History.

Bats have likely been consumed as a food source since prehistoric times in the Asia-Pacific region. Chronostratigraphic analysis of archaeological sites indicate that bats could have been exploited as a food source since 74,000 years ago by "Homo floresiensis". On tropical islands, hunting large fruit bats was a worthwhile expenditure for prehistoric hominins. These megabats could be easily captured in caves in large numbers, and processing effort was also minimal.  Bats have been hunted by Aboriginal Australians for thousands of years, extending into modern times. Popular game species are the black flying fox and the little red flying fox. In 1997, it was estimated that the Aboriginal people of the Top End consumed 180,000 flying foxes each year.  While it has been suggested that the Taíno people of Puerto Rico consumed bat meat in pre-Columbian times, no bat bones have been documented in their midden heaps, making it unlikely that bat meat was a substantial dietary component. No other New World cultures are thought to have hunted bats for meat, though bat bones have been identified in midden heaps on the Caribbean island of Saba.  The consumption of bat meat in Europe has been scarce, not only because of repugnance, but also because of the size of European bats, which being all insectivores are also small. In the past it has been recorded the custom of the peasants of Costozza (in the province of Vicenza, Italy) to eat bats, especially horseshoe bats. After World War II the bats of Costozza's caves were almost extinct "for the ruthless hunting that the natives make of them, at the time of the grape, in order to assimilate them with the most tasty little birds." In 1959 it was reported that "in some places [of Italy], for example in Liguria and Veneto regions, the bats are or were used as food."  In the Torah and in the Bible, the book of Leviticus (11:13–19) forbids consumption of bat: "These you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: (...) the bat."  In the "Geographica" of Strabo it is described the city of Borsippa (now Birs Nimrud in Iraq), where there was a large number of bats captured by the inhabitants, who "salad them to eat them". In the sixteenth century Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi refers in his treatise "Ornitologia" that bats have a white meat, edible, and excellent flavor.

Modern prevalence.

At least 167 species of bats are hunted around the world, or about 13% of all bat species, for reasons including food, perceived medical value, for hide or teeth, or for sport. Some species are hunted for food more often than others: Half of all megabat species are hunted for food, in comparison to only eight percent of insectivorous species. A 2016 review documented hunting of bats for meat or traditional medicine in North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, South America, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and West and Central Asia. In contrast, it recorded no species hunted for meat or traditional medicine in the Caribbean, Europe, North America, Mesoamerica, or North Asia.

Africa.

At least 55 species of bat are hunted in Africa, though larger bats are preferred targets and small, insectivorous species are considered less desirable. Bat hunting is most prevalent in West and Central Africa. It has been estimated that 100,000 bats are sold annually in Ghana. In South Africa and East Africa, there is little to no hunting. The four species of bats hunted in Northern Africa are used for traditional medicine purposes, not for meat.  Abundant and larger-bodied species are more frequently consumed in Africa, including the straw-coloured fruit bat, Franquet's epauletted fruit bat, the Gambian epauletted fruit bat, the hammer-headed bat, and Egyptian fruit bat. Medium-sized bats like the Angolan rousette and Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat are also consumed, as well as small species like the large slit-faced bat, horseshoe bats, and roundleaf bats.

Asia.

Humans hunt 64 species of bats in Asia, though the intensity of hunting varies by region. In Southeast Asia, bats are widely hunted in ten of the eleven countries, excluding only Singapore. About 17% of bat species are hunted in Southeast Asia, or 56 species. Indonesia and the Philippines have especially high levels of hunting, with a third of bat species in the Philippines subject to hunting despite legal protections such as the Philippine Wildlife Act and Philippine Cave Management Act, which are poorly enforced. In some Malaysian cities, bats are seen as a luxury meat. Back in 2001, it was reported that 7% of households in Thailand's Phu Kheio Wildlife Sanctuary ate bat meat. Consumption is particularly intense in North Sulawesi, where locals eat flying fox meat at least once a month, with a tenfold increase in frequency near Christian holidays.  In South Asia, hunting bats for food occurs in Bangladesh by tribal groups, specifically targeting larger bat species. A 2017 survey of over 140 villages in Bangladesh found that bats were hunted in 49% of villages, with the majority of hunters (62%) using hunted bats for food and medicine. In contrast, 30% of hunters used hunted bats for food, but not medicine, while 17% used them for medicine, but not food. While bats are killed in India and Pakistan, consumption is reported to be infrequent, and perceived medicinal uses are more common motives. A few studies though state that bat meat consumption is more common in certain parts of India such as the Northeast, the Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam Districts in Andhra Pradesh, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.  In East Asia, specifically southern China, bats are sometimes eaten and can be found in some markets. Specific bat species eaten in China include the cave nectar bat, Pomona roundleaf bat, Indian flying fox, and Leschenault's rousette. Additionally, the greater short-nosed fruit bat is hunted for medicine, but not food. Bat meat is not especially popular in China. It has been contested whether or not the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, suspected as having ties with the COVID-19 outbreak, sold bat meat. According to some sources bat meat was never sold in the market, and it has been reported that the bats are not a common food source in the city of Wuhan. Some media outlets, including "Daily Mail" and RT, promoted a video that showed a young Chinese woman eating a bat and suggested it was shot in Wuhan, but later it was confirmed that the footage was filmed by travel vlogger Wang Mengyun in the island country of Palau in 2016, to showcase local cuisine. International agencies pressured China to adopt legislation forbidding the hunting of bats and sale of bat meat following the early 2000s SARS outbreak where hundreds of people died, though no such legislation was passed. All wildlife trade in China, including bat meat, was banned in January 2020 in response to the coronavirus pandemic which is assumed to have originated in Wuhan.

Oceania.

Bats are regularly hunted and consumed in Oceania, and are the only native land mammals of many isolated islands. About 23% of Oceania's bat species are hunted, or 40 species. Bat meat is considered a delicacy in the Cook Islands, Niue, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and Samoa. It is popularly consumed in Fiji, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu.

South America.

Though bat diversity in South America is especially high, bats are rarely consumed. Some indigenous peoples may consume bats, with the Nambiquara people known to consume three species of leaf-nosed bat. Live bats are sold in Bolivia for purported medicinal uses. Specifically, consuming the bats' blood is believed to treat epilepsy. A 2010 study documented that per month, 3,000 bats were sold in markets in four Bolivian cities. Species sold in these markets include Seba's short-tailed bats, mouse-eared bats, and common vampire bats.

Preparation and cooking.

Paniki is a dish from Minahasan, North Sulawesi made from fruit bat. Soups, stews and curries using bat meat are prepared. In Palau, bat soup is considered a delicacy. Fruit bats are used in a Palauan soup that includes coconut milk, spices and ginger. Hot pot made with whole bat is available in some restaurants in southern China.  Bat stew is a stew prepared from various types of bats. Fruit bats are used in some versions of the dish. "Estufa de morcego" is a bat stew delicacy in the cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe that is served on saints days and during fiestas.  The 1999 version of "The Oxford Companion to Food" states that the flavor of fruit bats is similar to that of chicken, and that they are "clean animals living exclusively on fruit". Bats are prepared in several manners, such as grilled, barbecued, deep fried, cooked in stews and in stir frys. When deep fried, the entire bat may be cooked and consumed.  During cooking, bats may emit strong odors reminiscent of urine and feces. This may be reduced by adding garlic, onion, chili pepper or beer during cooking.

Nutrition.

Detailed information of the nutritional and chemical composition of bat meat is not available as of 2012. In many developing countries, bushmeat, including bat meat, is considered a major nutritional resource, including for micronutrients. One study in Madagascar predicted that the rate of childhood anemia would increase 29% if access to bushmeat, including bat meat, was restricted, predominantly affecting the poorest households who could not afford to purchase meat from domestic animals.

Issues.

Overexploitation.

Bats are most vulnerable to overhunting in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and islands of Oceania and the Indian Ocean. Bats are susceptible to overhunting as they have naturally low rates of reproduction and many species are highly colonial, which makes it easier for them to be hunted in large numbers. Overhunting is believed to be the primary cause of extinction for the small Mauritian flying fox and the Guam flying fox.

Diseases.

It has been speculated that megabats may be the natural reservoir of "Ebolavirus", though the evidence has been called "far from decisive". Due to the possible association between Ebola infection and "hunting, butchering and processing meat from infected animals", several West African countries banned bushmeat (including megabats) or issued warnings about it during the 2013–2016 epidemic; many bans have since been lifted. Bats have been hypothesized as a possible origin of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first detected in Wuhan, China, though the origin of the virus has yet to be fully.

Toxins.

Eating fruit bats is also linked to a neurological disease called lytico-bodig disease. Paul Alan Cox from the Hawaiian National Tropical Botanical Garden in Kalaheo, and Oliver Sacks from Albert Einstein College in New York, found the bats consumed large quantities of cycad seeds and appear to accumulate the toxins to dangerous levels in their meat.

Bats are eaten by people in parts of some Asian, African, Pacific Rim countries and cultures, including Vietnam, Seychelles, Indonesia, Palau, Thailand, China, and Guam. Half the megabat (fruit bat) species are hunted for food, but only eight percent of the insectivorous bat species. In Guam, Mariana fruit bats ("Pteropus mariannus") are considered a delicacy.

Im pazifischen Raum und in Asien werden Fledertiere als Lebensmittel von Menschen genutzt. Fledertiere werden in verschiedenen Varianten in Indonesien, Thailand, Vietnam, Guam und in anderen asiatischen Ländern und Kulturen im pazifischen Raum verzehrt. Auf Guam gilt der Marianen-Flughund als Delikatesse, eine Spezies ist dort durch Bejagung gefährdet. Sie werden dort zur Nutzung als Lebensmittel und aufgrund ihrer Haut gejagt. Die Jagd erfolgt u. a. mit Netzen und Schrotflinten.


Early career.

Hamson grew up in Lindon, Utah. She attended Pleasant Grove High School, where she was an all-state basketball selection and a member of the state championship volleyball team. She also played for the Utah Elite club volleyball team. Hamson was recruited to play volleyball by the University of Utah, Colorado State, Utah State, Long Beach State, University of Louisville, and UNLV.

College.

Hamson was a dual sport athlete at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah, and is considered by many to be the best ever female athlete at BYU. She led the Cougars to a sweet sixteen appearance in the 2014 NCAA tournament, only the third #12 seed to ever make it that far. As a senior, she averaged 18 points, 11 rebounds and led the nation with 147 blocked shots. She was named an Associated Press All-America Honorable Mention recipient and was the WCC Player and Defensive Player of the Year, the first time in league history that the honor has gone to the same student-athlete.

