Insignia.

The "badge" of the Order is a white enamelled Dannebrog cross (i.e., a cross pattée, the lower arm being longer than the others) with a red enamelled border, for the Knights in silver, and for everyone else in gold or silver gilt. At the top of this cross is the royal cypher of the bestowing monarch, crowned with the distinctive Danish royal crown On its front, the cross bears the royal cyphers of Christian V at its centre, as well as the motto of the Order: (God and the King) on its arms. On its reverse are found the crowned royal cyphers of Valdemar II Sejr, Christian V and Frederik VI, as well as the years 1219, 1671 and 1808, the years that each of them ascended the Danish throne. In each of the four angles of the cross is found a small Danish royal crown.  The classes are:  The Grand Cross can, as a special honor, be awarded "with diamonds". There is also a Cross of Honour (D.Ht.) ().  The "collar" of the Order is made of gold, with small enamelled Dannebrog crosses alternating with alternating crowned royal cyphers representing Kings Valdemar II Sejr and Christian V, the reputed and actual founders of the Order. When the collar is worn the sash is not worn.  The "star" of the Order is an eight-pointed silver star with straight rays with an enamelled Dannebrog cross (similar to the front of the badge but without the royal cypher above and the royal crowns between the arms of the cross) at the centre.  The "breast cross" of the Order is similar to the cross on the "star" but larger and with faceted silver instead of white enamel and without the silver rays of the "star".  The "ribbon" of the Order is white silk moiré with red borders, the national colours of Denmark.  The Order originally had a distinctive habit worn by the knights (after 1808, by the Knights Grand Cross) on very solemn occasions. The habit consisted of a white doublet, white breeches, white stockings and white shoes, over which was worn a red mantle with a white lining and with the star of the order embroidered in silver on its left side. Over this red mantle was worn a short white shoulder cape with a standing collar embroidered in gold, upon which was worn the collar of the Order (the habit was always worn with the collar and never with the ribbon of the Order). The habit also had a black hat with a plume of white and red ostrich feathers. This habit was almost identical to that worn by the knights of the Order of the Elephant.

Recipients.

Each Danish ministry has a quota of Knights and Knights 1st class that they may use at their discretion. It is most often given to high-ranking officers of the police, armed forces and emergency services.  Also used for politicians in Folketinget after 8 years of elected service. Ministers are given the rank of Knight 1st Class.  The rank of Commander is given to colonels, ministers and other high-ranking officials as a retirement-decoration after long service. Commander 1st class is given for admirals, generals, Supreme-court judges, ambassadors, and other governmental leaders as a retirement decoration.  The Grand Cross is most often used for admirals, generals, Supreme-court judges, ambassadors and similar as a reward for very meritorious service to Denmark.  Grand Cross with Breaststar with Diamonds is most often given to high-ranking officers of the Royal Court, such as Hofmarskals.  Finally, the Grand Commander grade is given only to 8 people. The reigning monarch is always a Grand Commander, and he/she may give the grade to 7 others, most often close family.

Diplomatic use.

Award of the Order of the Dannebrog is often used as a tool of diplomacy. If a foreign country has an Order that they give to foreign diplomats in their country, then their diplomats in Denmark can be given an Order of the Dannebrog. To be eligible, the foreign ambassador must reside in Denmark for at least three years.

Cross of Honour.

The "Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn" (Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog) in modern times is only awarded to Danes on whom the Order of the Dannebrog has already been bestowed. It is also worn by the individual members of the royal family. Its badge is similar to the badge of the Order, but all in silver, and is worn on a ribbon (gentlemen) or bow (ladies) with rosette on the left chest.  The insignia of the Order must be returned upon the death of the holder.

Grand Commanders.

The late Prince Henrik of Denmark had been a Grand Commander since 1973. As such, his death in 2018 left one position of Grand Commander available. The number of Grand Commanders never exceed 8.

Revocation.

It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Before 1808, only two people have had their membership revoked, Peder Griffenfeld who was charged with treason, and Samuel Christoph von Plessen who was charged with looting and gross misconduct. In more recent times it has been revoked on basis of criminality, such as Peter Adler Alberti (1910), Erik Ninn-Hansen (1995), and Peter Brixtofte (2008). Foreigners have also had their membership revoked. Several prominent Nazi officials, such as Hermann Göring and Konstantin von Neurath were award the order, which was later revoked.

Jewelers and goldsmiths.

Below is a list of jewelers who have made the insignia for the Order:  Anton Michelsen was made a part of Royal Copenhagen A/S who is now the supplier.

The Order of the Dannebrog () is a Danish order of chivalry instituted in 1671 by Christian V. Until 1808, membership in the order was limited to fifty members of noble or royal rank, who formed a single class known as "White Knights" to distinguish them from the "Blue Knights" who were members of the Order of the Elephant. In 1808, the Order was reformed and divided into four classes. The "Grand Commander" class is reserved to persons of princely origin. It is awarded only to royalty with close family ties with the Danish Royal House. The statute of the Order was amended in 1951 by a Royal Ordinance so that both men and women could be members of the Order.

Der Dannebrogorden (früher auch "Danebrogorden" geschrieben) ist ein dänischer Verdienstorden und wird an treue Diener des dänischen Staates für zivile und militärische Dienste, für besondere Verdienste in der Kunst, den Wissenschaften oder dem Wirtschaftsleben oder für sonstige Verdienste um dänische Interessen verliehen.


Biography.

In 710 Fulrad was born in Alsace, Frankia. He joined the abbey of St. Denis, and in 750 he was elected its abbot. With his new position, Fulrad increased the size of the abbey with his inheritance from his parents; as well he retook the land stolen from the abbey by Charles Martel. Fulrad took full advantage of his position to increase his “reach as a leader”. Fulrad founded new monasteries and operated them himself in the beginning; the monasteries were located in Alsace-Lorraine and Alemannia. Each monastery had relics, which made them pilgrimage destinations; Fulrad profited from them with the taking some of the money that travelers placed on the collection near the saint's relic; however “as abbot of Saint-Denis, Fulrad’s personal property also belonged to the monastery he led”. With the new monasteries and them being popular pilgrimage destinations, Fulrad asked Pope Stephan II to have a “cloister” bishop in order to provide the pastoral services he was now unable to do at his other monasteries. As abbot, his main priority was to take care and be at the head of St. Denis abbey; that is why he was granted the bishop to take care of his other monasteries. With the position Fulrad had, he advised Frankish bishops; and would go on to have a higher role in the church as a “quasi-bishop”. Fulrad never became bishop, however he did climb up the ladder of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, becoming a “capellanus”; he was first Pippin III and then Charlemagne's “arch-Chaplain”; he would later become their counselor. Fulrad had a close relation with the royal family, since he held office under both Pepin III and then Charlemagne. He also had great significance in shaping Western European history. For instance, he motivated the Franks in siding with the Papacy, rather than the Byzantines; this was a strategic diplomatic initiative that would end with Charlemagne becoming the Emperor from 800-14; but Fulrad would not see the result of his actions, as it occurred eleven years after his death in 784.

Fulrad's Testament.

Fulrad's Testament (Latin: Fulrad's Testimonium), gives an account of early Carolinian society. In the “testament”, Fulrad presents a survey of certain places and gave a detailed account of the religious, political and economic differences between the towns. Some Historians have seen the importance of Fulrad's account of early Carolingian history; the places he placed under the royal abbey were used as a defense against Eastern Nobility. However, the eastern lands were economically important, and the Abbey of St. Denis could benefit from expanding into that region. Fulrad's testament is also seen as an important look into the lives of Carolingian characters as he identifies certain people and traces their lineage. This lineage part of the testament was and is considered so important that Alain Stoclet's who wrote “Autour de Fulrad de Saint-Denis (v. 710-784)”, devoted a whole chapter on the “genealogica et prosopographica” of Abbot Fulrad.

Fulrad and Pippin III.

Abbot Fulrad was the counselor of Pippin III. The connection between these two figures goes beyond just friendship, but as two strong figures that helped each other and had great respect for each other's service. Historians have written about this friendship, and examples of it are seen in distinctively in certain dealings with the papacy and with Pippin's burial.

Dealings with the papacy.

The reason for this meeting with the papacy was to make clear and make sure that Pippin, and not Childeric should be king of the Franks. Even before this, in 750, Fulrad was a servant of Pippin, being his consular and “Arch-Chaplain”. In that, Pippin III already had respect and trust in Fulrad; thus giving him the “highly important mission” of going to “win over...[pope] [Zachary]” on the matter of “changing government”. The Codex Carolinus, contains a summary of the response of Pope Zachary to Fulrad, which read, “it was better to call the person who has the royal power king rather than he who does not have it”. Pippin in 751 forced Childric to a monastery and made himself king.

Pippin’s Charter of 755.

According to a papal biographer, with Pepin as King, Pippin III “ordered a charter to be drawn up”. This charter gave all the land of: the Lombard king, donations of St. Peter to all future popes; which included such towns as Ravenna, San Marino, Gubbio and Northern Umbria. Each town welcomed Fulrad, and after this, Fulrad went himself to place the “keys of the ceded cities on the tomb of [St. Peter]...with the official charter...drawn up in Pippin’s name”. The charter is somewhat unclear—according to church writings of Pope Stephen II—however, the papacy did profit for the supposed vague charter that gave Fulrad these regions: Ravenna, Cesena, Comacchio, Fano, Pesaro, San Marino, Forlimpopoli, Urbino, and Montefeltro. By the time this all occurred Pippin had left Italy, feeling confident and with a clear conscience since the town were under Fulrad's care, so the papacy would be able to “take care of itself”.

Burial of Pippin III.

Abbot Fulrad had such an impact on Pepin III, that the latter's final wishes and resting place were all connected to Fulrad and his abbey of St. Denis. Pippin became very ill at his campaign of Aquitaine in the city of Saintes. He traveled to St. Denis where he would be buried. Pippin, at his own request asked to be buried at St. Denis next to the saint; also he wanted to be buried at the abbey where Fulrad, his Arch-Chaplin and “one of his staunchest political [allies]” was the Abbot.

Fulrad and Charlemagne.

Fulrad was also the Arch-Chaplin and Counselor to Charlemagne. He was at the side or of great help for Charlemagne with Regnum Francorum (Latin for Frankia), war with the Saxons, dealing with the papacy with Charlemagne's promise of a “Donation” [and] royal Mandatum”, and with the exchange with Pope Hadrian.

“Ragnum Francorum”.

