Background.

At the beginning of the fourteenth century, Castile was suffering from unrest caused by its civil war, which was fought between the local and allied forces of the reigning king, Peter of Castile, and his half-brother Henry of Trastámara over the right to the crown.  Peter IV of Aragon supported Henry of Trastámara. Henry was, in turn, supported by the French commander Bertrand du Guesclin and his "free companies" of troops. Peter of Castile was supported by the English. The War of the Two Peters can thus be considered an extension of the wider Hundred Years' War as well as the Castilian Civil War.  Peter of Castile sought to claim the Kingdom of Valencia, which included parts of Murcia, Elche, Alicante, and Orihuela. Peter of Aragon wished to dominate the Mediterranean in opposition to Castile and Castile's ally Genoa.  A naval incident between the two powers had already caused tension: Catalan galleys, armed by Mossèn Francesc de Perellós, who had letters of marque from the Aragonese king, aided France against England, and also managed to capture two Genoese ships at Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Genoa was an ally of Castile. Peter of Castile, leading the Castilian fleet, caught up to Perellós at Tavira but was unable to capture him.

War.

1356–1363.

The war lasted from 1356 to 1375, prolonged because Peter of Castile lost his throne to Henry of Trastámara. The war primarily took place on the border between Castile and Aragon, namely Aragonese border towns such as Teruel, which fell to the Castilians.  In 1357, Castile penetrated Aragon and conquered Tarazona on March 9; on May 8, they arranged a temporary truce.  At the beginning of 1361, the Castilians conquered the fortresses of Verdejo, Torrijos, Alhama, and other places. However, the "peace of Terrer" (sometimes called the "peace of Deza") was negotiated on May 18, 1361, in which all conquered places and castles were returned to their original lords. Bernardo de Cabrera, ambassador of the Aragonese king, negotiated the peace. Peter IV married his daughter Constance to Frederick III the Simple.  In June 1362, Peter of Castile met with Charles II of Navarre at Soria, and mutual aid was promised. Peter also contracted an alliance with Edward III of England and Edward's son The Black Prince.  With these negotiations complete, the Castilian king invaded Aragonese territory without officially declaring war, and the conflict commenced again. The Aragonese king was at Perpignan without troops, and thus caught off guard. The Castilians took the castles of Arize, Atece, Terrer, Moros, Cetina, and Alhama. Peter of Castile was unable to take Calatayud, even though he attacked it with all types of siege machines. Without taking his conquests any further, he returned to Seville.  In 1363 Castile continued the war against Aragon, and again occupied Tarazona. Peter of Castile received reinforcements from Portugal and Navarre. Meanwhile, the Aragonese king negotiated a treaty with France and a secret treaty with Henry II of Castile. Pedro of Castile then conquered Cariñena, Teruel, Segorbe, Morvedre, Almenara, Xiva, and Bunyol.  The papal nuncio Jean de la Grange arranged the "peace of Morvedre" (Sagunt) (July 2, 1363) between the two kings. The peace was not ratified, however, and hostilities continued. The Castilians penetrated the Kingdom of Valencia in 1363, and conquered Alicante, Caudete, Elda, Gandia, and other places.

1363–1369.

From 1365 to 1369 Peter of Castile was preoccupied with maintaining his position on the Castilian throne against Henry of Trastámara.  The Castilian Civil War began in 1366 and Peter of Castile was dethroned. He was assailed by his illegitimate brother Henry of Trastámara at the head of a host of soldiers of fortune, including Bertrand du Guesclin and Hugh Calveley. Peter abandoned the kingdom without daring to give battle, after retreating several times (first from Burgos, then from Toledo, and finally from Seville) in the face of the oncoming armies. Peter fled with his treasury to Portugal, where he was coldly received by his uncle, King Peter I of Portugal, and thence to Galicia, in northern Spain, where he ordered the murder of Suero, the archbishop of Santiago, and the dean, Perálvarez.  Peter of Castile was overthrown in 1369.

Invasion of Valencia.

The Kingdom of Granada supported Peter of Castile in the War of the Two Peters. Castilian troops and their Moorish allies invaded southern Valencia, which suffered low-level ravaging and political instability. The Castilians unsuccessfully laid siege to Orihuela in 1364.

End of the war.

The war finally ended with the Peace of Almazán, in 1375, leaving no clear victor. Castile recovered "comarcas" that had passed under Aragonese rule, such as the lordship of Molina. A marriage was contracted between Eleanor of Aragon, daughter of Peter IV of Aragon, and John I of Castile, the successor of Henry II of Castile.  The misery of the war was compounded by the Black Death and other natural disasters, such as drought and a plague of locusts. These events ruined the Aragonese economy, leading to a decrease of the country’s population. The cathedral of Tarazona was destroyed during the war and not rebuilt until much later.  However, the war is believed to have led to the establishment of administrative and military forces that would ultimately result in a unified Castile and Aragon in the next century.

The War of the Two Peters (, ) was fought from 1356 to 1375 between the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. Its name refers to the rulers of the countries, Peter of Castile and Peter IV of Aragon. One historian has written that "all of the centuries-old lessons of border fighting were used as two evenly matched opponents dueled across frontiers that could change hands with lightning speed."

Der Krieg der beiden Peter (; ) wurde zwischen 1356 und 1375 zwischen den Königreichen Kastilien und Aragon ausgetragen. So genannt wurde er wegen der gleichlautenden Vornamen der Könige beider Länder, Peter I. von Kastilien und Peter IV. von Aragon.


Biography.

Son Ngoc Minh was born in 1920 at Trà Vinh Province (present-day Vietnam) during the French colonial period to an ethnic Khmer father and a Vietnamese mother. He became a Buddhist lay preacher ("Achar"). During the Indochina War, he was recruited by Vietnamese communists (Viet Minh) to serve as President of a newly formed Cambodian People's Liberation Committee (CPLC) in Battambang. Minh had been born in a Khmer district of southern Vietnam of mixed Khmer-Vietnamese parentage, which meant he was the nearest the Vietnamese had to an authentic Khmer revolutionary. His "nom de guerre" was intended to capitalise on the popularity of Sihanouk's banished rival, Son Ngoc Thanh, then still languishing in exile in France.  Son Ngoc Minh was the leader of the first nationwide congress of the leftist Khmer Issarak groups, which founded the United Issarak Front. In 1950, he formally declared Cambodia's independence after claiming that the UIF controlled one third of the country. Along with Tou Samouth, Minh founded the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) in August 1951. After the Geneva Agreements and the end of the First Indochina war, Son Ngoc Minh and many Khmer Issarak officials left Cambodia for North Vietnam.  Minh remained a senior figure in the Party, albeit largely operating from Hanoi in North Vietnam, until 1972, when at the request of Ieng Sary he was sent to hospital in Beijing to be treated for high blood pressure. Minh died in Beijing on 22 December. His death further lessened the influence of the Hanoi-trained communists on the Khmer Rouge, correspondingly increasing the power of the hardline Party 'Centre' led by Pol Pot.

Son Ngoc Minh (, ) (1920–1972), also known as Achar Mean (), was a Cambodian communist politician whose first notable career achievement was in 1950 when he was appointed the head of provisional revolutionary government of the United Issarak Front organized at Hong Dan. Among his Vietnamese friends, he was known as "Phạm Văn Hua".

Sơn Ngọc Minh (* 1920 in Nam Bo, Provinz Trà Vinh (Französisch-Indochina); † 22. Dezember 1972 in Peking, Volksrepublik China), eigentlich Phạm Văn Hua, bekannt auch als Achar Mean, war ein kommunistischer kambodschanischer Politiker. 1950 wurde er von der Khmer Issarak Association zum Führer der provisorischen Revolutionären Regierung eines künftigen kommunistischen Kambodscha ernannt. 1951 gründete er zusammen mit Tou Samouth die Revolutionäre Volkspartei der Khmer.


Biography.

Igor Petrenko was born on August 23, 1977 in Potsdam (GDR) in the family of the Soviet soldiers. His father Pyotr Vladimirovich Petrenko was a lieutenant colonel, and in addition to military service, he was a candidate of chemical sciences. Igor's mother, Tatyana Anatolievna Petrenko, was a professional translator from English. When Igor was three years old, the family moved to Moscow.  As a child, the main hobbies were gymnastics, judo and sambo, when among the favorite school subjects was English language.  In 2000 he was graduated from The Shchepkin Higher Theatre School in Moscow. Igor become famous actor after he was appearing in the "Zvezda" TV Series. Thanks to his role in the Series he won the "Nika" award in the nomination as the "Discovery of the year" in 2003.  For his acting skills, the actor was awarded the Presidential Award (Officially, the State Prize of the Russian Federation), and in 2004 he was awarded the "Triumph" Award as the best young actor.  In 2012, he performed the role of Sherlock Holmes in new series based on the works of Arthur Conan Doyle.

Personal life.

He was married to actress Irina Leonova. Igor met Irina while studying at drama school, and they got married right after graduation in 2000.  Since 2004, he was married to actress Ekaterina Klimova, and they have three children: daughter Liza Khoroshilova (from the first marriage of Klimova) and sons Matvey Petrenko and Korney Petrenko. He met his second wife on the set of the series "The Moscow Windows" when he was still married to Irina Leonova. Right after he broke up from Irina, Igor made a proposal to Ekaterina Klimova. Petrenko and Klimova divorced on July 10, 2014.  Petrenko has a daughter named Sophia-Karolina (b. 24.12.2014.) with Kristina Brodskaya, an actress from Saint Petersburg.

