Early life.

Lawrence was born Vicki Ann Axelrad in Inglewood, California, the daughter of Anne Alene (née Loyd) and Howard Axelrad, a certified public accountant for Max Factor. The family surname was legally changed to "Lawrence" when Vicki was young. She is a graduate of Morningside High School in Inglewood, class of 1967. Lawrence had originally planned on being a dental hygienist. She attended UCLA while on "The Carol Burnett Show", and changed her major to theater arts, but dropped out after two years.  In high school, she auditioned for and got into the musical group The Young Americans. She stayed with the group almost until the end of high school. By being with the group, she gained experience from touring, performing at the Oscars, coming in contact with noteworthy performers such as Johnny Mathis and Louis Armstrong, and performing on "The Andy Williams Show".  In her senior year, she entered the Miss Fireball of Inglewood contest for the local firefighter's ball. A reporter for a local newspaper wrote a story about the contest and stated that Lawrence bore a striking resemblance to a young Carol Burnett. An avid fan letter-writer, Lawrence's mother urged her to write a letter, which Lawrence did, including the newspaper article.  After receiving the letter, Burnett found Lawrence's father's name in the phone book, called him, and said she would go to see the Miss Fireball contest. Lawrence won the contest and Burnett was called to the stage to crown her. Coincidentally, Burnett was looking for an actress to play her younger sister on her upcoming show. After a few months and auditions, Lawrence got the part, specifically for playing Chrissy in the "Carol and Sis" sketches.  After Lawrence was given the job on "The Carol Burnett Show", both Burnett and Harvey Korman took her under their wings. Korman taught her various sketch comedy skills, such as listening not just for a cue line, and also coached her in other areas, such as speaking in different accents. Lawrence has credited Korman and Burnett with being her mentors, and has referred to her experience on the show as the "Harvard school of comedy". Lawrence has stated that she learned show business from Burnett and looked up to her very much, and that the two share a very close friendship.

Career.

Acting.

As a comedian and actress, Lawrence is known for her work on "The Carol Burnett Show", of which she was a part from 1967 to 1978. She was the only cast member, except for Burnett herself, who stayed on the show for the entire 11 seasons. After "The Carol Burnett Show" ended in 1978, Lawrence and her husband Al Schultz moved with their children to Maui, Hawaii, but after a few years, returned to Los Angeles, where they have remained.  Her portrayal of the Mama character on "The Carol Burnett Show's" "The Family" sketches was so popular that NBC subsequently created the sitcom "Mama's Family", elaborating on the Mama character. (Burnett reprised the Eunice Higgins character for the sitcom from time to time.) The series ran from 1983 to 1985 on NBC; after its cancellation from NBC, it was renewed from 1986 to 1990 in first-run syndication. The show was more successful in the renewed version. She also reprised the Mama character on stage for "Vicki Lawrence & Mama: A Two-Woman Show".  Lawrence has made appearances on other programs, such as the sitcoms "Laverne & Shirley", "Major Dad", "Roseanne", "Hannah Montana", and "Yes, Dear". Between the NBC and syndication runs of "Mama's Family", Lawrence starred in the 1985 comedy pilot "Anything for Love", which aired as a special on CBS that summer and co-starred Lauren Tewes and Rebeca Arthur. Lawrence has also appeared with Burnett, Korman, and Tim Conway in the Burnett show retrospectives that were broadcast in 1993, 2001, and 2004. Lawrence played Sister Mary Paul (Sister Amnesia) in the TV special based on "Nunsense Jamboree" that originally aired on TNN in 1998.  Lawrence played Mamaw Stewart (the mother of Robby Ray Stewart and grandmother of Jackson and Miley Stewart) in the hit Disney series "Hannah Montana" alongside Billy Ray Cyrus and his daughter Miley Cyrus.  Lawrence played as Mama in an Ohio commercial, promoting a constitutional amendment that would permit casino gambling in Ohio. Lawrence played Dan's old high-school flame, Phyllis, in an episode of "Roseanne". She also appeared in a special celebrity-edition episode of the Anne Robinson version of "The Weakest Link". Playing for a charity, she made it to the final two, but ended up losing to Ed Begley, Jr.

Music.

As a singer, Lawrence got her start as one of the scores of hopefuls on the syndicated "Johnny Mann's Stand Up And Cheer" program. However, she is most known for her number-one hit, "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", a song written by her first husband Bobby Russell, which was released on Bell Records in November 1972. It sold over two million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 1973. During the last episode of the sixth season of "The Carol Burnett Show" (March 24, 1973), Lawrence received her gold record by surprise from Carol Burnett. Her first LP, "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", was issued soon after the single went gold. The song was re-recorded by Reba McEntire for her 1991 album For My Broken Heart. McEntire released the track as a single to country radio in 1992 and it peaked at #12 on the country chart, aided in part by a highly cinematic music video.  "He Did With Me", Lawrence's followup to "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia", reached number 75 in the United States, although it reached the top 20 of the adult contemporary music charts and also became her biggest hit in Australia, peaking at number one there in November 1973. She followed it up there with "Ships in the Night" (1974). In the fall of 1975, Lawrence managed one last minor U.S. chart entry on the Private Stock label with "The Other Woman" (number 81).  In 1974, she recorded her second LP for Bell Records, "Ships in the Night". The label was in the process of being bought out by Arista, and the LP was not released in the U.S. The LP was, however, released in Australia, where she continued to have chart success. Lawrence's first two LPs were released as a single CD with bonus tracks on April 1, 2014, by Real Gone Music.  She released a disco album entitled "Newborn Woman" late in 1979. The album produced the minor disco hit "Don't Stop the Music".

Hosting and other work.

As an emcee, she hosted the daytime NBC version of the game show "Win, Lose or Draw", as well as an unsold pilot for Mark Goodson Productions, 1990's "Body Talk", and has also appeared often as a popular panelist on such game shows as "Match Game", "Password", "Password Plus", "Super Password", and various incarnations of the "Pyramid" game show, where she was known for verbally sparring with host Dick Clark on numerous occasions. She also appeared on the 1986-89 version of "Hollywood Squares", where she appeared both as herself and in character as Thelma "Mama" Harper. Lawrence was nominated a number of times for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host for the eponymous "Vicki!" (1992–1994), but the show ended after two seasons amid creative battles with her syndicator. In 1997, she hosted "Fox After Breakfast," which was renamed "The Vicki Lawrence Show", but was cancelled five weeks later due to low ratings.  She tours the country with her "two-woman" show with the first half as herself and the second half done as Mama. She can also be seen on TV in an infomercial for the Big Boss Grill. She is also known for her voice-over work as Flo on the animated series "Hermie and Friends".  In 2018, Lawrence was seen promoting "The Carol Burnett Show" and other classic television series on the MeTV television network.

Personal life.

Lawrence was married to singer and songwriter Bobby Russell from 1972 to 1974. Lawrence's second husband is Hollywood make-up artist Al Schultz, to whom she has been married since November 16, 1974, and with whom she has two children, Courtney Allison Schultz (born May 5, 1975) and Garrett Lawrence Schultz (born July 3, 1977).  Lawrence and her family appeared on "Celebrity Family Feud" in July 2015.  Lawrence was diagnosed with chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) around 2011. She teamed with the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America and has become the spokesperson for the campaign CIU & You.  She appeared on "The Doctors" in 2015 to relay her story and talk about CIU and promote the CIU & You campaign.

Vicki Ann Lawrence ("née" Axelrad; born March 26, 1949), sometimes credited as Vicki Lawrence Schultz, is an American actress, comedian, and pop music singer known for the many characters she originated on CBS's "The Carol Burnett Show", where she appeared from 1967–78, for the entire series run. One such character was "The Family" matriarch Thelma Harper/Mama, the cold, unaffectionate mother of the neurotic, misfortunate, Eunice (Burnett) although Lawrence is 16 years younger than Burnett. Thelma Harper was the central character of the television situation comedy series "Mama's Family" on NBC and, later, in first-run syndication. She also starred in the Fox sitcom series "The Cool Kids".

Vicki Lawrence (* 26. März 1949 in Inglewood, Kalifornien als "Vicki Ann Axelrad") ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und ehemalige Sängerin. Sie hat in der Serie "The Carol Burnett Show" mitgespielt und in der Serie "Mama’s Family" spielte sie die Rolle von Thelma Harper.


History.

Curicó Unido was founded on 26 February 1973, with "Edmundo Rojas" as the first President of the club. They became the fourth football team from the Curicó city to play at the professional level, after, Luis Cruz Martínez and Bádminton de Curicó.  "Curicó Unido" played since the season 1974 at the Primera B, but after seven poor seasons they gained relegation to the third level to the season 1981, returning to Primera B two years later, in 1983.  1984 and 1985 were the best seasons of "Curicó Unido" history, disputing the promotion until the last week, but with bad luck at the final matches.  The next campaigns were average, with the exception of the season 1990, when they lose the category after the final match with Deportes Valdivia, when they won 4–1, two goals short what they needed to stay at Primera B.  Since then, they stayed at the Tercera División without real chances to return to the Primera B, until the 2003 season. But at the next year that changed.  In 2004 the albirrojos were really close to returned to the Primera B. At the last week of the season, in Chillán, they arrived as leaders, to face Ñublense who was three points behind at the table; however the "Chillanejos" won that game 2–1, forcing a tie breaker match in Linares, where Ñublense won 2–0, taking the title and the promotion.  However, the year 2005 Curicó Unido had his revenge. They disputed the title with Trasandino until the last week. While Trasandino tied with Municipal Iquique, Curicó crushed Iberia 4–0, and in this way, after 15 years of suffering, Provincial Curicó Unido returned to the Chilean professional football.  In 2006, in their return to the Primera B, Curicó Unido finished in fifth place.  The next year, Curico avoided relegation only at the end of the season; Deportes Temuco finished last and fell down to the third level of national football for the upcoming season.  Curicó won promotion to the Primera Division after a 1–0 win over Deportes Puerto Montt on the last home game of the 2008 season, which was enough to securing 1st place of the Primera B and automatic promotion. Only to return to Primera B the next season, after losing a promotion play-off against San Luis.  They returned to the top-tier in 2017, after winning the 2016–17 Primera B tournament.

