History.

Background.

During the 1830s, Isambard Kingdom Brunel developed a plan for a railway running east-west between London and Bristol. The Great Western Main Line, would maintain either level ground or gentle gradients of no greater than 1 in 1000 along most of its route. Between Swindon and Bath, at the highest point of the line a tunnel was proposed through Box Hill, outside Corsham.  The tunnel would have a steep gradient of 1 in 100. At the time, the use of such a gradient inside the tunnel allegedly provoked criticism by some of Brunel's contemporaries. Box Tunnel would be the longest railway tunnel at almost in length.

Geology.

While a tunnel had been included in the 1835 Great Western Railway Act, contemporary engineers considered the construction of Box Tunnel to be an impossibility at worst and a dangerous undertaking at best. The challenge posed was not only its length but the difficult underlying strata it would have to pass through. The rocks through which it passes comprise Great Oolite overlying fuller's earth, and Inferior Oolite and Bridport Sand beneath, a combination with which tunnellers were familiar.  The Great Oolite limestone, known as "Bath Stone", is easily worked and had been used for construction since Roman times. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was extracted by the room and pillar method and used for many buildings in Bath, Somerset. To assess the geology more accurately, between 1836 and 1837, Brunel sank eight shafts at intervals along the tunnel's projected alignment.

Construction.

The GWR selected George Burge of Herne Bay as the major contractor, being responsible for undertaking 75 per cent of overall tunnel length, working from the western end. Burge appointed Samuel Yockney as his engineer and manager. Locally based Lewis and Brewer were responsible for the remainder, starting from the eastern side. One of Brunel's personal assistants, William Glennie, was in overall charge until completion.  During December 1838, construction commenced. Work was divided into six sections; access to each was via a diameter ventilation shaft, which ranged in depth from at the eastern end to towards the western end. The men, equipment, materials and of extract had to go in and come out of the shafts assisted by steam-powered winches. The shafts were the safety exits from the tunnel.  Candles provided the only lighting in the workings and were consumed at a rate of one tonne per week, which was equalled by the weekly consumption of explosives. Due to the considerable time required for men to enter and exit the workings, blasting took place while they were in the tunnel. This practice and water ingress exceeding the calculated volumes, has been attributed as causing most of the deaths that occurred. About 100 navvies were killed during the tunnel's construction. Additional pumping and drainage were required during and after its construction. Large amounts of water entering the tunnel in the winter months impeded progress.  Once the eastern section had been blasted out, it was cut to form a gothic arch and left unlined. The western section was excavated using picks and shovels and the walls were lined with brick. Over 30 million bricks were used which were manufactured in nearby Chippenham and transported in horse-drawn carts. Horses were used to remove much of the spoil.  The restrictions imposed by the site contributed to a delay in the tunnel's completion. By August 1839, only 40 per cent of the works had been finished. By summer 1840, the to section of the Great Western Main Line (GWML) had been completed, as was the track from Bath to. The Box Tunnel was the last section of the GWML to be finished, although not for lack of effort on the part of Brunel.  During January 1841, Brunel came to an agreement with Burge and Yockney, to increase their workforce from to and the tunnel was completed in April 1841. The completed tunnel was wide and capable of accommodating a pair of broad-gauge tracks. When the ends of the tunnel were joined, there was less than of error in their alignment. Brunel was so delighted that he reportedly removed a ring from his finger and gave it to the works foreman.

Opening.

On 30 June 1841, the tunnel was opened to traffic with little in the way of ceremony. A special train departed London Paddington and traversed the whole of the GWR to complete the first rail journey to Temple Meads Station in Bristol in about four hours.  After the opening, for several months, work continued to finish the tunnel's western portal near Box, Wiltshire which Brunel had designed in a grand classical style. The eastern portal at Corsham has a more modest brick face, with rusticated stone dressings.  Commentators and critics voiced concerns and disapproval about the unlined section of the tunnel; they believed that it lacked solidity and was a danger to traffic. The GWR responded to these complaints by building a brick arch underneath part of the unlined section close to the entrance which was prone to frost damage. Some areas of the tunnel remain unlined.

Brunel's birthday.

It was reported in 1842 that twice a year the sun shines through the tunnel. It has been assumed that Brunel aligned the tunnel so that the rising sun is visible through it on his birthday, April 9.  Angus Buchanan (2002, p. 269) writes:  It has been asserted that it is impossible to guarantee the effect on a particular calendar day, because the angle at which the sun rises on a given date varies with the cycle of leap years. However, the sun subtends an angle of about half a degree, which is more than the year-to-year variation and more than the field of view through the tunnel, so it quite possibly seems to fill the tunnel every year. It is also asserted that Brunel failed to account for atmospheric refraction, and the effect is visible a few days too early.  Buchanan (p. 226) concludes:  A mathematical exploration of the possibility of the phenomenon occurring on Brunel's birthday has been undertaken by C.P. Atkins. Atkins concludes that, taking atmospheric refraction into account:  The author suggests that reports of the sun shining through Box Tunnel on April 9, or even on April 15 and 16, as reported by "the local head ganger... suggests some reflection effect and is, in itself, worthy of further investigation".  On Sunday 9 April 2017, when the line was closed for electrification and upgrades at Bath Spa railway station and the weather was favourable, a team from the GWR franchise tested the theory, finding that the sunrise did not shine fully through the tunnel. Images released show that the sun is well aligned to the tunnel.  During December 2016, Genealogists’ Magazine published an analysis confirming two previous analyses, that the sun does indeed shine through the tunnel, but a few days before Brunel's birthday. On 6 April through the 1830s, complete solar penetration occurred on three years out of four in the leap year cycle. The author of the article was able to show that the 6th of April was the birthday of Brunel's sister, Emma Joan Brunel, and that therefore the alignment on this day may have been deliberate.

Defence use.

Starting in 1844, the hill surrounding the tunnel was subject to extensive quarrying to extract Bath stone for buildings.  In the run-up towards the Second World War, the need to provide secure storage for munitions at distributed locations across the UK was recognised. During the 1930s, a proposal to create three Central Ammunition Depots (CADs) was submitted: one in the north (Longtown, Cumbria); one in the Midlands (Nesscliffe, Shropshire); and one in the South of England at Tunnel quarry, Monkton Farleigh and Eastlays Ridge.  During the 1930s, Tunnel Quarry was renovated by the Royal Engineers as one of the three major stockpiles. During November 1937, the GWR was contracted to build a long raised twin-loading platform at Shockerwick for Monkton Farleigh and two sidings branching from the Bristol–London mainline just outside the tunnel's eastern entrance at. below and at right angles to this point, the War Office had built a narrow-gauge wagon-sorting yard which accessed a tunnel, built by the Cementation Company, descending at a rate of 1 in 8.5 to the Central Ammunition Depot in the former quarry workings. The logistics operation was designed to cope with a maximum of tons of ammunition per day.  A Royal Air Force station, RAF Box, was established and used an area of the tunnels. In response to the Bristol Blitz, during 1940, Alfred McAlpine developed a fallback aircraft engine factory for use by the Bristol Aeroplane Company (BAC), although it never went into production. BAC used the facility to accommodate the company's experimental department, which was developing an engine to power bombers and the Bristol Beaufighter.  The CAD was closed at the end of the war but was maintained in operational condition until the 1950s. The sidings were cleared, and saw no further use until the mid-1980s when a museum was opened on the site for a short period. During the post-war years, portions of the ammunition depot were redeveloped for other facilities, including the Central Government War Headquarters, RAF No.1 Signal Unit, Controller Defence Communication Network and the Corsham Computer Centre. As of the present day, the only element of the complex that remains is the former computer centre and the visible north end of the tunnel has been sealed by concrete and rubble. The former CAD has been reused as a secure commercial document storage facility.

Electrification.

During the 2010s, overhead electrification infrastructure was installed so that electric locomotives could be used on the GWML. Box Tunnel was modified for the catenary and associated infrastructure. During the summer of 2015, the tunnel was closed for six weeks for preparatory work including lowering the track by roughly and replacing of cabling in advance of the catenary infrastructure being installed.

Box Tunnel passes through Box Hill on the Great Western Main Line (GWML) between Bath and Chippenham. The railway tunnel is in length, straight, and descends on a 1 in 100 gradient from its eastern end. The west portal is Grade II* listed and the east portal is Grade II listed.

Der Box Tunnel ist ein 2,9 km langer Eisenbahntunnel aus der Frühzeit der Geschichte der Eisenbahn auf der Bahnstrecke London–Bristol zwischen Chippenham und Bath, in der Nähe des Ortes Box, zeitweise auch "Box Hill", in der Kilometrierung zwischen 99 stat.mi. 12 ch und 100 stat.mi. 78 ch.


Early life.

Schuette was born in Midland, Michigan. He is the son of Esther Cathrin (Little) and William H. Schuette, and step-son of Carl Gerstacker, former chairman of the board of The Dow Chemical Company. Schuette graduated from Herbert Henry Dow High School in 1972. He attended Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. and in 1976 graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Science degree in the Foreign Service. He also studied at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland and received a J.D. from the University of San Francisco School of Law in 1979. Schuette was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1981.

Political career.

