History.

Background.

The idea of introducing trolleybuses was considered during Interbellum. In the late 1930s, city's Directory for trams and lights prepared the acquisition of the first vehicles. The intention was to introduce the trolleybus lines which would connect the downtown Belgrade to Karaburma. World War II prevented the realization of this plan but the devastation of the tram infrastructure during the war revitalized the idea of trolleybuses.

1947-1960s expansion.

The first trolleybus was presented to the public during the Labor Day parade on 1 May 1947 while the network became operational on 22 June 1947. First two lines were Kalemegdan-Slavija and Crveni Krst-Slavija, which was later expanded to Kalemegdan Park, too. Several months later, the third line, to Dušanovac, was open. In the 1950s, the general idea was that trolleybuses should take over the major role in the public transportation. By 1955, the number of trolleybuses rose to 42. Envisioned plans included lines to Zemun, Karaburma, New Belgrade and Dedinje, but not all were carried into effect. Line to Zemun was opened in 1956, and in time three lines across the Sava river were formed: Line 14 – Zeleni Venac-Gornji Grad (Zemun) (which was considered a successor line to the pre-war tram line), Line 15 – Zeleni Venac-Novi Grad (Zemun) and Line 16 – Zeleni Venac-Pohorska, New Belgrade.  During this period, trolleybus became part of the Belgrade’s sub-culture due to the activity of "kešanje" (slang for hanging onto something). Instead of entering the vehicle and paying for the ticket, the teenagers and young adults would grab onto the trolley pole on the outside.

1970s decline.

Since the late 1960s, city authorities began to consider abolishing the trolleybus network completely. In 1973 all three lines across the river were terminated and by the ending of Branko Pešić’s tenure as the mayor of Belgrade in 1974, only one line survived, Kalemegdan-Kruševačka, Lekino Brdo. It was planned for it to be abolished, too, but already in the mid-1970s, after several types of research, city government changed the opinion and began developing the trolleybus network again.

1980s revitalization.

By the early 1980s, new neighborhoods planned to become part of the network were Konjarnik, Miljakovac, Učiteljsko Naselje, Medaković, Banjica, Kumodraž, and Zvezdara. By 1982 trolleybuses reached Konjarnik (Line 19) and Učiteljsko Naselje (Line 21) and the Line 28, connecting Kalemegdan to Zvezdara opened in 1983. In 1985 Line 41 connected Kalemegdan to Banjica II and in 1986 Line 40 was opened between Banjica II and Zvezdara. By the late 1980s, citizens became accustomed to the network and in the 1990s a new trolleybus depot was built in Dorćol, with the capacity of servicing 135 vehicles.

Future.

After new city government took over in 2013, an idea of abolishing the trolleybus network was raised again, partially prompted by the experimental introduction of the electric buses. Due to the possible creation of the pedestrian zone in the entire central section of Belgrade, propositions include the change of the routes in downtown, the relocation of the central terminus from Studentski Trg to Slavija and of the depo from Dorćol to Medaković. The remaining lines should connect the hilly parts of the city: Konjarnik, Medaković, Vračar, Banjica and Kanarevo Brdo. City manager Goran Vesić announced that one single tram line will replace all four trolleybus lines (19, 21, 22 and 29) and the only bus line (31), which traverse through the city’s main street "Kralja Milana". Regarding reasons, Vesić stated that the overhead lines look ugly in downtown and that citizen complained about the noise made by the trolleybuses. The immediate reaction of the citizens was mostly negative.  However, some of the advantages of the trolleybuses are their minimal noise pollution. Also, there is a matter of price of digging up the entire center of the city so that at least of tram tracks can be placed, and the cost of buying the new trams which will supposedly be operated on capacitors, without the grid. At the moment, five lines pass through the main street 47 times per hour. On average, that is one vehicle on every 86 second, which is virtually impossible with only one line. In May 2017, Prime Minister of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić, even though the Belgrade's city transportation is completely outside of his jurisdiction, stated that he wants to abolish the trolleybus network completely and replace it with the electric buses. As a reason, he said that the trolleybuses are causing problems and that when one stops due to the malfunction, it stops the entire traffic behind it. Though electric buses may be a better solution than the trams, Vučić's reasoning is dubious, just like the Vesić's. Trolleybus has easier traffic avoidance than a tram. Contrary to the trams, which indeed stops all the trams behind when one malfunction because they all use the same tracks when a trolleybus is broken, it is simply unhooked from the grid and is easily bypassed by the trolleybus behind it.  After public protests, the 2013 idea was modified in 2015 and the city announced that the terminus from Studentski Trg will be relocated to the Dunavska Street, extending the trolleybus lines to Dorćol, as a temporary solution. As of July 2019 nothing has been done regarding the trolleybuses relocation. Due to the massive 2018-2019 reconstruction of the Republic Square, some lines were shortened only to the Slavija quare, some were replaced with buses, while some were abolished completely. After continued citizens protests, city administration modified it's idea of the large pedestrian zone in downtown and announced that all trolleybuses will be returned to their regular lines in September 2019, after the reconstruction of the square is finished. However, after the square was reopened for traffic on 1 November 2019, lines 21 and 22 remained shortened to the Slavija Square, while lines 19 and 28 were completely abolished due to the "overlapping in the central city zone". But it was also reported that the reduction (it also included several bus lines) is part of the ongoing plan by the city to transform the main traffic route into the pedestrian zone and because of the weight restrictions due to the botched reconstruction of the Republic Square.  In December 2018, Ministry of construction, transportation and infrastructure instigated changes in the Law on Communal Activity, which would allow for private companies to operate trams and trolleybuses, as the present law allows them only to operate city transportation's bus lines. However, deputy mayor Vesić said that city will buy 80 electric buses instead and that trolleybus lines will be shut completely. In October 2019, a scandal broke out when it was reported that some 80 trolleybuses (64%) are not registered (which was discovered by the police in the spring of 2019). GSP general manager was charged, though the company claimed that vehicles have regular technical inspections.

Dorćol route.

As the city authorities continued with their already heavily criticized project of removing the traffic completely from downtown and conducting it into the neighborhood of Dorćol, they began the construction of the grid. Local residents opposed the idea and blocked the streets. When city sent workers to begin the works on the new grid, the residents physically prevented them. They are opposing the project which will reduce the sidewalks and number of parking spots, cut the trees and induce further traffic jams. City claimed they are doing this because of the wishes of the citizens but never provided any proof of that. After negotiations with the residents, city decided to temporarily halt the works and later announced the partial change of the route.  In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a state of emergency was declared in Serbia, which included social distancing, partial curfew and ban on public gathering. The emergency was declared on 16 March and already on 17 March city began to cut trees to make way for the grid. Citizens reported that the city is building the route as they like, pushing aside what little agreement they made with the citizens, that workers employed in the construction don't follow protocolos of protection during the pandemic and that works are being done without all necessary permits since there was no time to obtain them so fast. City responded that now, when there is no traffic, it is ideal time to work and that they do everything as agreed with the citizens who are now legally prevented to organize protests and blockades due to the state of emergency. The works continued only during the night curfew, including loud construction works like the hydraulic concrete drilling. Police refused to intervene so the situation culminated in late April when citizens gathered in the streets, breaking the curfew and halting the works. Police then appeared with black Marias but an ad hoc agreement was reached by which residents returned to their homes, and the works were stopped.

Line 28.

City Hospital (today KBC Zvezdara) was opened on 1 December 1935. In the early 1941, before World War II began in Yugoslavia, the bus Line 28 was established, which connected City Hospital to Theatre Square in downtown Belgrade, via Hadžipopovac and Profesorska Kolonija. The line was kept operational by the German occupational authorities throughout the war, from 1941 to 1944. After the war, the bus line of the similar route continued, but was renamed to Line 27. In 1949, the pre-war line was fully re-established, and the number 28 was returned.  The buses which operated on the line were Miesse and Renault. Later bus brands on the line included Leyland Royal Tiger Worldmaster, MAN and Ikarbus. The buses were replaced by trolleybuses in 1983, but neither the number nor the route changed (modern street names): Dimitrija Tucovića-Cvijićeva-Jaše Prodanovića-Takovska-Svetogorska-Makedonska-Republic Square-Vasina-Studentski Trg.  The changes in 2019, especially the shut down of the line 28 was described as the "complete miss" and caused public protests and gatherings, and street and works blockades. Thousands of people signed petition asking for the line to be restored and organized protests along the line's route. Closing and shortening of the lines in November 2019 right away resulted in crowds in the surviving lines and massive public discontent. Especially affected was Zvezdara municipality as lines 19, 21 and 28 were connecting different parts of Zvezdara to downtown. Furthermore, line 28 was the only line of public transportation which connected downtown to KBC Zvezdara, one of the largest medical-hospital complexes in Belgrade. Authorities said that everything is covered with changing buses on other lines, but it turned out that for some, previously direct routes, it takes an extra hour for the commuters. Another explanation by the authorities was reduced pollution in downtown. However, an extra diesel-operated bus line No. 22A, for the shortened section of the trolleybus lines through the city center, was introduced. Just five days into new network, mayor Zoran Radojičić said that line 28 "may be reintroduced". The residents continued to occasionally block the traffic and in February 2020 they placed a "monument" to line 28 at its former terminus at Studentski Trg.  The line was also directly connecting several students' dormitories to the Belgrade University. The abolishment and shortening of the lines was abrupt and unannounced. In the 2015 project, line 28 was not only preserved, but was planned for extension - to Medaković III on one, and to Cerak Vinogradi, on the other side. When the reconstruction of the Republic Square began, it was stated that the shutting of the lines was temporary. And when the works were finished on 1 September 2019, all the lines were indeed restored. However, when two weeks later the newly renovated square began to fall apart, the cubes which were used for paving were turned upside down. After this was finished, the lines were shut down, unofficially, because of the mishandled reconstruction and poor quality.  After 4 months of protests, city finally accepted to hold talks with the citizens regarding line 28 in the late February 2020. Previously they completely ignored the protesters, not answering to any petition or question, refusing to disclose the study on which they based the abolishment of the line, even when they had to do it when the Law on Free Access to Information was invoked by the activists. After several sessions city remained insistent on enforcing pedestrian zone in the entire downtown and refusing to re-establish the line. The activists said they will physically prevent removal of the electric grid.

Lines.

As of 2017, there are seven lines in operation. They operate every day, on a different timetable, depending on the time of the day or if it is a weekend. There are no night trolleybus lines.  Some of the recently abolished lines include Line 22L, which operated from Kalemegdan to Slavija, as the shortest line of the public transportation in Belgrade () which was abolished on 3 September 2012, and Line 29N, night line which was abolished in 2006 and replaced by the bus.

