach.  This smaller theatre tent seats 240 people and its adaptable layout and seating configuration are similar to that of a black box theatre. The tent structure was replaced at the beginning of the 2013 season as part of the "Staging our Future" capital campaign.  In 2014 the playing space was named the "Howard Family Stage" in honour of Vancouver philanthropists Darlene and Paul Howard.

Bard Education.

In addition to operating the Festival, the Bard on the Beach Theatre Society operates a host of youth-oriented outreach programs under the umbrella of Bard Education. Collectively, the programs endeavour to inspire the community through dynamic, engaging experiences with the language, characters and plays of William Shakespeare.

Bard in the Classroom.

Bard in the Classroom workshops are delivered by Teaching Artists - actors, directors and other theatre practitioners trained by Bard to facilitate workshops for young people. The in-class workshops can be adapted for all age groups have been delivered for students between the ages of 4 and 18. Teachers can request 90-minute sessions focusing on introductions to Shakespeare's work as a whole or focus on a specific play, scene or set of characters. Participants mix voice and language work with active theatre exercises to explore Shakespeare's work in a performance context.

Professional Development.

Unlike Bard Education's other programs, Bard's Professional Development workshops are open to educators of all grades, subjects, and levels of experience from across British Columbia. Like Bard in the Classroom, Bard's Professional Development workshops focus on introducing participants to Shakespeare through active theatre exercises however, the program is more focused on teacher training than those programs oriented for students and youth.

Young Shakespeareans Workshops.

The Young Shakespeareans Workshop program has been offered each season on the grounds of Bard on the Beach Shakespeare Festival for youth aged 8 through 18 since 1993. The program runs between 15 and 17 two-week sessions for "Juniors" aged 8 to 13 and "Seniors" aged 13 to 18. There is also a one-week intensive theatre training program offered for youth aged 15 through 18.  As of the 2014 season, Young Shakespeareans Workshops Teaching Artists are also assisted by participants in the Riotous Youth apprenticeship program.

Riotous Youth.

Conceived as a kind of "graduate" counterpart to the Young Shakespeareans Workshops, the Riotous Youth theatre apprenticeship program was launched in 2014 to provide an opportunity to bridge the learning of young theatre enthusiasts whom had aged out of the workshop program. Participants aged 19 through 24 take an active role in assisting Young Shakespeareans Workshops Teaching Artists, deliver pre-show introductory talks to the audience and work with a veteran Bard company actor to prepare a final presentation at the end of the season. The Riotous Youth also participate in a variety of other programs throughout the Bard season including the Bard-B-Q & Fireworks and off-site presentations.

Other events.

In addition to the four plays, there are a number of events throughout the summer:

Productions.

1990 – 1999.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Bard Peak Performances (1995–1998).

From 1995 to 1998, bard added a short series of Peak Performances to the Festival's season. A selection of weekend matinee performances were presented at the peak of Grouse Mountain in North Vancouver.

2000 – 2009.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

2010 – 2019.

2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016  2017  2018  2019 (30th Season)

2020 – present.

Bard on the Beach is Western Canada's largest professional Shakespeare festival. The theatre Festival runs annually from early June through September in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Festival is produced by Bard on the Beach Theatre Society whose mission is to perform, explore and celebrate the works of William Shakespeare. In addition to the annual summer festival, the Society runs a number of year-round theatre education and outreach programs under the umbrella of Bard Education. Bard on the Beach celebrated its 30th anniversary season in 2019.

Bard on the Beach ("Barde am Strand") ist das größte Theaterfestival in Westkanada. Es findet seit 1990 jeden Sommer in Vancouver statt. Eine professionelle, nicht-gewinnorientierte Theatergruppe mit über 30 Schauspielern führt in der jeweils von Ende Mai bis Ende September dauernden Saison drei oder vier Theaterstücke von William Shakespeare auf. Gespielt wird auf zwei Freiluftbühnen, der "Mainstage" mit 520 Plätzen und dem "Douglas Campbell Studio Stage" mit 240 Plätzen. Diese befinden sich im Stadtteil Kitsilano im Vanier Park. Im Jahr 2006 wurden über 80.000 Zuschauer gezählt.


History.

Development of the ULAN began in 1984 by the J. Paul Getty Trust. The Trust, which already managed the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), began the project in response to requests from Getty projects for controlled vocabularies of artists' names. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community and editorial work of the Getty Vocabulary Program.  Although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. The Getty thus distributed ULAN for broader use according to the tenets previously established for the construction and maintenance of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus: Its scope includes names needed to catalog and retrieve information about the visual arts and architecture; it is based on terminology that is current, warranted for use by authoritative literary sources, and validated by use in the scholarly art and architectural history community; and it is compiled and edited in response to the needs of the user community. Originally constructed as a simple alphabetized "union list" of clustered artist names and biographies, in order to make it consistent with the AAT and Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names, in the late 1990s ULAN was brought into compliance with national and international standards for thesaurus construction. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as architectural firms and repositories of art, which may have hierarchical levels.  The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink (head of what was then called the Vocabulary Coordination Group, and later Director of the Art History Information Program, later called the Getty Information Institute). The ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy (Union List of Artist Names. Project manager, James M. Bower; senior editor, Murtha Baca. New York: G.K. Hall, 1994) and machine-readable files. Given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing. The data for ULAN is compiled and edited in an editorial system that was custom-built by Getty technical staff to meet the unique requirements of compiling data from many contributors, merging, moving, and publishing in various formats. Final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, and Murtha Baca, Head, Vocabulary Program and Digital Resource Management.

