Plot.

A humanoid alien (Aamir Khan) lands on Earth naked on a research mission in Rajasthan but is stranded when the remote control for his spaceship is stolen. He manages to get the thief's cassette recorder. On the same day in Bruges, an Indian Hindu woman Jagat "Jaggu" Janani Sahni (Anushka Sharma) meets a Pakistani Muslim Sarfaraz (Sushant Singh Rajput) and falls in love with him. Jaggu's father objects to their relationship, citing religious differences. He consults godman Tapasvi Maharaj (Saurabh Shukla) who predicts that Sarfaraz will betray Jaggu. Determined to prove them wrong, Jaggu asks Sarfaraz to marry her. At the wedding chapel, she is heartbroken when she receives an unsigned letter, believing it is from Sarfaraz, calling off the marriage due to cultural differences.  Jaggu returns to India and becomes a news reporter. She meets the alien and is intrigued to see him distribute leaflets about the "missing" God. She earns his trust by rescuing him when he attempts to take money from a temple's collection box as a refund on God's broken promises. The alien tells her that he is a 'astronaut' from another planet. His people know nothing about dressing, religion, or verbal communication. They transfer ideas by holding hands. The alien learned to fit in with humans by wearing clothes and using money stolen from "dancing cars".  In a flashback, after being accidentally hit by a truck, the alien is befriended by bandmaster Bhairon Singh(Sanjay Dutt), who takes him along with his troop. Bhairon takes him to a brothel, where the alien holds a prostitute's hand for six hours and thus learns the Bhojpuri language. Bhairon suggests him that his thief may be in Delhi. The alien leaves for Delhi. Due to his strange behavior, people assume he is drunk and call him "peelay" or "PK"(Hindi for drunk); the alien adopts PK as a name (his people have no language and thus no names).  People tell PK that only "God" can help him find his remote. He sincerely practices Indian religions, including Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity and Islam, attempting to find "God", to no avail. He later discovers that Tapasvi has his remote, who claims it was a gift from God and refuses to return it. Jaggu promises PK that she will recover his remote and he can go back home.  PK conjectures that Tapasvi and other godmen must be dialing a "wrong number" to communicate with God and are advising the public to engage in meaningless rituals. Jaggu encourages the public to expose fraudulent godmen, by sending their videos to her news channel. This "wrong number" campaign turns into a popular mass movement, to the dismay of Tapasvi. Meanwhile, Bhairon finds the thief and contacts PK, telling him that he sold his remote to Tapasvi. PK realizes that Tapasvi was a fraud all along and that it was not a "wrong number". Bhairon brings the thief to Delhi, but both die in a terrorist attack. The attack is later declared by Tapasvi's followers to be protecting their Gods.  Tapasvi decides to confront PK on-air. Tapasvi asks PK what the "right number" is. PK says that "God that created us all" is the only concept people should believe in and that the other "duplicate Gods" are artificial. Tapasvi argues, saying that PK is trying to take people away from their Gods and that they will not stand for their Gods being taken away. He claims he has a direct connection to God and refers to his prediction of Sarfaraz's betrayal to try to prove that Muslims are liars. PK, having absorbed Jaggu's memories earlier, realizes that Sarfaraz did not write the letter to Jaggu.  Jaggu contacts the Pakistani Embassy in Belgium where Sarfaraz worked part-time. The embassy tells her that Sarfaraz has been annoying them by repeatedly asking if they received a call from Delhi, implying that he still loves Jaggu. That day, Sarfaraz found the same letter and thought it was from Jaggu, and didn’t call her as he understood she was under family tension. Jaggu and Sarfaraz reconnect, and Tapasvi is forced by Jaggu’s father to return PK's remote.  Meanwhile, PK has fallen in love with Jaggu but refrains from telling her because she loves Sarfaraz. Having filled multiple audio tapes with her voice alone, he takes two suitcases full of tapes and extra batteries when leaving for home. He lies to Jaggu that the tapes contain a variety of Earthly noises which he will miss, such as crows and car horns. Jaggu realizes his love for her by seeing the note he wrote for her earlier but does not directly confront him about it. PK does not even look back while going as he didn't want her to see his teary face which will giveaway that he loves her. After his departure, Jaggu publishes a book about him, with Sarfaraz and her family assisting. Her father whistles at her reading, implying that after many years he is very proud of Jaggu.  One year later, PK returns to Earth on a new research mission on human nature with several other members of his species.

Production.

Development.

After the success of "3 Idiots", director Rajkumar Hirani and writer Abhijat Joshi started work for the next project. They had written a story about a character who had the ability to get into another person’s mind to make that person a better human being. They spent one year to write a story, but it turned out to be similar to "Inception". After watching "Inception", Hirani and Joshi were shocked by the similarities. Eventually, they decided to scrap the film, then Hirani and Joshi reworked on the script, changing the entire tone and angle. It took five years to make the film and three years to write it.  In "PK", Khan played nine avatars and, during the course of the film, the actor had to chew over 10,000 betelnut preparations called "paan". Betelnut is a psychoactive stimulant used throughout Asia and characterized by its ability to stain users' mouths red. "In real life "paan" is not a habit, I have it once in a while but for this film I chew "paan" for every scene. I would at times eat about 100 "paans" in a day. We had a "paanwala" [a "paan" maker] on the sets," said Khan in the report. For every take, Khan had to eat a fresh "paan" to fill his mouth. Before beginning the shoot, he would eat at least 10–15 "paans" to get the right color inside his mouth and on his lips.  Viral Thakkar was the visual effects supervisor. The visual effects company was Riva Digital at a point employing 100 artists working on the film.

Casting.

In 2011, Aamir Khan and Anushka Sharma signed on for the film. Khan's nephew Imran Khan and Ranbir Kapoor were considered for a role which eventually went to Sushant Singh Rajput before the release of his debut movie "Kai Po Che". Earlier reports said that Rajkumar Hirani had signed Arshad Warsi for the film when it was reported that Arshad will be playing an important role. In 2013 Arshad said in an interview "I couldn`t have worked out on dates. I wouldn't refuse Raju for anything. In fact when he offered me the film, I did not even ask for the script, I was like I am ready to come on whenever you want. So that is the connection I share with Raju." Before Sushant and Arshad were signed on, R. Madhavan and Sharman Joshi were said to be cast in the film. Junaid Khan, son of Aamir Khan worked as an assistant director in this film.

Title.

In 2011, in its initial scripting stage, Rajkumar Hirani named the film 'Talli', then changed it to 'Ek Tha Talli' which he loved but later on came to know that 'Ek Tha Tiger' was already in production (released in 2012). He dropped the idea and, after many titles, he came up with a title that only had initials, 'PK'. After starting the film, Hirani felt PK was not a good enough title. He decided to change the title to 'Talli'. But after a few weeks of shooting, Hirani decided to go back to the original title.

Themes.

Firstpost compared "PK" to Hirani and Khan's previous collaboration "3 Idiots" (2009), as they both involve "A socially awkward and 'different' young man—who walks and talks in a strange, enthusiastic childlike manner—observes the system, questions it, asks you to look at the many ludicrous things that inform it, and eventually brings about a minor revolution."

Filming.

According to Rajkumar Hirani, "PK" is a "satire on Hindu god and their godmen". The co-director Khan began looking for shooting locations in July 2012. Second unit filming was set to begin in late 2012, which was stalled after the rumoured departure of three department heads for the film and bad weather stalling initial shoots. Hirani denied rumours that the film would be delayed, stating that principal filming had always been intended to begin in mid-January 2013 in Delhi and Rajasthan to "capture the winter of Delhi".  Shooting officially began on 1 February 2013, with the filming scheduled to occur over a 45-day period. A 26-day schedule of shooting of "PK" started in Delhi from 27 September 2013.

Marketing.

The Movie was marketed by a Mumbai Based company named Spice PR owned by Prabhat Choudhary. In July 2014, the makers released a motion poster of the film, revealing the first look. It featured Aamir Khan posing almost nude, with only a radio cassette recorder covering his genitals.  The second motion poster was released on 20 August 2014. It features Aamir in a red angrakha teamed up with white pyjama and a trumpet in his hand. Aamir said at the launch of the second poster "There is a story in each and every image that we reveal. We will have a poster campaign and we will reveal eight to 10 posters till the time the film releases."  The third motion poster was released on 15 September 2014. This time launched Sanjay Dutt as Bhairon Singh. In this poster, Aamir Khan asks the viewers, "Why are you staring? It's not me. It's my friend—Bhairon Singh." In the poster, Aamir is seen wearing an oversized police uniform.  The fourth motion poster featuring Anushka Sharma was released on 16 October 2014. In the poster Anushka is dressed like Aamir holding a transistor and introducing herself as Jagat Janini after she is seen wearing a plain T-shirt, shorts, and long white dress.  The makers unlocked a teaser trailer on 23 October 2014. It achieved 3.4 million views on YouTube within five days, subsequently receiving 12 million views. It has been regarded as the most viewed movie trailers on YouTube. The teaser was attached with the film "Happy New Year". The makers also released the videos of behind-the-scenes like making of the movie, characters, songs, "PK" funnies, "PK" ki bhasha, dialogue promos and battery recharge dance of Aamir and Anushka on YouTube. In August the makers found a new promotional strategy to interact with the audiences by introducing talking standees. This was the first time a Bollywood film used a talking standee at varied locations as a part of its promotions. The standee had Aamir Khan talking to people in a prominent places in popular theatres and multiplexes.  On 7 December 2014, Aamir Khan began the city tour for promotions with Patna. The character he plays speaks in Bhojpuri which is the main language used for communication in Bihar. Aamir said at the event "I have decided to launch the promotional campaign of my film ‘PK’ from Bihar to connect with the language. My character speaks Bhojpuri in the film." Hence, the actor decided to start his promotional schedule from Bihar. Although he wanted to visit Bhojpur, which is 60 kilometers from Bihar, he could not because of security issues. In Bihar he visited a litti chokha stall. The visit resulted in a surge of customers to the shop, and the shop owner put up pictures of Khan eating the local delicacy. Then the crew proceeded to Varanasi where they had a screening of their film "3 Idiots" and interacted with the people. Khan made an impromptu visit to Krishana Paan shop to savor a Banarasi pan. The actor specially removed time from his schedule to visit this place. He enjoyed a "mitha banarasi paan" there. After the crew visited Delhi, Ahemdabad, Raipur, Jaipur, Hyderabad, Indore, Bangalore and other locations in India. Aamir and makers also promoted the film in Dubai.