The fleet.

In 2012, when the fleet numbered 133 vehicles, the breakdown by the type was:  3 Hess/Kiepe lighTram buses will be delivered in June 2019.  Former types included:

Notes.

Notes:

The Belgrade trolleybus system forms part of the public transportation network in the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is operated by the city-owned public transportation company GSP Belgrade. In 2017, the network consisted of 7 lines, with 125 trolleybuses operating on of two-way overhead wires. "Trola", Serbian name for the trolley pole, became among Belgraders the common, colloquial name for the trolleybus in general.

Der Oberleitungsbus Belgrad ist das Oberleitungsbus-System der serbischen Hauptstadt Belgrad. Es ist das einzige des Landes und wird vom kommunalen Verkehrsunternehmen Gradsko saobraćajno preduzeće Beograd (GSP Beograd) betrieben. Das Netz ging am 22. Juni 1947 als – nach Split – zweiter Oberleitungsbusbetrieb der Sozialistischen Föderativen Republik Jugoslawien in Betrieb und ergänzt seither die 1882 eröffnete Straßenbahn Belgrad beziehungsweise den 1925 aufgenommenen Autobusverkehr. Die kumulierte Linienlänge beträgt 58,1 Kilometer, es befinden sich rund 130 Oberleitungsbusse im Bestand.


Models.

WD TV (1st Gen).

In November 2008 Western Digital introduced the WD TV. with full HD 1080p multimedia player with DTS pass-through only. The hardware starts with a 300 MHz TangoX MIPS 4KEc from Sigma Designs, which has 100 MB of memory.

WD TV (2nd Gen).

Updated device with 2-channel DTS support. Uses the same Sigma SMP8655 Secure Media Processor as the Live.

WD TV Mini.

Released in Fall 2009, it was a Media Player with DVD quality, upscales to 1080i, Plays back RealVideo and many other popular file formats with no need for transcoding, but lacks the ability to play H.264 encoded video.

WD TV Live.

Released in Fall 2009 with Full HD 1080p resolution. An updated device with 2-channel DTS, streaming and network support, which comes in the form of an Ethernet port on the back. Also compatible with certain wireless USB adapters. Connects to Internet sites: YouTube (until 2017), Flickr, Live365, myTV, Pandora, Mediafly, Flingo, AccuWeather, Facebook or stream content from a home network. Supports a wide variety of the most popular file formats. No need for transcoding. Mediafly and DVD menu support added in firmware update.  The device supports three playlist formats.  The Sigma Designs SMP8655 SoC inside the WD TV Live features a 500 MHz CPU, a 333 MHz coprocessor, a 333 MHz DSP, 512 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of NAND flash memory. Western Digital has tweaked the original Sigma SMP8600 Family design slightly by including 6 video Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) which should give it the ability to handle high-def content with ease. (Model number WDBAAN0000NBK).

WD TV Live Plus (WD TV Live 2nd Gen).

Released early in 2010 and having all the features of the WD TV Live along with Netflix streaming support. In order to support Netflix, a macrovision enabled SoC was required (Sigma Designs SMP8654) and the Linux system is also now encrypted. However, actual user experience has lagged for some. As of April 12, 2011, Netflix Canada works on a WD Live TV Plus as long as the firmware has been upgraded to version 1.04.31_B or newer. It is also known as WDTV Live Plus (Model number WDBABX0000NBK, WDBREC0000NBK, WDBG3A0000NBK). Reviews: WD TV Live Plus was met with generally positive reviews. Review Horizon names it a worthy successor of WD TV Live.

WD TV Live Hub.

Released in fall 2010, this is a WD TV Live device with an internal 1 TB storage disk. It uses the same Sigma Designs SMP8654 found in the WD TV Live Plus with four 64 MB Nanya NT5TU64M16GG DDR2 667/800 MHz modules (256 MB total), and a 2 GB Samsung K9F2G080UB flash chip.

WD TV Live Streaming (WD TV Live 3rd Gen).

Released in October 2011. It has customizable themes, a larger remote control, can get content information from the internet, plays DRM-protected services, has a built-in wireless adapter, a 10/100Mbit/s RJ45 Ethernet port and is the first WD TV model to include the Spotify service. The WD TV Live has WiFi and a Sigma Designs SMP8670AD 700 MHz processor with 512MB of DDR2 memory from Nanya. It is also known as WD TV Live Gen 3 (NTSC model number WDBHG70000NBK, PAL model number WDBGXT0000NBK).

WD TV Play (WD TV 4th Gen).

According to the WD Site, it was released in early 2013. (NTSC model number WDBMBA0000NBK). Their exact words are: The software does not support DTS or MPEG2, as these features were removed.

WD TV Media Player (WD TV 2nd Gen).

Released in July 2014. (NTSC model number WDBYMN0000NBK, PAL model number WDBPUF0000NBK). Identical hardware to the WDTV Live Streaming but missing Netflix. This last version of the WDTV was finally discontinued by Western digital in June 2016 and is no longer available for sale through the manufacturer.

Hacking.

The WD TV has been hacked to enable further options, including using external optical drives, Ethernet connection via USB to Ethernet adapters, bittorrent downloading and improved thumbnail preview images. The newest versions of the WD TV (Streaming Media) have encrypted firmware and there are efforts to continue hacking them.

The WD TV was a consumer device produced by Western Digital that played videos, images, and music from USB drives or network locations. The device was introduced in 2008 and played high-definition video through an HDMI port, and standard video through composite video cables. The device had support for most common video and audio formats. The WD TV was discontinued as of August 2016.

Der WD TV ist eine Set-Top-Box von Western Digital welche Videos, Bilder und Musik von USB-Geräten und NAS-Servern bzw. UPnP-Medienservern abspielt. Er ist in der Lage HD-Videos über einen HDMI-Anschluss bzw. SD-Videos über einen Composite Anschluss darzustellen und spielt die üblichen Video- und Audioformate ab.


History.

When the Japanese invaded Sandakan on 19 January 1942, the Chinese Consulate was one of their first targets. Cho Huan Lai, who was the Chinese Consul General for the Republic of China in North Borneo since 1940 was arrested during the invasion. Shortly before the Japanese came to the consulate, Cho managed to destroy a number of consulate documents and other decipherment. Because of his diplomatic immunity, Cho along with several other Europeans sent to an internment camp in Berhala Island before being moved together with his family to the Batu Lintang camp in Kuching. He used his connections to keep in contact with his outside inmates. But when the Japanese got to know about it, all of his inmates was arrested in May 1944 along with him. The Japanese military court sentence them to imprisonment, in which they were serving their first period in a prison in Kuching, and later in Batu Tiga prison in Jesselton.  When the Allies launched an attack on the Japanese, some of his inmates were killed during an air raid on the prison in late 1944, with Cho was also wounded. In January 1945, the Japanese moved their prison to Beaufort and on 12 April 1945, it was moved to Keningau. After another series of bombing to other prison, all prisoners was taken to Bulu Silau, which about two miles from Keningau. In Keningau, Cho came under the command of Lt. Col. Abe Keichi, the Japanese military commander of Keningau, and Lieutenant Akutagawa Mitsuya, the commander of the local "kenpeitai". On 5 July, the Japanese planned to dismiss them because they had fully served the sentence.  Since none of them were still alive at the end of the war, inquiries were made as to their whereabouts. It turned out that the men were taken to an airfield in Keningau under the pretext of relocation to Ranau and located near the airfield (about two miles from the Japanese General Lieutenant Abe's headquarters) where they been executed on 6 July 1945. After the war, the British government was keen to get on the exact locations of whereabouts of Cho and his European companions. The plan was supported and conducted by Richard Evans, the former residents of the West Coast Division. In October 1945, his search led him to Keningau where he discovered the graves of Cho, Stokes and others. Although the Japanese Commander of Abe Keichi and Lieutenant Akutagawa Mitsuya denied their role in the execution of Cho, both of them were found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence was carried out in Changi Prison in Singapore. The remains of Cho and his colleagues was later reburied at the old Anglican Cemetery of Jesselton.

Location.

The monument is located near the former airfield of Keningau where Cho and his colleagues been executed.  The monument is shaped like a towering stele of about 4 metres in height. The cross section is rectangular; the entrance facing the wider side with red ancient Chinese character given a slightly concave. At the bottom of the monument is a slightly wider rectangular block with bronze plate, which described the information in English. The monument is placed on a three-tiered, square stepped pedestal.  The memorial inscription in large red ancient Chinese characters translated as:  The bronze plaque listed the names of the people executed here, namely: Above the English language bronze plaque is a marble slab inserted into the monument with an inscription in Chinese language:

Cho Huan Lai Memorial or also known as Keningau War Memorial () in the Malaysian town of Keningau in Sabah is a monument dedicated to Chinese Consul General Cho Huan Lai and his colleagues who died on 6 July 1945 after being executed by the Japanese.

Das Cho Huan Lai Memorial oder Keningau War Memorial in der malaysischen Stadt Keningau ist ein Denkmal, das an die Ermordung des chinesischen Generalkonsuls Cho Huan Lai (卓還來) und seiner Kollegen am 6. Juli 1945 durch die japanische Kempeitai erinnert.


Ach, lieben Christen, seid getrost, BWV 114

History and words.

Bach composed the cantata in his second year as "Thomaskantor" (director of music) in Leipzig for the 17th Sunday after Trinity. That year, Bach composed a cycle of chorale cantatas, begun on the first Sunday after Trinity of 1724. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Ephesians, the admonition to keep the unity of the Spirit (), and from the Gospel of Luke, healing a man with dropsy on the Sabbath (). The cantata is based on a song of penitence, "", in six stanzas by Johannes Gigas (1561), sung to the melody of "". The hymn is only distantly related to the readings, concentrating on the thought that the Christians sin and deserve punishment, but may be raised to joy in a "" (blessed death). An unknown poet kept the first, third and sixth stanza as movements 1, 4 and 7 of the cantata. He derived movements 2 and 3, aria and recitative, from stanza 2, movement 5, another aria, from stanza 4, and the last recitative from stanza 5. In movement 3, he deviated from the song text, expanding in connection to the gospel that sin in general is comparable to the dropsy, "" (this sinful dropsy leads to destruction and will be fatal to you), and alluding to Adam's fall, caused by self-exaltation in the forbidden quest to be like God, "" (Pride first ate the forbidden fruit, to be like God).  Bach first performed the cantata on 1 October 1724, only two days after the first performance of his chorale cantata, on the feast of Michael, the archangel, 29 September 1724.

Music.

Structure and scoring.