Igor Petrovich Petrenko (; born August 23, 1977) is a Russian actor of cinema and theater. In 2002 President of Russia, Vladimir Putin gave him The State prize of Russia.

Igor Petrowitsch Petrenko (; * 23. August 1977 in Potsdam) ist ein russischer Schauspieler, der mit dem Staatspreis der Russischen Föderation ausgezeichnet wurde.


The Purge – Die Säuberung (Fernsehserie)

Premise.

With ties to the films, the series revolves around an alternate dystopian United States ruled by a totalitarian government that sanctions a 12-hour period which legalizes all crimes, including vandalism, theft, arson, and murder.  The first season follows several seemingly unconnected characters as they experience the night: Miguel Guerrero, a Marine searching for his sister Penelope who has joined a death cult; Jane Barbour, an executive who uses the Purge as an opportunity for revenge; and Jenna and Rick Betancourt, married entrepreneurs who attend a Purge party to seek investment capital from a wealthy Purge supporter.  The second season begins just as an annual Purge night is drawing to a close, and follows characters dealing with the consequences of that night and investigating conspiracies in the year before the next purge. One story involves ex-police officers who have become bank robbers. Another story follows a NFFA detective following a suspicious killing of a scientist friend and discovers many of their peers have also been killed in suspicious circumstances. Other stories include college fraternity members who went out on Purge Night to collect items on a scavenger hunt, before having to defend themselves and dealing with PTSD afterwards, as well as a husband and wife who survive an assailant on Purge Night, only to discover that it was a hitman sent to kill the husband and begin to investigate why. Clear connections between these characters and their stories become apparent as the plot unfolds.

Episodes.

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Production.

Development.

A television series about the formation of the Purge was hinted at by DeMonaco. The series would possibly deal with how the New Founding Fathers were voted to office after overthrowing the U.S. Government during an economic collapse and social unrest and how they ratified the 28th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution as well as devising the Purge. In May 2017, it was reported that USA Network would premiere the series in 2018. The series premiered on September 4, 2018. On November 6, 2018, USA Network renewed the show for a second season which premiered on October 15, 2019. On May 13, 2020, the USA Network canceled the series after two seasons.

Casting.

On February 26, 2018, it was announced that Gabriel Chavarria and Jessica Garza were cast as Miguel and Penelope Guerrero. In March 2018, Amanda Warren and Colin Woodell were cast as Jane Barbour and Rick Betancourt. In April 2018, Lili Simmons, Hannah Emily Anderson, Lee Tergesen and William Baldwin were cast as Lila Stanton, Jenna Betancourt, Joe and David Ryker. In May 2018, Fiona Dourif was cast as Good Leader Tavis. In June 2019, Derek Luke, Max Martini, Paola Núñez, and Joel Allen had been cast as series regulars for the second season.  During a New York Comic Con 2019 interview, Joel Allen commented on the use of The Purge films' God mask in the TV series as "like a gift from the writers" as an actor.

Filming.

Filming for the first season began May 2018.

Reception.

Critical response.

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 42% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.51/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bloated and boring, "The Purge" kills its own fleetingly fun premise and proves that not all stories work better on the small screen." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Home media.

The ten episodes of the first season were released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 on January 8, 2019.

The Purge is an American anthology horror television series, based on the franchise of the same name and created by James DeMonaco. "The Purge" was first announced in April 2017, and stars Gabriel Chavarria, Hannah Emily Anderson, Jessica Garza, Lili Simmons, Amanda Warren, Colin Woodell and Lee Tergesen, with Cindy Robinson reprising her role as the Purge Emergency Broadcast System, Megan Lewis. The series premiered on September 4, 2018, and the first season consisted of ten episodes. In November 2018, USA Network renewed the show for a second season which premiered on October 15, 2019. The first season took place in 2027, putting it in between "" and "" on the timeline of the series. In May 2020, the series was canceled after two seasons.

The Purge – Die Säuberung ist eine US-amerikanische Horror-Fernsehserie, die auf der gleichnamigen Filmreihe von James DeMonaco basiert. Die Serie wurde erstmals im April 2017 angekündigt. In den Hauptrollen sind Gabriel Chavarria, Hannah Anderson, Jessica Garza, Lili Simmons, Amanda Warren, Colin Woodell und Lee Tergesen zu sehen.


History.

The land of the burial ground was part of the Franciscan (Greyfriars) Monastery until the Scottish Reformation. In 1564 Mary, Queen of Scots granted the land to the burgh of Dundee, for use as a burial ground. It was used for meetings by the Dundee Incorporated Trades, and subsequently became known as The Howff, from the Scots word "howff" 'an enclosed open space, yard, area (as a timber yard)', likely related to German or Dutch "hof" 'enclosed space, courtyard'.. Old parish records for burials within The Howff begin in the late 18th century. Prior to this records of mortcloth hire, a cloth rented out by the Guildry and Trades to cover bodies or coffins before burial, provide evidence of burials dating back to 1655. Meetings at The Howff ceased in 1776. The last burial took place in 1878 (George Duncan). The walls along the west side date from 1601.  The vault to the extreme south west (now simply saying "Blackness" inside) was the burial Vault of the Wedderburns of Blackness House in Dundee. A sealed window on its exterior appear to indicate this was either a watch-house or part of the original meeting-house prior to the vault being built (c.1630).  The graveyard is highly unusual by Scottish standards, containing a high number of Roman-style coffer tombs. It also contains a high number of inscriptions which philosophise on death itself rather than discussing the person interred.  Of the 80,000 burials in the Howff around 3% are classed as "foreign" but with many simply bearing this label due to birth at sea, reflecting Dundee's maritime heritage. As an odder distinction, some 10% of the deaths are specifically recorded as "Irish burials", largely labourers in the early 19th century.

Burials.

Burials at The Howff include:

The New Howff.

In 1834 a new cemetery, which was known as the New Howff, was opened on what was then the northern edge of the town on the lower slopes of Dundee Law. This cemetery, which was influenced by Glasgow Necropolis, was more or less destroyed by later building works. Firstly the construction of Dundee's inner ring road in the 1960s cut through the site, and this was followed by the erection of a multi-storey car park over the New Hoff's southern end. Some grave stones were saved and positioned against its western wall which had originally been the boundary between the cemetery and the Dundee and Newtyle Railway.

The Howff is a burial ground in the city of Dundee, Scotland. Established in 1564, it has one of the most important collections of tombstones in Scotland, and is protected as a category A listed building.

The Howff ist ein Friedhof in der schottischen Stadt Dundee in der gleichnamigen Council Area. 1963 wurde das Bauwerk in die schottischen Denkmallisten in der höchsten Denkmalkategorie A aufgenommen.


Name and location.

The name means "Butter Rock". It is sometimes called Carn Meini ("Rock of Stones"), but this is a modern corruption of the original name.  Carn Menyn sits on top of the Preseli ridge, close to the stone setting of Bedd Arthur. It consists of an outcrop of white spotted dolerite similar to that of other tors in the area, and several other prehistoric sites have been identified nearby. The mountain-top setting provides commanding views over the Gower Peninsula and across Cardigan Bay to the Llŷn Peninsula.

Bluestones.

Carn Menyn is believed by some to have been the main source for the bluestones used at Stonehenge. Sir Andrew Ramsey first suggested it as a contender in the mid-nineteenth century. In the early 1920s HH Thomas showed through petrographic analysis that many of the bluestones had come from the Preseli Hills, and in 2005 work led by Timothy Darvill and Geoff Wainwright supported the idea that Carn Menyn was the primary quarry. This is disputed by others, and Williams-Thorpe and others from the Open University have suggested that the Stonehenge bluestones came from at least twenty different places, with Carn Goedog about one mile to the west as the most likely source for the spotted dolerites.  Survey work between 2002 and 2004 by the Strumble-Preseli Ancient Communities and Environment Study (SPACES) recorded an enclosure on the upper part of the outcrop consisting of a steep-sided promontory with a bank of stones across its neck. Although only around 3,500 square metres in area the enclosure contains several dolerite outcrops, each naturally fractured into shapes that could be formed into columns. Semi-worked megaliths lay scattered around apparently having been simply levered out from the larger outcrops. It is debatable whether these "semi-worked megaliths" are prehistoric or recent, since this area has been used by the farming community for at least 300 years for the collection of stone gateposts, lintels and building slabs.  Geochemical analysis has shown that some of the bluestones from the inner horseshoe at Stonehenge probably came from Carn Menyn, Carn Goedog, Carn Breseb, Cerrig Marchogion and other sites in the Preseli Hills, while rhyolite fragments may have come from Carn Alw and further afield.  Evidence for later exploitation of the stone at Carn Menyn has been found despite the site's remoteness. Two nearby chapels and many houses in the area were built from Carn Menyn stone. However, this stone was not used preferentially in megalithic or ritual structures—stone from all of the outcrops or tors on Mynydd Preseli has been used in buildings and field boundaries, so long as access by horse-drawn sleds and carts was possible.  In April 2005 an excavation at the site clarified the extent of the enclosure but did not retrieve any cultural material. The same year, the then Archdruid of the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards, Robyn Lewis, wrote to the Daily Telegraph proposing that the Bluestones be returned from Stonehenge to the Preseli Hills. This was also the subject of a stage play called "Bringing Back the Bluestones".  Geological studies by Bevins, Ixer and Pearce in 2013 and 2014 have confirmed the suggestion of the OU team that the spotted dolerites at Stonehenge have come from Carn Goedog and not Carn Menyn.