Team colours.

Curicó Unido's official kit is a white shirt with a diagonal red stripe that crosses the chest from the right shoulder to the left side of the hip. The shorts are black and socks are white.

Sponsorship.

The club are currently sponsored by "Multihogar" and their technical sponsors are "Dalponte".

Stadiums.

Curicó Unido's traditional home-ground is the Estadio La Granja, located in Curicó city; an 8,000 football stadium with an athletic track around the pitch, located in the "La Granja sports complex", leased from Curicó city hall.  Curicó Unido have also used other grounds during their history.  The "Estadio Carabineros de Curicó", was Curicó Unido's home in 1976 and 1977.  They also played their "Tercera Division" league home games of the season 1992, at the "Estadio ANFA Luis H. Alvarez".  And recently, during the 2010 season, the "Estadio Municipal Jorge Silva" de San Fernando, was their temporary home ground due to the reconstruction of the Estadio La Granja.

Supporters.

Curicó Unido fans traditionally come from Curicó itself; and from the rest of the Curicó Province, but in smaller numbers.  The largest supporters' group is the "Marginales", created in 1997.  Curicó Unido supporters' current main rivals are "Rangers de Talca", and "Ñublense".

Curicó Unido is a football club based in Curicó, Maule Region, Chile. They currently play in the Primera División, the first level of the Chilean football system. They are currently managed by Dalcio Giovagnoli.

Der Club de Deportes Provincial Curicó Unido ist ein Fußballverein aus Curicó in Chile. Der Verein wurde 1973 gegründet. Er spielt in der ersten chilenischen Fußballliga, der Primera División. CDP Curicó Unido ist einer der finanzschwächsten Vereine der Liga.


Plot.

Following a bank robbery in the American west, the partner of Scottish outlaw Arch Deans is killed and his young Indian half breed friend Billy Two Hats is captured.  While Billy is being transported, Deans gets the drop on Sheriff Henry Gifford at a remote trading post, enabling Billy to escape. As they flee, the sheriff's friend, the trading post owner, named Copeland, takes down his old long-range buffalo rifle and fires a shot that kills Deans' horse, breaking his leg. Billy builds a travois on which Deans can ride, dragged behind Billy's horse.  Billy and Deans encounter Spencer and his wife, Esther, at their remote homestead. Deans persuades Spencer to take him in his wagon to get horses on the condition that Billy stay with Esther to protect her and the homestead from marauding Indians. Billy is also to keep a look out for the pursuing Gifford.  Billy and Esther spend their time together talking and develop romantic feelings for each other. Esther, a young mail-order bride from the East, is unhappy with her older abusive husband. She falls in love with the young good looking Billy. Gifford finds the two in bed together, assumes Billy raped the woman, becomes enraged, and beats him. Esther attempts to explain but can't because she stutters uncontrollably when distressed.  Deans and Spencer encounter trouble on the trail, four drunken Indians demand whiskey from them, ambush their wagon in a canyon, killing the horse and besiege them. Spencer is killed.  Gifford, Esther and Billy then set out after Deans. They find Deans near death. With Esther's help Billy kills Gifford. Deans dies of his wounds. Not believing in burying the dead, Billy places his body in a tree atop a hill, Indian fashion. He and Esther ride off together.

Reception.

"Variety" called the film "a fresh, different oater (the first filmed in Israel) that opens with violence and contains some throughout but never lingers lovingly on mayhem and gore; ergo, it's tame for the Sam Peckinpah bunch, but so well handled in every way it should have a good future both here and abroad." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film 2 stars out of 4 and wrote, "When the action turns, as inevitably it must, to conversation between Peck and Arnaz, 'Billy Two Hats' becomes vapid. And when young Arnaz strikes up a romance with a rancher's stuttering mail-order bride, the action and dialog become positively embarrassing." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Writer Alan Sharp's characters are all well-drawn and well-acted, but 'Billy Two Hats' pacing is too languid and its style too portentous to sustain interest in them." John Raisbeck of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote, "Like "Ulzana's Raid", also written by Alan Sharp, "Billy Two Hats" is a film of hunters and hunted, centring on the father/son relationship; only here the traditional roles are reversed, with the grizzled Deans (Gregory Peck wrestling unsuccessfully with a Scottish accent) having to lean on his resourceful young companion. The motif, however, is handled with an obviousness which characterises much of the film."

Billy Two Hats is a 1974 Western film directed by Ted Kotcheff. It stars Gregory Peck, Jack Warden and Desi Arnaz, Jr.

Begrabt die Wölfe in der Schlucht ist ein in Israel gedrehter Spätwestern um einen indianischen Helden. Der Film hatte in Deutschland am 7. März 1974 Premiere.


Biography.

Family, early life and marriage.

Sally Cary, as she was born, came from one of Virginia's oldest and wealthiest families. Her forefather, Miles Cary of Bristol, England, first came to America in the mid-17th century and established himself as a Virginian nobleman. Colonel Wilson Cary, Sally's father and a member of the House of Burgesses, inherited one of Virginia's largest fortunes and the family estate, Ceelys on the James. Little is known about his wife and Sally's mother, Sarah, on account of an 1826 fire that destroyed many of the family's records. Out of Colonel Cary's four daughters, the eldest Sally was the most sought-after and a grande belle in Virginian society. Although she had many suitors, George William Fairfax eventually won Sally's favor, and in records found by Wilson Miles Cary, a writer and family historian, their marriage was announced in "The Virginia Gazette" in December 1748. After their marriage, Sally and George William moved into the Belvoir estate that had been established in the early 1740s, by his father Col. William Fairfax.  The Fairfax family, as the Carys, was a living remnant of European feudalism and English aristocracy. Fairfax family members generally held the reins of social and political power in Virginia.

Relationship with George Washington.

George William's sister, Anne Fairfax, married Lawrence Washington soon after George William's marriage to Sally. Lawrence's adolescent half-brother, George Washington, began visiting Belvoir frequently. Wishing to advance his brother's fortunes, Lawrence introduced George to George William. A friendship grew between the two men, who were close in age. Yet a relationship also blossomed between Sally Fairfax and George Washington. Sally had been well-educated under the Colonel's supervision, and as a young man with limited education and inexperienced in climbing the social ladder, Washington was impressed with this attractive, popular, and intelligent woman—arguably viewing her as the ideal of womanhood. She was a key inspiration for the future President to elevate himself to a higher social, cultural, and intellectual sphere, which is clear in the increasing level of refinement in his letters to her.  While serving in the Forbes campaign in September 1758, Washington wrote a particularly famous letter to Sally, telling her that "Tis true, I profess myself a Votary to Love...I feel the force of her amiable beauties in the recollection of a thousand tender passages that I wish to obliterate, till I am bid to revive them – but experience alas! Sadly reminds me how Impossible this is." In another letter, he makes an allusion to the literary characters Juba, prince of Numidia, who loves Cato's daughter Marcia, in the play "Cato", by Joseph Addison. This ambiguity makes the question of the relationship's consummation frustrating to historians, and the answer is still unknown.  Despite any feelings he may have felt for Sally Fairfax, Washington married the wealthy Martha Dandridge Custis, perhaps to heighten his social status, but their marriage appears to have been strong. Sally and George William were, in fact, the most frequent visitors to Mount Vernon, implying that any inkling the spouses had of previous indiscretions (or flirtation) was politely ignored.

Later years.

The happy foursome separated in 1773 when the Fairfaxes repaired to England to attend to family matters. Thereafter, George William's fortunes were crushed. As a Loyalist, he had every intention of returning to America after the 1776 insurrection was over, but the success of the Revolution prevented either of them from ever returning. He died in 1787 and Sally then lived alone in Bath until her death in 1811.  There were signs of regret on Sally's part in the end. She wrote to her sister-in-law in 1788: "I know now that the worthy man is to be preferred to the high-born who has not merit to recommend him...when we enquire into the family of these mighty men we find them the very lowest of people." Washington, too, confesses to Sally in a letter that she was the passion of his youth and that not all the glories of the Revolution, not even the splendors of the Presidency, had "been able to eradicate from my mind those happy moments, the happiest in my life, which I have enjoyed in your company."

Bibliography.

Note: All excerpts from correspondence have been taken from Wilson Miles Cary's "Sally Cary: A Long Hidden Romance of Washington's Life." (See Bibliography)

Sally Cary Fairfax (1730 – 1811 in Bath, England) was the wife of George William Fairfax (1724–1787), a prominent member of the landed gentry of late colonial Virginia. As such, she was mistress of the Virginia plantation and estate of Belvoir. She is well-remembered for being the woman George Washington was apparently in love with just before his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis.