Bach structured the cantata in seven movements. The chorale tune is used in movements 1, 4 and 7, as a chorale fantasia, a chorale sung by a solo voice, and a four-part closing chorale. These three movements frame two sets of aria and recitative. Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of horn (Co) to double the soprano, flauto traverso (Ft), two oboes (Ob), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo. The title of the autograph score reads: "Dom: 17 post Trin: / Ach lieben Xsten seyd getrost / a 4 Voc: / Corno / 2 Hautbois / 2 Violini / Viola / con / Continuo / di / Sign:JS:Bach".  In the following table of the movements, the keys and time signatures are taken from the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The instruments are shown separately for brass, woodwinds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements.

1.

In the opening chorale fantasia, "" (Ah, dear Christians, be comforted), Bach expresses two thoughts of the text, comfort and fear, by contrasting themes that appear simultaneously in the instruments: an assertive theme is derived from the melody and played by the two oboes and first violins, an "anxious" one in the second violins and the continuo. The soprano sings the melody as a cantus firmus, doubled by the horn, while the lower voices are set partly in expressive imitation, partly in homophony. They are treated differently to reflect the meaning of the text. The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann compares the movement to the opening of the cantata "Jesu, der du meine Seele", BWV 78, written three weeks earlier: both "a sort of chaconne" in G minor, with a "French style" bass as "the expression of mourning and lamentation".

2.

The first aria is set for tenor with a virtuoso flute, "" (Where, in this valley of suffering). It contrasts again the anxious question "" (Where... is the refuge of my spirit?) and the trusting "" (However, to Jesus' fatherly hands I will turn in my weakness), The anxious question returns in the da capo form.

3.

The first recitative, "" (O sinner, bear with patience), begins secco, but expresses the contrasting words "" (exalt) and "" (humbled) from the Gospel as an arioso.

4.

The chorale stanza, "" (The grain of wheat bears no fruit), is set for the soprano, accompanied only by the continuo. In its "starkness of the unembellished chorale", it is the centerpiece of the cantata.

5.

The alto aria, "" (You make me, o death, no longer fearful now), is the only movement of the cantata in a major key. A shift to minor on the words "" (One day, indeed, one must die) is even more striking.

6.

A final recitative "" (Therefore, consider your soul) invites to turn body and soul to God.

7.

The cantata ends with a four-part setting of the chorale melody, "" (Whether we wake or fall asleep), expressing "confidence in God".

Recordings.

The listing is taken from the Bach Cantatas Website. Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by green background.

Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata (Ah, dear Christians, be comforted), 114, in Leipzig for the 17th Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 1 October 1724.

Ach, lieben Christen, seid getrost (BWV 114) ist eine Kirchen-Kantate von Johann Sebastian Bach. Er komponierte die Choralkantate 1724 in Leipzig für den 17. Sonntag nach Trinitatis und führte sie am 1. Oktober 1724 erstmals auf. Sie beruht auf dem Lied von Johannes Gigas.


Pogrom.

An unidentified Armenian press editor said the commander of the Soviet troops asked the Interior Ministry in Moscow for permission to evacuate some of the city's Armenian population of 100,000. The conflict intensified in the fall of 1988, as the Armenians of Kirovabad and the surrounding countryside were driven from their homes and forced to seek safe haven in Armenia. According to Los Angeles Times, an article published on November 27, 1988, "Soviet soldiers have blocked dozens of Azerbaijani attempts to massacre Armenians in their homes in the continuing communal violence in the southern Soviet republic of Azerbaijan, a senior military commander there said Saturday."  On November 23, martial law was declared in Kirovabad, meaning that troops could now respond with rifle fire. That same day, an attempt of pogrom against the building of the city's Executive committee took place. During the clashes between the aggressive crowd and the armed forces who tried to keep the order and to defend the Armenian citizens three soldiers were killed, and 67 people were wounded. Hooligans burned down and damaged military vehicles.

Death toll.

Yuri Rost mentions sources reporting that the number of fatalities had risen to forty by 24 November, one third of whom were Azerbaijanis killed in clashes with the Soviet troops. Human rights activists reported, that up to 130 Armenians were killed in Kirovabad alone and "with warnings of possible genocide, they have appealed for swift action by the government to halt Azerbaijani attacks on Armenians." On 25 November 1988, Soviet human rights activist Andrei Sakharov, in Massachusetts during the unrest, said he had received reports from the Soviet Union that more than 130 Armenians were killed and more than 200 wounded in the violence. However the Soviet authorities denied Sakharov's claims, with Foreign Ministry spokesman Gennady Gerasimov saying that the information about the casualties was not accurate. The New York Times also reported that "official and unofficial informants in the two republics who have provided reliable reports during the last nine months of unrest discounted the higher figures, saying they were based on second- and third-hand accounts". Later Sakharov admitted in his memoirs that his statement was a mistake and that he should not have used concrete figures about the numbers of Armenian casualties in Kirovabad. He wrote:  The Soviet authorities confirmed the death of 7 people at the time of the events. This figure included 3 Soviet soldiers, 3 Azerbaijanis and 1 Armenian. Angus Roxburgh during the violence reported that at least six more Armenians were killed due to ethnic rioting in Kirovabad.

The Kirovabad pogrom or the pogrom of Kirovabad was an Azeri-led pogrom that targeted Armenians living in the city of Kirovabad (today called Ganja) in Soviet Azerbaijan during November 1988.

Das Pogrom in Kirowabad war ein von Aserbaidschanern durchgeführtes Pogrom, das im November 1988 in Kirowabad (heute "Gəncə", eingedeutscht "Gandscha"), der zweitgrößten Stadt Aserbaidschans, an Angehörigen der armenischen Minderheit verübt wurde.


Early life and education.

Martin Stuart Sorrell was born in London on 14 February 1945 to a Jewish family: his father was an electronics retailer, whose ancestors came from Russia, Poland and Romania. He was educated at the independent Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, then studied Economics at Christ's College, Cambridge, and gained an MBA from Harvard University in 1968.

Career.

Early career.

Sorrell joined Glendinning Associates, then James Gulliver and then worked for the sports agent Mark McCormack. He joined Saatchi & Saatchi in 1975, and was group finance director from 1977 until 1984. Often referred to as ""the third brother"", he designed and carried out many of Saatchi's agency acquisitions. Sorrell undertook this by refining the practice of the ‘earn-out’.

WPP.

In 1985, Sorrell privately invested in Wire and Plastic Products, a British wire shopping basket manufacturer, and joined it full-time as chief executive in 1986. He began to acquire "below-the-line" advertising-related companies, purchasing 18 in three years, including in 1987 when he stunned the agency world with a $566 million hostile takeover of J. Walter Thompson.  Sorrell followed this in 1989 with another dramatic hostile $825 million buy of Ogilvy and Mather. Group chairman David Ogilvy publicly referred to Sorrell as an "odious little shit".  Since 2000, WPP also acquired two more integrated, global agency networks, Young & Rubicam and Grey.  In 2014, Sorrell received total compensation from WPP of GBP £40 million, his largest annual total since £53 million in 2004.  In August 2017, Sorrel said that "digital disruption" was forcing companies to change their business models and reach customers in different ways when shares in WPP fell by more than 10% at the start of trading after the advertising giant reported slowing sales and warned about future growth.  In September 2017, Sorrell criticised the marketing industry, arguing it is "too competitive" and that agencies value winning contracts, whether they are profitable or not, over content since making the headlines in a trade magazine is more important.  In 2017, Sorrell became the longest-serving CEO of any company featured in the U.K.'s benchmark FTSE 100 Index – having stewarded WPP since 1985. Sorrell left WPP in 2018.

S4 Capital.

In May 2018, Sorrell acquired Derriston Capital, a cash shell listed on the London Stock Exchange, with plans to create a marketing company called S4 Capital. Sorrell invested $53 million of his money, and raised $15 million more from investors. In July 2018, S4 Capital purchased MediaMonks for $350 million, using a share issue to fund the purchase. Sorrells previous employer, WPP, claimed that he was using confidential information by pursuing the deal. In December 2018, S4 Capital purchased MightyHive for $150 million. In June 2019, S4 Capital acquired the Melbourne company BizTech. By this point, the company had 1,300 employees, including a number of ex-WPP employees. In October 2019, MightyHive announced that it was merging with ConversionWorks, a company which works with Boots, Diageo and Giffgaff.

Other interests.

In 1997, he was appointed an ambassador for British business by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and subsequently appointed to the Office's Panel 2000 aimed at rebranding Britain abroad. In 1999 he was appointed by the secretary of state for education and employment to serve on the Council for Excellence in Management and Leadership.  He is a governor of London Business School, and a member of the advisory boards of both the Judge Business School in Cambridge, UK and IESE in Spain. He is also chairman of the Global Advisory Board of the Centre for International Business and Management (CIBAM), at the University of Cambridge, UK. In 1998, he was appointed to the board of directors of associates of Harvard Business School and to the board of the Indian School of Business.  On behalf of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, he chaired Media.NYC.2020, which reviewed the future of the global media industry, the implications for NYC, and suggested actionable next steps for the NYC government.  Sorrell was a "Remainer" in the run up to the Brexit referendum, and has expressed support for a second referendum on EU membership once the Brexit terms have been finalized, stating that when "we finally see what the terms are of Brexit, then the electorate can be asked to reconfirm in whichever way possible, referendum or general election platform, that they still want to go ahead.” He also justified new investments in France, Germany, Italy and Spain as a means to protect WPP against immigration caps following Brexit, emphasising the importance of freedom of movement of WPP's work force, 17 percent of which are from EU countries other than the UK.

Criticism and controversy.

In 2005 Sorrell sold £9m of shares in WPP at the end of a restricted stock holding period. He also agreed to change a contract with the company which had been much criticised by institutional shareholders in WPP as being unfairly written in Sorrell's favour. Under the previous agreement if Sorrell had been terminated, it would have led to a very large payout; the new agreement provided him instead with no termination payment.  In 2005 his pay was £2.42 million including cash and bonuses. Further he exercised £52 million in share options, was entitled to a further £5.8million in stock, and deferred further options on another 2.65 million shares valued at £15 million until 2008. In 2011 Sorrell's pay package increased by 70% to £4.5 million after WPP's pre-tax profits rose 28%. In October 2011 Sorrell went on the BBC to defend large increases in his and other CEO pay packages at a time when real average wages in the Western world were declining.  Shareholders have criticised aspects of corporate governance at WPP. This came to the fore again in 2006 with the advent of two court cases revolving around alleged corruption in an Italian subsidiary and contract disputes with the US launch of the OK! magazine.  In June 2008 WPP drew strong criticism for the involvement of an agency, 'Imago', in which WPP's Y&R subsidiary held a minority interest, with the ZANU-PF presidential campaign in Zimbabwe. A report by the "Financial Times" found out that Imago was employed by Robert Mugabe's campaign for reelection to the presidency of Zimbabwe. WPP subsequently divested Y&R's minority interests in Zimbabwe.  Following criticism about his pay from investors, Sorrell agreed to a pay cut that would have reduced his salary from £46 million in 2016 to £13 million by 2021.  In April 2018, Sorrell left WPP after 33 years, following allegations of personal misconduct and misuse of company assets. Sorrell has denied the allegations.  The Financial Times in an investigation around the circumstances of his departure from WPP has commented that what “emerged is a picture of routine verbal abuse of underlings and a blending of Sir Martin’s corporate and private life that jarred with some colleagues — particularly over his company expenditure, some of which was also extended to his wife” This included allegations that Sorrell visited a brothel paid for with company funds. Sorrell has denied these allegations.

