Plot summary.

The story begins with the sexton standing in front of the meeting-house, ringing the bell. He is to stop ringing the bell when the Reverend Mr. Hooper comes into sight. However, the congregation is met with an unusual sight: Mr. Hooper is wearing a black semi-transparent veil that obscures all of his face but his mouth and chin from view. This creates a stir among the townspeople, who begin to speculate about his veil and its significance. As he takes the pulpit, Mr. Hooper's sermon is on secret sin and is "tinged, rather more darkly than usual, with the gentle gloom of Mr. Hooper's temperament". This topic concerns the congregation who fear for their own secret sins as well as their minister's new appearance. After the sermon, a funeral is held for a young lady of the town who has died. Mr. Hooper stays for the funeral and continues to wear his now more appropriate veil. It is said that if the veil were to blow away, he might be "fearful of her glance". Mr. Hooper says a few prayers and the body is carried away. Two of the mourners say that they have had a fancy that "the minister and the maiden's spirit were walking hand in hand". That night another occasion arises, this time a joyous one—a wedding. However, Mr. Hooper arrives in his veil again, bringing the atmosphere of the wedding down to gloom.  By the next day, even the local children are talking of the strange change that seems to have come over their minister. Yet, no one is able to ask Mr. Hooper directly about the veil, except for his fiancée Elizabeth. Elizabeth tries to be cheerful and have him take it off. He will not do so, even when they are alone together, nor will he tell her why he wears the veil. Eventually, she gives up and tells him goodbye, breaking off the engagement.  The one positive benefit of the veil is that Mr. Hooper becomes a more efficient clergyman, gaining many converts who feel that they too are behind the black veil with him. Dying sinners call out for him alone. Mr. Hooper lives his life thus, though he is promoted to "Father", until his death. According to the text, "All through life the black veil had hung between him and the world: it had separated him from cheerful brotherhood and woman's love, and kept him in that saddest of all prisons, his own heart; and still it lay upon his face, as if to deepen the gloom of his dark-some chamber, and shade him from the sunshine of eternity".  Even though Elizabeth broke off their engagement, she never marries and still keeps track of the happenings of Hooper's life from afar. When she finds out that he is deathly ill she comes to his death bed to be by his side. Elizabeth and the Reverend ask him once again to remove the veil, but he refuses. As he dies, those around him tremble. He tells them in anger not to tremble, not merely for him but for themselves, for they all wear black veils. Father Hooper is buried with the black veil on his face.

Analysis.

Like many of Hawthorne's works, the setting of the story is a town in Puritan New England. The scene provides the backdrop for a psychological exploration of the themes of sin, repentance, and morality. Much of the story focuses on the acrimonious reaction of the congregation to the seemingly benign veil. Hawthorne uses their reaction as a critique of the Puritan image of original sin, using the veil as a representation not of "secret sin" but the inherent sinful nature of all people.  Nathaniel Hawthorne writes the story in an allegorical format, using a didactic tone. The main theme proves to be revealed sin and underlying guilt, with Hooper's method of preaching being to wear his sin on his face in a literal way. The townspeople grow uncomfortable with him because they start to become aware of their own sin. Hawthorne keeps the motive of the veil unknown to the reader. But the interpretation of the story generally rests on some moral assessment or explanation of the minister's symbolic self-veiling. Literary critic Edgar Allan Poe proposed that the issue of the minister's self-veiling was a mystery conceived to be solved or inferred by the reader. While Poe proposed this, Hawthorne never lets the reader know the reasoning behind the veil. While the veil is the main symbol in the story, it is also ironic. Hooper, in his stubborn use of the veil parable of one sin, is unconsciously guilty of a greater sin: that of egotistically warping the total meaning of life. In addition to standing for a man's concealment or hypocrisy and for Hooper's own sin of pride with its isolating effects, it stands also for the hidden quality of second sin. Hawthorne's use of ambiguity can be portrayed in many different ways: the manipulation of setting, manipulation of lighting and effects, and the use of an unreliable narrator to weave a shocking story that could or could not be likely. The narrator's credibility tends to be questionable because it is not a direct source. In using a third person narrator, the minister's motives are never solidified which keeps up the suspense.  "Hidden nature of guilt": Hooper arouses in a sermon the notion of secret sin and the sad mysteries in which we hide from our nearest and dearest. Hooper acknowledges the problem of sin, the guilt that is admitted openly, and the guilt of sin that is repressed or hidden from the world. When the Reverend Hooper makes the people aware of the darkness within his being, he introduces disintegration of a barrier between his repugnant, repressed self and his conscious self. This barrier is characterized by the veil, which is transferred into the expression of hidden guilt.  "Communion of sinners": Hooper leads the townspeople in realizing that everyone shares sin no matter how much they try to avoid facing it. All people sin and it is up to them whether they face their sin or ignore it. Hooper tries to teach a lesson. In content, the lesson may be very much like the sermon on "secret sin" Hooper was scheduled to teach, but the townspeople are uncomfortable with the medium. The veil is something they have to see every day, rather than a sermon just once or twice a week.  "Morality": Hawthorne's use of Hooper's veil teaches that whether we face it or not, we all sin and must accept what we have done, because judgment will come for everyone. Hooper decides to represent hidden sin and guilt in a literal way to reach out to his followers.  John H. Timmerman notes that because of Hawthorne's writing style Hooper's insistent use of the black veil, Hooper stands as one of his arch-villains. This is from Hooper's act of separating himself from the rest of humanity and denying his love for Elizabeth in favor of the veil.

Symbols.

The veil can be a symbol of the ways and practices of the Puritans, as well as people today, misleading others of the sins they have committed while completely and truly facing themselves. The veil is used as a daily reminder of people's sins, undeniable truths, guilt, and secrets that they are just unwilling to admit. In his lesson, Hooper uses a parable to influence his congregation, and possibly even further on to Puritan society. However, he pays a high price for this parable: The community's admiration for him turns to confusion and fear, and he is forced to live a lonely, isolated life. Many people in the congregation assume that Hooper is keeping a secret sin from them and in turn and since black veils are a sign of mourning, they thus assume death.  The black veil is a symbol of secret sin and how terrible human nature can be. This could represent the secret sin that all people carry in their hearts, or it could be a representation of Mr. Hooper's specific sin, which some readers think to be adultery. Hooper as Everyman bearing his lonely fate in order to portray a tragic truth; and there is the implicit one of human imbalance, with Hooper's actions out of all proportion to need or benefit. Edgar Allan Poe speculated that Minister Hooper may have committed adultery with the lady who died at the beginning of the story, because this is the first day he begins to wear the veil, "and that a crime of dark dye, (having reference to the young lady) has been committed, is a point which only minds congenial with that of the author will perceive." Minister Hooper also seems to be unable to tell his fiancée why he wears the veil due to a promise he has made, and is not willing to show his face to the lady even in death. Finally, two funeral attendees see a vision of him walking hand in hand with the girl's spirit.  In a different view, the black veil could represent the Puritan obsession with sin and sinfulness. Puritans held beliefs of predestination and that only "God's elect" will be saved when the day of judgement comes, and this weeding out process of finding the saved versus not saved was a large part of Puritan life. The reaction to the minister's veil is one of annoyance and fear, "'I don't like it,' muttered an old woman, as she hobbled into the meetinghouse. 'He has changed himself into something awful, only by hiding his face.'" We are given no clues in the story up to this point as to how or why or when the minister came to have the black veil over his face, it is just there, and as far as we are told the minister is doing nothing different from his normal routine. The one and only difference is a simple veil covering his face and the way his congregation thinks about him now. This is Hawthorne criticizing the overly judgmental nature of the Puritans belief on sin, for them sin was an undeniable mistake, "Hooper need not have committed any specific sin; for the hardened Puritan, his humanity was sinful enough, and he wore it the way the medieval penitent would his hair shirt. Anything less than absolute perfection was absolute corruption" The inclusion of an old woman used to introduce us to the Puritan's rough ways was no mistake, Hawthorne wanted to show the most "hardened" Puritan elder and their reaction to the minister as evidence of how judgmental even the most seasoned Puritan can be.  On the next page following the old woman's quote Hawthorne uses the narrator to point out what the congregation is really feeling on the inside, even though their outward reaction displays something entirely different, "A subtle power was breathed in his words. Each member of the congregation, the most innocent girl, and the most hardened of breast, felt as if the preacher had crept upon them, behind his awful veil, and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought." This "iniquity of deed or thought" seems to hark back to the Spanish inquisition (hence the use of iniquity) and suggests the Puritan congregation is starting to realize their own faults: that being the overly harsh judgement they put on the minister and anyone else for superstitious things such as a black veil. The fear ultimately draws from the congregation's thoughts over being saved or not being saved. They sound loud and proud in being critical of the minister for his veil, but they are clearly weak and not confident inside their own minds about their personal salvation, so the harsh judgement of others could possibly be seen as a way to relieve themselves for a people were never sure about whether they were really going to heaven.

Inspiration.

Hawthorne may have been inspired by a true event. A clergyman named Joseph Moody of York, Maine, nicknamed "Handkerchief Moody", accidentally killed a friend when he was a young man and wore a black veil from the man's funeral until his own death.

Critical response.

Edgar Allan Poe offered a few critiques of Nathaniel Hawthorne's tales. Hawthorne received a mixed review from Poe, who writes that "high imaginations gleam from every page". He notes, however, that versatility is lacking in Hawthorne's tone and character development. Poe claims that Hawthorne is a man of "truest genius" but needs to work on subject areas of his writing. In his review of "Twice-Told Tales", Poe also reveals a disdain for allegory, a tool which Hawthorne uses extensively.

Legacy and adaptations.

Reverend Hooper's sermon in the short story was the launching point of the dramatic work "The Minister's Black Veil" by Socìetas Raffaello Sanzio (2016), directed by Romeo Castellucci, with Willem Dafoe as Reverend Hooper, text by Claudia Castellucci and original music and sound design by Scott Gibbons.

"The Minister's Black Veil" is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the 1832 edition of "The Token and Atlantic Souvenir". It was also included in the 1836 edition of "The Token and Atlantic Souvenir", edited by Samuel Goodrich. It later appeared in "Twice-Told Tales", a collection of short stories by Hawthorne published in 1837.