Charlemagne awarded the “estates in Alsace and Almania” to the abbey of St. Denis; Fulrad already had expanded the interest of St. Denis in these areas. Charlemagne gave Fulrad's abbey many riches and more land—the “valuable royal villa of Herbrechtingen”; and built up the area of the abbey in order to support armies on campaign. This was Charlemagne's way of not having to rely solely on the loyalty of local officials, as Charlemagne could rely above all on Fulrad, his personal arch-chaplain and counselor.

Fulrad and the papacy.

Missus, “‘Donation’ [and] ‘Royal Mandatum’”.

In the “Donation”, the pope declared that there would be a Missus, some one who would deal with the problems that the pope had identified in his letters in the Donation. In the letter, the pope stated that Charlemagne promised to dispatch someone with a “Royal Mandatum” to act with the power of the king in Italy. As Fulrad was the Carolingian most senior expert on Italian matters, as one-historian notes, the abbot of St. Denis became the Missus, however Fulrad was still the Abbot of St. Denis at this time.

Fulrad and the exchange between Charlemagne and Pope Hadrian.

Fulrad was at the side of Charlemagne from the beginning to the end of this exchange as his adviser. From autumn 774 through the summer of 775, Fulrad stayed and supported Charlemagne at court until Charlemagne left to invade Saxony in the summer of 775. During his time at the courts, Charlemagne authorized many charters in favor of Fulrad's abbey of St. Denis. The charters were granted because Fulrad successfully guiding Carolingian policy in Italian affairs; however it is to be “understood as [an] illustrative of royal policies involving the monastery of St. Denis as a major cog in Charlemagne’s kingdom-side administration”.

Francia.

Fulrad is viewed as the figure that truly helped develop the growing kingdom of Francia. One historian notes that Fulrad was one of the few “Neustrian figures”, to come and support the cause and be in the service of the new rising dynasty. The monastery of St. Denis, which Fulrad was the abbot, became a burial place for Carolingian monarchy; Abbot Fulrad's Monastery of St. Denis became the “royal mausoleum” of the Frankish kings. Abbot Fulrad and the First Carolingian kings destroyed “the Merovingian church of St. Denis. Fulrad and the Carolingian kings would build a basilica, helping to aerate the “first actual Carolingian church”.

New Basilica of St. Denis.

Abbot Fulrad oversaw the new construction of the church of St. Denis. This took place under Charlemagne. Fulrad's church had smaller elements such as arches and transepts, it did however have classical elements had its design, strong Byzantine influence and metal work throughout the Basilica. “A diploma of Charlemagne states that in 755 the Basilica was completed.” This same basilica is where many of the Merovingian and the Carolingian monarchs were buried in the crypts. In 1137, Abbot Suger (1081-1155) commissioned to have the old Church of Fulrad rebuilt. He believed the old design from 775 “ would have been viewed with extreme suspicion by a...building inspector”. The new church was completed in 1144 demonstrating a major architectural achievement; “Gothic was born”.

Death and successors.

Abbot Fulrad died on July 16, 784. When Fulrad died, Charlemagne chose Angilram, the bishop of Metz and Hildebald of Cologne to be the new abbots of St. Denis to carry on the work of abbot Fulrad.

Saint Fulrad (; ) was born in 710 into a wealthy family, and died on July 16, 784 as the Abbot of St. Denis. He was the counselor of both Pippin and Charlemagne. Historians see Fulrad as important due to his significance in the rise of the Frankish Kingdom, and the insight he gives into early Carolingian society. He was noted to have been always on the side on Charlemagne, especially during the attack from the Saxons on Regnum Francorum (Latin for Frankia), and the Royal Mandatum (a royal official of the Carolingian administrative hierarchy). Other historians have taken a closer look at Fulrad's interactions with the papacy. When Fulrad was the counselor of Pepin he was closely in contact with the papacy to gain approval for Pepin's appoint as King of the Franks. During his time under Charlemagne, he had dealings with the papacy again for different reasons. When he became Abbot of St. Denis (N.E of Paris), Fulrad's life became important in the lives of distinct historical figures in various ways during his period as St. Denis's abbot during the mid-eighth century. Saint Fulrad's Feast Day is on July 16.

Fulrad (* um 710 in Andaldovillare (heute Saint-Hippolyte) im Elsass; † 16. Juli 784 in Saint-Denis) war ein Benediktiner, Abt der Abtei Saint-Denis und eine der einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der zweiten Hälfte des 8. Jahrhunderts.


Life and work.

Chapman was born at Hitchin in Hertfordshire. There is conjecture that he studied at Oxford but did not take a degree, though no reliable evidence affirms this. Very little is known about Chapman's early life, but Mark Eccles uncovered records that reveal much about Chapman's difficulties and expectations. In 1585 Chapman was approached in a friendly fashion by John Wolfall, Sr., who offered to supply a bond of surety for a loan to furnish Chapman money "for his proper use in Attendance upon the then Right Honorable Sir Rafe Sadler Knight." Chapman's courtly ambitions led him into a trap. He apparently never received any money, but he would be plagued for many years by the papers he had signed. Wolfall had the poet arrested for debt in 1600, and when in 1608 Wolfall's son, having inherited his father's papers, sued yet again, Chapman's only resort was to petition the Court of Chancery for equity. As Sadler died in 1587, this gives Chapman little time to have trained under him. It seems more likely that he was in Sadler's household from 1577–83, as he dedicates all his Homerical translations to him.  Chapman spent the early 1590s abroad, and saw military action in the Low Countries fighting under renowned English general Sir Francis Vere. His earliest published works were the obscure philosophical poems "The Shadow of Night" (1594) and "Ovid's Banquet of Sense" (1595). The latter has been taken as a response to the erotic poems of the age, such as Philip Sidney's "Astrophil and Stella" and Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis". Chapman's life was troubled by debt and his inability to find a patron whose fortunes did not decline: Robert Devereux, Second Earl of Essex and the Prince of Wales, Prince Henry both met their ends prematurely. The former was executed for treason by Elizabeth I in 1601, and the latter died of typhoid fever at the age of eighteen in 1612. Chapman's resultant poverty did not diminish his ability or his standing among his fellow Elizabethan poets and dramatists.  Chapman died in London, having lived his latter years in poverty and debt. He was buried at St Giles in the Fields. A monument to him designed by Inigo Jones marked his tomb, and stands today inside the church.

Plays.

Comedies.

By the end of the 1590s, Chapman had become a successful playwright, working for Philip Henslowe and later for the Children of the Chapel. Among his comedies are "The Blind Beggar of Alexandria" (1596; printed 1598), "An Humorous Day's Mirth" (1597; printed 1599), "All Fools" (printed 1605), "Monsieur D'Olive" (1605; printed 1606), "The Gentleman Usher" (printed 1606), "May Day" (printed 1611), and "The Widow's Tears" (printed 1612). His plays show a willingness to experiment with dramatic form: "An Humorous Day's Mirth" was one of the first plays to be written in the style of "humours comedy" which Ben Jonson later used in "Every Man in His Humour" and "Every Man Out of His Humour". With "The Widow's Tears", he was also one of the first writers to meld comedy with more serious themes, creating the tragicomedy later made famous by Beaumont and Fletcher.  He also wrote one noteworthy play in collaboration. "Eastward Ho" (1605), written with Jonson and John Marston, contained satirical references to the Scottish courtiers who formed the retinue of the new king James I; this landed Chapman and Jonson in jail at the suit of Sir James Murray of Cockpool, the king's "rascal[ly]" Groom of the Stool. Various of their letters to the king and noblemen survive in a manuscript in the Folger Library known as the "Dobell MS", and published by AR Braunmuller as "A Seventeenth Century Letterbook". In the letters, both men renounced the offending line, implying that Marston was responsible for the injurious remark. Jonson's "Conversations With Drummond" refers to the imprisonment, and suggests there was a possibility that both authors would have their "ears and noses slit" as a punishment, but this may have been Jonson elaborating on the story in retrospect.  Chapman's friendship with Jonson broke down, perhaps as a result of Jonson's public feud with Inigo Jones. Some satiric, scathing lines, written sometime after the burning of Jonson's desk and papers, provide evidence of the rift. The poem lampooning Jonson's aggressive behaviour and self-believed superiority remained unpublished during Chapman's lifetime; it was found in documents collected after his death.

Tragedies.

Chapman's greatest tragedies took their subject matter from recent French history, the French ambassador taking offence on at least one occasion. These include "Bussy D'Ambois" (1607), "The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron" (1608), "The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois" (1613) and "The Tragedy of Chabot, Admiral of France" (published 1639). The two "Byron" plays were banned from the stage—although, when the Court left London, the plays were performed in their original and unexpurgated forms by the Children of the Chapel. The French ambassador probably took offence to a scene which portrays Henry IV's wife and mistress arguing and physically fighting. On publication, the offending material was excised, and Chapman refers to the play in his dedication to Sir Thomas Walsingham as "poore dismembered Poems". His only work of classical tragedy, "Caesar and Pompey" (written 1604, published 1631), although "politically astute", can be regarded as his most modest achievement in the genre.

Other plays.

Chapman wrote one of the most successful masques of the Jacobean era, "The Memorable Masque of the Middle Temple and Lincoln's Inn", performed on 15 February 1613. According to Kenneth Muir, "The Masque of the Twelve Months", performed on Twelfth Night 1619 and first printed by John Payne Collier in 1848 with no author's name attached, is also ascribed to Chapman.  Chapman's authorship has been argued in connection with a number of other anonymous plays of his era. F. G. Fleay proposed that his first play was "The Disguises". He has been put forward as the author, in whole or in part, of "Sir Giles Goosecap," "Two Wise Men And All The Rest Fools," "The Fountain Of New Fashions," and "The Second Maiden's Tragedy." Of these, only 'Sir Gyles Goosecap' is generally accepted by scholars to have been written by Chapman ("The Plays of George Chapman: The Tragedies, with Sir Giles Goosecap," edited by Allan Holaday, University of Illinois Press, 1987).  In 1654, bookseller Richard Marriot published the play "Revenge for Honour" as the work of Chapman. Scholars have rejected the attribution; the play may have been written by Henry Glapthorne. "Alphonsus Emperor of Germany" (also printed 1654) is generally considered another false Chapman attribution.  The lost plays "The Fatal Love" and "A Yorkshire Gentlewoman And Her Son" were assigned to Chapman in Stationers' Register entries in 1660. Both of these plays were among the ones destroyed in the famous kitchen burnings by John Warburton's cook. The lost play "Christianetta" (registered 1640) may have been a collaboration between Chapman and Richard Brome, or a revision by Brome of a Chapman work.

Poet and translator.