Schuette was a delegate to the Michigan Republican conventions in 1972, 1974, and 1982.  In November 1984, at the age of 31, Schuette narrowly defeated incumbent Democrat Donald J. Albosta for a seat in the United States House of Representatives from Michigan's 10th congressional district. Schuette was re-elected to the two succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1985 until January 3, 1991. He did not seek re-election in 1990, but unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Democrat Carl Levin for his seat in the United States Senate. While in Congress, Schuette served on the House Budget Committee, the House Agriculture Committee and the House Select Committee on Aging.  In January 1991, Schuette was named by then-Governor John Engler as the director of the Michigan Department of Agriculture. The incumbent director, Robert Mitchell, resigned after Engler was elected governor. He was approved by the five member agriculture commission on January 11, 1991. While director, Schuette and his wife Cynthia created the Michigan Harvest Gathering, a food and fund drive to help feed hungry people throughout the state. Joining with the Food Bank Council of Michigan, the Michigan Harvest Gathering has raised more than $4 million and 6 million pounds of food over a 12-year period. He resigned from his post on February 25, 1994 to run for the Michigan State Senate. He was replaced by Gordon Guyer as director of agriculture.  In November 1994, he was elected to the Michigan Senate from the 35th district, where he served until 2003. In 2001, Schuette was selected by President George W. Bush to be his personal representative to Australian-American Friendship Week in Australia.  In November 2002, he was elected a judge on the Michigan Fourth District Court of Appeals. He succeeded Donald E. Holbrook Jr. He took office in January 2003. His term expired on January 1, 2009. He was replaced by Michael J. Kelly.  In 2008, Michigan voters considered a ballot initiative to establish a medical marijuana program for registered patients with qualifying conditions. Schuette served as a spokesperson for a group opposed to the proposed law. After leaving the judiciary, Schuette worked for Warner, Norcross & Judd, one of Michigan's largest law firms.  On November 2, 2010, Schuette won the election to become Michigan Attorney General.  In September 2011, petition language to recall Schuette was approved by Midland County authorities, allowing the circulating of recall petitions. Among the grievances cited are his attempts to undermine the medical marijuana law approved by voters in 2008.  In 2011, Schuette filed suit to close two Michigan abortion clinics on grounds of improper record disposal.  Before the Supreme Court's 2015 decision in "Obergefell v. Hodges", Schuette fought against same-sex marriage.  On August 19, 2015, Schuette endorsed Jeb Bush for president.  In December 2016, Schuette filed suit to try to stop a recount effort in Michigan requested by Green Party candidate Jill Stein.  In January 2017, Schuette was admonished by Eastern District of United States of Michigan Judge David M. Lawson for attempting to file an amicus brief taking an opposite position than Schuette originally took on the issue of requiring the State of Michigan to supply bottled water to Flint residents who lack tap filters. Judge Lawson said it injected a "troubling ethical issue into [the] lawsuit" and it suggested "superficial posturing" on behalf of Schuette.

2018 gubernatorial campaign.

Schuette was widely believed to be planning to run for governor of Michigan. In July 2016, before speaking on the opening day of the 2016 Republican National Convention Schuette changed the name of his fundraising committee from "Bill Schuette for Attorney General" to "Bill Schuette for Michigan." Despite being ineligible for a further term as Attorney General due to term-limits, Schuette had continued to raise funds since his November 2014 re-election.  In December 2016, Schuette said he had not made up his mind on running for governor but would make a decision sometime in 2017. This is backed up by reports of a falling out between the Attorney General and Governor Rick Snyder.  On September 12, 2017, Schuette announced his campaign for governor in Midland, Michigan. On August 7, 2018, Schuette won the Republican nomination for Michigan governorby defeating Lieutenant Governor Brian Calley and state Senator Patrick Colbeck. His candidacy was supported by President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence. On November 6, 2018, he lost the general election to Democrat Gretchen Whitmer, a former Michigan senate leader, by a 9-point margin.

Personal life.

Schuette lives in Midland, Michigan with his wife, Cynthia. They have two children.

Electoral history.

Controversy.

On July 3, 2018, Ingham County prosecutor Carol Siemon requested a grand jury investigation (which was never conducted) to probe the sale of multimillion-dollar property inherited by Schuette in the Virgin Islands, to determine if any laws were violated. Schuette's spokesperson stated that the accusation was a "baseless attack on an attorney general with a strong ethical record".  Schuette was working to strike down a ballot initiative to eliminate partisan gerrymandering, which has gained enough signatures to be on the Michigan ballot in the November 2018 election. The issue went on to the state supreme court, where "Five of the seven justices were nominated or appointed by Republicans, and two of those have received financial backing from the Michigan Chamber of Commerce, which also happens to be one of the main funders of the opposition campaign. Both justices have refused to recuse themselves from the case." The court upheld the inclusion of the initiative on the ballot which was approved by voters.

William Duncan Schuette ( ; born October 13, 1953) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 53rd attorney general of Michigan from 2011 to 2019. He was the unsuccessful Republican nominee for Governor of Michigan in the 2018 gubernatorial election, losing to Democrat Gretchen Whitmer.

William Duncan „Bill“ Schuette (* 13. Oktober 1953 in Midland, Michigan) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1985 und 1991 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Michigan im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Seit 2011 ist er Attorney General dieses Bundesstaates und 2018 republikanischer Bewerber für das Amt des Gouverneurs.


Early life.

Petrakis is the son of the Reverend Mark Petrakis, a Greek Orthodox priest who immigrated to the United States with his wife Stella in 1916. They were villagers from central Crete, near the city of Rethymnon, who came bringing their first four children (Dan, Barbara, Manuel, and Tasula). Harry Mark, the fifth child, was born on June 5, 1923, in St. Louis, Missouri. A sixth child, Irene, was later born in Chicago, where the family settled.  Harry Mark (Greek name, "Haralambos") attended Koraes School, the elementary school of Sts. Constantine & Helen Greek Orthodox Church, his father's parish in Chicago. During Greek school days he read his original poems and played the lead roles in class productions of Greek tragedies. He also learned to read and write the Greek language, which he spoke at home (although he never writes in Greek). He also met his future wife in Greek school, a Greek-American girl named Diana Perparos, whose father John owned several dry cleaning and shoe repair stores in Chicago. Despite being the son of a priest, Petrakis belonged to a gang, which was made up of sons of immigrants of varied ethnic ancestry in their Woodlawn neighborhood. Later, in "Stelmark", one of his numerous autobiographical works, he recalled:  At age 11 Petrakis contracted tuberculosis. He was placed on bed rest and ended up missing two years of school. He later wrote, "Those two years were a strange, intense period for me, weeks and months of boredom, excitement, discovery, despair, and terror. They affected my life, I am certain, more than any other interlude of my childhood and youth" ("Stelmark", p. 86). He passed the time reading in bed. As a grown man he would later refer to books as "a refuge... a sanctuary against a growing depression bred by inactivity" (from his "Song of My Life", p. 18). One of the books that influenced him most was "Martin Eden" by Jack London, in which a self-educated sailor dreams of becoming a writer. He also read "The Book of Knowledge" in its entirety.  After getting well Petrakis returned to Englewood High School, on Chicago's Southwest Side. He excelled at military exercises, but started playing hooky from school. Finally, he ceased attending at all. His father, seeing his son's abhorrence of school, sent him to stay with his brother Manuel at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Petrakis was enrolled in high school in Urbana but shortly became truant again, skipping school and often spending the day reading in one of the university libraries. Learning of this, his father brought him back to Chicago and enrolled him in a parochial school which specialized in disciplining troublesome youths, but where Petrakis lasted only two weeks. He never graduated from high school. Nevertheless, in later years he would be awarded six honorary doctorates and would teach at the university level, as for instance when he held the Nikos Kazantzakis Chair in Modern Greek Studies at San Francisco State University, or when he acted as the McGuffey Visiting Lecturer at Ohio University.

Gambling addiction.

Like many youths without a high school diploma, Petrakis turned to gambling to make a living. Starting when he was 16 years old, he and an older betting buddy would study the "Daily Racing Form" while his parents thought he was attending school. In his 2014 autobiography "Song of My Life", Petrakis recounts how he pawned his brother's suits, sold his sister's books, and stole from cash registers to get money to feed his habit. One morning, he recalls, he went to his father, who never refused him money, and borrowed $200—the parish priest's whole monthly salary—from him in order to pay the gas and electric bills on the studio apartment where he was living with his wife, who was pregnant. By afternoon, he had gambled it all away. Looking back, he views that day as the first step toward his deliverance. Having betrayed his wife and father, he says, marked the beginning of his healing. He gambled less and less over the next few months and finally stopped.

Early writing years.

After quitting gambling, Petrakis embarked upon a series of odd jobs that he often quit. Lacking a high school diploma, he worked as a Railway Express baggage handler, a steel mill worker, a customer service rep at a manufacturer of auto waxes and furniture polishes, a beer truck driver, a clothes presser in a dry-cleaning plant, a real estate salesman, an advertising copywriter, and a junior-level speechwriter for executives at U.S. Steel. He also entered the restaurant business, owning and operating a small lunchroom at 13th Street and Indiana Avenue in Chicago called Art's Lunch.  At night, however, he would work on his writing. For 10 years he continually submitted manuscripts to various literary magazines that published short stories. Finally, in 1956, at the age of 33, he sold his first story. It was titled "Pericles on 31st Street" and was published by the "Atlantic Monthly", which gave it one of its "Atlantic Firsts" awards. After that, Petrakis continued to publish in the "Atlantic". In addition, he wrote "The Wooing of Ariadne" for "The Saturday Evening Post" and "Dark Eye" for "Playboy Magazine". Another of his stories, "The Prison," won an O. Henry Award (1966); and, in addition, an anthology of his short stories with the title "Pericles on 31st Street" was named a finalist for the National Book Award for Fiction (1966).

"A Dream of Kings".

In 1966 Petrakis made his first international success with the appearance of his novel "A Dream of Kings", which won him a nomination for the National Book Award for Fiction for the second year in a row. "A Dream of Kings" was on the "New York Times" Best Seller list for 12 weeks, translated into 12 languages, and made into a Hollywood film of the same name. The lead role of Leonidas Matsoukas was played by actor Anthony Quinn, already familiar to Americans from having played Zorba in the earlier film "Zorba the Greek" (1964). Quinn's characterization of Matsoukas as a passionate Greek immigrant full of lust for life was so like Zorba that he was termed by one critic "Zorba the Greek-American." The film of "A Dream of Kings" was released in 1969 by National General Pictures and was directed by Daniel Mann, who had previously worked with actors Burt Lancaster, Anna Magnani and Elizabeth Taylor.

Middle period.