Carn Menyn is a grouping of craggy rock outcrops or tors in the Preseli Hills in the Welsh county of Pembrokeshire.

Carn Meini Quarry (auch "Carn Menyn" oder "Carnmenyn" genannt) in Mynachlog-Ddu bei Newport in Pembrokeshire in Wales ist ein Bluestone-Aufschluss in den Preseli-Bergen. Es ist einer der Aufschlüsse, von denen die Stonehenge Bluestones stammen sollen. Der ursprüngliche Name war „Butter Rock“. Carn Meini () ist eine moderne Verfälschung des Namens.


Background.

Numerous communities advocated support for the Mexican federalists, who were revolting against the central government. The Texians thought they had found their champion when Antonio López de Santa Anna declared against the Centralist regime in 1832.  The Mexican army commander in Nacogdoches, José de las Piedras, after reviewing all that occurred during the Anahuac Disturbances, had issued an order that all residents in his area surrender their arms. James Bowie heard of the situation and cut short a visit to Natchez in July 1832 to return to Texas. The city officials of Nacogdoches resisted the order and soon organized a militia.

Call to arms.

On July 28, they issued a call for help from the local settlements. Messengers were sent out requesting military assistance. Samuel S. Davis and Bailey Anderson, Jr. brought men to Nacogdoches from the area surrounding the Ayish Bayou, and John M. Bradley brought men from the San Augustine area, and James Bradshaw brought a company from the Neches settlement. Parties from the Sabine and Shelby settlements also sent assistance. On August 1, a force of about 300 met up at Pine Hill and elected James W. Bullock of Attoyac Bayou as their captain.

Conflict.

On the morning of August 2, 1832, Bowie joined the Texian Militia and they marched into Nacogdoches to voice their demands to Piedras and to declare favor for Santa Anna. Piedras declined to rescind his order and to support Santa Anna.  The group returned in the evening and before they had reached the building housing the city officials, they were attacked by a force of 100 Mexican cavalry. The Texians returned fire, but some eventually fell back. Fighting continued and the cavalry retreated. 100 Texians initiated a siege of the garrison. As house-to-house fighting progressed, the Texians took possession of several buildings and the Old Stone Fort. With Mexican casualties escalating, the Mexican Army took refuge in the main fort. A second battle line began to form from the north, that drove the cavalry from the Mexican headquarters known as Old Red House, while Redlanders arriving from San Augustine approached from the rear. During the night, the Mexican army evacuated from the city.  On August 3, James Carter, Bowie and 15 companions ambushed the fleeing army on the Angelina River and Piedras fled to a nearby home. His men turned against him and Captain Francisco Medina took charge. Medina declared to be federalist and surrendered Piedras and 300 troops to the Texians. Piedras had lost some forty-seven men killed, with forty plus wounded. The Texians marched the rest of the soldiers back to Nacogdoches and on to San Antonio, where they were released. Asa Edwards escorted Piedras to Stephen F. Austin at San Felipe. Piedras was paroled and sent to the Mexican interior. The Texians suffered three killed and four wounded, one mortally.

The Battle of Nacogdoches culminated on August 2, 1832, after a group of Texians resisted an order issued in July by the commander of the Mexican Army at Nacogdoches, Texas to surrender their arms. The situation soon escalated into a major battle.

Die Schlacht von Nacogdoches war eine bewaffnete Auseinandersetzung im Vorfeld des Texanischen Unabhängigkeitskriegs. Sie fand am 2. und 3. August 1832 in der osttexanischen Stadt Nacogdoches sowie deren Umland statt und endete mit der Kapitulation der örtlichen mexikanischen Garnison. De facto beendete der Sieg der texanischen Kolonisten die militärische Präsenz der Mexikaner in Osttexas. Historisch gilt die Schlacht als wichtige Wegmarke auf dem Weg hin zur offenen Loslösung der Provinz Texas von Mexiko und dem Unabhängigkeitskrieg 1836.


College career.

Alstott attended Purdue University for four years, where he became the first player in school history named MVP in three consecutive seasons. Alstott scored 12 touchdowns as a sophomore, 14 as a junior, and 11 as a senior, and held the Purdue rushing touchdown record with 39 until Kory Sheets broke it in 2008. He averaged 5.6 yards per attempt during his Purdue career before graduating in 1995 with a bachelor's degree in business. He finished as Purdue's all-time leading rusher with 3,635 yards, including a school-best 1,436 yards in 1995.

Professional career.

Alstott was selected in the second round (35th overall) by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Buccaneers utilized Alstott primarily as a running fullback as opposed to a blocking fullback that teams were starting to switch to at the time. He was a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII (2002), played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California. Alstott rushed for 15 yards and the first Super Bowl touchdown in Tampa Bay Buccaneers history. He also caught five passes for 43 yards.  Alstott signed a one-year contract to stay in Tampa Bay for the 2005 season, and signed a similar contract at the conclusion of the 2006 season after contemplating retirement. However, he spent all of the 2007 season on injured reserve because of neck problems, leading to his retirement on January 24, 2008.  In the summer of 2007, shortly before he suffered his season-ending and ultimately career-ending neck injury, Alstott appeared in a television commercial for ESPN Fantasy Football along with former teammate Warrick Dunn, who was later signed by the Falcons.  He was ranked #10 on the NFL Network's "Top Ten Power Backs".

Career statistics.

Rushing statistics Receiving statistics

Personal life.

Alstott is married to Nicole Alstott. The couple have three children. Along with his wife Nicole they formed the Mike Alstott Family Foundation. Alstott also owns Island Way Grill, a restaurant in Clearwater, Florida along with former teammate tight end Dave Moore. He was given the key to St. Petersburg on February 13, 2003. Alstott also is the head coach for the Northside Christian Mustangs in St. Petersburg, Florida. Mike lived in Park Ridge. Mike attended Joliet Catholic High School and they were state champions during Mike’s junior year. His senior year Mike rushed for 2,051 yards and 29 touchdowns, while Joliet Catholic finished 12–1. His son Griffin plays quarterback at Western Michigan University.

Michael Joseph Alstott (born December 21, 1973), nicknamed "A-Train", is a former American football fullback in the National Football League (NFL). He spent his entire 12-year career with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He played college football at Purdue. During his career, Alstott was selected to six Pro Bowls and won Super Bowl XXXVII with the Buccaneers over the Oakland Raiders.

Michael Joseph Alsott (* 21. Dezember 1973 in Joliet, Illinois) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler, der seine gesamte Karriere bei den Tampa Bay Buccaneers in der National Football League (NFL) auf der Position des Fullbacks spielte.


Background and recording.

"All Star" was the last song recorded for "Astro Lounge" (1999), Smash Mouth's second album. Like the rest of the album, the song was produced, mixed, and engineered at H.O.S. Recording in Redwood City, California. Although the band's previous album "Fush Yu Mang" (1997) had sold over two million copies on the strength of its lead single "Walkin' on the Sun", no other hits had been spawned from the record, leading some to label the band a one-hit wonder. Eric Valentine, the band's producer, said the album had the "dubious distinction" of being very successful but also frequently returned by buyers as the rest of the album sounded very little like "Walkin' on the Sun". In creating "Astro Lounge", the band decided to shift their musical style away from the ska punk sound that characterized "Fush Yu Mang". Greg Camp, the band's guitarist, was tasked with writing all of the songs for "Astro Lounge" due to his pop sensibilities.  After seemingly completing the album, Smash Mouth presented it to Interscope, their record label, but the label declined to release it because they felt it didn't have a viable first or second single. Robert Hayes, Smash Mouth's manager, offered Camp advice in writing additional songs by pointing him to a copy of "Billboard". Hayes showed Camp the top 50 songs on the chart, which featured artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and told him he wanted "a little piece of each one of these songs". Over the next two days, Camp wrote "All Star" and "Then the Morning Comes", which would become the first two singles from the album.  In writing "All Star", Camp considered what he had read in the fan mail the band frequently received. Many of the fans that had written to Smash Mouth considered themselves outcasts and identified strongly with the band. Camp "set out to write an anthem" for them. He also incorporated more melancholy lyrics as well, which contrasted with the upbeat instrumentation. The band had very little time to record the song and brought in Michael Urbano, a session drummer, to record instead of their regular drummer. According to Valentine, additional drum loops from older songs were used on top of the main drum track. Bassist Paul De Lisle performed the whistling on the song.

Composition.

"All Star" is set in the key of F♯ major with a tempo of 104 beats per minute. Writers have described it musically as alternative rock and power pop. According to an interview in 2017, songwriter Greg Camp was interested in exploring several layers of meaning with the stripped-down song: the social battle cry, the sports anthem, the fanbase affirmation, the poetic lyricism, the sweeping melody, the inclusion, the artistic music videos, and more.  Camp described the song as "a daily affirmation that life is, in general, good", something he described as a "tradition" for the band; according to Camp, the band frequently read fan mail they received from kids, parents, and teachers thanking them for making "fun and lighthearted" music.

Critical reception and accolades.