"PK: The Game".

Indiagames, a part of Disney India’s Interactive business, announced the launch of the official mobile game ‘PK’ based on the film. On 14 December 2014, Aamir Khan, Anushka Sharma, Rajkumar Hirani, Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Siddharth Roy Kapur, managing director of Disney India and Sameer Ganapathy, VP and head, Interactive of Disney India launched the game at the Reliance Digital Store in Juhu amidst much fanfare.

Release.

"PK" was earlier scheduled to release on 6 June 2014. The director (who is also editor of the film), Rajkumar Hirani, wanted to spend more time editing. Besides, some portions with Sanjay Dutt were yet to be shot. Also, the second season of "Satyamev Jayate" was to kick off from March. So Aamir Khan was not sure if he would be able to promote "PK" in June. Hence the makers settled for a December release.  "PK" was released on 19 December 2014, as the 200th Bollywood release in 2014. The release was later expanded to 6000 screens worldwide, which included 5200 screens in India and 844 screens overseas.  "PK" was initially released in 4844 screens worldwide. "PK" has been made tax-free in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. "PK" is the widest Indian movie released in the U.K. (198 screens), Pakistan (over 70 screens), Australia (35 screens) and outside of India (844 screens in over 40 overseas markets). "PK" was released theatrically in China on 22 May 2015 across 4,600 screens. It had a dubbed Mandarin Chinese version, with Wang Baoqiang voicing Khan's role. The film was released in South Korea and Hong Kong on 3 September 2015, and in Japan on 29 October 2016.

Distribution.

"Koimoi" reported rumors of a deal in which the satellite rights were sold for to Sony Entertainment Television if the domestic business reached 3 billion net. The music rights were sold for. "DNA" reported, "Being the first film to use Rentrak, Aamir Khan has taken the first initiative to bring in a paradigm shift from the usual norms followed in Bollywood. He had clearly enforced the idea of Rentrak to be brought in to bring more accuracy when it comes to box office figures."

Music.

The soundtrack is composed by Shantanu Moitra, Ajay−Atul and Ankit Tiwari with lyrics written by Swanand Kirkire, Amitabh Varma and Manoj Muntashir. The song "Tharki Chokro" is the first single, released on 24 October 2014. The video focuses on Aamir Khan and Sanjay Dutt, with the song sung by Swaroop Khan and composed by Ajay−Atul with lyrics penned by Swanand Kirkire. The second single, "Love Is a Waste of Time", which pictured Aamir Khan and Anushka Sharma, was released on 31 October 2014 on YouTube. The song is sung by Sonu Nigam and Shreya Ghoshal, composed by Shantanu Moitra with the lyrics of Amitabh Varma. "Chaar Kadam" was released on 2 November 2014 on the T-Series YouTube. The song is sung by Shaan and Shreya Ghoshal, composed by Shantanu Moitra with lyrics by Swanand Kirkire. The full soundtrack was released on 5 November 2014.

Reception.

Srijana Mitra Das of "The Times of India" gave the movie 4 stars out of 5. Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave 3.5 stars quoting "It's a courageous film that sticks to Hirani's well-oiled formula". "NDTV" gave 5 stars calling it "PK is a winner all the way, a film that Raj Kapoor, Bimal Roy and Guru Dutt would have been proud of had they been alive. Rajkumar Hirani is without a doubt their most worthy standard-bearer." Bollywood Hungama described it as "a solid entertainer that will surely entertain the masses and classes alike" and gave 4.5 out of 5 stars. Raja Sen of "Rediff.com" gave "PK" 4 out of 5 stars and called it "a triumph" and argued that Aamir "soars high". However, Sukanya Verma of the same publication called the film "a mixed bag of spunk and sentimentality", while still giving it 3.5 out of 5 stars. Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" gave 4 out of 5 stars and said "Aamir Khan steals the show with his performance". Rohit Khilnani of India Today gave 4.5 stars, and said "Go watch the film & watch it ASAP!" Edmund Lee of "South China Morning Post" gave "PK" 3.5 stars. In Japan, Yuri Wakabayashi of gave the film a positive review in 2016.

Box office.

"PK" oppression to have its box office figures tracked by Rentrak a United States-based company that specializes in audience measurements. "PK" has become the first Bollywood film to earn net from online bookings. PK grossed 175crore (US$28million) worldwide in its first week. It became the highest-grossing Indian film, in both domestic as well as international markets. The film's final worldwide gross was 832crore (US$million). It was the 71st highest-grossing film of 2014. "PK" was the first Indian film to gross more than 7 billion and US$100 million worldwide.

Domestic.

"PK" earned net on its opening day. It showed growth on its second day, earning around net. On its third day, the film brought in net, bringing its weekend take to net.  "PK" had the highest collections for a Hindi film on its first Monday, earning around net. Over the next two days it grossed and net respectively, taking its total to. On Christmas Day the film earned approximately net, taking its first week total to net.  On its second Friday, "PK" brought in around net. The film kept growing in its second weekend, earning on Saturday and on Sunday, taking the weekend total to net. It earned on its second Monday, on Tuesday and on Wednesday. With this, the film took its total to around net and became the highest-grossing film in India in just 13 days. The film set a record second week figure of, taking its total to net. "PK" made an all-time record in the Mumbai circuit by grossing there more than net.  The film netted around in its third weekend, reaching net in seventeen days. "PK" went on to net in India and grossed overseas for a worldwide gross of in three weeks. The film earned a final domestic gross of, including a domestic net of.

International.

The film opened in 22 international markets during its opening weekend (19–21 December) and grossed $28.7 million, placing it at No. 3 at the worldwide box office behind "" and "Gone with the Bullets". In North America, it set an opening weekend record for an Indian film collecting $3.75 million and placing at No. 10 at the box office. "PK" is the first Indian film to gross US$10 million in North America (US and Canada). The international gross was US$46.52 million (294 crore)—at the time, the highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time in international markets. In Pakistan, "PK" grossed as of 10 January 2015.

East Asia.

"PK" had a second phase of overseas release in East Asia, most prominently in China. It became an instant hit, grossing US$5.14–5.3 million in first three days of release due to good word-of-mouth—a record for an Indian film (previously held by "Dhoom 3"), debuting at second place at the Chinese box office behind "". "PK" became the highest-grossing Indian film in China in just 72 hours and grossed US$19.5 million(Rs 122 crore) in China. It became the first Indian film to pass the 100 million yuan ($16.11 million) threshold, which is considered rare for a non-Hollywood foreign film.  The film grossed ¥119million (US$20million) in China. In addition, it grossed US$5.88million in South Korea, US$870,000 in Hong Kong, and US$289,000 in Taiwan. "PK" was also a hit in Japan when it was released there in 2016, particularly in Tokyo; in Shinjuku, for example, it was the year's second highest-earning film at.

Controversies.

When the shoot was going on in Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, an FIR was lodged against the makers of the film for allegedly hurting religious sentiments in October 2013. The objection was regarding a scene where a man dressed as the Hindu deity, Lord Shiva, pulls the rickshaw with two burqa clad women as passengers.  In July 2014, the film's poster sparked a controversy as it featured Aamir Khan posing almost nude with only a radio cassette recorder covering his genitals. Although the Central Board of Film Certification had cleared the film, a PIL was filed in the court by the All India Human Rights and Social Justice Front to ban its release saying it promoted nudity and vulgarity. The Supreme Court of India dismissed the plea and gave the film a green signal. A case was lodged against Aamir Khan and Rajkumar Hirani in Rajasthan.  Activists of pro-Hindu organizations Vishwa Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal protested against certain scenes in the film, which they considered to be hurtful to the religious sentiments of the Hindu community. Subsequently, some theatres were vandalised by those activists, who demanded a ban on the movie and a Public Interest Litigation was filed against "PK" for the same. Amish Tripathi of "Hindustan Times" and Madhu Kishwar of "Firstpost" took issue with the film for mocking idolatry, which they believed in part was intended as criticism of Hinduism, along with other faiths. Government officials, such as the Uttar Pradesh chief minister Akhilesh Yadav and the then chief minister of Bihar Jitan Ram Manjhi exempted the film from entertainment tax to encourage wider viewership.  Estas Tonne, an eastern European have claimed his rights on some part of the music in the film through a social media post on 17 July 2015.