Sarah Cary bekannt als „Sally“ Fairfax (* um 1730; † 1811 in Bath) war die erste Liebe von George Washington.


Historic site.

Located in the German state of Bavaria, close to the Austrian border, Obersalzberg in the 19th century was one of the earliest tourist destinations in the Berchtesgaden Alps. That changed, when Hitler purchased the "Berghof" (Mountain House) residence upon the Nazi seizure of power in 1933 and a large area was cordoned off and evacuated. After World War II, the premises were handed over to the State of Bavaria, however, they remained occupied by a United States Armed Forces recreation center and the General Walker Hotel for US troops, which had been the original Platterhof luxury hotel that had been used by the Nazis. The hotel was demolished in 2001.  The nearby Hotel Türken which was often used by the SS, was badly damaged in 1945. It was rebuilt in 1950 and reopened as a hotel before Christmas that year. Visitors can still explore the historic underground hallways and tunnels that had been used by the Nazis. Access to the bunkers was closed for construction in September 2017 and remained closed in July 2018 "until further notice".  After the withdrawal of the US forces in 1996, the Bavarian state government resumed its plans to have a luxury hotel erected, but also the documentation center on the Nazi past in order to prevent the re-opened area becoming a pilgrimage site for Neo-Nazis. The hotel (originally the InterContinental and now the Kempinski Hotel Berchtesgaden) was built at the former site of Göring's residence.  The museum itself sits on the foundation of the "Hoher Göll" guesthouse. There is also a link through a tunnel to the extended bunker complex at the demolished General Walker Hotel (former "Platterhof"), constructed in 1943-45.

Exhibitions.

The museum exhibition is taken care of by the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich. It offers over 950 documents, photographs, audio clips, films and maps as well as a scale model of the Obersalzberg area overlaying current buildings with the position of historical Nazi installations.  The exhibition covers the two floors of the main building and extends through the tunnel to the bunker. However, only a portion of it is dedicated to the history of the Obersalzberg itself, including a small section on the post-1945 era, when most of the area was used by the American military. The ground floor of the main building and most of the tunnel exhibits cover general topics of Nazi Germany, such as "The Fuehrer", "Actors in the regime", "Machinery of Terror", "Resistance", "Foreign Policy" etc. that are not directly related to the Obersalzberg resort. The path of the exhibition ends in a documentation of the Holocaust in the dark of the bunker. Only a part of the extensive shelter network is accessible today.  There are also special exhibitions. The 2008 Winter Exhibition was about "Free time in Fascism". From October 2012 to April 2013, the museum showed an exhibition on the victims of euthanasia.

Dokumentation Obersalzberg is a museum in the Obersalzberg resort near Berchtesgaden, providing historical information on the use of the mountainside retreat by Nazi leaders, especially Hitler who regularly vacationed in this area beginning in 1928. The museum was opened in 1999, and by 2007 had been visited by more than one million people.

Die Dokumentation Obersalzberg ist ein Lern- und Erinnerungsort zur NS-Zeit am Täterort Führersperrgebiet Obersalzberg in Berchtesgaden. Sie verbindet die Ortsgeschichte mit der gesamten Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus.


Causes.

The body's inflammatory response to surgery likely plays an important role, at least in elderly patients. Various research initiatives during recent years have evaluated whether actions taken before, during and after surgery can lessen the possible deleterious effects of inflammation. For example, anti-inflammatory agents can be given before surgery. During surgery, inflammation can be modulated by temperature control, use of regional rather than general anesthesia or the use of beta blockers. After surgery, optimal pain management and infection control is important. Several studies have shown variable-significance positive effects when a multidisciplinary, multifactorial approach to elderly patient is followed during pre, peri and post-operative care.  A Cochrane review explored whether inhalation anaesthetics or intravenous anaesthetics were more likely to cause POCD when used in the elderly for non-cardiac surgery. Seven studies (869 participants) included in the review led to the conclusion that fewer people experienced POCD with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) compared to inhalational anaesthesia. The conclusions, however, rated "low" on GRADE scoring (confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect).

Assessment.

Cognitive tests are given prior to operations to establish a baseline. The same tests are again given post-operatively to determine the extent and duration of the decline for POCD. "A project examining adults 55 and older who have major non-cardiac surgeries is finding that 'upward of 30 percent of patients is testing significantly worse than their baseline 3 months later'".

Epidemiology.

POCD is common after cardiac surgery, and recent studies have now verified that POCD also exists after major non-cardiac surgery, although at a lower incidence. The risk of POCD increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important because there is a very low incidence associated with minor surgery. POCD is common in adult patients of all ages at hospital discharge after major noncardiac surgery, but only the elderly (aged 60 years or older) are at significant risk for long-term cognitive problems. Patients with POCD are at an increased risk of death in the first year after surgery. Research interest has increased since early 2000, especially as more elderly patients are able to undergo successful minor and major surgeries.  POCD has been studied through various institutions since the inception of the IPOCDS-I study centred in Eindhoven, Netherlands and Copenhagen, Denmark. This study found no causal relationship between cerebral hypoxia and low blood pressure and POCD. Age, duration of anaesthesia, introperative complications, and postoperative infections were found to be associated with POCD.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in cognitive function (especially in memory and executive functions) that may last from 1–12 months after surgery, or longer. In some cases, this disorder may persist for several years after major surgery. POCD is distinct from emergence delirium. Its causes are under investigation and occurs commonly in older patients and those with pre-existing cognitive impairment.

Die postoperative kognitive Dysfunktion (POCD) (engl. 'PostOperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD)) ist eine Störung der Kognition nach einer Operation. Zum Erkennen der Dysfunktionen bedient man sich einer Testbatterie, die die verschiedenen Domänen der Kognition (z. B. Gedächtnis, Lernen und Konzentrationsfähigkeit) abdeckt. Man vergleicht die Werte präoperativ und postoperativ mit einer Vergleichsgruppe ohne Operation aber mit dem gleichen Zeitintervall, um den Lerneffekt zu kompensieren.


Summary.

The archdiocese encompasses eight civil parishes in the New Orleans metropolitan area: Jefferson (except Grand Isle) Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, St. Tammany, and Washington. There are 137 church parishes in the archdiocese, ministered by 387 priests (including those belonging to religious institutes), 187 permanent deacons, 84 brothers, and 432 sisters. There are 372,037 Catholics on the census of the archdiocese, 36% of the total population of the area. The current head of the archdiocese is Archbishop Gregory Michael Aymond. There is one Archbishop Emeritus: Archbishop Alfred Clifton Hughes. There is also one Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus: Bishop Dominic Carmon, S.V.D.

History.

The Catholic Church has had a presence in New Orleans since before the founding of the city by the French in 1718. Missionaries served the French military outposts and worked among the native peoples. The area was then under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Quebec. In 1721 Fr. Francis-Xavier de Charlevoix, S.J., made a tour of New France from the Lakes to the Mississippi, and visiting New Orleans, he describes "a little village of about one hundred cabins dotted here and there, a large wooden warehouse in which I said Mass, a chapel in course of construction and two storehouses".  In 1722 the Capuchins were assigned ecclesiastical responsibility for the Lower Mississippi Valley, while the Jesuits maintained a mission, based in New Orleans, to serve the indigenous peoples. The Jesuit vicar-general returned to France to recruit priests and also persuaded the Ursulines of Rouen to assume charge of a hospital and school. The royal patent authorizing the Ursulines to found a convent in Louisiana was issued September 18, 1726. Ten religious from various cities sailed from Hennebont on January 12, 1727, and reached New Orleans on August 6. As the convent was not ready, the governor gave up his residence to them. They opened a hospital for the care of the sick and a school for poor children.  New Orleans and the rest of Louisiana west of the Mississippi were surrendered to the Spanish in 1763. From then until 1783 the East and West Florida were under British control, but as part of the Peace of Paris (1783) the two Florida colonies were regained from Great Britain. Thus, the pioneer parishes of New Orleans and Louisiana were incorporated into the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas when it was erected on April 25, 1793. The diocese originally encompassed the entire Louisiana Purchase, from the Gulf of Mexico to British North America, as well as the Florida peninsula and the Gulf Coast.  The date of its establishment makes it the second-oldest diocese in the present-day United States: the Diocese of Baltimore was established on November 6, 1789. At the time of its establishment, the territory of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas was part of the Archdiocese of San Cristobal de la Habana, based in Havana, Cuba.  The diocese was divided into smaller dioceses several times, and many modern dioceses in the central United States were originally part of the Diocese of Louisiana. As capital of the Louisiana, the city was sold to the United States in 1803. The diocese was renamed the Diocese of New Orleans in 1826, and encompassed what is now Louisiana and Mississippi. New Orleans was elevated to an archdiocese in 1850. As the population of Louisiana grew, the Archdiocese of New Orleans was further subdivided into several additional dioceses.  In its long history, the archdiocese and the city of New Orleans have survived several major disasters, including several citywide fires, a British invasion, the American Civil War, multiple yellow fever epidemics, anti-immigration and anti-Catholicism, the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915, Segregation, Hurricane Betsy, and an occasional financial crisis, not to mention Hurricane Katrina. Each time, the archdiocese rebuilt damaged churches and rendered assistance to the victims of every disaster. More recently, the church has faced an increased demand for churches in the suburbs and a decline in attendance to inner-city parishes. The church has also weathered changes within the Roman Catholic Church, such as the Second Vatican Council, and changing spiritual values throughout the rest of the United States.  The archdiocese sustained severe damage from Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. Numerous churches and schools were flooded and battered by hurricane-force winds. In the more heavily flooded neighborhoods, such as St. Bernard Parish, many parish structures were wiped out entirely.