"All Star" received a generally favorable reception from music critics. Several critics noted it as an example of the band's musical progression from "Fush Yo Mang"; Todd Norden of the "Calgary Herald" praised it as being "a lot better" than the songs on "Fush Yo Mang" while "The Associated Press" praised it as an example of the "loose and light fare" the band had embraced on "Astro Lounge". "The Morning Call" writer John Terlesky favorably mentioned the song as an example of the band's "new and improved" sound.  The song was also praised for its catchy tone. Stephen Thompson of "The A.V. Club" lauded it as being "unstoppably infectious" and "Rolling Stone" writer David Wild felt it had the potential to be a hit. Doug Hamilton of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" called it the "peak" of the album and "the perfect summer anthem". Sandra Sperounes "Edmonton Journal" praised "All Star" as an example of the band's intelligent songwriting, specifically its "veiled references to stupidity". Jay DeFoore of the "Austin American-Statesman" was more critical, calling it a "fluffy, made-for-MTV anthem that evaporates into thin air" and "a classic example of hit-by-numbers".  At the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, "All Star" was nominated for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, losing to Santana's "Maria Maria". Retrospective reviews from the editorial staff of "Billboard" and "Paste" ranked it as one of the best songs of 1999, as did "Rolling Stone" writer Rob Sheffield and "Spin" writer Taylor Berman. "Billboard" staff writer Gab Ginsburg noted its lasting cultural impact following its appearance in "Shrek" and the "hundreds" of popular meme videos; Berman felt the song had "a life of its own" and had become a "cultural artifact". Geoffery Himes of "Paste" called it " the best reason to listen to top-40 radio in 1999". In a glowing review, Leor Galil of the "Chicago Reader" lauded the song as having "transcended genre" to become "permanently stuck in America’s hippocampus". Conversely, the staff of "Noisey" listed it as one of the worst songs of the 1990s, with writer Annalise Domenighini calling it "the only argument we need for why ska-pop should have never existed in the first place".

Release and commercial performance.

"All Star" was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from "Astro Lounge". Also, it was the first single for the soundtrack album for the superhero film "Mystery Men" (1999). It entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 75 on the week of May 22, 1999, and reached its peak position of number 4 on August 14. The song peaked at number one on the component Radio Songs chart, as well as on the Adult Top 40 and Mainstream Top 40 charts. "All Star" peaked at number two and five on the Alternative Songs and Adult Alternative Songs charts, respectively. It was later certified triple platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 3,000,000 certified units in the United States. The song achieved further success internationally. In Canada, "All Star" peaked at number two on the "RPM" Top Singles chart and number four and six on the Adult Contemporary and Rock/Alternative charts, respectively. It charted within the top ten on the Australian Singles Chart and peaked within the top 20 in Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Scotland, and Spain.  The song ranked at number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 chart and in the top ten of the year-end US Adult Top 40, Alternative Songs, Mainstream Top 40, and Radio Songs charts for 1999. It additionally appeared on the year-end charts for Australia and Canada, ranking at number 31 and 4, respectively. The song has since been certified platinum in Australia, Italy, and the United Kingdom.  "All Star" reappeared on the "Billboard" charts in 2017, charting on the Rock Streaming Songs chart. It has spent over 100 weeks on the chart and reached a peak position of number three on the edition of September 21, 2019. The track ranked as one of the most-streamed rock songs of 2017 and 2018, and it ranked at number six on the year-end US Rock Streaming Songs chart in 2019.

Music video.

Directed by McG, the music video features cameos by William H. Macy, Ben Stiller, Hank Azaria, Paul Reubens, Kel Mitchell, Janeane Garofalo, Doug Jones, and Dane Cook as their characters from the superhero film "Mystery Men" (1999), which prominently featured the song. Their appearances in the video are primarily based on stock footage from the film; in all other scenes, the characters were portrayed by body doubles and depicted exclusively from behind. The video opens with the characters from "Mystery Men" seeking recruits. The group rejects several applicants before expressing interest in Harwell. The remainder of the video focuses on Harwell performing several feats (rescuing a dog from a burning building and flipping over a toppled school bus) in addition to scenes from "Mystery Men".  In June 2019, the video was remastered in HD and received subtitles in commemoration of its 20th anniversary. By that point it had received over 219 million views on YouTube, and it has over 286 million views on YouTube as of May 2020.

Live performances.

The band performed "All Star" at the 1999 Home Run Derby in July 1999 at Fenway Park. After the band finished playing, Camp said "Save Fenway Park", in reference to plans to demolish the stadium and replace it with a new facility; this elicited boos from the crowd. Smash Mouth performed it on September 9, 1999 in pouring rain as the opening act of the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards.  A June 14, 2015 performance of the song at Taste of Fort Collins event in Fort Collins, Colorado went awry after members of the audience started throwing loaves of bread onto the stage. While the rest of the band repeated the opening riff of "All Star", Harwell began a three-minute profanity-filled verbal tirade against the crowd, threatening to beat up anyone who threw things onto the stage. Security restrained Harwell after he tried to enter the crowd; the band continued playing while the crowd sang the song in place of Harwell. Smash Mouth performed the song at the Urbana Sweetcorn Festival on August 28, 2016; Harwell had passed out in the middle of the set and was taken to a nearby hospital, but the band continued and performed the song without him.

Cultural impact.

Film and popular culture.

"All Star" was frequently used in films in the years following its release. It featured in 1999's "Inspector Gadget" and "Mystery Men", the latter of which was the basis for the song's music video. It features heavily in the 2001 movie "Rat Race", where the band performs it at a live concert over the closing credits. It was most famously featured in the 2001 DreamWorks animated movie "Shrek", where it plays over the opening credits.  Although Smash Mouth was initially apprehensive about being featured in what was considered a family film, DreamWorks was insistent on including the band's music in the film. After being granted an early screening of "Shrek", the band was impressed and ultimately agreed to perform a new rendition of the Monkees' "I'm a Believer" for the movie's ending; additionally, they licensed "All Star" to appear in the film. The filmmakers for "Shrek" had originally used the song as a placeholder for the opening credits and intended to replace it with an original composition by Matt Mahaffey that would mimic the feel of "All Star". However, DreamWorks executive Jeffrey Katzenberg suggested they use "All Star" over the sequence instead. Vicky Jenson, the co-director of the film, explained that "All Star" perfectly fit the tone and personality of its titular ogre, who is "happy in his solitary existence and has no clue that he has a lot to learn about it".  "All Star" is commonly played at sporting events; it became so popular among sports fans that the band played it at Major League Baseball's 1999 Home Run Derby and has performed it at dozens of sporting events since. An unstaged musical theatre adaption of the song, "All Star: The Best Broadway Musical", has been written and officially sanctioned by the band. The musical only has one song, "All Star", adapted into various genres and styles. Siddhant Adlakha of "Polygon", who attended a reading of the play, described it as a "jukebox musical, but the jukebox is broken". Regarding the play's concept, Adlakha said it "sounds like the dumbest idea on planet, but I’ll be damned if every single member of its cast wasn’t committed to the gimmick".

Parodies and memes.

"All Star" has become widely used as an internet meme and is frequently parodied. Remixes and memes have often focused on its connection to "Shrek", which has a large online fandom and meme community. The song's basic structure lends itself easily towards being used in mashups or remixes; NPR said that it "seems like it was made to be remixed, mashed-up and squeezed through the meme machine". Both the song's chorus as well as the opening "somebody" line are frequently used as punchlines due to their widespread recognition.  "Mario, You're a Plumber", uploaded to YouTube in 2009 by the channel Richalvarez, has been identified as the earliest parody of "All Star" on the platform; the video, themed around the Nintendo character Mario, has over 1.5 million views as of November 2017. Neil Cicierega released a series of three mashup albums ("Mouth Sounds", "Mouth Silence", and "Mouth Moods") that prominently remixed "All Star" alongside other popular songs from the 1990s. The popularity of 2014's "Mouth Sounds" in particular has been cited as a point where the song received renewed popularity and interest. "All Star" received additional exposure in 2016 from YouTuber Jon Sudano, who reached over 900,000 subscribers by exclusively posting videos of himself singing its lyrics over the instrumentals of other songs. The music video for "All Star" also experienced a massive uptick in views on YouTube towards the end of 2016. According to ABC News Radio, it increased from an average of 21,000 views per day to 155,000 a day in December 2016 and peaked at 478,000 views per day in 2017. By this point, "All Star" had become so popular on the internet that Austin Powell of "The Daily Dot" described it as "almost as inescapable now as it once was on commercial radio".  Smash Mouth has embraced the song's status as a meme. The band was initially hesitant of its newfound popularity, but gradually warmed up to the concept. In an interview with "The Daily Dot", Harwell said the band considers themselves to have "invented the meme" because they released 10 remixes of the song through Interscope. According to Harwell, the band has "fully accepted" the song as their legacy and considers the "obsession" with it as a "a level of love [they are] more than appreciative of". Although Smash Mouth has received requests to feature in remixes or covers, the band has declined to be involved in any because "we feel if other people do it, it adds to the beauty, but if we did it, we feel it would cheapen it". Camp, who is no longer with Smash Mouth, said that he was "flattered" at the continued popularity of "All Star" and has befriended Sudano. Camp was particularly appreciative of "The Sound of Smash Mouth", a "sad" mashup with Simon & Garfunkel's "The Sound of Silence" that emphasizes the melancholy lyrics Camp included in "All Star".

Personnel.