PK (; ) is a 2014 Indian satirical comedy-drama film directed by Rajkumar Hirani and written by Hirani and Abhijat Joshi. It was jointly produced by Hirani and Vidhu Vinod Chopra under the banners Rajkumar Hirani Films and Vinod Chopra Films respectively. The film follows an alien who comes to Earth on a research mission, but loses his remote to a thief, who later sells it to a godman. He befriends a television journalist and in his quest to retrieve the remote, questions religious dogmas and superstitions. The film stars Aamir Khan in the titular role with Anushka Sharma, Sushant Singh Rajput, Boman Irani, Saurabh Shukla and Sanjay Dutt in pivotal roles.

PK (auch Pee Kay; übersetzt beschwipst) ist ein indisches Komödien-Filmdrama von Rajkumar Hirani aus dem Jahr 2014. Der Film ist von Hirani, Vidhu Vinod Chopra und Siddharth Roy Kapur produziert worden und das Drehbuch stammt von Hirani und Abhijat Joshi. Aamir Khan ist als Alien in der Hauptrolle zu sehen und neben ihm spielen Anushka Sharma, Boman Irani und Sanjay Dutt in Nebenrollen. Seit dem 17. Juli 2015 ist PK in deutscher Synchronfassung von Rapid Eye Movies auf DVD und Blu-Ray auf dem Markt.


Plot.

In Sint-Truiden, cattle farmer Jacky (Matthias Schoenaerts) who runs the family business, visits a distant relative and intimidates him into selling cows. In the Limburg province, a mafia deals in illegal hormones and controls the cattle and meat trade. The farmers sell cows to the mafia, who inject the cows with hormones and the cows are made into food. Jacky is a thirty-something angry lonely man with a muscular physique who is addicted to steroids.  A West Flanders mafia heavy returns a car to two bumbling Walloon mechanics, who had earlier stolen it for him, and tells them to make it disappear. They find a bullet hole and see a news report about a murdered police detective and realize the car was involved.  Jacky's veterinarian sets up a deal for him with the West Flanders province mafia boss Marc, at the meeting he is introduced to Marc's associate Diederik, who has something to do with Jacky's mysterious past. Diederik is actually a police informant employed by police detective Eva who is investigating the hormone mafia.  20 years ago, Jacky and Diederik were childhood best friends. Jacky's dad, also a cattle farmer, dealt with the mafia and brought the boys along to a deal. Jacky fell in love with Lucia, the daughter of one of the mobsters, whose intellectually disabled brother Bruno tried to prostitute her. Jacky's dad takes the boys home, but they ride their bikes back to see Lucia, only to be caught by Bruno. Bruno forces Jacky onto the ground and his friends gather around as Bruno smashes Jacky's testicles with two rocks, castrating him. Disgusted, Bruno's friends abandon him and Diederik leaves as well. When Diederik's father, another cattle farmer, finds out, he forbids Diederik from talking to the police, as it could ruin their connections with the mafia. Jacky is forced to begin injecting testosterone, or he will never go through puberty.  In the present, Jacky goes to a store and meets a salesgirl, who is actually Lucia. He begins following her and one night, he goes into a nightclub after her. She approaches him remembering he was a customer, when she tries to speak with him, she is interrupted by her male acquaintance who flirts with her and asks her to dance. The man leaves the nightclub and Jacky follows him and savagely attacks him. Jacky next follows Lucia to see Bruno, who is now physically disabled and mute and living in care accommodation, after she leaves, he confronts Bruno. Lucia begins to suspect that Jacky is the boy that Bruno attacked when they were children. Lucia visits Jacky at his farm and, during their meeting, she receives a call from a friend informing her of the attack after her night out and that the victim is in a coma. Lucia notices bruises on Jacky's knuckles and suspects he is responsible.  The police find the stolen car and arrest the mechanics. They suspect that Jacky is involved in the murder of the detective. Diederik drives to Jacky's farm to warn him that the police are coming to arrest him, revealing he is a police informer, and the two go on the run. Jacky attempts to see Lucia, but she refuses to let him into her apartment. He becomes increasingly agitated and she invites him in. She admits that she has called the police and knows he is responsible for attacking her friend. In Lucia's bathroom Jacky administers a dangerous dose of testosterone. The police arrive and arrest him and in a testosterone induced rage he attacks the officers. He is shot in the stomach and dies from his wounds.

Production.

Roskam worked on the script for over five years which was in part based on the 1995 murder of government livestock inspector Karel van Noppen who was investigating the use of growth hormones and the rest was fictitious. Schoenaerts trained up to twice daily, six times a week bodybuilding over a three year period to put on of muscle to play the testosterone injecting Jacky.

Release.

The film was selected for the panorama section of the 61st Berlin International Film Festival. It premiered in the United States at Fantastic Fest in Austin. Drafthouse Films acquired the rights to distribute the film in the United States where it opened on 17 February 2012 in a limited release.

Reception.

Critical response.

The film has received generally favourable reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 87% based on 59 reviews. Metacritic gives the film a weighted average rating of 69/100 based on 23 reviews.  While criticizing the film's awkward flow due to its use of flashbacks, Roger Ebert praised the performance from lead actor Matthias Schoenaerts, noting that "The one excellent aspect of the film is Matthias Schoenaerts' performance. We often follow him walking in a controlled lurch from side to side, as if merely walking is not enough of a challenge for him. We see his eyes, burning with pain. [...] [The film] impresses because of the pain, sadness and rage contained in the title performance by Flemish actor Matthias Schoenaerts, who bulked up for the role (without steroids), and seems ready to burst from his clothes and even his skin."

Awards.

"Bullhead" was awarded both the New Authors Audience Award and the New Authors Critic’s Prize for Best Actor (Matthias Schoenaerts) AFI Fest. The film won the AMD-sponsored Next Wave Award at Fantastic Fest. Matthias Schoenaerts won the FIPRESCI Award for best actor at Palm Springs International Film Festival. The jury praised the actor’s "superb portrayal of an innocent and sensitive man trapped in a truculent body." It won the Best Film Award at the Ostend Film Festival, received nine Magritte Award nominations and went on to win the awards for Best Flemish Film in Coproduction, Best Screenplay, Best Actor (for Schoernaerts) and Best Editing. The film also received the André Cavens Award.  "Bullhead" was selected as the Belgian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards. It was officially nominated in this category on 24 January 2012, but ultimately lost to the Iranian submission "A Separation".

Bullhead () is a 2011 Belgian crime film written and directed by Michaël R. Roskam and starring Matthias Schoenaerts. The film is about the prohibited use of growth hormones on cattle by farmers with ties to organised crime "hormone mafia", and tells the story of Jacky Vanmarsenille, a young Limburgish farmer, who is approached by his veterinarian to make a deal with a West-Flemish beef trader. But the murder of a federal policeman, and an unexpected confrontation with a mysterious secret from Jacky's past, set in motion a chain of events with far-reaching consequences.

Bullhead ist ein Drama und das Langfilmdebüt von Michaël R. Roskam aus dem Jahr 2011. Die Handlung basiert frei auf der Ermordung des belgischen Beamten Karel Van Noppen, der illegale Viehzuchtpraktiken von Landwirten und Landwirtschaftsunternehmern in Belgien aufdeckte und 1995 ermordet wurde.


Report.

Entry.

A massive total of 124 racing cars were registered for this event, of which 101 arrived for practice, trying to get among the 80 qualifiers for the race. Despite the size of the entry, the event was not supported by the major European teams, although there was one factory entry from England, for Donald Healey Motor Co., driven by Stirling Moss, who piloted an Osca to victory in 1954 with fellow Englishmen, Lance Macklin and two cars from France for Regie Renault Co., who include Robert Manzon amongst their squad. With no factory Ferrari entry to defend their championship lead, they were supported by the private entries of Allen Guiberson and Luigi Chinetti.  Briggs Cunningham returned after winning in 1954, with five cars from five different manufacturers. One of those cars was a factory-supported Jaguar D-Type for Phil Walters and Mike Hawthorn. Cunningham himself was entered in a new Cunningham-Offenhauser C-6R with John Gordon Bennett.  There were a dozen different countries represented in the field, including the teams from Mexico and Venezuela. The later had Chester "Chet" Flynn leading their effort, while the Mexicans had a two car team with Fred T. Van Beuren and Carlos Braniff leading their charge. The race saw its first Hollywood movie star, as Jackie Cooper was listed to pilot an Austin-Healey 100S.  Miss Isabelle Haskell was to become the first woman to complete, not only in the 12 Hours of Sebring – but in any American Automobile Association sanctioned race. Although the AAA did not allow ladies drivers, Haskell discovered that there was no such restriction placed on ‘foreign races’. By race day, another woman had signed up to drive in the race, Greta Oakes was listed to take the wheel with her husband, Sydney Oakes.

Race.

