Function.

The function of setters is to find and locate game by quartering ground as it searches for the scent carried in the wind by birds such as grouse, partridge, pheasant or snipe. It is fast and wide-ranging. As it gallops in its quest to seek scent, its head is carried high. Once it locates the birds, it will freeze on point or "set" indicating to its handler where the birds are hiding. It may slightly crouch but its position will remain tense, immobile and rigid. The dog's head will remain raised as it savours the airborne scent and it intently stares in the direction of where the birds are hiding. Its tail will be held level with its back. Setters literally show the hunters exactly where the birds are.  The breed is classified in the Gundog Group by the Kennel Club in the U.K. and in the Sporting Group by the American and Canadian Kennel Clubs. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) classify the breed in Group 7 (Pointing dogs), Section 2 (British and Irish Pointers and Setters).  The Irish Red and White Setter still has an ingrained natural working ability, so when correctly trained and given the appropriate opportunity, it will work well performing its original function.  They can take longer to train than other gun dogs, but once trained, they are loyal and reliable companions. They need firm and decisive, but not harsh, training.

History.

Origins.

'Setting dogges' – an ancient term for setters, were developed to indicate the whereabouts of game birds, and would have been used in Roman times. The dog would find the location of the game birds by scenting the air, freeze in either a standing or crouching position, then slowly creep forward on command to disturb the birds into flight. Once the birds were in flight the hunter who had been following the dog would release hawks to capture the birds in the air. When netting superseded the use of hawks, setting dogs would still be used to indicate the whereabouts of the birds, but the hunter would come up behind the dog and throw a net over the birds. In the mid-1600s, guns became more readily available and shooting game birds became a popular pastime of the landed gentry. The basic work of setters was still to find and point to the location of game birds but it also had to be steady to shot.  By the 17th century'setting dogges' had become established and the breeds as seen in the present day could be identified as Setters. Interbreeding of differently coloured dogs was still taking place during this period, but this gradually changed and sportsmen started to limit matings to dogs adapted to the terrain they were required to cover.  Originally, setters in Ireland were mostly red, or the parti-colour red and white, or even mostly white dogs. All were accepted as Irish Setters and were mated to each other.  As late as 1875 at a conformation show in Dublin, there were 66 entries in the Irish Setter classes; 23 of these entries were red and white. At a show in Cork the next year, out of 96 entries, there were 36 red and white animals. This was when the fashion for solid red-coloured setters began, leading to a decline in red and white setter numbers. The popularity of the solid red Irish Setter in both America and Ireland gained strength as they attracted very high prices, all adding to the demise of the Irish Red and White almost to the point of extinction. A handful of breeders in remote parts of Ireland kept the breed alive.  A small number of breeders were active from 1775 to the end of the 19th century. The Rossmore family of County Monaghan in Ireland, had a strain of red and white setters dating back to the mid 18th century and this line was preserved into the 20th century. The family still own many paintings of these dogs. During the breed's history, red and white setters were sometimes referred to as Rossmore Setters. Other owners recorded at this time included Reverend Mahon of Castlegar, Yelverton O'Keefe, Maurice Nugent O'Connor and Miss Lidwell whose name was sometimes misspelt as Ledwich. The dogs from these strains were all particularly known for their working abilities.

Revival.

Upon returning from the Great War, Irish clergyman Noble Huston attempted a revival of the breed, but despite this, numbers on the island of Ireland remained small. From around 1970, a revival of the breed was planned, and the numbers began to increase slowly. The Irish Kennel Club approached the Irish Red Setter Club during 1976 to ask if it was willing to help oversee the revival of the Irish Red and White Setter.  Partly through the endeavours of the Irish Red and White Setter Field & Show Society, which was formed in 1981, the breed became well established and received national and international recognition. Irish Red and White Setters successfully compete in conformation shows and field trials, attaining champions in both disciplines.  Many individuals contributed to the breed's successful revival. Rev. Huston kept a note of his litters in the parish register. He did not have official pedigrees but did engage in lengthy correspondence with Maureen Cuddy (then Clarke), whose kennel name was 'Knockalla". In a letter to Cuddy, Rev. Huston wrote: "...the present Red and Whites are not a new breed nor a revived breed (like the Irish Wolfhound) but a continued breed..." It was through Cuddy's meticulous record keeping and research that in 1974 the Irish Kennel Club finally accepted that the pedigrees of the few remaining Irish Red and Whites were accurate.  It is likely that the revived generations of Irish Red and White Setters descend from a puppy bitch Cuddy nursed to health in 1940. This bitch was named "Judith Cunningham of Knockalla".  By the 1980s, Irish Red and White Setters were being imported into Great Britain, where the breed was developed more as a show dog. Interest in Great Britain had particularly been revived after Alan and Ann Gormley from Dublin exhibited an Irish Red and White at Crufts in 1980. This was "Harlequin of Knockalla" who was bred by Cuddy in 1977. Harlequin had qualified for Crufts due to his success at shows in Ireland, but the Gormleys were more interested in showing their dogs than in working them. Harlequin did prove he could work while young, but an error with the paperwork meant his qualifying test at a field trial was never correctly recorded. Harlequin was sired by "Glenkeen Sandy" whose grandfather was "Sulhamstead Natty D'Or", a field trial dog bred by Florence Nagle.  The breed was little known in Britain and the Kennel Club had inadvertently listed Harlequin's Crufts entry among the Irish Setters. This was the trigger for great interest in the breed, as it proved the breed was not extinct as was believed.  Irish Red and White Setters bred by the Gormleys under their kennel name of 'Meudon' proved influential worldwide as their Red and Whites were exported to Italy, America and Holland, as well as to Great Britain.  In contrast to these British dogs, the breed has continued to be primarily a working and field trial dog in Ireland.  From 1 January 2009, the Irish Red and White Setter was fully recognised by the American Kennel Club (AKC), and was eligible to compete in conformation and all other competitive fields. The breed had previously been listed on the AKC Foundation Stock Service, which is the first step towards a purebred breed gaining recognition in America. The breed was given recognition by the Canadian Kennel Club in May 1999.  The breed is recognised by most other national Kennel Clubs. All registered Irish Red and White Setters are the descendants of the dogs accepted by the Irish Kennel Club at the time of the revival of the breed in the 1970s.  It is listed by the Kennel Club in the UK as a Vulnerable Native Breed, due to registration numbers of less than 300 per year.

Description.

Appearance.

The Irish Red and White Setter should have an aristocratic, well proportioned, balanced appearance yet still be strong and powerful without lumber or coarseness. It does not have the racy appearance of its solid red-coloured cousin, as the Red and White Setter is heavier in body, has a broader head and the peak at the back of his skull is less peaked. They are athletic, keen and intelligent.  The head and body coat is short and flat with long silky fringes – usually these fringes are called 'feathering'. The feathering forms a fringe on the outside of the ears, neck, chest, down the back of the front legs, under the belly and on the back legs. The tail is also feathered with long coat. The body coat and feathering should be straight and flat but not profuse and never curly.  There are subtle differences between each of the setter breeds. However, one of the main distinguishing features between the setter breeds is colour. As the breed name implies, Irish Red and White Setters must be red and white, and it is an important feature of the breed.  The base colour is a pearly white and there should be solid patches of deep-red. The red colour can be likened to a freshly opened chestnut and should not be light red or gingerish. The face, feet, front and lower hind legs are allowed some mottling or flecking but it must not extend to other areas of the body coat.  Irish Red and White Setters should be combed and well brushed each week to keep the coat well groomed. Any wispy hair on feet should be trimmed away regularly and bushy hair behind ears should be thinned. They should only need to be bathed when necessary as they are easy to keep clean due to the single coat not being too thick. Irish Red and White Setters do not require as much trimming for presentation in conformation shows as the other setters, because they have lighter coats.  The FCI give desired heights of in females and in males, with no stated weight restrictions, while the American KC states that females range in height from, and males from, with a weight around. No specific height or weight is given in the Kennel Club breed standard but males can be up to and weigh around. The height is taken from where the dog's neck joins the back (the withers) measured down to the ground.

Temperament.

The Irish Red and White Setter can be the most devoted and affectionate of dogs making them ideal all-round family dogs. They are extremely intelligent and respond well to proper training but they do need to have plenty to occupy them. They thrive best in active families, where they have outlets for their high energy, and require space to run freely. Young puppies do not require much exercise but once they reach maturity the breed's working instincts mean they require enough space to be able to run hard and fast for a long distance. Setters are usually good natured, very gentle and get on well with children and other dogs.

Health.

Hereditary concerns.

Irish Red and White Setters are generally a healthy breed. However, there are three known diseases in the breed which are monitored by the breed clubs.  These are:  Because of breeders' proactive approach, in the UK the number of affected dogs have been kept low and CLAD and vWD are "virtually unheard of in the breed today".  In 2004, the UK Kennel Club established the Accredited Breeders Scheme, which was later called the Assured Breeders scheme (ABS). The scheme received UKAS accreditation in April 2013. ABS members are required to adhere to additional criteria than those necessary for basic KC registration. Among the extra requirements is "Ensuring that the parents of each litter are readily identifiable by either Microchip, Tattoo or DNA profile." As at March 2013, breeders of Irish Red and White Setters who are members of the ABS must continue to use screening systems for eye testings and DNA checks for vWD and CLAD. It also advises screening for hip dysplasia.  Irish Red and White Setters have an average lifespan of 10 to 12 years.

Outcross programme.