"A Dream of Kings" had been published by the David McKay Company, which also published Petrakis's short story anthology "The Waves of Night" (1969). McKay also brought out his next novel, "In the Land of Morning", It came out in 1973, when the Vietnam War was in the American news every night, and has as the central character a young Greek-American veteran coming back from Vietnam who is of the same generation as Petrakis's three sons (Mark, John and Dean). There then followed a period at the publishing house of Doubleday, which published four of Petrakis's books between 1976 and 1983. All four had Greek themes. "The Hour of the Bell" is set during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1932), in which patriotic Greek forces expelled the ruling Turks who had been there since the fall of Greece to the Ottoman Empire in the year 1453. As he wrote, Petrakis felt inspired:  Doubleday also published "A Petrakis Reader" (1978), an anthology of short stories with primarily Greek or Greek-American characters. At about this time Petrakis started making numerous public speaking appearances in which he would read his stories aloud. Doubleday also published "Nick the Greek", the fictionalized life story of the legendary professional gambler Nick "The Greek" Dandolos; and "Days of Vengeance", a historical novel of Cretan immigrant men working in the Utah coal mines in the early 1900s.

Depression.

In 1982 Petrakis underwent an illness and accompanying depression that almost ended his life. Following knee surgery for a tennis injury, he developed a drop foot. He became anxious and made the rounds of the neurologists. One diagnosed him with ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease). Not yet knowing that the ALS diagnosis would prove to be incorrect, Petrakis decided he would not wait passively for the crippling decay of the disease. He bought a gun, thinking to kill himself. The night he intended to do it, however, a last-minute phone call to his wife made him long for a few more hours with her before the end. From that point, his depression began to lift. As part of his gradual ascent toward recovery, Petrakis talked and wrote much about his illness, which did not turn out to be ALS. For example, he described his depression to the "Chicago Tribune" in a 1990 interview titled "A Writer's Odyssey." And when he wrote "Ghost of the Sun", the 1990 sequel to "A Dream of Kings", he depicted all three of the neurologists visited by the now-old, now-sick Matsoukas as near-barbarians.

Later writings.

In the 2000s Petrakis began writing for Southern Illinois University Press. They published his "Twilight of the Ice", about the days when Americans still had ice delivered to the iceboxes in their homes; "The Orchards of Ithaca", in which a Greek restaurateur comes to the defense of a Greek Orthodox priest falsely accused of child molestation; "The Shepherds of Shadows", a sequel to "The Hour of the Bell"; and "Legends of Glory and other stories", a collection of short stories centering on Chicago Greeks. His most recent short story anthology is "Cavafy's Stone and other village tales" (Wicker Park Press, 2010), all of whose stories take place in the same fictional village in Greece. As of 2015, Petrakis is still producing work regularly. His latest book is a full-length autobiography, "Song of My Life".

Harry Mark Petrakis ( ; born June 5, 1923) is an American novelist and writer of short stories. He is best known for depicting the life of Greek-American immigrants in the Greektown neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois.

Haralampos "Harry" Mark Petrakis (* 5. Juni 1923 in St. Louis, Missouri) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller griechischer Herkunft, der insbesondere durch seinen Roman "Lion at My Heart" Bekanntheit erreichte.


Playing career.

Gaunce grew up in Markham, Ontario, playing minor ice hockey with the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA) Markham Waxers, where he was a teammate of Steven Stamkos, Michael Del Zotto and Cody Hodgson. He played in the 2003 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with Markham. He was selected 50th overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. Gaunce played with the Mississauga St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for three seasons, and on May 11, 2009, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Avalanche and attended the 2009 Avalanche's training camp before returning for his final year with the Majors in the 2009–10 season.  In his first professional season, in 2010–11, Gaunce was assigned to Colorado's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Lake Erie Monsters. After 54 games with the Monsters, he was called-up to the NHL and made his NHL debut in Colorado's 5–3 defeat against the Nashville Predators on February 12, 2011. In his third game with the Avalanche, he scored his first NHL goal and point against Marc-André Fleury and the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 3–2 loss on February 16.  During the 2012–13 season, while playing with the Monsters and in the final year of his entry-level contract, on April 2, 2013, Gaunce was traded to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Tomáš Vincour. On December 17, 2013, Gaunce was called-up to the Stars.  In September 2014, after failing to make the Stars' NHL roster out of training camp, Gaunce was assigned to Dallas' AHL affiliate, the Texas Stars.  On July 1, 2015, after he was not tendered a qualifying offer to remain with the Stars, Gaunce signed as a free agent to a one-year, two-way contract with the Florida Panthers. Gaunce was assigned to add leadership to Florida's AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates, for the duration of the 2015–16 season. He responded by setting career-high numbers offensively with 37 points in 75 games.  On July 1, 2016, as a free agent, Gaunce signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins. In the 2016–17 season, he began playing in the AHL with the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. With Pittsburgh suffering a depleted blueline through injury, Gaunce was recalled and eclipsed his previous efforts in the NHL to record a career-high 1 goal and 4 points in 12 games.  On July 1, 2017, as a free agent for the third straight year, Gaunce signed a two-year, two-way contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets. In the 2017–18 season, after attending the Blue Jackets' training camp, Gaunce was reassigned to Columbus' AHL affiliate, the Cleveland Monsters. In making his return to his first professional club in the Monsters, Gaunce added a veteran presence on the blueline and led the defence in scoring with 21 assists and 24 points.  On July 1, 2018, Gaunce signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Personal.

Gaunce's younger brother Brendan currently plays as a left winger in the Boston Bruins organization. Brendan, who was selected second overall by the Belleville Bulls in the 2010 OHL Priority Selection, was selected in the first round, 26th overall, by the Canucks in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.

Cameron Gaunce (born March 19, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing within the Tampa Bay Lightning organization of the National Hockey League (NHL). Gaunce was selected by Colorado Avalanche in the second round, 50th overall, of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

Cameron Gaunce (* 19. März 1990 in Greater Sudbury, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juli 2018 bei den Tampa Bay Lightning aus der National Hockey League unter Vertrag steht und parallel für deren Farmteam, die Syracuse Crunch, in der American Hockey League auf der Position des Verteidigers spielt. Sein Bruder Brendan Gaunce ist ebenfalls ein professioneller Eishockeyspieler.


Early life and education.

William Trager was born March 20, 1910 in Newark, New Jersey to Leon and Anna (Emilfork) Trager. He received his bachelor of science degree from Rutgers University in 1930. He then moved to Harvard University where he was the first graduate student of L. R. Cleveland. In Cleveland's lab, Trager established a culture system for flagellate symbionts of the roach "Cryptocercus punctulatus", showing that the roach's ability to digest cellulose was actually due to the cellulases of the symbiotic flagellates. This work formed his PhD thesis, titled "The cultivation of some intestinal flagellates of termites and the nature of the symbiosis between these protozoa and their insect host" which he was granted in 1933.

Career.

Following his Ph.D., Trager joined the lab of Rudolf Glaser in the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology in the Princeton, New Jersey division of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research as a postdoctoral fellow. In Glaser's lab, Trager developed a culture system for growing the virus Borrelina which causes the disease grasseri in silkworms. Also while with Glaser, Trager developed a system to grow "Aedes aegypti" mosquito larvae in a nutrient medium, identifying the nutrients that the larvae require for development. In 1934, Trager was appointed to the staff of the Rockefeller Institute.  During World War II, Trager served as a captain in the US Army Sanitary Corps supervising clinical trials with the antimalarial atabrine. After the war, Trager turned his research focus to malaria, investigating the conditions required to grow "Plasmodium" parasites in culture. He began with work on the bird malaria parasite "Plasmodium lophurae", working both on extending the survival of the parasite in culture, and characterizing the nutrients that made birds susceptible to infection. In 1950, Trager moved along with the rest of the Department of Animal and Plant Pathology to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research campus in New York City, where he would work until his retirement. Following the move, Trager pursued his interest in how "P. lophurae" survives inside host red blood cells by undertaking an investigation of infected cells using electron microscopy with Maria Rudzinska. Together, they found that parasites seem to take up pieces of the host cytosol by a type of phagocytosis, and that the pigment hemozoin is formed in specialized digestive vacuoles where hemoglobin is digested. Subsequently, along with Phyllis Bradbury, they described the ultrastructure of the human malaria parasite "Plasmodium falciparum", identifying the "knob" structures on the surface of infected cells that allow the parasitized cells to stick to blood vessels. Trager and Rudzinska went on to describe the structure of another parasite of red blood cells: "Babesia", for which they discovered the sexual stage, and described its organelles and invasion process. In 1964, Trager was promoted to Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Parasitology, a position he would hold for the next 16 years.  In the 1970s Trager and a postdoctoral fellow James B. Jensen performed the work for which Trager is best known: the cultivation of "P. falciparum". They found that they could take the blood of "Aotus" monkeys infecte with "P. falciparum", dilute the blood into human red blood cells, and with the addition of human serum and RPMI 1640 media, get "P. falciparum" to grow for weeks. Jensen greatly improved the culture method by introducing a carbon-dioxide rich environment through the use of a simple air-tight candle jar, where a flame is lit and allowed to burn out.  Trager also worked sporadically throughout his career on kinetoplastid parasites. He showed that the intracellular stage of "Leishmania donovani" could be cultured for several days, and established a tsetse fly tissue culture system to grow all the life stages of "Trypanosoma vivax". He also developed a ontinuous culture system for the lizard-infecting parasite "Leishmania tarentolae". In 1980, Trager transitioned to the role of emeritus professor at Rockefeller University.

Personal life.

Trager married Ida Susnow, whom he has known since high school, in 1936. Together they had three children: Leslie, Carolyn, and Lillian. He died, likely of a heart attack, at his home in Manhattan on Saturday, January 22nd, 2005.

Awards.

Trager received many awards over the course of his life. He received honorary degrees from Rutgers University in 1965 and Rockefeller University in 1987. He was awarded the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene's Manson Medal in 1986, and Thailand's Prince Mahidol Award in 1994.  Trager was president of the Society of Protozoologists from 1960 to 1961, the American Society of Parasitologists from 1973 to 1974, and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from 1978 to 1979. In 1973, Trager was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.

William Trager (20 March 1910 – 22 January 2005) was an American parasitologist, professor at Rockefeller University, and member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. Trager's research focused on developing microbiological culture systems for a variety of eukaryotic pathogens. He is best known for developing a culture system for the malaria parasite "Plasmodium falciparum" with James Jensen in the 1970s.

William Trager (* 20. März 1910 in Newark, New Jersey; † 22. Januar 2005 in New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Parasitologe, bekannt für Forschungen zur Malaria.