Smash Mouth  Production

"All Star" is a song by American rock band Smash Mouth from their second studio album, "Astro Lounge" (1999). Written by Greg Camp and produced by Eric Valentine, the song was released on May 4, 1999, as the first single from "Astro Lounge". The song was one of the last tracks to be written for "Astro Lounge", after the band's record label Interscope requested for more songs that could be released as singles. In writing it, Camp drew musical influence from contemporary music by artists like Sugar Ray and Third Eye Blind, and sought out to create an "anthem" for outcasts. In contrast to the more ska punk style of Smash Mouth's debut album "Fush Yu Mang" (1997), the song features a more radio-friendly style.

All Star ist ein Lied der US-amerikanischen Rockband Smash Mouth. Es wurde am 4. Mai 1999 als zweite Single in ihrem Album Astro Lounge veröffentlicht, ist einer der erfolgreichsten Songs der Gruppe und schaffte es auch auf Platz 4 der Billboard Hot 100.


History.

Union was part of a tract of land called the Muscongus Patent, a grant made March 2, 1629 by the Plymouth Council to John Beauchamp and Thomas Leverett. About 1720, it was purchased by General Samuel Waldo of Boston and thereafter called the Waldo Patent. The first white settlers by the names of Anderson, Malcolm, and Crawford, arrived in 1772. The town was settled on July 19, 1774 and named Taylor Town after the original purchaser and settler, Dr. John Taylor from Lunenburg, Massachusetts. Dr. John Taylor purchased Union for £1,000. On May 3, 1786, it was organized as the Plantation of Sterlingtown, and on October 20, 1786 the town was incorporated and named Union. Washington was formed from a portion of Union in 1811.  Agriculture was the principal business, and on October 5, 1869 the North Knox Agricultural & Horticultural Society opened the first annual Union Fair. The town had mills operated by water power at the outlets of ponds. Factories at Union produced carriages, cultivators, leather, harness, boots and shoes. South Union had a cabinet and musical instrument factory, an iron foundry, a machine shop and a coffin factory. East Union had a lumbermill, in addition to a chair and table factory.  A war memorial was dedicated at the common on July 4, 1888. When Union celebrated on July 19, 1974 the bicentennial of its settlement, a time capsule was buried near the statue, to be dug up July 19, 2024. The capsule contains a picture of children from around the town and "scores of current memorabilia." Union was the subject of the 1940 historical novel, "Come Spring", by author Ben Ames Williams.

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which, of it is land and is water. Union is drained by the Medomak River, Saint George River, Pettengill Stream, Fuller Brook, Hope Brook, Little Medomak Brook and the Back River. Coggans Hill, elevation 817 feet (249 meters) above sea level, is the highest point in the town.

Education.

Union is part of the Maine School Administrative District 40. Union Elementary School is in the town, with the MSAD headquarters and Rivers Alternative Middle School within the school building's second floor.  Medomak Valley Middle School and Medomak Valley High School are in nearby Waldoboro.  Vose Library is in Union.

Demographics.

2010 census.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,259 people, 981 households, and 638 families residing in the town. The population density was. There were 1,203 housing units at an average density of. The racial makeup of the town was 98.7% White, 0.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.  There were 981 households of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.77.  The median age in the town was 46.5 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 35.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,209 people, 863 households, and 632 families residing in the town. The population density was 68.8 people per square mile (26.6/km2). There were 1,052 housing units at an average density of 32.8 per square mile (12.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.64% White, 0.09% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.23% Asian, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.  There were 863 households out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.85.  In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.  The median income for a household in the town was $37,679, and the median income for a family was $41,050. Males had a median income of $30,984 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,240. About 6.1% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

Sites of interest.

National Register of Historic Places:

Union is a town in Knox County, Maine, United States. The population was 2,259 at the 2010 census. It is home to the Matthews Museum of Maine Heritage and annual Union Fair.

Union ist eine Town im Knox County des Bundesstaates Maine in den Vereinigten Staaten. Im Jahr 2010 lebten dort 2259 Einwohner in 981 Haushalten auf einer Fläche von 89,33 km2.


Background.

The tournament is operated by SANZAAR and known for sponsorship reasons as "The Castle Rugby Championship" in South Africa, "The Investec Rugby Championship" in New Zealand, "The Mitsubishi Estate Rugby Championship" in Australia, and "The Personal Rugby Championship" in Argentina.

Format.

The format for the 2018 tournament retained the previous Championship format that changed in 2017. Each side played the other once at home, and once away, giving a total of six matches each, and twelve in total. A win earned a team four league points, a draw two league points, and a loss by eight or more points zero league points. A bonus point was earned in one of two ways: by scoring at least three tries more than the opponent in a match, or by losing within seven points. The competition winner was the side with the most points at the end of the tournament.

Results.

Round 1.

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Round 2.

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Round 3.

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Round 4.

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Round 5.

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Round 6.

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Squads.

Summary.

Note: Ages, caps and clubs/franchises are of 18 August 2018 – the starting date of the tournament

Argentina.

On 6 August, newly appointed head coach Mario Ledesma named a 36-man squad for the Championship.

Australia.

On 5 August, Michael Cheika named a 36-man extended squad ahead of the Championship.

New Zealand.

On 6 August 2018, Hansen named a 33-man squad ahead of the Championship.  Liam Coltman and Ngani Laumape were included in the squad as injury covers for Dane Coles and Sonny Bill Williams respectively.

South Africa.

On 26 May 2018, head coach Rassie Erasmus named the following 35-man squad for South Africa's Rugby Championship campaign:  Cyle Brink withdrew from the squad on 16 August 2018 after sustaining a knee injury in training. He was not replaced.

The 2018 Rugby Championship was the seventh edition of the expanded annual southern hemisphere Rugby Championship, featuring Argentina, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. The competition is operated by SANZAAR, a joint venture of the four countries' national unions.

The Rugby Championship 2018 war die siebte Ausgabe des jährlich stattfindenden Rugby-Union-Turniers The Rugby Championship, Nachfolger des seit 1996 bestehenden Wettbewerbs Tri Nations. An sechs Wochenenden zwischen dem 18. August und dem 6. Oktober 2018 wurde der Turniersieger in zwölf Spielen ermittelt. Jede der vier Nationalmannschaften spielte in einem Heim- und einem Auswärtsspiel gegen die jeweils anderen drei Teams. Neuseeland konnte den Titel erfolgreich verteidigen.


Early history.

Back in 1945, the Eden Fumagalli Mechanical Workshop in Monza, manufacturers of precision machine instruments, designed the "Model 50", the first all-Italian washing machine, which was launched officially at the Milan Trade Fair in 1946. In that same year, the Candy company was established.  The venture into household appliances began when Enzo, one of the three Fumagalli brothers, mailed from the United States, where he was a prisoner of war, rough drawings of a washing machine. His brother Niso, who had started the appliance operations with their father Eden, engineered the switch to the development and production of washing machines. Peppino, the younger brother, set up the administrative and management structure of the company.  In 1950, Candy moved into a new factory in Monza and launched the "Bi-Matic", the first Italian semi-automatic washing machine. It was a great success, which opened the international markets; Candy thus became the first Italian appliance company to go abroad.  In the 1960s, the "Automatic" washing machine was launched: the first fully automatic one, designed and made in Italy. It had dampers, a thermostat, 550 rpm spin speed, and 10 programs.  In 1961, Candy moved to Brugherio, midway between Monza and Milano, where the new company headquarters and a large industrial site were completed, including the company's Research and Development laboratories.  In 1966, the "Stipomatic" was launched: an automatic dishwasher with two compartments; at the same time, the "Superautomatic" washing machine was launched. In those years, design became a strategic asset in product development: appliances were designed by key names such as Piero Geranzani, Joe Colombo, Marco Zanuso, Mario Bellini, and Giorgetto Giugiaro.  Genoa University, in 1968, awarded Niso Fumagalli an honoris causa degree in engineering, acknowledging his pivotal innovations in the washing machine and the many patents he held. The year before, Enzo Fumagalli died, however Candy continued to grow under the guidance of his brothers Peppino and Niso. The latter died in 1990.  Peppino Fumagalli was awarded the Cavaliere del Lavoro (Knight of Labour) honour by the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone in 1973; He was appointed as CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in 1998. At the end of 2013, the structure of the Group was organised into three Business Sectors: washing appliances, kitchen appliances and small domestic appliances, with full responsibility on relevant product lines. The commercial organization has been split in three geographical areas: Europe, Russia, rest of the world, with strategic facilities in China and Turkey. With the completion of the acquisition program, the international presence of the Group has been consolidated, while R&D and innovation capabilities are centralized in the Headquarters in Brugherio (MB), Italy.  On March 9, 2015, Peppino Fumagalli died. His son Beppe then became CEO of the company.

Acquisitions and sales.