The Minister's Black Veil: A Parable ist eine Kurzgeschichte des amerikanischen Schriftstellers Nathaniel Hawthorne. Es liegen mehrere Übersetzungen ins Deutsche vor: Der schwarze Schleier (so übersetzt von Friedrich Minckwitz, 1970 und Lore Krüger, 1979) und Des Pfarrers schwarzer Schleier (Hannelore Neves, 1977).


History.

The first installation of an Invertigo roller coaster occurred at Liseberg in 1997. "HangOver" was originally scheduled to open in 1996 as a launched roller coaster, however, the technology at the time prevented this from occurring and forced the opening back by a year. On March 21, 1998, California's Great America opened a ride known simply as "Invertigo". On April 17, 1999, "Face/Off" opened at Kings Island. It was originally themed after the 1997 Paramount Pictures/Touchstone Pictures film of the same name. On May 8, 1999, Two Face: The Flip Side opened at Six Flags America. It was themed after DC Comics' Batman rival, Harvey Dent A.K.A. Two-Face.  In 2002, HangOver at Liseberg closed and was relocated to Allou Fun Park the following year. The ride, however, was never set up there and was relocated to Sommerland Syd where it operated under the name "Tornado" from July 2, 2005.  In 2008, Face/Off at Kings Island was renamed to Invertigo following the park's initiative to remove Paramount themes from the park after being sold to Cedar Fair two years prior.  On January 27, 2011, California's Great America announced that Invertigo would be removed from the park and relocated to a different Cedar Fair park. Invertigo was removed and moved into storage in Allentown, Pennsylvania. During this time, the track received a new teal paint scheme, with the supports remaining in royal blue. On August 30, 2011, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom announced that Invertigo would reopen as "Stinger" for the park's 2012 season. Construction of the main ride was completed in November 2011, and the station and queue closely followed. An incident on May 3, 2014, resulted in a temporary closure when the coaster experienced a rollback that injured two riders – both were transported to the hospital. During the 2017 offseason, it was announced by Dorney Park that Stinger would be removed to make way for future development. The coaster was demolished in April 2018.  In 2011, Sommerland Syd's installation of Tornado closed with the ride currently being relocated to Bagatelle where it operates as "Triops" from June 30, 2012.  On February 13, 2012, Kings Island posted a picture of Invertigo getting a new paint scheme on their Facebook page. The ride was given an aqua-colored track and royal blue supports.  On December 15, 2017, Dorney Park announced on their website that Stinger would be removed. The ride was scrapped prior to the 2018 operating season.

Ride experience.

Invertigo is an inverted version of the Vekoma Boomerang roller coaster where riders sit face-to-face, staring at fellow passengers through the course of the ride. The train completes the circuit twice running in the opposite direction as it returns to the station. This gives riders the opportunity to experience the ride in both directions moving forwards and backwards.  The ride begins when the train is pulled backwards from the station and up a lift hill. It is held for several seconds before releasing riders into a drop sending them through the loading station. The train then enters a Cobra roll element that transitions into a vertical loop. Upon exiting the loop, the train climbs the second lift hill making it most of the way up on its own momentum. Once towed to the top, the train is quickly released sending riders through the ride in reverse before being caught by the first lift hill and returned to the loading station.

Invertigo is a type of shuttle roller coaster manufactured by Dutch company Vekoma. It is a variation on their traditional Boomerang design.

Invertigo ist die Bezeichnung eines Achterbahnmodells vom Typ Shuttle Coaster des Herstellers Vekoma. Die Streckenführung von Invertigo ähnelt der Streckenführung des Achterbahnmodells Boomerang vom selben Hersteller. Die Unterschiede der beiden Modelle liegen darin, dass die Züge nicht auf der Strecke fahren, sondern unter ihr hängen (Inverted Coaster). Mit dem Giant Inverted Boomerang gibt es eine größere Version dieses Modells.


Early life.

Tetsuzan Nagata was born on 14 January 1884 in Suwa, Nagano Prefecture, the third son of Shigeru Nagata, director of the local Takashima Hospital. Nagata's family were wealthy and he descended from a long line of physicians in service of the Suwa Domain. Nagata was childhood friends with Shigeo Iwanami, the founder of Iwanami Shoten, and the two had a lifelong friendship. Nagata attended Suwa Higher Elementary School in Suwa where he was classmates with Sakuhei Fujiwhara, the namesake of the Fujiwhara effect. In 1895, Nagata transferred to an elementary school in Tokyo until 1898 when he began attending the military school of the Imperial Japanese Army in the city.

Military career.

Nagata graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy at the top of the list in October 1904 and from the Army Staff College in November 1911. Nagata served as military attaché to several Japanese embassies in Europe before and during World War I, including Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany. Upon Nagata's return to Japan in February 1923, he was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, where he served as administrator of various departments, and was regarded as an expert on Germany. Nagata was promoted to colonel in March 1927 and received command of the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment. Nagata was promoted to major general in 1932, and became the commander of the IJA 1st Infantry Brigade in 1933. According to the testimony of Lieutenant-General Kajitsuka Ryuji, Chief of the Medical Department of the Kwantung Army, at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials in late 1949, in the 1930s, Nagata was the "most active supporter" of the program of conducting bacteriological or germ (biological) warfare put forth by Shiro Ishii. Ryuji testified that Ishii kept a bust of Nagata in his offices at Unit 731 headquarters in Pingfan District because he was "so grateful" to Nagata for his support. Ryuji identified Nagata as Chief of the Military Affairs Department of the Ministry of War.

Death.

By the mid-1930s, Nagata was considered the leader of the "Tōseiha", the moderate political faction that opposed the radical "Kōdōha" during the "Gunbatsu" period within the Japanese military. Nagata was responsible for planning Japan's national mobilization strategy as Chief of Mobilization Section, Economic Mobilization Bureau, Ministry of War, to put both the military and the civilian economy on a total war footing in times of national emergency. Nagata's ideas and actions earned him the violent animosity of the "Kōdōha", who regarded him as the "chief villain" for collusion with corrupt party politics and the "zaibatsu". In July 1935, Nagata's political manoeuvres led to the forced retirement of Jinzaburō Masaki, the Inspector-General of Military Training and a leading member of "Kōdōha". Masaki's forced retirement angered his friend Lieutenant-Colonel Saburō Aizawa, a particularly radical member of "Kōdōha".  On 12 August 1935, Nagata was assassinated by Aizawa for reputedly putting the Army "in the paws of high finance" and in retalition for Masaki's forced retirement, which became known as the Aizawa Incident. Aizawa entered Nagata's office in Tokyo and cut him down with his sword, making no attempt to resist arrest by military police and reportedly said that he "was in an absolute sphere, so there was neither affirmation nor negation, neither good nor evil". Nagata was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general and the Army Minister Senjūrō Hayashi was forced to resign over the affair. Nagata's assassination increased the political polarization within the Imperial Japanese Army, prompting further retaliation between factions that resulted in the February 26 Incident in February 1936, effectively eradicating the "Kōdōha" and granting the "Tōseiha" total influence within the army. Aizawa was executed by firing squad in July 1936 after a high-profile court martial trial held by the IJA 1st Division.

Nagata was an influential military figure in the Meiji government and the "de facto" leader of the "Tōseiha" faction during the "Gunbatsu" political rivalry within the Imperial Japanese Army. Nagata was assassinated by Saburō Aizawa of the rival "Kōdōha" faction and his death triggered events that led to the February 26 Incident.

Nagata Tetsuzan (; * 14. Januar 1884 in Suwa; † 12. August 1935 in Tokio) war ein General der Kaiserlich Japanischen Armee.


Observance.

Within a six-week cycle, Adae has two celebration days, once on a Sunday ("Akwasidae") and again on a Wednesday ("Awukudae"). The Adae cycle is repeated nine times in a year. In observance of the Akan calendar, the ninth Adae Festival, called the Adae Kese Festival ("big Adae"), coincides with celebration of the New Year. It is therefore celebrated to thank the gods and the ancestors for the new harvest. The festivals within Adae are not interchangeable, having been fixed from ancient times.

Traditions.

The preparations for the Adae are quite elaborate. The day the preparations are made is called "Dapaa",(Normally on Tuesdays and Sundays). On this day, houses and the area surrounding them are all cleaned. In front of the chief’s house, drums are played by the “divine drummer” (after paying due respects to the chief), the whole evening from sunset till late night along with ceremonial songs. The chief takes a meal consisting of yam or plantain. (without salt as it is the belief that spirits do not like it). With his processional party, he then proceeds to the chamber where the ceremonial stool (throne) is kept. The food that is left out after the chief has eaten is brought to the courtyard and sprinkled about for the dead spirits of ancestors to eat it; this is accompanied by the ringing of a bell indicative of the spirits eating the food. The ritual continues with the sacrifice of sheep by the chief's attendants. The blood of these sacrifices are marked on the forehead and chest of the chief. The queen mother then offers a paste of fufu (made of cassava or yam). Then rum is poured over the stool, and what is left is consumed by those present at the chamber. All those present at the site greet the chief, who is ceremonially seated at the open courtyard with the greetings "Adae morn". Other ceremonial features include the court poet reciting poems which extol the deeds of the past chiefs, and drums are continuously beaten to the accompaniment of horns. The celebration runs until late at night. The food and drink offerings to the stool are removed late in the evening, except for the flesh which is allowed to remain there for more time.

Adae Festival (Twi: "resting place") is a celebration in Ashanti. Considered a day of rest, it is the most important ancestral custom of the Ashanti people.

Das Adae-Festival ist das Yams-Fest und als solches die alljährliche Hauptfeierlichkeit bei vielen Akan-Völkern des heutigen Ghana und der heutigen Elfenbeinküste.


Early life, education and career.

Minnick was born in Walla Walla, Washington, and grew up on a wheat farm. In 1964 he received his bachelor's degree from Whitman College, where he was on the debate team, and was then accepted by Harvard Business School. After graduating with an MBA in 1966, he entered Harvard Law School, and graduated with a JD in 1969.  A veteran who served in the Army and Pentagon during the Vietnam War, he is the former leader of a forestry industry and founder of a chain of retail nurseries, SummerWinds Garden Centers. Minnick also served as CEO of TJ International (acquired by Weyerhaeuser in 1999) and has served on the board of directors of several corporations and nonprofit organizations.