Politics.

In early 2009, the state of Maine passed a law allowing same-sex civil marriage. In July 2009 the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans contributed $2,000 of its money to a referendum campaign to overturn that law. According to Maine's "Commission on Governmental Ethics & Election Practices", the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland Maine spent over $553,000 to overturn the law. The Archdiocese of New Orleans' $2,000 was part of that $553,000.

Sex abuse.

As of 2019, the Archdiocese of New Orleans has listed 81 clergy who were "credibly accused" of committing acts of sex abuse while they were serving in the archdiocese. Some settled lawsuits filed against them while one, Francis LeBlanc, was convicted in 1996. Archbishop Alfred Hughes acknowledged that for sex abuse claims during 1950–2003, the archdiocese and its insurers paid $1,187,066 for settlements, $448,735 for therapy, and $421,372 for legal fees. Additional settlements were reached by 2019 as well.  On January 24, 2020, staff of the New Orleans Saints admitted that the football team's Senior Vice President for Communications Greg Bensel "offered input on how to work with the media" to help the Archdiocese of New Orleans handle the sex abuse scandal. Bensel advised the Archdiocese to "Be direct, open and fully transparent, while making sure that all law enforcement agencies were alerted." Bensel was among a number of community and civic leaders consulted by the Archdiocese before releasing the accused clergy names in November 2018.  On May 8, 2020, it was revealed that the leader of the board of directors for one of the Archdiocese of New Orleans' various ministries resigned his post recently after claiming in a lawsuit against the church that he was molested by one of its priests decades ago. The plaintiff who spoke on anonymity, claimed he resigned under duress. The Archdiocese, which mediated a settlement in 2019, had previously agreed to pay for expenses which the plaintiff paid for six years of counseling. However, the plaintiff filed his lawsuit on April 7, 2020, after claiming that he discovered that the priest who allegedly molested him, James Collery, had more victims. Collery died in 1987. The lawsuit also claimed that the plaintiff first reported the abuse in 2013.  On May 19, 2020, it was revealed that all surviving accused clergy who served in the Archdiocese of New Orleans had their payments suspended as part of the bankruptcy settlement, though some were trying to get their payments reinstated. Among those who tried to restore payment was retired Archdiocese of New Orleans priest Paul Calamari, who tried to his pension reinstated by admitting to U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Meredith Grabill on May 18, 2020 that he had a “failing” and a “sin” with a 17 year old high school boy in 1973.

Bankruptcy.

On May 1, 2020, it was announced that the Archdiocese of New Orleans had filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. The causes of the decision were said to be the mounting cost of litigation from sexual abuse cases and the unforeseen financial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Archdiocese, which had a $45 million budget, owed $38 million in bonds to creditors and was also facing more pending sex abuse lawsuits. The pending sex abuse lawsuits, which were suspended due to the bankruptcy filing, would likely result in the already financially struggling Archdiocese of New Orleans losing millions of dollars more.

Heritage.

The Archdiocese of New Orleans is a culturally diverse community within the diverse city of New Orleans. As a major port, the city has attracted immigrants from around the world. Since French and Spanish Catholics ruled the city, they encouraged enslaved Africans to adopt Christianity. The city has a large population of African American Catholics with deep heritage in the area. Later European immigrants, such as the Irish, Italians, Polish, and German Bavarians have also been a part of the archdiocese throughout its history. In the last quarter of the 20th century, many Vietnamese Catholics from South Vietnam settled in the city. New waves of immigrants from Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua and Cuba have added to the Catholic congregations.

Landmarks.

The best known church in the New Orleans Archdiocese is the historic St. Louis Cathedral fronting the Spanish Plaza de Armas, now Jackson Square, in the French Quarter. This church was originally built in 1718, shortly after the founding of the city. The modest building was destroyed by fire several times before the current structure was built between 1789 and 1794 during the Spanish domination. During renovations to the cathedral between 1849 and 1851, St. Patrick's Church, the second-oldest parish in the city, served as the pro-cathedral of the archdiocese.

Bishops.

The Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas was erected on April 25, 1793; it encompassed the area claimed by Spain as Luisiana, which was all the land draining into the Mississippi River from the west, as well as Spanish territory to the east of the river in modern-day Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.  In April 1803, the United States purchased Louisiana from France, which had in 1800 forced Spain to retrocede the territory in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The United States took formal possession of New Orleans on December 20, 1803, and of Upper Louisiana on March 10, 1804. The then-Bishop John Carroll of Baltimore served as apostolic administrator of the diocese from 1805 to 1812; during this period, the diocese became a suffragan of Baltimore. Archbishop Carroll's successor as apostolic administrator would eventually be the diocese's first resident bishop of the 19th century.  In 1823, Joseph Rosati was appointed coadjutor bishop of the diocese. In 1825, the territory of the diocese in what is now Alabama and Florida was transferred to the new Vicariate Apostolic of Alabama and the Floridas, and in 1826, the diocese was renamed, becoming the Diocese of New Orleans. At the same time, the diocese's territory was further reduced by the creation of the Vicariate Apostolic of Mississippi and the Diocese of St. Louis. Bishop Rosati served as the diocese's apostolic administrator from 1826 to 1829; having been appointed bishop of St. Louis two years previously, he resigned the administration of the New Orleans diocese upon the appointment of Bishop de Neckere.  (Auguste Jeanjean was appointed, 1834; did not take effect.)

Parishes.

The 108 parishes of the archdiocese are divided into 10 deaneries.

Schools.

There are 5 Roman Catholic colleges and over 20 high schools within the Archdiocese of New Orleans. Many of the churches throughout the archdiocese have primary schools as well.  Previously Catholic schools were racially segregated. In 1962 there were 153 Catholic schools; that year the archdiocese began admitting black students into schools that did not admit them; that year about 200 black children attended the archdiocese's Catholic schools previously not reserved for black children. The desegregation occurred two years after public schools had integrated. Bruce Nolan of "The Times Picayune" stated that because Catholic schools had a later desegregation, white liberal and African-American groups faced disappointment but that the integration had not produced as intense of a backlash.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, (Latin: "Archidioecesis Novae Aureliae", French: "Archidiocèse de la Nouvelle-Orléans", Spanish: "Arquidiócesis de Nueva Orleans"), is an ecclesiastical division of the Roman Catholic Church administered from New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the second-oldest diocese in the present-day United States, having been elevated to the rank of diocese on April 25, 1793, by Pope Pius VI during Spanish colonial rule. Our Lady of Prompt Succor and St. Louis, King of France are the patron saints of the archdiocese and Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis is its mother church as St. Patrick's Church serves as the Pro-Cathedral of the archdiocese.

Das in den Vereinigten Staaten gelegene Erzbistum New Orleans (lat.: "Archidioecesis Novae Aureliae") ist eine Diözese und Metropolitansitz der römisch-katholischen Kirche mit Sitz in New Orleans, Louisiana.


History.

The Union Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  During the American Revolutionary War, John Paulding and Isaac Van Wart left from what was later known as the Yerkes Tavern on Sept. 22, 1780, joined by David Williams (soldier). Their expedition resulted in the capture of the British spy Major John André. The foundation of Yerkes (Yerks) Tavern is all that is left of the historic building, once at the intersection of Yerkes Road and Bogtown Road. An historic plaque posted on the site reads: On this site stood one of North Salem's early taverns. Its proprietor was John Yerkes, who received a license from the town "to operate a tavern or inn for the accommodation and entertainment of travelers" in 1815. Early records indicate that this property was owned by the Smith family prior to this date.

Geography.

The north town line is the border of Putnam County, New York; and the east town line is the border of Connecticut. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of, of which is land and, or 6.38%, is water.

Demographics.

In 2011, the average income for a household in the town was $157,258, with an average net worth of $1,300,058. The median house value in 2009 was $772,817. The per capita income for the town was $59,403. About 1.5% of families and 2.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,173 people, 1,764 households, and 1,374 families residing in the town. The population density was 241.5 people per square mile (93.2/km2). There were 1,979 housing units at an average density of 92.4 per square mile (35.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.44% White, 0.75% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 1.12% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.65% of the population.  There were 1,764 households out of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.17. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

Education.

North Salem Middle School/High School is at 230 June Road in North Salem. The North Salem School District's border encompasses the entire town of North Salem, in addition to parts of the Putnam County towns of Southeast,and Carmel. Some residents of nearby Somers also reside within the district line.  In 2004, the high school was distinguished as a Blue Ribbon School for high levels of educational achievement by the United States Department of Education. Pequenakonck Elementary School, located away from the middle school/high school, serves grades K-5. The middle school, which shares the same building as the high school, serves grades 6–8. This school is particularly small, with about 90 children on average per grade, making the student to faculty ratio relatively small.

Town Government.

North Salem's town government consists of a town supervisor and 4 town board members. The supervisor serves a 2 year term, and the board members serve 4 year terms. Elections are staggered such that in any given election year, the supervisor and 2 board members seats will be up. The next election will be in 2019. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Aronchick first won his seat in 2011, lost it in 2015 to Lisa Douglas, and won a seat back in 2016 in a special election.