In an attempt to address the possibility of a very restricted gene pool, the Irish Kennel Club (IKC) announced in 2011 that it was to instigate a programme of allowing Irish Red and White Setters to be crossed with Irish Setters. Any such outcross matings were to be carefully monitored. The programme was supported by the Irish Red and White Setter Club of Ireland, the Irish Red Setter Club (Ireland) and other national Kennel Clubs. The IKC felt there was a high degree of inbreeding within ten generations of Irish Red and White setters and wished to increase the genetic diversity of the breed to prevent genetic problems arising from close inbreeding. It considered that the genes of the working lines of Irish Setters were very similar to those of the Irish Red and White setters and their close ancestry had already been used to aid the revival of the Irish Red and White setter. Before any outcross matings could take place, the mating would have to be approved by the official Outcross Committee. Only dogs with current health tests would be considered.  However, the programme was met with dismay by many other breed clubs worldwide who felt it was a flawed and disappointing decision. An official of the Canadian breed club said: "we cannot condone the crossbreeding of our essentially healthy IRWS breed with dogs of a breed which is known to hold, by various unknown modes of inheritance, far more genetic detritus than ours." The Irish Red and White Setter Club of GB felt the outcross was not desirable nor necessary. Despite such criticism, some breed clubs have chosen to take part in the programme.

References.

Citations Bibliography

The Irish Red and White Setter () is a breed of dog. As with all setters, it is classified as a gundog in the UK and is included in the sporting group in America and Canada. It is virtually identical in use and temperament to the related Irish Setter, as well as the Gordon and English setters, but is more often found as a working gun dog.

Der Irish Red and White Setter ist eine von der FCI anerkannte irische Hunderasse (FCI-Gruppe 7, Sektion 2.2, Standard Nr. 330).


Plot.

Alex Rider is a 14-year-old schoolboy who lives with his uncle Ian and their housekeeper Jack Starbright. Ian is supposedly a bank manager and is, much to Alex's regret, often away from home. One day, Alex is told that his uncle has died in a car crash, but quickly discovers that his uncle was actually a spy working for MI6 and was murdered.  He is then recruited by his uncle's former employers, Alan Blunt and Mrs. Jones of the Special Operations Division of MI6, who explain to Alex that his uncle has been training him as a spy. Alex initially refuses to cooperate but agrees when they threaten to not renew the visa and deport Jack as a result of her visa running out seven years before. Alex is then sent to a military training camp in the Brecon Beacons, the home of the Special Air Service. At first, his fellow trainees look down on him because of his age, but he soon gains their respect for his capabilities.  He sets off on his first mission, aided by gadgets from Smithers. Billionaire Darrius Sayle is donating free high-powered computer systems code named "Stormbreaker" to every school in the United Kingdom. MI6 are suspicious of his seemingly generous plans and send Alex undercover as a competition winner to investigate. There, he meets Sayle himself and his two accomplices, Mr. Grin and Nadia Vole, and is shown the "Stormbreaker" computer in action. Later, while Alex is having dinner with Sayle, the suspicious Vole steals Alex's phone and tracks the SIM card to his house in Chelsea. She goes there and finds Alex's true identity; while there, she is disturbed by and consequently fights Jack. Despite being outclassed, Jack wins with the help of a blowfish, leaving Nadia to flee the scene. That night, Alex sneaks out of his bedroom window to observe a midnight delivery of mysterious containers to Sayle's lair.  The next day, Alex finds himself in trouble when his cover is blown. After attempting to escape from the facility, he is captured, and Sayle explains his true reasons behind "Stormbreaker" – each system contains a modified strain of the smallpox virus which, upon activation in the "Stormbreaker" release, will kill all of the country's schoolchildren. Sayle leaves Alex tied up and departs for the London Science Museum. Nadia drops Alex into a water-tank to be killed by a giant Portuguese Man o' War, but he escapes using the metal-disintegrating spot cream supplied by Smithers, Nadia is subdued when she is hit by the jellyfish, rupturing the tank in the process. Alex then hitches a ride on a Mil Mi-8 helicopter piloted by Mr. Grin, using a sodium pentothal arrow to gain Mr. Grin's obedience. Alex parachutes out of the helicopter and lands just as the Prime Minister is about to press the button which will activate the computers. Alex uses a rifle to shoot the podium, which destroys the button, and ruins Sayle's plan.  Furious, Sayle leaves to carry out his back-up plan, and Alex, with the help of school friend Sabina Pleasure pursues Sayle through the streets of London. Fifty floors up on one of Sayle's skyscrapers, Alex reaches him and unplugs his backup transmitter. Sayle chases him out onto the roof and pushes both Alex & Sabina off the roof, leaving them hanging by a dislodged cable. Unexpectedly, Yassen arrives in a helicopter and shoots Sayle (in the same manner he did Ian) before rescuing Alex. Yassen then tells Alex that Sayle had become an embarrassment to his employers, and that Alex should forget about him, but Alex refuses saying that the killing of his uncle Ian means they are still enemies.  Alex returns to school; he and Sabina are talking about what happened and he says that it will never happen again. The film ends with someone observing Alex from a distance. He notices it and realizes that it's not the end.

Production.

"Stormbreaker" was intended by the novel's author, Anthony Horowitz, to be the first entry in a film franchise based on his "Alex Rider" series. Horowitz, already an established and prolific screenwriter in British television, wrote the screenplay and worked very closely throughout the film's production with director Geoffrey Sax and producers Marc and Peter Samuelson. The Weinstein Company acquired the North American rights to the film, which was filmed in Summer 2005 with six weeks on the Isle of Man and a further six weeks in London. Some of the scenes of the school were filmed in The Grey Coat Hospital and Ballakermeen High School, Douglas, Isle of Man.  In 2005, Alex Pettyfer was cast as Alex Rider. He was picked out of 500 hopefuls who auditioned for the role. Pettyfer was originally offered a role in the then-upcoming film "Eragon" but turned it down, noting that he preferred "Stormbreaker" because it would be filmed nearer home while Eragon would film in the Czech Republic.  In June 2006, the producers signed a deal with Nintendo that made the Nintendo DS a prominent feature in the film, much like the Power Glove in "The Wizard". This is an upgrade from the Game Boy Color that Alex used in the novel version. In addition to the Nintendo marketing in the film, Alex's mobile phone is a Nokia 7710 and he uses a sodium pentothal pen to get to London, not a gun.  In August 2006, the film was retitled "Alex Rider: Operation Stormbreaker" for North American release. A new poster and trailer were released along with the announcement. It was also revealed that the US premiere would take place on the Intrepid aircraft carrier at the Hudson River, New York City.  The name of the villain also changed from Herod Sayle to Darrius Sayle, with his nationality switched from Lebanese (Egyptian in the US version of the novel) to American. This was because Mickey Rourke was already in talks to take on the role, so Horowitz adapted the character to suit him.

Reception.

Box office.

"Stormbreaker" was distributed by Entertainment Film Distributors in the United Kingdom, where the film made $2,313,496 on its opening weekend, well below its expected target of blockbuster status. The film's grosses gradually declined each week for the remainder of its run, totalling of $12,872,046, making up more than half of what would become the film's final worldwide gross. In the United States, the film was distributed by The Weinstein Company in 221 theatres and grossed $215,177, with an average of $973 per screen and ranking No. 27 during its opening weekend. The film earned $677,646 in the United States and $23,260,224 internationally for a total of $23,937,870 on an estimated budget of $40 million. The Numbers reported a worldwide gross of $20.7 million. In Germany, the film was given a direct-to-video release.  In a 2007 interview for Reuters, Horowitz blamed "Stormbreaker"s financial failings on The Weinstein Company's handling of the film's distribution on the American market, particularly their decision to not give it a wide release. According to the writer, "Harvey Weinstein decided not to distribute it. It is one of the most bizarre and annoying things that the film didn't get given its shot in America. To this day I don't know why."

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has a score of 34% based on 67 reviews with an average rating of 4.7 out of 10. The critical consensus states "Alex Rider: Operation Stormbreaker is strictly children's fare, as it lacks originality, excitement, and believability." The film also has a score of 42 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 20 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."  BBC critic Neil Smith gave the film three out of five stars but criticised the "unsubtle turns" from both Bill Nighy and Stephen Fry. "The Hollywood Reporter" branded the film as "a lame and disappointing affair". Although likening it to both the "Harry Potter" and "James Bond" series, reviewer Ray Bennett said the film "lacks any kind of suspense" due to the script. He ended saying that "Stormbreaker" was unlikely to have a "license to kill at the box-office". "Cinema Blend" editor-in-chief Josh Tyler gave the film two and a half stars out of five, and said that, "Most of the problems with "Stormbreaker" all boil down to believability." "Boston.com"s reporter Wesley Morris also gave "Stormbreaker" two stars out of five, and said that "Geoffrey Sax's filmmaking holds few surprises... but it's swift and competent, despite too many shots of cars on roads that bloat the running time."

Author's response.

During a 2013 interview with the "Financial Times", Horowitz stated that the "Stormbreaker" film was his greatest disappointment, stating that he "did not hate it but that it should have been the first of 10 and it wasn't."

Cancelled sequels.

Prior to or after "Stormbreaker"s theatrical release, Horowitz had written a screenplay based on "Point Blanc", but stated that the chances of further films based on the "Alex Rider" novels were "fairly slim" due to the film's underperformance at the box office. The Weinstein Company eventually cancelled their plans for a sequel, and Horowitz later expressed that the novels "do not translate well to the big screen".

TV Adaption.

A rebooted television series beginning with the second novel "Point Blanc" was produced by Eleventh Hour Films and Sony Pictures Television. This series was released on Amazon Prime Video and TVNZ On Demand in early June 2020.

Stormbreaker (titled Alex Rider: Stormbreaker in the United States) is a 2006 action spy film directed by Geoffrey Sax. The screenplay by Anthony Horowitz is based on his 2000 novel "Stormbreaker", the first novel in the "Alex Rider" series. The film stars Alex Pettyfer as Alex Rider, and also stars Mickey Rourke, Bill Nighy, Sophie Okonedo, Alicia Silverstone, Sarah Bolger, Stephen Fry and Ewan McGregor. "Stormbreaker" was an international co-production between companies and financiers from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany.

Stormbreaker ist der Titel eines im Sommer 2005 produzierten Agentenfilms, dessen Drehbuch den Roman "Stormbreaker" der Alex Rider-Serie von Anthony Horowitz adaptierte.


Early career.

Kaine was born in the town of Penguin in Tasmania, and was educated in Victoria and Queensland. He moved to Canberra in the 1950s whilst stationed with the Royal Australian Air Force.

Political career.