Early political career.

Minnick served as a staff assistant to President Richard Nixon on the White House Domestic Council from 1971 to 1972 and as a deputy assistant director for the Office of Management and Budget from 1972 to 1973. He was also involved in the creation of the Drug Enforcement Administration. Minnick resigned from the administration in October 1973 in protest of the Watergate-era "Saturday Night massacre" in which Nixon dismissed United States Attorney General Elliot Richardson, special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and others. Minnick is a businessman and politician who resides in Boise.  Minnick, who long considered himself a political independent, was recruited to run against incumbent Republican Senator Larry Craig in the 1996 Senate election in Idaho by then-Senator Bob Kerrey of Nebraska. Although Minnick originally intended to enter the race as an Independent, he was convinced to run as a Democrat by former Idaho Governor Cecil D. Andrus. Minnick lost the race 283,532 votes (57.02%) to 198,422 (39.91%).

U.S. House of Representatives.

Elections.

2008.

Minnick ran unopposed in the 2008 Democratic primary held in late May. An expected primary challenge by 2006 nominee Larry Grant was averted when Grant withdrew from the race and endorsed Minnick the previous month. Although the 1st is a heavily Republican district, Democrats thought they had a realistic chance of winning the district because the Republican incumbent, Bill Sali, had been a lightning rod for controversy.  In the November 4, 2008 general election, Minnick narrowly defeated Sali, taking 50.6 percent of the vote to Sali's 49.4 percent. While Minnick carried only seven of the district's 18 counties, he prevailed largely by winning Ada County, home to Boise and more than two-thirds of the district's vote, by 4,000 votes. With his victory, Minnick represented the third most Republican district in the nation to be held by a Democrat and he became the first Democrat to represent Idaho at the federal level since Larry LaRocco, who represented the 1st District for two terms until the 1994 elections. At the time, the district had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+18. John McCain easily carried the district with over 60 percent of the vote in 2008.

2010.

Minnick was the only Democrat endorsed by the Tea Party. Minnick was challenged by Republican state Representative Raúl Labrador, Libertarian Mike Washburn and Independent Dave Olson. Labrador defeated him by a 51–41 margin in the November 2 election.

Tenure.

After taking office, Minnick joined the Blue Dog Coalition of House Democrats. He voted with his party 71% of the time.  In January 2009, Minnick joined with 10 other Democrats to oppose the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In June 2009, Congressman Minnick voted with 43 other Democrats against the American Clean Energy and Security Act, and in December 2009, voted with 38 other Democrats against the Affordable Health Care for America Act. Minnick was the lone Democrat to receive a perfect score from the Club for Growth on their RePork Card ratings, for his votes to cut spending in Congress.  Minnick voted against the Stupak–Pitts Amendment which proposed to put restrictions on federal funds "to pay for any abortion or to cover any part of the costs of any health plan that includes coverage of abortion" except in cases of rape, incest or danger to the life of the mother. On March 21, 2010, Minnick voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that President Barack Obama signed into law on March 23, 2010. Minnick said that there is very little cost control in the bill."  Minnick voted for the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act, and against establishing spending caps through fiscal year 2014.

Walter Clifford Minnick (born September 20, 1942) is an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative for, serving from 2009 until 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Walter Clifford „Walt“ Minnick (* 20. September 1942 in Walla Walla, Washington) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Vom 3. Januar 2009 bis 3. Januar 2011 vertrat er den ersten Wahlbezirk des Bundesstaates Idaho im US-Repräsentantenhaus.


Career.

Middleweight  At the 2006 South American Games southpaw Góngora lost the final to Venezuelan Alfonso Blanco. At the 2007 Pan American Games the then 18-year-old from El Coca easily beat Blanco 20:6 in a rematch before losing to eventual winner Emilio Correa from Cuba in the semis 13:21.  At the 2007 World Championships he beat Ivano del Monte but ran into superstar and eventual winner Matvey Korobov and lost when the referee stopped the contest.  At the Copa Independencia 2008 he reached the final but lost to old foe Correa 3:16. At the Olympic qualifier he lost once again to Correa but qualified nevertheless after beating fighters like Shawn Estrada.  At the 2008 Olympics he won his first matches against German Konstantin Buga and Greek Georgios Gazis 12:1 but a surprise quarter final loss to Indian Vijender Singh kept him from winning a medal.

Light Heavyweight.

Góngora moved up to light heavyweight after the 2008 Olympics. He didn't win a medal at the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships. He won his first match against Gianluca Rosciglione 15:1, and his second against Abdelhafid Benchebla 13:10 but lost in the quarter-final to José Larduet 10:6.  In 2010 he beat Yamil Peralta and Roaner Angulo to win the South American Games.  He won another bronze at the 2011 Pan American Games, losing to Julio César la Cruz. He again did not win a medal at the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships. He beat Osman Bravo (contest stopped due to injury) but lost his next match against Yamaguchi Falcão (25:18).  He lost to Marcus Browne at the American Olympic Qualifying Tournament but managed to qualify for the Olympics 2012.  At the 2012 Olympics, Góngora won his first match against Azerbaijani Vatan Huseynli. Góngora then lost his next match, in the round of 16, against Kazakh Adilbek Niyazymbetov. Niyazymbetov would go on to the finals.

Carlos Góngora Mercado (born April 25, 1989 in Esmeraldas, Ecuador) is an amateur boxer from Ecuador best known for winning abronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio in the men's middleweight division.

Carlos Góngora Mercado (* 25. April 1989 in Esmeraldas) ist ein ecuadorianischer Boxer. Góngora war Teilnehmer der Olympischen Spiele 2008 und 2012 und Gewinner der Südamerikaspiele 2010.


Tomb.

According to tradition, the tomb of ben Uzziel is located in Amuka, Galilee near Safed, Israel.  According to Zev Vilnai, Rabbi Shmuel ben Shimshon wrote about the tomb in 1210: "There is a large tree next to it, and the Ishmaelites [Arabs] bring oil and light a candle in his honor and make vows in his honor." An illustration of Yonatan ben Uzziel's tomb appears in "Ancestry of fathers and prophets" (Hebrew: יחוס אבות ונביאים), a book printed in 1537.  It is customary to visit ben Uzziel's tomb on Rosh Chodesh, the first day of the lunar month, and on 26 Sivan (the day on which he died), although visitors arrive all year round. A practice that began in the 17th century was to pray at the gravesite for a good marriage partner, for children, satisfaction from one's children, a good livelihood, health and happiness. Many unmarried men and women pray there for a match. Doing so is considered a "segula" (propitious remedy) for finding one's mate within the coming year.  Zev Vilnai offers two theories for this custom: (a) The practice developed from the Pseudo-Jonathan translation of the Bible on Deuteronomy 24:6, where he writes that anyone who prevents the connection between a husband and wife forfeits his portion in the world-to-come; (b) The practice is based on a mistaken reading of Rashi who writes in reference to a place called Harpania (Aramaic:הרפניא) "Everyone goes there: all ineligible men ("pesulim") who cannot find a woman turn and go there. And it is deeper ("Amuka") and worse than Gehinnom." The words "and it is deeper ("Amuka")" are the headwords to Rashi's next comment, and do not relate to his preceding comment about men going to Harpania to look for women. However, the mistaken reading connects Rashi's words to the community named Amuka.  It is also widely believed that Jonathan ben Uzziel was single or childless, so men in similar situations seek to benefit from his special powers, but nowhere in the writings of Chazal is this stated.

Jonathan ben Uzziel () was one of the 80 "tannaim" who studied under Hillel the Elder during the time of Roman-ruled Judea. He is the author of Targum Jonathan, and a book of kabbalah known as "Sefer Migdanim" has been attributed to him.

Jonatan ben Usiel (auch: "Jonathan ben Usiel") war ein jüdischer Gelehrter des Altertums und gehörte zu den Tannaiten des ersten nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts.


Plot.

Pennsylvania suffers an outbreak of the "Green Flu", a highly contagious pathogen that causes extreme aggression, mutation to the body cells, and loss of higher brain functions (essentially zombifying those who catch the flu). Two weeks after the first infection four immune survivors—William "Bill" Overbeck (voiced by Jim French), a Green Beret and Vietnam veteran; Zoey (voiced by Jen Taylor), a college student; Louis (voiced by Earl Alexander), a district account manager, and Francis (voiced by Vince Valenzuela), an outlaw biker—make their way through the city of Fairfield, only to discover that the infection is creating more dangerous mutations in some of its hosts. After narrowly avoiding these new infected, along with hordes of others (as seen in the introduction video), the survivors are alerted to the presence of an evacuation point at the nearby Mercy Hospital roof by a passing helicopter. Fighting their way through the city's streets, subway and sewers, they are rescued from the hospital's roof by the pilot, only to discover he is infected.  With Zoey forced to kill him, the helicopter crash lands in an industrial district outside the city. Finding an armored delivery truck, the group uses it to make their way to the town of Riverside. However, they find the road blocked, and travel the rest of the way on foot. After encountering a hostile and delirious man (voiced by Nathan Vetterlein) in the local church, they discover that the town is overrun, and decide to head to a nearby boathouse for rescue. Contacting a small

Gameplay.