Design.

Even though the structure is relatively flat, the ULAN is constructed as a hierarchical database; its trees branch from a root called Top of the ULAN hierarchies (Subject_ID: 500000001); it currently has two published facets: Person and Corporate Body. Entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees. There may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the hierarchical relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent and associative relationships.

The Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) is a free online database of the Getty Research Institute using a controlled vocabulary, which by 2018 contained over 300,000 artists and over 720,000 names for them, as well as other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include given names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages, and names that have changed over time (e.g., married names). Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name.

Die Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) ist ein strukturiertes Vokabular mit etwa 293.000 Namen und anderen Informationen über Künstler. Er wird vom Getty Research Institute herausgegeben.


History.

Early years.

Guitarist Danny Hartwell and drummer Brandon Brown met in 1998 at a Ratt Show on the Sunset Strip. The pair later added bassist Judd Gruenbaum and began playing under the name Beyond Control.  Beyond Control soon earned the attention of Warner Brothers A&R executive Jeff Blue, responsible for discovering Linkin Park. Blue signed the band to a development deal, found a new lead singer in Jeff Gutt from Detroit and renamed the group Impúr.  Blue described the band as "Like Metallica meets Incubus meets Linkin Park but heavier. No DJing, no rapping, very melodic and the kids are just phenomenal musicians".  While known as Impúr the song Body Crumbles was featured on Rob Zombie's sampler disc "Calling All Maniacs" which circulated with his 2001 release titled "The Sinister Urge".

"Disconnected".

After being signed to Warner Bros. Records, the band went to work recording their debut album titled "Disconnected". The 12-track album was due to be released on July 16, 2002. It was later pushed back to August 27, 2002. In the end, one of the band members' father got into a heated argument with Blue regarding the size of the band's promotion budget, the result of months of behind-the-scenes disagreement. Within 48 hours the father took his complaints to Warner, and two days later they released Dry Cell from their contract.  The only place "Disconnected" was ever sold at (albeit in limited quantities) was during the Locobazooka Festival in 2002. These were the final Warner pressed copies complete with artwork. However, advanced copies of the album which come in a paper sleeve cover and contain different artwork, can be found more regularly. However, one song from the album, "Body Crumbles", could be found in other places, such as; the "Queen of the Damned" soundtrack, as part of the "Madden NFL 2003" soundtrack and on the "Hard Mix 2002" promo CD. That same year, the band's cover version of the Stone Temple Pilots song "Heaven & Hot Rods" was used on the NASCAR on Fox and the "" soundtrack, "Slip Away" appeared in the EA Sports BIG franchise video game "Freekstyle" and the song "So Long Ago" is on the soundtrack for Warren Miller's "Storm".  The band always stated there was no chance of releasing the album, even if they were to sign a new record deal. In 2008, it was announced that the band would be releasing "Disconnected" sometime after September of the same year. It was eventually released in 2009 on iTunes.  In October 2002, Dry Cell was featured in an article in "The New York Times" regarding their brief stint with Warner Bros.

After Warner Brothers.

In March 2003, it was reported that a deal had signed with Epic Records. However, nothing ever became of this contract.  In early 2004, Dave Wasierski was named as the band's new vocalist. At the time, it was reported that 8 new songs had been completed.  In 2005 vocalist Jeff Gutt re-joined the band, and they recorded four new demo tracks. The two songs released to the public were titled "New Revolution" and "The Lie". In late 2005, Danny Hartwell left the band. The group subsequently disbanded. After their split, two other tracks titled "Into Oblivion" and "Find a Way" were made available for download via their MySpace page.  In 2007, the band stated that: In February 2008, bassist Judd Gruenbaum noted on the band's MySpace that they had gotten back together for guitarist Danny Hartwell's birthday party at The Roxy on Sunset strip. They were also recording new music according to Gruenbaum. Sometime afterwards, Dry Cell updated their MySpace page stating they were halfway finished with recording a brand new album according, to Danny Hartwell in this message, "About half of it is done the rest is coming soon so its all good there should be some new posts of it up online in the near future keep it real..."  On December 15, 2009, Dry Cell announced through a comment left on their MySpace, that they released two full-length records on iTunes, saying that one was of old songs (assumed to be "Disconnected"), and one was of new songs. But the songs were not found on iTunes for several days. A few days later, the "Disconnected" album (advance version) appeared on iTunes, with alternate cover art.  Later in January 2010, the second album appeared on iTunes with the title "The Dry Cell Collection", which included mostly previously released material and several more. Four songs on the record had been on the band's MySpace months before the release.  Since early 2010, there were no updates/news from the band. In 2012, it was revealed that Jeff Gutt has left the band in 2009 for good and the band is now defunct.

Dry Cell was an American rock band formed in 1998 in California, known in earlier stages as Impúr. They are best known for their song "Body Crumbles", which was featured in numerous third party media, such as the "Queen of the Damned" soundtrack and "Madden NFL 2003". They're also known for the song "Slip Away" which was featured in "Freekstyle". The band released one studio album, "Disconnected", in 2002.