WNBA career.

Following her collegiate career, Hamson was selected 23rd overall (2nd round) in the 2014 WNBA Draft by the Los Angeles Sparks, despite telling teams that she would defer playing a year to complete her volleyball commitments. Hamson signed with the Sparks on February 23, 2015 after sitting out the 2014 WNBA season.

Volleyball career.

Hamson chose to defer playing in the WNBA so she could attend the U.S. Collegiate National Volleyball Team camp during the summer of 2014. She will complete her eligibility by competing with the BYU volleyball team for the fall 2014 season. Hamson was named an All American for volleyball after the Cougars run to the Sweet Sixteen in 2013.

Personal life.

Hamson is a daughter of David and Tresa Spaulding Hamson, who starred in basketball at BYU, as did many family members on the maternal side. She has two brothers, Alan, who played for the BYU basketball team, and Tim, as well as two sisters.

Jennifer Hamson (born January 23, 1992) is an American professional basketball player. She was also an All-American volleyball player for the Brigham Young University Cougars.

Jennifer Hamson (* 23. Januar 1992 in Orem, Utah) ist eine US-amerikanische Volleyball- und ehemalige Basketballspielerin. Als Basketballspielerin war sie in den Vereinigten Staaten und Russland aktiv. Als Volleyballspielerin spielte sie in der deutschen Bundesliga für den 1. VC Wiesbaden und Allianz MTV Stuttgart.


2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres

Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 2019/400 m der Frauen

Summary.

The 2019 season saw only four women break 50 seconds. World leader Shaunae Miller-Uibo did it three times. Salwa Eid Naser broke it once, coming back against a challenge from Aminatou Seyni. Naser was consistently under 51, five times during the 2019 IAAF Diamond League season. Seyni was not allowed to compete in the 400 metres because of the new IAAF testosterone rule. Shericka Jackson was the fourth to break 50 at the Jamaican championships.  Those athletes were the ones to watch in the final. With multi-toned hair, the tall Miller-Uibo started like she meant business, gaining on the stagger against defending champion Phyllis Francis to her outside and by the backstretch, Francis had already made up the stagger on Justyna Święty-Ersetic to her outside. In the center of the track, Naser had also already made up the stagger on Wadeline Jonathas to her outside. Miller-Uibo and Naser hit the 200 meter split marks virtually even. Through the final turn, Naser was moving faster, opening up 4 metres by the home straight. The first time Miller-Uibo was able to see Naser, she was already behind. That final straight is usually Miller-Uibo's territory. She began stretching out her long strides to reel Naser in. Miller-Uibo steadily gained on Naser, pulling in three metres, but it wasn't enough. Miller-Uibo set a new personal best, 48.37, which became the #6 400 metre race of all time. Naser beat her with 48.14, the #3 400 of all time. Jackson held off the American duo of Jonathas and Francis, all personal bests under 50 seconds. Like all previous top 10 women's races, there were two close competitors battling to the line.

Records.

Before the competition records were as follows:  The following records were set at the competition:

Schedule.

The event schedule, in local time (UTC+3), was as follows:

Results.

Heats.

The first three in each heat (Q) and the next six fastest (q) qualified for the final.

Semi-finals.

The first two in each heat (Q) and the next two fastest (q) qualified for the final.

Final.

The final was started on 3 October at 23:50.

The women's 400 metres at the 2019 World Athletics Championships was held at the Khalifa International Stadium in Doha, Qatar, from 30 September to 3 October 2019.

Der 400-Meter-Lauf der Frauen bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 2019 fand am 30. September und am 1. und 3. Oktober 2019 in Doha, Katar statt.


Geography.

Artix is located some 7 km south-west of Pamiers and 4 km south of Saint-Victor-Rouzaud. Access to the commune is by the D13 road from Saint-Victor-Rouzaud in the north and passing through from the northern to the eastern edge of the commune continuing to Rieux-de-Pelleport in the south-east. Access to the village is by the Souleille de Touron country road branching off the D13 and going west to the village and continuing west to join the D431. There is the hamlet of Le Prieu on the northern border of the commune. The commune is mixed farmland and forest.  The "Ruisseau de Babots" rises in the north of the commune and flows north to join the "Estrique". The "Ruisseau de Grave" forms the western border of the commune as it flows north-east to join the Estrique. The "Ruisseau d'Artix" rises in the south of the commune and flows north-east gathering tributaries continuing east to join the Ariège near Rieux-de-Pelleport.

History.

The village of Artix seems to be old as it was apparently present in 960 in the will of the Bishop of Toulouse (Hugues). The French Wars of Religion ravaged the commune: in 1562 the Protestants pillaged crops. The church was also destroyed. Finally in 1621 the Baron of Léran plundered the Chateau of Artix.

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2010 the commune had 118 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Artix is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Articois" or "Articoises".

Artix ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Ariège in der Region Okzitanien. Sie gehört zum Kanton Pamiers-1 und zum Arrondissement Foix.


Accolades.

In early December 2019 it was announced that three episodes had been nominated for for the 72nd Writers Guild of America Awards, resulting in "The Simpsons" having the most nominations overall that year. The writers and episodes nominated were John Frink for "Go Big or Go Homer," Brian Kelley for "Livin’ La Pura Vida" and Dan Vebber for "Thanksgiving of Horror" and on February 1, 2020, it was announced that Vebber and "Thanksgiving of Horror" had won.  Only a few days after the WGA nominees were listed, the show also received a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Animated Series, but lost to "Bojack Horseman" when winners were announced at the 10th Critics' Choice Television Awards on January 12, 2020.

Production.

This season features the first scripts credited to writers Max Cohn and Elisabeth Kiernan Averick. Comedian and writer Pete Holmes also both wrote and guest starred in the two-part "Warrin' Priests" episodes, making him the third freelance writer to do so after Ricky Gervais and Seth Rogen. While in "Warrin' Priests" Holmes plays the character of Bode, he had previously guest starred in season 30 premiere "Bart's Not Dead" as a different character. The episode "The Incredible Lightness of Being a Baby" was delayed from the previous season, with the original intent to air it instead of "I'm Just a Girl Who Can't Say D'oh" on April 7, 2019. The episode was put on hold after the show's producers decided to make a short film related to the episode involving Maggie and another baby named Hudson titled "Playdate with Destiny" as well. The short film premiered on February 29, 2020, attached to advanced screenings of the Disney/Pixar release "Onward" with "The Incredible Lightness of Being a Baby" serving as a sequel to it.  This season was produced and aired during the COVID-19 pandemic which delayed or canceled the production of many television productions, but as an animated production this took less of a toll on the show than most live-action ones. Executive producer James L. Brooks encouraged the staff to begin working from their homes in early March 2020, before California's stay-at-home order was declared. In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter" in late March 2020 Al Jean stated, "Production hasn't skipped a day or lost a beat. We intend to do the 22 shows we were contracted to do... There's been no change in how we do things."  In April 2020, the show joined the rest of Fox's Animation Domination lineup in a partnership with Caffeine for the "AniDom Beyond Show", a recap show hosted by Andy Richter. The hour-long program featured interviews with guests and live interactivity with fans online, with recaps for the episodes that aired through April and May. "The Simpsons" episode aired on April 26 featuring Al Jean, cast member Yeardley Smith and writer and guest star Pete Holmes. On May 18, Matt Selman joined the show with other writers from the Fox Animation Domination lineup.

Controversy.

It was during the run of this season that longtime voice actor Hank Azaria announced that he was officially stepping down from voicing Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, a character he had played since the episode "The Telltale Head" from the first season. The character and Azaria's portrayal of him had come under scrutiny since the release of Hari Kondabolu's 2017 documentary "The Problem with Apu". Apu's portrayal came under scrutiny again when the Simpsons staff referenced the criticism as being too politically correct in the season 29 episode "No Good Read Goes Unpunished" which resulted in backlash from some people concerned about the issue who felt that the response was immature. Azaria said that it was a mutual decision made between himself and the senior staff, stating, "all we know there is I won't be doing the voice anymore, unless there's someway to transition it or something."

Episodes.

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The thirty-first season of the animated television series "The Simpsons" premiered on Fox in the United States on September 29, 2019, and ended on May 17, 2020. Al Jean returns as showrunner, a position he has held since the thirteenth season. Matt Selman also contributed as showrunner for the episodes "Go Big or Go Homer", "Livin La Pura Vida", "Thanksgiving of Horror", "The Miseducation of Lisa Simpson", "Bart the Bad Guy", "Highway to Well" and "The Hateful Eight-Year-Olds".

Die 31. Staffel der US-amerikanischen Zeichentrickserie Die Simpsons wurde vom 29. September 2019 bis zum 17. Mai 2020 auf dem US-amerikanischen Sender Fox ausgestrahlt.


Club career.

Daly played his early rugby at Beckenham from age five before moving to Dorking in 2006, where he spent three years. He was educated at Cumnor House School and Whitgift School, after which he joined Wasps' Elite Player Development Squad before progressing to the Academy.  He made his debut at centre against Exeter Chiefs in the Anglo-Welsh Cup in November 2010 whilst still a pupil at Whitgift and in the process became the second-youngest player to represent the club. His first Premiership game followed later that month against Bath Rugby and he finished the 2010–11 season with six appearances which came at centre, full-back and on the wing.  Daly was an established member of Wasps'Rugby side having featured in over 150 Premiership matches for the side. His speed and long range kicking abilities alongside his ability to see space is among what made him such a stand-out player and he played a vital role for wasps whether it is at 13,11 or 15.  On 4 February 2019, Daly agreed to leave Wasps to join Premiership rivals Saracens prior to the 2019–20 season.

International career.