"Left 4 Dead" is a first-person shooter in which the player takes control of one of four survivors; if human players are not available, then the remaining survivors are AI-controlled bots. They play through the levels fighting off the infected—living humans who have been infected with a rabies-like virus that causes psychosis. The virus does not affect them but they can transmit it to others as carriers.  The game focuses on cooperation and teamwork and thus eschews some "realism" conventions usual in most FPS games of the wider genre. Colored outlines of teammates are visible through walls to help players stick together and coordinate their movement. If a survivor falls off a ledge, then they may automatically hang onto it and can only be helped up by another survivor. If a survivor's health is depleted, then they become incapacitated and can only be revived by another survivor, at which point they continue playing with a low amount of health that decreases over time. If a survivor has been incapacitated and revived twice without tending to their wounds, then they will experience distorted black-and-white vision, and the next incapacitation will kill the character. If a survivor takes enough damage while incapacitated, or is not eventually helped up by teammates, then the incapacitated character will die. During "Campaign" mode, if a survivor is killed, then they will respawn in a closet or other enclosed space after a period of time (except during key points in the scenario), but must be freed by another survivor to rejoin the team. Otherwise, the player must wait until the next level. The AI is incapable of accessing the "respawn closets", so if all human player survivors are killed or incapacitated, players will have to restart from the last checkpoint. Survivors can share first-aid kits and pain pills and help each other heal. "Left 4 Dead" has friendly fire (which causes no damage on the easy difficulty mode), increasing the need for caution around other survivors.  The survivors communicate by voice commands that are accessed by quick menus, and some may sound off automatically when performing actions such as reloading or spotting infected. Over 1,000 unique lines have been recorded for each survivor. Additional communication of player actions is conveyed through character lights. Also, weapon-mounted flashlights and muzzle flashes help the players in determining whether their companions are shooting, performing melee attacks, reloading or moving. Due to control issues and the likelihood of players using a headset, the Xbox 360 version of "Left 4 Dead" omits the quick phrases feature.  The game is experienced through six campaigns that take place in various urban and rural locales. Multiple visual in-game hints—including license plates, park signs, markings on airport equipment, and lines of dialogue spoken by the survivors—suggest that these locations are in Pennsylvania, and similarly a memorial wall giving names of those who have died in the infection (actually names of the game's development team) along with their dates of birth and death suggests that the game takes place in October 2009. Each campaign is divided into five chapters (except Crash Course, which has two chapters, and The Sacrifice, which has three) marked by safe rooms, which are checkpoints where players can heal, re-arm and revive characters who were killed. Specifically, the four campaigns are: "No Mercy", an urban setting culminating in a hospital skyscraper; "Death Toll", a small-town and countryside setting; "Dead Air", an airport setting; and "Blood Harvest", a woodland and farm setting. A two-level campaign, "Crash Course", was released on September 29, and is set in the outskirts of a small industrial town. While The Sacrifice is a three-level campaign released on October 5 in 2010, with an industrial port-side setting in Georgia. The levels have distinct beginnings and ends, but there are a number of alternate routes to follow with more supplies, helping to create a sense of non-linearity. In the final chapter of each campaign, the players must defend a position from an onslaught of infected until rescue arrives. Each campaign typically lasts between 20 and 75 minutes depending on the difficulty level. Both platform versions of the game utilize an achievement system.

Development.

Development on "Left 4 Dead" started in mid-2005. Turtle Rock Studios aimed to create a horror film-inspired game that merges single player games' character-driven narrative structure with multiplayer games' social interaction and high replayability. The game was first revealed in the Christmas 2006 publication of "PC Gamer UK" with a six-page article describing a playthrough at Turtle Rock Studios headquarters. A teaser was released with "The Orange Box". The game was first playable at the Showdown 2007 LAN in San Jose and at QuakeCon 2007. Turtle Rock Studios announced "Left 4 Dead" on November 20, 2006, and was acquired by Valve on January 10, 2008, because of the game and long-standing relationship between the companies. The game opened up to pre-purchasing on Valve's Steam system on October 15, 2008.  To give "Left 4 Dead" significant exposure, Valve financed a $10-million marketing campaign for the game in the United States and Europe, with advertisements appearing on television, print, websites and outdoor placements in many cities. Valve also hosted photo contests called, "Dude, where's my thumb?" offering copies of "Left 4 Dead" to people who submitted the best picture involving zombies or the outdoor advertising.

Development.

"Left 4 Dead" uses the 2008 version of Valve's Source engine, with improvements such as multi-core processor support and physics-based animation to more realistically portray hair and clothing, and to improve physics interaction with enemies when shot or shoved in different body parts. Animation was also improved to allow characters to lean realistically when moving in curved paths. Rendering and artificial intelligence were scaled up to allow for a greater number of enemies who can navigate the world in better ways, such as climbing, jumping, or breaking obstacles. Lighting was enhanced with new

Promotion.

To promote the game and provide basic training to players before starting the game, Valve chose to develop a pre-rendered intro movie. This movie was released on Halloween and shows events prior to the beginning of the "No Mercy" campaign. Valve chose an intro movie over in-game training mechanics because they wanted the players to be immediately dropped into a zombie apocalypse. Valve later detailed in their official "Left 4 Dead" blog how they designed the movie, from an intentionally very basic animation in the beginning of July 2008 to the final result for the launch of the game.  Early access to the "Left 4 Dead" demo for people who pre-ordered the game began on November 6, 2008, for both Windows and Xbox 360. It gave users access to both online and single-player play in two "scenes" in one "movie" within the game. This promotion was being offered in

Release.

"Left 4 Dead" went gold on November 13, 2008, and was released on November 18, 2008, in North America; and on November 21, 2008, in Europe to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the release

After release.

Valve intended to support the PC version of the game through free content updates and the Xbox 360 version with DLC. On a podcast by Kotaku, writer Chet Faliszek divulged that an announcement regarding DLC for the PC and Xbox 360 would be released "very soon", and that the announcement was delayed by the holiday season. On February 5, 2009, Valve released details about the upcoming downloadable content pack. The two full campaigns of "Death Toll" and "Dead Air" for versus mode—which were previously unavailable—are included, as well as the survival game mode, where the survivors try to survive endless waves of the infected for as long as possible. On February 11, 2009, Valve announced that the downloadable content for the game would be free for both the Xbox 360 and PC; and on April 21, it was released. Survival mode shipped with 16 maps, 15 of them being modified portions of existing maps and one being a new lighthouse-themed

Reception.

Critical reception.

"Left 4 Dead" received highly positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, the game received an aggregated score of 89 out of 100 for both Xbox 360 and PC. "IGN" stated, "It's almost pitch perfect in how it captures the tension and the action of a Hollywood zombie movie", and went on to describe it as, "quite possibly the perfect co-op shooter." Giant Bomb commented that the Source engine was beginning to show its age, but praised the game's use of lighting and filmic effects that gives the game world, "a desolate, washed-out feeling", as well as the

Sales.

On October 28, 2008, Valve reported that preorders for "Left 4 Dead" had beaten those of "The Orange Box" by 95 percent after the Steam pre-order was launched. On November 21, 2008, the day of the game's release in Europe, Valve issued a press release stating that "Left 4 Dead" had exceeded the pre-order numbers of "The Orange Box" by over 160 percent. The Xbox 360 version of "Left 4 Dead" was the seventh best-selling game of December 2008 in

Awards.

"Left 4 Dead" received recognition as one of the best multiplayer and PC games of 2008 from various organizations and gaming publications. The game was named the Best Multiplayer Game of 2008 by IGN, GameSpy, Spike TV, NoFrag and BAFTA; and as the "Computer

Left 4 Dead is a 2008 multiplayer survival horror game developed by Valve South and published by Valve. The game uses Valve's proprietary Source engine, and is available for Windows, Xbox 360 and OS X. Development on the game was completed on November 13, 2008, and two versions were released digitally: A downloadable digital version, released on November 17, 2008, and a digital retail disc version, with a release date determined by region. The digital retail disc version was released in North America and Australia on November 18, 2008; and in Europe on November 21, 2008.

Left 4 Dead (deutsch in dem Kontext: „Für den Tod übrig gelassen/zurückgelassen“) ist ein überwiegend kooperativ gespielter Ego-Shooter von Valve. Er wurde am 21. November 2008 weltweit veröffentlicht. Zuvor war das Spiel bereits am 18. November 2008 über die Spieleplattform Steam veröffentlicht worden. Obwohl geschnitten, ist im deutschen Handel nur eine Version ab 18 Jahren erhältlich. Valve hat bereits vor der Veröffentlichung angekündigt, das Spiel mit Hilfe von Updates zu erweitern.


History.

The 53-K was essentially an improved version 19-K anti-tank gun mounted on a 37 mm 1-K anti-tank gun chassis (itself a licensed copy of the 3.7 cm Pak 36) using modern ammunition. Other improvements comprised semi-automatic breech, sight, firing button, suspension, reliable shield mount, and movable part re-balancing. The sum of evolutionary improvements resulted in a significantly different design to justify the new factory code (53-K).  The then-experimental gun then went to the NIAP after factory testings were completed. It fired a total of 897 shells and traveled a total of 684 km for the entire testing duration from August to September 1937. Despite passing firing tests, suspension springs of the gun broke during travel tests.  A further experimental series of 6 pieces were built in November 1937, which bore a number of improvements from the original design. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and the 6th guns were sent to military testing, while the 5th gun was retained for the plant's own use. The guns underwent factory testing from December 1937 to January 1938.  The 3rd gun (barrel number 0734) was sent with a Ya-3 limber was sent to the NIAP, arriving on 28 January, having already fired 605 shots during factory tests. NIAP staff then took the gun apart before improperly re-assembling the gun, which caused some parts to be damaged.  The gun fired 1217 shells (798 of them armor-piercing and 419 high explosive shells). Both the original design and the improved, 7 November 1936-finalized M1937 design had identical rates of fire when fired manually without gunnery correction, while the M1937 design fired faster than the M1932 when mechanically fired via a pushbutton, at 13% for AP and 6% for HE shells. Throughout the test the gun had 16 misfires, 13 of them when firing AP and 3 when firing HE, partly associated with shell casing quality. The recoil mechanism screw broke after the 281st shot, but the automation mechanism was generally viewed as satisfactory.  The M1937 then traveled a total of 2074 km during travel tests at a travel speed of 30-35 km/h on cobblestone roads, 50-60 km/h on paved roads, and 15-30 km/h off-road without a limber.  Three 53-K guns (Nos. 1, 2 and 4) were sent to military testing in early 1938 with Ya-3 limbers. Six T-20 Komsomolets artillery tractors also participated in the tests. The guns fired on average 450 shells without failures, and traveled from Moscow via Kharkov to Krasnodar. The gun was cleared for production after minor defects were fixed, and was accepted into service as the 45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 on 24 April 1938. Production ceased at the Kalinin plant on 6 June 1938, but Plant 235 continued production all the way until 1944.  In addition to serving in the Red Army, 53-K guns were also supplied to Republican Spain and were used by the International Brigades in the British Anti-tank Battery of the XV Brigade, who served from the Battle of Brunete onwards. Richard Baxell notes that the gun in Spain "was effective against even heavy tanks at distances of up to three kilometers." The guns also saw service in first stage of the German-Soviet War, but their anti-armor capabilities allowed them to fight successfully only with German light tanks and armored personnel carriers. Early models of the Panzer III and Panzer IV could also be knocked out at close range, but this put Soviet artillerymen in greater danger. Due to these circumstances, model 1937 guns were replaced with an all-new design, the more powerful model 1942. The mass production of outdated model 1937 guns was stopped in 1943. The total number of guns produced was 37,354. The German designation for captured M1937 guns was the 4.5 cm Pak 184/1(r).  Two such guns were employed as an anti-tank platoon, organic to each rifle battalion. Additionally twelve guns were in anti-tank battalions of each rifle division. It was also used by separate anti-tank regiments (4-5 batteries of 4 guns each).