Other poems by Chapman include: "De Guiana, Carmen Epicum" (1596), on the exploits of Sir Walter Raleigh; a continuation of Christopher Marlowe's unfinished "Hero and Leander" (1598); and "Euthymiae Raptus; or the Tears of Peace" (1609).  Some have considered Chapman to be the "rival poet" of Shakespeare's sonnets (in sonnets 78–86), although conjecture places him as one in a large field of possibilities.  From 1598 he published his translation of the "Iliad" in instalments. In 1616 the complete "Iliad" and "Odyssey" appeared in "The Whole Works of Homer", the first complete English translation, which until Pope's was the most popular in the English language and was the way most English speakers encountered these poems. The endeavour was to have been profitable: his patron, Prince Henry, had promised him £300 on its completion plus a pension. However, Henry died in 1612 and his household neglected the commitment, leaving Chapman without either a patron or an income. In an extant letter, Chapman petitions for the money owed him; his petition was ineffective. Chapman's translation of the "Odyssey" is written in iambic pentameter, whereas his "Iliad" is written in iambic heptameter. (The Greek original is in dactylic hexameter.) Chapman often extends and elaborates on Homer's original contents to add descriptive detail or moral and philosophical interpretation and emphasis. Chapman's translation of Homer was much admired by John Keats, notably in his famous poem "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer", and also drew attention from Samuel Taylor Coleridge and T. S. Eliot.  Chapman also translated the "Homeric Hymns", the "Georgics" of Virgil, "The Works of Hesiod" (1618, dedicated to Francis Bacon), the "Hero and Leander" of Musaeus (1618) and the "Fifth Satire" of Juvenal (1624).  Chapman's poetry, though not widely influential on the subsequent development of English poetry, did have a noteworthy effect on the work of T. S. Eliot.

Homage.

In Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "The Revolt of Islam", Shelley quotes a verse of Chapman's as homage within his dedication "to Mary__ __", presumably his wife Mary Shelley: <poem> There is no danger to a man, that knows What life and death is: there's not any law Exceeds his knowledge; neither is it lawful That he should stoop to any other law. </poem>  The Irish playwright Oscar Wilde quoted the same verse in his part fiction, part literary criticism, "The Portrait of Mr. W.H.".  The English poet John Keats wrote "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" for his friend Charles Cowden Clarke in October 1816. The poem begins "Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold" and is much quoted. For example, P. G. Wodehouse in his review of the first novel of "The Flashman Papers" series that came to his attention: "Now I understand what that 'when a new planet swims into his ken' excitement is all about." Arthur Ransome uses two references from it in his children's books, the "Swallows and Amazons" series.

Quotes.

From "All Fooles," II.1.170-178, by George Chapman:  <poem> I could have written as good prose and verse As the most beggarly poet of 'em all, Either Accrostique, Exordion, Epithalamions, Satyres, Epigrams, Sonnets in Doozens, or your Quatorzanies, In any rhyme, Masculine, Feminine, Or Sdrucciola, or cooplets, Blancke Verse: Y'are but bench-whistlers now a dayes to them That were in our times... </poem

George Chapman (Hitchin, Hertfordshire, – London, 12 May 1634) was an English dramatist, translator and poet. He was a classical scholar whose work shows the influence of Stoicism. Chapman has been speculated to be the Rival Poet of Shakespeare's sonnets by William Minto, and as an anticipator of the metaphysical poets of the 17th century. Chapman is best remembered for his translations of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", and the Homeric "Batrachomyomachia".

George Chapman (* vermutlich 1559; † 12. Mai 1634 in London) war ein englischer Dramatiker und Dichter, der unter den Theaterautoren seiner Zeit als der Philosoph unter den Dramatikern galt.


In natural language.

Claims of the form "if A, then B" are called conditional claims. Curry's paradox uses a particular kind of self-referential conditional sentence, as demonstrated in this example:  Even though Germany does not border China, the example sentence certainly is a natural-language sentence, and so the truth of that sentence can be analyzed. The paradox follows from this analysis. The analysis consists of two steps.  The claim "Germany borders China" could be replaced by any other claim, and the sentence would still be provable. Thus every sentence appears to be provable. Because the proof uses only well-accepted methods of deduction, and because none of these methods appears to be incorrect, this situation is paradoxical.

Informal proof.

The standard method for proving conditional sentences (sentences of the form "if A, then B") is called a "conditional proof". In this method, in order to prove "if A, then B", first A is assumed and then with that assumption B is shown to be true.  To produce Curry's paradox, as described in the two steps above, apply this method to the sentence "if this sentence is true, then Germany borders China". Here A, "this sentence is true", refers to the overall sentence, while B is "Germany borders China". So, assuming A is the same as assuming "If A, then B". Therefore, in assuming A, we have assumed both A and "If A, then B". Therefore B is true, by modus ponens, and we have proven "If this sentence is true, then 'Germany borders China' is true." in the usual way, by assuming the hypothesis and deriving the conclusion.  Now, because we have proved "If this sentence is true, then 'Germany borders China' is true", then we can again apply modus ponens, because we know that the claim "this sentence is true" is correct. In this way, we can deduce that Germany borders China.

Formal proof.

Sentential logic.

The example in the previous section used unformalized, natural-language reasoning. Curry's paradox also occurs in some varieties of formal logic. In this context, it shows that if we assume there is a formal sentence (X → Y), where X itself is equivalent to (X → Y), then we can prove "Y" with a formal proof. One example of such a formal proof is as follows. For an explanation of the logic notation used in this section, refer to the list of logic symbols.  An alternative proof is via "Peirce's law". If X = X → Y then (X → Y) → X. This together with Peirce's law ((X → Y) → X) → X and "modus ponens" implies X and subsequently Y (as in above proof).  Therefore, if Y is an unprovable statement in a formal system, there is no statement X in that system such that X is equivalent to the implication (X → Y). By contrast, the previous section shows that in natural (unformalized) language, for every natural language statement Y there is a natural language statement Z such that Z is equivalent to (Z → Y) in natural language. Namely, Z is "If this sentence is true then Y".  In specific cases where the classification of Y is already known, few steps are needed to reveal the contradiction. For example, when Y is "Germany borders China," it is known that Y is false.

Naive set theory.

Even if the underlying mathematical logic does not admit any self-referential sentences, certain forms of naive set theory are still vulnerable to Curry's paradox. In set theories that allow unrestricted comprehension, we can nevertheless prove any logical statement "Y" by examining the set  Assuming that formula_1 takes precedence over both formula_2 and formula_3, the proof proceeds as follows:  Step 4 is the only step invalid in a consistent set theory. In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, an extra hypothesis stating "X" is a set would be required, which is not provable in ZF or in its extension ZFC (with the axiom of choice).  Therefore, in a consistent set theory, the set formula_13 does not exist for false "Y". This can be seen as a variant on Russell's paradox, but is not identical. Some proposals for set theory have attempted to deal with Russell's paradox not by restricting the rule of comprehension, but by restricting the rules of logic so that it tolerates the contradictory nature of the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. The existence of proofs like the one above shows that such a task is not so simple, because at least one of the deduction rules used in the proof above must be omitted or restricted.

Lambda calculus.

Curry's paradox may be expressed in untyped Lambda calculus, enriched by restricted minimal logic. To cope with the lambda calculus's syntactic restrictions, formula_14 shall denote the implication function taking two parameters, that is, the lambda term formula_15 shall be equivalent to the usual infix notation formula_16. An arbitrary formula formula_17 can be proved by defining a lambda function formula_18, and formula_19, where formula_20 denotes Curry's fixed-point combinator. Then formula_21 by definition of formula_20 and formula_23, hence the above sentential logic proof can be duplicated in the calculus:  formula_24  In simply typed lambda calculus, fixed-point combinators cannot be typed and hence are not admitted.

Combinatory logic.

Curry's paradox may also be expressed in combinatory logic, which has equivalent expressive power to lambda calculus. Any lambda expression may be translated into combinatory logic, so a translation of the implementation of Curry's paradox in lambda calculus would suffice.  The above term formula_25 translates to formula_26 in combinatory logic, where  hence

Discussion.

Curry's paradox can be formulated in any language supporting basic logic operations that also allows a self-recursive function to be constructed as an expression. Two mechanisms that support the construction of the paradox are self-reference (the ability to refer to "this sentence" from within a sentence) and Unrestricted comprehension in naive set theory. Natural languages nearly always contain many of features that could be used to construct the paradox, as do many other languages. Usually the addition of meta programming capabilities to a language will add the features needed. Mathematical logic generally does not countenance explicit reference to its own sentences. However the heart of Gödel's incompleteness theorems is the observation that a different form of self-reference can be added; see Gödel number.  The axiom of Unrestricted comprehension adds the ability to construct a recursive definition in set theory. This axiom is not supported by modern set theory.  The logic rules used in the construction of the proof are rule of assumption for conditional proof, the rule of contraction, and modus ponens. These are included in the most common logical systems, such as first-order logic.

Consequences for some formal logic.

In the 1930s, Curry's paradox and the related Kleene–Rosser paradox played a major role in showing that formal logic systems based on self-recursive expressions are inconsistent. These include some versions of lambda calculus and combinatory logic.  Curry began with the Kleene–Rosser paradox and deduced that the core problem could be expressed in this simpler Curry's paradox. His conclusion may be stated as saying that combinatory logic and lambda calculus cannot be made consistent as deductive languages, while still allowing recursion.  In the study of illative (deductive) combinatory logic, Curry in 1941 recognized the implication of the paradox as implying that, without restrictions, the following properties of a combinatory logic are incompatible:

Resolution.

Note that unlike the liar paradox or Russell's paradox, Curry's paradox does not depend on what model of negation is used, as it is completely negation-free. Thus paraconsistent logics can still be vulnerable to this paradox, even if they are immune to the liar paradox.

No resolution in lambda calculus.

The origin of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus may have been, "How can you solve an equation, to provide a definition of a function?". This is expressed in this equivalence, This definition is valid if there is one and only one function formula_27 that satisfies the equation formula_28, but invalid otherwise. This is the core of the problem that Stephen Cole Kleene and then Haskell Curry discovered with combinatory logic and Lambda calculus.  The situation may be compared to defining This definition is fine as long as only positive values are allowed for the square root. In mathematics an existentially quantified variable may represent multiple values, but only one at a time. Existential quantification is the disjunction of many instances of an equation. In each equation is one value for the variable.  However, in mathematics, an expression with no free variables must have one and only one value. So formula_29 can only represent formula_30. However there is no convenient way to restrict the lambda abstraction to one value or to assure that there is a value.  Lambda calculus allows recursion by passing the same function that is called as a parameter. This allows situations where formula_28 has multiple or no solutions for formula_27.  Lambda calculus may be considered as part of mathematics if only lambda abstractions that represent a single solution to an equation are allowed. Other lambda abstractions are incorrect in mathematics.  Curry's paradox and other paradoxes arise in Lambda calculus because of the inconsistency of Lambda calculus considered as a deductive system. See also deductive lambda calculus.