North Salem is a town in the northeast part of Westchester County, New York. It is a suburb of New York City approximately 50 miles north of Midtown Manhattan. The population of North Salem was 5,104 at the 2010 census.

North Salem ist eine Stadt "(Town)" im nordöstlichen Teil von Westchester County im US-Bundesstaat New York. Der Landkreis gilt als zweitreichster Bezirk im Bundesstaat New York und als siebtreichster in den Vereinigten Staaten.


History.

On April 16, 2009, the Central Hockey League announced an expansion team for Independence, to begin play in the 2009–10 season. The new organization teamed up with local newspaper "The Examiner" to hold a name-the-team contest until May 11. The Missouri Mavericks' name, logo, and colors were unveiled on June 24.  On May 29, 2009, it was reported that Scott Hillman would be the Mavericks' first head coach, resigning from his same position with the Southern Professional Hockey League's Knoxville Ice Bears to do so. In his time with the Ice Bears, Hillman led them to two consecutive SPHL President's Cup championships and Coffey Trophies (awarded for the most regular-season points). On November 13, 2009, the team played their home opener before a crowd of 5,760 people at the Independence Events Center.  On September 17, 2011, the Mavericks announced an affiliation agreement with the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League for the 2011–12 season. This agreement would be renewed in one-year contracts until 2015.  On May 24, 2012, the Mavericks extended head coach Scott Hillman's contract for two additional seasons through the 2013–14 season. On July 31, 2012, the Mavericks announced an agreement with Entercom to have all 66 games for the 2012-13 season broadcast on the radio on 1660 KUDL.  On May 21, 2014, head coach Scott Hillman announced his resignation from the Mavericks and soon after was named as the first head coach for the expansion Indy Fuel of the ECHL. In June, the Mavericks hired Richard Matvichuk as the organization's new coach.  On October 7, 2014, soon before the 2014–15 Central Hockey League season was set to begin, it was announced that the Central Hockey League ceased operations and the Mavericks, along with the Allen Americans, Brampton Beast, Quad City Mallards, Rapid City Rush, Tulsa Oilers and Wichita Thunder, were all approved the expansion membership application into the ECHL for the 2014-15 season.  On February 5, 2015, Lamar Hunt Jr., son of Kansas City Chiefs' founder Lamar Hunt, bought a 100 percent ownership stake in the Missouri Mavericks.  On June 11, 2015, the Mavericks announced they had signed a two-year affiliation deal with the New York Islanders. The Mavericks then served as the Islanders' secondary minor league affiliate, behind the Bridgeport Sound Tigers of the American Hockey League.  On June 2, 2016, head coach Richard Matvichuk resigned after leading the Mavericks for two seasons, a regular season championship, and named ECHL coach of the year in 2015–16. He left the organization to become the head coach of the Western Hockey League's Prince George Cougars. He was replaced by John-Scott Dickson, who had played for the team from 2011 to 2015 before joining the coaching staff as an assistant coach in 2015–16. Also, beginning with the 2016–17 season, the Mavericks and St. Louis Blues entered into a working agreement for cross-promoting hockey in Missouri and Kansas. However, the Islanders/Tigers organization still remained the Mavericks affiliate for player development.  On March 11, 2017, the Missouri Mavericks announced the team would be renamed as the Kansas City Mavericks beginning with the 2017–18 season. Also prior to the 2017–18 season, their affiliation with the Islanders ended when that organization affiliated with the expansion Worcester Railers. On June 8, 2017, Kansas City affiliated with the Calgary Flames (NHL) and the Stockton Heat (AHL).  In his fourth season as head coach, John-Scott Dickson was fired on January 30, 2020, while the team was in last place in the division. After the season ended. the Mavericks hired Florida Everblades' assistant Tad O'Had as the head coach.

Players and personnel.

Current roster.

As of May 14, 2020.

The Kansas City Mavericks are an ice hockey team in the ECHL. Founded in 2009 as the Missouri Mavericks, the team plays in Independence, Missouri, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, at the Cable Dahmer Arena.

Die Kansas City Mavericks (bis 2017 Missouri Mavericks) sind eine US-amerikanische Eishockeymannschaft aus Kansas City, Missouri. Das Team spielt seit der Saison 2014/15 in der ECHL.


Biography.

He was born on 21 July 1839, at Marsciano near Perugia. He was educated at the seminary of Perugia, ordained in 1862, and after receiving the doctorate at the Roman Sapienza university, was appointed in 1864 professor in the seminary of Perugia. In 1870 he became pastor at Marsciano and in 1872 went to Montecassino, where he remained two years.  Called to Rome by Leo XIII in 1880, Satolli was appointed professor of dogmatic theology in the Propaganda Fide. In 1882 he was appointed professor at the Roman Seminary. On 7 March 1882 at the Dominican church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva Satolli delivered the annual encomium in honor of St. Thomas Aquinas to the Dominican College of St. Thomas, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas Satolli was rector of the Greek College (1884). He was appointed president of the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici in 1886. In 1888 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Naupactus. As professor he had an important share in the neo-Scholastic movement inaugurated by pope Leo XIII. His lectures, always fluent and often eloquent, aroused the enthusiasm of his students for the study of St. Thomas Aquinas, while his writings opened the way for an extended literature in Thomistic philosophy and theology.  Satolli came to the United States in 1889, was present at the centenary of the hierarchy celebrated in Baltimore and delivered an address at the inauguration of the Catholic University of America in November. On his second visit, he attended on 16 November 1892 a meeting of the archbishops held in New York City and formulated in fourteen propositions the solution of certain school problems which had been for some time under discussion. He then took up his residence at the Catholic University of America, where he gave a course of lectures on the philosophy of St. Thomas.  On 24 January 1893, the Apostolic Delegation in the United States was established at Washington, D.C. and Satolli was appointed first delegate. He was created cardinal-priest on 29 November 1895, with the titular church of "Santa Maria in Ara Coeli".  His three-quarter length seated portrait was painted in 1893 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947).  Returning to Rome in October, 1896, he was appointed prefect of the Congregation of Studies and archpriest of the Lateran Basilica. He became Cardinal Bishop of Frascati on 22 June 1903. His last visit to the United States was on the occasion of the St. Louis Exposition, 1904. He died on 8 January 1910, at Rome.

Writings.

Satolli's works include:

Francesco Satolli (July 21, 1839 – January 8, 1910) was an Italian Roman Catholic theologian, professor, Cardinal and the first Apostolic delegate to the United States.

Francesco di Paola Kardinal Satolli (* 21. Juli 1839 im Marsciano in der Nähe von Perugia; † 8. Januar 1910 in Rom) war ein italienischer Theologe, Kardinal und der erste Apostolische Delegat in die Vereinigten Staaten.


Athlete and Trainer.

Hermann Rieder was a member of the German National Team as an active javelin thrower. In the years 1952-1960 he was the second-placed German in this discipline. In 1951 and 1955 respectively he won the gold medal in the World University Games, the forerunner of the Universiade. His best distance was 76.68m.  From 1966 to 1972, Rieder was Coach of the German National Team for javelin throwing in the German Track and Field Federation (see German Olympic Sports Confederation). As a trainer, he coached among others Olympic champion Klaus Wolfermann, the 1979 World University Games champion Helmut Schreiber and the 1986 European champion Klaus Tafelmeier.

Scientist.

After his studies in the fields of German language and literature, history, and physical education in Munich, Hermann Rieder was active as an assistant professor at the University of Würzburg. From 1968 to 1994 he directed the Institute of Physical Education at the University of Heidelberg, which was renamed in 1973 to the Institute of Sport and Sport Science. Concurrently he was the founder of the Federal Institute of Sport Science, which he led as director from 1970 to 1973. Significant high points of his work included the establishment of Sport science as a scientific discipline and the promotion of sport for the disabled. Rieder was also General Secretary of the International Society of Sport Psychology.  Hermann Rieder united multiple facets of sport science and excelled at the knitting together of theoretical and practical expertise. In his works can be found contributions from sports psychology, kinematics, training theory and the interdisciplinary field of sport therapy which he invented. As a generalist of his field he encompassed a wide range of sport science subjects, ranging from talent scouting in tennis to exercise programs for HIV sufferers. Rieder was convinced of the power of communication, which exemplified itself in the number of national and international conventions he organized.  From the beginning of his time as an educator, Rieder was a promoter of growth in sport science, witnessed by more than 40 doctoral degrees and habilitations he supervised. Generations of students profited from his abilities to motivate and to lead in scientific work. Since 1997, he was honored by the Institute of Sport and Sport Science with a prize named for him, which is awarded yearly for the best qualification work by a student.  After becoming Professor Emeritus, based on his education and experience in sport, Hermann Rieder dedicated himself to the theme of the "Cultural History of the Javelin". In 2001 he launched the exhibit "Javelin Throwing - from Stone-age Hunter to Olympic Champion" in Mannheim and held lectures on this topic.

Awards.

Hermann Rieder held, among others, the following awards:

Hermann Rieder (3 May 1928 in Altfraunhofen (near Landshut) – 22 August 2009 in Gaiberg (near Heidelberg) was a German javelin thrower, trainer and sports scientist.