Dry Cell (engl. "Trockenbatterie") war eine Nu-Metal- und Hard-Rock-Band aus Kalifornien in den Vereinigten Staaten. Sie löste sich gegen Ende des Jahres 2005 auf, nachdem Sänger Jeff Gutt und Gitarrist Danny Hartwell die Band verließen.


Theory.

The working face of the suction cup is made of elastic, flexible material and has a curved surface. When the center of the suction cup is pressed against a flat, non-porous surface, the volume of the space between the suction cup and the flat surface is reduced, which causes the air or water between the cup and the surface to be expelled past the rim of the circular cup. The cavity which develops between the cup and the flat surface has little to no air or water in it because most of the fluid has already been forced out of the inside of the cup, causing a lack of pressure. The pressure difference between the atmosphere on the outside of the cup and the low-pressure cavity on the inside of the cup keeps the cup adhered to the surface.  When the user ceases to apply physical pressure to the outside of the cup, the elastic substance of which the cup is made tends to resume its original, curved shape. The length of time for which the suction effect can be maintained depends mainly on how long it takes for air or water to leak back into the cavity between the cup and the surface, equalizing the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. This depends on the porosity and flatness of the surface and the properties of the cup's rim. A small amount of mineral oil or vegetable oil is often employed to help maintain the seal.

Calculations.

The force required to detach an ideal suction cup by pulling it directly away from the surface is given by the formula: where:  This is derived from the definition of pressure, which is: For example, a suction cup of radius 2.0 cm has an area of formula_3(0.020 m) = 0.0013 square meters. Using the force formula ("F" = "AP"), the result is "F" = (0.0013 m)(100,000 Pa) = about 130 newtons.  The above formula relies on several assumptions:

Artificial use.

Artificial suction cups are believed to have first been used in the third century, B.C., and were made out of gourds. They were used to suction "bad blood" from internal organs to the surface. Hippocrates is believed to have invented this procedure.  The first modern suction cup patents were issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office during the 1860s. TC Roche was awarded U.S. Patent No. 52,748 in 1866 for a "Photographic Developer Dipping Stick"; the patent discloses a primitive suction cup means for handling photographic plates during developing procedures. In 1868, Orwell Needham patented a more refined suction cup design, U.S. Patent No. 82,629, calling his invention an "Atmospheric Knob" purposed for general use as a handle and drawer opening means.  Suction cups have a number of commercial and industrial applications:  On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, a.k.a. SpiderDan, scaled Sears Tower, the former world's tallest building, with a pair of suction cups. He went on to scale the Renaissance Center in Dallas, the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, the World Trade Center in New York City, Parque Central Tower in Caracas, the Nippon TV station in Tokyo, and the Millennium Tower in San Francisco.

A suction cup, also known as a sucker, is a device or object that uses the negative fluid pressure of air or water to adhere to nonporous surfaces, creating a partial vacuum.

Ein Saugnapf ist ein napfförmiges Gebilde aus elastischem Material, das durch einen Unterdruck an eine glatte Fläche gepresst wird. Hierzu wird beim Anbringen ein Hohlraum, umschlossen von elastischem Material, eingedrückt und die zuvor enthaltene Luft verdrängt. Der dadurch erzeugte Druck des umgebenden Mediums, in der Regel Luft, auf den Hohlkörper übt eine Kraft aus. Dadurch wird der Eindruck erweckt, als sauge er sich fest.


Studies.

Sectors of courses and qualifications.

Faculty of Law 1. Free Faculty of Law  Faculty of Philosophy Free 1. Faculty of Philosophy (state diplomas) 2. Faculty of Philosophy Canon (canonical degrees)  Faculty of Theology 1. Faculty of Theology (FTSR) 2. Faculty of Canon Law 3. Institute of Science and Theology of Religions (ISTR) 4. Institute of Sacred Music (IMS) 5. Institute for Religious and Pastoral Studies (IERP) 6. Home Priests Asian students (APEA) 7. Year of Formation of Priests and Religious (AFPR)  Free Faculty of Humanities 1. UR Literature, Language, LAS, Psychology, Communication, History, Heritage and Tourism 2. European Communication Institute (ICE) 3. Institute of French Language and Culture (ILCF)  Free Faculty of Humanities 1. UR Literature, Language, LAS, Psychology, Communication, History, Heritage and Tourism 2. European Communication Institute (ICE) 3. Institute of French Language and Culture (ILCF)  Education, Pedagogy 1. Institute of recruitment and training of Catholic education (teacher training schools and secondary) IRFEC  Schools attached to the Catholic Institute of Toulouse 1. Higher Institute for Communication, broadcasting and multimedia ISCAM 2. Toulouse School of Journalism (WCY) 3. Engineering School of Purpan (EIP, formerly ESAP: Graduate School of Agriculture of Purpan) 4. Institute for Training and Research in Health and Social Animation (monitors educators, aides, therapists, childcare) IFRASS 5. Institute for Development and the works council IIDC 6. Centre for Ethics and Management EMC 7. University Institute of French language and culture IULCF 8. College Occitan 9. Art Institute of Toulouse IART  Other religious training 1. Institut Catholique des Arts et Métiers de Toulouse (Toulouse ICAM) 2. Examination Centre of the University of Cambridge (exam preparation at the university)

The Institut Catholique de Toulouse (or ICT) is a Catholic university in Toulouse, France. The Catholic Institute of Toulouse (ICT) is a private institution of higher education including the humanities and social sciences, law and theology, as well as polytechnics.