Definitions.

According to the World Bank, the blue economy is the "sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystem."  European Commission defines it as "All economic activities related to oceans, seas and coasts. It covers a wide range of interlinked established and emerging sectors."  The Commonwealth of Nations considers it "an emerging concept which encourages better stewardship of our ocean or 'blue' resources."  Conservation International adds that "blue economy also includes economic benefits that may not be marketed, such as carbon storage, coastal protection, cultural values and biodiversity."  The Center for the Blue Economy says "it is now a widely used term around the world with three related but distinct meanings- the overall contribution of the oceans to economies, the need to address the environmental and ecological sustainability of the oceans, and the ocean economy as a growth opportunity for both developed and developing countries."  A United Nations representative recently defined the Blue Economy as an economy that "comprises a range of economic sectors and related policies that together determine whether the use of ocean resources is sustainable. An important challenge of the blue economy is to understand and better manage the many aspects of oceanic sustainability, ranging from sustainable fisheries to ecosystem health to preventing pollution. Secondly, the blue economy challenges us to realize that the sustainable management of ocean resources will require collaboration across borders and sectors through a variety of partnerships, and on a scale that has not been previously achieved. This is a tall order, particularly for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) who face significant limitations." The UN notes that the Blue Economy will aid in achieving the UNSustainable Development Goals, of which one goal, 14, is "Life Below Water".  World Wildlife Fund begins its report "Principles for a Sustainable BLUE ECONOMY" with two senses given to this term: "For some, blue economy means the use of the sea and its resources for sustainable economic development. For others, it simply refers to any economic activity in the maritime sector, whether sustainable or not."  As the WWF reveals in its purpose of the report, there is still no widely accepted definition of the term blue economy despite increasing high-level adoption of it as a concept and as a goal of policy-making and investment.

Related terms.

Ocean economy.

A related term of blue economy is ocean economy and we see some organizations using the two terms interchangeably. However, these two terms represent different concepts. Ocean economy simply deals with the use of ocean resources and is strictly aimed at empowering the economic system of ocean. Blue economy goes beyond viewing the ocean economy solely as a mechanism for economic growth. It focuses on the sustainability of ocean for economic growth. Therefore, blue economy encompasses ecological aspects of the ocean along with economic aspects.

Green economy.

The green economy is defined as an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics. Therefore, blue economy is a part of green economy. During Rio+20 Summit in June 2012, Pacific small island developing states stated that, for them, "a green economy was in fact a blue economy".

Blue growth.

A related term is blue growth, which means "support to the growth of the maritime sector in a sustainable way." The term is adopted by the European Union as an integrated maritime policy to achieve the goals of the Europe 2020 strategy.

Potential.

On top of the traditional ocean activities such as fisheries, tourism and maritime transport, blue economy entails emerging industries including renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities and marine biotechnology and bioprospecting. Blue economy also attempts to embrace ocean ecosystem services that are not captured by the market but provide significant contribution to economic and human activity. They include carbon sequestration, coastal protection, waste disposal, and the existence of biodiversity.  The 2015 WWF briefing puts the value of key ocean assets over US$24 trillion. Fisheries are now overexploited, but there is still plenty of room for aquaculture and offshore wind power. Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector with the supply of 58 percent of fish to global markets. Aquaculture is vital to food security of the poorest countries especially. Only in the European Union the blue economy employed 3,362,510 people in 2014.

Challenges.

The World Bank specifies three challenges that limit the potential to develop a blue economy.

Blue economy is a term in economics relating to the exploitation and preservation of the marine environment. Its scope of interpretation varies among organizations.

The Blue Economy ist ein Konzept, ausgehend von dem Forschungsprojekt „Nature’s 100 Best“, das die Ökosysteme der Erde schützen und gleichzeitig Arbeitsplätze schaffen soll.


Pre-War.

Her maiden voyage was between London (cargo)-Southampton-Quebec-Montreal starting on 22 May 1925; she was employed on this route, switching to Halifax and New York during the winter, until World War II. In July 1927 her accommodation was altered to cabin, tourist and 3rd class, and in March 1939 to cabin and 3rd class. In December 1934 "Ascania" rescued the crew of the sinking cargo ship SS "Unsworth" in mid-Atlantic. "Ascania" herself ran into trouble on 2 July 1938 when she ran aground in the St. Lawrence River, near Bic Island, Quebec. Her 400 passengers were taken off by the Canadian Pacific cargo liner Beaverford while the "Ascania"'s crew remained aboard to refloat the liner which was repaired and returned to service a few months later.

Wartime Service.

On 24 August 1939, she was taken into naval service and converted into an Armed Merchant Cruiser. Armed with 8 x 6-inch (152mm) and 2 x 3-inch (76mm) naval guns, she became HMS "Ascania" with the pennant number F68. She sailed with the Halifax Escort Force and later with the North Atlantic Escort Force on convoy protection duty. From November 1941 to September 1942 she deployed to the New Zealand station. In October 1942, she was returned to the UK and was employed as a Troopship by the Ministry of War Transport. The following year, "Ascania" was modified into a Landing Ship Infantry and took part in the Invasion of Sicily in 1943, and the Anzio Landings and landings in the south of France in 1944.

Post-war.

"Ascania" was returned to Cunard and refitted, resuming passenger service on 20 December 1947 on the Liverpool to Halifax route. She underwent a major refit in 1949, to 14,440 gross tons and with accommodation for 200 1st and 500 tourist class passengers, and returned to service on 21 April 1950 on the Liverpool-Quebec-Montreal route. "Ascania" was again taken up as a troopship for the Suez landings and finally retired in December 1956.

Heritage.

"Ascania"'s bell is on display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is located in the 'Visible Storage' display cases section of the museum on the second floor. In addition, a large cut-away model is displayed at the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 next to the landing deck where "Ascania" once docked.

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The RMS "Ascania" was an ocean liner operated by the Cunard Line. She was launched on 20 December 1923 at the Armstrong Whitworth Shipbuilders Ltd yard in Newcastle-upon-Tyne; the fifth of Cunard's six "A" class liners. Due to unforeseen cost overruns, the vessel was not completed until May 1925. Following service in a number of military roles during the Second World War, she was refitted and returned to civilian use in 1950, finally retiring in 1956.

Die RMS "Ascania" (II) war ein 1925 in Dienst gestellter Ozeandampfer der britischen Reederei Cunard Line, der im Passagier- und Postverkehr zwischen Großbritannien und Kanada eingesetzt wurde. Sie blieb bis 1956 im Dienst und wurde im Jahr darauf in Wales abgewrackt.


Early years.

La Palabra was born and raised in the small coastal town of Caimanera, Cuba. He loved music from an early age and grew up listening to Cuban artists like Orquesta Aragón, Estrellas Cubanas Orquesta, Pello el Afrokán (Pedro Izquierdo), Tata Guines, and Félix Chappottín. He was exposed to all genres of Cuban music -- charanga, son, danzón, cha-cha-cha, bolero, bolero-cha, rumba, sipisón, mozambique, paca, joropo, changüí, mozan-cha, guaguancó, and early Afro-Cuban jazz precursors to salsa.  At the age of 11, La Palabra began taking piano lessons from his grandmother and, inspired by Neno Gonzalez's song "El Café," was soon writing his own arrangements. After winning an amateur musical competition judged by representatives from the Department of Education, he was invited to attend a state-controlled school of music in Havana. La Palabra's grandmother turned down the opportunity down out of fear that La Palabra would be unable to leave Fidel Castro's post-revolutionary Cuba if he became a student at the state music conservatory. The almost constant flow of music, musicians, and tourists to and from the U.S. and Cuba that had taken place since the 1930s and 1940s was quickly halted. A few years later La Palabra's family successfully obtained their official visas to leave Cuba. He moved to New York City with his sister, aunt, and uncle in 1966.  In New York La Palabra entered the music scene by joining the sextet Lalo y La New Yorkina and played piano on their first single, "Rompe Tu Pared," with Hector Casanova on vocals. La Palabra continued playing with Lalo y La New Yorkina for two more years until 1968, when his mother decided to move the family to Detroit. He witnessed the cultural upheaval taking place in American society and in music -- hippie psychedelia, New York salsa, anti-Vietnam War anthems, Berry Gordy's Motown artists, the closely knit Detroit jazz community, Detroit-born Chicago blues singers (John Lee Hooker, Sonny Boy Williamson) even the occasional Latin artist (Joe Cuba) on "American Bandstand".  As a student of Cooley High School in Detroit, La Palabra became involved with as many aspects of the music department as possible and, most importantly, founded the school's first integrated band, The Blazers, which beat The Sons of Soul out of first place at the 1969 Michigan State Fair (where The Jackson Five was the main act) with their compelling performance of "Son of Ice Bag." The Sons of Soul drummer at the time was Ricky Lawson, who later moved to Los Angeles to become a studio musician and played on Michael Jackson's "Thriller". While La Palabra found regular work playing high-powered R&B cover tunes by Hugh Masakela, Chicago, Tower of Power, B.B. King and Hubert Laws, he began writing his first romantic song arrangements, lyrics and orchestrations, including his first-to-be-recorded salsa song "Amor de Juventud," which was later recorded by Ricardo Lemvo in the early 1980s.  By 1974 La Palabra had outgrown the high school music scene and began playing at El Sol Supper Club in Detroit. The 18-year-old performer and arranger dazzled audiences week after week with his quick-finger piano playing and romantic Spanish ballad-style singing of English cover tunes, delivered with Palabra's own mixture of Cuban guaguanco, salsa, soul, and rock and roll. One of his sidemen at El Sol was trumpeter Marcus Belgrave; another regular sideman was the young percussionist Humberto "El Nengue" Hernandez, also born in Cuba and later to become a Mongo Santamaria sideman.  For the next several years, La Palabra continued playing the Detroit club circuit, alternating between Stanley Mitchell and the People's Choice, Brainstorm (featuring violinist Regina Carter), the Five Specials, and Norma Belle and the All Stars, while sharing the circuit with Earl Klugh, Chapter 7 (with lead singer Anita Baker,) Dennis Coffey, Lyman Woodard, and the Organization. In 1977, La Palabra went on tour with Brainstorm (who later appeared on "Soul Train") and the Five Specials. The tour included Kool and the Gang, the Average White Band, and Fat Back Band. Following the tour La Palabra joined Norma Belle's band, with whom he played until 1979.