Hermann Rieder (* 3. Mai 1928 in Altfraunhofen bei Landshut; † 22. August 2009 in Gaiberg bei Heidelberg) war ein deutscher Speerwerfer, Trainer und Sportwissenschaftler.


Bidding and election.

Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively.  Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received only 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched their own bid, which failed to secure public support from the local citizens. Their bid ended up receiving seven votes.  Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting, more votes than its competitors combined. With this, Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).

Development and preparation.

On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission. On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues. The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village. In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.  The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012. Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.  The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.

Medals.

The design for the Games' medals was unveiled on 21 September 2017. Created by Lee Suk-woo, the design features a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides, with the Olympic rings on the front, and the obverse showing the 2018 Olympics' emblem, the event name and the discipline. The edge of each medal is marked with extrusions of hangul alphabets, while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile.

Torch relay.

The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and lasted for 101 days, ending at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018. The Olympic torch entered South Korea on 1 November 2017. There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the combined Korean population of approximately 75 million people. There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers.  The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation, including by turtle ship in Hansando Island, sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo, marine cable car in Yeosu, zip-wire over Bamseom Island, steam train in the Gokseong Train Village, marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok, and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City.  There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon.

Venues.

Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang, while some of the alpine skiing events took place in the neighboring county of Jeongseon. The indoor ice events were held in the nearby city of Gangneung.

Pyeongchang (mountain cluster).

The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics. It was home to the Olympic Stadium, the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues.  Additionally, a stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang:  Another stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in neighboring Jeongseon county:

Gangneung (coastal cluster).

The Gangneung Olympic Park, in the neighborhood of Gyo-dong in Gangneung city, includes four indoor sports venues, all in close proximity to one another.  In addition, a stand-alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University.

Ticketing.

Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016. Event tickets ranged in price from ₩20,000 South Korean won (approx. US$) to ₩900,000 (~US$) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩220,000 (~US$) to ₩1.5 million (~US$). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩80,000 (~US$) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the men's ice hockey gold-medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games.  As of 11 October 2017, domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% had been sold. International sales were more favorable, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold. However, as of 31 January 2018, 77% of all tickets had been sold.

The Games.

Opening ceremony.

The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018; the US$100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics, and was demolished following their conclusion.

Sports.

The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports, making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events. Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang: men's and ladies' big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling, men's and ladies' mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing. "Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each separate discipline."

Participating National Olympic Committees.

A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below (number of athletes shown in parentheses). Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut: Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore. Athletes from three further countries – the Cayman Islands, Dominica and Peru – qualified to compete, but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation (FIS).  Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC, qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games. The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony. A unified Korean team, consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea, competed in the women's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation (COR) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018. The two nations also participated separately: the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating and short track speed skating.  On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Individual Russian athletes, who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony.

Event scheduling.

The IOC has allowed NBC to influence the Olympic event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible, due to the substantial fees paid by NBC for rights to the Olympics (which have been extended through 2032 with a nearly $8 billion agreement), the company being one of IOC's major sources of revenue. As figure skating is one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers, the figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times to accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas. This scheduling practice affected the events themselves, including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule, as well as lower attendance levels at the sessions.  Conversely, and somewhat controversially, eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night, making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights, with colder temperatures and blustery winds.

Podium sweeps.

Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games.

Closing ceremony.

The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018. IOC president Thomas Bach declared the Games closed, and the cauldron was extinguished.

Broadcasting.

Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics were already sold in some countries as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS, which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through 2024. SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS.  On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications (now Discovery Inc.) had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe (excluding Russia) from 2018 through 2024. Discovery's pan-European Eurosport channels were promoted as the main broadcaster of the Games, but Discovery's free-to-air channels such as DMAX in Spain, Kanal 5 in Sweden, and TVNorge in Norway, were also involved in the overall broadcasting arrangements. Discovery was required to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air broadcasters in each market; some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks. The deal did not initially cover France due to the broadcast rights of France Télévisions, which run through to the 2020 Games. In the United Kingdom, Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under licence from the BBC, in return for the BBC sub-licensing the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.  Russian state broadcaster Channel One, and sports channel Match TV, committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes. Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal, due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which extends to 2024.  In the United States, the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long-term contract. On 28 March 2017, NBC announced that it would adopt a new format for its primetime coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics, with a focus on live coverage in all time zones to take advantage of Pyeongchang's 14-hour difference with U.S. Eastern Time (and 17-hour difference with U.S. Pacific Time), and to address criticism of its previous tape delay practices. As before, the primetime block began at 8:00 p.m. ET (5:00 p.m. PT), and unlike previous Olympics, was available for streaming. Figure skating events were deliberately scheduled with morning sessions so they could be aired during primetime in the Americas (and in turn, NBC's coverage; due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on 7 May 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games, is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC). Coverage took a break in the East for late local news, after which coverage continued into "Primetime Plus", featuring additional live coverage into the Eastern late night and Western primetime hours.  NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS) once again filmed portions of the Games in high-dynamic-range 8K resolution video, including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies. ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television, using 4K resolution, was introduced in South Korea in 2017 in time for the Olympics. This footage was delivered in 4K in the U.S. by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers, including its own Xfinity, as well as DirecTV and Dish Network. NBC's Raleigh-based affiliate WRAL-TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts.  The 2018 Winter Olympics were used to showcase 5G wireless technologies, as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT, and worldwide sponsor Intel. Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds, and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events. These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by the two sponsors.  The winners of the Olympic Golden Rings Awards were announced in June 2019. There were 75 pieces of broadcast content from the 2018 Olympics submitted over ten categories (plus one category for the 2018 Youth Olympics). NBC won a total of eight awards, winning four of the main categories: Best Olympic Feature, Best Olympic Digital Service, Best Olympic Programme and Best Documentary Film; they came second in the Best On-Air Promotion and Best Social Media Content/Production categories. Discovery/Eurosport won four categories: Best On-Air Promotion, Best Production Design, Best Innovation and Best Social Media Content/Production; they also came second in the Best Olympic Digital Service category. The BBC and NHK took the other two main awards: Most Sustainable Operation and Best Athlete Profile respectively. The title of Best Feature at the Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018 was also awarded to the BBC.

Marketing.

The official emblem, reflecting ice crystals and derived from the hangul letters and (the initial sounds of the "Pyeong" and "Chang"), was unveiled on 3 May 2013. In all official materials, the name of the host city was stylized in CamelCase as "PyeongChang", in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighboring North Korea.  New international sponsorship deals also debuted in Pyeongchang: Toyota was introduced as the new "Mobility" sponsor of the Olympics, although the company waived its domestic sponsorship to the local competitors Hyundai and Kia Alibaba Group and Intel also debuted as e-commerce/cloud services and technology sponsors respectively.

Concerns and controversies.

North–South Korean relations.

Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea, concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics, especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests. On 20 September 2017, South Korean president Moon Jae-in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games. The next day, Laura Flessel-Colovic, the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed.  The next day, Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games. France later reaffirmed its participation. In early December 2017, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, told Fox News that it was an "open question" whether the United States was going to participate in the Games, citing security concerns in the region. However, days later the White House Press Secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, stated that the United States would participate.  In his New Year's address on 1 January 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un proposed talks in Seoul over the country's participation in the Games, which would be the first high-level talks between the North and South in over two years. Because of the talks, held on 9 January, North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang. On 17 January 2018, it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women's ice hockey team at the Games, and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.  These moves were met with opposition in South Korea, including protests and online petitions; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment, and that the unified hockey team would fail. A rap video entitled "The Regret for Pyeongchang" (평창유감), which echoed this criticism and called the event the "Pyongyang Olympics", went viral in the country. Japan's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea's "charm offensive", and not to ease its pressure on the country.  The South Korean President, Moon Jae-in, at the start of the Olympics shook hands with Kim Yo-jong, the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and a prominent figure of the regime. This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea. In contrast, U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier (father of Otto Warmbier, who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang. American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute.  At the closing ceremony, North Korea sent general Kim Yong-chol as its delegate. His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives, as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS "Cheonan" sinking and other past attacks. The Ministry of Unification stated that "there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident." Although he is subject to sanctions, they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games.

Russian doping.

Russia's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state-sponsored doping program. As a result, the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017, although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR (Olympic Athletes from Russia) designation. The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included: the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games; the use of the Olympic flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms.  By early January 2018, the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games (as part of the Oswald Commission). Of those athletes, 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and 28 of the appeals were successful, but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them. The IOC found it important to note that CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent" and that they would consider an appeal against the court's decision. Hearings for the remaining three athletes were postponed.  The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168. These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and, in order to receive an invitation to the Games, they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions. Two athletes, who met the conditions and were cleared by the IOC, subsequently failed drug tests during the Games.  Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag. However, there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation. Despite this public show of co-operation, there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians, including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to "orchestrate the doping scandal". 86% of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag, and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colors and chanting "Russia!" in unison, in an act of defiance against the ban.  The IOC's decision was heavily criticized by Jack Robertson, primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated. He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated. The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticized, by Olympic officials, IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov's lawyer.

The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (; ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the day before the opening ceremony.