Recognition.

He was knighted in the 2000 New Year Honours. On 27 September 2007, Sorrell was awarded the Harvard Business School’s highest honour, the Alumni Achievement Award, by Dean Jay O. Light. The award was also given to: Ayala Corp. chair Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, A. Malachi Mixon of Invacare, Donna Dubinsky and Hansjörg Wyss of Synthes. In 2015 he was a Trustee of the British Museum.

Personal life.

Sorrell is married to Cristiana Falcone, director of media and entertainment industries at the World Economic Forum.  Sorrell was previously married to Sandra Finestone, with whom he has three sons, but the marriage broke down in 2003. In October 2005, he cashed in £12 million of WPP shares to fund the divorce, in which Ms. Finestone, represented by Nicholas Mostyn QC, was awarded a £30 million settlement including: a £3.25m four-storey Georgian townhouse; two Harrods underground car parking spaces worth around £90,000 each; £23.5m in cash; £2m in bank deposits; and other assets including stocks and shares. Despite the divorce settlement, Sorrell still had 13 million shares, an estimated £80m stake in WPP, at the time of the divorce, which represented around 1% of the company, plus his 2005 pay settlement award.  The divorce settlement was unusual in being a 60/40 split in favour of Sorrell — a break from the previously established policy of a 50/50 split even in big-money divorces since an influential ruling by Appeal Court Justice Mathew Thorpe in the 2002 divorce between Harry and Shan Lambert established that the contribution to the household of non-working wives should be considered equal to their husbands'. In the "Lambert" judgement, Lord Justice Thorpe stated that "special contribution remains a legitimate possibility but only in exceptional circumstances"; Sorrell was the first husband deemed to have met that criterion in a subsequent divorce settlement, with Mr Justice Bennett citing Sorrell's "special contribution" to the family's wealth in justification.  Sorrell's three sons, Mark, Jonathan and Robert all went to Cambridge University and then Goldman Sachs, although two have since left. Jonathan Sorrell is president of the hedge fund Man Group.

Sir Martin Stuart Sorrell (born 14 February 1945) is a British businessman and the founder of WPP plc, the world's largest advertising and PR group, both by revenue and the number of staff. Upon his retirement in April 2018, Sorrell was the longest-serving chief executive of a FTSE 100 company.

Sir Martin Stuart Sorrell (* 14. Februar 1945 in London) ist ein britischer Unternehmer. Er gründete die Werbeholding WPP, die er von 1986 bis 2018 als CEO leitete.


Microbial syntrophy.

Syntrophy plays an important role in a large number of microbial processes.  The defining feature of ruminants, such as cows and goats, is a stomach called a rumen. The rumen contains billions of microbes, many of which are syntrophic. One excellent example of this syntrophy is interspecies hydrogen transfer. Some anaerobic fermenting microbes in the rumen (and other gastrointestinal tracts) are capable of degrading organic matter to short chain fatty acids, and hydrogen. The accumulating hydrogen inhibits the microbe's ability to continue degrading organic matter, but syntrophic hydrogen-consuming microbes allow continued growth by metabolizing the waste products. In addition, fermentative bacteria gain maximum energy yield when protons are used as electron acceptor with concurrent H production. Hydrogen-consuming organisms include methanogens, sulfate-reducers, acetogens, and others. Some fermentation products, such as fatty acids longer than two carbon atoms, alcohols longer than one carbon atom, and branched-chain and aromatic fatty acids, cannot directly be used in methanogenesis. In acetogenesis process, these products are oxidized to acetate and H by obligated proton reducing bacteria in syntrophic relationship with methanogenic archaea as low H partial pressure is essential for acetogenic reactions to be thermodynamically favorable (ΔG < 0).  The number of bacterial cells that live on or in the human body, for example throughout the alimentary canal and on the skin, is in the region of 10 times the total number of human cells in it. These microbes are vital, for instance for the digestive and the immune system to function.  Another example is the many organisms that feed on faeces or dung. A cow diet consists mainly of grass, the cellulose of which is transformed into lipids by micro-organisms in the cow's large intestine. These micro-organisms cannot use the lipids because of lack of oxygen in the intestine, so the cow does not take up all lipids produced. When the processed grass leaves the intestine as dung and comes into open air, many organisms, such as the dung beetle, feed on it.  Yet another example is the community of micro-organisms in soil that live off leaf litter. Leaves typically last one year and are then replaced by new ones. These micro-organisms mineralize the discarded leaves and release nutrients that are taken up by the plant. Such relationships are called reciprocal syntrophy because the plant lives off the products of micro-organisms. Many symbiotic relationships are based on syntrophy.

Biodegradation of pollutants.

Syntrophic microbial food webs can play an integral role in the breakdown of organic pollutants such as oils, aromatic compounds, and amino acids.  Environmental contamination with oil is of high ecological importance, but can be mediated through syntrophic degradation. Alkanes are hydrocarbon chains that are the major chemical component of crude oils, and have been experimentally verified to be broken down by syntrophic microbial food webs. The hydrocarbons of the oil are broken down after activation by fumarate, a chemical compound that is regenerated by other microorganisms. Without regeneration, the microbes degrading the oil would eventually run out of fumarate and the process would cease. This breakdown is crucial in the processes of bioremediation and global carbon cycling.  Syntrophic microbial communities are key players in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, which are common pollutants. The degradation of aromatic benzoate to methane produces many intermediate compounds such as formate, acetate, and H. The build up of these products makes benzoate degradation progressively less favourable. These intermediates can then be taken up and metabolized syntrophically by methanogens to make the whole process more thermodynamically favourable.  Studies have shown that bacterial degradation of amino acids can be significantly enhanced through the process of syntrophy. Microbes growing poorly on amino acid substrates alanine, aspartate, serine, leucine, valine, and glycine can have their rate of growth dramatically increased by syntrophic H scavengers. These scavengers, like "Methanospirillum and Acetobacterium," metabolize the H waste produced during amino acid breakdown, preventing a toxic build-up. Another way to improve amino acid breakdown is through interspecies electron transfer mediated by formate. Species like "Desulfovibrio" employ this method.

Metabolic mechanism.

The main motive behind a syntrophic relation between two bacterial organisms is generalized as a relationship where each participant's metabolic activity cannot independently overcome the thermodynamic pressure of the reaction under standard conditions even when a cosubstrate or nutrient is added into the environment. Therefore, the cooperation of the other participant is required to reduce the intermediate pool size.  The "Methanobacillus omelianskii" culture is a classic example in demonstrating how two separate unfavourable reactions can be carried out by syntrophic interactions. Organism S and organism M.o.H of "Methanobacillus omelianskii" oxidize ethanol into acetate and methane by a process called interspecies hydrogen transfer. Individuals of organism S are observed as obligate anaerobic bacteria that use ethanol as an electron donor, whereas M.o.H ("Methanobacterium bryantii" strain M.o.H) are methanogens that oxidize hydrogen gas to produce methane. These two metabolic reactions can be shown as follows: <br> Complex organic compounds such as ethanol, propionate, butyrate, and lactate cannot be directly used as substrates for methanogenesis by methanogens. On the other hand, fermentation of these organic compounds cannot occur in fermenting microorganisms unless the hydrogen concentration is reduced to a low level by the methanogens. In this case, hydrogen, an electron-carrying compound (mediator) is transported from the fermenting bacteria to the methanogen through a process called mediated interspecies electron transfer (MIET), where the mediator is carried down a concentration gradient created by a thermodynamically favourable coupled redox reaction.

In biology, syntrophy, synthrophy, or cross-feeding (from Greek "syn" meaning together, "trophe" meaning nourishment) is the phenomenon of one species living off of the products of another species. In this type of biological interaction, the growth of one partner depends on the nutrients, growth factors, or substrates provided by the other partner. Jan Dolfing describes syntrophy as "the critical interdependency between producer and consumer". This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. Morris "et al". have described the process as "obligately mutualistic metabolism".

Syntrophie bezeichnet die vergesellschafte Lebensweise verschiedener Organismen (Mischgesellschaften), die jeweils gegenseitig bestimmte Stoffwechselprodukte für den anderen Partner herstellen und damit wechselseitig voneinander abhängen. Syntrophe Organismen sind beispielsweise die Hefe "Rhodotorula rubra" und der Pilz "Mucor ramannianus." Auch manche Methanogene sind vom Wasserstoff benachbarter Bakterien abhängig, wobei andersherum jene Bakterien nur dann wachsen können, wenn dieser Wasserstoff durch die Methanogenen verbraucht wird.


Description.

The length of the head and body of the long-eared hedgehog is approximately 120–270 mm, and the tail is 10–50 mm long. The skull is about 38–48 mm long. Unlike other species the pterygoids of the skull do not inflate and they do not relay information to the tympanic membrane. The ears of this hedgehog are 30–45 mm longer than the closest spine. They are used for heat radiation in the desert. Long-eared hedgehogs have great senses of hearing and smell that they use to hunt out food and detect predators. The long-eared hedgehog's spines are embedded in a unique muscle sheath that forms a bag-like structure which acts as protection for the hedgehog. They can withdraw into this pouch and erect their spines out to fend off predators if need be. The dorsal spines are white on the tip with darker banding below. They do not have dark and light areas on their faces. Also they do not have a gap of spines on the back of their necks that is common to other species of hedgehogs. The long-eared hedgehog has a light-colored underside along with whitish hairs on the tips of their ears. The tops and heels of their feet are covered with hair but the soles are bare.  The long-eared hedgehog is smaller than the West European hedgehog; it weighs between 250–400 grams, and is much faster. It is less likely to curl up in a ball when approached by predators and will rather try and outrun or leap at predators with their relatively short needles.

Diet.