Domain of lambda calculus terms.

Lambda calculus is a consistent theory in its own domain. However, it is not consistent to add the lambda abstraction definition to general mathematics. Lambda terms describe values from the lambda calculus domain. Each lambda term has a value in that domain.  When translating expressions from mathematics to lambda calculus, the domain of lambda calculus terms is not always isomorphic to the domain of the mathematical expressions. This lack of isomorphism is the source of the apparent contradictions.

Resolution in unrestricted languages.

There are many language constructs that implicitly invoke an equation that may have none or many solutions. The sound resolution to this problem is to syntactically link these expressions to an existentially quantified variable. The variable represents the multiple values in a way that is meaningful in common human reasoning, but is also valid in mathematics.  For example, a natural language that allows the "Eval" function is not mathematically consistent. But each call to "Eval" in that natural language may be translated into mathematics in a way that is consistent. The translation of "Eval(s)" into mathematics is So where s = "Eval(s) → y", If y is false, then the x = x → y is false, but this is a falsehood, not a paradox.  The existence of the variable x was implicit in the natural language. The variable x is created when the natural language is translated into mathematics. This allows us to use natural language, with natural semantics, while maintaining mathematical integrity.

Resolution in formal logic.

The argument in formal logic starts with assuming the validity of naming (X → Y) as X. However, this is not a valid starting point. First we must deduce the validity of the naming. The following theorem is easily proved and represents such a naming:  In the above statement the formula A is named as X. Now attempt to instantiate the formula with (X → Y) for A. However, this is not possible, as the scope of formula_33 is inside the scope of formula_34. The order of the quantifiers may be reversed using Skolemization:  However, now instantiation gives  which is not the starting point for the proof and does not lead to a contradiction. There are no other instantiations for A that lead to the starting point of the paradox.

Resolution in set theory.

In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC), the axiom of unrestricted comprehension is replaced with a group of axioms that allow construction of sets. So Curry's paradox cannot be stated in ZFC. ZFC evolved in response to Russell's paradox.

Curry's paradox is a paradox in which an arbitrary claim F is proved from the mere existence of a sentence C that says of itself "If C, then F", requiring only a few apparently innocuous logical deduction rules. Since F is arbitrary, any logic having these rules proves everything. The paradox may be expressed in natural language and in various logics, including certain forms of set theory, lambda calculus, and combinatory logic.

Currys Paradoxon ist ein Paradoxon, das Haskell Curry 1942 beschrieb; es erlaubt die Ableitung einer beliebigen Aussage aus einem selbstbezüglichen Ausdruck, der seine eigene Gültigkeit voraussetzt, mittels einfacher, allgemeiner logischer Regeln. Er zeigte auf diesem Weg die Inkonsistenz von Axiomensystemen mit solch einem Ausdruck.


History and operations.

The magazine was founded by James Clarence Hyde in 1902 as Hydes Weekly Art News and was originally published eleven times a year.  From vol. 3, no. 52 (November 5, 1904) to vol. 21, no. 18 (February 10, 1923), the magazine was published as American Art News. From February 1923 to the present, the magazine has been published as "The Art News" then "ARTnews".  The magazine's art critics and correspondents include Arthur Danto, Linda Yablonsky, Barbara Pollock, Margarett Loke, Hilarie Sheets, Yale School of Art dean Robert Storr, Doug McClemont and Museum of Modern Art director Glenn D. Lowry.  In April 2014, Milton and Judith Esterow, the magazine's owners since 1972, sold the publication to Skate Capital Corp., a private asset-management firm owned by Sergey Skaterschikov. It was later revealed that Skate Capital was acting on behalf of the Polish company Abbey House, which renamed itself ARTNEWS SA.  Following this change in ownership the magazine merged with "Art in America" in June 2015, owned by Brant Publication's BMP Media Holdings, LLC. In October 2015 the monthly frequency of "ARTnews" was switched to quarterly. In 2016, Brant Publications took full control of BMP.  The magazine, along with "Art in America", "The Magazine ANTIQUES", and "Modern Magazine" have been owned by Art Media Holdings since June 2016 and are based in Soho, New York City.

Awards.

The magazine has won the George Polk Award, the National Magazine Award for General Excellence, the National Headliner Award and the National Arts Club Distinguished Citation for Merit.

The "ARTNews" Top 200 Collectors.

The "ARTNews" Top 200 list is released annually and contains the top individual art collectors from around the world based on interviews with collectors, curators, dealers, auction houses, and museums. Those on the list are also surveyed, and their responses are used to inform trends and provide data, such as a breakdown of where the most top art collectors live (the United States).  Collectors on the list are profiled with a brief biography focused on the type of art that they collect (contemporary, post war, modern, etc.) and includes their city or cities of residence, a photo, their source of wealth and the years they have been on the Top 200 list, as many collectors are on it for multiple years. The list released in September 2018 includes Leonard Lauder, Edythe and Eli Broad, Rebecca and Warren Eisenberg, Alison and Peter Klein, Marsha and Jeffrey Perelman, Tatsumi Sako, Sheri and Howard Schultz. The full list is announced in both the print and online versions of the magazine.

ARTnews is an American visual-arts magazine, based in New York City. It covers art from ancient to contemporary times. It includes news dispatches from correspondents, investigative reports, reviews of exhibitions, and profiles of artists and collectors.

Art news (eigene Schreibweise "ARTnews") ist eine internationale Fachzeitschrift für Kunst aus New York. Die englischsprachige Zeitschrift ist eine der ältesten (Gründungsjahr: 1902) und meistgelesenen Kunstzeitschriften der Welt. Sie erreicht 200.000 Leser in 123 Ländern. Milton Esterow kaufte die Zeitschrift 1972 von Newsweek und stand ihr bis 2014 als Herausgeber vor.


History.

Wervik is one of the oldest towns in Belgium.

Prehistory.

Stone Age artefacts, flint axes and spearheads, were found in the district of "Bas-Flanders" and the site "Oosthove". The archeological excavations at "de Pioneer" in 2009 yielded traces of inhabitation from the Iron Age to the Roman Period.

Roman period.

Wervik was probably a settlement of the Menapians led by the chief Virovos, at a small height along the banks of the Lys (current Island Balokken). This is still unproven. At the time of the conquest of Gaul by Caesar, a Roman stopping place was built next to the Celtic village. The Roman settlement was registered on Roman road maps from the 3rd to 4th century under the name Viroviacum (Itinerarium Antonini) or Virovino (map of Peutinger). Vioviacum was located on the Roman road between Cassel and Bavay. Remains from that period are still being found regularly in Wervik. Excavations at Saint Martin's Square in the centre exposed the foundations of the old Saint Martin's church, which was partly built with Roman waste materials. According to some historians this was formerly a temple dedicated to Mars or Priapus. This is still unproven.

Middle Ages.

In the 13th century the population of Belgium rose sharply, thanks to the great heyday of the textile trade which penetrated international markets up to the Far East. In 1327 the city was taken by Philip of Valois and partially destroyed.  During the Ghent uprising of 1382, Wervik was an outpost of the army of Philip van Artevelde during the Battle of Westrozebeke. The rebellion failed, and the city was plundered by the Bretons and reduced to ashes. The Saint Medardus church had to be rebuilt completely. Wervik had not yet fully recovered when a major fire in 1400 destroyed the whole town again. Of the 820 dwellings there only 20 remained. Jan Zonder Vrees gave Wervik a market hall in 1401, as an incentive for recovery and revival. In 1436 part of the garrison of Calais invaded Wervik and again burnt the town to ashes, in 1440 the town was burnt again. The many successive fires were mainly because most houses were built of wood and straw, and that the town had no protection against attacks as it was never walled. After the succession of fires the town was attacked by the plague. In the years 1436 and 1468 the population was decimated by the epidemic.

Habsburg Netherlands.

In the middle of the 16th century finally a quieter period began for Wervik. Prosperity had vanished and the population had dropped to about 3000 inhabitants. During the religious quarrels, the Saint Medardus church was badly damaged and today still bears the traces of the iconoclastic. The Geuzen burnt the church in 1579.  In the 17th century the entire region was affected by the ongoing annexation attempts of the French king Louis XIV. Wervik was taken by the French in 1668 and was later annexed to the Spanish crown in 1678. After the Peace of Nijmegen treaty in that year, Wervik became French territory again. The continuous impoverishment of the town left it with only 3172 inhabitants.  In 1713 the town was divided in half by the Treaty of Utrecht. The river Lys was the state border and separated the town into French Zuid-Wervik and Austrian Wervik. But for the population the town remained whole, and the Saint Medardus church remained the parish church for both town parts.

First French Republic.

After the French Revolution and the French invasion of 1794, the Saint Medardus church was again turned into ashes. During the War of the First Coalition the battle of Wervik and Menin partly took place here between the Dutch and French revolutionary armies, during which the young Prince Frederick of Orange-Nassau was wounded. Wervik became part of the French département of Lys, and entered a period of terror, coercion and persecution.

Kingdom of Belgium.

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the town became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until the Belgian Revolution in 1830. After the Belgian Revolution locals of the towns Zuid-Wervik, Busbeke, Comines and Waasten protested and demanded a reunification with their Belgian counterparts on the other side of the Lys. This small uprising was put down after a few days by French Gendarmes. During World War I German troops entered the town on October 5, 1914. A customs officer had noticed German Uhlans in Zuid-Wervik on October 4, and turned the swing bridge between Wervik and Zuid-Wervik open so that no one could cross it, throwing the key in the Lys. The next day more Germans had arrived and fished out the key. After a short fight with the Gendarmerie (both French and Belgian), the town was conquered by the Germans. Because Wervik was the first major town under German control just outside the Western Front, it got a military government and German soldiers were billeted there, and wounded soldiers cared for (including at one time the young Adolf Hitler). Wervik's population was forced to work in German operated factories serving the trench warfare. In 1917 the population had to evacuate the town because British guns were aimed at Wervik and ruined the town.  Wervik was largely rebuilt after the war. The Bruges architect Huib Hoste carried out several projects, including several rows of houses, commercial buildings and the town sewers.  During the Second World War Wervik was again occupied by German troops, until the inhabitants were freed in 1944 by Canadian soldiers.