Kaine was a member of the ACT House of Assembly as a member for Fraser from 1975 to 1977, and again from 1985 until that House was dissolved. He was elected to the first Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly at the 1989 general election and, at the first sitting of the Assembly, became the first Leader of the Opposition of the ACT, leading the Liberal Party. The life of the first Assembly was characterised by a hung parliament and significant political instability. Confidence was waning in the minority Follett Labor government. On 5 December 1989, Bernard Collaery, leader of the Residents Rally group (with four members in the Assembly) moved the following motion in the Assembly: The vote was resolved in the affirmative (10 votes to 7), and Kaine was elected as the second Chief Minister as leader of an Alliance Government, comprising members of both the Liberal Party and some (but not all) members of the Residents Rally in the Assembly.  On 29 May 1991, Kaine announced to the Assembly that members of Residents Rally had met the previous evening and decided to dissolve the Alliance, due to an internal split in the Rally party, where two of the four members chose to align themselves with the Kaine government. The remaining two members chose to not align themselves with the Kaine government. On 6 June 1991, a motion of no confidence in Kaine, as Chief Minister, was passed. The Follett Labor government resumed power, and Kaine again became Leader of the Opposition.  The ACT Liberal Party lost the 1992 election, again, with a hung parliament. Kaine continued as Leader of the Opposition. In 1993, Kate Carnell took over leadership of the Liberal Party. Kaine stayed on with the Liberal Party after losing the leadership, and was appointed Urban Services Minister when the party won the 1995 election under Carnell. At the 1995 election, three multi-member electorates were created, and Kaine was one of the five representatives of the Brindabella electorate. Kaine was re-elected at the 1998 election. However, on 13 May 1998, he resigned from the Liberal Party and on 28 May 1998, announced his intention to form a party called "Canberra Liberals". On 30 July 1998, the United Canberra Party was registered. The party was deregistered on 30 June 2001, and Kaine unsuccessfully contested the 2001 ACT election as an independent candidate.

Life after politics.

Trevor Kaine died on 3 June 2008, aged 80, after a long illness following a stroke he had suffered four years earlier. He was the first ACT Chief Minister to die.

Trevor Thomas Kaine (17 February 1928 – 3 June 2008), an Australian politician, was Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 1989 to 1991, and was elected a multi-member single electorate first unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly, from 1989 to 2001, initially as a member of the Liberal Party and later as an independent.

Trevor Thomas Kaine (* 17. Februar 1928 in Penguin, Tasmanien; † 3. Juni 2008) war ein australischer Politiker und Chief Minister des Australian Capital Territory.


Description.

The black-winged lovebird, with a length of about 16–16.5 cm (6.25–6.5 inches), is the largest of all the lovebirds. It is sexually dimorphic, as are the red-headed lovebird and grey-headed lovebird of the lovebird genus. The dimorphism becomes apparent in juvenile birds after their first molt at about eight or nine months of age. Both the male and female black-winged lovebird are mostly green, and only the adult male black-winged lovebird has a red forehead and a ring of red feathers around its eyes.  The tail is black tipped and feathers below the tail show a yellowish colour. The rump and feathers above the tail are light green. In the male feathers under the wing are typically black, and in the female the feathers under the wing are typically greenish or brownish black. Both sexes have a red beak and gray feet.

Habitat.

The natural habitat for a black-winged lovebird is typically from southern Eritrea to southwestern Ethiopia and they normally live in either high plains or mountainous regions.

Behavior.

Food and feeding.

Sunflower seeds, corn, apples and mission figs are typical of an Abyssinian lovebird diet.

Breeding.

The black-winged lovebird nests in a tree cavity. The eggs are white and there are usually three or four eggs in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for 23 days, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 45 days after hatching.

Status.

Widespread and a common species throughout its habitat range, the black-winged lovebird is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Aviculture.

In aviculture the black-winged lovebird has not become well established as a breeding bird, although it can tolerate cold weather. Breeding in aviculture is on a small scale, so it is an uncommon pet.

The black-winged lovebird ("Agapornis taranta") also known as Abyssinian lovebird is a mainly green bird of the parrot family. At about 16.5 cm (6.5 inches) long, it is the largest of the lovebird genus, a group of small parrots. The adult male is easily identified by its red forehead, and the adult female by its all green head. They are native to Eritrea and Ethiopia, and they are uncommon as pets.

Der Bergpapagei ("Agapornis taranta"), auch Taranta- oder Tarantinerpapagei genannt, ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Unzertrennlichen. Gemeinsam mit den anderen Arten dieser Gattung sowie dem Graupapagei, den Langflügelpapageien, dem Halsbandsittich und den auf Madagaskar endemischen Vasapapageien zählt diese Art zu den typischen Papageienarten der Afrotropis.


Design.

Following BMW's typical construction techniques at the time, the motor incorporates a cast-iron block and aluminium head. Weight-saving measures include aluminium chain cases, oil sump, motor mount arms, accessory mounts and a cartridge-style oil filter housing. Other features included a forged steel crankshaft and tubular stainless steel exhaust manifold instead of the more typical cast-iron items. BMW also fitted hydraulic motor mounts to decrease the inline four's inherent noise, vibration, and harshness compared to the smoother straight-six engines in production at that time.  When installed in the BMW E30, a two-piece oil pan with a removable front sump was fitted to the M42. In this two-piece arrangement, the upper oil pan casting incorporates the oil pump's supply passage, and is sealed to the crankcase oil filter housing with a paper gasket. This can cause problems, because thermal cycles and engine vibration tend to loosen the upper pan mounting bolts inside the motor.  All versions featured a low-maintenance timing chain with a self-adjusting hydraulic chain tensioner and hydraulic valve tappets. The M42 uses the Bosch Motronic M1.7 engine management system, eliminating a distributor in favor of fully electronic ignition timing. The ignition system also uses a coil-on-plug system. In markets that required emissions controls, the DME also incorporates an oxygen sensor and three-way catalytic converter.

Versions.

M42B18.

The M42B18 has a displacement of, which is achieved through a bore of and a stroke of. Versions equipped with a catalytic converter produce and. and meet the Euro 2 emissions standard.  Applications:

S42B20.

The racing version of the M42 engine is called the S42 and was used in BMW's 320 4-door touring car, participating in the German Super Tourenwagen Cup. Compared with the M42, the S42 has individual throttle bodies, the displacement increased to, two fuel injectors per cylinder, an increased compression ratio and a different cylinder head. The valve cover and airbox were made from carbon fiber and the lubrication system used a dry sump.  In 1995, the initial version of the S42 engine produced, increasing to for the final version in 1997.

Timing system revisions.

The earliest versions of the M42 developed problems with the camshaft chain drive. The hydraulic tensioner, chain guides, idler wheel and rear lower chain case were updated to resolve wear problems experienced in the early versions of the M42.  In September 1993, BMW redesigned the M42's timing chain guide rails, replacing the occasionally troublesome lower idler gear with a curved nylon guide rail. The idler gear's retaining bolt could break away from the timing case, often taking a chunk of alloy timing case with it.

Recalls.

Early models of the M42 experienced failures of a profile gasket sealing the lower cam chain case to the underside of the cylinder head. This gasket seals the primary coolant passage within the timing chain case. A significant failure would thus discharge pressurized steam and hot coolant into the timing chain case. In many cases this coolant rapidly contaminates the motor oil in the sump, causing main bearing failure. BMW updated the profile gasket material and instituted a program to repair motors under warranty. In extreme cases, the aluminum mating surfaces in the head and chain case would corrode.

The BMW M42 is a DOHC four-cylinder petrol engine which was produced from 1989-1996. It is BMW's first mass-production DOHC engine and was produced alongside the BMW M40 SOHC four-cylinder engine as the higher performance engine.

Der BMW M42 ist ein Pkw-Ottomotor des bayerischen Motorenherstellers BMW, der von 1989 bis 1996 hergestellt wurde.(1989-1991 im BMW E30 und 1992-1996 im BMW E36) Er ist eine Weiterentwicklung auf Basis des Motors BMW M40, von dem er sich im Wesentlichen durch einen anderen Zylinderkopf mit nun vier statt zwei Ventilen pro Zylinder unterscheidet. Das Konstruktionsprinzip des Zylinderkopfes entspricht dabei dem Reihensechszylindermotor BMW M50. 1992 wurde der Motor technisch überarbeitet und erhielt von nun an im E36 eine Klopfregelung und ein Schaltsaugrohr.


Career.

Robert N. Proctor graduated from Indiana University Bloomington in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science in biology. He then took up studies at Harvard University, earning master's and doctoral degrees in History of Science in 1977 and 1984, respectively.  At Pennsylvania State University, he and his wife, Londa Schiebinger, co-directed the Science, Medicine and Technology in Culture Program for nine years.  Proctor is perhaps best known for his groundbreaking 2012 history of the tobacco industry, "Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition", winner of the Rachel Carson Prize in 2014.  His 2008 book "Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance", co-edited with Londa Schiebinger, examines the concept of Agnotology", a term coined by linguist Iain Boal in 1992 to describe the study of intentionally induced ignorance or doubt, particularly the publication of intentionally inaccurate or misleading scientific data..  Proctor is currently writing another book on this topic, "Agate Eyes: A Lapidary Journey': "By contrast with diamonds or asbestos or granite or the minerals we burn for fuel, the lowly agate is the victim of scientific disinterest, the same kinds of structured apathy I have elsewhere called 'the social construction of ignorance.' Agates seem to fall outside the orbit of geological knowledge, and therefore tend to be regarded — if at all — as geological accidents or oddities not really deserving systematic study."  In 2008, Proctor served as an expert witness in a wrongful death suit against Philip Morris and used the n-word in his testimony, triggering a mistrial. Later, in 2019, Proctor again drew scrutiny for repeatedly saying the racial slur aloud when quoting from cigarette advertisements in a guest lecture at Stanford Law School.

Personal life.

He is the longtime partner of fellow historian of science Londa Schiebinger, whom he met at Harvard. They have two sons together, named Geoffrey Schiebinger and Jonathan Proctor. Before having children, the couple decided they would have two and each would receive one of their surnames. The family are avid skiers and enjoy the slopes at nearby Lake Tahoe.