The race was held over 12 hours on the 5.2 miles Sebring International Raceway. An estimated 20,000 spectators showed on a warm and sunny raceday. With the race starting promptly at 10am, 80 cars scrambled for positions. Meanwhile, six drivers who were unhappy at not being allowed to start, decided to go on the track at the start, they did one or two laps and then got off the track. Statistics show that the Hawthorn/Walter’s Jaguar D-Type led all but one of the 182 completed laps, That single lap, a Ferrari 750 Monza of Piero Taruffi and Harry Schell were able take to the front for lap 32.  As darkness fell on the former Hendricks Army Airfield, the race ended in confusion. At one point, the Ferrari of Phil Hill and Carroll Shelby were declared winners, then it was the D-Type. The Jag was called to the winner’s circle, only to run out of fuel during the victory lap. The former Le Mans winner, Luigi Chinetti, the Ferrari representative from New York protested the result, which was counter-protected by the Jaguar owner, Briggs Cunningham. Cunningham insisted that the D-Type had passed the Ferrari. The owner of the Ferrari, Allen Guiberson demanded that the D-Type should be disqualified, as it passed the Ferrari under a yellow flag. Cunningham countered the Index of Performance Trophy should not have been handed to Hill/Shelby, when in fact it should have gone to the Osca driven by Bill Lloyd and George Huntoon.<ref name="Racingsportscars.com_2020/06/12"></ref>  The AAA contest board called a meeting on 21 March to make a final decision. They inspected the records of Cunningham and Guiberson, and that of race timekeeper, Joe Lane. The AAA declared the Jaguar had won by a margin of ten seconds. Although Cunningham had won the race, his protest was disallowed and Ferrari was ruled the handicap winners under the Index of Performance. This was due to an admission by Ferrari team chief, Nello Ugolini had forgotten to count a lap. As a result, Walters became the first driver to win the Grand Prix of Endurance twice – having co-driven a Cunningham-Chrysler C4-R to victory with John Fitch in the 1953 race. The winning D-Type covered 182 laps (946.4 miles), averaging a speed of 79.300 mph. The podium was complete by William Spear’s Maserati 300S, which he co-drove with Sherwood Johnston albeit two laps adrift. Elsewhere, Cooper managed to finish the race in 41st, Haskell did not. She went out with an apparent engine problem. The Oakes’ Austin-Healey also failed to finish, after being involved in an accident.

Official Classification.

"Class Winners are in Bold text."

The 1955 Florida International Twelve Hour Grand Prix of Endurance took place on 13 March, on the Sebring International Raceway (Florida, United States). It was the second round of the F.I.A. World Sports Car Championship. For the fifth running of the event, the 5.2 mile course had been widened and smoothed with a new asphalt topping laid down. This was for safety and would allow the cars to achieve greater speed, especially in some of the corners.

Das vierte 12-Stunden-Rennen von Sebring, auch The Florida International Twelve Hour Grand Prix of Endurance, Sports Car Races, Sebring, fand am 13. März 1955 auf dem Sebring International Raceway statt und war der zweite Wertungslauf der Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft dieses Jahres.


Playing career.

Australia.

Bath, to be known late in his career as 'the Old Fox', was graded as a sixteen-year-old to play for the Brisbane club Southern Suburbs in 1940. After six years with the club, including selection to represent Queensland, he moved to Sydney to play for the Balmain club in New South Wales Rugby Football League season 1946. He had represented Queensland in 1945 and New South Wales Blues in 1946 after one Sydney season. In the 1946 fixture for NSW against the touring Great Britain side he badly injured his leg and so was unavailable for Australian Test selection a week later. Also in his first season for Balmain, Bath helped his side reach the Grand Final in which they defeated St. George 13–12. In 1947 he again won a premiership with the Balmain Tigers. He was also selected to play for Australia against a touring England side that year but injured his leg in a club match and was prevented from playing in any of the three tests. A year later he again helped Balmain reach their second Grand Final appearance and a 13–9 victory over the Canterbury-Bankstown club.

England.

Harry Bath then accepted an offer to play in Britain for Barrow. The forward only stayed at Barrow for six months before being signed by Warrington. He spent a total of nine seasons with Warrington, playing 346 games for the club. Harry Bath played left-, i.e. number 11, and was captain in Warrington's 19-0 victory over Widnes in the 1949–50 Challenge Cup Final during the 1949–50 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 6 May 1950, in front of a crowd of 94,249, played in the 4-4 draw with Halifax in the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final during the 1953–54 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 24 April 1954, in front of a crowd of 81,841, and played left-, and scored a conversion in the 8-4 victory over Halifax in the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final replay during the 1953–54 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Wednesday 5 May 1954, in front of a record crowd of 102,575 or more. Bath's reputation as a skillful ball-player and a great goal-kicker grew while playing in Britain. He scored over 700 goals in his career, including 173 goals in 1952–53 when he was the season's leading goal kicker.  Bath played right-, i.e. number 12, in Warrington's 8-14 defeat by Wigan in the 1948–49 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1948–49 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 13 November 1948, and played left-, i.e. number 11, in the 5-28 defeat by Wigan in the 1950–51 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1949–50 season at Station Road, Swinton on Saturday 4 November 1950. He played for the British Empire XIII versus New Zealand on Wednesday 23 January 1952 at Stamford Bridge.

Return to Australia.

Bath returned to Australia in 1957 and joined St. George after his former club Balmain decided against a signing due to his age of 33. In the 1957 NSWRFL season St. George were premiers, winning the Grand Final against Manly-Warringah 31–9. He was the leading point scorer in the competition in 1958 scoring a season club record of 225 points (3 tries, 108 goals). His 16-point tally in the Grand Final has never been equaled. In 1958 St. George again made it to the Grand Final this time defeating Western Suburbs 20–9. Bath again topped the season's point scoring table, totalling 211 points. The following season St. George again won the premiership with a 20–0 Grand Final victory over Manly. Bath was sent off in the Grand Final for fighting with Manly's Rex Mossop.  It has been suggested that Bath was punished by the Australian selectors for the ten years he spent in the English league. However he was 33 years old when he returned to Australia for his last three seasons and he was then competing for a representative position against star players Norm Provan and Rex Mossop. He retired at the end of 1959 at the age of 35.

Playing records.

Bath became the only player to have won a premiership in every season of his Sydney first-grade career (1946 and 1947 with Balmain and 1957, 1958, and 1959 with St. George). His eight goals from eight attempts in the 1957 Grand Final is the standing record for the most goals in a grand final and the most points scored in a grand final (16).  He holds two places in the record of top point scorers in one season by position. His 205 points scored in 1959 are the most ever scored by a in a season and the 225 points of 1958 stands as the most ever scored by a in a season.

Coaching career.

Bath took up a career in rugby league coaching and joined the inaugural NSWRL coaching panel in 1961. He was selected manager, coach and as the sole selector for the Australian national team's 1962 Ashes series.  Bath's greatest achievement in coaching the national side was leading the Kangaroos to World Cup glory in the 1968 and 1970 World Cups. He also coached the team on tours of New Zealand in 1969 and 1971. He coached the national side in the 1972 World Cup in which they lost to Great Britain in controversial circumstances. The World Cup Final was tied at 10–10 after full-time and was still locked after extra time. Great Britain were awarded the victory due to a higher points table placing after the pool rounds of the competition.  Harry Bath also took the coaching helm at his former club Balmain. He guided them to Grand Final appearances in 1964 and 1966 both lost against St. George 6–11 and 4–23 respectively. He also coached Newtown between 1969 and 1972.  He came out of retirement to coach his other former club St. George Dragons to premiership success in 1977. The Grand Final against Parramatta was drawn 9–9 but St. George won the replay 22–0. He again coached the Dragons to premiership success in 1979 after their 17–13 Grand Final victory over Canterbury. His side was nicknamed 'Bath's Babes' due to the side's youthful roster. He retired from Rugby League coaching in 1981.

Accolades.

Bath was recognised in 2004 for his outstanding achievements in playing and coaching rugby league when was inducted into the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. In February 2008, Bath was named in a list of Australia's "100 Greatest Players" (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia.  Bath is also a Warrington RLFC Hall of Fame inductee.

Death.

Bath died after a long illness on 4 October 2008, 55 days short of his 84th birthday. "Harry's loss will be felt by many within the game", NRL boss David Gallop said. "He is one of the few people to have a distinguished career as both a player and a coach." His funeral was held at St. Andrew's Church, Cronulla on the 9 October 2008 and he was cremated at Woronora Memorial Park. A largely attended wake was held for Harry at the St. George Leagues Club after the funeral service. His ashes have been memorialised at Woronora Memorial Park at Henry Lawson Garden Walk, section GWR no. 0135

Harry Bath (28 November 1924 – 4 October 2008), born Alfred Henry Bath, also known by the nickname of "The Old Fox", was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach who was prominent and influential in the mid-20th century. A state and international representative who played 12 matches for Other Nationalities in the International Championship from 1949 to 1955, he played as a and has been referred to as the best Australian rugby league player never to be picked for the Australian national team. Following his retirement, Bath coached in the New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership for two decades, also achieving selection as the Australian national team coach.