Wervik is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the city of Wervik and the town of Geluwe. On January 1, 2014, Wervik had a total population of 18,435. The total area is 43.61 km2 which gives a population density of 423 inhabitants per km2. The area is famous for its excellent tobacco and has a tobacco museum. The town is separated from its French counterpart Wervicq-Sud by the river Leie.

Wervik () ist eine belgische Stadt im Süden der Region Flandern mit etwa 17.600 Einwohnern. Sie besteht aus der Kernstadt, dem Ortsteil Geluwe und dem Straßendorf "Kruiseke".


Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars

Italy.

Bonaparte left Paris on 11 March for Nice to take over the weak and poorly supplied Army of Italy, arriving on 26 March. The army was already being reorganised and supplied when he arrived, and he found that the situation was rapidly improving. He was soon able to carry out the plan for the invasion of Italy that he had been advocating for years, which provided for an advance over the Apennines near Altare to attack the enemy position of Ceva.  The Montenotte Campaign opened after Johann Beaulieu's Austrian forces attacked the extreme French eastern flank near Genoa on 10 April. Bonaparte countered by attacking and crushing the isolated right wing of the allied armies at the Battle of Montenotte on 12 April. The next day he defeated an Austro-Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo. He then won a victory at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies. Satisfied that the Austrians were temporarily inert, Bonaparte harried Michelangelo Colli's Piedmontese at Ceva and San Michele Mondovi before whipping them at the Battle of Mondovì. A week later, on 28 April, the Piedmontese signed an armistice at Cherasco, withdrawing from the hostilities. On 18 May they signed a peace treaty at Paris, ceding Savoy and Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against Austria.  After a short pause, Bonaparte carried out a brilliant flanking manoeuvre, and crossed the Po at Piacenza, nearly cutting the Austrian line of retreat. The Austrians escaped after the Battle of Fombio, but had their rear-guard mauled at Lodi on 10 May, after which the French took Milan. Bonaparte then advanced eastwards again, drove off the Austrians in the Battle of Borghetto and in June began the Siege of Mantua. Mantua was the strongest Austrian base in Italy. Meanwhile, the Austrians retreated north into the foothills of the Tyrol.  During July and August, Austria sent a fresh army into Italy under Dagobert Wurmser. Wurmser attacked toward Mantua along the east side of Lake Garda, sending Peter Quasdanovich down the west side in an effort to envelop Bonaparte. Bonaparte exploited the Austrian mistake of dividing their forces to defeat them in detail, but in so doing, he abandoned the siege of Mantua, which held out for another six months (Carl von Clauswitz mentioned in On War that the siege might have been able to be kept up if Bonaparte had circumvallated the city). Quasdanovich was overcome at Lonato on 3 August and Wurmser at Castiglione on 5 August. Wurmser retreated to the Tyrol, and Bonaparte resumed the siege.  In September, Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol, but Wurmser had already marched toward Mantua by the Brenta River valley, leaving Paul Davidovich's force to hold off the French. Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto. Then he followed Wurmser down the Brenta valley, to fall upon and defeat the Austrians at the Battle of Bassano on 8 September. Wurmser elected to march for Mantua with a large portion of his surviving troops. The Austrians evaded Bonaparte's attempts to intercept them but were driven into the city after a pitched battle on 15 September. This left nearly 30,000 Austrians trapped in the fortress. This number rapidly diminished due to disease, combat losses, and hunger.  The Austrians sent yet another army under József Alvinczi against Bonaparte in November. Again the Austrians divided their effort, sending Davidovich's corps from the north while Alvinczi's main body attacked from the east. At first they proved victorious over the French at Bassano, Calliano, and Caldiero. But Bonaparte ultimately defeated Alvinczi in the Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona. The French then turned on Davidovich in great strength and chased him into the Tyrol. Wurmser's only sortie was late and ineffectual.

Germany.

Meanwhile, Moreau and Jourdan crossed the Rhine and invaded Germany. Moreau was at first completely successful, having crossed the Rhine and defeated the Austrian forces there, he advanced into Bavaria and fought the Archduke to an inconclusive draw at Neresheim. Advancing to the edge of the Tyrol, he took Ulm and Augsburg, but Jourdan became separated from Moreau and was defeated by the Archduke Charles of Austria at Amberg and Würzburg, and both armies were forced to retreat separately across the Rhine by September (including the Battle of Theiningen), ending with the Battle of Emmendingen in October and the same territorial conditions as the campaign had begun.

At sea.

Spain signed the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso with France on 19 August 1796, entering the war against Britain on the side of France in return for concessions in Italy. In response, Britain withdrew from Corsica in order to concentrate the Mediterranean fleet at Gibraltar against the combined threat.  This article makes use of the out-of-copyright work "History of the French Revolution" by François Mignet (1824):

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1795, with the French in an increasingly strong position as members of the First Coalition made separate peaces. Austria and Great Britain were the main remaining members of the coalition. The rebellion in the Vendée was also finally terminated by General Hoche.

Der Italienfeldzug Napoleon Bonapartes fand in den Jahren 1796 und 1797 innerhalb des Ersten Koalitionskrieges statt. Mit der Übernahme des Kommandos der Italienarmee und einer Reihe von darauffolgenden Siegen begann Napoléons einzigartige militärische Karriere immense Ausmaße anzunehmen.


History.

"Biddle" was laid down by the Bath Iron Works Corporation at Bath, Maine on 9 December 1963, launched on 2 July 1965 and commissioned as DLG-34 on 21 January 1967. She was named for Captain Nicholas Biddle of the Continental Navy. Her call sign was "Hard Charger".  Five months after commissioning, "Biddle" completed preparations for her final acceptance trials, concluded those trials, and conducted shakedown training out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. She completed shakedown on 29 May and headed, via Yorktown, Virginia, to Boston, Massachusetts. The Destroyer Leader "guided-missile" arrived in Boston on 2 June and began post-shakedown availability at the Boston Naval Shipyard five days later. "Biddle" completed the availability on 30 October and got underway for her new home port, Norfolk, Virginia, the following day. The warship entered Hampton Roads early in November, but stayed only four days, putting to sea on 7 November for the first in a series of exercise and weapons-qualifications cruises to the Caribbean. Those at-sea periods occupied her until mid-December when she began holiday standdown and preparations for overseas movement.  On 22 January 1968, "Biddle" put to sea bound ultimately for the combat zone off the coast of Vietnam. Along the way, she transited the Panama Canal and made stops at Pearl Harbor and Guam before reaching her base of operations at Subic Bay in the Philippines on 24 February. After an availability, the guided-missile frigate departed Subic Bay for Vietnamese waters on 3 March. She entered port at Danang, South Vietnam, on 5 March and, the following day, was on her way for a PIRAZ (Positive Identification Radar Advisory Zone) station. For the next four months, "Biddle" alternated between periods at sea—either carrying out PIRAZ duty, serving as an antiair warfare (AAW) picket, or acting as a sea-air rescue (SAR) vessel—with time in port at Subic Bay or Yokosuka, Japan.  On 14 July, the warship completed her final tour of duty off the coast of Vietnam. She returned to Subic Bay for the period 16 to 19 July and then got underway for the voyage home. During the voyage, she completed a circumnavigation of the world and visited such diverse places as Singapore, Lourenco Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique, the Cape Verde Islands, Lisbon in Portugal, and Copenhagen in Denmark. The warship arrived back in Norfolk on 12 September and remained in port until mid-November. On the 15th, "Biddle" got underway for missile exercises in the West Indies. She returned to Norfolk on 25 November and remained there through the end of the year.  On 13 January 1969, she got underway from Norfolk bound for Philadelphia. The warship spent five days there for fire fighting and damage control training, returning to Norfolk on 20 January. "Biddle"s sojourn at Norfolk lasted until 28 March when she put to sea, bound for the Caribbean. While there, the warship conducted tests on recent modifications to her radar and made six missile shoots. Returning to the Hampton Roads area, she loaded missiles, torpedoes, and ammunition at Yorktown, Virginia, on 30 April before reentering Norfolk on 1 May.  On 26 May, "Biddle" departed Norfolk on her way to the western Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal on 31 May and 1 June and then set a course for Hawaii. The guided-missile frigate stopped at Pearl Harbor from 10 to 12 June before resuming her voyage. She made a brief stop at Guam for fuel on the 20th and arrived in Subic Bay on 24 June. After a four-day stop, "Biddle" stood out of Subic Bay on her way to South Vietnam. The warship made a brief stop at Danang on 30 June before relieving the cruiser on 1 July as strike-support and search-and-rescue ship. The guided-missile frigate kept watch off the Vietnamese coast for the next month. The only event of note occurred near the end of the month when she rescued several North Vietnamese fishermen adrift in their boat.  Relieved by "Chicago" on 1 August, "Biddle" dropped the fishermen off at Danang and then headed for the Philippines. The warship spent a week at Subic Bay and three days at Manila before heading back to Vietnam on 13 August. On 15 August, she relieved "Chicago" on station in the Gulf of Tonkin. She served as strike-support and search-and-rescue ship until 22 August when she relieved "Chicago" as PIRAZ (Positive Identification Radar Advisory Zone) ship. The warship alternated between those two tasks until 10 September when she was relieved on PIRAZ station by the destroyer. The guided-missile frigate entered Yokosuka, Japan on 14 September, after a brief stop at Subic Bay to disembark her helicopter detachment.  "Biddle" completed a two-week tender availability on 27 September and departed Yokosuka for the combat zone. Steaming by way of Subic Bay, she arrived back on Yankee Station on 2 October. Between the 2d and the 6th, Commander, Destroyer Squadron (ComDesRon) 3, rode in "Biddle" and served as antiair warfare coordinator for Task Force (TF) 77. On the 6th, the warship resumed PIRAZ duty, relieving "Jouett". For almost a month, she operated alternately as PIRAZ ship and as strike-support and search-and-rescue ship. Relieved by the cruiser on 27 October, "Biddle" put into Hong Kong on 29 October for a six-day liberty call. The guided-missile frigate departed Hong Kong on 4 November, made a fuel stop at Subic Bay, and then headed back to Vietnam.  She arrived back in the Gulf of Tonkin on 7 November and spent the next six days serving as plane guard for the aircraft carrier. On 13 November, the warship cleared Vietnamese waters. She stopped at Subic Bay from 15 to 18 November and then embarked on the long voyage home. After a brief fuel stop at Guam and a three-day liberty call at San Francisco, California, "Biddle" arrived in the Canal Zone on 16 December. She completed the canal transit on the 17th and shaped a course for Norfolk. Upon her arrival in Norfolk on 21 December, her crew began a combination post-deployment and holiday standdown.