Robert Neel Proctor (born 1954) is an American historian of science and Professor of the History of Science at Stanford University. While a professor of the history of science at Pennsylvania State University in 1999, he became the first historian to testify against the tobacco industry.

Robert Neel Proctor (* 1954) ist ein US-amerikanischer Wissenschaftshistoriker und Wissenschaftstheoretiker mit dem Schwerpunkt Biomedizin und deren politische Umsetzung in den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa. Er ist durch seine Zeugenaussage als erster Historiker in einem Prozess gegen die amerikanische Tabakindustrie einem größeren Publikum bekannt geworden.


History.

Rüti bei Büren is first mentioned in 1185 as "in litore Ruthi". In 1257 it was mentioned as "Ruti prope Burron".  Scattered neolithic items indicate that there was a small settlement near Rüti bei Büren. Other evidence of prehistoric settlements include; Hallstatt grave mounds at Rütiwald, a Roman era manor at Buchsi and Roman masonry at the church. The Roman road through the Swiss Plateau passed through the modern municipal borders. During the Early and High Middle Ages the Teufelsburg (Devil's Castle) in the Rütiwald stood over the village. The impressive castle had a large ring wall with four outer walls. The castle may have been the home of the Counts of Buchegg. Later, Rüti belonged to the Counts of Strassberg. In 1388, Bern acquired all their land, including Rüti. In 1393 it was assigned to the newly created Büren bailiwick.  The village church of St. Mauritius was first mentioned in 1251. The nave is a Romanesque construction, while the choir is early-Gothic. The church was expanded in 1689. In 1911, the murals from around 1450, were rediscovered and repaired.  Even after the construction of a railroad station on the Solothurn-Lyss rail line in 1912, the village remained small and isolated. Until about 1960 it was a primarily agricultural village with only a few small businesses. The largest factory was a small wooden goods factory. Around 1960 a chemical plant and a watch factory moved into the village. The watch factory employed about 300 people. However, by 1980, the watch making industry was in decline and many workers lost their jobs. By the 2000 census, over 70% of the working population commuted to Büren, Grenchen, Biel, Bern or Solothurn for work.

Geography.

Rüti bei Büren has an area of. Of this area, or 49.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 37.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 9.5% is settled (buildings or roads), or 3.5% is either rivers or lakes.  Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.5%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.1% of the area Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 38.1% is used for growing crops and 10.0% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.  The municipality is located on the right bank of the Aare river on the north-western edge of the Bucheggberg plateau.  On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Büren, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Seeland.

Coat of arms.

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is "Gules two Grubbing-axes Argent handled Or in saltire between two Mullets of five of the second."

Demographics.

Rüti bei Büren has a population () of., 4.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000-2010) the population has changed at a rate of -12.7%. Migration accounted for -1.2%, while births and deaths accounted for -4.2%.  Most of the population () speaks German (849 or 94.5%) as their first language, French is the second most common (18 or 2.0%) and Albanian is the third (11 or 1.2%). There are 6 people who speak Italian. , the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The population was made up of 387 Swiss men (46.5% of the population) and 23 (2.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 408 Swiss women (49.0%) and 15 (1.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 386 or about 43.0% were born in Rüti bei Büren and lived there in 2000. There were 254 or 28.3% who were born in the same canton, while 157 or 17.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 66 or 7.3% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 19.6% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19%. , there were 354 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 439 married individuals, 60 widows or widowers and 45 individuals who are divorced. , there were 84 households that consist of only one person and 26 households with five or more people., a total of 346 apartments (92.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 16 apartments (4.3%) were seasonally occupied and 12 apartments (3.2%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 1.23%.  The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance.

The entire village of Rüti bei Büren is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics.

The municipal assembly forms the legislature of the municipality. the executive is a seven-member municipal council, chosen by proportional representation. It was voted in the autumn to reduce the size of the council to five seats and elect by majority.  In the 2011 federal election, the most popular party was the BDP which received 47.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.7%), the SPS (10%) and the Green Party (5.8%). In the federal election, a total of 311 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 45.5%.

Economy.

A business managing chemical waste is located in Rüti. The town gained fame across the country in the 1990s for the company's plans to build a facility for burning hazardous waste. It was eventually abandoned due to resistance from the population. , Rüti bei Büren had an unemployment rate of 2.02%., there were a total of 455 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 47 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector. 138 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 13 businesses in this sector. 270 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 20 businesses in this sector. , there were 156 workers who commuted into the municipality and 329 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 13% used public transportation to get to work, and 59% used a private car.

Religion.

From the, 95 or 10.6% were Roman Catholic, while 706 or 78.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, there was 1 individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 20 individuals (or about 2.23% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 20 (or about 2.23% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 40 (or about 4.45% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 24 individuals (or about 2.67% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education.

In Rüti bei Büren about 362 or (40.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 72 or (8.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a "Fachhochschule"). Of the 72 who completed tertiary schooling, 72.2% were Swiss men, 18.1% were Swiss women.  The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.  During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 58 students attending classes in Rüti bei Büren. There was one kindergarten class with a total of 13 students in the municipality. The municipality had 3 primary classes and 45 students. Of the primary students, and 4.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there was one student in Rüti bei Büren who came from another municipality, while 58 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Notable residents.

Samuel Schmid (SVP), member of the Swiss Federal Council (2000–2008) and President of the Swiss Confederation in 2005.

Rüti bei Büren is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is also a reformed church parish.

Rüti bei Büren ist eine politische Gemeinde im Verwaltungskreis Seeland des Kantons Bern in der Schweiz. Unter dem Namen existieren neben der Einwohnergemeinde auch eine evangelisch-reformierte Kirchgemeinde und eine Burgergemeinde.


Biography.

He was born in Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), France. His father was a locksmith from the Vendée, who enthusiastically accepted the principles of the French Revolution and encouraged liberal ideas in his son. François had brilliant success at Avignon in the lycée where he became a teacher in 1815. He returned to Aix to study law, and in 1818 was called to the bar, where his eloquence would have ensured his success had he not been more interested in the study of history. His abilities were shown in an "Éloge de Charles VII", which was honoured by the Académie de Nîmes in 1820, and a memoire on "Les Institutions de Saint Louis", which in 1821 was honoured by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. He then went to Paris, where he was soon joined by his friend and compatriot Adolphe Thiers, the future president of the French Republic. He was introduced by Jacques-Antoine Manuel, formerly a member of the Convention, to the Liberal paper, "Le Courrier français", where he became a member of the staff which carried on a fierce pen-and-ink warfare against the Restoration. He acquired his knowledge of the men and intrigues of the Napoleonic epoch from Talleyrand.  Mignet's "Histoire de la révolution française" (1824), in support of the Liberal cause, was an enlarged sketch, prepared in four months, in which more stress was laid on fundamental theories than on the facts. In 1830, he founded "Le National" with Thiers and Armand Carrel, and signed the journalists' protest against the July Ordinances, however, he refused to profit from his party's victory. He was satisfied with the modest position of Director of the Archives at the Foreign Office, where he stayed till the revolution of 1848, when he was dismissed, and retired permanently into private life. He had been elected a member of the "Académie des sciences morales et politiques", which was re-established in 1832, and, in 1837, was made the permanent secretary. He was elected a member of the "Académie française" in 1836, and sought no further honours.  Mignet was well known in fashionable circles where his witty conversation and pleasant manners made him a favourite. Most of his time was devoted to study and to his academic duties. Eulogies on his deceased fellow-members, the Academy reports on its work, and on the prizes awarded by it, which it was part of Mignet's duty as secretary to draw up, were thoroughly appreciated by connoisseurs, and were collected in Mignet's "Notices et portraits".  He worked slowly and lingered over research. With the exception of his description of the French Revolution, which was chiefly a political manifesto, all his early works refer to the Middle Ages. He and historian Francois Guizot invented the concept of the bourgeois revolution. These include, "De la féodalité, des institutions de Saint Louis et de l'influence de la législation de ce prince" (1822); "La Germanie au VIIIe et au IXe siècle, sa conversion au Christianisme, et son introduction dans la société civilisée de l'Europe occidentale" (1834); "Essai sur la formation territoriale et politique de la France depuis la fin du XIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVe" (1836); all of which are rough sketches that mainly outline the subjects.  Mignet's most famous works are devoted to modern history. For many years, he immersed himself into history of the Reformation, but only one part of his writings, dealing with the Reformation at Geneva, was published. His "Histoire de Marie Stuart" (2 vols., 1851) made use of previously unpublished documents from the archives of Simancas. He devoted several volumes to a history of Spain, which had a well-deserved success, including, "Charles Quint, son abdication, son séjour et sa mort au monastère de Yuste" (1845); "Antonio Perez et Philippe II." (1845); and "Histoire de la rivalité de François Ier et de Charles Quint" (1875).  At the same time, he was commissioned to publish the diplomatic acts relating to the War of the Spanish Succession for the "Collection des documents inédits". Only four volumes of these "Négotiations" were published (1835–1842), and they do not go further than the Peace of Nijmwegen; however, the introduction is celebrated, and Mignet reprinted it in his "Mélanges historiques".  Mignet was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1876. He died in Paris at age 87.

François Auguste Marie Mignet (8 May 1796 – 24 March 1884) was a French journalist and historian of the French Revolution.

François-Auguste Mignet (* 8. Mai 1796 in Aix-en-Provence; † 24. März 1884 in Paris) war ein französischer Historiker und Rechtsanwalt. Er wurde 1830 Staatsrat und Direktor des Archivs im Ministerium des Auswärtigen, 1848 aber dieser Stellung enthoben.


Early life and career.