Godfather of Romantic Salsa.

Stevie Wonder's band members saw La Palabra performing in Norma Belle's band in Detroit, Michigan and immediately recommended him to Wonder. In September 1979 Wonder invited La Palabra to move to Los Angeles to join Phoenix Rising, the band Wonder was planning to assemble and produce. La Palabra viewed the chance to work for Stevie Wonder as a launching pad for his career and immediately headed to the West Coast, only to discover that the project was still only in the early planning stages. Without a job or record deal of his own, La Palabra began playing piano at local gigs with various Los Angeles groups. Several months later, in 1980, American pop singer Lionel Richie achieved massive widespread success with his hit single "Lady," while Spanish balladeers Roberto Carlos and Emanuel reached the top of the Latin charts with their respective hits "Cama y Mesa" and "Todo Se Derrumbo." La Palabra, caught up in this romantic movement in music, began experimenting combining his native Cuban rhythms and American pop music. He created a new genre of Latin music that combined sexually charged romanticism with high energy salsa, which he named Ballada en Salsa (later renamed and marketed as romantic salsa or salsa romántica by major record labels).  In December 1979 La Palabra partnered with Jesús "El Niño" Alejandro Perez to form Orquesta Versalles. La Palabra and "El Niño" showcased their new arrangements weekly, packing such popular nightclubs as Club Candilejas in Los Angeles, Club Riviera in Eagle Rock, and the Marina Hotel in Las Vegas. In early 1981 La Palabra (working as Fito Foster) and El Niño released a single as Orquesta Versalles (a.k.a. Orquesta Candilejas), with El Niño's arrangement of "Me Voy Pa’ Puerto Rico" on side A and La Palabra's arrangement of "Todo Se Derrumbo" on Side B. "Todo Se Derrumbo" became such a hit that Orquesta Versalles club audiences requested Versalles to play it three to four times a night.  "Todo se Derrumbo" attracted the attention of Joni Figueras, a music industry insider, frequent visitor at Club Candilejas, and fan of Versalles and La Palabra's arrangements. Figueras approached La Palabra and suggested that the two of them produce an album of La Palabra's arrangements to introduce the public to Ballada en Salsa / Salsa Romantica. La Palabra was intrigued by the idea but unable to start such a large-scale project while still contracted to work for Stevie Wonder and Phoenix Rising. Figueras forged ahead with the Salsa Romantica album without him, using musicians Louis Ramirez and Ray de la Paz to record "Noche Caliente" for K-Tel Records. As a result of one hastily released album, Ramirez and de la Paz were inaccurately called "the pioneers of salsa romantica."  In 1982 Stevie Wonder's team decided to abandon the Phoenix Rising project altogether. Although it was a disappointment to La Palabra, the official announcement was unsurprising. He had already been working with other bands since arriving in Los Angeles, and the following year Orquesta Versalles was deemed one of Los Angeles’ pioneering salsa bands. They released their debut self-titled album on Profono Records (then a division of CBS Records), which contained La Palabra's classic interpretation of Lionel Richie's "Lady," which became an overnight international success in dance clubs.  La Palabra relocated his band to Miami, Florida in 1984, believing the city to be the heartbeat of the Latin music industry. He enjoyed success with Orquesta Versalles there for several months, never fully aware of the impact "Lady" was making on Latin music in the rest of the world. Believing Profono Records failed to meet his expectations, with this album my wife Luz Damaris Foster (now DeJesus) collaborated with the song"Lady the laugh was it!! even Madonna used her laugh style. She wrote three songs, her first song was "Ya se Fue", second song "Mi negrita" and "te imaginas" was both lyrics until La Palabra left the label in 1984.  In 1985 La Palabra, who had been working as "Fito Foster" began to officially use his artistic name, "La Palabra," and formed a new group called Sensation 85 with former members of Versalles. That year the band released a self-titled debut album featuring Cuban jazz flautist Nestor Torres and Nicaraguan bongo player Luis Enrique on vocals, Enrique's first outing as a salsa singer.  Sensation 85 enjoyed popularity at Miami dance clubs, filling venues such as the Riviera Lounge (later renamed Club Capri), Papa Grande (Big Daddy's), Maxim's Supper Club, the Copacabana, and Salsa 2000.  Even as more and more newcomer Salsa Romantica artists were offered lucrative recording deals with major labels in the late 1980s, including two of his own band members from Sensation 85 (Luis Enrique and Lefty Perez), the genre's creator unjustly remained unsigned. Understandably disillusioned and devastated, La Palabra left the music industry from 1988 until 1999, when he returned to Los Angeles.

Orquesta La Palabra and Latin Jazz.

In late 1999 La Palabra began recording a new album, "Rap-A-Salsa", with the help of Chuck Neustein. Halfway through the recording, George Balmaseda, whom La Palabra knew from the Orquesta Versalles days, introduced Mel Morrow of Morrowland Records to Palabra. Morrow, who adored La Palabra's arrangements and his musical style, offered to finance the formation of a band with La Palabra. La Palabra abandoned the Rap-A-Salsa project and joined Morrow in the formation of the band, Orquesta La Palabra, with George "Babaloo" Balmaseda and Angelo Pagan on vocals.  With Morrow as executive producer, La Palabra and Morrow began the recording of the album "On Fire" in Los Angeles. The recording reached completion a year later and featured La Palabra's versions of "Todo Se Derrumbo" and "Lady." "Lady" became a major hit once again, being played throughout the United States and abroad including Europe, Asia, Israel, and Latin America, inspiring a new wave of interest among younger fans and sparking new interest in La Palabra.  In 2003, La Palabra recorded the album "Breakthrough" with Tornillo Records, which included the hit song, "El Tun Tun de Tu Corazon." It maintained the # 1 spot on Colombia radio for 12 consecutive weeks in 2006 and continued to be played on heavy rotation for most of 2007. Thanks to the song's success, La Palabra toured throughout Latin America and Europe. His hard-working, old-school showmanship reminded one of Latin jazz bandleaders like Tito Puente. Orquesta La Palabra was invited to perform at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, including "I'm Going to Shenzhen" (specifically requested by the mayor of Shenzhen) at the opening ceremonies. La Palabra also played at the Grand Millenium Hotel, China Doll Nightclub, Susie Wong Nightclub, Block 8 Nightclub, the International Salsa Festival, and the 2008 Salsa Congress.  La Palabra fully returned to his Cuban roots in 2009 with the release of "Musicholic". The music he had been writing since meeting Mel Morrow was increasingly heavily influenced by the eclectic rhythms and musical styles he heard as a child and adolescent, as well as the more modern Latin jazz he heard as a teen-ager in New York and Detroit. His sophisticated style of Afro-Cuban jazz, while unmistakably his own, is in the tradition of Maraca, Mario Bauza and his Afro-Cuban Orchestra, Bebo Valdés, Poncho Sanchez, Oscar D'León, Chucho Valdés (the founder and musical director of Irakere, Cuba's top jazz orchestra), Jerry Gonzalez's Fort Apache jazz group from the late 1970s, early innovator Machito, the spirit of experimentation of Pucho and His Latin Brothers' acid-jazz from the late 1960s, Ray Barretto, and even hints of classic Eddie Palmieri.

La Palabra (born Rodolfo M. Foster in Caimanera, Cuba) is a well-respected bandleader, singer-songwriter, pianist, record producer, and arranger, known for his versatile approach to music, particularly his invention of the Salsa romantica Latin music genre and his signature style of Afro-Cuban-influenced, sensual Latin jazz.

Das Orquesta La Palabra ist eine kubanische Salsaband, die nach dem Bandleader La Palabra, eigentlich Rodolfo M. Foster aus Caimanera, Kuba, benannt wurde. La Palabra wird auch als „Abuelo de Salsa Erótica“ (span. ‚Großvater der Salsa Erótica‘) bezeichnet. Die afrokubanische Gruppe gilt mit als stilgebend für den Salsa Romántica mit Latin-Jazz-Elementen.


Life.

Girolamo was born in the noble Neapolitan Caraffa family. His parents were Rainaldo Caraffa and Portia Carracciola, daughter of the Duke of Sicignano.  At the age of 14, he was sent to Rome to study science under guidance of his uncle Cardinal Antonio Carafa. Girolamo married young with Hippolyta de Lannoy, granddaughter of Charles de Lannoy, Spanish Viceroy of Naples.  In 1587, Girolamo joined the Spanish army, against the will of his family. First he served under Alexander Farnese in the Dutch Revolt. Then he fought against King Henry IV of France, more specifically at Ligne (1590) and Rouen (1592). Later he commanded an army unit in Friesland, Brabant and Flanders.  In the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) he first fought in some smaller battles in the border area. But in 1597, he participated in the Siege of Amiens, where he became leader of the besieged Spanish troops, when General Porto-Carrero was killed. He defended the city with great courage, and was honoured by King Henry IV of France, when he had to surrender the city on September 25.  After his return to the Low Countries, he fought in the Siege of Ostend. When Ostend was taken, he was sent to Italy to fight against Savoy. After peace was concluded, he became commander of the cavalry in Sicily. Here he was contacted by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and entered in his service at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.  He played an important role in the victory at the Battle of White Mountain, when he prevented the union of the troops of Gábor Bethlen with his Bohemian allies. He also fought near Milan in 1621.  After the peace treaty with Gábor Bethlen was signed, Girolamo became Imperial Field Marshal and "Reichsfürst". He returned to Spain where he became Viceroy of Aragon. Shortly after, he was sent one more time to the low Countries, but died underway.  Caraffa was a strict Catholic and was highly educated.

Girolamo Caraffa (or Carafa), Marquis of Montenegro (Abruzzo, 1564 – Genoa, 1633) was a general in Spanish and Imperial service from Italian descent.

Girolamo Caraffa (auch Carafa) (dt. "Hieronymus von Caraffa"), Marchese von Montenegro (* 1564 in der Region Abruzzen; † April 1633 in Genua) war ein spanischer und kaiserlicher General italienischer Abstammung.