Ammunition.

Ammunition types:

The 45 mm anti-tank gun model 1937 (factory designation 53-K, GRAU index 52-P-243-PP-1), nicknamed the Sorokapyatka (from Russian сорокапятка, or "little forty-five"), was a light quick-firing anti-tank gun used in the first stage of the German-Soviet War. It was created by Soviet artillery designer M.N. Loginov of Plant No. 8 (now Kalinin Machine-Building Plant) after the arrest and execution of former designer. Due to insufficient armor penetration it was replaced in service by the longer-barreled M-42 in 1942. Production of the gun ceased in 1943, with a total of 37,354 units built from 1937 to 1943.

Die 45-mm-Panzerabwehrkanone M1937 (53-K) () war ein sowjetisches leichtes Bataillons- und Panzerabwehrgeschütz mit einem Kaliber von 45 mm, das während des Zweiten Weltkriegs verwendet wurde.


Definition.

Any two closed curves in space, if allowed to pass through themselves but not each other, can be moved into exactly one of the following standard positions. This determines the linking number:  </math>  The path integral for arbitrary formula_1 is now easily done by substituting this into the Chern–Simons action to get an effective action for the formula_1 field. To get the path integral for the Wilson loops, we substitute for a source describing two particles moving in closed loops, i.e. formula_3, with  Since the effective action is quadratic in formula_1, it is clear that there will be terms describing the self-interaction of the particles, and these are uninteresting since they would be there even in the presence of just one loop. Therefore, we normalize the path integral by a factor precisely cancelling these terms. Going through the algebra, we obtain  where  which is simply Gauss' linking integral. This is the simplest example of a topological quantum field theory, where the path integral computes topological invariants. This also served as a hint that the nonabelian variant of Chern–Simons theory computes other knot invariants, and it was shown explicitly by Edward Witten that the nonabelian theory gives the invariant known as the Jones polynomial.  The Chern-Simons gauge theory lives in 3 spacetime dimensions. More generally, there exists higher dimensional topological quantum field theories. There exists more complicated multi-loop/string-braiding statistics of 4-dimensional gauge theories captured by the link invariants of exotic topological quantum field theories in 4 spacetime dimensions.

In mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other. The linking number is always an integer, but may be positive or negative depending on the orientation of the two curves. (This is not true for curves in most 3-manifolds, where linking numbers can also be fractions or just not exist at all.)

In der Mathematik ist die Verschlingungszahl eine Invariante, die die Verschlingung zweier sich nicht durchdringender, geschlossener Kurven im dreidimensionalen Raum beschreibt. Die Verschlingungszahl ist immer eine ganze Zahl und kann je nach Orientierung (Durchlaufrichtung) der Kurven positiv oder negativ sein. Rein intuitiv stellt die Verschlingungszahl die Anzahl der Windungen der Kurven umeinander dar.


Recording.

"Gish" was recorded from December 1990 to March 1991 in Butch Vig's Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin with a budget of $20,000. Vig and Billy Corgan worked together as co-producers, and Vig was still a relatively unknown producer. The longer recording period and larger budget were unprecedented for Vig, who later remembered, (Corgan) wanted to make everything sound amazing and see how far he could take it; really spend time on the production and the performances. For me that was a godsend because I was used to doing records for all the indie labels and we only had budgets for three or four days. Having that luxury to spend hours on a guitar tone or tuning the drums or working on harmonies and textural things... I was over the moon to think I had found a comrade-in-arms who wanted to push me, and who really wanted me to push him.  The inclusion of a massive production style reminiscent of ELO and Queen was unusual for an independent band at the time. Whereas many albums at the time used drum sampling and processing, "Gish" used unprocessed drum recordings, and an exacting, unique guitar sound. Billy Corgan also performed nearly all of the guitar and bass parts on the record, which was confirmed by Vig in a later interview.  The album's sessions, lasting 30 working days, were brisk by Pumpkins' standards, largely because of the group's inexperience. The recording sessions put an intense strain on the band, with bassist D'arcy Wretzky later commenting that she did not know how the band survived it, and Corgan explaining he suffered a nervous breakdown.  Regarding the album's thematic content, Corgan would later say, The album is about pain and spiritual ascension. People ask if it's a political album. It's not a political album, it's a personal album. In a weird kind of way, "Gish" is almost like an instrumental album—it just happens to have singing on it, but the music overpowers the band in a lot of places. I was trying to say a lot of things I couldn't really say in kind of intangible, unspeakable ways, so I was capable of doing that with the music, but I don't think I was capable of doing it with words.

Songs.

"I Am One", "Rhinoceros", "Daydream", and "Bury Me" were previously recorded as demos by the band in 1989. All four songs were re-recorded for "Gish".  The following songs were written and recorded for "Gish" but did not make the final cut:

Title.

The album was named after silent film icon Lillian Gish. In an interview, Corgan said, "My grandmother used to tell me that one of the biggest things that ever happened was when Lillian Gish rode through town on a train, my grandmother lived in the middle of nowhere, so that was a big deal..." Later, Corgan joked that the album was originally going to be called "Fish", but was changed to "Gish" to avoid comparisons to jam band Phish.

Critical reception.

"Gish" was met with largely enthusiastic reviews. On the month of its release, Chris Heim of the "Chicago Tribune" credited producer Butch Vig for helping the band achieve a "clearly defined" and "big, bold, punchy" sound for the album. Heim also indicated that the varied styles of the album would be a good addition to the alternative music culture of Chicago at the time—a culture that was sometimes perceived as inaccessible for new bands. Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" picked up on the eclectic mix of musical style on "Gish" as well, complementing its "pummeling hard rock", "gentle interludes", and "psychedelic crescendos". In an end-of-year recap of 1991 releases, Heim noted that the album constituted a "smashing local success story" for the Chicago area. Greg Kot, also of the "Tribune", called "Gish" "perhaps the most audacious and accomplished" of all 1991 albums released by local bands; in an article later that year, Kot listed the album among the best of 1991. "Rolling Stone" called it "awe-inspiring" with "meticulously calculated chaos" and a "swirling energy".  Many substantive reviews of "Gish" emerged only with the 1993 release of "Siamese Dream", when mainstream critics took their first look into the back-catalog of a band whose popularity was exploding. Derek Weiler of the "Toronto Star" noted that songs on "Gish" contained "either galloping riffs or trippy feedback hazes" and that the latter were especially effective and entertaining.  In 1992, "Gish" and the Smashing Pumpkins earned recognition at the Chicago Musician Awards, for which local music publication "Illinois Entertainer" polled readers and Chicago music industry figures such as critics, writers, and club owners. In separate polls, readers and industry figures chose "Gish" as the "best local album". Jimmy Chamberlin and James Iha won individual honors for their performances on the album, and the band as a whole earned the "best hometown national act" award.

Commercial performance.

"Gish" spent one week on the "Billboard" 200, peaking at number 195 (later re-peaking at number 146 upon its 2011 re-release); however, the album reached number one on the "College Music Journal" chart, which tracks airplay and popularity on college radio stations. It also had a six-week run on the New Zealand Albums Chart, peaking at number 40. Despite an inauspicious start, the album sold 100,000 copies in less than a year, far exceeding the expectations of indie label Caroline Records, a subsidiary of Virgin Records. The album was certified gold on March 14, 1994. Until the release of the Offspring album "Smash" in 1994, "Gish" was the highest-selling independently released album of all time. "Gish" would later be reissued under the Virgin label, and was certified platinum on February 5, 1999.

Release history.

The first mastering of "Gish" on CD was from Digital Audio Tape and appeared on Caroline Records, a subsidiary of Virgin Records. In 1994, after the success of follow-up "Siamese Dream", the album was given a slight remaster and redesign and was reissued on the Virgin label. Both editions credit Howie Weinberg as mastering engineer. In 2008, the Smashing Pumpkins announced a 17th anniversary box set re-release of the album that would include older bonus material, but this set experienced delays. After finally negotiating the rights, "Gish" was re-issued in November 2011, being remastered on CD and Vinyl with extra tracks and packaging.

Personnel.

Those involved in the making of "Gish" are:

Gish is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins, released in May 1991 through Caroline Records. Frontman Billy Corgan has variously described "Gish" as a "very spiritual album" and "an album about spiritual ascension".

Gish ist ein Album der Smashing Pumpkins. Es wurde von Dezember 1990 bis März 1991 in Butch Vigs "Smart Studios" in Madison, Wisconsin aufgenommen. Während der Aufnahmen entstanden starke Spannungen innerhalb der Band. Viele halten die Smashing Pumpkins besonders aufgrund ihrer Alben aus ihrer Frühzeit für eine Grunge-Band, doch durch den psychedelischen Sound, der auf Gish besonders prominent ist, lässt sich die Band eher zum Alternative-Rock bzw. Progressive Rock-Genre zählen. "I Am One", "Rhinoceros", "Daydream" und "Bury Me" gab es bereits im Jahre 1989 als Demoversionen. Sie wurden für Gish noch einmal neu aufgenommen.


Description.

The black heron is a medium-sized (42.5–66 cm in height), black-plumaged heron with black bill, lores, legs and yellow feet. In breeding plumage it grows long plumes on the crown and nape.

Distribution and Habitat.