The long-eared hedgehog is an insectivore;70% of its diet consists of insects, with some worms and a tiny amount of slugs and snails. The idea that these animals eat "only" slugs and snails is a myth; this type of food makes up only about 5% of their natural diet. The breakdown of a wild hedgehog's diet is as follows: 30% beetles, 25% caterpillars, 11% earthworms, 10% bird eggs, 5% mammal meat, 5% slugs and snails, 3% millipedes, 3% earwigs, 2% bees, 1% bird meat and 5% that has been undefined by researchers. This diet breakdown is not specific to "Hemiechinus auritus" but a generalization about most hedgehog species.  More specific to this species, "Hemiechinus auritus" is an insectivore that forages in the early evening looking for insects, myriapods, gastropods, batrachians (amphibians), small vertebrates and plants. It may even eat snakes or other vertebrates by curling up to protect its underside as it eats the struggling prey. They prefer to live near a water source. However, if this is not available they depend on their food source for their water intake The long-eared hedgehog is active throughout much of the year and hibernates for shorter periods of time. The longest reported hibernation is 40 days. This hibernation may come in the summer or the winter. Also this hedgehog will travel up to 9 km during the night in search of food.

Predators.

The long-eared hedgehog is hunted by the Eurasian eagle owl and makes up about 14% of the predatory birds' diet. It has been reported as prey for the Pharaoh eagle owl in the Azraq Nature Reserve in Jordan. The Long-eared hedgehog is a host of the Acanthocephalan intestinal parasite "Moniliformis cryptosaudi".

Distribution and habitat.

"Hemiechinus auritus" has a range that extends from the eastern Mediterranean region, through the arid and steppe areas of Asia to western Pakistan in the south; and from eastern Ukraine through Mongolia (Gobi desert), to China (Xinjiang). This species is native to the following countries: Afghanistan, China, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.  The long-eared hedgehog prefers to stay in intermediate climates, avoiding the hot desert and the northern colder mountain areas. They also prefer areas with moderate rainfall of 100–400 mm.  The long-eared hedgehog inhabits a few different types of dry steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts. It prefers dry river valleys, gullies, forest shelter belts, abandoned irrigation ditches and shrubby areas, and often settles in oases and around human settlements (sometimes in cultivated habitats). They live in burrows that they dig under bushed with a length of 45 cm long with only one opening. They may also inhabit abandoned burrows of other small mammals. They are nocturnal solitary hedgehogs. During the day they are found resting under rocks, hollows or rock piles.

Reproduction.

The long-eared hedgehog only breeds once a year in the summer months of July through September. The presence of spines does not inhibit this species ability to reproduce. Long-eared hedgehogs gestation period is 35–42 days. The female has 8–10 nipples and often has 2–3 babies. After just one week the babies start eating solid food. They are born with very few spines and within five hours after birth the spines have doubled in size. After two weeks the babies are fully covered with their new spines.

Impact.

Long eared hedgehogs can be agriculturally beneficial since they eat harmful organisms like termites and scorpions. They are not found to damage crops since they live in areas that are mostly waste land and desert.

The long-eared hedgehog ("Hemiechinus auritus") is a species of hedgehog native to Central Asian countries and some countries of the Middle East. The long-eared hedgehog lives in burrows that it either makes or finds and is distinguished by its long ears. It is considered one of the smallest Middle Eastern hedgehogs. This hedgehog is insectivorous but may also feed on small vertebrates and plants. In captivity they can live for over 7 years.

Der Eigentliche Langohrigel ("Hemiechinus auritus") ist eine Art der Langohrigel, die in einem großen Verbreitungsgebiet vom Norden Afrikas über weite Teile Asiens bis in den Norden der Volksrepublik China und die Mongolei vorkommt.


Life.

Eugenio Dal Corso was born in Lugo di Valpantena di Grezzana near Verona on 16 May 1939 as the second of six children to Rodolfo Dal Corso and Teresa Bellorio; he was given the name "Eugenio" to honor Pope Pius XII who was elected pope two months earlier.  From the age of ten he attended the Don Calabria Institute and there decided to become a missionary. Dal Corso made his religious profession in the Poor Servants of Divine Providence religious congregation in 1956 and was ordained in the Casa di Nazareth on 7 July 1963. He then completed his studies in dogmatics while he also doing pastoral work in the Madonna di Campagna parish in Verona as well as in Naples. He also taught theology from 1967 to 1968. Dal Corso began his career as a missionary in the city of Laferrere in Buenos Aires Province in January 1975, where he helped educate new priests. After just over a decade there, he was assigned to the missions in Luanda, Angola, in March 1986. One of his projects there was the construction of a seminary in Uíje In 1991 he was appointed the Provincial Superior of his order in Angola.  Pope John Paul II appointed Dal Corso the Coadjutor Bishop of Saurimo on 15 December 1995. He received his episcopal consecration on 3 March 1996 from Archbishop Félix del Blanco Prieto, with Bishops Andrea Veggio and Pedro Marcos Ribeiro da Costa serving as the principal co-consecrators. He became Bishop of Saurimo when his predecessor retired on 15 January 1997. On 18 February 2008, Pope Benedict XVI named him Bishop of Benguela. Pope Francis accepted his resignation on 26 March 2018 at the age of 78.  Pope Francis announced on 1 September 2019 that he would make Dal Corso a cardinal. On 5 October 2019, Pope Francis made him Cardinal Priest of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino.

Eugenio Dal Corso (born 16 May 1939) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who led two dioceses in Angola, as Coadjutor and Bishop of Saurimo from 1996 to 2008 and as Bishop of Benguela from 2008 to 2018. He is a professed member of the Poor Servants of Divine Providence and worked as a missionary in Argentina and Angola from 1976 to 1996.

Eugenio Kardinal Dal Corso PSDP (* 16. Mai 1939 in Lugo, Provinz Ravenna, Italien) ist ein italienischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Bischof von Benguela.


Description.

The ship was long, with a beam of and a draught of. She was rigged as a barque. As well as sails, the ship was propelled by a steam engine built by Nylands Verksted, Oslo. The engine drove a screw propellor that was arranged so that could be raised out of the water if necessary.

History.

Early history.

"Patria" was built by Christian Brinch Jørgensen at Svelvik, Norway, as a whaler. The ship was constructed of Pine, American Pine and Oak ribs, with thick Greenheart planks clad in oak and sheeted in Iron. The ship had a strengthened bow to enable her to operate in ice. Her designer and owner was Johan Christian Jakobsen.

Antarctic expedition.

In 1896, "Patria" was bought by Adrien de Gerlache for conversion to a research ship. On 4 July 1896, she was renamed "Belgica". A 21-gun salute was fired during the renaming ceremony. De Gerlache raised funds for the expedition from the Société Royale Belge de Géographie. Loaded with 40 tons of food in 10,000 tins, on 16 August 1897, "Belgica" departed Antwerp, Belgium for the Antarctic, with a crew of 23. Led by de Gerlache, the expedition included Georges Lecointe as captain of "Belgica". Other members of the expedition included Roald Amundsen, Henryk Arctowski, Antoni Dobrowolski and Emil Racoviţă. The overloaded "Belgica" broke down in the North Sea and was forced to put into Ostend for repairs. Two crewmen deserted there and two more crewmen went ashore without permission, returning to "Belgica" drunk.  At one point, "Belgica" almost rammed the Belgian Royal Yacht. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was reached on 6 October 1897. Frederick Cook joined the ship there. On reaching Montevideo, Uruguay, the cook was sacked and a Swedish replacement was hired. On the voyage between Montevideo and Punta Arenas, Chile, the engineer allowed the boiler to run dry. He was dismissed when the ship reached Punta Arenas, which was on 1 December 1897. Further disciplinary problems at Punta Arenas resulting in the Chilean Navy being asked to intervene. The Swedish cook and three Belgian sailors were dismissed, and "Belgica" departed for the Antarctic somewhat undermanned.  Sailor Carl Wiencke was lost overboard en route to Antarctica, Wiencke Island being named in his honour. "Belgica" crossed the Antarctic Circle on 15 February 1898. On 3 March, "Belgica" became wedged in the pack ice. The crew had not prepared for overwintering in Antarctica well. De Gerlache forbade the crew to eat the penguin and seal meat that had been stockpiled because he hated eating it. As a result, scurvy became a problem on board "Belgica". Following the death of magnetician Emile Danco on 5 June 1898, the situation worsened. Morale worsened after the death of Nansen, the ship's cat, on 22 June.  By 22 July, command of the ship was taken by Amundsen and Cook, as de Gerlache and Lecointe were too ill. Cook insisted that the men ate the penguin and seal meat, following which the crew rapidly recovered from the scurvy. The prospect of a second winter in Antarctica spurred the crew on in their efforts to free "Belgica". On 14 February 1899, "Belgica" was finally freed from the ice, although it was another month before she was able to set sail for Punta Arenas, where she arrived on 28 March. "Belgica" was repaired in Punta Arenas, then sailed for Buenos Aires, Argentina. Leaving Buenos Aires on 14 August 1899, she sailed for home, arriving at Boulogne-sur-Mer on 30 October and Antwerp on 5 November, sparking national celebrations in Belgium. Following her return to Belgium in 1901, "Belgica" was again used for whaling.

Arctic expeditions.

In 1902, "Belgica" was sold to N C Halvorsen, and then later that year to Philippe, Duke of Orléans. In 1905, she was used in an expedition to chart the north east coast of Greenland, Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, de Gerlache again being involved. In 1907–09, "Belgica" was used in an expedition to the Arctic], again headed by Philippe and captained by de Gerlache. It was planned to map Arctic Russia, but these plans were abandoned when "Belgica" again became trapped in ice.

Later history.

In 1916, "Belgica" was sold to the Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompagni, Spitsbergen and was renamed "Isfjord". She was rebuilt to include cabins for female staff. "Isfjord" was used to carry coal and passengers between Svalbard and northern Norway.  In 1918, "Isfjord" was sold to Kristian Holst, Harstad. She was stripped of her bowsprit, dismasted and converted to a factory ship, regaining her former name "Belgica". From the late 1930s, "Belgica" was used as a coal hulk. In April 1940, "Belgica" was requisitioned by the Franco-British Expeditionary Force for use as a depôt ship storing high explosives. "Belgica" was scuttled when the Franco-British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Harstad. The Allied evacuation of Harstad took place on 7 and 8 June 1940, and several British ships were also scuttled in order to avoid having them fall into German hands. The wreck of "Belgica" was discovered at Easter, 1990. "Belgicas" anchor is an exhibit in the Polar Museum, Tromsø, Norway. The Sør-Troms Museum in Harstad plans to hold an exhibition of artefacts retrieved from "Belgica".