Defects.

Defect concerns, e.g., water left behind (watermarks) and loss of resist-water adhesion (air gap or bubbles), have led to considerations of using a topcoat layer directly on top of the photoresist. This topcoat would serve as a barrier for chemical diffusion between the liquid medium and the photoresist. In addition, the interface between the liquid and the topcoat would be optimized for watermark reduction. At the same time, defects from topcoat use should be avoided.  Topcoats have now been tuned for use as antireflection coatings, especially for hyper-NA (NA>1) cases.  By 2008, defect counts on wafers printed by immersion lithography had reached zero level capability.

Polarization impacts.

Polarization effects due to high angles of interference in the photoresist also have to be considered as features approach 40 nm. Hence, illumination sources generally will need to be azimuthally polarized to match the pole illumination for ideal line-space imaging.

Throughput.

Immersion lithography tools currently boast the highest throughputs (275 WPH) as targeted for high volume manufacturing. This is achieved through higher stage speeds, which in turn, are allowed by higher power ArF laser pulse sources. Specifically, the throughput is directly proportional to stage speed V, which is related to dose D and rectangular slit width S and slit intensity I (which is directly related to pulse power) by V=I*S/D. The slit height is the same as the field height. The slit width S, in turn, is limited by the number of pulses to make the dose (n), divided by the frequency of the laser pulses (f), at the maximum scan speed V by S=V*n/f. At a fixed frequency f and pulse number n, the slit width will be proportional to the maximum stage speed. Hence, throughput at a given dose is improved by increasing maximum stage speed as well as increasing pulse power.

Multiple patterning.

The resolution limit for a 1.35 NA immersion tool operating at 193 nm wavelength is 36 nm. Going beyond this limit in half-pitch requires multiple patterning. At the 20nm foundry and memory nodes and beyond, double patterning and triple patterning are already being used with immersion lithography for the densest layers.

Immersion lithography is a photolithography resolution enhancement technique for manufacturing integrated circuits (ICs) that replaces the usual air gap between the final lens and the wafer surface with a liquid medium that has a refractive index greater than one. The resolution is increased by a factor equal to the refractive index of the liquid. Current immersion lithography tools use highly purified water for this liquid, achieving feature sizes below 45 nanometers. ASML and Nikon are currently the only manufacturers of immersion lithography systems.

Die Immersionslithografie ist eine Technik im Produktionsprozess der Mikroelektronik zur schärferen Abbildung bei der fotolithografischen Strukturierung. Die Technik nutzt dabei dasselbe Prinzip wie die Immersionsmikroskopie, sie dient aber nicht der Betrachtung eines Objekts, sondern der verkleinerten Projektion einer auf einer Fotomaske vorhandenen Struktur in eine Fotolackschicht, vgl. Fotolithografie (Halbleitertechnik). Es handelt sich dabei um eine Verbesserung der Projektionsbelichtung, bei der die Luft im Spalt zwischen der letzten Linse und der Wafer-Oberfläche durch eine Immersionsflüssigkeit (transparente Flüssigkeit mit möglichst hohem Brechungsindex) ersetzt wird. Dies erlaubt im Vergleich zu bauähnlichen Anlagen ohne Immersionsmedium die Herstellung von kleineren Strukturen, da eine größere numerische Apertur (NA) und Abbildungstiefe (engl. "", DOF) erreicht werden.


History.

1889 is regarded the founding year of the "Museum der Stadt Bielefeld" (Museum of the city of Bielefeld). In 1906, this museum became the "Städtisches Museum" (municipal museum), containing both a history and natural history department. In 1930, an independent Natural History Museum was opened in the Kaselowsky villa. After World War II, from 1946 to 1964, the museum had no permanent home, but in 1964, temporary exhibition spaces were established at the Stapenhorststraße 1. Martin Büchner, mineralogist and long-term director of the museum, and other members of the "Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Bielefeld und Umgegend" (Natural history association of Bielefeld and surrounding areas) essentially contributed to the establishment of the new natural history museum and implemented numerous special exhibitions. In 1977, the museum received additional temporary premises at the Kreuzstrasse 38 (now Adenauerplatz 2; and home of the administration and collections of the museum). Finally, in 1986, the museum moved to the Spiegelshof, which since serves as the exhibition building. In 1994, the „Förderverein Naturkunde-Museum der Stadt Bielefeld“ (Friends‘ association of the Natural History Museum of the City of Bielefeld) was founded. Isolde Wrazidlo became director of the museum in 1999, after the retirement of Martin Büchner.  In 2003, the museum received a new logo and the additional name "namu", an acronym standing for the German words "Natur" (nature), "Mensch" (man), and "Umwelt" (environment). Subsequent events include the renovation and conversion of the Spiegelsche Hof (2003 and 2004), the museums 100-year-celebration combined with the implementation of the "Naturhistorischen Zeitreise mit der StadtBahn" ("Natural history journal with the light rail" – an installation of replicas of centerpiece specimens from the geological collection displayed in underground light rail stations throughout the inner city of Bielefeld), the opening of the new permanent exhibition "ausSterben – überLeben" (extinction – survival), the acquisition and renovation of the museum's external venue "Grünes Haus" (green house) at the Sparrenburg castle (2007) and the expansion of the educational service (2010). In 2014, the basement of the museum was converted into the "Geostollen", a permanent geological exhibition resembling a mining tunnel.

Collections.

The collections of the Bielefeld Natural History Museum are divided into three parts: the biological, geological and archaeological collection.  The biological collection includes about 260.000 objects.  The geological collection comprises 50.000 objects of different disciplines.  The archaeological collection includes about 100.000 objects.

Exhibition.

Permanent exhibition The present permanent exhibition "ausSterben – überLeben" ("extinction – survival") was opened in 2007. The visitor first enters a room that is designed as an imaginary museum of the year 2525, informing about the extinction of species and nature conservation in the early 21st century. Other rooms explain present day problems from the future perspective. The third part of the permanent exhibition provides an introduction into earth history and explains the importance of fossils in understanding today's imminent mass extinction of species. Another room is dedicated to museum education, allowing kids to playfully approach the topics of the exhibitions. The Geostollen in the basement supplements the exhibition by showing earth science objects and topics in a recreated mining tunnel. Showcases in the city Under the heading "Verdammt lang her..." ("long long ago"), the museum shows casts of centerpiece objects in underground stations of the Bielefeld Stadtbahn. The installation was realised in 2006 when the museum celebrated its 100-year anniversary. Showcases in the floor of the stations show casts of fossils such as the temnospondyl "Cyclotosaurus buechneri", the ichthyosaur "Temnodontosaurus" or the Woolly rhinoceros. Large size banners supplement the installation. A drilling core from the time when the subway tunnel was built is shown next to an elevator in one underground station and illustrates the strata of 220 million years of earth history in Bielefeld.  Special exhibitions Various special exhibitions (3 to 5 per year) about different topics regularly supplement the permanent exhibition.

Education.

The educational work focuses on sustainability in thinking and acting. Its guideline is "We can only protect what we know".

Friend's association.

The "Förderverein Naturkundemuseum der Stadt Bielefeld" ("Friends' association of the Natural History Museum of the City of Bielefeld") was founded in 1994. The association financially supports the educational service, the collections, exhibitions and implements an annual lecture series in cooperation with the adult education center. In 2008, the friends association received the environment award of the city of Bielefeld.

The Natural History Museum in Bielefeld () is a natural history museum in the city of Bielefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Since 2003, it was given the additional name namu, which stands for the German words Natur (nature), Mensch (man), and Umwelt (environment). The exhibitions take place in the Spiegelshof, a historical building from the 14th century.

Das Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld - namu ist ein Museum in der nordrhein-westfälischen Stadt Bielefeld. Seit 2003 firmiert es mit dem Zusatz "namu", der für die Begriffe Natur, Mensch, Umwelt und damit für eine interdisziplinäre Beschäftigung mit Ökologie und Ökonomie steht. Diese Bezeichnung wird in der Stadt auch als Kurzform für Naturkunde-Museum interpretiert. Es befindet sich im denkmalgeschützten Spiegelshof.


Early life.

Parr was born in Lichfield Grove, Finchley, now in the London Borough of Barnet but still in the historic County of Middlesex. His father was a milkman. He lived most of his life at 52 Lodge Lane, North Finchley, the youngest of eleven children of Edward and Alice Parr. Many of his siblings died before their fourth birthday.  Upon leaving school he took a job working as a butcher's boy, and then as a caddie at North Middlesex Golf Club. Then, like many other young men at the time, he was attracted to the British Army as a potentially better way of life, and one where he would at least get two meals a day and a chance to see the world. At 5'3" in height, Parr joined the 4th Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment as a professional soldier in 1912, aged fourteen, but claimed to be eighteen years and one month old to meet the minimum age requirement. He was nicknamed "Ole Parr", possibly after Old Tom Parr.

Military service.

Parr became an infantry scout with the 4th Middlesex, whose role was to ride ahead of the battalion on the march with a detachment mounted upon bicycles to detect the enemy, or points of military note, and then return with all possible speed to notify the Battalion's Commanding Officer as to what lay ahead.  On the outbreak of the First World War in early August 1914 the 4th Middlesex was mobilized, and was among the first British Army units of the British Expeditionary Force to cross the English Channel to France. With the Imperial German Army invading Belgium and France at that moment, Parr's unit took up positions near the village of Bettignies, beside the canal running through the town of Mons approximately away.  On 21 August 1914, Parr and another cyclist were sent to the village of Obourg, just northeast of Mons, and slightly over the border in Belgium, with orders to locate where the Germans were. It is believed that whilst doing this they encountered an Uhlan patrol from the German First Army engaged in the same work, and that Parr remained to hold off the enemy whilst his companion returned to report. He was killed in an exchange of rifle fire.  The exact circumstances of his death remain unclear, and historical research in 2014 has posited the theory that he may have been killed by friendly fire rather than that from a German patrol as previously thought, or during the Battle of Mons on 23 August 1914.  As the British Army retreated from the area shortly afterwards, Parr's body was left behind, and with the absence of confirmation of his fate Parr's death was not officially recognised until much later in the conflict. His mother wrote to his Regiment's Headquarters asking about her son, but it was unable to state with certainty what had happened to him.