He has represented England at U16, U18, U20 and Senior level including winning an U20 Grand Slam in 2011, and reaching the Junior World Cup final in the same year. Since making his Senior debut for England in 2016, Daly went on to win back to back Six Nations Championships in 2016 and 2017. In the years since his debut, he has made over 30 appearances for the Senior team.  Daly was selected for the England 2015 Rugby World Cup training squad. Daly received his first call up to the senior England squad by new coach Eddie Jones on 13 January 2016 for the 2016 Six Nations Championship.  Daly made his international debut against Ireland on 27 February 2016 during the 2016 Six Nations championship, replacing Owen Farrell at inside centre in a 21-10 victory.  Daly made his first international start against South Africa on 12 November 2016 in the Old Mutual Wealth series. He started at outside centre starring alongside Owen Farrell who played inside centre. He also scored his first international points kicking a long-range penalty in the 39th minute of the first half.  Daly scored his first international try for England when he started on the wing in England's 58-15 victory over Fiji at Twickenham on Saturday 19 November 2016.  On 26 November 2016, he became the first England back, and only the second England player, to be sent off at Twickenham. Daly went for a tackle in the air against Argentina's number 8 Leonardo Senatore who landed on his head and shoulders in the fifth minute of the first half, and was subsequently given a red card and 3 week ban. Despite Daly's dismissal and playing 75 minutes a man short, England won the match 27-14.  Daly was named in the England team to face France at Twickenham in the first game of the 2017 Six Nations on Saturday 4 February. He scored a long-range penalty and was denied a try by a last-gasp tackle from the French. Daly started on the wing again against Wales in Cardiff on Saturday 11 February. With England losing 16-14 and 5 minutes left on the clock, Daly took a pass from Owen Farrell, escaped the clutches of Alex Cuthbert and sprinted 20 metres to dive over in the corner, winning the match for England. Daly scored his second try of the tournament during England's 36-15 win over Italy. In the 2019 Six Nations, Daly played at fullback and scored the second try in England's opening 32-20 away win over Ireland, grounding his own grubber kick following Jacob Stockdale's handling error under pressure.  On 12 August 2019 Elliot was announced as part of the England squad for the rugby World Cup in Japan, having impressed with his electrifying pace and also his ability to kick long range penalties.

British & Irish Lions.

Elliot Daly made history on the 2017 tour to New Zealand, both individually and as part of a Test side that claimed a dramatic drawn series with the All Blacks. On a personal level, he joined an elite club of people to have played for and against the Lions, and an even smaller club to have scored both for and against The British & Irish Lions. In 2013, he was part of the Barbarians side that took on the tourists in Hong Kong on the first leg of their tour to Australia – he even kicked a penalty in the defeat.  Elliot didn't feature in the Lions defeat to the Blues, he played in the following matches against the Highlanders and Maori All Blacks before going on to play in all three Tests during which he proved his worth and demonstrated how crucial his long-range kicking can be. He came within inches of scoring in the second minute of the first Test, collecting Owen Farrell's pass in the left corner after a free-flowing Lions move, but was denied by a tackle from Israel Dagg.  And in the same game, he was involved in one of the greatest Lions tries ever scored as he exchanged passes with Jonathan Davies, who set up Sean O’Brien to cross the whitewash after Liam Williams’ break.  Elliot played all 80 minutes of the Lions’ remarkable come-from-behind win in the second Test, before his penalty just after half-time in the third helped bring the Lions back within three points and heap pressure on the All Blacks in Auckland, as the match eventually finished 15-15 to draw the series in historic fashion.  Daly was a talented cricketer as a teenager, representing England Under-15s and Surrey at various age-group levels. He was an all-rounder, with fast bowling his forte, and appeared good enough to possibly make the first-class county grade before he chose rugby union.

Elliot Daly (born 8 October 1992) is an English rugby union player who plays for Saracens in the Gallagher Premiership and for England.

Elliot Daly (* 8. Oktober 1992 in Croydon, London) ist ein englischer Rugby-Union-Spieler. Er spielt auf verschiedenen Positionen in der Hintermannschaft für die englische Nationalmannschaft, die British and Irish Lions und die Saracens.


Methods of capture.

Commercial techniques require large fans to push ambient air through a filter. There, a liquid solvent—usually amine-based or caustic—absorbs from a gas. For example, a common caustic solvent: sodium hydroxide reacts with and precipitates a stable sodium carbonate. This carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous stream. sodium hydroxide can be recycled from sodium carbonate in a process of causticizing. Alternatively, the binds to solid sorbent in the process of chemisorption. Through heat and vacuum, the is then desorbed from the solid.  Among the specific chemical processes that are being explored, three stand out: causticization with alkali and alkali-earth hydroxides, carbonation, and organic−inorganic hybrid sorbents consisting of amines supported in porous adsorbents.

Other explored methods.

Moisture swing sorbent.

In cyclical a process designed in 2012 by professor Klaus Lackner, the director of the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions (CNCE), dilute can be efficiently separated using an anionic exchange polymer resin called Marathon MSA, which absorbs air when dry, and releases it when exposed to moisture. The technology requires further research to determine its cost-effectiveness.

Metal-organic frameworks.

Other substances which can be used are Metal-organic frameworks (or MOF's).

Membranes.

Membrane separation of rely on semi-permeable membranes. This method requires little water and has a smaller footprint.

Environmental impact.

Proponents of DAC argue that it is an essential component of climate change mitigation. Researchers posit that DAC could help contribute to the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement (namely limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels). However, others claim that relying on this technology is risky and might postpone emission reduction under the notion that it will be possible to fix the problem later, and suggest, that reducing emissions may be a better solution.  DAC relying on amine-based absorption demands significant water input. It was estimated, that to capture 3.3 Gigatonnes of a year would require 300 km of water, or 4% of the water used for irrigation. On the other hand, using sodium hydroxide needs far less water, but the substance itself is highly caustic and dangerous.  DAC also requires much greater energy input in comparison to traditional capture from point sources, like flue gas, due to the low concentration of. The theoretical minimum energy required to extract from ambient air is about 250 kWh per tonne of, while capture from natural gas and coal power plants requires respectively about 100 and 65 kWh per tonne of. Because of this implied demand for energy, some geoengineering promoters have proposed to use "small nuclear power plants" connected to DAC installations, potentially introducing a whole new set of environmental impacts.  When DAC is combined with a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system, it can produce a negative emissions plant, but it would require a carbon-free electricity source. The use of any fossil-fuel-generated electricity would end up releasing more to the atmosphere than it would capture. Moreover, using DAC for enhanced oil recovery would cancel any supposed climate mitigation benefits.

Economic viability.

Practical applications of DAC include:  These applications require differing concentrations of product formed from the captured gas. Forms of carbon sequestration such as geological storage require pure products (concentration > 99%), while other applications such as agriculture can function with more dilute products (~ 5%). Since the air being processed through DAC originally contains 0.04% (or 400 ppm), creation of a pure product through DAC requires a large amount of thermal energy to facilitate bonding and thus is more expensive than a dilute product.  DAC is not an alternative to traditional, point-source carbon capture and storage (CCS), rather it is a complementary technology that could be utilized to manage carbon emissions from distributed sources, fugitive emissions from the CCS network, and leakage from geological formations. Because DAC can be deployed far from the source of pollution, synthetic fuel produced with this method can use already existing fuel transport infrastructure.  One of the largest hurdles to implementing DAC is a cost required to separate and air. A study from 2011 estimated that a plant designed to capture 1 megatonne of a year would cost $2.2billion. Other studies from the same period put the cost of DAC at $200–1000 per tonne of and $600 per tonne.  An economic study of a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada, conducted from 2015 to 2018, estimated the cost at $94–232 per tonne of atmospheric removed. It is worth noting that the study was done by Carbon Engineering, which has financial interest in commercializing DAC technology. , capture costs for hydroxide based solvents generally cost $150 per tonne. Current liquid amine-based separation is $10–35 per tonne. Adsorption based capture costs are between $30–200 per tonne. It is difficult to find a specific cost for DAC because each method has wide variation in sorbent regeneration and capital costs.

Development.

Carbon Engineering.

It is a commercial DAC company founded in 2009 and backed, among others, by Bill Gates and Murray Edwards., they run a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada that has been in use since 2015 and is able to extract about a tonne of a day. An economic study of their pilot plant conducted from 2015 to 2018 estimated the cost at $94–232 per tonne of atmospheric removed.  While partnering with California energy company Greyrock, they convert a portion of its concentrated into synthetic fuel, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.  The company uses a potassium hydroxide solution. It reacts with to form potassium carbonate, which removes a certain amount of from the air.

Climeworks.

Their first industrial scale DAC plant, which started operation in May, 2017 in Hinwil, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, is capable of capturing 900 tonnes of per year. To lower its energy requirements, the plant uses heat from a local waste incineration plant. The is used to increase vegetable yields in a nearby greenhouse.  The company stated that it costs around $600 to capture one tonne of from the air.  Climeworks partnered with Reykjavik Energy in CarbFix project launched in 2007. In 2017, CarbFix2 project was started and received funding from EuropeanUnion's Horizon2020 research program. The CarbFix2 pilot plant project runs alongside a geothermal power plant in Hellisheidi, Iceland. In this approach, is injected 700 meters under the ground and mineralizes into basaltic bedrock forming carbonate minerals. DAC plant uses low-grade waste heat from the plant, effectively eliminating more than they both produce.

Global Thermostat.

It is private company founded in 2010, located in Manhattan, New York, with a plant in Huntsville, Alabama. Global Thermostat uses amine-based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from 40 to 50,000 tonne/year.  The company claims to remove for a $120 per tonne at its facility in Huntsville.  Global Thermostat has closed deals with Coca-Cola (which aims to use DAC to source for its carbonated beverages) and ExxonMobil which intends to pioneer a DACtofuel business using Global Thermostat's technology.

Prometheus Fuels.

Is a start-up company based in Santa Cruz which launched out of Y Combinator in 2019 to remove CO from the air and turn it into zero-net-carbon gasoline and jet fuel. The company uses a DAC technology, adsorbing CO from the air directly into process electrolytes, where it is converted into alcohols by electrocatalysis. The alcohols are then separated from the electrolytes using carbon nanotube membranes, and upgraded to gasoline and jet fuels. Since the process uses only electricity from renewable sources, the fuels are carbon neutral when used, emitting no net CO to the atmosphere.

Direct air capture (DAC) is a process of capturing carbon dioxide () directly from the ambient air (as opposed to capturing from point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant) and generating a concentrated stream of for sequestration or utilization. Carbon dioxide removal is achieved when ambient air makes contact with a chemical media, typically an aqueous alkaline solvent or functionalized sorbents. These chemical media are subsequently stripped of CO through the application of energy (namely heat), resulting in a CO stream that can undergo dehydration and compression, while simultaneously regenerating the chemical media for reuse.

Direct air capture (DAC) ist ein Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO) direkt aus der Umgebungsluft. Grundprinzip ist, dass Umgebungsluft durch einen Filter strömt, der einen Teil des CO entzieht. Ergebnis des Verfahrens ist – wie bei Carbon Capture and Utilization – reines CO, das anschließend für verschiedene Zwecke verwendet werden kann. Wegen dieser Eigenschaft wurden solche Anlagen als „Artificial trees“ = „künstliche Bäume“ bezeichnet.


Biography.