The growth strategy was built both on innovation and diversification of the product range, and by acquisitions. In 1971, Candy acquired Kelvinator, a specialist in refrigerators with a worldwide reach. In 1973, Candy reached a major milestone by expanding the portfolio of appliances through the acquisition of La Sovrana: cookers were added to the washing machine and dishwasher ranges. In 1980, Kelvinator UK was acquired, marking the beginning of international manufacturing.  In 1985, the Group acquired Zerowatt, producer of top-loading washing machines and dryers. This was followed by Gasfire, an Italian prestigious name in built-in cooking appliances. In 1987, came Rosières, a prestigious French brand, well known for its top-of-the-range built-in cooking appliances.  In 1992, Candy acquired Mayc-Otsein of Spain, a specialist in top-loading washing machines. The following year saw the addition of Iberna in Italy, a well-known national brand in the cooling segment.  Hoover European Appliances Group was acquired in 1995 with exclusive rights on the brand name and products for the whole Mediterranean area, Europe and the former-USSR territories. Hoover is today a European market leader in floor-care products.  Sixty years after the first washing machine, in 2005 the group acquired an established Russian washing machine brand, Vyatka, and its manufacturing site Vesta, in Kirov. The whole range of Candy and Hoover appliances is now marketed in Russia, alongside Vyatka washing machines.  In mid-2006, the Jinling brand was acquired in China, together with industrial facilities, sales network, international operations. The company is the country's third largest manufacturer of washing machines on Asian-type platforms (i.e.,vertical axle), which Candy European-type models have been added to.  Early in 2007, the acquisition of Doruk with the brand Süsler in Turkey gave the Group an industrial site for cookers, hobs, ovens, both built-in and free-standing. In September 2007, an agreement was reached with Finland's Helkama Forste company for the acquisition of the exclusive rights on their Helkama and Grepa brands, marketed in the Nordic Region, until end of 2015.  In mid-2009 the 100 millionth appliance was produced since 1945, when the very first Candy washing machine was manufactured in the Fumagalli workshop. The 100 millionth appliance is "a Candy GrandÓ 9 kg washing" machine. In the same year, a new branch office was opened in Dubai to manage the development of the market in the Gulf area. The Hoover brand for small and large appliances made a comeback to Australia and New Zealand: the geographical coverage of the Group became close to global.  In 2013 the Candy Group completed the acquisition of the Baumatic brand in the UK. Baumatic is a well-known domestic appliances brand established in 1992 in the United Kingdom, specialising in built-in products, free-standing kitchen appliances and wine coolers.

Sports sponsorship.

Formula One.

As part of Candy's international expansion in the 1970s the company decided to sponsor a Formula One team. Midway through the 1979 season, Candy became the marquee sponsor for the Tyrrell team with drivers Jean-Pierre Jarier and Didier Pironi. Tyrrell enjoyed some success in 1979, finishing 4th in the Constructor's Championship, and Candy stayed on as the team's sponsor for the 1980 season. In 1981, Candy sponsored the Toleman team and was also later involved with Ligier but eventually withdrew from F1.

Liverpool F.C..

Candy were the shirt sponsor of English club Liverpool between 1988 and 1992, debuting in the 1988 FA Charity Shield which they won 2–1 against Wimbledon, and remembered as the sponsors the last time Liverpool won the league in 1990 and during the Hillsborough disaster of 1989. Candy last appeared on a Liverpool shirt on 9 May 1992, when they defeated Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final.

Present day.

Today, Candy's appliances are known more through their continued marketing of the Hoover and Kelvinator brands. Hoover-branded washing machines are largely Candy designs and are made up from Candy components. As well as in Europe, Candy operates manufacturing facilities in Iran. Candy has recently entered the smart home market with release of Candy Bianca, an App and voice controlled machine.  On 28 September 2018, it was announced that the Chinese multinational Haier had acquired the Hoover Candy group.

Candy is an Italian domestic appliance maker and is a subsidiary of Haier. It is based in Brugherio, near Milan.

Candy S.p.A. mit Sitz im italienischen Brugherio ist ein Hersteller von Haushaltsklein- und -großgeräten. Die Produkte werden unter den internationalen Marken Candy und Hoover, sowie unter lokalen Marken wie Rosières (in Frankreich) und Jinling (China) vertrieben. Es betreibt 6 Produktionsstandorte in Italien, Türkei, Russland und China mit über 5000 Mitarbeitern und einem Umsatz von über EUR 1,1 Mrd. im Jahr 2017.


Background and education.

Chichilnisky was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants. After a military coup, the Argentine military violently closed scientific faculties at the University of Buenos Aires on July 29, and she left Argentina for the United States, Supported by a fellowship from the Ford Foundation. Chichilnisky matriculated in the doctoral program in mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology although without an undergraduate degree; she moved to the University of California, Berkeley in 1968, and completed her Ph.D. in mathematics there in 1970, under the supervision of Jerrold E. Marsden. She earned a second Ph.D. in economics in 1976 under the supervision of Gérard Debreu.

Career.

After a postdoctoral position at Harvard University, she accepted a position as an associate professor at Columbia University in 1977, and received tenure there in 1979, and was named UNESCO Professor of Mathematics and Economics from 1995 to 2008. She also held a chair in economics at the University of Essex from 1980 to 1981, and has additionally been a visiting professor at other universities including at Stanford in 2017.  In 2010 Chichilnisky, together with Peter Eisenberger and Edgar Bronfman Jr.. formed Global Thermostat, a company that specializes in Direct air capture from a unit that extracts carbon dioxide directly from air.

Research.

Chichilnisky is the author of over 17 books and over 330 scientific research papers. She is best known for proposing and designing the carbon credit emissions trading market underlying the Kyoto Protocol which was international law since 2005, and was a lead author on the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that won the 2007 Nobel Prize.  In the theory of international trade, she constructed an example of a "transfer paradox", where a transfer of goods from a donor to a recipient can render the recipient worse off and the donor better off. She constructed examples where export-led growth strategies for developing countries could result in paradoxically poor results, because of increasing returns to scale in the technologies of the developed countries.  In welfare economics and voting theory, particularly in the specialty of social choice theory, Chichilnisky introduced a continuous model of collective decisions to which she applied algebraic topology; following her initiatives, continuous social choice has developed as an international subdiscipline. During the 1980s and 1990s some of Chichilnisky's research was done in collaboration with mathematical economist Geoffrey M. Heal, who has been her colleague at Essex and Columbia.

Litigation.

In 1994 Chichilnisky sued two other economics professors, accusing them of stealing her ideas. Chichilnisky was countersued and dropped her lawsuit. The subject matter of the controversy was described in contemporaneous news reports as "distinctly small-time stuff, at least according to most experts." In 1991 and 2000 Chichilnisky sued her employer Columbia University alleging gender discrimination, pay inequality, and attempts by the university to dissolve her endowed chair. The latter suit was settled in 2008 under undisclosed terms; The "New York Sun" reported that Chichilnisky received $200,000. According to Columbia's spokesperson, "Chichilnisky signed a statement that her salary was not discriminatory".

Awards and recognition.

Dr. Graciela Chichilnisky was selected by IAIR (International Alternative Investment Review) as the 2015 CEO of the Year in Sustainability.

Graciela Chichilnisky (born 1946) is an Argentine American mathematical economist and an authority on climate change, a professor of economics at Columbia University. She is also co-founder and current CEO of the company Global Thermostat.

Graciela Chichilnisky (* 1944 in Buenos Aires) ist eine argentinisch-US-amerikanische Mathematikerin und Wirtschaftswissenschaftlerin. Sie hat sich insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der Umweltökonomik hervorgetan.


Cormorant Township, Becker County, Minnesota

Geography.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of, of which is land and, or 27.40%, is water.

Cemeteries.

The township contains Cormorant Lutheran Cemetery.

Demographics.

As of the census of 2000, there were 965 people, 422 households, and 316 families residing in the township. The population density was 36.6 people per square mile (14.1/km2). There were 977 housing units at an average density of 37.1/sq mi (14.3/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 98.86% White, 0.21% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.31% Asian, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.41% of the population.  There were 422 households out of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.2% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.63.  In the township the population was spread out with 17.3% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.  The median income for a household in the township was $47,560, and the median income for a family was $54,444. Males had a median income of $41,635 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,016. About 1.6% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

Media attention.

In 2014, a Great Pyrenees dog named Duke won the annual election for the ceremonial mayorship of Cormorant. Twelve votes were cast. He won his fourth consecutive term in May 2017. Duke died in 2019.

Cormorant Township is a township in Becker County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,039 as of the 2010 census.

Cormorant ist ein Township im Becker County im US-Bundesstaat Minnesota, etwa 300 Kilometer nordwestlich der Hauptstadt Saint Paul und der Metropolregion Minneapolis-Saint Paul.


Overview.

Railroads in Paraguay used steam locomotives until the end of railroad service in 1999. In 1988, "The New York Times" published an article describing the journey from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Asunción, Paraguay.  As of 2006, all traffic has been suspended except weekly tourist steam trains between Jardín Botánico de Asunción (Asunción Botanical Gardens) and the city of Areguá (23 km) plus an additional 15 km section to the village of Ypacaraí under renovation and cross-border freight trains between Posadas in Argentina and Encarnación. As of 2007 steam 2-6-0s built between 1910 and 1914 still perform shunting duties. The former main station in Asunción has been converted into a railway museum.  As of 2010, following the collapse of an abutment of a bridge on the Rio Ytay, the tourist steam train traffic has been suspended until repairs can be effected.  In early 2013, freight traffic was down to one train across the border every few weeks, with shunting mainly handled by Argentine diesels.  In 2018, the Ferrocarriles del Paraguay S.A. stated on their website that a reopening of a passenger service between Asunción and Yparacaí is in the planning phase.

Link to Argentina.

In 2010, the rising level of the Yacyretá Dam flooded the tracks on the Argentinian side, which halted grain exports by rail from the Encarnacion goods terminal until a new track was completed, at a higher level, in June 2012.

History.