Das Katholische Institut von Toulouse (frz.: "Institut Catholique de Toulouse", ICT; lat.: "Universitas Studii Tolosana") ist eine von fünf Katholischen Universitäten in Frankreich.


Etymology.

The name "Mankayan" is derived from "Nancayan", the Hispanic term of the native name of the place, "Nangkayang" (which means "high up in the mountain").

History.

Pre-colonial period.

Nangkayang was once a heavily-forested area. The natives of the surrounding settlements of "Panat" and "Bag-ongan" mined gold through the "labon" system, after its reported discovery in a river. Copper was later discovered by the end of the 16th century in "Kamangga-an" (location of present-day Lepanto).

Spanish period.

By the 1800s, the Spanish colonial government sent expeditions to survey the mines. On February 3, 1850, an expedition led by engineer "Don Antonio Hernandez" confirmed the presence of copper in Mankayan.  In 1852, Lepanto was established by the Spanish as a "comandancia politico-militar", composed of several "rancherias" which included Mankayan.  Seven different mines were discovered in the Mankayan-Suyoc region during Admiral Pedro Durán de Monforte's 1667 expedition, and Simón de Anda's administration (1770-1776) mentioned Igorot copperware. In 1833, Galvey sent ore samples from Gambang ("copper"), Suyoc, and Mankayan, to the governor. The first Spanish mining claim on the Cordillera was made by Tomás Balbas y Castro on 26 March 1856, and established a mining company called the "Sociedad Minero-Metalurgica Cantabro Filipino de Mancayan". The company ceased operations in 1875.

American period.

Under the American rule, Mankayan remained under the jurisdiction of Lepanto, and later Lepanto-Bontoc until the latter's dissolution. Mankayan was later annexed to the sub-province of Benguet as a municipal district in 1913.  The mining boom in Mankayan began in 1933, with American Victor Lednickey establishing the Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company on September 26, 1936.

Second World War.

In 1942, following the outbreak of the war, the Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company, together with the Suyoc Consolidated Mining Company, were taken over by the Japanese Mitsui Mining Company, which renamed the mines into "Mitsui Mankayan Copper Mines". The Mitsui Company controlled the mines until 1945.

Post-war era.

After the war, the Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company resumed the mining operations.  Mankayan was converted from a municipal district into a regular municipality on June 16, 1955, by virtue of "Republic Act 1302".  In 2018, in order to preserve the highly artistic "gangsa"-making intangible heritage of the Mankayan elders, the cultural masters of the town converged and began teaching the younger generations the process and importance of gangsa-making to their way of life, effectively preserving indigenous gong culture in the town.

Geography.

Mankayan is on the north-western tip of Benguet. It is bordered by Bakun on the west, Buguias on the southeast, Tadian and Bauko on the east, and Cervantes on the north-west.  According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the has a land area of constituting of the total area of Benguet.

Barangays.

Mankayan is politically subdivided into 12 barangays.

Demographics.

In the, Mankayan had a population of. The population density was.

Education.

Public schools.

As of 2014, Mankayan has 35 public elementary schools and 9 public secondary schools.

', officially the ', (; ), is a in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

Mankayan ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Benguet. Sie hat Einwohner (Zensus ). In der Gemeinde liegt der 2.187 Meter hohe Mount Data, an dessen Berghängen liegen die Quellen der Flüsse Abra, Agno und Chico. Teile des Mount-Data-Nationalparks liegen auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde.


Work in mathematics.

Shafarevich made fundamental contributions to several parts of mathematics including algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry and arithmetic algebraic geometry. In algebraic number theory the Shafarevich–Weil theorem extends the commutative reciprocity map to the case of Galois groups which are extensions of abelian groups by finite groups. Shafarevich was the first to give a completely self-contained formula for the pairing which coincides with the wild Hilbert symbol on local fields, thus initiating an important branch of the study of explicit formulas in number theory. Another famous result is Shafarevich's theorem on solvable Galois groups giving the realization of every finite solvable group as a Galois group over the rationals. Another fundamental result is the Golod–Shafarevich theorem on towers of unramified extensions of number fields.  Shafarevich and his school greatly contributed to the study of algebraic geometry of surfaces. He initiated a Moscow seminar on classification of algebraic surfaces that updated around 1960 the treatment of birational geometry, and was largely responsible for the early introduction of the scheme theory approach to algebraic geometry in the Soviet school. His investigation in arithmetic of elliptic curves led him independently of John Tate to the introduction of the most mysterious group related to elliptic curves over number fields, the Tate–Shafarevich group (usually called 'Sha', written 'Ш', his Cyrillic initial). He introduced the Grothendieck–Ogg–Shafarevich formula and the Néron–Ogg–Shafarevich criterion. He also formulated the Shafarevich conjecture which stated the finiteness of the set of Abelian varieties over a number field having fixed dimension and prescribed set of primes of bad reduction. This conjecture was proved by Gerd Faltings as a step in his proof of the Mordell conjecture.  Shafarevich was a student of Boris Delaunay, and his students included Yuri Manin, Alexey Parshin, Igor Dolgachev, Evgeny Golod, Alexei Kostrikin, Igor A. Kostrikin, Suren Arakelov, G. V. Belyi, Victor Abrashkin, Andrey N. Tyurin, and Victor Kolyvagin. He did major work in collaboration with Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro on K3 surfaces. He was a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in the department of Mathematics, Physics and Earth Sciences. In 1960 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In 1981 he was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society.  On his 80th birthday, Russian President Vladimir Putin hailed his "fundamental research" in mathematics, and his creation of "a great science school known both in Russia and abroad".  In 2017, Shafarevich was awarded the by the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Political activities.