Xiong was born to a poverty-stricken family in the Huanggang, Hubei. His father was a village teacher who died of tuberculosis when Xiong was ten years old, forcing him to work as a cowherd for his neighbor to support his family. By his twenties, he was a dedicated revolutionary in the Republican Revolution that ended the Qing dynasty and ushered in China's first republic. Disgusted over corruption in politics, and what he termed "latent feudalism" among the revolutionaries, he began to study Buddhism in 1920 at the China Institute for Inner Learning () in Nanjing headed by Ouyang Jingwu (), perhaps the most influential lay Buddhist thinker of the twentieth century. At this time, the Chancellor of Peking University, Cai Yuanpei, sent Liang Shuming to Nanjing to ask Ouyang Jingwu to recommend one of his students to teach Buddhist Logic (因明學, "Yinming Xue") and Yogacara philosophy () in the Philosophy Department at Peking University. Ouyang Jingwu recommended Xiong and passed Liang Shuming a draft on which Xiong had been working entitled "An Outline of Consciousness-only". Impressed with Xiong's work, Cai Yuanpei, on Liang's recommendation, invited Xiong to Peking University where Xiong, much to the chagrin of Liang Shuming, destroyed his draft and instead wrote and published in 1932 what is now considered his major work "A New Treatise on Consciousness-only" (新唯识论, xin weishi lun). In his "New Treatise", Xiong criticized the old Yogacara masters, such as the brothers Vasubandhu and Asanga (4 c.), as well as their successors, Dharmapala (530-561) and Xuanzang (c. 602–664), for their theory of seeds in which seeds, stored in the eight or'storehouse' consciousness (alayavijnana), become discrete causal agents that 'perfume' (bring into being) all mental and physical dharmas. However, he also used the insights of Buddhism to reconstruct Confucianism. Much of his philosophy is influenced both by Buddhism and by his study of the Book of Changes, which he regarded as the fundamental classic of Confucianism.  Xiong felt that his mission was to assist China in overcoming its social and cultural crisis, and simultaneously to search for truth. He felt compelled to find and develop the "dao" of Confucius to meet the force of Western culture. In his outline of the main point of the "New Treatise" he wrote (in reply to Mou Zongsan):  Now again we are in a weak and dangerous situation. With the strong aggression of European culture, our authentic spirit has been extinct. People are accustomed to self-disregard, self-violence, self-abandonment. Everything is copied from the outside, with little self-establishment. Hence the "New Treatise" must be written.  The first edition of the "New Treatise" was written in Classical Chinese, and in 1944 Xiong published a Colloquial Chinese version which was in actuality a complete rewriting of the original work. In 1958–59 Xiong published "On Original Reality and Function" and "Illuminating the Mind". Together, these two books form a revised account of his "New Treatise".  After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Xiong stayed on the mainland and continued to lecture at Peking University. While he wasn’t required to criticize his earlier thinking in terms of Marxism, and he even received government funding in publishing some of his writings after 1949, he was still subjected to physical abuse at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. After seeing Confucianism suffer another cultural and political blow, he died at the age of 84 in 1968.

Philosophy.

Daily decrease and daily renovation.

Xiong's preference of Confucianism is partially because he felt that Buddhism over-emphasizes the negative or passive aspects of human nature. Because of this, it fails to provide a positive and active guide to human life. This is something that Confucianism provided with its trend towards humanist thought. He labels Buddhism a learning of ‘daily decrease,’ a philosophy that points out the darker aspects of human nature and then directs us to eliminate it. Xiong’s view of humanity was brighter. He felt that the meaning of human life is not confined to the elimination of the negative, but also involves the cultivation of the brighter aspects of human nature. He found Confucianism to uphold original human goodness; an original benevolence is insisted upon in Orthodox Confucianism. The role of the human dao is to develop this fundamental goodness. Xiong felt that the human dao lies in expanding the good root of the original mind and having it grow daily.

Original reality and function.

Xiong felt that the central theory of his "New Treatise" was to show that original reality, (what he also refers to as "ti" 體 and substance), and the material world, (which he calls "yong" 用, or function. Cf. Ti yong) are one. The two cannot be split into separate realms. He admits that they should be described using different terms, and can be spoken of as such, but are not actually two separate entitites. Original reality is the cause of all transformations, while function is the myriad of manifestations of original reality. Original reality is hidden, function is visible. He uses the metaphor of the ocean and the waves to illustrate this point.  This is different from the notion of substance in mainstream western philosophy, which does not allow substance to embrace dynamism. Plato’s Forms, for example, are static and normative. Xiong's substance changes and transforms unceasingly to become function.  "This meaning is subtle and profound. It is best illustrated in terms of the relationship between the ocean and all the waves. 1. The ocean is analogous to original reality; 2. All the water in the ocean is manifested as waves. This is analogous to original reality's manifestation as function of ten thousand things, that is, one function and another. 3. All the waves are analogous to the innumerable functions; 4. All the waves are mutually assimilable to a whole; this is analogous to the mutual assimilation of all the functions into a whole. From the above, we can see that the metaphor of the ocean and the waves best illuminates the relation between original reality and function."  The idea that reality and function are in fact, one unit, is a metaphysical claim that is key to Confucianism. This means that the phenomenal flux of change is not illusory, but is intrinsically meaningful. Thus, if original reality is in daily life, human lives should be devoted to daily cultivation in order to attain the vision of original reality.

Change and transformation.

Xiong believed that the world is in a state of constant change, and that the ability of changing into all things is exactly what characterizes original reality. He also refers to original reality as "eternal transformation" or "the ability to change". Furthermore, he suggested that the perpetual transformation of original reality consists of "opening" and "closing", two tendencies of change. Closing refers to the tendency of transformation that forms things; through integration and consolidation, or materialization, various physical things are formed. Simultaneously, there is a tendency of opening. This tendency is of being strong, vigorous and not materialized. Both tendencies are indispensable, and they are responsible for the apparent distinction between matter and mind, a distinction that Xiong held is not real.  Between the two, however, Xiong refers to the opening tendency as "mind" and consciousness—the tendency in which original reality manifests its true nature. Like the Buddhist theory of Mere Consciousness, Xiong's philosophy claims consciousness as the ultimate reality. Along these lines, he considered the universe to be living and vital, not a stagnant mechanism.

Original reality and humanity.

Tu Wei-Ming's essay on Xiong Shili’s quest for authentic existence, includes a quote that exemplifies where Xiong's philosophy was coming from on a personal level. He was driven by "a great wish to search for truth as a ground for 'peace of mind and a meaningful existence...' I searched within myself with a singleness of purpose. I thought that the truth is not remote from us... After a long time, I suddenly awoke to the realization that what I inwardly witnessed agreed entirely with the idea of 'great change' in the Confucian transmission... hence my own understanding of Confucianism was not derived from book learning. Only after my inner experience had already embodied it did I feel that my understanding of it was in complete harmony with what was recorded in the books."  The first sentences of the "New Doctrine" state that "the original reality of all things is neither the objective world separate from the mind, nor that is comprehensible through knowledge; it must be comprehended through reflective seeking and confirming".  This has two important implications, one, that the human mind and original reality are not separate; and two, original reality must be grasped through reflection on what is in the human mind. Because original reality and the human mind are not separate, this means that in order to know reality, you must first get to know your own mind. This is the cultivation of virtue.

Habituated mind and original mind.

For Xiong Shili, the human mind is distinguished by the habituated mind and the original mind. The habituated mind is the mind of thought, emotions, and the will. It is inclined to see the world as external to the self and is motivated by self-desires. Additionally, it uses "calculative understanding", which is a method of thinking that is deliberative and logical, bound to scientific rationality and sense experience. In contrast, the original mind is our real nature, at one with reality. It uses "nature understanding", which is an inward process of intuitive experiencing that points back to the mind itself to discover the original reality within it. Xiong speaks of calculative understanding as fit for seeking reason in the external world, the physical world. He states that we must use it carefully, and if we take original reality as an external object to infer and inquire into, then it is fundamentally wrong. He says that original reality can be comprehended, differing from Kant on this point. He stated that we must realize that original reality is in each one of us, and that we cannot seek to know it in external things. We must turn inward and allow original reality to present itself.

Xiong Shili (, 1885 – May 23, 1968) was a Chinese essayist and philosopher whose major work "A New Treatise on Vijñaptimātra" (新唯識論, "Xin Weishi Lun") is a Confucian critique of the Buddhist "Vijñapti-mātra" "consciousness-only" theory popularized in China by the Tang-dynasty pilgrim Xuanzang.

Xiong Shili (; geboren 1885; gestorben 1968), "hào": Zizhen, war ein bedeutender chinesischer Philosoph. Er war ein Vertreter des neuen idealistischen Konfuzianismus.


Geography.

Mokama is situated on the southern banks of the Ganges. The landscape here is absolutely plain. The strip of land running along the northern bank of Ganges is called diara land in local parlance. The diara land submerges in Ganges waters during monsoons. To the south of Mokameh town lie the tal wetlands. The tal wetlands get submerged under the rising waters of the Ganges during the monsoons.  Some of the important localities which fall under Mokama Municipality are lakhanchand, Sakarwar Tola, Moldiar Tola, laheriya tola, Dheorani Tola, Kowabhong and Chintamani chak, Sahwegpur, Shikharichak, Panchmahala, Tatwa Toli, Dr. Toli, Farsi Muhalla, Indira Nagar, Bhagwan Pur, Modan Gachi, Chandvari, Chatarpura, Modan Tola, Kachra Muhalla, & Aunta Gram. C.R.P.F. group centre is situated at the banks of the Ganges and R.P.F. training centre lies adjacent to it.  Sub Villages in Mokama are:-  Badpur, Balwa, Daudpur, Trimuhani, Dhanak Dobh, Dharampur, Gorihari, oshain Gaon, Goshwari, Hathidah Buzberg, Isannagar, Jalatpur, Karara, Koti Kurmichak, Milki, Mohanpur, Murarpur, Narainpur, Paijima, Panchmada, Samarya, Sarfarajnagar, Kumhra, Seonar, Shari, Sherpur, Surtapur

Economy.

The main occupation is agriculture and the town is surrounded by farmlands. Major crops include lentils, chickpeas, mustard seeds. Many varieties of vegetables are grown here too. Papaya, guava and mango are some of the common fruits cultivated. However, major parcels of the Diara and Tal lands remain submerged for three months a year.  Factories include those of McDowell's and Bata Shoes, Spinning Mill, along with Bharat Wagon and Engineering.

Transport.

Mokama is connected to all the major cities of India by rail and road. [HATHIDAH] is the junction point of NH 80 and NH 31. Mokama Junction is the railway station.

Demographics.