Busch was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. His first driving lessons came at the age of six when he drove around the cul-de-sac of his family's Las Vegas neighborhood in a makeshift go-kart. Although he could not reach the throttle, Busch still was able to pick up the basics from his father Tom, who controlled the gas pedal as Busch drove the vehicle. Busch worked in the family garage with his father and older brother Kurt as he grew, becoming crew chief for his brother's dwarf car team at age ten.  Busch began his driving career in 1998, shortly after his 13th birthday; from 1999 through 2001, Busch won over 65 races in legends car racing, winning two track championships at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway Bullring short-track, before moving to late models; Busch scored ten victories in late model competition at the Bullring during the 2001 season.  At the age of 16, Busch began competing in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series (now Gander Outdoors Truck Series), driving the No. 99 Ford for Roush Racing as a replacement for Nathan Haseleu, who was released midway in the 2001 season. He

NASCAR career.

Hendrick Motorsports.

2003.

Busch entered the 2003 season as a development driver for Hendrick Motorsports; he ran seven ARCA RE/MAX Series races for the team, scoring his first career win at Nashville Superspeedway in April, and winning again at Kentucky Speedway in May.  Having turned 18 in early May, he resumed

2004.

Busch began his 2004 season by competing in the ARCA Re/MAX Series 200-mile race at Daytona International Speedway; he won the event, beating Frank Kimmel for the win. He began his first full-time Busch Series season in 2004, replacing Brian Vickers in the No. 5 Chevrolet. Busch scored his first career pole in the series in the fourth race of the year at Darlington Raceway, and his first

2005: Rookie season.

In October 2004, it was announced that Busch would be competing full-time in the Nextel Cup Series for Hendrick Motorsports starting in 2005, replacing Terry Labonte in the No. 5 Chevrolet as Labonte semi-retired to run a partial season. Busch won his first career Sprint Cup race at California Speedway in September, winning the Sony HD 500; at the time he was the youngest winner in the history of the series, at an age of 20 years, 4 months and 2 days, four days younger than previous record-holder Donald Thomas.

2006.

Busch scored one Nextel Cup Series win in 2006, taking the checkered flag in the Lenox Industrial Tools 300 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Busch qualified for the Chase for the Nextel Cup for the first time in his career by finishing second at Richmond International Raceway in September, moving into the top ten

2007.

In 2007, Busch became the first Nextel Cup Series driver to win in the Car of Tomorrow, winning the Food City 500 at Bristol Motor Speedway in March over Jeff Burton, despite winning, Busch stated an intense dislike of the Car of Tomorrow after the race. The win was the 200th NASCAR national touring series win for Hendrick Motorsports, the 600th NASCAR victory for Chevrolet, and the first win for a Chevrolet Impala in NASCAR since Wendell Scott won at Speedway Park in Jacksonville, Florida in December 1963. At Texas Motor Speedway in April, Busch left the track without informing his team after an accident; Dale Earnhardt, Jr. was asked by the team to relief-drive once the car was repaired. Later at Talladega Superspeedway in the Busch Series Aaron's 312, Busch flipped his car seven times in a wreck with Tony Stewart and Casey Mears, causing his HANS device to crack from the force of the wreck.  In the Nextel All-Star

Joe Gibbs Racing.

2008.

Busch started his association with Joe Gibbs Racing by leading the most laps in the 50th Daytona 500, finishing 4th, he posted another 4th-place finish the following week at Auto Club Speedway, becoming the series points leader for the first time in his career. At Atlanta Motor Speedway in the Kobalt Tools 500, Busch scored his first win with JGR and the first Sprint Cup points-race win for Toyota. At Richmond International Raceway Busch became involved in an incident with Dale Earnhardt, Jr. with three laps to go, spinning Earnhardt and letting Clint Bowyer by to win; the move resulted in Busch being vilified by fans of Earnhardt, Jr.  Busch won Sprint Cup races at Talladega Superspeedway, Darlington Raceway, Dover International Speedway, Infineon Raceway, Daytona International Speedway, Chicagoland Speedway and Watkins Glen International over the summer of 2008, in August at Bristol Motor Speedway, Busch was bumped out of the way after dominating the race by Carl Edwards, who went on to win; after the race Busch began bumping Edwards' car to express his displeasure, and Edwards retaliated by spinning Busch to cheers from the crowd. Both drivers were placed on probation for the incident.

2009.

Busch started his 2009 season with a win at Daytona International Speedway in his Gatorade Duel qualifying race for the Daytona 500, he led the most laps in the Daytona 500 but was involved in the big one and failed to finish the race. The next week at Auto Club Speedway Busch became the first driver in NASCAR history to win two national touring series races in the same day, winning the Truck Series San Bernardino County 200 and Nationwide Series Stater Brothers 300. Busch then won Sprint Cup races at Las Vegas Motor Speedway and Bristol Motor Speedway.On May 2, 2009, Busch became the second driver in Sprint Cup Series history to win a race on his birthday, after Cale Yarborough, with a win in the Crown Royal Presents the Russ Friedman 400 at Richmond International Raceway. In the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona International Speedway, Busch was involved in a

2010.

On December 11, 2009, Busch announced the formation of Kyle Busch Motorsports, planning to field two teams in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in 2010. The No. 18 Toyota Tundra was to be driven by Busch part-time, with the remainder of races to be driven by Brian Ickler, and the second truck, given No. 56, was to be driven by Tayler Malsam. However, after both Ickler and Malsam accepted jobs to drive in the Nationwide Series, and while suffering financial troubles due to lack of sponsorship, Busch withdrew the No. 56 from competition; Johnny Benson, Jr. and Kasey Kahne drove the No. 18 when Busch wasn't driving it himself.  On August 21, 2010, Busch became the first driver in NASCAR history to win all three NASCAR national touring series events run in a single weekend. This was

2011.

Busch's 2011 Sprint Cup Series season began with a wreck in the Budweiser Shootout at Daytona International Speedway. Busch also raced in all three NASCAR points events at Daytona, with a best finish of fifth in the Truck Series event; the next week at Phoenix, Busch dominated the Truck Series race, and led every lap of the race in the Nationwide Series Bashas' Supermarkets 200. He was close to sweep all 3 races at Phoenix again, but Jeff Gordon overtook him with 9 laps to go and took the trophy. Busch swept the March weekend at Bristol, his second sweep of a Bristol weekend. On April 30, 2011, Busch won his third straight spring race at Richmond International Raceway, capturing his second win of the 2011 season.  Following an on-track incident with Kevin Harvick during the Southern 500 on May 7, 2011, and a post-race scuffle that saw Busch push Harvick's unoccupied car on pit road with his car, Busch and Harvick were fined $25,000 and put on probation for four races, in addition to the Sprint All-Star Race. Following the Truck Series O'Reilly Auto Parts 250 at Kansas Speedway, Busch became involved in an altercation with Richard Childress; Busch had bumped Childress' No. 22 truck, driven by Joey Coulter, on the race's cooldown lap, and according to witnesses about 30 minutes after

2012.

Busch started the 2012 season announcing he would be moving, in the Nationwide Series, from running for Joe Gibbs Racing to running only a limited schedule races in cars prepared by his own Kyle Busch Motorsports team, driving alongside his brother Kurt, in addition to cutting back his Truck Series schedule to only three races.  His 2012 season in the Sprint Cup Series began with a win in the Budweiser Shootout at Daytona International Speedway, his first win in the event; his margin of victory over Tony Stewart, 0.013 seconds, was the closest in the event's history. However Busch's only win in a Sprint Cup points event during the year came at Richmond in the Capital City 400 in April, the fourth straight year he won the event; he

2013.

Heading into the 2013 season, Busch merged his No. 54 Nationwide Series team with Joe Gibbs Racing as part of a multi-year contract extension with the team, he continued to field his own No. 77 Toyota in the Nationwide Series with driver Parker Kligerman.  Busch began the 2013 racing season with a crash in the Sprint Unlimited at Daytona International Speedway. In qualifying for the 2013 Daytona 500, he won his Budweiser Duel qualifying race; Busch ran as high as second in the Daytona 500 before blowing an engine after 150 of the race's 200 laps. At Phoenix International Raceway, Busch won the Nationwide Series Dollar General 200 from the pole, ending the second-longest winless streak of his career, at Bristol Motor Speedway two weeks later, he won the Jeff Foxworthy's Grit Chips 300 at Bristol Motor Speedway by less than.025 seconds over rookie Kyle Larson, tying Kevin Harvick for the most wins at Bristol in the Nationwide Series. That same weekend, Busch won the Sprint Cup pole, setting a

2014.

In 2014, Busch announced that he would drive the No. 54 car part-time in the Nationwide Series for Joe Gibbs Racing, splitting the ride with Sam Hornish, Jr. He also stated that he would drive the No. 51 truck part-time for 10 races in the Camping World Truck Series, with Erik Jones driving the other 12.  Kyle Busch's first highlight of the season came at Daytona in the NASCAR truck series race. He took the lead half-way in the 100 lap event, after leader Ben Kennedy (grandson of Bill France Jr.) ran out of gas. He led 25 laps and Timothy Peters got by Busch with 5 laps to go. With help from Ron Hornaday Jr. and Ryan Truex, Busch used a high-line move, to beat Peters by an inch for the win in a photo-finish.  Kyle Busch led some laps during the Daytona 500 and was running 4th on the final lap but got collected in an accident involving former arch rival Kevin Harvick. Harvick apologized for causing the wreck, but he and Busch both called out the track for not having safer-barriers in the front-stretch. Busch hinted in a post-race interview that the wreck was the

2015: First championship.

Busch and crew chief Dave Rogers parted ways at the end of the 2014 season. In the offseason shuffle of crew chiefs, Busch was paired with his Xfinity Series crew chief Adam Stevens. Dave Rogers was transferred over to Denny Hamlin, while Hamlin's previous crew chief Darian Grubb was transferred over to newly recruited Carl Edwards. In late January 2015, Busch was accidentally criticized by Keith Olbermann for brother Kurt's domestic violence case, being mistaken for Kurt.  On February 10, 2015, Busch announced that he would skip the truck series race at Daytona to focus on racing in the Daytona 500. During the second Budweiser Duel, Busch dominated the first half of the race. However he was called for a stop-and-go-penalty for speeding exiting pit road. He restarted the second half of the race in 23rd spot. He came back to the front of the field within 15 laps of the penalty, finishing second behind former Hendrick Motorsports teammate Jimmie Johnson.