Harry Bath (* 28. November 1924; † 4. Oktober 2008) war ein australischer Rugby-League-Spieler und Trainer. Er wird oft als der beste australische Rugby-League-Spieler, der es nie in die Nationalmannschaft geschafft hat, bezeichnet.


Geography.

Apprieu is located some 60 km east by south-east of Vienne and 12 km north-west of Voiron stretching along the southern slope of a hill originating from a moraine of Alpine glaciers from the last ice age. Access to the commune is by road D520 from Colombe in the west passing through the town and continuing east to La Murette. The A48 autoroute passes through the southern tip of the commune but has no exit until Exit 9 just to the west of the commune. Apart from the town there are also the hamlets of Plan Bois in the north-east and Le Rivier in the south. The commune north of the town is heavily forested while to the south is mostly farmland with forests to a lesser extent.  The "Fure" river follows the eastern and southern borders of the commune then flows south to join the "Morge" river at Le Port.

History.

Apprieu, from the Latin "Apprius" - an anagram of "Priapus", the ancient god of fertility associated with the ancient city of "Lampsacus" near Troy.

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2009 the commune had 3,103 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.

Sites and Monuments.

The Forges of Bonpertuis (1859) are registered as an historical monument.

Notable people linked to the commune.

The Gourju family settled in Apprieu in 1842 to restart the old forges of Bonpertuis known since 1569 and probably much earlier in the Carthusian period. Alphonse Gourju (ironmaster from Rives), Renage, and Brignoud from the valley of Gresivaudan installed a remarkable puddling furnace at Bonpertuis which is well preserved today. The tradition of ironworking was continued by the Experton family. Canadian biathlete Yolaine Oddou emigrated to Canada from Apprieu in 1999.

Apprieu is a commune in the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Apprelans" or "Apprelanes".

Apprieu ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand: ) im Département Isère in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes; sie gehört zum Arrondissement La Tour-du-Pin und zum Kanton Le Grand-Lemps. Die Einwohner werden "Apprelans" genannt.


Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry

Charles Vane, 3. Marquess of Londonderry

Birth and origins.

Charles was born on 18 May 1778 in Dublin as the second of the 11 children of Robert Stewart and his second wife Frances Pratt. His father's family was Ulster-Scots and Presbyterian. His father was a rich man, a member of the Irish landed gentry and a member of the Irish House of Commons for Down but not yet a nobleman. Charles's mother was English, a daughter of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, a leading English jurist. His parents married on 7 June 1775. Charles was brought up as an Anglican, a member of the Church of Ireland.  Charles had a half-brother from his father's first marriage:  Charles appears below among his siblings as the second child:

Early life.

In 1789, a year after his birth, his father, Robert Stewart, was created Baron Londonderry.  On 3 April 1791, at the age of 12, Charles Stewart entered the British Army as ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was commissioned a lieutenant on 8 January 1793 in this same unit. He saw service in 1794 in the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars.  He was lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Royal Irish Dragoons by the time he helped put down the Irish Rebellion of 1798. In 1803, Stewart was appointed "aide-de-camp" to King George III.  In 1795 his father was created Viscount Castlereagh and in 1796 Marquess of Londonderry.  In 1796, Charles was elected to the Irish House of Commons as Tory representative for Thomastown, County Kilkenny, and after only two months exchanged this seat for that of Londonderry County. He sat for the latter constituency until the Act of Union in 1801, and then represented Londonderry in the British House of Commons until 1814. In 1807 he became Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.

First marriage and son.

On 8 August 1804 at the church of St George's, Hanover Square, London, Charles Stewart married Lady Catherine Bligh. She was the 4th and youngest daughter of the 3rd Earl of Darnley. She was three years older than he. On 7 July 1805 the couple had a son, named Frederick, who was to become the 4th Marquess of Londonderry. She died during the night of 10–11 February 1812, of fever following a minor operation, while her husband was on his way home from Spain.  Son by Catherine Bligh:

Peninsular War.

The remainder of his military career developed during the Napoleonic Wars, more exactly in the Peninsular War.

Corunna.

The war started with the Corunna Campaign (1808–1809), in which the British troops were commanded by Sir John Moore. In this campaign Charles Stewart commanded a brigade of cavalry, and played, together with Lord Paget, a prominent role in the cavalry clash of Benavente where the French General Lefebvre-Desnouettes was taken prisoner.

Wellesley's Spanish campaign.

When the British troops returned to the Iberian Peninsular after the Corunna Campaign, they were commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington). Charles Stewart was appointed, in April 1809, Adjutant General to Wellesley. This was an administrative job and not much to his liking, especially as Wellesley never discussed his decisions with subordinates. Nevertheless, he sometimes managed to see action and distinguished himself, particularly at the battle of Talavera (July 1809) for which he received the thanks of the Parliament on 2 February 1810 when he returned to England on sick leave. He also excelled at Bussaco in September 1810 and at Fuentes de Oñoro (May 1811) where he took a French Colonel prisoner in single combat.  He resigned his position as Adjutant General in February 1812. Some say due to bad health, but others say that Wellington fired him. Wellington apparently appreciated him as a soldier but judged him a "sad brouillon and mischief-maker" among his staff.  On 30 January 1813 he became a Knight Companion of the Bath, which made him Sir Stewart. On 20 November 1813, he was made Colonel of the 25th Light Dragoons, an honorary position.

Diplomatic career.

His half-brother Robert had made a brilliant diplomatic and political career. Charles and his half-brother remained lifelong friends and wrote each other many letters. Robert helped Charles to start a diplomatic career.

Berlin.

From May 1813 until the end of the war, Sir Stewart was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Berlin, and was also Military Commissioner with the allied armies, being wounded at the Battle of Kulm in August 1813.

Vienna.

In 1814 he was also appointed Ambassador to Austria, a post he held for nine years (1814–1823). On 18 June 1814, to make him more acceptable in Vienna, Stewart was ennobled as Baron Stewart, of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in County Donegal, by the Prince Regent. In the same year, he received honorary degrees from Oxford and Cambridge, was admitted to the Privy Council, and was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber to the King.  Lord Stewart, as he now was, attended the Congress of Vienna with his half-brother Lord Castlereagh as one of the British plenipotentiaries. He was not well regarded as he made a spectacle of himself with his loutish behaviour, was apparently rather often inebriated, frequented prostitutes quite openly. He earned himself the sobriquet of Lord Pumpernickel after a loutish character in a play in fashion.

Second marriage and children.

Before the end of his diplomatic career Lord Stewart had, on 3 April 1819, married his second wife, Lady Frances Anne Vane-Tempest, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, at her mother's house in Bruton Street, Mayfair, and took her surname of Vane, by Royal licence, as had been stipulated in her father's will. He was henceforth known as Charles William Vane, whereas his son out of his first marriage remained Frederick Stewart.  Children by Frances Anne Emily Vane-Tempest:  Through his daughter Lady Frances, Lord Londonderry is a great-grandfather of Winston Churchill.

Castlereagh's suicide.

On 12 August 1822, his half-brother committed suicide He succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1822. The following year Lord Londonderry was also created Earl Vane and Viscount Seaham, of Seaham in the County Palatine of Durham, with remainder to the heirs male of the body of his second wife.  His half-brother's death also meant the end of his diplomatic career. He quit the diplomatic service in 1823. Queen Victoria had a low esteem of Londonderry's abilities as a civil servant. She said that he should, in her opinion, not be given any post of importance.

Residences.

Lord Londonderry used his new bride's immense wealth to acquire the Seaham Hall estate in County Durham to developing the coalfields there. He also built the harbour at Seaham, to rival nearby Sunderland. He commissioned Benjamin Wyatt to build a mansion at Wynyard Park. It was completed by Philip Wyatt in 1841 and cost £130,000 (equivalent to £10,772,000 in 2016) to build and furnish. Unfortunately, just as the mansion was being completed, a fire broke out and gutted the house; it was later restored and remodelled by Ignatius Bonomi.  The family also used their newfound wealth to redecorate their country seat in Ireland, Mount Stewart, and bought Holdernesse House on London's Park Lane, which they renamed Londonderry House.

Industrialist and landlord.

Mines and Collieries Act.

Londonderry led the opposition to the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 in the House of Lords. He is reported to have raged madly against any attempt to deny the collieries the use of child labour. Speaking on behalf of the Yorkshire Coal-Owners Association, Londonderry said "With respect to the age at which males should be admitted into mines, the members of this association have unanimously agreed to fix it at eight years... In the thin coal mines it is more especially requisite that boys, varying in age from eight to fourteen, should be employed; as the underground roads could not be made of sufficient height for taller persons without incurring an outlay so great as to render the working of such mines unprofitable".

Irish famine.

By the time of the outbreak of the Great Irish Famine in 1845, Londonderry was one of the ten richest men in the United Kingdom. While many landlords made efforts to mitigate the worst effects of the famine on their tenants, Londonderry was criticised for meanness: he and his wife gave only £30 to the local relief committee but spent £150,000 (£ as of ) renovating Mount Stewart, their Irish home. Nevertheless, Debbie Orme maintains that "the Marquis was held in high regard in the land for his attempts to alleviate suffering during the potato famine". During the tenant right campaign of the early 1850s Londonderry insisted on his full rights and this alienated many of his tenants. He was in disagreement over this question with his son and heir Frederick, who was more liberally inclined.