Shafarevich came into conflict with the Soviet authorities in the early 1950s, but was protected by Ivan Petrovsky, the Rector of Moscow University. He belonged to a group of Pochvennichestvo-influenced dissidents who endorsed the Orthodox Christian tradition. Shafarevich published a book, "The Socialist Phenomenon" (French edition 1975, English edition 1980), which was cited by Solzhenitsyn in his 1978 address to Harvard University.  In the 1970s Shafarevich, with Valery Chalidze, Grigori Podyapolski and Andrei Tverdokhlebov, became one of Andrei Sakharov's human rights investigators, and was consequently dismissed from Moscow University. Shafarevich opposed political interference in universities. The algebraic geometer Miles Reid gives the example of Shafarevich asserting that plagiarism and poor work was being ignored in a doctorate obtained by a Communist Party functionary.

"The Socialist Phenomenon".

Shafarevich's book "The Socialist Phenomenon", which was published in the US by Harper & Row in 1980, analyzed numerous examples of socialism, from ancient times, through various medieval heresies, to a variety of modern thinkers and socialist states. From these examples he claimed that all the basic principles of socialist ideology derive from the urge to suppress individuality. "The Socialist Phenomenon" consists of three major parts:  Shafarevich argued that ancient socialism (such as Mesopotamia and Egypt) was not ideological, as an ideology socialism was a reaction to the emergence of individualism in the Axial Age. He compared Thomas More's ("Utopia") and Campanella's ("City of the Sun") visions with what is known about the Inca Empire, and concluded that there are striking similarities. He claimed that we become persons through our relationship with God, and argued that socialism is essentially nihilistic, unconsciously motivated by a death instinct. He concluded that we have the choice of either pursuing death or life.

Religious views.

Shafarevich adhered to Russian Orthodox Christianity and incorporated the neo-Platonic views of Eastern Orthodoxy into his understanding of the relation of mathematics and religion.  In his talk to the Göttingen Academy of Sciences upon receiving a prize, Shafarevich presented his view of the relationship between mathematics and religion. He notes the multiple discoveries in mathematics, such as that of non-Euclidean geometry to suggest that pure mathematics reflects an objective reality, not a set of conventional definitions or a formalism. He claimed that mathematics' growth in itself is not directed or organic. In order to have a unity and direction mathematics needs a goal. This goal can either be set by practical applications or by God as the source of the direction of development. Shafarevich opted for the latter, as pure mathematics is not in itself driven by practical applications.

In Russian politics.

On 21 December 1991 he took part in the first congress of the Russian All-People's Union headed by Sergei Baburin. In October 1992 he became a member of the founding committee of the National Salvation Front. In 1993 he was a candidate for the State Duma with Mikhail Astafyev's Constitutional Democratic Party - Party of Popular Freedom, but failed to get elected.  Shafarevich was a member of the editorial board of the magazine "Nash Sovremennik", and in 1991–1992 of the editorial board of "Den" of Alexander Prokhanov (which ceased in October 1993, and later reopened under the title "Zavtra"). In 1994 he joined the "All-Russian National Right Wing Centre" chaired by Mikhail Astafyev.

Accusations of antisemitism.

Shafarevich's essay titled "Russophobia", expanded into the book "Three thousand year old mystery" (Трехтысячелетняя загадка) resulted in accusations of antisemitism. He completed the "Russophobia" essay in 1982 and it was initially circulated as "samizdat". In the USSR it was first officially published in 1989.  In the "Russophobia" essay he argued that great nations experience periods in their history when reformist elitist groups ('small nations') that have values that differ fundamentally from the values of the majority of the people, gain upper hand in the society. In Shafarevich's opinion, the role of such a'small nation' in Russia was played by a small group of intelligentsiya dominated by Jews. They were full of hatred against traditional Russian way of life, playing an active role in the terrorist regimes of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.  Its publication led to a request by the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to Shafarevich to resign his membership, because the NAS charter prohibited stripping an existing membership. In an open letter to the NAS, Shafarevich denied that "Russophobia" is antisemitic. Shafarevich also noted that since NAS enlisted him without his request or knowledge, it is its internal matter to delist him as well. Nevertheless, when the United States invaded Iraq, Shafarevich faxed his resignation.  Accusations of antisemitism have continued, involving Shafarevich's other publications. Semyon Reznik targets the "Russophobia" essay for alleged factual inaccuracies, that Shafarevich misassigned Jewish ethnicity to a number of non-Jewish individuals involved in the execution of Nicholas II, perpetuating the false assertion that there was graffiti in Yiddish at the murder site, and suggested that Shafarevich's phrase "Nicholas II was shot specifically as the "Tsar", and this ritual act drew a line under an epoch in Russian history" – may be read as blood libel. (An accusation which ignores the remainder of Shafarevich's sentence: "so it can only be compared with the execution of Charles I in England or of Louis XVI in France".) Aron Katsenelinboigen, wrote that Shafarevish's work "lives up to the best traditions of antisemitic propaganda".  Later, Shafarevich expanded on his views in his book ""Three thousand year old mystery"". In this article Shafarevich further claimed that Jews effectively marginalize non-Jews to the point of exclusion in all types of intellectual endeavors. This work was published in Russian in 2002; an introductory section explains the relationship with the "Russophobia" essay, explaining that the essay developed from an Appendix to an intended work of wider scope which he started writing in "samizdat".  The issue of Shafarevich's alleged antisemitism has been the subject of a 2009 doctoral thesis at the University of Helsinki, which was later turned into a book, in which the author, Krista Berglund, concludes that Shafarevich's views have been misconstrued as antisemitic.

Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Russian mathematician who contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. He wrote books and articles that criticize socialism, and was an important dissident during the Soviet regime.

Igor Rostislawowitsch Schafarewitsch (auch "Igor Shafarevich";, wiss. Transliteration ; * 3. Juni 1923 in Schytomyr; † 19. Februar 2017) war ein führender russischer Mathematiker, der vor allem in den Bereichen Zahlentheorie, Algebra und algebraische Geometrie arbeitete.


Saint-Simon's writings.

Saint-Simon's earliest publications, such as his "Introduction aux travaux scientifiques du XIXe siècle (Introduction to scientific discoveries of the 19th century)" (1803) and his "Mémoire sur la science de l'homme (Notes on the study of man)" (1813), (the latter of which is a eulogy to Napoleon), demonstrate his faith in science as a means to regenerate society. In his 1814 essay "De la réorganisation de la société européenne (On the reorganisation of European society)", written in collaboration with his then secretary Augustin Thierry, Saint-Simon seems to have foreseen the European Union, expecting however that England would take the lead in forming a continent sharing the same laws and institutions.  For his last decade Saint-Simon concentrated on themes of political economy. Together with Auguste Comte, (then only a teenager), Saint-Simon projected a society bypassing the changes of the French Revolution, in which science and industry would take the moral and temporal power of medieval theocracy.  In his last work however, "Le Nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity)" (1825), Saint-Simon reverted to more traditional ideas of renewing society through Christian brotherly love. He died shortly after its publication.

The arts.

In his last years and in the period after his death, Saint-Simon's ideas, which gave prominence to art as a prized aspect of work, interested numerous artists and musicians, amongst them Hector Berlioz, Félicien David (who wrote a number of hymns for the movement) and Franz Liszt. For a brief period, the historian and writer Léon Halévy acted as secretary to the philosopher.

The movement after Saint-Simon's death.

Following Saint-Simon's death in 1825, his followers began to differ as to how to promulgate his ideas. A 'charismatic' faction, led by Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin, purchased the newspaper "Le Globe" as their official organ, and formed an increasingly religiously-minded ritualistic group based on a community founded at Ménilmontant, before being banned by the authorities in 1832. Following this some of Enfantin's followers visited Constantinople and then Egypt and influenced the creation of the Suez Canal in search of Messianic revelations, and the formal Saint-Simonian movement expired.  However, others who had been associated with the group and were not followers of Enfantin, (such as Olinde Rodrigues and Gustave d'Eichthal) developed Saint-Simonian notions practically and involved themselves in the development of the French economy, founding a number of leading concerns including the Suez Canal Company and the bank Crédit Mobilier.  It has also been noted that Saint-Simonian ideas exerted a significant influence on new religious movements such as Spiritualism and Occultism since the 1850s.

Saint-Simonianism was a French political, religious and social movement of the first half of the 19th century, inspired by the ideas of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825).

Saint-Simonismus war eine Denkschule und Vereinigung, die nach dem Tode Saint Simons (1825) dessen Lehre nicht nur zu systematisieren und zu verbreiten suchte, sondern auch mit erheblichen Veränderungen fortentwickelte. In Anlehnung an die letzte Schrift Saint Simons "Das neue Christentum" entfalteten seine Anhänger eine regelrechte Religion, welche die Einheit des Gefühls, des Verstandes und der Kraft zur Veränderung verwirklichen sollte.


Relationship to other varieties.

Recent DNA profiling has shown Garganega to be one of the parent varieties of Montonico bianco.  It is not yet clear if the grape is related to red Calabrian wine grape Gaglioppo that is also known as Mantonico/Montonico nero.

DOC wines.