2016.

Before the 2016 season started, Busch announced that he would no longer race in Xfinity or Camping World Truck Series restrictor plate races because of his Daytona crash in 2015. Busch started his season off with a 17th-place finish in the Sprint Unlimited, crashing with less than 5 laps left in the race. He won his Can-Am Duel and started on the front row of the Daytona 500 after his teammate Matt Kenseth, who qualified second for the 500, wrecked his car in the Duel and was forced to start from the back of the field. Busch finished 3rd in the 500. After the Daytona 500, Busch stated that he could "obtain 200 wins from all three national touring series combined" before he retires, which would tie Richard Petty's record. On February 27, 2016, Busch won the Xfinity Series' Heads Up Georgia 250 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The next week, Busch led all but one lap at Las Vegas Motor Speedway to win the Boyd Gaming 300. That same race, he led his 16,000th career Xfinity Series lap just before a red flag came out around lap 163.  During the 2016 Kobalt 400, Busch was leading with 13 laps to go, and seemed to be the eventual winner, when he reported a vibration on

2017.

Busch started the 2017 season on a slow note when he wrecked in the Daytona 500 after his rear tire lost air, spinning him and collecting race leader Dale Earnhardt Jr.. In his interview, Busch criticized Goodyear's tires, saying they "aren't very good at holding air."  In the Kobalt 400 at Las Vegas, Busch collided with Joey Logano as the two battled for a top-five finish on the final lap. The contact spun Busch out and onto pit road, relegating him to 22nd, while Logano finished fourth. After the race, Busch confronted Logano

2018.

Busch's quest for redemption began at the 2018 Daytona 500, Busch wrecked after blowing a tire; however, he was able to make it down to pit road to fix his car, finishing in 25th place. Busch was able to win the truck series race at Las Vegas in his first time competing there in the truck series since 2001. With the win, Busch has now won at his home track in all 3 major touring series of NASCAR. Busch followed the win with back to back runner up finishes at Las Vegas and Phoenix in the cup series to Kevin Harvick, even leading the

2019: Second championship.

Busch started the season with a 2nd-place finish in the Daytona 500, along with Truck Series wins at Atlanta, Las Vegas and Texas and Xfinity Series wins at Las Vegas, ISM Raceway, Texas, and Indianapolis.  His first Cup series win of the season came early in the fourth race of the schedule at ISM Raceway. The following race, Busch won his 200th event across NASCAR's top three touring divisions at Auto Club Speedway after sweeping both the stages and leading the most laps. His final two Truck events at Martinsville and

2020.

Busch started the 2020 season with a 34th place finish at the 2020 Daytona 500 after blowing an engine.  On February 22, 2020, after Busch won the Las Vegas Truck race, Kevin Harvick and Camping World CEO Marcus Lemonis offered a 100,000 reward to any full-time Cup Series driver who can beat Busch in the Truck Series. Corey LaJoie, Austin Dillon, Landon Cassill, and Timmy Hill were among those who showed interest in the challenge.

Late model racing.

Busch has maintained an active schedule of regional late model stock car racing, running his own Kyle Busch Motorsports cars in various events. His biggest win came in December 2009 when he won the 42nd running of the Snowball Derby at Five Flags Speedway in Pensacola, Florida. Busch won the Snowball Derby again in December 2017.  On July 10, 2011, Busch won the 32nd annual Slinger Nationals at Slinger Speedway in Wisconsin. Two weeks later, Busch won the 38th annual TD Bank 250 presented by New England Dodge Dealers at Oxford Plains Speedway; it was his third attempt to win the event. Kyle Busch became only the second

Formula One.

Busch was one of several American drivers under consideration to drive for the US-based Formula One team US F1. Busch declined the offer, stating that the timing was wrong; the team

Charity efforts.

In 2006, Busch founded the Kyle Busch Foundation following a visit to the St. John's Home in Grand Rapids, Michigan. According to the Foundation, "The Kyle Busch Foundation is dedicated to providing essential tools for less fortunate children throughout the country.". Busch also has personal sponsorship deals in place with Monster Energy and Electric Visual, with both appearing on his late model at

Personal life.

Kyle Busch married Samantha Sarcinella on December 31, 2010 in Chicago, which was featured in an hour special on Style Network. Sarcinella is a native of St. John, Indiana, and a graduate of Purdue University with a psychology degree. Their son, Brexton Locke Busch, was born

Legal troubles.

On May 24, 2011, Busch was cited for reckless driving and speeding near Troutman, North Carolina, driving in a speed limit zone. He issued a public apology in which he stated he got "carried away" test driving a Lexus LFA. On August 23, 2011, he received a $1,000

In popular media.

Busch is one of the cover drivers of "NASCAR Kart Racing". He is also featured on the cover of "NASCAR Heat 2" after winning the cover driver competition at the 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race.  Busch is featured as a playable driver in "Forza Motorsport 6", via the NASCAR expansion pack. The expansion features twenty-four paint schemes from the 2016 Sprint Cup Series season, including Busch's No. 18 Camry with primary sponsorship from M&M's and Interstate

Motorsports career results.

NASCAR.

Camping World East Series.

Season still in progress

References.

Notes

Kyle Thomas Busch (born May 2, 1985) is an American professional stock car racing driver and team owner., he competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 18 Toyota Camry for Joe Gibbs Racing, part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, driving the No. 54 Toyota Supra for JGR, and part-time in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series, driving the No. 51 Toyota Tundra for Kyle Busch Motorsports. KBM runs multiple trucks in the Truck Series and a Super Late Model team. Busch is the 2009 Xfinity Series champion and the 2015 and 2019 Cup Series champion.

Kyle Thomas Busch (* 2. Mai 1985 in Las Vegas, Nevada) ist ein US-amerikanischer Rennfahrer. Er fährt den Toyota Camry mit der Startnummer 18 für Joe Gibbs Racing in der Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, einen Camry mit der Startnummer 54 für Joe Gibbs Racing in der NASCAR Xfinity Series. Er ist der Fahrer mit den meisten Siegen aller Zeiten sowohl in der Xfinity Series als auch der Gander Outdoors Truck Series. Seine Rennfahrerkarriere begann er mit Rennen auf dem sogenannten Bullring auf dem Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Häufig wird er mit Spitznamen "Shrub" genannt, da er der jüngere Bruder von Kurt Busch ist und ein kleiner Busch in den Vereinigten Staaten oftmals als „shrub“ bezeichnet wird. Seit Juli 2007 ist er mit Samantha Sarcinella liiert. Sowohl in der Xfinity als auch in der Truck Series hält Busch den Rekord für die meisten Siege.


Background.

The city of Quedlinburg, Germany, was first mentioned in writing in a document dated to 922. Saint Mathilda founded Quedlinburg Abbey, a religious community for women, there in 936, leading it until her death in 966. The abbey became a premier educational institution for the female nobles of Saxony, and maintained its mission for nearly 900 years. The city served as an imperial palatinate of the Saxon emperors, where Henry the Fowler, the founder of the Ottonian dynasty, was buried. Quedlinburg was situated not far from Magdeburg, the Royal Assembly of the empire, and its annalists could therefore rely on genuine information from the royal house and obtain eyewitness accounts. The city lost some stature under the rule of Henry II, who broke with the tradition of celebrating Easter there; the Annals portray him unfavorably, and demonstrate the extent to which a royal monastery was entitled to criticize its monarch.

Annals.

The Annals open with a chronicle of world history from the time of Adam to the Third Council of Constantinople in 680-681, based on chronicles by Jerome, Isidore, and Bede. The narrative is largely borrowed from multiple older sources until the year 1002, although original reports from as early as 852 are present. Beginning in 993, the narrative begins including events which represent the annalist's own eyewitness testimony concerning events at and around Quedlinburg. The amount of detail increases significantly from 1008 onwards, leading some analysts to conclude that 1008 was the actual date that the Annals were first compiled, although Robert Holzman argues for a start date of 1000. It has been suggested that the annalist temporarily abandoned the project between 1016 and 1021. The exact reasons for this suspension of the work are unknown. Work on the project continued between 1021 and 1030, when its authors were able to report a military victory against Mieszko II.  The primary task of the annalists was to record the heritage of the Ottonian dynasty and of Quedlinburg itself. The Annals incorporate the stories of a number of historic and legendary figures such as Attila the Hun, King Dietrich of the Goths, and others. The historian Felice Lifshitz has suggested that the amount of saga material integrated into its narrative is without parallel.  The Annals of Quedlinburg became an important research source; during the 12th century they were used by at least five contemporary historians. Felice Lifshitz asserts that the Annals of Quedlinburg played a key role in shaping the ways in which influential Germans of the 19th and 20th centuries saw their medieval past. They continue to be analyzed in other contexts: by scholars of "Beowulf" discussing its use of the term "Hugones" to mean Franks, by climatologists, and in a book discussing fear of the millennium.

Mention of Lithuania.

The first written occurrence of Lithuania's name has been traced to the Quedlinburg Annals and dated to 9 March 1009. The passage reads: From other sources that describe Bruno of Querfurt, it is clear that this missionary attempted to Christianize the pagan king Netimer and his subjects. However, Netimer's brother, refusing to accept Christianity, killed Bruno and his followers. The historian Alfredas Bumblauskas has suggested that the story records the first baptismal attempt in the history of Lithuania.

Editions and translations.

The Annals of the Holy Roman Empire. The Annals of Quedlinburg. Translated and annotated by Grzegorz Kazimierz Walkowski (Walkowski,Bydgoszcz,2014)

The Annals of Quedlinburg (, ) were written between 1008 and 1030 in the convent of Quedlinburg Abbey. In recent years a consensus has emerged that it is likely that the annalist was a woman. The annals are mostly dedicated to the history of the Holy Roman Empire; they also contain the first written mention of the name of Lithuania ("Litua"), dated to March, 1009. The original document has disappeared, surviving only as a 16th-century copy held in Dresden, but its contents endure as a scholarly resource.