The black heron occurs patchily through Sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal and Sudan to South Africa, but is found mainly on the eastern half of the continent and in Madagascar. It has also been observed in Greece. and Italy.  It prefers shallow open waters, such as the edges of freshwater lakes and ponds. It may also be found in marshes, river edges, rice fields, and seasonally flooded grasslands. In coastal areas, it may be found feeding along tidal rivers and creeks, in alkaline lakes, and tidal flats.

Habits.

The black heron uses a hunting method called canopy feeding—it uses its wings like an umbrella, creating shade that attracts fish. This technique was well documented on episode 5 of the BBC's "The Life of Birds". Some have been observed feeding in solitary, while others feed in groups of up to 50 individuals, 200 being the highest number reported. The black heron feeds by day but especially prefers the time around sunset. It roosts communally at night, and coastal flocks roost at high tide. The primary food of the black heron is small fish, but it will also eat aquatic insects, crustaceans and amphibians.  The nest of the black heron is constructed of twigs placed over water in trees, bushes, and reed beds, forming a solid structure. The heron nests at the beginning of the rainy season, in single or mixed-species colonies that may number in the hundreds. The eggs are dark blue and the clutch is two to four eggs.

The black heron ("Egretta ardesiaca") also known as the black egret, is an African heron. It is well known for its habit of using its wings to form a canopy when fishing.

Der Glockenreiher ("Egretta ardesiaca") ist eine Art aus der Familie der Reiher. Er kommt ausschließlich in Afrika vor. Während der Nahrungssuche breitet er die Schwingen schirmartig aus (Flügelmanteln), was zu dem deutschen Namen Glockenreiher geführt hat.


Club career.

Early career.

Born in Coatbridge, North Lanarkshire to a Nigerian father and a Scottish mother, Iwelumo started his career with Scottish Football League club St Mirren as a junior in their youth system before signing a professional contract on 5 August 1996.  Iwelumo had only made nineteen appearances for St Mirren, scoring twice against Berwick in the Scottish League Cup and Dundee in the Scottish Cup, before his performances were being noticed and in early 1998, Aarhus Fremad of Denmark signed him up. Aarhus released him two years later in February 2000 and he had trials at Preston North End and Celtic – the team he supports – before signing a four-year deal with Stoke City.

Stoke City.

After two years in Denmark, Iwelumo returned to the UK to join third tier Stoke City. He played as a substitute as Stoke won the 2000 Football League Trophy Final. Later that year he was sent out on loan to York City where he made eleven appearances before returning to Stoke. He remained there before being loaned out again to Cheltenham Town in February 2001. He played four times for Cheltenham Town, scoring once against Mansfield before being recalled back from his loan by Stoke City where he managed to build on his appearances without actually gaining a regular place in the first team, his most notable contribution possibly being the equaliser in the Potteries derby on 21 October 2001. He signed a two-year contract extension with Stoke in March 2002.  Barnsley revealed an interest in signing Iwelumo in January 2004. He was subject of a loan move once more when he moved to Brighton & Hove Albion in March 2004. He helped the "Seagulls" to the 2004 Second Division play-off final in Cardiff, winning the penalty that gave Albion promotion. When he returned to Stoke at the end of the season he was released, after four years at the club.

Alemannia Aachen.

2. Fußball-Bundesliga side Alemannia Aachen signed Iwelumo on a free transfer in July 2004, after rejecting the offer of a two-year contract from Brighton. However his stay at Aachen was short-lived, and he was released after just six months and nine substitute appearances.

Colchester United.

Iwelumo had his most successful period of his career at Colchester United, he signed for Colchester United in July 2005. On 28 November 2006, the many highlights included, the four goals he scored as Colchester beat Hull City 5–1 in a Championship league match. Iwelumo formed a formidable partnership with Jamie Cureton that season, with the U's eventually finishing 10th in The Championship. Whilst at Colchester, he helped them achieve promotion to the Championship in 2006 and finish in a club record 10th position the following season. Iwelumo rejected a new contract offer from Colchester on 21 May 2007,

Charlton Athletic.

On the same day signed for Charlton Athletic on a free transfer. In the 2007–08 season he featured in every league game and was the Addicks' top goalscorer; he was also named the Championship's player of the month for November 2007 after scoring last minute winning goals in two consecutive games.

Wolverhampton Wanderers.

It was confirmed that Iwelumo could leave Charlton as part of cost-cutting measures and he eventually signed for fellow Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers in July 2008 on a two-year deal. Iwelumo scored a hat-trick for Wolves against Preston North End in a 3–1 win, taking his goal tally to eight for the season, where he was also sent off for an apparent head-butt on defender Sean St Ledger. Wolves made an appeal against this, which was turned down, despite St Ledger stating that the clash of heads was accidental and Iwelumo served a three-match ban.  His early season form in front of goal earned him November's "Championship Player of the Month Award". However, after this run of form he entered a goalless drought of 16 games before netting against his former club Charlton.  His season was ended prematurely after a high tackle from Lee Carsley in the game against promotion rivals Birmingham City left him with medial ligament damage. In his absence the team secured promotion to the Premier League as champions.  He regained fitness over the summer break but suffered more injury woe as he broke his metatarsal in Wolves' opening pre-season game against Australian club Perth Glory. He eventually returned to first team contention and made his Premier League debut in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa in October 2009, though again suffered an injury setback which put him on the sidelines for a further month.  When fit, his Premier League appearance were limited to fleeting substitute roles and he instead moved on a month's loan to Championship side Bristol City in February 2010 to gain more playing time. He scored the first of two goals for Bristol City in a 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion on 21 February 2010. He returned to Wolves to battle for his place, making a handful of further substitute appearances as the club confirmed their Premier League survival, but failing to score, meaning he had scored just once for Wolves in 18 months.

Burnley.

He signed for Championship side Burnley on 1 June 2010 on a two-year deal for an undisclosed fee. Iwelumo scored his first goal for Burnley on his debut on 7 August 2010, scoring the winner against Nottingham Forest in a 1–0 victory for Burnley. On 11 September 2010 Iwelumo scored a stunning hattrick against Preston North End in a 4–3 win for Burnley at home, with two fine headers and a volley. After a disappointing second half to the season, Iwelumo was subject to transfer speculation, with a failed move to Preston North End.

Watford.

Iwelumo signed for Championship rivals Watford on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 19 July 2011. Iwelumo made his debut for Watford against former club Burnley on the opening day of the season. The game finished 2–2. Iwelumo scored his first goal for Watford against Hull City in October and had to wait another five months before scoring again in which he bagged a brace against Leeds United on 31 March 2012.  Following an injury to John Eustace at the start of the 2012–13 season and the departure of Martin Taylor, Iwelumo captained Watford for the first time against Derby County on 1 September 2012.  Iwelumo joined Notts County on loan on 23 November. He returned to Watford after failing to score for the "Magpies" in five matches. On 31 January 2013, Iwelumo joined Oldham Athletic on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season.

Later career.

On 3 June 2013 Iwelumo joined League Two side Scunthorpe United on a one-year deal. He spent six months at Scunthorpe before joining St Johnstone on 23 January 2014. Iwelumo was an unused substitute as St Johnstone won the 2014 Scottish Cup Final. He joined Conference Premier side Chester on 30 June 2014, but announced his retirement from football on 28 October 2014. The next day Iwelumo began working in the media department at his former club Stoke City. Iwelumo is currently studying for a Sports Journalism degree at Staffordshire University in Stoke-on-Trent and has appeared on Sky Sports News, TalkSport and Football League Tonight on Channel 5. In July 2015 Iwelumo was appointed head coach of the under-18 team at former club Wolverhampton Wanderers. However, he quit the position less than a week later.

International career.

Iwelumo was called up for the Scotland squad to tour South Korea in 2002 but had to withdraw as his club Stoke City were involved in the Football League Championship play-offs. In November 2007, he was named in the Scotland B team for a friendly against Republic of Ireland B, which he featured in as Scotland drew 1–1.  He was called up to the full Scotland squad for a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Norway at Hampden Park on 11 October 2008. He came on as a 57th-minute substitute in that game to make his debut, but his performance was overshadowed by an open goal miss from three yards, in a match that finished 0–0. For days after, Iwelumo constantly watched video replays of the incident but was determined not to be remembered for the miss, stated "I'm a proud Scot, I love my country and it's my dream to do well for them." He was recalled for his first international start in a friendly against Argentina on 19 November 2008.

Personal life.

Iwelumo graduated from Staffordshire University in 2016 with a first-class bachelor's degree in Professional Sports Writing and Broadcasting.

Honours.

Individual

Christopher Robert Iwelumo (; born 1 August 1978) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played as a striker. Iwelumo started his career with St Mirren before moving to Danish club Aarhus Fremad for two years. A move to Stoke City in 2000 saw him sent out on loan to several teams before a short-lived spell with 2. Fußball-Bundesliga side Alemannia Aachen. After moving to the Football League Championship with Colchester United and then Charlton Athletic, he signed for Wolves in 2008 as they won promotion to the Premier League, winning Player of the Month in November 2008.

Christopher Robert „Chris“ Iwelumo (* 1. August 1978 in Coatbridge) ist ein schottischer Fußballspieler. Der sehr physisch orientiert spielende Mittelstürmer, der durch seinen Vater nigerianische Wurzeln besitzt, steht beim englischen FC Watford unter Vertrag. Die „Horns“ sind bereits seine dreizehnte Profistation seiner Karriere, während der er auch in Dänemark und Deutschland aktiv war.


Alta California mission planning, structure and culture.

Coastal mission chain, planning and overview.

Prior to 1754, grants of mission lands were made directly by the Spanish Crown. But, given the remote locations and the inherent difficulties in communicating with the territorial governments, power was transferred to the viceroys of New Spain to grant lands and establish missions in North America. Plans for the Alta California missions were laid out under the reign of King Charles III, and came at least in part as a response to recent

Shelved plans for additional mission chains.

Work on the coastal mission chain was concluded in 1823, completed after Serra's death in 1784. Plans to build a twenty-second mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 were canceled.  The Rev. Pedro Estévan Tápis proposed establishing a mission on one of the Channel Islands in the Pacific Ocean off San Pedro Harbor in 1784, with either Santa Catalina or Santa Cruz (known as "Limú" to the Tongva residents) being the most likely locations, the reasoning being that an offshore mission might have attracted potential people to convert

Mission sites, selection and layout.