Die Olympischen Winterspiele 2018 (auch "XXIII. Olympische Winterspiele" genannt) fanden vom 9. bis 25. Februar 2018 in der südkoreanischen Region Pyeongchang statt. Für Südkorea waren es nach den Olympischen Spielen von Seoul 1988 die zweiten Olympischen Spiele im eigenen Land. Auf Pyeongchang sollen mit den Olympischen Spielen von Tokio 2020 und den Olympischen Winterspielen von Peking 2022 zwei weitere Olympische Spiele in Asien folgen. Im Medaillenspiegel belegte Norwegen den ersten Platz. Das Team um Marit Bjørgen, die zur erfolgreichsten Winterolympionikin aufstieg, gewann insgesamt 39 Medaillen, davon 14 goldene sowie 14 silberne und 11 bronzene.


History.

According to the Orthodox Church's Sacred Tradition, the icon was at one time in the possession of a widow in Nicaea. Not wanting the icon to be seized and destroyed by the iconoclasts, she spent all night in prayer and then cast the icon into the Mediterranean Sea. The widow's son later went to Mount Athos, where he became a monk and recounted the miracle of the bleeding wound, and how the icon had been placed in the sea. Much later (c. 1004) the icon was recovered from the sea by a Georgian monk named Gabriel (later canonized a saint in the Orthodox Church), who was laboring at the Iveron Monastery on Mount Athos. This occurred on Tuesday of Bright Week (Easter Week), and is commemorated annually on that day (as well as the fixed date of March 31). The icon was taken to the katholikon (main church) of the monastery from which the icon gets its name.  The tradition goes on to say that the following day, when the monks entered the church they could not find the icon. After searching they discovered the icon hanging on the gates of the monastery. This occurrence was repeated several times, until St. Gabriel reported that he had seen a vision of the Theotokos, wherein she revealed that she did not want her icon to be guarded by the monks, but rather she intended to be their Protectress. After this, the icon was permanently installed above the monastery gates, where it remains to this day. Because of this, the icon came to be called "Portaitissa" or "Gate-Keeper". This title was not new for the Virgin Mary, but comes from a verse of the Akathist to the Mother of God: "Rejoice, O Blessed Gate-Keeper who opens the gates of Paradise to the righteous." Orthodox monks and nuns throughout the world will often place an icon of the Theotokos Iverskaya on the monastery gates. It is also common in Orthodox temples (church buildings) to place an icon of the Theotokos "Portaitissa" on the inside of the iconostasis, above the Holy Doors, looking towards the Holy Table (altar table).

Moscow version.

In 1648, Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, while he was still Archimandrite of Novospassky Monastery, commissioned an exact copy of the Iviron icon to be made and sent to Russia. Almost immediately upon its arrival on October 13, the icon was "glorified" with numerous miracles attributed to it by the faithful. The Iverskaya Chapel was built in 1669 to enshrine the icon next to the Kremlin walls in Moscow. The chapel was the main entrance to Red Square and traditionally everyone, from the Tsar down to the lowest peasant would stop there to venerate the icon before entering the square. After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the chapel was destroyed by the Communists and the fate of the icon is unknown to this day.

Montreal version.

As is common in the Orthodox Church, the icon is a prototype which has been copied numerous times. Several of the copies themselves have been known to be wonderworking, one of the most famous of which is the myrrh-streaming icon from Montreal in Canada. For fifteen years (1982–1997), as myrrh continued to flow from the Icon, Brother José Muñoz Cortés devoted himself to its care, accompanying it on numerous trips to parishes all over the United States and Canada, to South America, Australia, and Europe. The icon was stolen on one such trip, in October 1997, when Brother Muñoz Cortés was tortured and murdered in a hotel room in Athens, Greece; the icon has not been seen since. He had planned to return to Montreal the following day to celebrate the fifteenth anniversary of the appearance of the miraculous myrrh on the icon. A new copy of the Montreal Myrrh-Streaming Iveron Icon began streaming Myrrh at the Russian Orthodox Church in Hawaii in 2007. Several feast days during the liturgical year celebrate a few of these miracles (see External links, below).

The Panagia Portaitissa (; ) or the Iviron Theotokos is an Eastern Orthodox icon of the Virgin Mary which was painted by Luke the Evangelist, according to the Sacred Tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The icon is referred to as "Wonderworking" meaning that numerous miracles have been attributed to the intercession of the Theotokos (Mother of God) by persons praying before it. The original of this image is found in the Georgian Iviron monastery on Mount Athos in Greece, where it is believed to have been since the year 999. The synaxis (feast day) for this icon is on February 12, as well as on Bright Tuesday, and also on October 13 for the translation to Moscow of the Iveron icon.

Die Gottesmutter von der Pforte ist eine russisch-orthodoxe Ikone der Jungfrau Maria. Sie findet sich heute im georgischen Kloster Iviron auf dem Athos in Griechenland. Sie zählt zu einer der wichtigsten Ikonen der Gottesmutter in der orthodoxen Kirche und gilt bei den Gläubigen als wundertätig.


Early life.

Mederos was born in the Constitución neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. He spent his childhood in the province of Entre Ríos, and later went to the University of Córdoba to study biology.  As a young man he was an admirer of fellow bandoneonist Ástor Piazzolla. He played with Piazzolla for several years before joining the Osvaldo Pugliese Orchestra, alongside other young musicians.

1960s.

After 1960 he formed his early groups to play at provincial radio stations and on television. When he heard Mederos's Octeto Guardia Nueva during one of his tours, Astor Piazzolla suggested that Mederos should travel to Buenos Aires. Piazzolla later returned to Córdoba and invited Mederos to appear in his recitals.  In 1965 Mederos traveled to Buenos Aires and made his first record, "Buenos Aires, al rojo", in which he played pieces by Cobián and Piazzolla as well as his own compositions.  After spending two years abroad, first in Cuba and later in Paris, he returned to Argentina, and in 1969 he joined the new Osvaldo Pugliese orchestra, which was formed following a decision by its former players, who wanted to play only with the ensemble, Sexteto Tango, that they had recently put together. He was in the bandoneon section with Arturo Penón, Daniel Binelli and Juan José Mosalini.

Generación Cero.

In 1976 Mederos started a new group, Generación Cero, which attracted a cult following, trying to create a fusion between jazz, rock and the music of Buenos Aires. Although the group contained a bandoneon, and despite other similarities, their music was not tango, either in riffs or rhythm, and the arrangements changed the melody until it was hardly recognizable. In 1976 the first LP was released, "Fuera de broma 8". The subsequent albums were "De todas maneras" (1977), "Todo hoy" (1978), "Buenas noches, Paula" (1983), "Verdades y mentiras" (1984) and "Reencuentros" (1989).  These works reached a widespread audience, and Mederos's artistic personality was growing and achieving public acclaim, including internationally.

1990s.

At the beginning of the 1990s, Mederos returned to the recording studios with a new series of CDs, in different settings: "Tanguazo" (1993), "Carlos Gardel" (1994), "Mi Buenos Aires querido" (with a trio that included pianist Daniel Barenboim; 1995), "El día que Maradona conoció a Gardel" (1996), "El tanguero" (1998) and "Eterno Buenos Aires" (1999). In 2000 he released the record "Tango Mederos-Brizuela", with another disc that included the soundtrack of the film "Las veredas de Saturno" that he had composed twenty years before.  In 1999 Mederos formed a quintet with the pianist Hernán Posetti, the violinist Damián Bolotín, the guitarist Armando de la Vega and the double-bassist Sergio Rivas, who together recorded "Eterno Buenos Aires".

Soundtracks.

Besides the soundtrack of the French-Argentine motion picture directed by Hugo Santiago (1986), Mederos composed all or part of the soundtracks for Sergio Renán's "Crecer de golpe" (1976), Simón Feldman's "Memorias y Olvidos" (1987), Tristán Bauer's "Después de la tormenta" (1991), Jana Boková's "Diario para un cuento" (1997), Jaime Chávarri's "Sus ojos se cerraron" (1998) and Bebé Kamin's "Contraluz" (2001).

Collaborations.

Mederos' has appeared alongside folk, pop and rock musicians, blending tango with different rhythms and genres in a series of recitals. Other collaborations include recordings with Mercedes Sosa and Luis Alberto Spinetta, and later with the Catalan Joan Manuel Serrat ("Cansiones"), with whom he also recorded two tracks of the album "Nadie es perfecto" in 1994.

Rodolfo Mederos (born March 25, 1940) is an Argentine bandoneonist, composer and arranger. He lived in Cuba and France; in Argentina, he founded the cult group Generación Cero.

Rodolfo Mederos (* 25. März 1940 in Buenos Aires) ist ein argentinischer Bandoneonspieler, Dirigent, Dozent und Komponist in der Tradition von Astor Piazzollas Tango Nuevo.


Life.

Kalischer was born in Lissa in the Prussian Province of Posen (now Leszno in Poland). Destined for the rabbinate, he received his Talmudic education from Jacob of Lissa and Rabbi Akiva Eiger of Posen.  After his marriage he left Jacob of Lissa and settled in Thorn, a city on the Vistula River, then in Prussia and now Toruń, in northern Poland, where he spent the rest of his life.  In Toruń, he took an active interest in the affairs of the Jewish community, and for more than forty years held the office of "Rabbinatsverweser" ("acting rabbi"). Disinterestedness was a prominent feature of his character; he refused to accept any remuneration for his services. His wife, by means of a small business, provided their meager subsistence.  The name "Zvi Hirsh" is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish. It means literally "deer-deer" and is traceable back to the Hebrew word צבי "tsvi" "deer" and the German word "Hirsch" "deer"..