Napoleon and Abd-el-Kader.

Back in England, Londonderry befriended Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III) while the latter was exiled in London between 1836 and 1840. After Bonaparte had been elected president of France in 1851, Londonderry asked him to free Abd-el-Kader.

Late honours.

Governor of County Londonderry from 1823, Londonderry was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Durham in 1842 and the following year became Colonel of the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards. When Wellington, whom he admired greatly, died in 1852, his place as Knight of the Garter was given to Londonderry, who was officially invested on 19 June 1853.

Death, succession and timeline.

He died on 6 March 1854 at Londonderry House and was buried in Longnewtown, County Durham. His widow honoured him by the Londonderry Equestrian Statue in Durham. His son Frederick built Scrabo Tower near Newtownards as a monument to the memory of his father.  He was succeeded as Marquess of Londonderry by his eldest son, Frederick Stewart, the only child from his first marriage, and as Earl Vane by George Vane, the eldest son from his second marriage. At Charles's death Frederick, therefore, became the 4th Marquess of Londonderry, whereas George became the 2nd Earl Vane. George was later to become the 5th Marquess after his half-brother had died childless.

Styles.

Charles was styled:

Appendices.

Works.

The 3rd Marquess was a prolific writer and editor. He wrote and published books about his own military and diplomatic career and published many of his half-brother's papers.

War memoirs.

The following two books describe the Napoleonic War as he saw them happen. The first describes his experience of the Peninsular War. The second the War of the Sixth Coalition, which forced Napoleon to abdicate:

Castlereagh papers.

The 3rd Marquess also compiled, edited, and published many of the papers left by his half-brother and published them in the following twelve volumes, divided in three series.  The first series, consisting of four volumes, numbered 1 – 4, appeared in 1848 and 1849 under the title "Memoirs and Correspondence". The volumes are not marked "first series on the title pages. They are:  The second series, consisting of four volumes, appeared in 1851 under the title "Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers". The volume numbers continue, despite being marked "2nd series" and are therefore 4 to 8. They are:  The third series appeared in 1853. The four volumes have the same title as the second series. The volume numbering is irregular. They are:

Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, (born Charles William Stewart; 1778–1854), was an Irish soldier in the British army, a politician, and a nobleman. As a soldier he fought in the French Revolutionary Wars, in the suppression of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and in the Napoleonic wars. He excelled as a cavalry commander on the Iberian Peninsula under John Moore and Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington).

Charles William Vane, 3. Marquess of Londonderry (bis 1822 "Charles William Stewart", von 1814 bis 1822 war er bekannt unter seinem Titel "Lord Stewart"; * 18. Mai 1778 in Dublin; † 6. März 1854 in London) war ein britischer Offizier, Politiker und Diplomat.


Life and career.

Stücklen, the daughter of factory owner Hermann Stücklen, was assistant to Eduard Riecke and earned her doctorate in 1919 at the University of Göttingen with Robert Wichard Pohl with a dissertation on the question of the apparent form of the firmament. Then she went to Zurich, interrupted by a year in Delft (1921). In 1931 she qualified as a lecturer at the University of Zurich, where she was a private tutor. While Stücklen worked at the University of Zurich, she worked with chemist Jeanne Eder and physician Mariette Schaetzel in 1933. In October 1933, Stücklen was threatened to leave Switzerland to return to Germany. Jeanne Eder allowed Stücklen to receive a fellowship from the Rockefeller Fund which allowed her to emigrate to the United States in 1934. In 1934 she emigrated to the United States with the help of the Swiss Association of University Women and a National Research Council Fellowship. Stücklen taught at the Mount Holyoke women’s college in South Hadley, Massachusetts until 1939. In 1943, Stücklen then taught physics at the private women’s college Sweet Briar in Sweet Briar, Virginia where she retired in 1956. She retired in 1956 but spent four more years as Chairman of the Wilson College Physics Faculty in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. After retiring again in 1960, she returned to Germany, where she died in 1963.  In the USA, she collaborated frequently with Hertha Sponer, who had an experimental laboratory at Duke University, not far from Sweet Briar College.

Hildegard Stücklen (Berlin, Germany, 3 May 1891 – 15 December 1963, Germany) was a German-American physicist who dealt with spectroscopy. She worked initially as a lecturer and tutor in Switzerland in the 1930s and later moved to teach at women colleges in Massachusetts and Virginia after emigrating to the United States.

Hildegard Alice Elisabeth Stücklen (* 3. Mai 1891 in Berlin; † 16. Dezember 1963 in Göttingen) war eine deutschamerikanische Physikerin, die sich mit Spektroskopie befasste.


Description.

The palm squirrel is about the size of a large chipmunk, with a bushy tail slightly shorter than its body. The back is a grizzled, grey-brown colour with three conspicuous white stripes which run from head to tail. The two outer stripes run from the forelegs to the hind legs only. It has a creamy-white belly and a tail covered with interspersed, long, black and white hair. The ears are small and triangular. Juvenile squirrels have significantly lighter coloration, which gets progressively darker as they age. Albinism is rare, but exists in this species.

Life cycle.

The gestation period is 34 days; breeding takes place in grass nests during the autumn. Litters of two or three are common, and average 2.75. The young are weaned after about 10 weeks and are sexually mature at 9 months. Adult weight is 100 g. Little is known about their longevity, but one specimen lived 5.5 years in captivity.

Diet and behaviour.

These squirrels eat mainly nuts and fruits. They are fairly vocal, with a cry that sounds like "chip chip chip" when danger is present. They are opportunists in urban areas, and can be easily tamed and trained to accept food from humans. Naturally active, their activity reaches levels of frenzy during the mating season. They tend to be very protective of their food sources, often guarding and defending them from birds and other squirrels.  Unlike some other species of squirrel, the Indian palm squirrel does not hibernate.

Importance in Hinduism.

Squirrels are considered sacred in India and are not to be harmed. They are even fed by many Hindu families, mainly because of their association with Lord Rama.  A legend explains the stripes on the back of most of the squirrels. During the construction of the Rama Setu (bridge) at Rameswaram by Lord Rama and the Vanara Sena, a little squirrel also contributed in its own little way. It rolled in the beach sand and then ran to the end of the bridge to shake off the sand from its back. Lord Rama, pleased by the creature's dedication, caressed the squirrel's back and ever since, the Indian squirrel carried white stripes on its back, which are believed to be the mark of Lord Rama's fingers. Lord Rama and the squirrel are mentioned in one of the hymns of the Alvars.

Subspecies.

Generally four valid subspecies are described according to the geographic distribution. But many more subspecies are also described, but not given validity.

The Indian palm squirrel or three-striped palm squirrel ("Funambulus palmarum") is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae found naturally in India (south of the Vindhyas) and Sri Lanka. In the late 19th century, the palm squirrel was introduced to Madagascar, Réunion, Mayotte, Comoro Islands, Mauritius, Seychelles and Australia, where it has since become a minor pest. The closely related five-striped palm squirrel, "F. pennantii", is found in northern India, and its range partly overlaps with this species.

Das Indische Palmenhörnchen ("Funambulus palmarum") ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Gestreiften Palmenhörnchen ("Funambulus"). Es ist in einem großen Gebiet von Zentral- und Süd-Indien sowie auf Sri Lanka verbreitet.


Early life.

White was born Paula Michelle Furr in Tupelo, Mississippi, the daughter of Myra Joanelle and Donald Paul Furr III. Her parents owned a toy and craft store. Donald and Myra Furr's marriage began to fail when White was five years old. White's mother left Tupelo and took her to Memphis; her separation from her husband and his subsequent suicide drove White, her brother, and her mother into poverty. White's mother became an alcoholic. While she worked, her daughter was looked after by caregivers. White has said that she was sexually and physically abused between the ages of six and thirteen by different people on different occasions. She has said that during that time, she suffered from bulimia.  White's mother remarried to a two-star admiral in the United States Navy when White was nine years old. Her family moved to the Washington, D.C. area when her stepfather became stationed at the National Naval Medical Center. White graduated from Seneca Valley High School in Germantown, Maryland.  While living in Maryland in 1984, she converted to Christianity at the Damascus Church of God. She later claimed to have received a vision from God shortly after her conversion, saying, "When I was just eighteen years old, the Lord gave me a vision that every time I opened my mouth and declared the Word of the Lord, there was a manifestation of His Spirit where people were either healed, delivered, or saved. When I shut my mouth, they fell off into utter darkness and God spoke to me and said 'I called you to preach the gospel.'"

Religious ministry.

Without Walls International Church.

