History.

1930s.

On New Year's Eve 1933, England and Australia played in Paris – the first game of rugby league football in France. The match was one-sided, with Australia winning 63-13 in front of a crowd of about 5,000, but the seed was sown. French rugby union players, disgruntled that France had been suspended from the Five Nations Championship, formed the "Ligue Francaise de Rugby à XIII" on 6 April 1934. Jean Galia, a former rugby union international and champion boxer, led France on a six-match tour of England in 1934 and they recorded their first win in Kingston upon Hull. The national team's first game was in Paris on 15 April 1934, losing 21-32 to England in front of a crowd of 20,000. By 1939, the French League had 225 clubs and the national side won the 1938–39 European Rugby League Championship where they became the first French team in any sport to beat England at home.

1940s.

The game of rugby league suffered in France during the Second World War, as administrators had rugby league banned. Some players and officials of the sport were punished (not reinstated in the French rugby union), whilst the total assets of the rugby league and its clubs were handed over to the union. After the war the French game was re-established and the French became one of rugby league's major powers, competing in the Rugby League World Cup and in major international series against Great Britain, Australia and New Zealand, despite continuing persecution (including remaining unable to call itself rugby until 1989, being called "jeu à XIII" (the game [played] in 13), which was an expression coined by Jean Gallia). In 1949, they became the first French sporting team to win at Wembley Stadium.

1950s.

In 1951 France embarked on their first ever tour of Australasia, coached by Robert Samatan and led by the legendary chain-smoking fullback, Puig Aubert. Their flamboyant style of unorthodox attacking rugby attracted huge crowds. When the two nations met for the first Test, the match became the first "all ticket" international to be staged at the Sydney Cricket Ground, and attracted a crowd of over 60,000. On Saturday 30 June 1951, Australia secured a hard-fought second Test victory over France in Brisbane by 23 points to 11. The third Test took place at Sydney Cricket Ground three weeks later before a crowd of 67,009. Late tries from Duncan Hall and Brian Davies could not prevent the Kangaroos from suffering an embarrassing 35-14 defeat. France played 28 matches during the three-month tour, winning 21 matches, drawing twice and losing just five times.  In November 1951, France met "Other Nationalities" in an International Championship match at the Boulevard, Hull which became known as the "Battle of the Boulevard". Other Nationalities won 17-14 but the match centred on the behaviour of Edouard Ponsinet, who was involved in most of the violence that happened at the game. The Other Nationalities were down to eleven players at one stage, with Arthur Clues being the most serious casualty, hospitalised with head injuries. Eventually Ponsinet was sent off, ten minutes from time after breaking the nose of Jeff Burke. Despite this defeat France went on to retain the title with home victories over England and Wales.  In the 1954 World Cup, which was the first of either rugby code and was instigated by France, Les Tricolores defeated both Australia and New Zealand, and drew with Great Britain to reach the final. This was the closest they went to getting their hands on the World Cup, going down narrowly, 16-12, to Great Britain in the final in Parc des Princes. France donated the original World Cup trophy, but they have never won it.  France repeated the success of their 1951 tour in 1955, with even bigger attendances greeting the team. Puig Aubert had broken his arm just prior to the touring party leaving and did not tour. Despite this, France played splendidly to win the second test in Brisbane (in a spectacular game 29-28 before 45,000 fans at the Brisbane Cricket Ground) and the third test at the SCG. The 1951 and 1955 French sides that toured Australia are still regarded as two of the strongest sides ever to tour that country.  In the 1957 World Cup, held in Australia, the winner was decided by finishing top of the table with no final being played. France finished last, winning one match against New Zealand. History was made when the returning French and British squads visited South Africa and played a series of exhibition matches in Benoni, Durban and East London, all of which were won by the British.

1960s.

In the 1960 Rugby League World Cup France failed to win a match, and finished last for the second consecutive time.  On Sunday 8 December 1963, France defeated the Australians in the first Test of a three Test series during the Kangaroo tour of Europe. The match was held in Bordeaux.  France regained strength as the decade went on - defeating Australia quite comprehensively in the 1967-1968 series played in France, winning two games and drawing one.  The French reached the final of the 1968 Rugby League World Cup, the last time they have achieved that feat. They beat both Great Britain and New Zealand to qualify, but lost to Australia in Sydney, and so finished runners-up again.

1970s.

France managed one victory in the 1970 Rugby League World Cup, a narrow win over Australia, who went on to win the Cup in the final. In 1972 France hosted the sixth World Cup and again only got the one win, in the opening match against New Zealand. The trend of underperforming in the World Cup continued for the French in the expanded 1975 tournament in which they got a lone win over Wales and a draw against New Zealand. Two years later in the 1977 World Cup they did not win a single match. But then on the 1978 Kangaroo tour, France beat Australia 13-10 and 11-10. This was Australia's last defeat in an international series or competition until the 2005 Tri-Nations.

1980s.

Rugby league in France went through a riotous period at the beginning of the 1980s. The turbulent period was steadied by the influence of French Rugby League guru Jean-François Bouchet, however poor results followed. From 1985 to 1987 the team were beaten by New Zealand in Perpignan, drew with Great Britain in Avignon and were thrashed 52-0 in Carcassonne by Australia. Away from home they suffered a large defeat against Great Britain in Leeds. The team reached a low point when they were forced to forfeit away World Cup games against Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea in the 1985-88 edition because of lack of funds. Their only World Cup win was against Papua New Guinea in front of 3,500 people in Carcassonne.

1990s.