1970–1971.

"Biddle" spent the first three months of 1970 in port at Norfolk. During that period, she underwent several inspections and received modifications to some of her equipment, notably to her radar. On 13 April, the guided-missile frigate stood out of Norfolk on a five-week cruise to the Caribbean for training and for technical evaluation of her new and modified radar equipment. She returned to Norfolk on 5 June and remained in the area until the end of July getting ready for her first regular overhaul. She entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 31 July and spent the remainder of 1970 undergoing overhaul.  The guided-missile frigate completed overhaul in mid-January 1971. On 19 January, she got underway for post-repair trials in the Virginia Capes operating area and returned to port the following day. For the next four months, "Biddle" spent most of her time in port at Norfolk, getting underway infrequently for brief drill sessions in the immediate vicinity. On 1 June, she departed Norfolk for two months of refresher training in the West Indies. The warship reentered Norfolk on 1 August. For the remainder of the year, "Biddle" operated out of Norfolk conducting training missions and technical evaluations on equipment. The most notable training mission came late in September when she joined several other Navy ships, a Canadian ship, and a Dutch ship in a NATO seapower review.

1972–1973.

The warship began 1972 with several more periods of technical evaluations at sea in January and February. In March, she entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard to be modified to carry a LAMPS (Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System) helicopter. That work came to a conclusion early in April; and, on the 12 April, "Biddle" departed Norfolk on her way back to southeast Asia. Along the way, she transited the Panama Canal and visited Pearl Harbor and Guam before arriving in Subic Bay on 11 May. On the 14 May, the warship put to sea for the combat zone. She entered the zone on 15 May and, the following day, relieved the destroyer on the northern Search and Rescue (SAR) station. "Biddle" spent over a month on station operating as a SAR picket and directing antiair warfare before returning to Subic Bay on 26 June.  On Independence Day, the warship got underway for her second tour of duty off Vietnam. After a week on the northern SAR station, she relieved "Sterett" again on 13 July, but this time as PIRAZ ship. On the night of 19 July, five MiGs attacked "Biddle" in two raids. In the first raid, the guided-missile frigate's Terrier missiles destroyed one of the intruders. She claimed a possible kill in the second raid and credited it to her gun batteries. The warship drove off the remaining attackers and suffered no damage herself.  "Biddle" remained on station serving as either SAR picket or PIRAZ ship until early in August. She visited Hong Kong from 12 to 15 August and was in Subic Bay from 17 to 20 August. The guided-missile frigate returned to duty on the northern SAR station on 22 August. Thereafter, she again alternated between SAR and PIRAZ assignments until mid-September. Long Beach relieved her for the last time on 17 September, and "Biddle" unloaded equipment at Subic Bay between 20 and 24 September. On the 24 September, she began the long voyage back to Norfolk. Following stops at Guam, Pearl Harbor, and San Diego, she transited the Panama Canal on 22 October and arrived back at Norfolk on 26 October to close out the year in port.  Throughout 1973 and the first five months of 1974, "Biddle" operated out of Norfolk conducting training missions and technical evaluations. During those operations, she visited not only waters of the western Atlantic but also those of the West Indies and the Caribbean Sea. Late in the fall of 1973, the warship participated in a joint exercise with other elements of the Atlantic Fleet and with ships of the Canadian Navy.

1974.

On 14 June 1974, "Biddle" stood out of Norfolk on her way to the Mediterranean Sea. She arrived in Rota, Spain, on 24 June and relieved the destroyer. On 26 June, the warship departed Rota and entered the Mediterranean in company with Task Group (TG) 60.2. After about a month of 6th Fleet operations and port visits, "Biddle" was dispatched to waters adjacent to Cyprus on 22 July to join in special operations. On 1 August, the warship received orders to the area north of Crete and later operated to the west of that island. On 19 August, the United States ambassador to Cyprus was assassinated; soon thereafter, "Biddle" joined a special task group off the island to assist in the event of an evacuation of American citizens.  That eventuality did not come to pass, and the special task group was dissolved on 23 August. The guided-missile frigate then headed for Naples, Italy, where she arrived on the 24 August. During the short voyage to Naples the ship was steaming at flank speed, which required the two boiler rooms to be "split", with the forward boiler feeding steam to the forward engine room and the after boiler feeding steam to the after engine room. The forward engine room powered the port propeller. The main feed pump in the forward engine room failed catastrophically, which caused the port propeller to suddenly stop. The ship, still at flank speed from the starboard propeller, turned so sharply to port that seawater sprayed from the ship entered the ship's ventilators. There were no serious injuries to the crew. <personal account> "Biddle" remained at Naples until 5 September 1974 at which time she resumed operations the eastern Mediterranean. Between 8 and 10 September, the warship joined in the unsuccessful search for survivors from a TWA Boeing 707 that had crashed in the Ionian Sea. Following that mission, she resumed her schedule of 6th Fleet operations and port visits. After five days at Civitavecchia, Italy, for liberty in Rome, "Biddle" got underway for the eastern Mediterranean and a transit of the Straits of Bosporus and the Dardanelles. She operated in the Black Sea for five days and retransited the Straits on the 11 September. Training exercises and port visits kept her busy until early December. She completed turnover procedures at Rota on 5 December and then put to sea to return to the United States. "Biddle" arrived back in Norfolk on 14 December and remained in port for the rest of the year.

1975–1976.

The warship spent the first three months of 1975 at various locations around Hampton Roads preparing for an extended overhaul. On 15 April, she got underway for Bath, Maine, arriving there on the 18th. The overhaul began immediately and lasted through the end of 1975 and into 1976. On 30 June 1975, "Biddle" was reclassified a guided-missile cruiser and redesignated CG-34. On 15 March 1976, "Biddle" got underway for Bayonne, New Jersey, where she arrived on the 17 March. At Bayonne, she continued her overhaul in drydock. On 24 April, the guided-missile cruiser left the drydock and, after some tests, headed south to Norfolk. She arrived at Yorktown on the 26th and began loading ordnance. Two days later, the warship reentered Norfolk. During the ensuing four months, "Biddle" conducted post-overhaul tests, drills, and refresher training along the east coast and in the West Indies.  On 3 September, the guided-missile cruiser departed Norfolk and headed for the waters of northern Europe and the Baltic Sea. She arrived in Scapa Flow, the British naval base in the Orkney Islands located north of Scotland, on 14 September. After a series of amphibious exercises in Norwegian waters, the warship visited Copenhagen, Denmark, from 25–28 September. On the latter day, she departed Copenhagen for a further series of multi-national exercises in the Baltic Sea. At the end of those maneuvers, "Biddle" made port visits at Hamburg in Germany, Antwerp in Belgium, and Cherbourg in France before getting underway for home on 29 October. She arrived back in Norfolk on 9 November and, except for a brief underway period on 18 and 19 November, remained in port for the rest of 1976.

1977–1980.

During the first six months of 1977, "Biddle" operated out of Norfolk along the eastern seaboard and in the West Indies. Those operations included various drills and exercises as well as evolutions with warships of NATO nations and South American countries. On 11 July, she stood out of Norfolk on her way to join the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea. That deployment brought visits to ports throughout the Mediterranean basin and a variety of training missions, often conducted in company with units of Allied and friendly navies. She completed the cruise on 22 December when she arrived back in Norfolk.  Over the first nine months of 1978, "Biddle" operated out of Norfolk. While in port, she underwent a series of inspections and examinations for the purpose of assessing various aspects of the ship's operation. At sea, the warship ranged from the New England coast south to the West Indies participating in multiship exercises, conducting independent ship's drills, and making missile and gun shoots. On 3 October, "Biddle" exited Chesapeake Bay and embarked upon the third Mediterranean deployment of her career. She arrived in Lisbon Portugal, on 14 October and relieved the cruiser. On the 18 October, the guided-missile cruiser left Lisbon with units of TG 60.2 and entered the Mediterranean.  After about a month of 6th Fleet operations and port visits, "Biddle" transited the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles and entered the Black Sea once again. On 22 November, she entered port at Constanta, Romania, to begin what was characterized as a highly successful goodwill visit. The guided-missile cruiser departed Constanta on 27 November and completed her retransit of the Straits on the 28 November. She resumed normal 6th Fleet operations, conducting multiship drills and exercises and making goodwill visits to ports in the Mediterranean. That employment carried her into March 1979. She completed turnover procedures between 23 and 25 March and then began the voyage home. The warship arrived in Norfolk on 5 April and spent the rest of the month in post-deployment standdown.  "Biddle" resumed 2d Fleet operations in May. Over the next three months, she put to sea a number of times to train Naval Academy and NROTC midshipmen. Early in August, she participated in a joint Navy/Air Force electronics warfare exercise. The latter part of the month, she spent at sea taking part in simulated war exercises. Upon her return to Norfolk, "Biddle" began preparations for her regular overhaul. On 24 September, the guided-missile cruiser departed Norfolk and shaped a course for Philadelphia. She arrived at her destination on 25 September and, three days later, entered the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard to commence her extended repair period. The overhaul lasted more than a year, taking up the remainder of 1979 and apparently all of 1980.

1981–1983.