The Tampa Christian Center was founded in Tampa, Florida, by the then-married Paula and Randy White in 1991. It became Without Walls International Church.  The church struggled financially, and it could not afford to pay the Whites a salary for the first two years. As a result, the couple lived on government assistance and the kindness of others. From 1991 to 1998, the church changed locations three times until it secured the property at 2511 North Grady Avenue in Tampa, and changed the name of the church to Without Walls International Church.  While the church was holding services in an outdoor tent in 1999, it reported 5,000 attendees a week and 10,000 ministered to outside of the church by 230 outreach ministries.  Without Walls International Church then purchased the property next door, at 3860 West Columbus Drive, to expand its Tampa campus. The property acquired was a Canada Dry warehouse, which was remodeled and became the main sanctuary for the church until September 2014.  In 2002, Without Walls International Church began to expand by purchasing the defunct Carpenter's Home Church location in Lakeland, Florida. At the time, the church reported 14,000 members and 200 ministries including job training, evangelism among public housing projects, and a teen club. Without Walls International Church also began to hold Saturday night services at Carpenter's Home Church in Lakeland renting the property. Carpenter's Home Church would later be purchased by Without Walls International Church in 2005 for $8 million, with the church renamed Without Walls Central Church.  In 2004, Without Walls International Church reported a congregation of 20,000, the largest congregation in the area and the seventh-largest church in the United States. An audit later made public by a United States Senate committee chaired by Iowa Republican Chuck Grassley showed that Without Walls received $150 million from 2004 to 2006. The Senate report found the church White-Cain operated with her now ex-husband spent tax-exempt ministry funds one year to pay nearly $900,000 for the couple's waterfront mansion., over a million dollars in salaries to family members paid for the Whites private jet. White and her church did not cooperate with the investigation. In 2011, Grassley issued a report outlining his committee's findings but took no additional action.  On July 12, 2009, White became the senior pastor of the church that she had co-founded, replacing her former husband, Randy White, who stated that he was stepping down as pastor for health reasons but would remain connected with the church in a different position.  On January 1, 2011, after the resignation of Scott Thomas, White became the senior pastor of the Without Walls Central Church in Lakeland, Florida, church, making her the pastor of both locations. By August of that year, services ceased when electricity was disconnected after failure to pay over $50,000 in bills. One year later, on January 1, 2012, she became senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center as well. On June 20, 2012, her ex-husband Randy White resumed leadership of the Tampa location while the Lakeland location had been abandoned a year prior. Since then, White has not been listed as staff at Without Walls International Church.

Bankruptcy.

By 2008, three years after purchasing the Lakeland property, Without Walls International put both locations up for sale due to financial difficulties. The Evangelical Christian Credit Union began foreclosure proceedings on both properties later that year. Selling two parcels of land to the city of Lakeland allowed for a settlement with the credit union in 2009, modifying the mortgage through 2013. In November 2011, while White was still senior pastor of the location, her ex-husband Randy White said that the Lakeland property was on the verge of being sold or going into foreclosure. By October 2012, the Tampa property was under foreclosure proceedings by the Evangelical Christian Credit Union after failure to pay loans. In a counterclaim filed at that time, Without Walls International claimed that White had taken audio equipment owned by the church to her new church in Apopka.  On March 4, 2014, when White was the senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center in Apopka, Without Walls International Church filed for Chapter 11 federal bankruptcy protection. In response, the Evangelical Christian Credit Union, which said the church owed it $29 million, called the filing a "litigation tactic" to prevent the foreclosure of two church locations. In a television interview with Erin Burnett at CNN, White stated, "I've never filed bankruptcy. I had resigned Without Walls. I had absolutely no part."

Paula White Ministries.

White recorded the first broadcast of "Paula White Today" in December 2001. By 2006, her show appeared on nine television networks, including Trinity Broadcast Network, Daystar, and Black Entertainment Television  "Ebony" magazine said of White, "You know you're on to something new and significant when the most popular woman preacher on the Black Entertainment Network is a white woman."  White considers T.D. Jakes her spiritual father. Jakes invited her to speak at his "Woman Thou Art Loosed" conference in 2000. She also participated in the Mega Fest, hosted by Jakes in Atlanta, in 2004, 2005 and 2008.  White has ministered to Michael Jackson, Gary Sheffield, and Darryl Strawberry. She was the personal pastor to Darryl Strawberry, starting in 2003 following Strawberry's release from prison for cocaine possession. Charisse Strawberry, Darryl Strawberry's wife at the time, worked as an assistant to White, accompanying her on speaking engagements. She is the "personal life coach" of Tyra Banks and appeared on her show, the "Tyra Banks Show", in an episode on promiscuity on October 4, 2006.  On December 31, 2011, the board of New Destiny Christian Church in Apopka, Florida, announced it had appointed White to succeed Zachery Tims as the new senior pastor. New Destiny Christian Center had been searching for a replacement since his death in August 2011. Tims' ex-wife Riva filed a lawsuit against the board of directors but quickly dropped it, citing a hold harmless clause in her 2009 marital settlement agreement.  Upon hearing of the controversy, White addressed the New Destiny Christian Center during a service that she was leading: "I'm not asking you to like me. I'm not asking you to love me or respect me, because I'll do the work to earn that. I always ask people to give me one year of your life and I promise you will be changed."  On January 1, 2012, White officially became the senior pastor for New Destiny Christian Center in Apopka. Her philanthropic work in the community along with New Destiny Christian Center has been publicly acknowledged by the mayor of Apopka: "Her church's mentoring of school students, donating food to the needy, assisting families victimized by violence and ministering to help young women trapped in the adult entertainment industry has been inspiring," said Apopka Mayor Joe Kilsheimer. "What I see her doing in the community... is of tremendous value to Apopka and northwest Orange County."  On May 5, 2019, White announced that she was stepping down as senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center and that her son and his wife would become the new senior pastors. The church would also be renamed City of Destiny. White said she would help start 3,000 churches and a university.  Commenting in March 2020 about her ministry and the COVID-19 outbreak, White said, "We are a hospital for those who are soul sick, those who are spiritually sick," and solicited donations, citing Psalm 91, of $91 or, "maybe $9 or whatever God tells you to do." She did let donors know that the money wouldn't go to victims of the disease. After widespread criticism of an Arizona event scheduled for April 9, 2020, for which she had promised "supernatural protection," she withdrew from the fundraiser.

Donald Trump Administration.

White has been a personal minister to Donald Trump after he watched her TV show; he first contacted White by telephone in 2002. He brought her to Atlantic City on multiple occasions for private Bible studies, and he has appeared on her television show. White was credited in June 2016 by James Dobson as having converted Trump to Christianity. White was part of Trump's Evangelical Advisory Board during his campaign for President, and she provided the invocation prayer during Trump's inauguration ceremony. Since Trump took office, White has served as one of the president's spiritual advisors and has held Oval Office prayer circles with him. White, with assistance from her own ministry board advisor, Jack Graham, has had an ongoing spiritual collaboration with Trump. White enthusiastically supported Trump's 2017 decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.  White has suggested that political opponents of Donald Trump "operate in sorcery and witchcraft" and that "Any persons [or] entities that are aligned against the president will be exposed and dealt with and overturned by the superior blood of Jesus". She has suggested that criticism of her belief is "a political ploy just to hurt our president".  In January of 2020, White was criticized for a January 5th sermon in which she prayed for the miscarriage of “all Satanic pregnancies”. White later wrote on Twitter that the comment had been a metaphor, and a reference to Ephesians 6.

Criticism and allegations of heresy.

White is a proponent of prosperity theology. Along with other televangelists who have made millions of dollars through the prosperity gospel, her ministry Without Walls was the subject of an inconclusive 2007–2011 Senate Finance Committee investigation with which she refused to cooperate. The committee had investigated financial improprieties that could have affected the religious organization’s tax-exempt status.  Southern Baptist theologian and ethicist Russell D. Moore said that "Paula White is a charlatan and recognized as a heretic by every orthodox Christian, of whatever tribe." Michael Horton, a professor of theology at Westminster Seminary California, wrote in early January 2017 that White represented a heretical movement and that her then-upcoming address at President Trump's inauguration was helping to introduce heresy into mainstream public life. Horton addressed White's denial of the Trinity and the prosperity gospel's position that Christ died on the cross not for the forgiveness of humankind but to rescue people from financial hardship.  Other allegations of heresy have emerged among conservative Christians, such as that White has denied the Trinity, partly as a result of a video shared by Christian author Erick Erickson that shows White assenting to the viewpoint that Jesus Christ was not the only son of God, in contravention of the Nicene Creed. Erickson has stated: Connor Gaffey has drawn attention to a 2007 televised event at which White stated, "Anyone who tells you to deny yourself is from Satan." Gaffey contrasts that with Jesus' words in the Gospel of Matthew: "Whoever wants to be my disciple must deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me."  White has denied all allegations of heresy. In a January 5, 2017, CNN interview, White responded to some of the criticism saying "I have been called a heretic, an apostate, an adulterer, a charlatan, and an addict. It has been falsely reported that I once filed for bankruptcy and — my personal favorite — that I deny the Trinity!" During her interview, she also said in her defense, "My life and my decisions have been nowhere near perfect, though nothing like what has been falsely conveyed in recent days."  White has also been criticized for being introduced as having or claiming to have a doctoral degree when she has no college or seminary degree.  In July 2018, White was discussing illegal immigration and said that although Jesus migrated to live in Egypt, "it was not illegal. If he had broken the law, then he would have been sinful and he would not have been our Messiah." In response, William Barber II called White a "Christian nationalist" and said that "Jesus was a refugee & did break the law. He was crucified as a felon under Roman law." Matthew Soerens of the Evangelical Immigration Table group noted that the concept of illegal immigration did not exist at the time; he questioned White's argument that breaking a law is sinful by noting that the Bible had written about Jews defying an Egyptian ruler's order to kill children and Jesus's apostles being jailed for breaking Roman laws.  White has been denounced by rapper and Christian pastor Shai Linne in a song, "Fal$e Teacher$".