Grave.

Parr's body was later found to have been buried, probably by the Germans, in a battlefield grave, which was subsequently located by the Imperial War Graves Commission. Today his grave lies in St Symphorien Military Cemetery, just southeast of Mons. The age given on the gravestone is 20, the British Government at the time of its manufacture not knowing that his true age was 17 due to his under-aged enlistment. His grave faces that of George Edwin Ellison, the last British soldier thought to have been killed during World War 1.

Memorials.

On the 100th anniversary of Parr's death a memorial paving stone was laid in the pavement outside his home at 52 Lodge Lane. The unveiling ceremony being attended by about 300 people, including local dignitaries and Parr family members, one of whom read a letter from his mother to the War Office written in October 1914 enquiring about his fate. A memorial "standing stone" nearby, to bear a plaque with further details of Parr's life and death, is planned. A plaque has also been placed in the golf club where he worked as a caddie.

Earlier British First World War casualties.

While Parr is believed to be the first British Army soldier to have been killed in action, he was not the first such British Armed Forces casualty during the war, as on 6 August 1914 the British cruiser hit a German mine and sank, killing about 150 sailors of the Royal Navy. Nor was he the first British soldier to lose his life in the conflict, as several had been killed by friendly fire and accidental shootings after the declaration of war but before troops were sent overseas, beginning with Cpl. Arthur Rawson on 9 August 1914.

John Henry Parr (19 July 1897 – 21 August 1914) was an English soldier. He is believed to be the first soldier of the British Empire to fall in action during the First World War.

John Parr (* 1898 in Finchley, Vereinigtes Königreich; † 21. August 1914 in Obourg, Belgien) gilt als der erste britische Soldat, der im Ersten Weltkrieg getötet wurde.


History.

Construction of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway started in 1999 and the railway opened on 24 December 2001 (forty years after the opening of the White Lady Chairlift, which it replaced). The construction was initiated because the chairlift was too sensitive to the strong winds in the area. The track is a broad gauge of. The maximum operating speed is during the ski season and the rest of the year. At these speeds, the trip takes about four minutes in winter and nine minutes during the summer (calculated without middle station stops). The single track line has a passing loop just above the middle station. During ascent, the maximum gradient is 23° (1 in 2.5, or 40-percent inclination). The railway starts at the Base Station in the Coire Cas area, where there is a restaurant, shop, ticket office, hire shop, rangers' office and Disability Sport UK office. The Scottish Ski Club has a building close to the middle station.  At peak times there can be 150,000–160,000 non-winter sports visitors, combined with a further 50,000–120,000 annual sports visitors during the winter. CML can expect to cater to 1,000 visitors per day in the summer months.  The railway is from Aviemore and can be reached travelling along the B970 and C38 roads to Glenmore. From Glenmore, a route is taken through the snow gates and via a one-way system past Coire na Ciste for approximately. The Base Station is at an altitude of approximately above sea level, the middle station is at approximately and the top Ptarmigan Station is at approximately.  The total length of the funicular railway track is, during which the route rises by. Most of the route is single track, with a short passing loop near half way. Up to 120 standing passengers can be carried in each of the system's two carriages. The train is fully accessible for wheelchair users and both the Base Station and Ptarmigan Station have lift access to all levels.  Depending on wind direction, wind speed trend and weather forecast, the trains can operate in winds of. As the train approaches the top station it enters a long cut-and-cover tunnel taking it up to the top platform hidden in the hillside.  The funicular railway operates by 'hauling' up one carriage using electric motors to pull the haul rope as the other carriage descends at the same time. The system is powered by two stationary in series 500 kW electric motors, a gear box and a'soft start-soft stop' control system which can increase the electrical frequency and vary the current and voltage to control the carriage speeds as they approach or leave a station. A hydraulically operated 'counter' rope is connected to both carriages to maintain haul rope tension. The two carriages are permanently connected by the haul rope and the counter rope and can never operate independently.  The funicular railway system is normally operated from a manned control room within the Ptarmigan building, but can also be operated from the Base station control room or from each railway carriage. There are dedicated sophisticated computer control, instrumentation, communication and safety systems for the railway which have a range of back up systems and there are also standby generators and manual back up systems for moving the carriages.  During the ski season, skiers are asked to stay within the designated ski area and climbers and hill walkers are not allowed to use the railway to travel uphill. The railway operators have agreed, in conjunction with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), to operate a formal visitor management plan to protect fragile areas of the mountain environment. This means that for conservation reasons, the public is not allowed to access the mountains during the summer season from Ptarmigan building. However, walkers who have climbed the hill themselves may purchase a downhill ticket at the Ptarmigan building for travelling back down to Base. There are no middle station stops or exits during the summer.  On 29 November 2018, it was announced that the railway had been placed into administration. Blair Milne, one of the administrators, cited that the company had become "unsustainably loss-making" after an extended closure in October 2018. Natural Retreats, the previous owners since 2013, released a press statement saying the firm still had "potential". That hope did not come to fruition and the company owed £2m.

Closure.

The closure of the Cairngorm Mountain Railway funicular was "due to health and safety concerns", or "structural problems" according to reports in summer 2019. At the time, an engineering investigation was still underway to determine whether modifications would be "achievable and affordable", according to its then-owner, the Scottish government's Highlands and Islands Enterprise which also owns Cairngorm Mountain ski centre. The final findings of the consultants, SE Group, were released in July 2019, but a decision on how to proceed had not yet been made at that time.

The Cairngorm Mountain Railway, which opened in 2001, is the highest railway in the United Kingdom. The two-kilometre long funicular ascends the northern slopes of Cairn Gorm, the United Kingdom's sixth-highest mountain, serving the Cairngorm Mountain ski resort. The route and ski area are located within the Cairngorms National Park, the largest National Nature Reserve in Britain, located near Aviemore in the Highland council area of Scotland. A Doppelmayr 120-SSB funicular railway.

Die Cairngorm Mountain Railway ist eine zwei Kilometer lange Standseilbahn am Cairn Gorm in Schottland und höchstgelegene Bahn im Vereinigten Königreich. Sie liegt im Cairngorms National Park, dem größten Nationalpark Großbritanniens, in der Nähe von Aviemore, Highland.


Subject matter.

The work depicts John the Baptist in isolation. Through the use of chiaroscuro, the figure appears to emerge from the shadowy background. The saint is dressed in pelts, has long curly hair and is smiling in an enigmatic manner reminiscent of Leonardo's famous "Mona Lisa". He holds a reed cross in his left hand while his right hand points up toward heaven like that of Saint Anne in Leonardo's "Burlington House Cartoon". According to Frank Zöllner, Leonardo's use of sfumato "conveys the religious content of the picture," and that "the gentle shadows imbue the subject's skin tones with a very soft, delicate appearance, almost androgynous in its effect, which has led to this portrayal being interpreted as an expression of Leonardo's homoerotic leanings."  Kenneth Clark claimed that for Leonardo, Saint John represented "the eternal question mark, the enigma of creation", and noted the sense of "uneasiness" that the painting imbues. Barolsky adds that: "Describing Saint John emerging from the darkness in almost shockingly immediate relation to the beholder, Leonardo magnifies the very ambiguity between spirit and flesh. The grace of Leonardo's figure, which has a disturbingly erotic charge, nonetheless conveys a spiritual meaning to which Saint John refers when he speaks of the fullness of grace from God."

Dating.

The dating of "Saint John the Baptist" is disputed. It was seen by Antonio de Beatis in Leonardo's workshop at Clos Lucé; his diary entry giving a terminus ante quem of 17October 1517.  Traditionally the painting has been considered the artist's last and dated to 1513–1516; Leonardo's "sfumato" technique here being considered to have reached its apogee. Some experts, however, have compared the hand of Saint John to a similar work by a pupil in the Codex Atlanticus, dating the commencement of the picture to around 1509. The pose is also similar to that of a sculpture of the same subject completed after 1510 for the Florence Baptistery by Giovanni Francesco Rustici. Leonardo is thought to have given Rustici technical advice for his commission; it is possible that one artist could have influenced the other with the idea for the pose.

Provenance.

"Saint John the Baptist" was apparently part of the French king Francis I's collection at Fontainebleau in 1542. In 1625 Charles I of England received the painting from Louis XIII of France in return for a Titian "Holy Family" and Holbein's "Portrait of Erasmus". In 1649 Charles's collection was sold, whereupon the painting entered into the hands of the banker Eberhard Jabach. After a spell in the possession of Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661 the work once again returned to the King of France – Louis XIV. Following the French Revolution the painting entered the collection at the Louvre where it remains to this day.

Influence.

Prior to this work, Saint John had traditionally been portrayed as a gaunt ascetic. Leonardo's innovative depiction proved influential upon Raphael's workshop; several portraits of Saint John painted around 1517–18 attributed to Raphael and Giulio Romano show a similarly youthful saint in isolation, with a strong contrast between the dark background and the illumination of the figure.  Numerous copies and variations of "Saint John the Baptist" made by Leonardeschi exist.

Saint John the Baptist is a High Renaissance oil painting on walnut wood by Leonardo da Vinci. Probably completed from 1513 to 1516, it is believed to be his final painting. The original size of the painting was 69 × 57 cm. It is now exhibited at the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France.

Johannes der Täufer (, ) ist ein Gemälde des italienischen Renaissancekünstlers Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519). Es wird um 1513 bis 1516 datiert und befindet sich im Bestand des Louvre in Paris.


Early life.

Dingell was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Marie Ciesielski Opalewska and Joseph A. Dzieglewicz, who were Polish immigrants. The family's surname ended up being anglicized to 'Dingell'. He worked as a newsboy, printer and newspaperman. He had also engaged in the construction of natural gas pipelines, was a wholesale dealer in beef and pork products and an organizer and trustee of Colorado Springs Labor College.  Dingell married Grace Blossom Bigler (1894–1962) and had four children: John Jr., Patricia Ann, James, and Julè. Patricia Ann, known as Patsy, died shortly after her first birthday. Dingell settled his family in Detroit, where he worked as a printer at the Detroit Free Press, helping to organize a union. Dingell suffered from asthma and tuberculosis, which caused the family to briefly relocate to Colorado Springs to seek treatment there. There, John Jr. was born in 1926.