India census, Mokama block had a population of 84129. Males constitute 52.2% of the population and females 47.8%. Mokama has a literacy rate of 96.4% higher than state average of 61.80%. There are 94.34% Hindus and rest 5.66% are the ethnic minorites. Out of the 5.66% 5.11% are Muslims. In Mokameh, Male literacy is around 99% while female literacy rate is 93.8%. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 8995 which is 14.82% of total population of Mokameh. The literacy rate in this city is 10.99% higher (72.79%) than the average of the state which is 61.80%. In Mokameh Nagar Parishad, Female Sex Ratio is of 880 against state average of 918. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Mokameh is around 869 compared to Bihar state average of 935.

Folklore.

The romantic folk story of "Reshma" and "Chuharmal" is commemorated with an annual fair.  Also every year in December a fair is organised in the Nazrath Church compound in the memory of Mother Mary.

Indian independence movement.

The place where the revolutionary freedom fighter Prafulla Chaki was martyred is marked by a shaheed gate. People commemorate the anniversary of his death every year. Lalldin Saheb is yet another well known freedom fighter from Mokama who contributed in freedom struggle and was sentenced to jail during British rule. He worked for the welfare of the people of Mokama throughout his life. Had major contribution in reopening the Bharat Wagon Engineering Company of Mokama that is source of income of thousands of families.

Mokama is a town and a municipality in Patna district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is located east of Patna on the southern banks of the river Ganges. Mokama is the connecting town of north and south Bihar and has 2nd highest amount of lentil production in India.

Mokama, auch Mokameh, ist eine Stadt im Bundesstaat Bihar im Osten Indiens. Sie ist Teil des Distrikt Patna. Mokama hat den Status eines City Council ("Nagar panchayat"). Die Stadt ist in 28 Wards (Wahlkreise) gegliedert. Sie liegt 90 km östlich von Patna am südlichen Ufer des Ganges.


Route.

The M66 starts at the Simister Island, and heads north as a continuation of the M60 as a 3 lane dual carriageway. It passes the eastern edge of Whitefield, through junction 3, goes underneath the East Lancashire Railway and enters the suburbs of Bury. It reduces to 2 lanes at junction 2 and then climbs onto an elevated section, passing through a post war housing estate. At the end of the elevated road a third climbing lane is added to the summit of the hill. The road then runs to the east of Ramsbottom and the East Lancashire Railway and ends near Edenfield.

History.

In 1949 a report, the Road Plan for Lancashire, proposed the construction of "Route 9" which would link north east Manchester with Burnley and Blackburn via "Route 8". Originally planned to be an all purpose road. the route was redesignated as a motorway prior to construction. The first section (the so-called "Middleton Link") was opened in 1971. On the Department for Transport's 2002 Roads List this link is listed as the M68. Construction then began on the southern section of the Bury bypass (Junctions 4 to 3) in February 1973 with this opening in August 1975. Immediately after construction began on the northern section (junctions 3 to terminus) with this opening in 1978.  The motorway was planned to run down to Stockport where it would meet the M63 and the proposed A6(M) motorway. The first part of this built was the section from the M67 to the M63 (now junctions 24 to 27 of the M60) with construction beginning in 1986 and it opening to traffic in 1989.  The final section of the motorway was to be between the M67 and the Middleton Link. Construction began on this in 1995. In 1998 it was decided to rename various sections of motorway (parts of the M62 and M66 and the whole of the M63) around Manchester to the M60 to form the "Manchester Outer Ring Road". All sections of the M66 south of the M62 were therefore redesignated as the M60. This final section subsequently opened in 2000.  North of the M66, the road was built as the A56, an all purpose A road which connects with the M65 at junction 8.

Legislation.

Each motorway in England requires that a Statutory Instrument be published, detailing the route of the road, before it can be built. The dates given on these Statutory Instruments relate to when the document was published, and not when the road was built. Provided below is an incomplete list of the Statutory Instruments relating to the route of the M66.

The M66 is a motorway in Lancashire and Greater Manchester, England. It is long and provides part of the route between the M62 and M60 motorways and the M65, with the rest being provided by the A56.

Der großenteils im Jahr 1978 für den Verkehr freigegebene M66 motorway (englisch für "Autobahn M66") ist eine rund 13 km lange Autobahn in England. Er verbindet den M60 motorway (Manchester Ring Motorway, Manchester Orbital) mit dem im Norden der Stadt gelegenen Bury und über die ihn fortsetzende A56 road mit Rawtenstall und Accrington sowie dem M65 motorway.


Geography.

Renukoot is located at. It has an average elevation of 283 metres (931 feet). Renukoot lies in the southeast-most part of Uttar Pradesh and sits next to Shakti Nagar, Anpara, ((Dalla)) and Obra. Renukoot is in Sonebhadra district which is the only district in India which borders four states, namely Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar.  Rihand Dam, located 6 km from Renukoot, was built over Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake and the Rihand River (a tributary of the Son River). This dam was created in 1960 and was inaugurated by then prime minister of India, Pt. Jawarharlal Nehru.

Demographics.

As of the 2011 India census, Renukoot had a population of 78000. Males constituted 57% of the population and females 43%. Renukoot had an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 72%; male literacy is 92%, and female literacy is 77%. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

History.

When former Indian Prime Minister Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru came for the inauguration of Rihand Dam, G.D. Birla and J.R.D Tata accompanied him. Nehru asked them to set up an industry here. G.D. Birla agreed and set up Hindalco Industries Limited in 1963. This was the foundation of Renukoot. Renukoot used to be in Mirzapur district which was later split up into Sonebhadra and Mirzapur. Renukoot falls into the Sonebhadra district now. The area of Vindhyachal near the north-western part of the area are also known for many religious hills and historic caves and temples. The Chunar Fort, dating 50 BC, is on the way to Varanasi from Renukoot, less than five hours drive.

Education.

Renukoot has five major English medium high schools, and four of them follow the CBSE board they are Nirmala Convent Senior Secondary School, Aditya Birla Public Schoolpreviously known as Hindalco Vidya Niketan, Bhavan's K.D.K. Vidya Mandir and D.C.Lewis Memorial School follows ICSE. Renukoot also has two schools where the medium of education is Hindi and which follow the Uttar Pradesh Board standards - Aditya Birla Intermediate College previously known as Hindalco Intermediate College, Maharishi Dayanand Inter College, GIC Pipri. Renukoot is now accelerating in Higher Education and has a Degree college named Babu Ram Singh Post Graduate Degree College, situated at Khadpaathar. There are many big universities within four to five hours distance, including Banaras Hindu University and Allahabad University. Recently, Renukoot has begun developing new colleges to impart higher education within the township.

Renukoot is a city and a nagar panchayat in Sonbhadra district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Renukoot is 68 km south from the district headquarters Robertsganj and 158 km from Varanasi.

Renukoot ist eine Stadt im indischen Bundesstaat Uttar Pradesh. Die Stadt ist Teil des Distrikts Sonbhadra. Renukoot hat den Status eines Nagar Panchayat. Die Stadt ist in 14 Wards gegliedert. Sie hatte am Stichtag der Volkszählung 2011 insgesamt 20.076 Einwohner, von denen 11.093 Männer und 8.983 Frauen waren.


Club career.

Born in Villa de María del Río Seco in the interior of Córdoba Province, Saravia had not played for any football clubs before he moved to the provincial capital; his father Reynaldo, a retired policeman, staked everything he had on finding him a team. From the age of 9 to 15 he played for Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba, where his teammates included Paulo Dybala.  Saravia then signed for Club Atlético Las Palmas and was loaned to Club Atlético Belgrano for a year with the option to buy for 150,000 Argentine pesos. He was promoted to Belgrano's first team in January 2013. In July 2017, he signed for Racing Club de Avellaneda, where he won the 2018–19 Argentine Primera División.  In June 2019, Saravia signed a four-year deal with FC Porto. He made his debut on 13 August in the second leg of the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League at home to FC Krasnodar, and was substituted for striker Zé Luís with the team already 3–0 down after 38 minutes in a 3–2 loss. Still unused in the Primeira Liga, he scored his first goal to open a 3–0 group win at Casa Pia A.C. in the Taça da Liga on 5 December.

International career.

Saravia made his international debut for Argentina on 8 September 2018 in a 3-0 international friendly against Guatemala. Manager Lionel Scaloni named him in the 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América in Brazil, where he played two group games for the bronze medallists.

Renzo Saravia (; born 16 June 1993) is an Argentine footballer who plays as right back for Brazilian club Internacional, on loan from Portuguese club FC Porto.

Renzo Saravia (* 16. Juni 1993 in Villa de María del Río Seco) ist ein argentinischer Fußballspieler, der seit Sommer 2019 beim portugiesischen Erstligisten FC Porto unter Vertrag steht. Der rechte Außenverteidiger ist seit September 2018 argentinischer Nationalspieler.


Tectonic setting.

Kashmir lies at the southern margin of the broad zone of continental collision between the Eurasian and Indian Plates. The rate of convergence between these plates near this location is 38 mm per year. The main structures involved in accommodating this convergence are large thrust faults, such as the Main Central Thrust and the Main Frontal Thrust. Within the frontal thrust zone, there are many individual thrust faults. Many damaging earthquakes have resulted from movement on such thrust faults, such as the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which caused the deaths of around 87,000 people.

Damage.

The earthquake caused severe damage to 135 houses in Mirpur District, with a further 319 being partially damaged, most in Mirpur and just four in Bhimber District. Two bridges were reported damaged and parts of several roads were affected, particularly 14 km of the Main Jatlan Road.  According to the chairman of Pakistan's National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), "In Mirpur, besides the city, a small town Jatlan, and two small villages Manda and Afzalpur" were among the worst-hit areas. According to him, the main road which runs alongside a river from Mangla to Jatla suffered major damage. According to the officials, the Mangla Dam, Pakistan's major water reservoir, was spared. However, the dam's power house was closed, which resulted in a loss of 900 megawatts to Pakistan's national power grid. At 7:20 pm, power generation at Mangla was resumed, restoring 700 MW to the national grid.  According to a media report, cracks and fissures had appeared in the Upper Jhelum canal. Flood water had managed to enter the Chak Nigah village in Jatlan town. The canal was subsequently shut as a precautionary measure.

Casualties.

Forty people have died and more than 850 injured as per the reports published on 26 September. Of those who died, thirty-three were in Mirpur District, four in Bhimber District, and one more in Jhelum District. "Reuters" reported, citing architects, that the large number of casualties were due to shoddy building construction methods and weak construction standards in Pakistan. Sardar Gulfaraz Khan, the deputy inspector general of police for Mirpur district, stated that a large number of deaths were caused due to the collapse of old houses in the villages.

Response.

The Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Farooq Haider Khan, cut short a visit to Lahore and went back to his native region immediately after the reports of the damage emerged. NDMA vehicles laden with 200 tents, 800 blankets, 200 kitchen sets and 100 medical kits were dispatched to affected areas.

Aftershocks.

On 26 September at 12:30, two days after the major earthquake, another earthquake struck Mirpur, which led to a further 67 people being injured and one death reported. It was of magnitude 4.7 and centered at Thothal Mirpur at the depth of.

The 2019 Kashmir earthquake struck regions of Pakistan with an epicentre in Azad Kashmir on 24 September at 16:02 local time (11:02 UTC). It had a magnitude of 5.6 and a maximum felt intensity of VII ("very strong") on the Modified Mercalli scale. There was severe damage in Mirpur District, causing the deaths of 40 people and injuring a further 850. The epicentre of the shallow quake was near the city of Mirpur, Pakistan. The tremors were felt in the Kashmir region, Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab (India), Uttarakhand and northern parts of India including New Delhi.

Das Erdbeben in Pakistan 2019 erschütterte am 24. September 2019 um 16:01 Ortszeit die Erde mit einer Stärke von 5,6 M auf der Momenten-Magnituden-Skala. Sein Epizentrum lag zwischen den Städten Jhelam und Mirpur.


Etymology.

From the Tamilakam era, the area of the Tamraparni river, in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, has had changes in its name, from the original "Tan Porunai" river to "Tamira Porunai", from "Tamraparni" to "Tambraparni" and now called "Thamirabarani River". A meaning for the term following its derivation became "copper-colored leaf", from the words "Thamiram" (copper/red) in Tamil/Sanskrit and "parani" meaning leaf/tree, translating to "river of red leaves". According to the "Tamraparni Mahatmyam", an ancient account of the river from its rise to its mouth, a string of red lotus flowers from sage Agastya at Pothigai hills transformed itself into a damsel at the sight of Lord Siva, forming the river and giving it its divine name. Other name derivations include the Pali term "Tambapanni", "Tamradvipa" of Sanskrit speakers and "Taprobana" of ancient Greek cartographers. Robert Knox reported from his 20 years of captivity on the island in the hills that "Tombrane is a name of the Sri Lankan Tamil people for God in Tamil, which they often repeated as they lifted up their hands and faces towards Heaven".

History.

Its many name derivations of Tan Porunai include Tampraparani, Tamirabarni, Tamiravaruni. Tan Porunai nathi finds mention by classical Tamil poets in ancient Sangam Tamil literature "Purananuru". Recognised as a holy river in Sanskrit literature "Puranas", "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana", the river was famed in the Early Pandyan Kingdom for its pearl and conch fisheries and trade. The movement of people, including the faithful, trade merchants and toddy tapers from Tamraparni river to northwestern Sri Lanka led to the shared appellation of the name for the closely connected region. One important historical document on the river is the treatise "Tamraparni Mahatmyam". It has many ancient temples along its banks. A hamlet known as Appankoil is located on the northern side of the river.  In the Mahābhārata (3:88) the river is mentioned as "Listen, O son of Kunti, I shall now describe Tamraparni. In that asylum the gods had undergone penances impelled by the desire of obtaining salvation".

Hydrology.

Origin.

The Thamirabarani River originates from the peak of the Pothigai hills on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats at an elevation of above sea-level. The river is joined by its headwater tributaries Peyar, Ullar, Pambar before it flows into the Karaiyar Dam reservoir, where it meets Karaiyar. The river forms the Paanatheertham waterfalls, high, as it enters the Kariyar reservoir. Servalar joins the Thamirabarani before it enters into the Papanasam lower reservoir, which was built for the Papanasam Hydroelectric station. The river descends down the mountains near Papanasam, where it forms the Kalyanatheertham falls and Agasthiar falls.

Course and tributaries.

The river flows on the plains eastwards from Papanasam. The first tributary to join Thamirabarani in the plains is the Manimuthar River, which originating from Manjolai hills and joins Thamirabarani near Aladiyoor village. The towns Ambasamudram and Kallidaikurichi are located respectively on the left and right banks of Thamiraparani, after which the river meets the tributary Gadananathi River at Tiruppudaimaruthur. Before the Gadananathi's entry into the Thamirabarani, the Gadananathi River is joined by the rivers Kallar, Karunaiyar and Veeranathi or Varahanathi which joins the river Gadananathi about north-east of Kila Ambur. The Gadananathi is fed by the Jambunathi and Ramanathi Rivers. The Pachaiyar River which originates from the Kalakkadu reserve forests at about above sea level joins the Thamirabarani near Tharuvai village in Palayamkottai Taluk. The river bisects the twin cities Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai before meeting its major and affluent tributary Chithar (Chitranathi) which arises in the Kutralam hills and receives supply from the rivers Gundar, Hanumanathi and Karuppanathi(vairavangkulam kadayanallur).The Chittar River runs almost parallel to Thamirabarani till it joins the main river near Sivalaperi. Thamirabarani passes through the taluks of Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai of Tirunelveli district and Srivaikundam and Tiruchendur taluks of Thoothukkudi district.

Drain.

The river drains into Gulf of Mannar near Punnaikayal in Tiruchendur taluk of Tuticorin district. The river drains with its tributaries an area of about. As most of its extensive catchment areas lie in the Western Ghats, the river enjoys the full benefit of both the monsoons, which make the river perennial. Since all its tributaries are arising from the Western ghats, the river is prone to heavy floods especially during the northeast monsoon. In 1992, there was an unexpected flood in Thamirabarani, which claimed hundreds of lives as the dam water was let out so massively and suddenly that the river and its channels could not bear the excess water inflow. It flooded again in 2015 with water entering the Kurukuthurai Murugan Temple.

Irrigation.

The many anicuts, dams and reservoirs on the Thamirabarani river, along with those on the Manimuthar River, provide a large proportion of the water for irrigation and power generation for Tirunelveli district. It is fed by both the monsoons – the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail. The Gadananathi River has 6 anicuts and a reservoir of, and irrigates of wetlands. The Ramanadhi has 7 anicuts, a reservoir of, and irrigates of wetlands. Pachaiyar River has 12 anicuts and irrigates of wet and dry lands.  The important irrigation channels branching off from both the banks of the river Thamirabarani are, South Kodaimelalagian channel, North Kodaimelalagian channel (Kodaimelalagian anicut), Nathiyunni channel (Nathiyunni anicut), Kannadian channel (Kannadian anicut), Kodagan channel (Ariyanayagipuram anicut), Palayam (Palavur anicut) channel, Tirunelveli channel (Suthamalli anicut), Marudur Melakkal, Marudur Keelakkal (Marudur anicut), South Main Channel and North Main Channel (Srivaikundam anicut). Of these the first seven anicuts were constructed during the period of ancient and medieval rulers and the last anicut namely the Srivaikundam anaicut was constructed and completed by the British in 1869.  List of dams across Thamirabarani river:  List of channels:

Fishes.

Thamirabarani River is full of fishes and it is one of the perennial rivers in Tamil Nadu. Locals not involved in fishing resulting in the vast diversity of fishes in the river.  As water flows non-stop throughout the year, it is one of the most fish-rich river in the world where the river is dominated by more than 16 native Snakehead species.  it is estimated that nearly 669 fish species found in the river.

Snakehead.

Various types of snakehead fish species like Channa diplogramma, Channa bleheri, Channa striata, Channa maculata, Channa punctata, Channa harcourtbutleri, Channa asiatica, Channa marulius found throughout the river. Snakeheads are considered as top level predators in Thamirabarani River. Northern Snakehead also found in small numbers on the starting part of river where top level predators like other snakeheads are missing. Thamirabarani River is the largest reservoir of Snakehead in the world with 17 types of Snakeheads present in this river. Snakehead fishes are locally called as "Viraal" (விரால்) in Tamil and all the species are consumed as food around the regions of Thamirabarani when they enter paddy fields.

Catfish.

Following Snakehead, Catfish are also abundant in the river. African Catfish are an invasive species first caught in 2009 in the Aruvankulam area of Tirunelveli district. The most common catfish species found are Blue Catfish, Channel Catfish, Flathead Catfish, Mystus guli Catfish, Pangas Catfish, "P. hodgarti," Goonch catfish, "Pseudolaguvia".  13 species of Catfish species found throughout this river.

Alligator Gar.

Alligator Gar is not native to the river but caught sometimes. this was the result of releasing aquarium fish into the wild. on 2015, over 100 Juvenile alligator gar fishes caught and handed over to local authority. Because of the presence of huge number of native Snakehead fishes, the Alligator Gar invasion is not spreading and under control.

Eels.

Eels found in this river mainly belongs to Anguillidae and Synbranchiformes family and most common one is Indian mottled eel (Anguilla b. bengalensis). 90 species of eel found in this river. the fish "Macrognathus" found in this river is mistakenly thought as eel because of its eel-like structure"."

Carp.

Carp fishes found in large numbers throughout the river. Three type of carp fishes are silver carp, grass carp, common carp. These three species of carp form 75% of carp fish population in Thamirabarani River.

Loaches.

Large number of species of sucker fishes found throughout the river. the most common one is Acanthocobitis botia "and" Horseface loach"."  Pangio loach, Schistura loach also common in this river and Schistura is mistakenly treated as snake or eel because of its snake-like appearance.

Others.

Other fishes belong to genus "Puntius", "Devario", "Etroplus, Mystus, Aplocheilus, Dawkinsia, Garra, Glossogobius, Macrognathus, Batasio, Barilius, Badidae", "Clupisoma, Nemacheilus, Oreichthys, Oryzias, Osteobrama, Raiamas, Salmophasia, Tor (Masheer), Xenentodon," are commonly found in this river"."

The Thamirabarani or Tamraparni or Porunai is a perennial river that originates from the Agastyarkoodam peak of Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats, above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. It flows through Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts of the Tamil Nadu state of southern India into the Gulf of Mannar. It was called the Tamraparni River in the pre-classical period, a name it lent to the island of Sri Lanka. The old Tamil name of the river is Porunai. From the source to sea, the river is about long and is the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu. This river flows towards north direction initially. However, it changes to east direction later.

Der Thamirabarani oder Tamraparni (Tamil: "Tāmiraparaṇi" []) ist ein Fluss im südindischen Bundesstaat Tamil Nadu. Der 126 Kilometer lange Fluss entwässert ein ca. 5700 Quadratkilometer großes Gebiet in den Distrikten Tirunelveli und Thoothukudi im Süden Tamil Nadus. Er entspringt in den Westghats und mündet in den Golf von Mannar. Trotz seiner kurzen Länge gehört der ganzjährig Wasser führende Thamirabarani zu den wichtigsten Flüssen Tamil Nadus.