Montonico bianco is a permitted grape variety in several "Denominazione di origine controllata" wines including the Bivongi DOC located on the slopes of Mount Consolino. Here Montonico makes up to 30-50% of the blend along with Greco bianco and Guardavalle with Ansonica and Malvasia bianca permitted to make up an additional 30-50% and other non-aromatic white grape varieties permitted up to 30%. Montonico grapes destined for DOC wine production must be harvested to a yield no greater than 12 tonnes/hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 10.5%.  In the Pollino DOC in southern Calabria, vineyards planted in the shadows of the Pollino massif can include Montonico bianco for blending with the Gaglioppo (Montonico nero) grape in the red wines of the DOC. While Gaglioppo makes up at least 60% of the blend and Greco nero allowed to make up to 40%, Montonico bianco is permitted up to 40% along with Guarnaccia bianca and Malvasia bianca. All other white grape varieties are limited to accounting for no more than 20% of the blend. Grapes are limited to yields of 11 tonnes/ha with the finished wines needing to reach at least 12% alcohol by volume.

Synonyms.

Over the years Montonico bianco has been known under a variety of synonyms including Bottato, Caprone, Ciapparone, Chiapparone, Coppa, Montanaro, Ognone, Racciapollona, Racciapollone, Raccipolluta, Roccipolluta, Roccipoluta, Trebbiano Marchigiano, Trebbiano Montanaro, Uva d'Oro di poggio delle rose, Uva di poggio delle rose, Uva Fermana, Uva Racciapoluta, Uva Roccipolluta and Uva Regno.

Montonico bianco is a white Italian wine grape variety that is grown in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Ampelographers believe that the grape is likely of Greek origins and was transported to southern Italy by ancient Greek settlers. Though the variety has a long history in Calabria, its numbers have been slowly declining with 1100 hectares/2700 acres planted in the region by the end of the 20th century.

Montonico Bianco ist eine Weißweinsorte aus Italien, die vor allem in der Provinz Teramo in den Abruzzen angebaut wird. Daneben wird ihr Anbau auch in den Provinzen bzw. Metropolitanstädten Macerata, Frosinone, Catania, Ragusa und Syrakus empfohlen. Zugelassen ist sie außerdem in den Provinzen Ascoli Piceno, Neapel, Salerno, Chieti, Pescara, Foggia, Cosenza und Reggio Calabria. In den 1990er Jahren wurde eine bestockte Rebfläche von 1.117 Hektar erhoben.


Documentation of the nursing process.

The internationally accepted nursing process consists of five steps: assessment, nursing problem/diagnosis, goal, intervention and evaluation. Nursing process model provides the theoretical framework for nursing documentation. A nurse can follow this model to assess the clinical situation of a client and record a constructive document for nursing communication.

Content.

Nursing documentation mainly consists of a client's background information or nursing history referred as admission form, numerous assessment forms, nursing care plan and progress notes. These documents record the client's data captured at the relevant stages of the nursing process. The following sections describe the concept, aim, possible structure and content of these nursing documents using the example of nursing documentation in Australian residential aged care homes.

Admission.

An admission form is a fundamental record in nursing documentation. It documents a client's status, reasons why the client is being admitted, and the initial instructions for that client's care. The form is completed by a nurse when a client is admitted to a health care facility.  The admission form provides the basic information to establish foundations for further nursing assessment. It usually contains the general data about a client, such as name, gender, age, birth date, address, contact, identification information (ID) and some situational descriptions about marriage, work or other background information. Based on the different nursing care provider's requirements, this form may also record family history, past medical history, history of present illness, and allergies

Assessment.

The documentation of nursing assessment is the recording of the process about how a judgment was made and its related factors, in addition to the result of the judgment. It makes the process of nursing assessment visible through what is presented in the documentation content.  During nursing assessment, a nurse systematically collects, verifies, analyses and communicates a health care client's information to derive a nursing diagnosis and plan individualized nursing care for the client. Complete and accurate nursing assessment determines the accuracy of the other stages of the nursing process.  The nursing documents may contain a number of assessment forms. In an assessment form, a licensed Registered Nurse records the client's information, such as physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual status (see Figure 2). The accuracy and completeness of nursing assessment determine the accuracy of care planning in the nursing process.

Nursing care plan.

The nursing care plan (NCP) is a clinical document recording the nursing process, which is a systematic method of planning and providing care to clients. It was originally developed in hospitals to guide nursing students or junior nurses in providing care to client; however, the format was task-oriened rather than nursing-process-based. Nowadays, the NCP is widely used in nursing in various clinical and educational settings as a tool to direct individualized nursing care for clients.  The nurses make nursing care plans based on the assessments they have completed previously with a client. There are many ways of structuring nursing care plans in correspondence with the different needs of nursing care in different nursing specialties. For example, a nursing care plan in an Australian residential aged care home may be structured with several sections under each care domain such as pain, mobility, lifestyle, nutrition and continence. The information is recorded in free-text style, and various terms are used singly or in combination to name each of the four sections in the formats that are used by a facility during a particular period

Progress notes.

A progress note is the record of nursing actions and observations in the nursing care process. It helps nurses to monitor and control the course of nursing care.  Generally, nurses record information with a common format. Nurses are likely to record details about a client's clinical status or achievements during the course of the nursing care.

Recording format.

Paper-based nursing documentation.

The paper-based nursing documentation has been in place for decades. Client's data are recorded in paper documents. The information in these documents needs to be integrated for sense-making in a nursing decision.

Electronic nursing documentation.