Replica.

In 2006, the VZW "New Belgica" was formed with the intention of constructing a replica of "Belgica". The project was officially launched on 9 September 2007 at De Steenschuit's yard in Boom, Antwerp by Kris Peeters, Minister-President of the Belgian region of Flanders. Queen Paola is the project's patron. Construction is scheduled for completion in 2013.  It is planned to raise the wreck of "Belgica" and to put it on display at the Belgian National Maritime Museum, Antwerp. Before the wreck is raised, the Royal Norwegian Navy will remove the remaining ammunition.

Tributes.

A scarp on Mercury has been named "Belgica Rupes" by the International Astronomical Union based on a suggestion by the MESSENGER team.

See slso.

List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922

Belgica was a barque-rigged steamship that was built in 1884 by Christian Brinch Jørgensen at Svelvik, Norway as the whaler Patria. In 1896, she was purchased by Adrien de Gerlache for conversion to a research ship, taking part in the Belgian Antarctic Expedition of 1897–1901, becoming the first ship to overwinter in the Antarctic. In 1902, she was sold to Philippe, Duke of Orléans and used on expeditions to the Arctic in 1905 and from 1907–09.

Die Belgica war ein als Bark getakeltes Dampfschiff, 1884 als Wal- und Robbenfänger gebaut, mit dem 1897–1899 die Belgische Antarktis-Expedition durchgeführt wurde.


History.

Overview.

The Citadel was built on a promontory beneath the Muqattam Hills, a setting that made it difficult to attack. The efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century. During this long period, the layout and structure of the Citadel was repeatedly altered and adapted to suit the designs of new rulers and new regimes, which makes it difficult to reconstitute its original plan or even its plan in subsequent periods. There have been three major construction periods leading to the Citadel's current form: 12th-century Ayyubid (starting with Saladin), 14th-century Mamluk (under al-Nasir Muhammad), and in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali. The Citadel stopped being the seat of government when Egypt's ruler, Khedive Ismail, moved to his newly built Abdin Palace in the new downtown Cairo in 1874. Despite its elaborate defenses, the Citadel never ended up being subjected to a true siege, though it was implicated on various occasions in the political conflicts within Cairo or Egypt.

General layout.

In general, the fortress complex is divided into two parts: the Northern Enclosure (where the National Military Museum is located today), and the Southern Enclosure (where the Mosque of Muhammad Ali is located today). The Northern Enclosure was historically reserved for military garrisons, while the Southern Enclosure was developed as the residence of the sultan. There is also a lower, western enclosure which was historically the site of the royal stables of the Mamluks. However, these functional distinctions were largely erased in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha, who overhauled the entire site and constructed buildings of various

Ayyubid foundation and construction: 12th-13th centuries.

Saladin's original construction.

The Citadel was begun by the Kurdish Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) between 1176 and 1183 CE in order to protect Cairo from potential Crusader attacks and to provide a secure center of government for his new regime (only a few years after he had dismantled the Fatimid Caliphate). This also emulated a feature of many Syrian cities, such as Damascus and Aleppo, which had walled citadels that acted as the seat of power and which Saladin was familiar with. Saladin also set out to build a wall, around 20 kilometers long, that would surround both Cairo and Fustat

Construction under Saladin's successors.

Construction of the Ayyubid Citadel appears to have continued under Sultan al-'Adil (ruled 1200-1218), Saladin's brother and later successor, and was probably finished under the reign of al-Kamil (1218-1238). Al-'Adil had already supervised some of the construction under Saladin, while al-Kamil in turn probably worked on the Citadel during al-'Adil's reign when the latter gave him the viceroyship of Egypt in 1200 (a prelude to becoming sultan later). The rounded towers in the outer walls of the Northern Enclosure date from Saladin's initial construction while the large rectangular towers date to al-Adil's reign. The two large round towers in the far northeastern corner of the enclosure, known as "Burj al-Ramla" ("Tower of Sand") and "Burj al-Hadid" ("Tower of Iron") are towers from Saladin's time which al-Kamil subsequently reinforced in 1207.  More significantly, al-Kamil built or completed the palaces in the southern section of the Citadel, and became the first ruler to actually move there in 1206. In

Mamluk period: 13th-16th centuries.

Early Bahri Mamluk period.

Under the early Bahri Mamluks, the Citadel was continuously developed and the Southern Enclosure in particular was expanded and became the site of important monumental structures. Al-Zahir Baybars, al-Mansur Qalawun, al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience hall (throne hall), the main mosque, the palaces, or other structures. Unlike the earlier Ayyubid buildings, the Mamluk buildings were increasingly designed to be visible from afar and to dominate the city's skyline. Many of these structures have not survived, with few exceptions.  Baybars (ruled 1260-1277) was the first one to split the Citadel into two areas by building the "Bab al-Qulla", the gate and wall which today separates the Southern and Northern Enclosures of the Citadel.

The reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad.

The greatest builder of the Citadel during the Mamluk period was al-Nasir Muhammad, another son of Qalawun, who was sultan three times over a period of nearly fifty years between 1293 and 1341. It was most likely under his reign that the borders of the Southern Enclosure expanded to their current outline, in order to accommodate the new palaces and structures he built. He is responsible for several major works in the Citadel, though unfortunately most of them fell into ruin during the Ottoman period and were finally demolished by Muhammad Ali in the 19th century. In addition to

Later Mamluk period.

Subsequent sultans continued to build or add to the palaces and administrative buildings inside the Citadel, though rarely with the same ambition as al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan al-Salih Isma'il (a son of al-Nasir who reigned from 1342 to 1345) built a richly decorated palace or hall known as "al-Duhaysha" (the "little wonder") which was inaugurated in February 1344. Likewise, Sultan Hasan (another son of al-Nasir) built a lavish domed palace known as the "Qa'a al-Baysariyya", which was completed in 1360. It was over 50 meters tall and, in addition to a main hall covered by a dome, it also had a tower with an apartment for the sultan which was decorated with ivory and ebony. Other private apartments also had domes, while paintings and portraits decorated the

Ottoman period: 16th-18th centuries.

Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. Sultan Selim I stripped the monumental Mamluk buildings of their precious materials, especially their marble panels and decoration, and shipped them to Istanbul for use in his own building projects.  During this period the Citadel was neglected and many Mamluk structures fell into ruin, although some of the Citadel walls were rebuilt or extended in the 16th-17th centuries. Due to rivalries between different military corps in the Ottoman forces, the Citadel was divided into three areas

Muhammad Ali: 19th-century.

Muhammad Ali was a pasha of Albanian origin who was appointed by the Ottoman sultan in 1805 to restore order after the French occupation of Egypt (1798-1801). However, he subsequently established himself as "de facto" independent ruler of the country. He consolidated power through a famous and violent coup in 1811 which eliminated the remaining Mamluk class that still formed the country's elites. One of the most pivotal events of this coup took place in the Citadel. Muhammad Ali invited the Mamluk leaders to a celebration banquet in the Citadel, and as they were leaving and passing along the road leading from the upper Citadel to Bab al-Azab, regiments of his Albanian gunmen opened fire from above and massacred all of them.  The Citadel is sometimes referred to as the "Citadel of Muhammad Ali" ( ""). It contains the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, which he built between 1828 and 1848, perched on the summit of the citadel. This Ottoman-style mosque was built in memory of Tusun Pasha, Muhammad Ali's second son who died in 1816. However, it also represents Muhammad Ali's efforts to erase symbols of the Mamluk legacy that he sought to replace. Many of

Present day.

For many years up to the late 20th century, the Citadel was closed to the public and used as a military garrison and base; at first by the British occupation army, and then, after

Water supply system.

Yusuf's Well (Salah ad-Din's Well).

To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built an deep well known as the Well of Joseph (or "Bir Yusuf)," so-called because Saladin's birth name, Yūsif, is the Arabic equivalent of Joseph. His chief eunuch and confidant, Qaraqush, who oversaw construction of the Citadel, was also responsible for digging the well. The well is considered a masterpiece of medieval engineering and still exists today. Its shaft was divided into two sections, almost all of which is cut out of the rock itself. The upper

The Mamluk Aqueduct.

During the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, Saladin's well was insufficient to produce enough water for the Citadel's growing population and for al-Nasir's envisioned construction projects. To increase the volume of water, al-Nasir renovated an Ayyubid aqueduct system (probably originally completed by al-Kamil) and extended it with a new aqueduct system. This system consisted of a number

The Cistern of Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar.

This small domed building just outside the Citadel to the east was built in 1495-96 by an amir called Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar, a man originally from Erzincan (Turkey) who joined the Mamluk ranks under Sultan Qaytbay. Because of its dome, the building has the look

Mosques.

There are four main mosques in the Citadel today, some of which are open to visitors:

Mosque of Muhammad Ali.

The mosque was built between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of Said Pasha in 1857. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public

Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque.

Built in 1318, during the early Bahri Mamluk period, as the royal mosque of the Citadel where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers, today this hypostyle mosque is still similar to how it looked in

Mosque of Sulayman Pasha.

Built in 1528, it was first of the Citadel's Ottoman-style mosques and is one of the few structures in Cairo closely resembling the "classical" Ottoman style of the 16th century. It is located

Mosque of al-'Azab.

This lesser-known mosque is situated right behind the main western gate, Bab al-'Azab. Both are named after the Ottoman military regiments known as 'Azaban (or Azaps) who were housed in this part of the

Museums.

The Citadel also contains several museums:

Al-Gawhara Palace Museum.

Also known as Bijou Palace, is a palace and museum commissioned by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1814. The palace was designed and constructed by artisans contracted from a variety of countries, including

Carriage Museum.

Inaugurated in 1983, it houses a collection of unique Royal Carriages attributed to different historical periods,

Egyptian Military museum.

The official museum of the Egyptian Army. The museum was established in 1937 at the old building of the Egyptian Ministry of War in downtown Cairo. It

Police Museum.

The museum (also sometimes referred to as the Prison Museum) is just north of the gate known as Bab al-'Alam, on a

The Citadel of Cairo or Citadel of Saladin ( "") is a medieval Islamic-era fortification in Cairo, Egypt, built by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and further developed by subsequent Egyptian rulers. It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th to the 19th centuries. Its location on a promontory of the Mokattam hills near the center of Cairo commands a strategic position overlooking the city and dominating its skyline. At the time of its construction, it was among the most impressive and ambitious military fortification projects of its time. It is now a preserved historic site, including mosques and museums.