Political career.

Following the 1930 U.S. Census, Michigan gained four new seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1932, Dingell was elected as a Democrat from the newly formed 15th District in western Detroit. He was reelected eleven times and served until his death at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C., at the age of 61. He is interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan.  At the outset of his Congressional career, Dingell was a "New Deal stalwart." Reflecting the prevailing prejudices of the period, a memorable letter from Dingell to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 18, 1941, suggested that ten thousand Japanese-Hawaiian Americans be incarcerated in order to ensure "good behavior" from Japan. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Dingell "demanded that [Admiral Husband] Kimmel and [General Walter] Short be court-martialed."

Legacy.

After the September 19, 1955, death of the elder John Dingell, a special election called to fill the remainder of Dingell's term was won by his son, John Jr., who took his father's place in Congress on December 13, 1955. John Dingell Jr. retired from the House of Representatives as the longest-serving member of Congress in history at 59 years and 21 days and its longest serving Dean at 20 years on January 3, 2015, and his wife Debbie Dingell was elected to succeed him. As of 2020, the three Dingells had represented the southeastern Michigan area for 87 consecutive years.  A hallmark of their service has been a proposal for a national health insurance system, first introduced by John Sr. in 1933 and re-introduced since at every Congress by the father and then the son.  Dingell's grandson, Christopher D. Dingell, has also taken to politics, having been elected to the Michigan State Senate in 1986.

John David Dingell Sr. (February 2, 1894 – September 19, 1955) was an American politician who represented Michigan's 15th congressional district from 1933 to 1955. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the father of the longest-serving member of Congress, former U.S. Representative John Dingell.

John David Dingell Sr. (* 2. Februar 1894 in Detroit, Michigan; † 19. September 1955 in Washington, D.C.) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1933 und 1955 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Michigan im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Physical characteristics.

The long-beaked common dolphin is medium-sized, but smaller than the more popular bottlenose dolphin. Adults range between, long, and can weigh between, although a range between is more common. Males are generally longer and heavier. The color pattern on the body is unusual. The back is dark and the belly is white, while on each side is an hourglass pattern colored light grey, yellow or gold in front and dirty grey in back. This species also has a rounded melon on tops of their heads used for echolocation. It has a long, thin rostrum with up to 60 small, sharp, interlocking teeth on each side of each jaw. They have more teeth than any other delphinids.

Taxonomy.

The long-beaked common dolphin is a member of the common dolphin genus, "Delphinus" within the dolphin family, Delphinidae in the cetaceans order. Until the mid-1990s, the different forms within "Delphinus" were not recognized as separate species, but were all considered members of the species "D. delphis". In 1994, Heyning and Perrin did research on these species and then Kingston and Rosel confirmed there were two separate species. Currently, the two recognized species of "Delphinus" are the short-beaked common dolphin ("D. delphis") and the long-beaked common dolphin. The long-beaked common dolphin is generally larger with a longer beak than the short-beaked common dolphin and has a longer rostrum.  The Indo-Pacific common dolphin is sometimes considered a separate species ("D. tropicalis"), but is more often considered a form of the long-beaked common dolphin.

Behavior.

Long-beaked common dolphins can live in aggregations of hundreds or even thousands. Within these large groups, smaller subgroups of 10 to 30, related in either sex or age, typically are found. They sometimes associate with other dolphin species, such as pilot whales. They have also been observed bow riding on baleen whales, and they also bow ride on boats. Breaching behavior and aerial acrobatics are common with this species.

Diet.

The long-beaked common dolphin has a varied diet consisting of small schooling fish, such as sardines, anchovies, mackerels, pilchards, mullet, drum or croaker. These dolphins may occasionally eat small cephalopods such as octopuses and squid, and more rarely eat small crustaceans like large shrimp or small crab. Since they gather in huge superpods and there is seldom enough food in one place to support all of them, smaller groups leave the main pod for a few hours to feed. They are able to dive in the water to about and hold their breath for up to 8 minutes to catch prey.

Reproduction.

The long-beaked common dolphin has a gestation period of 10 to 11 months typically during spring or autumn. The newborn calf has a length of between and a weight of about. The young and juvenile dolphins coloration and patterns are darker than the adults. Typical interbirth interval ranges from one to three years. In captivity, this dolphin has hybridized with the common bottlenose dolphin ("Tursiops truncatus"). One of the hybrids has been bred back to a bottlenose dolphin, demonstrating such hybrids are fertile. The long-beaked common dolphin can live up to 40 years.

Relationship to humans and other species.

Long-beaked common dolphins are not common in human care as they are extremely difficult to keep in captivity. In the wild, however, they have been seen travelling with bottle-nosed dolphins, pilot whales, and yellowfin tuna.

Conservation.

"Delphinus capensis" is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia and the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MoU). One of the main threats to the long-beaked common dolphin is fisheries. Out of 930 dolphins observed off of Peru between 1985 and 2000, 120 of them had many lacerations on their head, skin, appendages, and teeth. Most of these injuries were from fisheries-related connection. Another threat to this species is pollution because many of them have shown signs of organochlorine residue on their blubber. On the coast of California there are only about 25,000 to 43,000 dolphins and on the coast of South Africa there are 15,000 to 20,000.

The long-beaked common dolphin ("Delphinus capensis") is a species of common dolphin. It has a more restricted range than the short-beaked common dolphin ("D. delphis"). It has a disjointed range in coastal areas in tropical and warmer temperate oceans. The range includes parts of western and southern Africa, much of western South America, central California to central Mexico, coastal Peru, areas around Japan, Korea and Taiwan, and possibly near Oman. Vagrants have been recorded as far north as Vancouver Island. They live in shallow, warmer temperature waters near the coast. They also live in the tropical and subtropical regions.

Der Langschnäuzige Gemeine Delfin ("Delphinus capensis") ist eine Delfinart, die früher als Unterart des Gemeinen Delfins ("Delphinus delphis") betrachtet wurde, aber heute auf Grund neuerer morphologischer und molekularbiologischer Untersuchungen als eigene Art anerkannt wird. Die Art kommt in zwei Unterarten, dem Langschnäuzigen Gemeinen Delfin ("Delphinus capensis capensis") und dem Indo-Pazifischen Gemeinen Delfin ("Delphinus capensis tropicalis") vor, von denen letztere von manchen Autoren als eigene Art beschrieben wurde.


Biography.

Patch was born in Exeter in 1725. He was the son of a distinguished doctor and was expected to become an apothecary. He had not completed his medical studies when he journeyed to Rome in 1747 with Richard Dalton, who was to become the librarian to George III. In Rome he met Joshua Reynolds who was, at the time, producing a number of Caricature groups. Initially he worked for Joseph Vernet, creating landscapes of Tivoli and pastiches of Vernet's work. In 1755 he was banished from Rome by the Tribunale della Santa Inquisizione, apparently for homosexual indiscretion. He fled to Florence where he remained for the rest of his life. He was assisted by his friendship with Sir Horace Mann, who was the British envoy and a point of contact with British tourists arriving in Florence. In Florence he completed a detailed study of human physiognomy which, to his great sadness, was stolen and burnt. Despite this there remains some evidence of his work in this field. In 1768 and 1769 he speedily produced a number of prints, some of which have been used to identify some of the figures in the twenty or so painted caricature groups he produced during the 1760s and early 1770s. These canvases are his best known works, though the sitters have been frequently misidentified.  In addition, Patch was amongst the first artists to study early Italian art seriously and he published series of prints that reproduce of work by Giotto, Masaccio, Ghiberti and Fra Bartolommeo. He may well have intended to produce many more. The volume about Fra Bartolommeo, published in 1772, was inscribed, "The life of Frá Bartolommeo della Porta, a Tuscan painter, with his works, engraved from the original pictures, dedicated, to the Honourable Horace Walpole, an Intelligent Promoter of the fine Arts, by his most Obedient and most humble Servant Thomas Patch". Walpole, a relation of Horace Mann, the Prime Minister and a major art collector was an obvious and useful contact. In addition Patch, like many other expatriates, supplemented his income by supplying works of art for Grand Tourists. The most famous work with which he has been associated is a sculpture by Giambologna.  In about 1763, Patch completed three views of Florence that are now part of the Royal Collection that were purchased by George III. 'Bridge-painting', as he called his views of Florence, must have been his most lucrative activity. Two canvases of Mount Vesuvius in the Uffizi in Florence have been attributed to him, but these have not been universally accepted as genuine.  Towards the end of his life his output of paintings slowed and he became disillusioned by his inability to complete projects. He suffered an attack of apoplexy at Mann's house 29 April 1782 and died in his own house across the street the next day.

Likeness.

Patch appears in Johann Zoffany's "The Tribuna of the Uffizi" where we see him engaged with Sir Horace Mann & company appraising the charms of the Venus of Urbino. Zoffany places Patch's right hand on the painting whilst wryly having him gesture towards a classical sculpture of nude wrestlers with his left.  Patch engraved himself twice, on one occasion his head is attached to the body of a bull, and he includes himself in several of his caricature groups. In his paintings in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter and in the Yale Center for British Art in New Haven he is shown as a sculpted bust displayed on a wall sconce and in the twelve-foot long painting at the Lewis Walpole Library at Yale (another version is at Chatsworth, Derbyshire) of a party of Englishmen at Sir Horace's palazzo in Florence, ""The Golden Asses"," the artist sits astride the eponymous equine.

Thomas Patch (March 13, 1725 – April 30, 1782) was an English painter, engraver, physiognomist and art historian. He made a living from painting views of Florence and Tivoli and appears to have sold a number of painted caricature groups to members of the Anglo-Florentine community and to young British men on the Grand Tour. The largest collection of his paintings and prints is in the Lewis Walpole Library in Farmington, Connecticut.

Thomas Patch (getauft 31. März 1725 in Exeter; † 30. April 1789 in Florenz) war ein britischer Maler, Karikaturist und Kupferstecher, der überwiegend in Italien lebte.