January 1981 found "Biddle" conducting post-overhaul shakedown. On 4 February, she stood out of Chesapeake Bay on her way to refresher training in the West Indies. The guided-missile cruiser completed refresher training on 6 April and reentered Hampton Roads on 14 April. During the following three months, "Biddle" operated out of her home port both in the Virginia Capes operating area and in the West Indies. On 4 August, the warship put to sea for another tour of duty with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. She passed through the Strait of Gibraltar on 11 August. Between 17 and 20 August, she was part of the task group that conducted freedom-of-navigation operations in the Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast in defiance of the Libyan leader, Col. Muamar Qaddafi, who claimed sovereignty over the area. During that operation, Soviet-built Libyan Sukhoi Su-7 interceptors fired on American naval aircraft. In response F-14s from the aircraft carrier shot down two of the attackers. Later that month, "Biddle" entered the Black Sea for the third time.  Back in the Mediterranean on 4 September, she resumed normal 6th Fleet operations—multiship exercises and port visits. In mid-October she joined a contingency force off the northern coast of Egypt in the wake of the assassination of President Anwar Sadat. The destroyer relieved her on 23 October and, after a stop at Rota from 27 to 29 October, "Biddle" headed home. She arrived back in Norfolk on 8 November and, except for two brief periods at sea early in December, remained in port for the rest of the year.  The first five months of 1982 brought a return to normal operations along the east coast and in the West Indies. On 8 June, the warship embarked upon another deployment to the 6th Fleet. "Biddle" changed operational control to the 6th Fleet on 18 June. By mid-July, she was on PIRAZ station in the eastern Mediterranean with the contingency force supporting Marine Corps troops ashore in Lebanon. The guided-missile cruiser departed the area in company with the frigate. After crossing the Aegean Sea and transiting the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, the two warships entered the Black Sea on 1 August. They completed their Black Sea operations on 5 August and anchored at Istanbul for a four-day port visit. On 9 August 1982, "Biddle" and her colleagues headed back to the contingency force off Lebanon. Between 21 and 28 August, she served as escort for Palestinian Liberation Organization refugees leaving Beirut for Tunisia on board the Cypriot merchantman SS. Port visits and exercises occupied her time until mid-September when the situation in Lebanon began to break down again. "Biddle" returned to PIRAZ station on 18 September and remained there until 23 November. After a visit to Athens, she moved west to rendezvous with "Nimitz" for another freedom of navigation operation in the Gulf of Sidra. "Biddle" then set out for home early in December and reached Norfolk on the 22nd.  The guided-missile cruiser completed post-deployment standdown in mid-January 1983 and resumed operations out of her home port. During the first five months of the year, "Biddle" operated along the east coast and in the West Indies. On 26 May, the warship put to sea for NATO Exercise "United Effort/ Ocean Safari 83." At the conclusion of that exercise, she commenced a series of port visits alternated with operations in the Baltic Sea. After leaving the Baltic on 7 July, "Biddle" visited Leith, Scotland, and participated in a joint British-American exercise. Following another four-day visit to Leith, she got underway for home on 26 July. The guided-missile cruiser arrived back in Norfolk on 5 August and resumed normal east coast operations. That employment lasted until 14 October when she began a selected restricted availability at the Norfolk Shipbuilding Co. Those repairs occupied her time for the remainder of 1983.

1985–1986.

In October 1985, "Biddle" deployed for the Mediterranean with the battle group. In November as planned, she detached from the "Coral Sea" battle group and joined the aircraft carrier for a transit through the Suez Canal into the Indian Ocean for the bulk of operations in the North Arabian Sea. The battle group crossed the equator on 10 December 1985 and participating crewmembers became "Shellbacks." During a port visit in early January 1986 at Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory, the battle group was informed that they needed to get underway on very short notice. Included with replenishment supplies was a videotape of President Reagan's address to the nation blaming Libyan President Muammar al-Gaddafi for connections with Christmas Day airport bombings in Europe. Both "Saratoga" and "Coral Sea" were integrated into one carrier battle group.  Three patrols near the "Line of Death" marked in the Gulf of Sidra were largely unremarkable. The fourth patrol resulted in three Libyan patrol boats being attacked and sunk. Just prior, the aircraft carrier joined the now 3 carrier battle group, with RADM Jeremy "Mike" Boorda commanding the group. "Biddle" had an opportunity to fire a Harpoon missile, but due to the proximity of other American ships, no attempt was made. For this action against Libya, the battle group was awarded the Navy Unit Commendation. For the most part, "Biddle" was far from action, instead being primary picket ship for "Coral Sea".  "Saratoga" detached and was replaced by. "Coral Sea" and her escorts were enjoying what was to be her last port visit prior to leaving the Mediterranean. As the ships left port, it was quickly noticed that the ships were heading in the wrong direction. The 5th patrol off Libya now included Operation El Dorado Canyon, the aerial attacks on Tripoli and terrorist camps near Benghazi. Participating units were awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal. There was an uneventful 6th patrol. "Biddle" arrived home to much fanfare at Norfolk, Virginia on Armed Forces Day, May 1986. For the entire period, "Biddle" and other participating units were awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal. Since most of the crew earned two different expeditionary medals, they were forced to choose which one to accept.

1986–1988.

In July, "Biddle" made her way to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for overhaul. In addition, she would be the first ship to be converted to the New Threat Upgrade, a package to add new weapons technology to older guided missile destroyers and guided missile cruisers. The centerpiece would be the added capability of the Standard Missile 2 – Extended Range system, which added a solid rocket booster to the Medium Range missile and extending maximum range from about to over. Other radar, sonar and electronics upgrades were installed. Most notably, the forward superstructure was changed to accommodate many of the improvements, also changing the look of the ship. During the second half of 1987 and the first half of 1988, "Biddle" made numerous trips off Wallops Island, Virginia and the Caribbean to test the new technology, accomplishing many firsts along the way.

Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.

USS "Biddle" was deployed to the Middle East on September 1990 as part of Operation Desert Shield, where she joined the battle group at the Red Sea. On 12 September she diverted the first merchant ship of the operation. By 4 December, she had made a total of 27 boardings and four diversions, when on that date she suffered a major maneuver casualty when inexplicably her rudder broke off her rudder post and sank to the bottom of the Red Sea. The US Navy flew a replacement rudder, via USAF C-5B aircraft to Toulon, France, where repairs were effected at the French Naval Shipyard. After spending Christmas at Toulon, France, "Biddle" rejoined the operations, this time to provide antiaircraft support for the two US battle groups on station in the northern Red Sea. By the beginning of Desert Storm the cruiser had boarded 30 freighters. At the end of hostilities, "Biddle" made another six boardings, and was the only warship to seize a merchant in the war. She left the Red Sea with the highest percentage of diversions of any coalition vessel, with 22.2 percent of her boardings ending with diversions for further inspection.

Fate.

The cruiser was decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 November 1993 and sold for scrap to Metro Marine Corporation of Philadelphia on 4 December 2000.

USS "Biddle" (DLG-34/CG-34) was a guided missile frigate/cruiser of the United States Navy. She saw action in Vietnam, where she is believed to be the last ship to down an enemy aircraft with hand-loaded guns. She was involved in the Gulf of Sidra incident in 1981. The cruiser was decommissioned on 30 November 1993 and sold for scrap on 4 December 2000.

Die USS Biddle (CG-34), auch mit dem Zusatz DLG-34 bezeichnet, war ein Lenkwaffenkreuzer der Belknap-Klasse. Sie wurde benannt nach Nicholas Biddle, einem Captain der Continental Navy.


Description.

The flowers of southern rata are scarlet, with stamens about long. White or yellow flowers are also known. Flowering usually occurs between December and February, but this depends on local conditions. Leaves are from to long, and are sharply pointed. The wood is hard, dense, and very strong. The bark is rough and flaky and provides an ideal stratum for the roots of epiphytic plants such as "Astelia" species and Freycinetia banksii (Kiekie). Southern rata is a major source of honey on the West Coast of the South Island. Kaka, tui, and bellbirds visit rata to take advantage of the abundant nectar.

Distribution.

It prefers cooler regions with high rainfall and is particularly common along the west coast of the South Island where its nectar is the main source of a locally produced rata honey. Southern rata is the most widespread of the New Zealand tree rata species. It is locally present in the North Island from latitude 36° southwards, is more common in western parts of the South Island but absent from much of the east, and is common on Stewart Island (47°S) and in the Auckland Islands, where it reaches its southern limit at just over 50°S.

Conservation.

Although southern rata is not regarded as threatened, it is rather uncommon in the North Island, and in certain areas it is threatened by possum browse. In the Tararua range, southern rata populations appear to have been replaced by a population consisting of hybrids between northern and southern rata.  Project Crimson is a charitable trust that promotes conservation of rata as well as the related pohutukawa.

Cultivation.

Southern rata is a beautiful specimen tree, but growth can be slow unless it is grown in ideal conditions with moist soil. It is easily grown from fresh seed. While it is possible to grow the tree from softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings, these often prove reluctant to strike roots. It is ideal for coastal environments because it has a good resistance to wind and salt.  At least 16 cultivars of southern rata have been released. There are also known cultivars of hybrids between southern rata and pohutukawa, and between northern rata and southern rata. Known cultivars include:  ∞ Hybrid of southern rata and northern rata ¤ Hybrid of southern rata and pohutukawa

Metrosideros umbellata, the southern rata, is a tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to or more tall with a trunk up to or more in diameter. It produces masses of red flowers in summer. Unlike its relative, northern rata, this species rarely grows as an epiphyte.

Das Südinsel-Eisenholz ("Metrosideros umbellata"), auf,,, ist neben den aus der gleichen Gattung stammenden Nordinsel-Eisenholz und Pohutukawa eine der bekanntesten Baumarten Neuseelands. Sie ist durch die im Dezember und Januar auftretenden kräftig roten Blüten besonders auffällig. Die vor allem auf der Südinsel Neuseelands heimischen Populationen sind durch Verbiss durch den aus Australien eingeschleppten Fuchskusu bedroht.


Plot.

"Prospero's Books" is a complex tale based upon William Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Miranda, the daughter of Prospero, an exiled magician, falls in love with Ferdinand, the son of his enemy; while the sorcerer's sprite, Ariel, convinces him to abandon revenge against the traitors from his earlier life. In the film, Prospero stands in for Shakespeare himself, and is seen writing and speaking the story's action as it unfolds.  Ariel is played by four actors: three acrobats — a boy, an adolescent, and a youth — and a boy singer. Each represents a classical elemental.

The Books.

The books of Prospero number 24 according to the production design which outlines each volume's content. The list is reminiscent of the lost books of Epicurus.

Production and financing.

Gielgud is quoted as saying that a film of "The Tempest" (with him as Prospero) was his life's ambition, as he had been in four stage productions in 1931, 1940, 1957, and 1974. He had approached Alain Resnais, Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa, and Orson Welles about directing him in it, with Benjamin Britten to compose its score, and Albert Finney as Caliban, before Greenaway agreed. The closest earlier attempts came to being made was in 1967, with Welles both directing and playing Caliban. But after the commercial failure of their film collaboration, "Chimes at Midnight," financing for a cinematic "Tempest" collapsed.  The film was screened out of competition at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.

Soundtrack.

This was the last of the collaborations between director Peter Greenaway and composer Michael Nyman. Most of the film's music cues, (excepting Ariel's songs and the Masque) are from an earlier concert, "La Traversée de Paris" and the score from "A Zed & Two Noughts". The soundtrack album is Nyman's sixteenth release.

Reception.

Aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 67% approval of "Prospero's Books", with an average rating of 5.9/10 and a critical consensus of, "There is no middle ground for viewers of Peter Greenaway's work, but for his fans, "Prospero's Books" is reliably daring." Roger Ebert gave the work three stars out of four and argued, "Most of the reviews of this film have missed the point; this is not a narrative, it need not make sense, and it is not 'too difficult' because it could not have been any less so. It is simply a work of original art, which Greenaway asks us to accept or reject on his own terms."