Die Quedlinburger Annalen oder Annales Quedlinburgenses sind eine jahrweise Geschichtsdarstellung aus dem 11. Jahrhundert, die als herausragende Quelle für die Zeit der Ottonen gelten und nur in einer einzigen Abschrift aus dem 16. Jahrhundert überliefert sind. Diese Dresdner Sammelhandschrift geht auf den Wittenberger Professor Petrus Albinus (1543–1598) zurück. Die erste wichtige Bearbeitung des Werks erfolgte durch Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1710 im Rahmen der "„Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium“" und wurde als Druck herausgegeben. Die bislang bedeutendste Ausgabe wurde im Jahr 1839 von Georg Heinrich Pertz im dritten Band der Scriptores-Reihe der Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) veröffentlicht. Seither wird die Edition als „Annales Quedlinburgenses“ bezeichnet. Früher wurde das Werk unter dem Titel "„Chronicon Saxonicum Quedilnburg“" geführt.


Early life.

James Victor Scott was born on July 17, 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The son of Arthur and Justine Stanard Scott, he was the third child in a family of 10. As a child he got his first singing experience by his mother's side at the family piano and later in church choir. At 13, he was orphaned when his mother was killed by a drunk driver.

Later life and career.

Lionel Hampton gave him the nickname "Little Jimmy Scott" because he looked young and was short and of slight build. His phrasing made him a favorite of artists including Billie Holiday, Ray Charles, Frankie Valli, Dinah Washington, and Nancy Wilson.  He rose to prominence as Little Jimmy Scott in the Lionel Hampton band as lead singer on "Everybody's Somebody's Fool", recorded in December 1949. It became a top ten R&B hit in 1950. Credit on the label went to "Lionel Hampton and vocalists"; Scott received no credit on any of the songs. A similar event occurred several years later when his vocal on "Embraceable You" with Charlie Parker, on the album "One Night in Birdland", was credited to the female vocalist Chubby Newsom.  In 1963 his girlfriend, Mary Ann Fisher, who sang with Ray Charles, helped him sign with Tangerine, Charles's label, and record the album "Falling in Love is Wonderful". The album was withdrawn while Scott was on his honeymoon because he had signed a contract with Herman Lubinsky; it would be 40 years before the album was reissued. Scott disputed the contract he had with Lubinsky, who had loaned him to Syd Nathan at King for 45 recordings in 1957–58. Another album, "The Source" (1969), was not released until 2001.  Scott's career faded by the late 1960s, and he returned to his native Cleveland to work as a hospital orderly, shipping clerk, and elevator operator. He returned to music in 1989 when manager Alan Eichler arranged for him to share a late-night bill with Johnnie Ray at New York's Ballroom. When Scott sang at the funeral of his friend, songwriter Doc Pomus, the event further renewed his career. Afterwards Lou Reed invited him to sing backup on the song "Power and Glory" on Reed's 1992 album "Magic and Loss".  Also in attendance at Pomus's funeral was Seymour Stein, founder and operator of Sire, which released Scott's 1992 album "All the Way", produced by Tommy Lipuma and featuring Kenny Barron, Ron Carter, and David "Fathead" Newman. Scott was nominated for a Grammy Award for the album.  Scott released "Dream" in 1994 and the album "Heaven" in 1996. His next work, an album of pop and rock interpretations entitled "Holding Back the Years" (1998), was produced by Gerry McCarthy and Dale Ashley. Released in the US by Artists Only in October 1998, it peaked at No. 14 on the "Billboard" Jazz Albums chart. In Japan, it won the "Swing Journal" Award for Best Jazz Album of the Year (2000). The title track marked the first time in his career that Scott overdubbed his harmony vocal tracks. "Holding Back the Years" features cover art by Mark Kostabi, liner notes by Lou Reed, and includes versions of "Nothing Compares 2 U" (written by Prince), "Jealous Guy" (John Lennon), "Almost Blue" (Elvis Costello), and "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" (Elton John & Bernie Taupin).  In 1999, Scott's early recordings for Decca were released on CD, as were all of his recordings with Savoy from 1952 to 1975 in a three-disc box set. In 2000, Scott signed with Milestone and recorded four albums, each produced by Todd Barkan with guests such as Wynton Marsalis, Renee Rosnes, Bob Kindred, Eric Alexander, Lew Soloff, George Mraz, Lewis Nash, and Scott's touring and recording band, The Jazz Expressions. He released two live albums recorded in Japan. During 2003–04, PBS aired "If You Only Knew", a documentary produced and directed by Matthew Buzell that won film festival awards and the Independent Lens award.  Scott and his wife Jeanie lived in Las Vegas, Nevada, after purchasing a house in 2006, having previously lived in Euclid, Ohio, for 10 years.  On May 10, 2014, Scott's final recording session took place in the living room of his home. The track was recorded for Grégoire Maret's album "Wanted" and was a song Maret wrote for him titled "The 26th of May".  Scott died in his sleep at his home in Las Vegas on June 12, 2014, at the age of 88. He was buried in Knollwood Cemetery in Mayfield Heights, Ohio.

Awards and honors.

Scott performed at the inaugurations of Presidents Eisenhower (1953) and Clinton (1993). On both occasions, Scott sang "Why Was I Born?". Later, he appeared with the lounge music group Pink Martini and continued to perform until his death.  He received the NEA Jazz Masters award (2007) from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Living Legend Award from the Kennedy Center, the Pioneer Award from NABOB (National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters), and the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Jazz Foundation of America (2010).  Scott's recording of "If I Ever Lost You" can be heard in the opening credits of the HBO movie "Lackawanna Blues". He was also mentioned on "The Cosby Show" (season 2, episode 25), when Clair and Cliff Huxtable bet on the year in which "An Evening in Paradise" was recorded. On August 17, 2013, at Cleveland State University, he was inducted into inaugural class of the R&B Music Hall of Fame.  In July 2014, shortly after his death, a portion of East 101st Street in Cleveland was renamed Jimmy Scott Way in his honor.

James Victor Scott (July 17, 1925 – June 12, 2014), known professionally as Little Jimmy Scott or Jimmy Scott, was an American jazz vocalist known for his high natural contralto voice and his sensitivity on ballads and love songs.

James Victor „Jimmy“ Scott (* 17. Juli 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio; † 12. Juni 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada) war ein US-amerikanischer Jazz-Sänger. Sein Markenzeichen (Spitzname "Little Jimmy Scott", wegen seiner zierlichen Statur) ist seine raue Sopranstimme und eine gekonnt auf das Wesentliche reduzierte gefühlvolle Gesangsperformance.


Demographics.

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 48,537, of whom 24,360 were men and 24,177 were women; 8,352 or 17.21% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 59.83% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 26.84% of the population were Moslem, and 12.85% practiced traditional beliefs.  Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 42,059, of whom 20,778 are men and 21,281 are women; 5,596 or 13.31% of the population are urban dwellers which is greater than the Zone average of 10.7%. With an estimated area of 8,387.19 square kilometers, Dangur has a population density of 5 people per square kilometer which is less than the Zone average of 8.57.  The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 30,741 in 5,948 households, of whom 15,284 were males and 15,457 were females; 3,253 or 10.58% of its population were urban dwellers. The four largest ethnic groups reported in Dangur were the Awi (40.5%) a subgroup of the Agaw, Gumuz (34%), the Amhara (16.5%), and the Shinasha (3.3%); all other ethnic groups made up 5.7% of the population. Awngi is spoken as a first language by 40%, 34% speak Gumuz, 17.5% speak Amharic, and 3.2% speak Boro; the remaining 5.3% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 52% of the population reporting that they held that belief, while 21.6% traditional religions, and 21% were Muslim. Concerning education, 11.51% of the population were considered literate, which is less than the Zone average of 18.61%; 11.83% of children aged 7-12 were in primary school; 2.02% of the children aged 13-14 were in junior secondary school; and 0.18% of the inhabitants aged 15-18 were in senior secondary school. Concerning sanitary conditions, 12.6% of the urban houses and 2.9% of all houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census; 34% of the urban and about 7.4% of the total had toilet facilities.

Dangur is one of the 20 woredas in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia. It is named after the Dangur range of mountains, which extend southwest from the mountains along the west side of Lake Tana. The administrative center of this woreda is Manbuk.

Dangur (äthiopische Schrift: ዳንጉር) ist ein Distrikt (Woreda) im Westen Äthiopiens. Er gehört zur Metekel-Zone in der Region Benishangul-Gumuz. Der Hauptort und größte Ort von Dangur ist Manbuk.


Biography.

Early life and acting career.

Brown was born in Manhattan, New York, in 1961. Brown was raised in The Bronx, where he began playing poker in Italian cafés. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1990s where he began working in Hollywood. Brown has had some minor roles in television series and films, including "Basket Case 2" and "Miami Hustle". He also appeared as an assistant host on the game show "Caesars Challenge" in the early 1990s.

Poker career.

Brown was the presenter of the Ultimate Poker Challenge television series. He has finished in the money at several events in the World Series of Poker (WSOP), including third in the 2002 $1,500 Omaha hi-lo split event, second to Ted Forrest in the 2004 $1,500 seven-card stud event and second in the 2005 $2,000 seven-card stud hi-lo event. Brown made back to back final tables at 2005 World Series of Poker circuit events, including a third-place finish behind Chris Ferguson and Prahlad Friedman. Brown made 10 Final Tables at the WSOP, but never won a WSOP Bracelet in open competition. He finished runner-up three times and in third place three times. In 2014 he was awarded an honorary World Series of Poker bracelet for his overall contributions to the game of poker.  Brown also made the final table of the World Poker Tour fourth season Bay 101 Shooting Stars Tournament, where he finished 6th. Brown won one of the biggest online poker tournaments in the 2006 World Championship of Online Poker $5000 H.O.R.S.E. event. He bested 174 other players to take down the $223,125 first prize and a gold bracelet. Brown made the finals of the NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship, defeating Yosh Nakano, Gabe Kaplan, Brad Booth, Kristy Gazes, and Gavin Smith before losing to Paul Wasicka 2-0 in the best-of-three final.  In 2007, Brown cashed for the first time in the Main Event, coming in 97th place out of a field of 6,358 players, winning $67,535.  Brown's biggest win came at the 2009 Gulf Coast Poker Championship at the Beau Rivage Resort & Casino in Biloxi, Mississippi. Brown and Vanessa Rousso served as the official celebrity hosts of the tournament. For first place, Brown earned $225,567.  Brown was named Bluff Magazine’s Poker Player of the Year for 2006, and in his own words: “Winning player of the year is like an actor winning an Oscar”.  Brown's total live tournament winnings exceed $3,600,000. His 38 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,220,357 of those winnings.  Brown was married to professional poker player Vanessa Rousso. The couple separated in early 2012.