Die Zitadelle von Saladin (Salah ad-Din) () ist eine der wenigen erhaltenen befestigten Anlagen der Stadt Kairo und zugleich eine ihrer markantesten Sehenswürdigkeiten. Sie befindet sich auf einer Anhöhe, in ostsüdöstlicher Richtung vom Stadtzentrum aus gelegen.


Biography.

Flowers was born in Isleworth, Middlesex, England and began his musical training in 1956 when conscripted into the Royal Air Force: electing at first to serve for nine years as a bandsman playing tuba. He took up double bass as a second instrument to secure his "junior technician" stripe, and later moved to electric bass. After completing his military service he passed through the line-ups of several Dixieland jazz bands in the early 1960s, then discovered modern jazz. In 1965 he was engaged as a bandsman on the ocean liner Queen Elizabeth. After hearing an electric bass in a New York nightclub, he acquired his own solid-body electric instrument, a Lake Placid Blue 1960 Fender Jazz Bass that he purchased from Manny's Music in New York City for $79.  Later in the 1960s, Flowers began to acquire his reputation as a session player, working for record producers such as Shel Talmy, Mickie Most, Steve Rowland, Richard Perry, Gus Dudgeon, and Tony Visconti.  In 1969, Flowers was a founding member of the group Blue Mink and played on their song "Melting Pot", which reached No. 3 in the UK Singles Chart. He was also a member of CCS and the final lineup of T. Rex. In 1979, shortly after taking part in the annual A Song For Europe contest, performing "Mr Moonlight" with his group, "The Daisies", he became a co-founder of the band Sky, which had success in the United Kingdom and Australia.  Flowers is also known for having composed the novelty hit "Grandad" for Clive Dunn in 1970. According to Flowers, he came up with it after following an easy primer book on composing. All he needed was a hook, and he was struggling to come up with anything. He phoned a friend (Ken Pickett) who came round, ringing the doorbell, and the sound of the doorbell provided the hook he needed.  Perhaps Flowers' most famous bass line is the one he created for Lou Reed's "Walk on the Wild Side" from the album "Transformer" (1972), the only song by Reed to reach the Top 20 in the US.  Flowers was also a member of the final line-up of T-Rex, working with Marc Bolan from late 1976 until Marc's death in September 1977.  Following Sky's demise in the early 1990s, Flowers has spent most of his time playing jazz. He has also worked as a bass guitar teacher at Ardingly College and leads many "Rockshops" at schools, helping young people to create and perform their own songs, as well as covering many others.  In 1998, session drummer Peter Boita again teamed up with Flowers to form a rhythm section in musical settings of the words of poet Sir John Betjeman on a second album they recorded together. The album was called "Betjeman & Read". They had previously worked together on the "Poetry in Motion" album (released on Silhouette Records as MDKR 1), which also consisted of settings of Betjeman's "It" featuring Boita and Flowers playing with a line-up of artists that included David Essex, Justin Hayward, Steve Harley, Donovan, Alvin Stardust, Captain Sensible and Annie Haslam amongst others with Beatles’ producer George Martin overseeing proceedings. Boita and Flowers reprised their roles when "Poetry in Motion" was performed live for a charity show at the Richmond Theatre on 5 April 1992. "Betjeman & Read" was one of the last albums recorded at the RG Jones Recording studio in Wimbledon. The vocal artists performing on this album include Cliff Richard, Marc Almond, Paul Young, Jon Anderson, Colin Blunstone, Gene Pitney, Leo Sayer, Donovan, Mike Read, The Rodolfus Choir and David Essex.  In September 2009 Flowers founded a community choir, Shoreham Singers-by-Sea, which has in excess of 150 members, followed in September 2010 by the Ditchling Singers.

Collaborations.

With Lou Reed  With Harry Nilsson  With Sam Brown  With Bryan Ferry  With Cat Stevens  With Melanie  With Ringo Starr  With Petula Clark  With Olivia Newton-John  With David Bowie  With Elton John  With Jane Wiedlin  With Steve Harley  With George Harrison  With Sally Oldfield  With Al Kooper

Brian Keith "Herbie" Flowers (born 19 May 1938) is an English musician specialising in electric bass, double bass and tuba. He is noted as a member of Blue Mink, T. Rex and Sky and as one of Britain's best-known session bass players.

Brian Keith „Herbie“ Flowers (* 19. Mai 1938 in Isleworth, Middlesex) ist ein britischer Rockmusiker. Seine Instrumente sind der elektrische Bass, der Kontrabass und die Tuba. Bekannt wurde er als Mitglied der Pop- und Rockgruppen Blue Mink, T. Rex und Sky sowie als Sessionmusiker. So entwickelte er das den Song prägende Bass-Riff in Lou Reeds „Walk on the Wild Side“.


Name.

The name "La Storta" ("the curve"; literally "twisted" or "bent") refers to a series of curves that the Via Cassia makes through the settlement.

History.

"Statio" on the "Via Francigena".

During the Middle Ages the locality was positioned along the "Via Francigena," and was specifically mentioned as being a stop on the itinerary of Sigeric the Serious during his journey to Rome to accept the pallium as archbishop of Canterbury. The surviving account of his journey refers to La Storta as ["Submansio"] "Joannis VIIII," the first stop outside of the city of Rome. The stop was also referred to as San Giovanni in Nono (), since the way station was constructed next to a church dedicated to Saint John, and positioned at the nine-mile marker from the start of the Via Cassia.

Vision of Saint Ignatius.

In November 1537, Ignatius of Loyola was traveling the Via Cassia towards Rome, accompanied by Peter Faber and Diego Laynez. The group paused at a small church in La Storta to pray. It was there that Ignatius is reported to have received a vision of God the Father and Christ holding the cross. Ignatius would later report that the Father had "given him... to be henceforward consecrated wholly to His service," and Christ spoke the words "Ego tibi Romae propitius ero" ("I will be favorable to you in Rome"). The meaning of the sentence was not immediately clear to Ignatius, who thought it could mean that the three might be martyred at Rome. Pope Paul III instead gave him a very friendly reception.  The location of the apparition is memorialized today with a small chapel dedicated to Saint Ignatius in the "Piazza della Visione" ("Square of the Vision"). The site of the vision was a place of pilgrimage from the early days of the Society of Jesus, but the current form of the chapel was achieved only in the year 1700, when it was restored and decorated by the Superior General Thyrsus González de Santalla. The community celebrates the vision with its own feast day, the Feast of the Vision of Saint Ignatius. (The feast day is not, however, an ancient tradition, having been celebrated for the first time in 2011.) The feast is celebrated on the second Sunday of November, and is marked by processions, bands, and a reenactment of the vision.

La Storta Massacre.

On June 4, 1944, the Nazis, who were fleeing from Rome after its liberation, carried out the massacre of fourteen prisoners in the community. Twelve of the fourteen were Italians, including the trade unionist Bruno Buozzi; the other two were a Polish Jew and the Englishman John Armstrong. The German soldiers were moving out in a column of vehicles during the night of June 3 to June 4, attempting to escape the Allied advance on the city, and executed the prisoners on the grounds of the Grazioli estate in the country, a forested area down the Via Cassia from La Storta. It is not known who issued the order.

Ecclesiastical territory.

La Storta is the seat of the bishop of the Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina, the territory of which stretches from the GRA to the Tyrrhenian Sea.  The Cathedral of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary () is located in La Storta. The construction of the present-day cathedral building was abandoned in 1926, having been a project of a German Jesuit, Father Leopoldo Fonck, who intended the church to be dedicated to Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque. Construction was suspended, however, and the building was not completed until Cardinal Tisserant took a personal interest and raised funds from sources including the United States. The new cathedral was dedicated on March 25, 1950, hosted a diocesan synod in August 1957, and was visited by Pope Pius XII on October 27 of the same year. In 1990, construction of a diocesan curia building was completed nearby.

Education.

The settlement is home to St. George's British International School, founded in 1958.

La Storta is a frazione and a "zona" in the Ager Romanus, the rural area surrounding Rome. It is designated by the code Z. LI as the 51st of 59 zone that are part of the administrative subdivision of Rome. Located to the north west of the city, it falls within the boundaries of "Municipio" XV. The population is 18,594.

La Storta ist eine Fraktion im Nordwesten der Stadt Rom und darüber hinaus auch die Bezeichnung der 51. Zone des Agro Romano. Die Zone umfasst rund 46,7 km2 und hat etwa 20.000 Einwohner.


Plot.

Juliette is a Canadian magazine editor who arrives in Cairo for a vacation with husband Mark, a UN official working at refugee camps in the Gaza Strip. Their children have grown and Juliette is looking forward to spending more time with Mark. Delayed, Mark asks his friend—a handsome Egyptian named Tareq—to watch over Juliette. Mark is continually delayed in Gaza, during which time Juliette makes friends with Cairo locals, North American and European residents like Kathryn, explores the city and the surrounding area, and finds herself falling in love with the city during her "Cairo Time".  Tareq is a regular (but not constant) companion during Juliette's extended time waiting for Mark, leading to a very close relationship between the two. While their relationship remains platonic, it is steadily headed to a stronger connection. After travelling to Alexandria with him to attend the wedding of the daughter (Hanan) of a girlfriend from his university days (Yasmeen), she admits that she will miss him when she returns to Canada.  The two visit the Great Pyramids—something Mark had insisted should be "just for us" on his sporadic calls to Juliette at her hotel room. Whatever change this may signify in Tareq and Juliette's growing relationship, they return to the hotel to find that Mark has finally arrived. Mark is happy to see Juliette, while she and Tareq adequately hide their sorrow over the end of their Cairo Time.

Production.

When Ruba Nadda finished writing the script for "Cairo Time" she showed it to producer Daniel Iron of Foundry Films. Daniel, remembering Ruba's previous feature "Sabah", loved the script and decided to work with her.  Atom Egoyan gave the screenplay for "Cairo Time" to Christine Vachon and Charles Pugliese at Killer Films in New York in 2005. Vachon saw there was a lot of potential in the script and decided to meet Nadda with Pugliese. After meeting Nadda they wanted to get involved in the project and thereby became executive producers. Because Canada did not have co-production treaties with Egypt they needed to find a way to shoot in Egypt anyhow. Iron was introduced to David Collins of Samson Films in Ireland by Ruba Nadda. Collins met Nadda at a film festival in Mannheim and in Rotterdam and was familiar with her work. Samson decided to join the project, making it a Canada-Ireland co-production, which allowed them to shoot in Egypt.

Reception.