Electronic nursing documentation is an electronic format of nursing documentation an increasingly used by nurses. Electronic nursing documentation systems have been implemented in health care organizations to bring in the benefits of increasing access to more complete, accurate and up-to-date data and reducing redundancy, improving communication and care service delivery.

Comparison of the quality of paper-based and electronic documentation.

Electronic nursing documentation systems are able to produce somewhat better quality data in comparison with paper-based systems, in certain respects depending on the characteristics of the systems and the practice of the various study settings. The common benefits of electronic documentation systems include the improvement of comprehensiveness in documenting the nursing process, the use of standardized language and the recording of specific items about particular client issues and relevance of the message. In addition, electronic systems can improve legibility, dating and signing in nursing records.  For the documentation of nursing assessment, the electronic systems significantly increased the quantity and comprehensiveness of documented assessment forms in each record. In regard to the NCP, the electronic standardized NCPs were graded with a higher total quality score than its paper-based counterpart. In addition, in comparison with the paper-based documentation systems, the electronic systems, due to their automatic functions, were able to improve the format, structure and process features of documentation quality such as legibility, signing, dating, crossing out error and space with a single line and resident identification on every page.  Paper-based documentation has been found to be inferior in comparison with electronic documentation. This is caused by the inherent nature of paper being difficult to update, time-consuming in a recording. Thus, the records are often incomplete, illegible, repetitive and missing signatures.  Electronic nursing documentation systems have the potential to improve the quality of documentation structure and format, process and content in comparison with paper-based documentation, as demonstrated in a comparative study of electronic and paper-based nursing admission forms. However, improvement in documentation quality is not necessarily to be brought about by the introduction of electronic nursing documentation system to replace paper-based documentation. For example, Wang et al. that although the electronic nursing assessment form contained more documented assessment forms, which covered a wider range of resident care needs, they did not perform better than the previous [null paper-based assessment forms according to] the quality criteria of [null completeness] and timeliness. Therefore, further work on the usage of the electronic documentation systems may focus on improving form design and usage. There is also a need for improvement in compliance with standards in order to better meet the clients' care needs.

Quality of nursing documentation.

A study by the National Client Safety Agency (NPSA) found that poor standards of documentation were a contributory factor in the failure to detect clients who were clinically deteriorating. Nurses are responsible for maintaining accurate records of the care they provide and are accountable if information is incomplete and inaccurate. Thus, a quality standard is required for recording of nursing documentation.  The systematic review of nursing documentation audit studies in different settings identified the following relevant quality characteristics of nursing documentation:

Standardized nursing terminology.

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) nursing diagnosis:  NANDA International (formerly the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) is a professional organization of nurses standardized nursing terminology that was officially founded in 1982 and develops, researches, disseminates and refines the nomenclature, criteria, and taxonomy of nursing diagnoses.  Nursing intervention classification (NIC):  The Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) is a care classification system which describes the activities that nurses perform as a part of the planning phase of the nursing process associated with the creation of a nursing care plan.  Nursing outcome classification (NOC):  The Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) is a classification system which describes client outcomes sensitive to nursing intervention.  The Omaha System:  The Omaha System is a standardized health care terminology consisting of an assessment component (Problem Classification Scheme), a care plan/services component (Intervention Scheme), and an evaluation component (Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes).  International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP):  The International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) is a collaborative project under the auspices of the International Council of Nurses. The ICNP provides a structured and defined vocabulary as well as a classification for nursing and a framework into which existing vocabularies and classifications can be cross-mapped to enable comparison of nursing data.

Structured documentation.

Structured documentation takes the form of pre-printed guidelines for specific aspects of care and can, therefore, focus nursing care upon diagnoses, treatment aims, client outcomes and evaluations of care. It can improve client care by replacing the practice of vague, narrative style entries by nurses with cohesive and accurate information determined by the format of the care plan. The clarity of the recorded information also facilitates clinical auditing and evaluation of documentation practices through. Therefore, the introduction of structured documentation and care plans are seen as a means by which nurses can raise standards of record-keeping practice.

Nursing documentation is the record of nursing care that is planned and delivered to individual clients by qualified nurses or other caregivers under the direction of a qualified nurse. It contains information in accordance with the steps of the nursing process. Nursing documentation is the principal clinical information source to meet legal and professional requirements, and one of the most significant components in nursing care. Quality nursing documentation plays a vital role in the delivery of quality nursing care services through supporting better communication between different care team members to facilitate continuity of care and safety of the clients.

Die Pflegedokumentation ist die schriftliche Fixierung der geplanten und durchgeführten Pflege sowie die Dokumentation einzelner Schritte der Pflegeplanung. Sie ist ein zentrales Arbeitsmittel der professionellen Kranken-, Alten- und Kinderkrankenpflege. Die Pflegedokumentation dient der Sicherstellung der nächsten Arbeitsschritte der Pflegenden und der Kooperation bei der Versorgung der Pflegeempfänger (Patienten, Klienten, Heimbewohner) im Pflegeteam und mit beteiligten Berufsgruppen wie Ärzten. Sie umfasst alle Berichte und Formulare über den Pflegeverlauf der jeweiligen Person als Teil einer Krankenakte, die auch virtuell als elektronische Patientenakte geführt sein kann. Ihr wichtigster Teil ist aus pflegerischer Sicht die Pflegeplanung.