First Movement.

This movement was very innovative for its time, with some stylistic aspects characteristic of later composers like Felix Mendelssohn. The normal output for this time was material such as Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 from exactly the same year as this composition, 1811. Weber starts with the cellos playing the main theme, followed with an explosion by the whole orchestra. The violins pick up the melody which eventually progresses, subsides, and clears the stage for the solo clarinet. The soloist begins with a painful song marked "con duolo". The clarinetist performs variants on that source, which later results in a determined run played by the solo instrument. After that climax, the music dies off with the clarinet mourning a line marked "morendo". Then there is a grand pause, which provides the transition for the return of the cellos stating the main theme, but this time in the key of D-flat major rather than F minor. The soloist enters shortly afterward with a sweet response. The clarinet keeps playing a delicate melody, then descends towards the lower tones with a marking of "perdendosi," which tells the player to decrease in speed and sound. Then the tutti arrives, singing a sweet, innocent melody. The clarinet reenters shortly after, still playing in a lighter mood than the beginning of the piece. Later, the soloist performs sets of playful triplets. After the triplets, the clarinet begins the Bärmann-Kadenz, which the dedicatee, Heinrich Bärmann wrote. This is a relatively short, lively, virtuosic passage that is played by most performers. Then the clarinetist encounters a brief cadenza which consists of fast thirty-second notes. After the cadenza, the orchestra bursts in and returns to the minor home key. Then the music calms down, and the cellos prepare for the entrance the clarinet will make. When the clarinet enters, it brings back the same emotions as when the soloist entered for the first time. It seems like the clarinet yearns to play the light, innocent theme heard before. It finally gets its wish, bringing back the melody played earlier. Then, the clarinet starts its triplets as it did before, but this time, it flows towards a stream of agitated, virtuosic sixteenth-note runs. After that buildup, the clarinet subsides and gives room for the French horns to play a cheerful melody. The solo instrument responds in the same connotation as the horns did but then sneaks back to the dark theme the soloist first played. It intensifies and then the soloist whirls up and down in sixteenth notes until the tutti arrives with vengeance. The orchestra ends its phrase with dotted chords which give cue for the soloist to perform its next ordeal. This features rising chromatic scale runs which flow into a river of sixteenth notes. The sixteenths are followed by a series of determined trills with the last one ending on a high g. The orchestra returns and eventually fades away. The clarinet ends the movement much like how it did before the arrival of the D-flat major key.

Second Movement.

The beginning of the second movement is typical of an early romantic operatic aria, but still resembles the second movement of the Mozart Clarinet Concerto in mood and melodic shape. Weber was, after all, Mozart's cousin by marriage. In the middle section, an unusual and rare but effective use of a horn trio without any other orchestral elaboration is put into effect. The clarinet responds and interacts with this horn trio much like an operatic singer would do it in a similar situation. The beginning material resumes after a brief pause.

Third Movement.

The third movement contrasts with the preceding movements because of the light character. It is a typical rondo that usually ends a three movement concerto. Instances like this in other similar works include the third movement of Weber's Clarinet Concerto No. 2, Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, the third movement of Karl Stamitz's Clarinet Concerto No. 3, the final movements of Franz Krommer's Clarinet Concerto in E-flat major and Concerto for Two Clarinets, and the last movements of Louis Spohr's Clarinet Concerto's Nos. 1, 2, and 4.

Instrumentation.

Scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 3 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, strings, and solo clarinet.

Carl Maria von Weber wrote his Clarinet Concerto No. 1 in F minor, Op. 73 (J. 114) for the clarinettist Heinrich Bärmann in 1811. The piece is highly regarded in the instrument's repertoire. It is written for clarinet in B. The work consists of three movements in the form of fast, slow, fast.

Das Klarinettenkonzert Nr. 1 in f-Moll op. 73 hat Carl Maria von Weber für den Klarinettenvirtuosen Heinrich Joseph Baermann geschrieben. Es wurde am 13. Juni 1811 von Baermann in München uraufgeführt und zählt heute zu den meist gespielten Klarinettenkonzerten.


History.

The history of the town is shrouded in mysteries due to lack of written evidences or documentation. Popular stories say that a group of early settlers led by warrior Ajay Pal (also called Ajepal), brother of King of Ajmer, Rajasthan arrived and settled there around 650 or 805 (Samvat 862). Slowly the settlement flourished and became a centre of trade and commerce. Due to its prosperity and wealth it was often target of invasion of clan warriors. As the founder of the settlement, and later the ruler of the town, Ajay Pal dedicated his life to protect the town. It's believed that he established the first coastal security centre in Kutch somewhere near Anjar. Ajay Pal died due to a mortal wound suffered while fighting Khalifas in Vikram Samvat 741 (around 685). Due to his efforts in protecting the town and surrounding area from invaders, and his selfless sacrifice, he is worshiped as a saint and his tomb (also called Samadhi in Hinduism) and temple is located on the outskirts of the town. He is fondly known as the ruler of the town till date.  In the course of history, Chauhan clan lost the power in Anjar. At different points of time in history, the town was ruled by various clans such as Chaulukya, Vaghela, Chawda, before finally it went to the more powerful warrior clan Jadeja who gained control of whole Kutch region. The town was declared capital of the Kingdom of Kutch in 1545 by King Khengarji I. The town was fortified by Deshalji II early in the eighteenth century. The fort wall was sixteen feet high and six feet thick. In 1800 the town, port, and dependencies of Anjar were granted to Fateh Muhammad, who busied himself in extending its trade and establishing the harbour of Tuna. The town served as the Capital of the Kutch region on and off, until finally a nearby settlement namely Bhuj permanently became the capital city of the region. Anjar then served as second largest settlement in the region, and was pushed to the third rank after the rise of the Kandla Port and nearby Gandhidham city which serves as the powerhouse for the regional economy at present.  On 25 December 1815, Anjar was attacked under Colonel East of British East India Company, and Tuna was occupied on the next day. In the following year the fort and dependent villages were made over to the British and held by them till 1822. Anjar suffered severely from an earthquake in 1819, which destroyed a large number of houses, and thousands of lives. The population shortly afterwards was about 10,000. In 1822, the company government transferred the power of the region back to the Jadeja Rulers in exchange for annual fee. The payments were a burden on the local treasury and the entire burden (including arrears) were paid on its behalf by the British government. The population was 18,014 in 1901.  Due to social segregation, complex social structure and cultural restrictions in the ancient times, most of these clans established their separate wards or neighbourhoods (locally known as 'fariyas') within the town, so that in any neighbourhood of the town you would find houses of only people of a certain clan. However, today the culture has opened up and you might find people of different clans living side by side.  Kutch region, and specifically Anjar suffered several big and small earthquakes in addition to the one in 1819. At an interval of nearly 50 years, there have been small and big earthquakes in the region. Anjar also experienced strong earthquake on 21 July 1956, which had its epicentre near the town and another major earthquake on 26 January 2001, which caused large scale destruction of houses and population. As per records more than 1350 houses were destroyed. Most of the damage occurred to the older constructions in the fortified area of the town where buildings and houses were hundreds of years old. The earthquake claimed more than 1500 lives, and left many more injured. After a decade of rehabilitation work, the town has now recovered from the loss and destruction inflicted by 2001 earthquake.

Demographics.

Most Anjaris are Hindus Jains, or Muslims. These major religious groups are further divided into subgroups (called Jātis), including  Later on Muslims, and the African slaves (locally known as Sidis) of the rulers of Jadeja clan also settled in the town.

Geography.

Anjar is located at and has an average elevation of. The land in Anjar is mainly dry and arid flatland. The town is around away from the Great Rann (the Desert of Kutch), which is a seasonal salt marshland in the north. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city was only from the Gulf of Kutch to the south, but it is now away. There are 3 small lakes in different parts of the town which often dry up in the long harsh summers. On the eastern side of the town there's a river named 'Saang' which often dries up in the summer, too.

Climate.

The climate in Anjar is called a desert climate. In Anjar, there is no rainfall virtually in a year. The climate here is denoted as BWh by Koppen-Geiger system, with average rainfall is 368mm.  Climate in Anjar is very dry due to its vicinity to the Desert of Kutch. There are three distinct seasons observed in Anjar: Winter, Summer, and Rainy Season (locally better called monsoon). Winters in Anjar could be harsh with temperatures dropping down to 4 degree Celsius, and summers could be equally harsh with scorching temperatures soaring up to 47 - 48 degree Celsius, whereas rain-fall is very scarce with average annual rainfall of around 400 mm only. Anjar often experiences droughts.  Summer is the longest season, which lasts from around mid-March to July or sometimes until mid-August. Brutal heat-waves in summer often claim lives of humans and animals in this region. Rainy season lasts from around July to September. During the rainy season the sky is mostly cloudy, with bursts of brief showers or sweltering hot days with highly humid air blowing from the Gulf of Kutch in south. Winter starts from November and may last up to February.

Places of interest.

Temples and Shrines.

The Madhavrai temple, a Vaishnav shrine 67 feet by 64 and about 62 high, with a domed hall and black and white marble floor, The image of black marble is placed on a table overlaid with silver. The shrine doors, also plated with silver, bear an inscription dated Samvat 1869 (1812 AD). Some of the eight pilasters that support the dome are carved mermaids and Naga figures. Mohanrai's temple, smaller and plainer, with a neatly carved wooden door, is also a Vaishnav shrine, the idols being Krishna with Radha on his left, and Chaturbhuj, the four-armed Vishnu, on his right. This temple was rebuilt between 1814 and 1824. Amba Mata's shrine and the monastery close by are built of fragments of older temples. Over the enclosure gateway is a door of hard reddish stone, carved all round, which from the repetition of Devi on the jambs and lintels may have belonged to a Vaishnav Shakta temple ; sculptured slabs also lie about, and are built into the walls.  The adjoining monastery belongs to the Atits of Ajepal. Ajepals shrine, outside the town walls, is a small modern domed room, with images of Ajepal on horseback and of Ganpati. At the door is an inscription dated 1842. The Atits are Shaiv, the sacred bull with brass horns holding a prominent place on the platform at the entrance to the shrine. Their headnien, pirs or gurus, are buried around, and the small cells over their remains are marked by the linga. Their patron saint is a Chauhan king of Ajmer, who gave up his throne, became an ascetic, and ended his days by a voluntary death. Kalya Mahadev's temple, outside the walls, is comparatively modern, with a dancing yogini as its goddess. Vankal Mata's temple, to the north-west of the town, is dedicated to a form of Bhavani. Bhareswar at some distance to the south-east has an old shrine and spire and a modern hall. To the west of the town is a temple of Dvarkanath, and close to it an unfinished one to Bahuchar Mata, with three shrines on as many sides of the entrance hall. On the outskirts of the town is the ancient Hindu temple of Shiva, namely Bhadeshwar Mahadev Temple. There is Swaminarayan's temple located on the outskirts of the old fortress on the Eastern side of the town. Swaminarayan Sect is a relatively modern sect in Hinduism established by Ramanand swami The Guru of God Swaminarayan in the 19th century. It is believed that God Swaminarayan visited Anjar during his lifetime, and a temple was constructed at the place where he stayed.