Personal life.

Marriages and relationships.

White has been married three times.  Her first marriage was as a teenager. Paula became pregnant the year after converting to Christianity. She and the father, local musician Dean Knight, married in 1985; they divorced in 1989.  Paula met associate pastor Randy White in 1987 while attending Damascus Church of God in Maryland, which was headed by his father. According to the book "Holy Mavericks", meeting this third-generation preacher was a turning point in her life. The two divorced their spouses in 1989 and married each other a year later, Paula becoming step-mother to his children. Shortly thereafter they moved to Tampa, Florida and started "Without Walls International Church." On August 23, 2007, Randy White announced that he and Paula were divorcing. According to "The Christian Post," White says the divorce was amicable, and they remain friends.  In 2010 White's relationship with married televangelist Benny Hinn gave rise to controversy after being photographed leaving a hotel in Rome holding hands. Hinn said “A friendship did develop" though "the relationship is over.” Both denied an affair.  At the close of 2014, musician Jonathan Cain of the Journey rock band finalized his divorce from his second wife and became engaged to White, who had been dating him during his marriage. On April 27, 2015, the couple married, Paula becoming step-mother to their children.

Family.

White has one child, son Bradley Knight from her first marriage, whom she installed as her church senior leader in 2019.  She was stepmother to the three children of her second husband, Randy White, and stepmother to the three children of her third husband, Jonathan Cain.

Paula Michelle White-Cain (née Furr; April 20, 1966) is an American pastor, author, and televangelist. From 2014 until May 2019, she was senior pastor of New Destiny Christian Center, in Apopka, Florida, a non-denominational, multicultural megachurch. She was formerly the co-pastor of Without Walls International Church in Tampa, Florida, a church she co-founded with pastor and then-husband Randy White in 1991.

Paula Michelle White (* 20. April 1966 in Tupelo, Mississippi als "Paula Michelle Furr") ist eine amerikanische Unternehmerin, Motivationstrainerin, Buchautorin sowie Televangelist-Predigerin des New Destiny Christian Center in Florida. Sie wird der Gruppe von Geistlichen zugerechnet, die das Wohlstandsevangelium predigen. White gilt als spirituelle Beraterin und Vertraute des US-Präsidenten Donald Trump.


Life.

The illegitimate son of John Booth, lord of the manor of Barton, near Eccles, Lancashire, he was half-brother of Sir Robert Booth of Dunham Massey, Cheshire.  Booth read civil and canon law at Cambridge, graduating as licentiate (Lic.C.L.), before receiving a Doctor of Divinity (D.D.). He was elected Master of Pembroke Hall in 1450, a post he held until his death, and also served as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Whilst at Cambridge, where he started a movement for both a School of Arts and a School of Civil Law, he is believed to have produced his first miracle, but cause for his beatification or canonization is yet to be introduced.  Outside Cambridge, Booth's career was helped by his half-brother William Booth, who was Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (1447–1452) and Archbishop of York (1452–1464). In 1449, he was appointed a prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral and, on 2 November 1456, became Dean of St Paul's. He was also a prebendary of York Minster and of Lichfield Cathedral. From 1454 to 1457 he was Archdeacon of Richmond.  Booth's influence was not confined to the Church; he was also active in government. He was chancellor to Margaret of Anjou and, in about 1456, he became Keeper of the Privy Seal, and in that same year on 28 January he was also appointed one of the tutors and guardians of the Prince of Wales. He was Lord Privy Seal until 1460. In 1457 he also served briefly as Provost of Beverley Minster.  On 25 September 1457, Booth was installed as Prince-Bishop of Durham.  Although from a Lancastrian family, he cultivated relations with the Yorkists and, after the fall of Henry VI, Booth adapted himself to the new "status quo". He submitted himself to King Edward (the former Earl of March) in April 1461, and by the end of June, Booth defeated a raid led by the Lords de Ros, Dacre and Rugemont-Grey who brought Henry VI over the border to try to raise a rebellion in the north of England. King Edward named him his confessor. Although he temporarily lost control of the palatinate of Durham, he was restored in 1464, after making a submission to Edward IV; he was successful in part by being a prelate who was never imprisoned in that era. He resumed activity in Edward's government thereafter being appointed, on 27 July 1473, Lord Chancellor, serving until May 1474. In October 1473 he led a delegation to Scotland to formally sign the marriage treaty between the newborn son (later James IV of Scotland) of James III and Edward's third daughter Cecily.  In 1476 Booth was translated to the see of York, previously held by his half-brother. He was the only prelate after King Edward IV's accession ever promoted to higher office.  Booth served as Archbishop of York until his death on 19 May 1480, and is buried beside William Booth, in the Collegiate Church of Southwell, which they both generously endowed.

Lawrence Booth (c. 1420 – 1480) served as Prince-Bishop of Durham and Lord Chancellor of England, before being appointed Archbishop of York.

Lawrence Booth (* 1420 in Barton, Lancashire; † 19. Mai 1480 in Southwell, Nottinghamshire) war Erzbischof von York und Lordkanzler von England.


History.

Laid down as HMS "Haldon", she was damaged in a bombing in the night of 14 March 1941. She was offered to the FNFL in 1942, and renamed "La Combattante".

Escort duty and "S-Boot" fighting.

"La Combattante" made her first sortie in 23 March 1943, escorting a convoy in the English Channel. She rescued 68 sailors from the liberty ship "Stell Traveller", after it had struck a mine.  On 29 May 1943, she rescued British and Australian aircrews ; in September 1943, she rescued two British airmen.  In the night of 25–26 April 1944, "La Combattante" and the frigate intercepted a group of German E-boats; "La Combattante" managed to sink "S-147" and damage another ship. In the night of 12–13 May, "La Combattante" destroyed "S-141", killing Klaus Dönitz, Admiral Dönitz's son in the process.  During the night of 27–28 May "La Combattante" met motor torpedo boats "MTB-732" and "MTB-739"; the two groups mistakenly engaged each other, and "MTB-732" was sunk.

D-Day.

Under "commandant" André Patou, "La Combattante" took part in "Operation Neptune", providing close fire support to the landing parties during the Battle of Normandy off Courseulles-sur-Mer. She stayed off the beach, in deep waters, as she shelled shore batteries; at one point she ran aground, and morsed "I am happy that a French be the first to touch the ground of France". "La Combattante" destroyed several shore batteries, until troops started landing on the beach. She then returned to Portsmouth, escorting a landing ship dock.  On 25 June 1944 "La Combattante" rescued two downed US pilots.

Ferrying General De Gaulle.

"La Combattante" kept escorting convoys in the Channel between France and England until 14 July 1944, when she was ordered to the King's Stairs of Portsmouth harbour; awaiting the ship's arrival were General Charles de Gaulle, Generals Béthouart and Koenig, Admiral d'Argenlieu, Gaston Palewski, Pierre Viénot, Pierre Billotte, François Coulet, Pierre de Chevigné, Geoffroy de Courcel, Pierre Laroque and Claude Hettier de Boislambert, preparing to cross the English Channel to Normandy The delegation also carried a 250-million franc treasure to counter introduction of the US occupation franc. One of the most famous photographs of De Gaulle was taken aboard during the journey, before he landed at Courseulles.

Fights off Normandy.

"La Combattante" further patrolled the Channel. In the night of 25–26 August 1944, she sank four German ships ferrying an artillery unit.  On 23 February 1945, an explosion broke "La Combattante" in two and she sank quickly, with 117 survivors of her 181-man crew. Allied sources stated the ship having been sunk whilst running on a mine. On the German side, a "Kriegsmarine" bulletin reported that "La Combattante" was destroyed at 10.28 a.m. on 24 February by two torpedoes fired by "U-5330", a German midget submarine of the "Seehund" type commanded by lieutenant Klaus Sparbrodt, approximately off the South-Fall Bank. Sparbrodt was decorated for his alleged success. The ship sunk by Sparbrodt was in fact the British cable layer "Alert".

La Combattante ("The Fighter") was a destroyer of the "Forces navales françaises libres" (FNFL). A British-built, she was offered to the Free French in 1942.

Die "La Combattante" (L19) war ein Geleitzerstörer der britischen Hunt-Klasse vom Typ III, der für die britische Royal Navy gebaut worden war. Das Schiff wurde 1942 von den Freien Französischen Streitkräften in Dienst genommen und unter britischem Oberbefehl eingesetzt. Das im Kanal und später in der Nordsee eingesetzte Schiff war mehrfach in Gefechte mit deutschen Schnellbooten verwickelt und versenkte in der Nacht zum 13. Mai 1944 "S 141", auf dem der Sohn Klaus des Befehlshabers der Kriegsmarine, Admiral Dönitz, fiel. Die "La Combattante" lief am 23. Februar 1945 kurz vor Mitternacht nördlich der Humber-Mündung bei nahe dem East Dudgeon-Feuerschiff auf eine durch deutsche Schnellboote gelegte Mine, zerbrach in zwei Teile, die beide in kurzer Zeit sanken. 68 der 185 Mann an Bord starben.