Works.

In his youth he wrote "Eben Bochan", a commentary on several juridical themes of the "Shulkhan Arukh", "Choshen Mishpat" (Krotoschin, 1842), and "Sefer Moznayim la-Mishpat", a commentary, in three parts on the whole "Choshen Mishpat" (parts i. and ii., Krotoschin and Königsberg, 1855; part iii. still in manuscript). He also wrote: "Tzvi L'Tzadik" (צבי לצדיק) glosses on the "Shulkhan Arukh", Yoreh De'ah, published in the new Vilna edition of that work; the "Sefer ha-Berit" commentary on the Pentateuch; the "Sefer Yetzi'at Mitzrayim" commentary on the Passover Pesach Haggadah; "Chiddushim" on several Talmudical treatises; etc. He also contributed largely to Hebrew magazines, as "Ha-Maggid", "Tziyyon", "Ha-'Ibri", and "Ha-Lebanon".

Views on the re-settlement of the Land of Israel.

Inclined to philosophical speculation, Kalischer studied the systems of medieval and modern Jewish and Christian philosophers, one result being his "Sefer Emunah Yesharah", an inquiry into Jewish philosophy and theology (2 vols., Krotoschin, 1843, 1871); an appendix to volume 1 contains a commentary (incomplete) on Job and Ecclesiastes.  In the midst of his many activities, however, his thoughts centered on one idea: the settlement of the Land of Israel by Jews, in order to provide a home for the homeless Eastern European Jews and transform the many Jewish beggars in the Holy Land into a population able to support itself by agriculture.  He wrote in the "Ha-Levanon", a Hebrew (at that period, a renovated language) monthly magazine. In 1862 he published his book "Derishat Tzion" (Lyck, 1862) on this subject, including many quotes from his commentaries in the "Ha-Levanon" magazine. He proposed:  He thought the time especially favorable for the carrying out of this idea, as the sympathy of men like Isaac Moïse Crémieux, Moses Montefiore, Edmond James de Rothschild, and Albert Cohn rendered the Jews politically influential. To these and similar Zionist ideals he gave expression in his "Derishat Zion", containing three theses:  The appendix contains an invitation to the reader to become a member of the colonization societies of Israel.  The second part of the book is devoted to speaking to "the nations" who believe in the Bible and the prophets, and persuading them, that this new course in history is a logical one, and that they too can hope for the salvation of the Jewish nation as part of the salvation of the entire world.  This book made a very great impression, especially in Eastern Europe. It was translated into German by Poper (Toruń, 1865), and a second Hebrew edition was issued by N. Friedland (Toruń, 1866). Kalischer himself traveled with indefatigable zeal to various German cities for the purpose of establishing colonization societies. It was his influence that caused Chayyim Lurie (Chaim Lorje 1821-1878), in Frankfort-on-the-Main in 1860, to form the first society of this kind (Association for the Colonisation of Palestine), and this was followed by others.  Owing to Kalischer's agitation, the Alliance Israélite Universelle founded the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Palestine in 1870. He was offered the rabbinate, but he was too old to accept it. Although all these endeavors were not attended with immediate success, Kalischer never lost hope. By exerting a strong influence upon his contemporaries, including such prominent men as Heinrich Grätz, Moses Hess (see "Rome and Jerusalem", pp. 117 et seq.), and others, he is considered to have been one of the most important of those who prepared the way for the foundation of modern Zionism.

Zvi (Zwi) Hirsch Kalischer (24 March 1795 – 16 October 1874) was an Orthodox German rabbi who expressed views, from a religious perspective, in favour of the Jewish re-settlement of the Land of Israel, which predate Theodor Herzl and the Zionist movement. He was the grandfather of Salomon Kalischer.

Zwi Hirsch Kalischer (auch "Zvi" oder "Zewi Hirsch Kalischer"; geboren 24. März 1795 in Lissa; gestorben 16. Oktober 1874 in Thorn) war ein deutscher Rabbiner, zionistischer Denker, Talmudgelehrter, Vorläufer der Palästina-Bewegung und des religiösen Zionismus.


Overview.

Up until now, Berlino appears to be mute. However, this condition does not seem to prevent him from giving interviews to the media.  Berlino has been referred to as the "star" of the 2009 Championships and been noted by athletes, such as Usain Bolt by wearing a T-shirt with "ICH BIN EIN BERLINO" ("I am a Berlino", referring to John F. Kennedy's famous West Berlin speech) written on it during warm up for the 200 meter final.  The iconic image of the games is the famous photograph of Berlino and Usain Bolt down on one knee, twinned in mutual respect, sharing a mimed lightning-bolt pose to celebrate victory and a new world record.  In an interview, published after the World Championships in Berlin, Usain Bolt said: "Berlino and I have become friends. We exchanged telephone numbers."  While celebrating winning the gold in 400 meter hurdles, Melaine Walker took a piggy-back off Berlino, who promptly ran into a stack of hurdles. The diverse videos of this have been watched over 400,000 times (26.08.2009) and have been called "a YouTube classic."  He was also involved in some controversy during the men's 10,000m final in which he ran part of the race down the back strait with the athletes cheering them on. This annoyed some traditionalists and it was rumoured that the IAAF told him to reel in the enthusiasm after this act.  Smaller versions of Berlino - Berlino teddies as well as Berlino key rings, both produced in China - were offered via Internet and in Berlin Tourist shops during the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in August 2009. After being delivered in the beginning of August 2009, the Berlino teddies at first sold slow. Due to the increasing popularity of the mascot during the games, Berlino soon became a bestseller and - before the end of the games - was out of stock.  Berlino later made a guest appearance at the UKA Aviva British Grand Prix, in Gateshead, on 31 August 2009, alongside the British mascot, Spike.  Tournament officials refused to publicly disclose who played the part of Berlino. However, the Guardian Observer reported that it was 33-year-old Berlin actor Oliver Seiffert.  In 2018 Berlino reappeared as the official mascot at the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the 24th European Athletics Championships being hosted in the city.

Berlino, an anthropomorphic bear, was the mascot of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and 2018 European Athletics Championships held in Berlin, Germany, noted for his hyperactivity and celebrations with various athletes during the Championships.

Berlino, ein anthropomorpher Bär, war das Maskottchen der 12. IAAF-Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 2009 in Berlin. Er zeichnete sich durch seine Interaktion mit diversen Athleten aus.


Club career.

Smith played for Tranmere Rovers since she was a teenager, but after years of fielding several offers from top clubs around the country, she signed on for Leeds United (known as Leeds Carnegie from 2008 until 2010) in the summer of 2002.  Following the failure of Leeds' bid to join the FA WSL, Smith signed for Lincoln Ladies in August 2010. In December 2011 Smith joined Doncaster Rovers Belles, who had tried to sign her on two previous occasions. Belles manager John Buckley described the capture of Smith as "a tremendous coup for the club". Smith scored on her Belles debut in a 2–1 FA Women's Cup win at Barnet, but was later carried off with damaged cruciate and medial ligaments. When she was subsequently ruled out for at least nine months, Buckley rued "a disaster for Sue and a disaster for the club."  After some injuries she left Doncaster before the 2017 season. She never announced her retirement from football, but has not played since the end of the 2016 season.

International career.

Smith made her England debut as a 17–year–old substitute in February 1997, scoring in a 6–4 friendly defeat to Germany at Deepdale in Preston. One of her brightest England moments was scoring a hat-trick of tremendous goals in a home friendly against Spain in March 2001.  She has twice won the Nationwide International Player Of The Year award – in 1999 and 2001. In 1999 she was also voted Players' Player of the Year.  Before winning the 1999 awards, Smith represented her country when she was picked to play in a FIFA XI against the USA in a showpiece match in San Jose.  She made her domestic comeback at the start of the 2002–03 season after suffering a broken leg and torn ligament damage after a training ground accident in February, and after featuring in the series of friendlies in the build-up to Euro 2005, narrowly missed selection in the final 20.  Smith bounced back in the best possible way, scoring against Austria in the first World Cup qualifier of the campaign, and was twice runner-up in the FA Women's Cup with her club Leeds United.  In May 2009, Smith was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by The Football Association. In June 2011 she was surprisingly left out of England's 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup squad.

Media career.

In 2000, Smith and her Tranmere teammates featured in a television advert for Daz washing powder alongside Julian Clary. Smith was later a regular contributor to the Yorkshire Evening Post's women's football section, and also offered her views and commentary skills for BBC sport. Most recently Smith appeared alongside Manchester United's Wayne Rooney in his three-part Sky1 show 'Street Striker'.  In July 2009 Smith was awarded an honorary degree by Edge Hill University. In November 2010 she opened Chipping Sodbury Secondary School's sports centre.  She has also appeared as a co-presenter on "EFL on Quest", an EFL highlights show on Quest.

Personal life.

Throughout her career Smith has been recognisable by her striking hairstyles. She is an Everton F.C. supporter.

Susan Jane "Sue" Smith (born 24 November 1979) is an English international footballer who last played for Doncaster Rovers Belles and England. She is an experienced left–sided winger or forward.

Susan Jane "Sue" Smith (* 24. November 1979 in Liverpool) ist eine englische Fußballspielerin, die zurzeit bei den Lincoln Ladies spielt.