Death.

Brown died on July 2, 2014. In February 2011, he was diagnosed with liposarcoma and had a ten-pound tumor removed from his abdomen. Brown resumed his poker career despite having the rare cancer, only slowing down when he was no longer physically able to compete. Just prior to his death, the World Series of Poker honored him by awarding him an honorary bracelet for his achievements in poker, but Brown was unable to make the ceremony due to his condition. He died in hospice care at Calvary Hospital in his native New York at the age of 52.

Chad Brown (August 13, 1961 – July 2, 2014) was an American actor, poker player and color commentator, based in Los Angeles, California.

Chad Brown (* 13. August 1961 in New York City, New York; † 2. Juli 2014 ebenda) war ein professioneller US-amerikanischer Pokerspieler, Schauspieler und Kommentator.


History.

The town was first settled by a group from Plainfield, Connecticut. It was one of the towns incorporated by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth in 1761, at the beginning of the reign of King George III. A part of Plainfield known as "Meriden Parish", named for the farm of Massachusetts Governor Jonathan Belcher, became the site of Kimball Union Academy, built in 1813.  Plainfield lies on the northern edge of the enclave known as the Cornish Art Colony, which existed between 1885 and 1930. Maxfield Parrish painted the stage backdrop in the Plainfield Town Hall. Parrish purchased land close to his parents' estate in 1898, at the age of 28, and relocated after leaving Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He designed and built his home, The Oaks, over several years, eventually also designing and building an elaborate studio some distance behind the house. Parrish lived in Plainfield for 67 years, with the exception of a several-month period in Arizona, and a nine-month period when he resided and worked in New York City. In 1910, Ernest Harold Baynes founded the Meriden Bird Club, the first institution of its type in the nation.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and is water, comprising 1.42% of the town. Bounded on the west by the Connecticut River, Plainfield is drained by Blood's Brook and Blow-me-down Brook. Croydon Mountain is a high ridge that occupies the eastern edge of the town. Grantham Mountain, a peak along the ridge, is the highest point in Plainfield at above sea level.  The town is crossed by the north-south state routes 12A and 120. Route 12A, serving the western part of the town, passes through the village of Plainfield. Route 120, passing through the eastern part of the town, serves the village of Meriden.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,364 people, 923 households, and 684 families residing in the town. There were 984 housing units, of which 61, or 6.2%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 98.0% white, 0.5% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.04% some other race, and 0.9% from two or more races. 1.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.  Of the 923 households, 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were headed by married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51, and the average family size was 2.88.  In the town, 22.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.4% were from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 37.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.  For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $82,250, and the median income for a family was $90,729. Male full-time workers had a median income of $56,385 versus $52,813 for females. The per capita income for the town was $38,810. 1.0% of the population and 0.3% of families were below the poverty line. 0.0% of the population under the age of 18 and 2.5% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

Plainfield is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. At the 2010 census, the town had a total population of 2,364. The town is home to the Helen Woodruff Smith Bird Sanctuary and Annie Duncan State Forest.

Plainfield ist eine Gemeinde im US-Bundesstaat New Hampshire. Sie liegt in Sullivan County. Plainfield hat 2.241 Einwohner und 844 Haushalte (Stand 2005).


Amateur career.

As an amateur, Bika was a member of the 2000 Cameroonian Olympic Team as a Light middleweight. He lost to Scott MacIntosh of Canada. Since the 2000 Olympics Bika fights out of Sydney, Australia.

Professional career.

Sakio took the opportunity to fight the German champion Markus Beyer for the WBC Super Middleweight world title in Germany in May 2005. After an accidental head clash in round 4 the doctor ruled Beyer unable to continue. Under WBC rules the bout was declared a technical draw. Sakio was awarded all 4 rounds on one judges score card, and the stoppage was considered controversial.

Bika vs. Calzaghe.

Bika On 14 October 2006 Bika challenged Joe Calzaghe at the MEN Arena in Manchester for the IBF and WBO titles. He was defeated unanimously by a wide margin.  Bika's then fought undefeated Lucian Bute at the Bell Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Bute won by unanimous decision in a fight that was an IBF super middleweight title eliminator.  Sakio obtained his Australian citizenship in 2006. Although he bases himself in Sydney, Australia, Bika remains proud of his dual citizenship and his status as an African Australian.  He was one of the featured boxers on the 3rd season of the boxing reality TV series, The Contender, which premiered 4 September 2007 on ESPN. After wins against Donny McCrary and in a rematch with Sam Soliman (the only fighter to defeat Bika other than Calzaghe and Bute), Bika earned a place in the final against Jaidon Codrington at the TD Banknorth Garden in Boston on 6 November.

"The Contender" season 3.

On Tuesday, 6 November 2007, Bika knocked out Jaidon Codrington in the championship bout to win The Contender. The fight was wild, with both fighters being knocked down in the first round. In the end, Bika stopped Codrington in the eighth round by referee stoppage (TKO). Bika walked away with $750,000 in prize money.  After the Codrington fight, Bika returned to the ring in Australia with a first round KO of Argentinian Gustavo Javier Kapusi. Bika won the fight right at the end of the round with a body shot.  Bika returned to the ring on 13 November 2008, in a fight with former season one contestant Peter Manfredo Jr at the Dunkin' Donuts Center. Bika won by TKO in round 3. With the win, Bika became the International Boxing Organization super middleweight champion.  Bika fought Jean Paul Mendy on 31 July in Las Vegas, for an IBF #1 spot and a shot at the title. Bika lost the fight by disqualification in the 1st round after he hit Mendy following a knockdown and while Mendy was still on his knees.

Bika vs. Ward.

After the Mendy fight Bika was given a shot at unbeaten WBA super middleweight champion Andre Ward, A voluntary defence by Ward after he defeated Allan Green. Bika used a fast pace a threw a total of 612 punches (400 of which were power shots) landing 201, however this was not enough to ruffle the champion who used defence and counter punching to land clean and effective blows throughout. Winning on all three scorecards Ward took a dominant decision with scores of 120-108, 118-110, 118-110, handing Bika his fifth loss.  On 2 June 2012, on the undercard of Antonio Tarver vs Lateef Kayode, Bika fought Dyah Davis, the son of Olympic gold medalist Howard Davis. Bika dominated the fight, stopping Davis in round 10 to win the NABF and WBO inter-continental super middleweight titles.  He defeated Nikola Sjekloca via unanimous decision in a WBC Eliminator.

WBC super-middleweight champion.

On 22 June 2013, on the undercard of Adrien Broner vs. Paulie Malignaggi, Bika defeated Marco Antonio Peribán via 12-round majority decision to win the vacant WBC super middleweight title.  Bika had his first defense of the WBC super middleweight on the 7 December 2013 undercard of Paulie Malignaggi vs. Zab Judah. He retained his title after earning a split draw against Anthony Dirrell.  On 16 August 2014, at the StubHub Center in Carson, California, Bika faced Dirrell in a championship rematch. After 12 rounds, the judges awarded the fight and the title to Dirrell by unanimous decision.

Sakio Bika (born 18 April 1979) is a Cameroonian-Australian professional boxer. He held the WBC super-middleweight title from 2013 to 2014, and previously the IBO super-middleweight title from 2008 to 2010. In 2015 he challenged once for the unified light-heavyweight world title, and in 2007 won the third season of "The Contender" reality TV series.

Sakio Bika (* 18. April 1979 in Douala in Kamerun) ist ein kamerunischer Boxer und ehemaliger Weltmeister der WBC im Supermittelgewicht. Seit 2006 besitzt er die australische Staatsbürgerschaft und tritt in Kämpfen für seine Wahlheimat an.


Life and work.

He was born into a family of merchants and artisans. In 1603, he entered the workshop of El Greco, and remained there until 1606. He initially imitated his teacher's style to the extent that many of his works have been attributed to him and vice versa. After El Greco's son, Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli, Tristán is considered to be his principle follower. He then spent seven years in Italy, returning home around 1613.  He would work exclusively in Toledo for the rest of his life. His post-Italian work showed the influence of the Caravaggisti and the general aesthetic approach of the Counter-reformation. Apart from a few realistic portraits, his work is religious in focus. Although his figures show the distortions typical of his master, he introduced elements from daily life, rendered in a naturalistic style that offsets their lack of realism.  His most important works may be a set of paintings made for the main altarpiece at the church of Saint Benedict of Nursia in Yepes, from approximately 1616, which includes six scenes from the life of Jesus and eight half-figures of various saints. During the Spanish Civil War, the altar was largely destroyed, but the torn canvases were repaired at the Museo del Prado and all but two were returned to the church in 1942.  Other works include "Saint Louis Distributing Alms", currently in the Louvre, and "The Round of Bread and Eggs" at the Museum of Santa Cruz.  One of his best-known students was the still-life painter, Pedro de Camprobín.

Luis Tristán de Escamilla, also known as Luis de Escamilla or Luis Rodríguez Tristán (c.1585, Toledo - 1624, Toledo), was a Spanish painter in the mannerist style.

Luis Tristán (auch "Luis Tristán de Escamilla", * um 1585 in Toledo; † 1624 ebenda) war ein spanischer Maler des 17. Jahrhunderts. Seine Gemälde hängen u. a. im Museo del Prado in Madrid und im El-Greco-Museum in Toledo; zwei weitere befinden sich im Louvre in Paris.