Railways in Paraguay were inaugurated in 1861, during the era of Carlos Antonio López. Privatized and renationalized several times, the railroad was finally nationalized in 1961. As of 1988, the 367 km rail system was outdated, wood-powered, slow and costly even with government subsidies. The volume of cargo carried on the railroad declined in the 1970s and 1980s as alternative roads and waterways became more efficient, though some agricultural goods did move by train. In Encarnación, the Paraguayan railroad system connected via train ferry, then since 1990 via the San Roque González de Santa Cruz bimodal road-rail bridge, with the Argentine city of Posadas, which is connected by Ferrocarril General Urquiza to Buenos Aires and the Uruguayan and Brazilian railroad systems. There also was a small "soybean railroad" near the Brazilian border.

The Rail system in Paraguay consisted primarily of a 376 km main line of standard gauge between Asunción and Encarnación (with a connection to Posadas, Argentina). The infrastructure was administered by Ferrocarriles del Paraguay S.A. (FEPASA), corporation established in 2002.

Der Schienenverkehr in Paraguay beschränkt sich heute im Wesentlichen auf einen kleinen Abschnitt des ursprünglichen Netzes mit ehemals 440 km Regel- und 750 km Schmalspurstrecken.


History.

Overview.

In the early 1960s, Pittsburgh had the largest surviving streetcar system in the United States, with the privately owned Pittsburgh Railways Company operating more than 600 PCC cars on 41 routes. In 1964 the system was acquired by the Port Authority of Allegheny County (PAT), which rapidly converted most routes to buses. By the early 1970s, only a handful of streetcar routes remained, most of which used the Mt. Washington Transit Tunnel just south of the Monongahela River to reach the South Hills area.  At that time, Port Authority planners were determined to scrap the rail system entirely in favor of busways (now called "BRT" for "Bus Rapid Transit") and an automated guideway transit system developed by Westinghouse Electric called Skybus. Community opposition rallied against the plan and in favor of retaining the electric rail trolley system and upgrading it into modern LRT. In the end, the LRT option was adopted for the South Hills suburbs, along with development of a busway ("BRT") system for the eastern and western suburbs.

Subway tunnels.

The modern subway in downtown Pittsburgh between Steel Plaza and First Avenue stations uses the Pittsburgh & Steubenville Extension Railroad Tunnel, which began construction in 1863. Rail lines (trolleys) had been a staple of the city and region since the late 19th century, the idea of a downtown to Oakland or East Liberty subway had been considered since at least the 1910s. A public referendum was passed to fund such a subway with an initial investment of $6 million on July 8, 1919, another $5.5 million subway plan was finalized at City Hall in meetings on March 28, 1932, and the public/private Allegheny Conference presented detailed plans and funding for a subway system on June 4, 1947.

Pittsburgh Railways.

Pittsburgh Railways was one of the predecessors to the Port Authority of Allegheny County (PAT). It had 666 PCC cars, the third largest fleet in North America. It had 68 street car routes, of which only three (until April 5, 2010 the 42 series, the 47 series, and 52) are used by the Port Authority as light rail routes. The oldest portions of these old Pittsburgh Railways routes now served by the Pittsburgh Light Rail system date to 1903-1909. With the Port Authority's Transit Development Plan, many route names will be changed to its original, such as the 41D Brookline becoming the 39 Brookline. Many of the streetcar routes have been remembered in the route names of many Port Authority buses (e.g. 71 series).  1895 to 1905 was a time of consolidation for the numerous street railways serving Pittsburgh. On July 24, 1895 the "Consolidated Traction Company" was chartered and the following year acquired the "Central Traction Company", "Citizens Traction Company", "Duquesne Traction Company" and "Pittsburgh Traction Company" and converted them to electric operation. On July 27, 1896 the "United Traction Company" was chartered and absorbed the "Second Avenue Traction Company", which had been running electric cars since 1890.  The "Southern Traction Company" acquired the lease of the "West End Traction Company" on October 1, 1900. Pittsburgh Railways was formed on January 1, 1902, when the "Southern Traction Company" acquired operating rights over the "Consolidated Traction Company" and "United Traction Company". The new company operated 1,100 trolleys on of track, with 178.7 million passengers and revenues of $6.7 million on the year.  Unfortunately the lease and operate business model proved hard to support and the company declared bankruptcy twice, first in 1918 lasting for 6 years and then again in 1938, this time lasting until January 1, 1951.  On July 26, 1936 "Pittsburgh Railways" took delivery of PCC streetcar No. 100 from the St. Louis Car Company. It was placed in revenue service in August 1936, the first revenue earning PCC in the world.  Large scale abandonments of lines began in the late 1950s, usually associated with highway or bridge work.

1960s and Skybus '70s.

In the 1960s a automated guideway transit system was planned fanning out to the north, south, east, southeast and west including connections to both the Pittsburgh International Airport the Allegheny County Airport, Monroeville Mall and adjacent to Kennywood Amusement Park. The modern subway/light rail system can be traced to the abandonment of the proposed "Skybus" system in the mid-1970s, and the subsequent $265 million federal grant on May 7, 1979, for construction of a downtown subway and modernization of suburban light rail.

Modern system.

Downtown subway and Beechview Line (Stage I).

PAT, working with community representatives and government officials, undertook a detailed study on the future of the South Hills trolley lines, resolving to transform these valuable, high-density transit corridors into a modern LRT system. The resulting Stage I LRT plan achieved a comprehensive reconstruction and upgrading of the "main line" between downtown and the suburbs of Bethel Park and Upper St. Clair via Mount Lebanon and Beechview—basically following the Skybus alignment. The crowning achievement was to be a downtown subway, eliminating the trolleys' slow, street-running loop through Pittsburgh's Golden Triangle.  On December 10, 1980, after receiving federal funding, the Port Authority began construction on Stage One of its first "modern" light rail/subway service, the "T", which used a former Pittsburgh Railways trolley route to connect Downtown Pittsburgh to the South Hills. Stage One began with two construction projects – the downtown subway, and the former trolley route from the newly constructed South Hills Village Station and Light Rail Maintenance Center to Castle Shannon – both ends working toward the middle section of the route. The first modern light rail cars began operation from South Hills Village to Castle Shannon on April 15, 1984 with the downtown subway added to the system on July 3, 1985. The last leg of the modern suburban "Beechview" line (from Castle Shannon to South Hills Junction via Mt. Lebanon and Beechview) was approved for funding May 8, 1985 with $20 million in federal grants and completed the modern system on May 22, 1987 at a total cost of $522 million. The suburban line in the south hills were former streetcar lines that had been rehabilitated to accommodate light rail vehicles. The Beechview line was reconstructed (being completely double tracked) and routed from the South Hills Junction through the Mount Washington Transit Tunnel, emerging at a newly constructed station at Station Square before crossing the Monongahela river on the Panhandle Bridge (a former railway bridge), which then led into a newly built downtown (cut and cover tunnel) subway with four stations, which incorporated the nineteenth century Pittsburgh & Steubenville Extension Railroad Tunnel. The downtown subway had four stations, Steel Plaza, Wood Street, Gateway Center, and Penn Station. The original subway branched north of Steel Plaza, with one branch heading west to Wood Street and one branch heading east to Penn Station.  A suburban trolley line with conventional jointed rail, aging electrical overhead and single track segments was reborn as a wholly double track light rail line with continuous welded rail and modern catenary. Upon completion of the subway, all former streetcar lines were removed from the surface streets of Downtown Pittsburgh.

Overbrook Line reconstruction (Stage II).

The line from South Hills Junction to Castle Shannon via Overbrook (now called the Overbrook Line) was first constructed by the Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Railroad (P&CSRR) between 1872 and 1874. In 1905, Pittsburgh Railways leased the route, and between 1909 and 1910, converted it to dual gauge, retaining the existing narrow gauge for the coal hauling trains and adding the broad for passenger service using streetcars. While the line was electrified with overhead power, the coal trains continued to use existing steam locomotives.  While the Beechview line was rebuilt during the 1980s, the Overbrook line remained largely unchanged and continued to be operated using PCC cars. The reconstruction of this line would be part of the Stage II project, to be performed at a future date pending additional funding. However, the condition of the track and infrastructure of the Overbrook line continued to deteriorate and in 1993, Port Authority determined the line to be unsuitable for safe operation in its current state and suspended service on the line. The line remained dormant until 1999, when Port Authority broke ground on the Overbrook Line reconstruction project.  The rebuilt Overbrook line was essentially an entirely new line built along the original line's right of way. As had been done with the Beechview line prior, the rebuilt line was completely double-tracked with continuously welded rail, pandrol clip fixation, upgraded catenary and signaling, and other improvements. The line as rebuilt featured eight high-level platform ADA accessible stations and, unlike the Beechview line, did not retain any street-level stops. The Overbrook line reopened in June 2004. Coinciding with the opening, Port Authority purchased 28 additional light rail cars to support the line and increase overall system capacity. At this time, the 55 existing cars were completely rehabilitated as well. Ironically there is no station in the Overbrook neighborhood since the rail line is built into a hillside where construction of an ADA accessible station would involve considerable complexity.  In addition, as part of the Stage II project, upgrades to the traction power network, Operations Control Center, and signals and communications had been implemented.

North Shore Connector.