In addition to the "presidio" (royal fort) and "pueblo" (town), the "misión" was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish sovereign to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories. "Asistencias" ("satellite" or "sub" missions, sometimes referred to as "contributing chapels") were small-scale missions that regularly conducted Mass on days of obligation but lacked a resident priest; as with the missions, these settlements were typically established in areas with high concentrations of potential native converts. The Spanish Californians had never strayed from the coast

Franciscans and native conscription.

The Alta California missions, known as reductions ("reducciones") or congregations ("congregaciones"), were settlements founded by the Spanish colonizers of the New World with the purpose of totally assimilating indigenous populations into European culture and the Catholic religion. It was a doctrine established in 1531, which based the Spanish state's right over the land and persons of the Indies on the Papal charge to evangelize them. It was employed wherever the indigenous populations were not already concentrated in native "pueblos". Indians were congregated around the mission proper through forced resettlement, in which the Spanish "reduced" them from what they perceived to be a free "undisciplined'" state with the ambition of converting them into "civilized" members of colonial society. The civilized and disciplined culture of the natives, developed over 8,000 years, was not considered. A total of 146 Friars Minor, mostly Spaniards by birth, were ordained as priests and served in California between 1769 and 1845. Sixty-seven missionaries died at their posts (two as "martyrs": "Padres" Luis Jayme and Andrés Quintana), while the remainder returned to Europe due to illness, or upon completing their ten-year service commitment. As the rules of the Franciscan Order forbade friars to live alone, two missionaries were assigned to each settlement, sequestered in the mission's "convento". To these the governor assigned a

Mission industries.

The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Barley, maize, and wheat were among the most common crops grown. Cereal grains were dried and ground by stone into flour. Even today, California is well known for the abundance and many varieties of fruit trees that are cultivated throughout the state. The only fruits indigenous to the region, however, consisted of wild berries or grew on small bushes. Spanish missionaries brought fruit seeds over from Europe, many of which had been introduced from Asia following earlier expeditions to the continent; orange, grape, apple, peach, pear, and fig seeds were among the most prolific of the imports. Grapes were also grown and fermented into wine for sacramental use and again, for trading. The specific variety, called the "Criolla" or "Mission grape", was first planted at Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1779; in 1783, the first wine produced in Alta California emerged from

History.

Beginning in 1492 with the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert indigenous people in "Nueva España" ("New Spain"), which consisted of the Caribbean, Mexico, and most of what is now the Southwestern United States) to Roman Catholicism. This would facilitate colonization of these lands awarded to Spain by the Catholic Church, including that region later known as "Alta California".

Early Spanish exploration.

Only 48 years after Columbus discovered the Americas for Europe, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado set out from Compostela, New Spain on February 23, 1540, at the head of a large expedition. Accompanied by 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to

Secret English claims.

Unknown to Spain, Sir Francis Drake, an English privateer who pillaged Spanish ships and settlements, claimed the Alta California region for England in 1579, a full generation before the first English landing in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. During

Russian exploration.

However, it wasn't until 1741 that the Spanish monarchy of King Philip V was stimulated to consider how to protect his

Spanish expansion.

California represents the "high-water mark" of Spanish expansion in North America as the last and northernmost colony on the continent. The mission system arose in part from the need to control Spain's ever-expanding holdings in the New World. Realizing that the colonies required a literate population base that the mother country could not supply, the Spanish government (with the cooperation of the Church) established a network of missions to convert the indigenous population to Christianity. They aimed to make converts and tax-paying citizens of those they conquered. To make them into Spanish citizens and productive inhabitants, the Spanish government and the Church required the indigenous people to learn Spanish language and vocational skills along with Christian teachings.  Estimates for the pre-contact indigenous population in California are

Mission period (1769–1833).

On July 14, 1769 Gálvez sent the Portolá expedition out from Loreto to explore lands to the north. Leader Gaspar de Portolá was accompanied by a group of Franciscans led by Junípero Serra. Serra's plan was to extend the string of missions north from the Baja California peninsula, connected by an established road and spaced a day's travel apart. The first Alta California mission and presidio were founded at San Diego, the second at Monterey.  En route to Monterey, the Rev. Francisco Gómez and the Rev. Juan Crespí came across a Native settlement wherein two young girls were dying: one, a baby, said to be "dying at its mother's breast," the other a small girl suffering of burns. On July 22, Gómez baptized the baby, naming her "Maria Magdalena",

Secularization.

As the Mexican republic matured, calls for the secularization ("disestablishment") of the missions increased.  José María de Echeandía, the first native Mexican elected Governor of Alta California issued a "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or ""Prevenciónes de Emancipacion"") on July 25, 1826. All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens. Those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment. By 1830 even the neophyte populations themselves appeared confident in their own abilities to operate the mission ranches and farms independently; the "padres", however, doubted the capabilities of their charges in this regard.  Accelerating immigration, both Mexican and foreign, increased pressure on the Alta California government to seize the mission properties and dispossess the natives in accordance with Echeandía's directive. Despite the fact that Echeandía's emancipation plan was met with little encouragement from the novices who populated the southern missions, he was nonetheless determined to test the

Rancho period (1834–1849).

In spite of this neglect, the Indian towns at San Juan Capistrano, San Dieguito, and Las Flores did continue on for some time under a provision in "Gobernador" Echeandía's 1826 Proclamation that allowed for the partial conversion of missions to "pueblos". According to one estimate, the native population in and around the missions proper was approximately 80,000 at the time of the confiscation; others claim that the statewide population had dwindled to approximately 100,000 by the early 1840s, due in no small part to the natives' exposure to European diseases, and from the Franciscan practice of cloistering women in the "convento" and controlling sexuality during the child-bearing age. (Baja California Territory experienced a similar reduction in native population resulting from Spanish colonization efforts there).  Pío de Jesús Pico, the last Mexican

California statehood (1850 and beyond).

Precise figures relating to the population decline of California indigenes are not available. One writer, Gregory Orfalea, estimates that pre-contact population was reduced by 33 percent during Spanish and Mexican rule, mostly through introduction of European diseases, but much more after the United States takeover in 1848. By 1870, the loss of indigenous lives had become catastrophic. Up to 80 percent died, leaving a population of about 30,000 in 1870. Orfalea claims that nearly half of the native deaths after 1848 were murder.  In 1837–38, a major smallpox epidemic devastated native tribes north of San Francisco Bay, in the jurisdiction of Mission San Francisco Solano. General Mariano Vallejo estimated that 70,000 died from the disease. Vallejo's ally, chief Sem-Yeto, was one of the few natives to be vaccinated, and one of the few to survive.  When the mission properties were secularized between 1834 and 1838, the approximately 15,000 resident "neophytes" lost whatever protection the mission system afforded them. While under the secularization laws the natives were to receive up to one-half

Legacy and Native American controversy.

There is controversy over the California Department of Education's treatment of the missions in the Department's elementary curriculum; in the tradition of historical revisionism, it has been alleged that the curriculum "waters down" the harsh treatment of Native Americans. Modern anthropologists cite a cultural bias on the part of the missionaries that blinded them to the natives' plight and caused them to develop strong negative opinions of the California Indians. European diseases like influenza, measles, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and dysentery caused a significant population reduction from the first encounter through the 19th century as California Native Americans had no immunity to these diseases.  The impact that the

Mission administration, locations and military districts.

System Father-Presidentes.

The "Father-Presidente" was the head of the Catholic missions in Alta and Baja California. He was appointed by the College of San Fernando de Mexico until

Mission headquarters.

<nowiki>†</nowiki> The Rev. Payeras and the Rev. Durán remained at their resident missions during their

Mission locations.

There were 21 missions accompanied by military outposts in Alta California from San Diego to Sonoma, California. To facilitate travel between them on horse and foot, the mission settlements were situated approximately 30 miles (48 kilometers) apart, about one day's journey on horseback, or three

Military districts.

During the Mission Period Alta California was divided into four military districts. Each was garrisoned ("comandancias") by a presidio strategically placed along the California coast to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements in Upper California. Each of these functioned as a base of military operations for a specific region. They were independent of one another and were organized from south to north as follows:  An ongoing

Present-day California missions.

Building restoration.

No other group of structures in the United States elicits the intense interest as inspired by the Missions of California (California is home to the greatest number of well-preserved missions found in any U.S. state). The missions are collectively the best-known historic element of the coastal regions of California:  Because virtually all of the artwork at the missions served either a devotional or didactic purpose, there was no underlying reason for the mission residents to record their surroundings graphically; visitors, however, found them to be objects of curiosity. During the 1850s a number of artists found gainful employment as draftsmen attached to expeditions sent to

See also.

On California Missions:  On California history:  On general missionary history:  On colonial Spanish American history:

The Spanish missions in California comprise a series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California. Founded by Catholic priests of the Franciscan order to evangelize the Native Americans, the missions led to the creation of the New Spain province of Alta California and were part of the expansion of the Spanish Empire into the most northern and western parts of Spanish North America.

Die spanischen Missionen in Kalifornien sind eine Reihe von Missionsstationen, die zwischen 1769 und 1823 von Franziskanern im heutigen US-Bundesstaat Kalifornien errichtet wurden. Ihr Zweck war, neben der Missionierung der indigenen Bevölkerung zum Christentum, die Behauptung und Festigung der Besitzansprüche der spanischen Krone an der Pazifikküste. Die Missionsstationen waren die ersten europäischen Niederlassungen in Alta California und ein Meilenstein im Vordringen der europäischen Kolonialmächte im amerikanischen Nordwesten. Die Europäer brachten beim Aufbau der Stationen, die zum Teil zu wichtigen wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Zentren wurden, ihr Wissen von Viehzucht, ihre Früchte, ihre Nutzpflanzen und ihre Handwerkskunst mit. Neben diesen unbestrittenen wesentlichen Beiträgen zur Entwicklung der Region brachte die „Zivilisierung“ der indigenen Bevölkerung für diese den Verlust ihrer Identität, Autonomie und ihres Lebensraumes. Auch führte die „Zivilisierung“ zu einem starken demographischen Rückgang.