Jesal Toral Shrines.

To the east of Ajepal's monastery, is a small tiled shed with tombs of Muslim pattern sacred to Jesar or Jesal, a Jadeja, and Turi or Toral, a Kathi. The temple is locally known as "Jesal Toral ni Samadhi", which literally means 'the tomb of Jesal and Toral'. The shrine at Anjar is under the charge of the Ajepal monastery.  In the middle of the fourteenth century Jesar, grandson of Jam Lakha Jadeja, became an outlaw, laid waste to fields and villages, killed the people, and carried off the cattle. At that time a Kathi woman, Turi or Toral by name, was famous for her devotion and her skill in making hymns, and still more famous for her beauty. She lived with an ascetic called Savasdhir, who did not regard her as his wife but as one who would bring him salvation. The fame of her beauty reached Jesar, who tried to carry her off by force but failed. Going back in the guise of an ascetic he was well received, and arranged to seize her at some midnight worship. His plans were found out, and, on his confessing, the sect whose rule was to grant the wish of every asker gave him Turi on condition that he became an ascetic. Jesar agreed, but soon tiring of the restraint, again tried to take Turi away by force. She foiled him, and in time changed him into a model ascetic. Settling at Anjar, Jesar died and Turi was buried alive close by his tomb. His descendants, the Jesar' Rajputs have, in each of the twelve villages, a shrine of Jesar and Turi.

Buildings.

MacMurdo's Bungalow is a state protected monument due to his wall paintings depicting scenes associated with Ram and Krishna.

Cuisine.

Anjar is famous for gher all over India even though the world gher procession only passed in middle of the city. Anjar is also well known for its cuisine, specifically "Dabeli". In Anjar "Bhikha ni Dabeli is so revered that its fans stretch out all the way to the state of Maharashtra and even outside India to certain countries in the Persian Gulf. Moreover, one can find the real taste of Kesar Keri called "Kesar Hagu" in Anjar. Anjar is also well known for the Kharek. Local people love to drink buttermilk locally known as Chhash. Other local famous items are Kutchi Pakwan, Kutchi Khaja, Pedas and farsan, etc. Pedha, "Gulab Paak" and "Kharibhat" are famous in local as well Mumbai region.

Economy.

The town has strong trade and social links with neighbouring Adipur, Bhuj, Gandhidham and Kandla. The GIDC (Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation) estate is situated here. Anjar is known for its ethnic clothes, handicrafts and metal-crafts. Swords and knives made in Anjar and nearby villages are popular and are exported outside India.

Culture.

The people of Anjar come from many different backgrounds and have lived in peace for centuries. Cultural programs held many times in Anjar. Festivals like Holi, Sharad Purnima, Ram Navami, Navaratri, Hindola Mahotsava, Diwali, Eid are celebrated in town

Notable Persons.

Meghaji Sheth of Anjar, took leadership during princely state and when Kutch State was administered by Rao Rayadhan III (i.e. in 1786 A.D.) Rao Raydhan was keen to covert all Hindus. At that time, Meghaji Sheth went to Bhuj and imprisoned Rao and gave administration in the hands of Bar Bhayat ni Jamat. Meghaji Seth was martyred in Bhuj while fighting for freedom of Kutch; Even today to remind us Meghaji Seth's presence a memorial place exists at Vaniyavad Naka in Bhuj, One statue in Anjar and a Temple in Tuna (a village of Anjar). Meghji Seth is known for his contribution to Kutch as Shivaji did for Maharashtra.  Among the many persons of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya or Mistri community of Anjar, who were noted for Sea-trading, architect & Railway Contracts. Manji Daya Vegad of Anjar and Lakhu Devji Vegad of Anjar during 1887-1912 built Pamban Bridge & lines from Rameshwaram. Narshi Bechar Khodiyar son of Bechar Hardas of town was given title of Rai Sahib by British for Railway Engineering in 1920.  Jagmal Pitambar Rathod of Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya of Anjar was Gaidher of Kutch Raaj in 1750. His son Gajdhar Jagmal Rathod & his son Ruda Gajdhar Rathod & his son Jairam Ruda Gajdhar Rathod all of Anjar were for four generations Gaidher for the Kingdom of Kutch and all constructions of "Kutch Raaj" the forts of Anjar, Bhuj, Mandvi, Aina Mahal, Prag Mahal, Vijay Vilas Palace, Sharad Bag Palace, Ashapura Temple, Dhrang Temple, Suralbhit Mahadev Temple, etc. have been done by Mistris of Kutch under their super-vision. The Assistant Gaidher to them were from Khedoi.  Vrajlal R. Vora was an astrologer of Kachchh. He written two books on astrology. Sheth Khatau Makanji Sethia, one of the founder of Khatau Group also hailed from the city.

Education.

The most famous schools in Anjar are sahyog saraswati madhyamik vidhya mandir "Twinkle star English and gujarati medium school" "Swami Vivekananda Vidhyalaya", "Smt. K. G. Manek School", ""Sheth D. V. High School"", "Sheth Khatau Mavji Sethia" H.S. School. There is also a different school for girls' higher education named 'K. K. M. S. Girls' High School started by Chhagan Bapa, Welspun Vidya Mandir, Muralidhar High school, Dungrasi Gangaji Thacker vidyalay, Rabari Samaj School. St. Elizabeth's School is an English medium school, which is affiliated to Gujarat State Board and is situated in Nagalpar village. There are 20 primary schools handled by Municipal Corporation of Anjar. And Shree Sahyog Sarswati Vidyamandir. Recently Govt. Started an I.T.I. in Anjar City. Anjar Education society has started one college named Smt Hiraben Bhanukant Palan college of arts and commerce. Second college for P.G.D.H.R.M. Moreover, Cdec centre and M.Sc. I.T. Jamiyate ulema e hind has started college of pharmacy and P.T.C. college for girls. SRK institute of Management and Computer Science

Anjar as Taluka.

The following villages belong to this taluka: Nagalpar, Nani Nagalpar, Sinugra, Pantiya, Khedoi, Lovariya, Chandiya, Chandroda, Mindiyana, khambhra, Sinugra, Devaliya, Vidi, Meghpar, Bhadroi, Varsamedi, Chandaroda, Bhalot, Lovariya, Pantiya, Dudhai, Lakhapar, Satapar, Ambapar, Tappar, Bhimasar, Modvadar, Ajapar, Bhadroi, Ratnal, Modsar, Sugaria Jaru, Khokhara, Chandarani, Vidi, naga, Bita and Vira valadia, Devaliya, Kumbhariya, Joganinar, Sanghad, RAmpar, Tuna, Sapeda, Maringana, Ningal, Kotada, Hirapar, Navagam, Amarapar, Dhamadaka, etc.Total there are 67 Villages.

Anjar is a town, a tehsil and a municipality in Kachchh district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is a town of historic importance, located in Southern Kutch, around 40 km away from one of the biggest ports in India - Kandla Port. With nearly 1,400 years of history, founded around 650 AD, Anjar is claimed to be the oldest town in Kutch.

Anjar ist eine Stadt im indischen Bundesstaat Gujarat. Mit einer fast 1.400-jährigen Geschichte gilt Anjar, das um 650 n. Chr. Gegründet wurde, als älteste Stadt in Kachch.


Summary.

The film covers events of the 2018 cave rescue, focusing in turn on several individuals who contributed to the rescue effort, including water pump manufacturer Nopadol Niyomka, retired Thai Navy SEAL Saman Kunan, and especially, Ireland-based cave diver Jim Warny.

Production.

The film was produced by Waller's Bangkok-based De Warrenne Pictures. Waller began working on the film soon after the actual events of June–July 2018, and decided on the story after meeting Warny in Ireland. He co-wrote the script with Don Linder and Katrina Grose, focusing on "the unsung heroes—how they first heard what was happening, how they reacted and dropped everything to help." Several individuals involved in the effort portrayed themselves in the film. Most of the filming took place from October 2018 to January 2019, but it was not until February that Waller was allowed to film at the Tham Luang Nang Non cave. The majority of cave scenes were filmed in other caves in Thailand as well as on a set built over a swimming pool. The film was the first about the rescue to be released, while exclusive rights over the boys' stories had been sold to Netflix.

Release and reception.

The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival on 5 October 2019, and was shown at the Vancouver International the BFI London film festivals before its release in Thailand on 21 November. It made 1.1 million baht (US$36,000) on its opening day, and was the second-largest opening that week, following "Frozen 2", which earned $9.92 million.  Critical reception to the film was mostly muted. Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Elizabeth Kerr described the film as "a technically proficient but unemotional rescue drama." Wendy Ide wrote in "Screen International", "Like the cave rescue itself, the film isn't the disaster it easily could have been. But it's far from achieving an equivalent triumph." According to the "Bangkok Post" Kong Rithdee, the story "feels thin and depthless at times," but ultimately, the film "justifies its existence quite sufficiently."  In Thailand, a minor plot point, where pump manufacturer Nopadol's efforts were initially hampered by bureaucratic requirements, generated heated online discussion. Also, Governor Narongsak Osottanakorn, who lead the rescue operation, criticized Waller for not representing the entire operation, as well as for making "jokes that attack the works of Thai civil servants". Waller countered that the Governor should not have criticized without first seeing the film.

The Cave (known in Thai as Nang Non, ) is a 2019 Thai action-drama film about the 2018 Tham Luang cave rescue in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, written and directed by Tom Waller and co-produced by Waller and Allen Liu. The story is written from the points of view of several individuals involved in the rescue operation, and features cave diver Jim Warny and others as themselves. The film premiered at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival, and was released in Thailand on 21 November.

The Cave (in Thailand auch "Nang Non") ist ein Thriller von Tom Waller, der am 5. Oktober 2019 im Rahmen des Busan International Film Festivals seine Premiere feierte. Das Filmdrama erzählt die Rettungsaktion in der Tham-Luang-Höhle im Sommer 2018 nach.