In January 1999, the Port Authority of Allegheny County began undertaking environmental analysis, planning, and began construction of a light rail line to connect Pittsburgh's Downtown and North Shore. Federal funding was approved for the extension on February 6, 2004.  The main project involved twin bored tunnels below the Allegheny River to connect a refurbished Gateway Station, which is the current Downtown terminus, to North Side station, located just west of PNC Park and Allegheny station, located just north of Heinz Field. The completed project opened to the public on March 25, 2012. The North Side station serves PNC Park, the Andy Warhol Museum, Allegheny Center and numerous office buildings in the vicinity. The Allegheny station serves Heinz Field, the Carnegie Science Center, the National Aviary, the Community College of Allegheny County, the Rivers Casino, and other nearby businesses.  Unexpectedly high bids from construction companies had stalled construction, originally scheduled to begin in Fall 2005. The entire project is budgeted at $435 million, with approximately 80% ($348 million) coming from the Federal Transit Administration. The Port Authority began construction in October 2006, with the first bore completed on July 10, 2008 and the second tunnel under the Allegheny river completed in early 2009. Service began on March 25, 2012 with a final cost of $523.4 million.

Fleet and depot.

Current fleet.

Port Authority operates a fleet of 83 LRVs as of 2006:  Trains are generally run in a two car configuration. The routes have sections that have a dedicated right of way as well as mixed sections that run along roadways with automobile traffic. Generally, stations along roadways have low level platforms while stops along the dedicated rights of way have high level platforms. To allow easy boarding in both situations, the trains have two sets of doors at the front, with a low set and a staircase as well as a high set with level access from the platform to the train.

Retired PCC fleet.

The four remaining PCC cars were retired in 1999. These PCCs were from an original fleet of 12 "homebuilt" cars constructed in the 1980s in the Port Authority shops using a combination of new underframes, lower body panels, front and rear ends, interiors, wiring and controls, together with reconditioned components such as trucks, motors, and upper body parts and windows reused from original Pittsburgh PCCs numbered in the 1700 series. They avoided the breakers yard, along with some other trolleys from the later years of PAT ownership.

Depot.

The South Hills Village Rail Center (SHVRC) is located at the end of the Blue Line - South Hills Village, adjacent to the shopping mall of the same name. All of the revenue light rail vehicles (LRVs) and some Maintenance of Way vehicles are stored there. All the old PCC cars were stored there as well prior to their retirement in 1999.

Lines.

The "T" has three active lines along with several discontinued lines.

Red Line.

Formerly 42S. The Red Line runs between South Hills Village and Downtown Pittsburgh via the Beechview neighborhood. Six stops serve Upper St. Clair and Bethel Park before merging with the Blue Line at Washington Junction. The Red Line splits again before Overbrook Junction and the Red Line heads toward the suburbs of Castle Shannon, Mt. Lebanon, and Dormont. After entering Pittsburgh city limits, the route features a variety of closely spaced stops through Beechview, where bus service is limited due to the hilly terrain, despite a dense population. Fifteen stops occur between the split in the lines and their re-juncture at South Hills Junction. The route then enters the Mt. Washington Transit Tunnel. The remaining stations in Downtown are at Station Square, First Avenue, Steel Plaza, and Wood Street. In March 2007, the closure of the Palm Garden Bridge for refurbishment suspended the 42S for five months; it re-opened in September 2007.

Silver Line.

Formerly 44L, 47L, and Blue Line – Library. The Silver Line begins near the Washington County–Allegheny County line in the Library neighborhood of South Park. Fifteen stops serve Library, Bethel Park, and South Park before merging with the Blue Line at Washington Junction. Some weekday and all weekend trips end at Washington Junction, where a timed transfer to the Blue Line allows continuing a trip to Overbrook and Downtown. For the trips that serve Downtown, the line splits again before Overbrook Junction station on the Red Line, as the Blue Line instead follows the Overbrook route. The line then makes eight well-spaced stops on its arc through the Overbrook, Brookline, Carrick, Beltzhoover, and Bon Air neighborhoods of southern Pittsburgh. The line merges with the Red Line at South Hills Junction before entering the Mt. Washington Transit Tunnel. The remaining stations are at Station Square, First Avenue, Steel Plaza, Wood Street, Gateway, North Side, and Allegheny. To avoid confusion with "Blue Line – South Hills Village", the line was renamed to "Silver Line – Library" on March 15, 2020.

Blue Line.

Formerly 47S. In 2005, the Port Authority opened a new parking garage at the South Hills Village station. The 47S line was established in an effort to relieve congestion on the Red Line for the additional traffic that the parking garage created. The Blue Line - South Hills Village route follows the South Hills Village leg of the Red Line and the common leg from Washington Junction to Willow Station, which is adjacent to Overbrook Junction, where it switches to the Silver Line mainline. It follows the Silver Line to South Hills Junction where it reunites with the Red Line before entering downtown.

Discontinued lines.

47D Drake.

When light rail service began, PCC trolley service continued from Drake north through Castle Shannon along the Overbrook line to downtown. All downtown platforms incorporated both low- and high-level platforms enabling them to handle both types of vehicles. When safety concerns prompted the closure of the Overbrook line in 1993 the Drake line was cut back to Castle Shannon; service would later terminate at Washington Junction. In September 1999, PAT withdrew the four remaining active-service PCCs from service and closed the Drake line altogether.

47 Shannon.

This was a PCC trolley line that led commuters either northbound (via Overbrook line) or southbound (via South Hills Junction, Drake or Library lines) to Castle Shannon station. The line's turnaround point, the Shannon Loop, was located just past the station at Mt. Lebanon Blvd. This loop no longer exists. Also removed from the Shannon route were the tracks surrounding the old Castle Shannon Municipal Building (which is also gone) at the intersection of Castle Shannon Blvd. and Willow Ave. At this Overbrook line connector, incoming trolleys ran in front of the building and outgoing trolleys ran behind the building and through the narrow passage between the building and Castle Shannon Blvd.

Brown Line.

Formerly 52. The Brown Line ran from South Hills Junction over Mount Washington and across the Monongahela River to downtown Pittsburgh, terminating at Wood Street. It was the only downtown route that did not stop at Station Square nor use the Mount Washington tunnel. The line supplemented the 46K bus, running 4 times each during the morning rush and 3 times during the evening rush. A throwback to the days of the streetcars, the Brown Line did not feature stations or street-level boarding stops but instead allowed for boarding and unloading at designated 46K bus stops. The steepest grade on the entire light rail system is on this line, about 10 percent.  This service was discontinued in the March 27, 2011 system-wide cuts. The line is still in existence, and is used as a bypass to the Mount Washington Tunnel during maintenance. The tunnel is closed to all vehicular (bus) and light rail traffic during maintenance.

44L and 44S.

The 44 Castle Shannon-Library (44L) and the 44 Castle Shannon-Beechview (44S) were truncated versions of the Blue Line - Library and Red Line, respectively. The 44L ran from Library to Washington Junction. The 44S ran between Overbrook Junction and Traymore. It was introduced when the closure of the Palm Garden Bridge cut off the Beechview line from the Downtown. The 44S was discontinued when the Palm Garden Bridge re-opened, in favor of the 42C.

Future.

Extensions and additions.

Since November 1993 the Authority has studied the so-called "Spine Line" to the Oakland neighborhood which is the third largest center for commuters in the commonwealth and the home to Carlow University, the University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, the Pittsburgh Technology Center, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Phipps Conservatory. Thus far the extension to Oakland has not gone beyond the design phase. The First Avenue station was added in 2001; service to Penn Station was suspended on September 2, 2007. The "T" is most heavily used in four stations downtown (three of which are underground), where service is free of charge.

Proposed extensions.

Former Chief Executive of Allegheny County, Dan Onorato, hoped to eventually extend the light-rail system east to Oakland and west to Pittsburgh International Airport. In 2009, Onorato along with Congressman Mike Doyle requested approximately $7 million in funding from the federal government for preliminary planning of the extension.  The "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" has taken a strong editorial stance in late 2012 for a workable extension to the Northern suburbs all the way to Cranberry.

The Pittsburgh Light Rail (commonly known as The T) is a light rail system in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and surrounding suburbs. It operates as a deep-level subway in Downtown Pittsburgh, but runs mostly at-grade in the suburbs south of the city. The system is largely linear in a north-south direction, with one terminus just north of Pittsburgh's central business district and two termini in the South Hills. The system is owned and operated by the Port Authority of Allegheny County. It is the successor system to the streetcar network formerly operated by Pittsburgh Railways, the oldest portions of which date to 1903. The Pittsburgh light rail lines are vestigial from the city's streetcar days, and is one of only three light rail systems in the United States that continues to use the Pennsylvania Trolley (broad) gauge rail on its lines instead of. Pittsburgh is one of the few North American cities that have continued to operate light rail systems in an uninterrupted evolution from the first-generation streetcar era, along with Boston, Cleveland, New Orleans, Newark, Philadelphia, San Francisco and Toronto.

Die Stadtbahn Pittsburgh, englisch Pittsburgh Light Rail, bekannt als The T, ist ein Light-rail-Stadtbahnsystem in Pittsburgh im Südwesten des US-Bundesstaates Pennsylvania. Es ist der Nachfolger der Straßenbahnen der Pittsburgh Railways bzw. der Port Authority of Allegheny County, deren innerstädtische Linien komplett ersetzt wurden, als 1985 der Tunnel unter der Innenstadt eröffnet wurde. Pittsburgh ist dabei eine der wenigen Städte in den USA mit ununterbrochenem straßenbündigem Bahnverkehr.