Prospero's Books is a 1991 British avant-garde film adaptation of William Shakespeare's "The Tempest", written and directed by Peter Greenaway. John Gielgud plays Prospero, the protagonist who provides the off-screen narration and the voices to the other story characters. Stylistically, "Prospero's Books" is narratively and cinematically innovative in its techniques, combining mime, dance, opera, and animation. Edited in Japan, the film makes extensive use of digital image manipulation (using Hi-Vision video inserts and the Paintbox system), often overlaying multiple moving and still pictures with animations. Michael Nyman composed the musical score and Karine Saporta choreographed the dance. The film is also notable for its extensive use of nudity, reminiscent of Renaissance paintings of mythological characters. The nude actors and extras represent a cross-section of male and female humanity.

Prosperos Bücher ist ein Film von Peter Greenaway aus dem Jahre 1991, der auf dem Stoff von Shakespeares „Der Sturm“ basiert. Der Film startete am 24. Oktober 1991 in den deutschen Kinos.


Rules.

Each expansion team was to select twenty-one players from the established clubs, three players from each of the 14 existing teams.: two goaltenders and nineteen skaters. Thus, a total of 42 players were selected.  The existing teams could protect two goalies and fifteen skaters. First-year pros were exempt. The existing teams could lose only a maximum of three players, including a maximum of one goaltender. The Seals, Canadiens, Flyers and Blues could exempt themselves from losing a goaltender because they had each lost a goalie in the 1970 Expansion Draft; however, the Canadiens and Blues chose to expose a goalie.  In the first two rounds, goaltenders were selected; skaters were selected in rounds three through twenty-one. After each of the first, third and subsequent rounds in which any of the established teams lost a player, the team in question moved one unprotected player to their protected list.  The draft order was to be determined by two coin tosses: one for the expansion draft and the other for the amateur draft. The two general managers, Cliff Fletcher for the Flames and Bill Torrey for the Islanders, agreed to have a single coin toss for first overall in the amateur draft. The winner would pick first in the amateur draft and the first choice of skaters in the expansion draft. The loser would have first choice of goaltenders and first choice in the "inter-league" draft (drafting minor-league professionals). The Islanders won the toss to select first in the amateur draft leaving the Flames to pick first in the expansion draft.

Protected lists.

Boston: "goaltenders" - Gerry Cheevers and Eddie Johnston; "skaters" - Don Awrey, Garnet Bailey, Johnny Bucyk, Wayne Cashman, Phil Esposito, Ken Hodge, Don Marcotte, Fred O'Donnell, Ron Plumb, Bobby Orr, Derek Sanderson, Dallas Smith, Fred Stanfield, Carol Vadnais and Mike Walton.  Buffalo: "goaltenders" - Roger Crozier and Dave Dryden; "skaters" - Steve Atkinson, Mike Byers, Butch Deadmarsh, Al Hamilton, Tim Horton, Jim Lorentz, Don Luce, Ray McKay, Gerry Meehan, Gilbert Perreault, Tracy Pratt, Rene Robert, Paul Terbenche, Jim Watson and Randy Wyrozub.  California "goaltenders" - exempt; "skaters" - Ivan Boldirev, Gary Croteau, Stan Gilbertson, Joey Johnston, Pete Laframboise, Reggie Leach, Bert Marshall, Walt McKechnie, Gerry Pinder, Dick Redmond, Bobby Sheehan, Paul Shmyr, Rick Smith, Bob Stewart and Tom Webster.  Chicago: "goaltenders" - Tony Esposito and Gary Smith; "skaters" - Christian Bordeleau, J. P. Bordeleau, Bobby Hull, Dennis Hull, Doug Jarrett, Jerry Korab, Cliff Koroll, Darryl Maggs, Keith Magnuson, Chico Maki, Pit Martin, Stan Mikita, Jim Pappin, Pat Stapleton and Bill White.  Detroit: "goaltenders" - Andy Brown and Al Smith; "skaters" - Red Berenson, Gary Bergman, Arnie Brown, Guy Charron, Bill Collins, Alex Delvecchio, Gary Doak, Tim Ecclestone, Tom Gilmore, Larry Johnston, Al Karlander, Serge Lajeunesse, Nick Libett, Mickey Redmond and Ron Stackhouse.  Los Angeles: "goaltenders" - Gary Edwards and Rogie Vachon; "skaters" - Ralph Backstrom, Doug Barrie, Serge Bernier, Bob Berry, Larry Brown, Mike Corrigan, Paul Curtis, Butch Goring, Jim Johnson, Real Lemieux, Bill Lesuk, Barry Long, Gilles Marotte, Doug Volmar and Juha Widing.  Minnesota: "goaltenders" - Cesare Maniago and Gump Worsley; "skaters" - Fred Barrett, Jude Drouin, Barry Gibbs, Bill Goldsworthy, Danny Grant, Ted Harris, Buster Harvey, Dennis Hextall, Doug Mohns, Lou Nanne, Bob Nevin, Dennis O'Brien, Murray Oliver, J. P. Parise and Tom Reid.  Montreal: "goaltenders" - Ken Dryden and Michel Plasse; "skaters" - Pierre Bouchard, Yvan Cournoyer, Terry Harper, Rejean Houle, Jacques Laperriere, Guy Lapointe, Claude Larose, Jacques Lemaire, Frank Mahovlich, Pete Mahovlich, Henri Richard, Jim Roberts, Serge Savard, Marc Tardif and J. C. Tremblay.  NY Rangers: "goaltenders" - Eddie Giacomin and Gilles Villemure; "skaters" - Ab DeMarco, Jim Dorey, Bill Fairbairn, Rod Gilbert, Vic Hadfield, Ted Irvine, Bruce MacGregor, Jim Neilson, Brad Park, Jean Ratelle, Dale Rolfe, Bobby Rousseau, Rod Seiling, Pete Stemkowski and Walt Tkaczuk.  Philadelphia: "goaltenders" - exempt; "skaters" - Barry Ashbee, Willie Brossart, Bobby Clarke, Bill Clement, Gary Dornhoefer, Rick Foley, Bob Kelly, Ross Lonsberry, Rick MacLeish, Simon Nolet, Jean Potvin, Don Saleski, Dave Schultz, Ed Van Impe and Joe Watson.  Pittsburgh: "goaltenders" - Cam Newton and Jim Rutherford; "skaters" - Syl Apps, Larry Bignell, Dave Burrows, Steve Cardwell, Darryl Edestrand, Nick Harbaruk, Bryan Hextall Jr, Sheldon Kannegiesser, Rick Kessell, Al McDonough, Greg Polis, Jean Pronovost, Duane Rupp, Ron Schock and Bryan Watson.  St. Louis: "goaltenders" - Jacques Caron and Peter McDuffe; "skaters" - Curt Bennett, Andre Dupont, Jack Egers, Chris Evans, Fran Huck, Mike Murphy, Danny O'Shea, Kevin O'Shea, Barclay Plager, Bob Plager, Phil Roberto, Gary Sabourin, Frank St. Marseille, Floyd Thomson and Garry Unger.  Toronto: "goaltenders" - Bernie Parent and Jacques Plante; "skaters" - Bobby Baun, Ron Ellis, Brian Glennie, Jim Harrison, Paul Henderson, Pierre Jarry, Dave Keon, Rick Ley, Jim McKenny, Garry Monahan, Mike Pelyk, Larry Pleau, Darryl Sittler, Errol Thompson and Norm Ullman.  Vancouver: "goaltenders" - George Gardner and Dunc Wilson; "skaters" - Dave Balon, Gregg Boddy, Andre Boudrias, Dave Dunn, Jim Hargreaves, Dennis Kearns, Orland Kurtenbach, Wayne Maki, Gerry O'Flaherty, Rosie Paiement, Poul Popiel, Bobby Schmautz, Dale Tallon, Don Tannahill and Barry Wilkins.

The 1972 NHL Expansion Draft was held on June 6, 1972. The draft took place to fill the rosters of the league's two then-new expansion teams for the 1972–73 season, the New York Islanders and the Atlanta Flames.

Der NHL Expansion Draft 1972 wurde am 6. Juni 1972 von der National Hockey League ausgetragen. Der Draft war notwendig geworden, da die Liga vor der Saison 1972/73 mit den New York Islanders und den Atlanta Flames um zwei Teams aufgestockt wurde.


Medical uses.

Clinically, it is used for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients who have had orthopedic surgery as well as for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.  Fondaparinux is similar to enoxaparin in reducing the risk of ischemic events at nine days, but it substantially reduces major bleeding and improves long-term mortality and morbidity.  It has been investigated for use in conjunction with streptokinase.

Administration.

Fondaparinux is given subcutaneously daily.

Comparison to other agents.

One potential advantage of fondaparinux over LMWH or unfractionated heparin is that the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is substantially lower. Furthermore, there have been case reports of fondaparinux being used to anti-coagulate patients with established HIT as it has no affinity for PF4. However, its renal excretion precludes its use in patients with renal dysfunction.  Unlike direct factor Xa inhibitors, it mediates its effects indirectly through antithrombin III, but unlike heparin, it is selective for factor Xa.

Pharmacology.

Mechanism of action.

Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide factor Xa inhibitor. Fondaparinux binds antithrombin and accelerates its inhibition of factor Xa.  Apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, the identity and sequence of the five monomeric sugar units contained in fondaparinux is identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Within heparin and heparan sulfate this monomeric sequence is thought to form the high-affinity binding site for the anti-coagulant factor antithrombin (AT). Binding of heparin or HS to AT has been shown to increase the anti-coagulant activity of antithrombin 1000 fold. In contrast to heparin, fondaparinux does not inhibit thrombin.

Chemistry.

Abbreviations.

The sequence of monosaccharides is D-GlcNS6S-α-(1,4)-D-GlcA-β-(1,4)-D-GlcNS3,6S-α-(1,4)-L-IdoA2S-α-(1,4)-D-GlcNS6S-OMe, as shown in the following structure:

Fondaparinux (trade name Arixtra) is an anticoagulant medication chemically related to low molecular weight heparins. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline. A generic version developed by Alchemia is marketed within the US by Dr. Reddy's Laboratories.

Fondaparinux ist ein prophylaktisch und therapeutisch eingesetzter Wirkstoff zur Blutgerinnungshemmung und ist der erste Vertreter einer eigenen Substanzklasse, der selektiven Faktor-Xa-Hemmer (siehe Gerinnungsfaktor).