Life.

The details about his early life are scarce. Sources identify his place of birth either as Mechelen in the Southern Netherlands or Königsberg (then in Prussia and today Kaliningrad in Russia). His father was Willem van den Blocke, a Flemish sculptor and architect who had trained with Cornelis Floris in Antwerp. His brother Abraham van den Blocke was an architect and sculptor and his brothers Jacob and David were painters.  In 1584 the family moved to Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland). Here he likely received training by or worked in the workshop of Paul Vredeman de Vries and his father Hans Vredeman de Vries. He was in 1612 one of the founders of the painters' guild of Gdańsk.  He was the teacher of Laurence Neter.  Van den Blocke died in Danzig around the same time as his father and brother Abraham, likely from an infectious disease.

Work.

He was strongly influenced by the Northern Mannerism and the perspectival paintings of his presumed teachers Hans and Paul Vredeman de Vries. He drew his inspiration mainly from the Bible and mythology as well as contemporary subjects.  His principal work is the decoration of the ceiling (completed 1608) of the Great Chamber of the former main town hall in Danzig. This work was composed of 25 oil paintings on oak panels, with a central composition, an allegory to the glorious trade of Danzig (Apotheosis of Danzig). He also made paintings for the winter council room of the town hall (1611-1614).  He received regular commissions from the city council, including figure paintings and the polychroming of buildings. He completed several assignments for churches in Danzig including the main altar of St Catherine's Church (together with Anton Möller).  The Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg, Germany holds a nine-part ceiling painting, which is permanently installed in a ceiling in one of its rooms. It shows allegorical and biblical scenes in three rows of three pictures. Their interpretation is not always clear. Whether the arrangement in the museum reflects the original one remains open. Van Blocke likely created the ceiling for a room in Danzig City Hall. It confirms the popularity of inventive emblematic iconographic programs in Danzig. Some scenes are based on prints by Netherlandish masters. Some of the depictions can be interpreted easily. For example, the standing behind a man holding a compass personifies the liberal arts. Other paintings in the programme are less obvious.

Izaak van den Blocke or Isaak van den Blocke (1574–1626) was a painter of Flemish descent who spent his active career in Poland. He is known for his decorative paintings in various official buildings and residences in Gdańsk. He also completed commissions for churches and painted facades. He was in 1612 one of the founders of the painters' guild of Gdańsk.

Izaak van den Blocke (* um 1575 in Königsberg; † 1628 in Danzig) war ein Danziger Maler des Manierismus flämischer Herkunft. Er war der Sohn des Bildhauers Willem van den Blocke und Bruder des Architekten Abraham van den Blocke. Er war Bürger von Danzig und 1612 Mitbegründer sowie 1622 Meister/Leiter der Malerzunft in Danzig. Der Künstler starb nach Angaben des Falckschen Malerbuches im Jahre 1628, ebenso sein Vater Willem und sein Bruder Abraham. Sehr wahrscheinlich sind der Vater und seine beiden Söhne einer ansteckenden Krankheit erlegen.


General Description.

Originally, the intention of the organisation was to support contemporary music in the area of Leipzig. In the middle of the 1990s the activities of the FZML became more international with the projects "GRENZREGIONEN", "Heimat Moderne", "Experimentale 1" and, most recently (2012), the "CAGE100" festival. So today mentioning Leipzig in the name is more to stress the geografical placement of the main office. Since its founding, the organisation acts as a mediator between the music resp. the composers and the music scene resp. the audience. The word "Forum" expresses the open position as a mediator. Rooting in that term is also a neutral position towards stylistic and aesthetic criteria of selection that are often connoted to "Modern" or "Contemporary Music".

History.

The FZML was founded in 1990 by members of the important/considerable Ensemble for avant-garde music in East Germany Gruppe Neue Musik Hanns Eisler and by other artists, authors, scientists and journalists. The common goal was to spread contemporary music and to foster a vital dialogue about music and arts in present time. In 1993, the concert series "MUSIK-ZEIT" (music-time) became the first big success of the FZML. Apart from many world premieres it was central to promote the international music scene. In addition, the first educational project ("Schulmusikkonzerte" school-music concerts) was established to communicate contemporary music to the up-growing generation. In 1999, Thomas Christoph Heyde became the artistic director. One year later the FZML moved into its first business premises. Starting in 2001, the FZML mounted annually one festival and several concert series. This continuity strengthened the popularity of the society and the FZML became established as an inherent part of Leipzig's cultural life. The governments of Leipzig, Saxony and even of the Federal Republic started to support the FZML. In 2006 the festival series "MachtMusik" started, in 2007 the concert series "FreiZeitArbeit" (FreeTimeWork/LeisureWork) followed. Some educational and social projects followed the next years. With the 20th anniversary, the friends’ association "Freunde und Förderer des FZML" was founded. It supports the work of the FZML financially and in non-material ways. Until now, the yearlong international festival "CAGE100" with its worldwide more than 100 events in 2012/’13 was the biggest project for the FZML since its founding.

Operating Principles.

Since each project has its own new and individual tasks, the FZML enhances its methods continuously to consider the needs of the particular project. Within the society this process is called "spontaneous institutionalisation", it stresses the importance of flexibility and adaptability for the FZML.

Financing.

Since 2011 the FZML receives institutional funding of Leipzig's municipal government. All additional money is collected from foundations, cultural budgets, private sponsors and donations and also the friends’ society "Freunde und Förderer des FZML".

Conception.

The work of the FZML is based on a connection of different points of view of contemporary music. Focused on bridging the distance between sensuous and intellectual perception the FZML is led by the idea that contemporary music is as much an object of sensation as of discourse. The methods of examining the phenomenon of contemporary music reach from traditional concerts through to experiments with performances’ modalities and the active participation of the audience in artistic processes. All these methods form a dramaturgical unity, focusing on the reflection of the particular work or topic. One example for the holistic curatorial and dramaturgical approach is the festival "CAGE100" which celebrated the 100th birthday of John Cage. The FZML transferred his artistic concepts directly to the festival, its contents and its form. For the work "Party-Pieces" 125 composers participated in composing one piece after an idea of John Cage. As measured by the number of participants, "Party-Pieces" is the biggest teamwork of composers in western music history. Another feature of the project is its global range. Although all composers were living and working in Germany or the USA during the project, a majority came from more than a dozen different countries (e.g. Canada, France, Poland, Russia, Japan) so that not only an aesthetic but also a cultural multi-perspectivity could be laid out. For the projects, the FZML works together with other institutions, free artists and even companies, societies and associations. Beyond that the society engages musicians and ensembles individually according to the needs of the project and also other artists and scientists from Germany and abroad. The FZML does not have its own venue for their concerts but rather chooses the venues after curatorial and dramaturgical aspects. According to that, the society can refer to over 200 different performance spaces during its existence.

Projects and concerts since 2006.

The following list gives an overview over all projects and concerts realised by the FZML since 2006. The particular productions are pooled and listed chronologically in the categories festivals, concert series, various concerts, and education and workshops.  ALTZEIT NEU – 25 years FZML (9–11 February 2016) CAGE100 (6 July 2012 - 17 October 2013) 20 Jahre FZML – Jubiläumsfestival (14th Oktober - 16 October 2010) (20th anniversary's festival)

Festivals.

Festival series "MachtMusik" (PowerMusic or MakeMusic) sex.macht.musik - Festival für erotische Musikkultur (4–6 December 2009) (sex.power.music – Festival of erotic music-culture) Machtmusik - Festival für sportliche Musikkultur (18–21 September 2008) (PowerMusic – festival of athletic music culture) MachtMusik - Festival für religiöse Musikkultur (11–16 September 2007) (PowerMusic – Festival for religious music culture) MachtMusik – Festival für politische Musikkultur (13–23 September 2006) (PowerMusic festival for political music culture)

Concert Series.

Concert Series "FreizeitArbeit" (LeisureWork)  Concert Series "Butterfahrt" (Booze Cruise)

The Forum Zeitgenössischer Musik Leipzig [FZML] "(Forum of Contemporary Music Leipzig)" is a non-profit organisation situated in Leipzig and an independent cultural organisation for the project-based communication of contemporary music.

Das Forum Zeitgenössischer Musik Leipzig ist ein gemeinnütziger Verein mit Sitz in Leipzig und eine unabhängige kulturelle Organisation zur projektbasierten Vermittlung zeitgenössischer Musik.


Political background.

Yukio Hatoyama and the DPJ came into power after their historic victory in the 2009 general election. The DPJ won more than 300 House of Representatives seats in the election and inflicted the worst defeat for a sitting government in modern Japanese history to the LDP. Hatoyama entered office with high approval ratings amid high public expectations to recover the Great Recession-hit economy and reform Japan's stagnant politics. These high expectations contributed to a drop in popularity of the government. The government became furtherly unpopular after the it broke a campaign promise of closing down an American air base in Okinawa. Hatoyama initially moved to close down the base after the election, but relented to the pressure from the American government. Hatoyama also cited the escalation of tension in the Korean Peninsula following the sinking of South Korean Navy corvette "Cheonan" as a factor that contributed to the base being kept. The continuous drop in the government's approval ratings led to Hatoyama's resignation on 2 June 2010.  During his short premiership, Hatoyama managed to pass a relatively significant amount of progressive reforms, including the introduction of new social benefits for families, a marked increase in the education budget, the abolition of public high school tuition fees and welfare expansion. Japan also developed a more Asia-focused policy and a warmer relations with China under Hatoyama, culminated with a visit by then-Vice President Xi Jinping to Tokyo in January 2010.

Lists of ministers.

R = Member of the House of Representatives C = Member of the House of Councillors

The Hatoyama Cabinet governed Japan from September 2009 to June 2010, following the landslide victory of the Democratic Party of Japan in the election on 30 August 2009. The election marked the first time in Japanese post-war history that voters delivered the control of the government to the opposition. The cabinet was also the first since 1994 that included no members of the LDP.

Das Kabinett Hatoyama regierte Japan von der Wahl Yukio Hatoyamas zum Premierminister am 16. September 2009 bis zum 8. Juni 2010, ab dem Rücktritt am 4. Juni 2010 geschäftsführend.