Rotten Tomatoes certified the movie "fresh" with 82 as of August 2010. The film was received with great reviews. The "Wall Street Journal" said "Clarkson makes taking 'Cairo Time' well worth it", while CTV News gave the movie a positive review stating that the movie as "A masterful look at repressed romance" giving it 3 stars out of 4 Picktainment.com said "Ruba Nadda's "Cairo Time" is a passive, delicate film with a mature respect for its surroundings and a profound understanding of neglect, especially in its subtle form." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" called "Cairo Time" "a fragile romance" and said about Nadda, "Just when you think you know what's coming, the canny writer-director Ruba Nadda (Sabah) makes sure you won't. Nadda lets the sensuous tempos of Cairo life seep into Juliette's system, and ours. It's a haunting and hypnotic film. And Clarkson's sublimely nuanced performance is in every way transporting." At the end of 2010, Cairo Time was named "Best-reviewed romance of the year (2010)" by Rotten Tomatoes.

Release.

The movie was released in Canadian theaters on 9 October 2009. "Cairo Time" won the "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival 2009. The movie was bought by IFC during Toronto International Film Festival 2009 and released in the U.S. in New York and Los Angeles on August 6, 2010 with a wide release on Labor Day weekend of 2010 by IFC. "Cairo Time" grossed $66,245 in the opening weekend, ranking at #38. The film sold out all shows in the weekend in New York and Los Angeles, with a theater revenue of $12,450, the best per-theater-average of any film in release.

Cairo Time is a 2009 film by Canadian director Ruba Nadda. It is a romantic drama about a brief, unexpected love affair that catches two people completely off-guard. The film won the "Best Canadian Feature Film" at the Toronto International Film Festival 2009.

Cairo Time ist ein Film von Ruba Nadda, einer kanadischen Regisseurin arabischer Herkunft, aus dem Jahr 2009. Der Film gewann 2009 einen Preis beim Toronto International Film Festival. Gedreht wurde der Film an verschiedenen Standorten in Ägypten.


Example.

Consider the permutation "σ" of the set which turns the initial arrangement 12345 into 34521. It can be obtained by three transpositions: first exchange the numbers 2 and 4, then exchange 1 and 3, and finally exchange 1 and 5. This shows that the given permutation "σ" is odd. Following the method of the cycle notation article, this could be written as There are many other ways of writing "σ" as a composition of transpositions, for instance but it is impossible to write it as a product of an even number of transpositions.

Properties.

The identity permutation is an even permutation. An even permutation can be obtained as the composition of an even number and only an even number of exchanges (called transpositions) of two elements, while an odd permutation can be obtained by (only) an odd number of transpositions.  The following rules follow directly from the corresponding rules about addition of integers: From these it follows that  Considering the symmetric group S of all permutations of the set {1,..., "n"}, we can conclude that the map that assigns to every permutation its signature is a group homomorphism.  Furthermore, we see that the even permutations form a subgroup of S. This is the alternating group on "n" letters, denoted by A. It is the kernel of the homomorphism sgn. The odd permutations cannot form a subgroup, since the composite of two odd permutations is even, but they form a coset of A (in S).  If, then there are just as many even permutations in S as there are odd ones; consequently, A contains "n"!/2 permutations. (The reason is that if "σ" is even then is odd, and if "σ" is odd then is even, and these two maps are inverse to each other.)  A cycle is even if and only if its length is odd. This follows from formulas like In practice, in order to determine whether a given permutation is even or odd, one writes the permutation as a product of disjoint cycles. The permutation is odd if and only if this factorization contains an odd number of even-length cycles.  Another method for determining whether a given permutation is even or odd is to construct the corresponding permutation matrix and compute its determinant. The value of the determinant is the same as the parity of the permutation.  Every permutation of odd order must be even. The permutation in A shows that the converse is not true in general.

Equivalence of the two definitions.

Proof 1.

Every permutation can be produced by a sequence of transpositions (2-element exchanges): with the first transposition we put the first element of the permutation in its proper place, the second transposition puts the second element right etc. Since we cannot be left with just a single element in an incorrect position, we must achieve the permutation with our last transposition. Given a permutation "σ", we can write it as a product of transpositions in many different ways. We want to show that either all of those decompositions have an even number of transpositions, or all have an odd number.  Suppose we have two such decompositions: We want to show that "k" and "m" are either both even, or both odd.  Every transposition can be written as a product of an odd number of transpositions of adjacent elements, e.g.  To see this, note that if we have the transposition ("i" "j") on an "n"-element set {1...,"i"...,"j"...,"n"}, one way to decompose it is as [("j" − 1 j)("j" − 2 "j" − 1)... ("i" + 1 "i" + 2)][("i" + 1 "i")("i" + 2 "i" + 1)... ("j" "j" − 1)]. The right block of transpositions first frees up the "j" space by moving "j" over to the "j" − 1 space; then, "j" − 1 goes into the "j" − 2 space with "j" − 2 in the "j" space, "j" − 2 goes into the "j" − 3 space with "j" − 3 in the "j" space, etc., until "i" + 1 ends up in the "i" space and "i" in the "j" space. Thus, each element from "i" + 1 to "j" − 1 is in a space one to the left from where it ought to be. In the left block, each of those elements is restored one at a time to its original space, after resting in the "i" space for the duration of one permutation. "j" ends up in the "i" space, and "i" in the "j" space, with nothing else altered, as desired. The number of transpositions is ("j" − "i") + (j − "i" − 1), which is odd.  If we decompose in this way each of the transpositions "T"... "T" and "Q"... "Q" above into an odd number of adjacent transpositions, we get the new decompositions: where all of the "T*"..."T*" "Q*"..."Q*" are adjacent, is even, and is even.  Now compose the inverse of T* (which happens to be the same permutation) with "σ". "T*" is the transposition ("i", "i" + 1) of two adjacent numbers, so, compared to "σ", the new permutation will have exactly one inversion pair less (in case was an inversion pair for "σ") or more (in case ("i", "i" + 1) was not an inversion pair). Then apply the inverses of "T*", "T*",..., "T"* in the same way, "unraveling" the permutation "σ". At the end we get the identity permutation, whose number of inversions is zero. This means that the original number of inversions "N"("σ") less "k"' is even and also "N"("σ") less "k" is even (addition modulo two is independent of sign).  We can do the same thing with the other decomposition, "Q"*..."Q"*, and it will turn out that the original "N"("σ") less "m" is even. Therefore, is even, as we wanted to show.  We can thus define the parity of "σ" to be that of its number of constituent transpositions, because we see that this can have only one value. And this must agree with the parity of the number of inversions under any ordering, as seen above, so the definitions are indeed well-defined and equivalent.

Proof 2.

An alternative proof uses the polynomial  So for instance in the case, we have  Now for a given permutation "σ" of the numbers {1,..., "n"}, we define  Since the polynomial formula_7 has the same factors as formula_8 except for their signs, if follows that sgn("σ") is either +1 or −1. Furthermore, if "σ" and "τ" are two permutations, we see that  Since with this definition it is furthermore clear that any transposition of two elements has signature −1, we do indeed recover the signature as defined earlier.

Proof 3.

A third approach uses the presentation of the group S in terms of generators "τ",..., "τ" and relations [Here the generator formula_13 represents the transposition.] All relations keep the length of a word the same or change it by two. Starting with an even-length word will thus always result in an even-length word after using the relations, and similarly for odd-length words. It is therefore unambiguous to call the elements of S represented by even-length words "even", and the elements represented by odd-length words "odd".

Proof 4.

Recall that a pair "x", "y" such that and is called an inversion. We want to show that the count of inversions has the same parity as the count of 2-element swaps. To do that, we can show that every swap changes the parity of the count of inversions, no matter which two elements are being swapped and what permutation has already been applied. Suppose we want to swap the "i"th and the "j"th element. Clearly, inversions formed by "i" or "j" with an element outside of will not be affected. For the elements within the interval, assume "v" of them form inversions with "i" and "v" of them form inversions with "j". If "i" and "j" are swapped, those "v" inversions with "i" are gone, but inversions are formed. The count of inversions "i" gained is thus, which has the same parity as "n". Similarly, the count of inversions "j" gained also has the same parity as "n". Therefore, the count of inversions gained by both combined has the same parity as 2"n" or 0. Now if we count the inversions gained (or lost) by swapping the "i"th and the "j"th element, we can see that this swap changes the parity of the count of inversions, since we also add (or subtract) 1 to the number of inversions gained (or lost) for the pair "(i,j)". Note that initially when no swap is applied, the count of inversions is 0. Now we obtain equivalence of the two definitions of parity of a permutation.

Other definitions and proofs.

The parity of a permutation of formula_14 points is also encoded in its cycle structure.  Let "σ" = ("i" "i"... "i")("j" "j"... "j")...("l" "l"... "l") be the unique decomposition of "σ" into disjoint cycles, which can be composed in any order because they commute. A cycle involving points can always be obtained by composing "k" transpositions (2-cycles):  so call "k" the "size" of the cycle, and observe that, under this definition, transpositions are cycles of size 1. From a decomposition into "m" disjoint cycles we can obtain a decomposition of "σ" into transpositions, where "k" is the size of the "i"th cycle. The number is called the discriminant of "σ", and can also be computed as  if we take care to include the fixed points of "σ" as 1-cycles.  Suppose a transposition ("a" "b") is applied after a permutation "σ". When "a" and "b" are in different cycles of "σ" then  and if "a" and "b" are in the same cycle of "σ" then  In either case, it can be seen that, so the parity of "N"(("a" "b")"σ") will be different from the parity of "N"("σ").  If is an arbitrary decomposition of a permutation "σ" into transpositions, by applying the "r" transpositions formula_19 after "t" after... after "t" after the identity (whose "N" is zero) observe that "N"("σ") and "r" have the same parity. By defining the parity of "σ" as the parity of "N"("σ"), a permutation that has an even length decomposition is an even permutation and a permutation that has one odd length decomposition is an odd permutation.  Remarks:

Generalizations.

Parity can be generalized to Coxeter groups: one defines a length function l("v"), which depends on a choice of generators (for the symmetric group, adjacent transpositions), and then the function gives a generalized sign map.

In mathematics, when "X" is a finite set with at least two elements, the permutations of "X" (i.e. the bijective functions from "X" to "X") fall into two classes of equal size: the even permutations and the odd permutations. If any total ordering of "X" is fixed, the parity (oddness or evenness) of a permutation formula_1 of "X" can be defined as the parity of the number of inversions for "σ", i.e., of pairs of elements "x", "y" of "X" such that and.

Das Vorzeichen, auch Signum, Signatur oder Parität genannt, ist in der Kombinatorik eine wichtige Kennzahl von Permutationen. Das Signum einer Permutation kann die Werte formula_1 oder formula_2 annehmen, wobei man im ersten Fall von einer "geraden" und im zweiten Fall von einer "ungeraden" Permutation spricht.