In 1990, a Great Britain team including Shaun Edwards, Garry Schofield, Martin Offiah and Denis Betts were embarrassed by a 25-18 loss, France's first victory on English soil for 23 years and their last win over Great Britain/England. The team then met Papua New Guinea on Sunday 30 June 1991 in Rabaul, where they were beaten 28-24. On Sunday 7 July 1991, the two sides met again for a World Cup encounter at Danny Leahy Oval, Goroka. The heat and humidity caused France all kinds of problems, but Les Tricolores squeezed home 20-18.  On Sunday 27 October 1991, the first ever Test match involving the Soviet Union took place at the Stade Georges Lyvet, Villeurbanne, near Lyon, France. The Bears were beaten 26-6 by France. The Papua New Guinea national team wound up their 1991 tour of Europe with a World Cup rated Test match against France, which was played on Sunday 24 November at the Stade Albert Domec, Carcassonne. France defeated their visitors 28-14. In the 1995 World Cup France had to play the Samoans three days after taking a physical pounding from the Welsh in Cardiff.  John Kear was briefly in charge of Les Tricolores in 1997.  France took on Italy at the Parc des Sports, Avignon in November 1999. France needed a draw to win the Mediterranean Cup. The Italians, registered a memorable 14-10 victory, which handed the cup to the Lebanon.

2000s.

France traveled to Pretoria for a match against South Africa on Saturday 3 November 2001. The French were too good for a young and inexperienced South African side. They scored four tries in each half, and won 44-6 after leading 24-0 at half-time.  In 2002, France lost to Lebanon 36–6 in front of 9,713 spectators at Tripoli in the Mediterranean Cup final. In 2004 the French returned to form with a narrow 20-24 loss to New Zealand and a losing but creditable performance against Australia. In 2005, Les Tricolores played Australia again in Perpignan, suffering a 12-44 defeat. Unlike their last match against Australia, this game was played under normal rules and is considered a regular test match. This was their best performance in an official test match against Australia since 1990.  France participated in the first 2009 Four Nations tournament against England, New Zealand and Australia. The following year, the tournament was held in Australia and New Zealand, with France's place being taken by a Pacific qualifier.

2010s.

With the Four Nations returning to Europe in 2011, France needed to qualify by winning the 2010 European Cup, but failed to do so, with Wales qualifying instead. In 2011 the English team, rather than playing their annual test against France, instead arranged the inaugural 2011 International Origin match.  France participated in the 2013 Rugby League World Cup and hosted some games. They reached the quarter-finals where they were knocked out by England.  In 2014, France played in the 2014 European Cup. They came second in the tournament on points difference, by only 3 points, finishing behind Scotland therefore failing to qualify for the 2016 Four Nations.  In May 2015, France were set to take on South Africa However, the Africans had to withdraw due to the concerns of national contingencies. Therefore, France announced they'd play Serbia in Saint-Esteve on the 22 May. The French, who were labelled as France 'A' due to not being a full-strength side, went on to hammer the Serbs by 68 points to 8.  In October 2015, France played in the 2015 European Cup. During the tournament in November, after already confirming before the tournament's details were announced, France took on England in Leigh. The match was a warm-up game for England before their end-of-year test-series against New Zealand. The French were hammered by a record 80-point margin.  In August 2016 Richard Agar, who began coaching France at the 2013 World Cup, left the national team. It is believed he left because new Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII president Marc Palanques wants a Frenchman to coach the national team. Aurelien Cologni, who had a temporary spell from 2011-2012, became the new coach.  France played in The 2017 Rugby League World Cup being drawn in a group consisting of England, Lebanon and defending champions Australia. France got off to the worst possible start, suffering a shock loss to Lebanon 29-18 in Canberra. The following two games did not get any better for The French as they were thumped 52-6 by Australia and then suffered another big defeat to their old foes England 36-6 in Perth.

2020s.

As the winner of the 2018 Rugby League European Championship, France Qualified for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup, their 16th appearance in the competition.

Identity.

Jersey.

Traditionally, France wears a blue jersey usually complemented by a red and white chevron on the chest, white shorts and red socks, with the team being nicknamed "Les Tricolores". The uniforms feature the Gallic rooster embroidered on the chest, much like their union counterpart. The use of the rooster as badge influenced Eastern Suburbs RLFC, which had uniforms similar to France, to use the rooster as symbol since 1967, being known as Sydney Roosters. Sometimes, France also wears a white jersey in case a colour clash arises.

Current squad.

Squad selected for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup qualifiers;

Competitive history.

Overall.

Below are the France international XIII results up until 2 May 2020.

Honours.

"Major:"
 World Cup: Runners-up (2): 1954, 1968  "Regional:"
 European Championship: Winners (8): 1938-39, 1948-49, 1950-51, 1951-52, 1977, 1981, 2005, 2011, 2018 Runners-up (11): 1935, 1945-46, 1947-48, 1955-56, 1969-70, 1979, 1980, 2003, 2010, 2014, 2015

The France national rugby league team represent France in international rugby league tournaments. They are referred to as "les Chanticleers" or less commonly as "les Tricolores". The team is run under the auspices of the Fédération Française de Rugby à XIII.

Die französische Rugby-League-Nationalmannschaft vertritt Frankreich auf internationaler Ebene in der Sportart Rugby League. Das Team hat bislang an allen Rugby-League-Weltmeisterschaften teilgenommen und zählte lange Zeit zu den stärksten Nationalmannschaften der Welt. Die größten Erfolge waren zwei Vize-Weltmeisterschaften in den Jahren 1954 und 1968.


Gameplay.

"Infamous Second Son" is an action-adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. Players control the main character Delsin Rowe, who can parkour-style climb vertical surfaces like high-rise buildings. Delsin is a Conduit, which allows him to use superpower abilities by manipulating materials such as smoke, neon, video, and concrete. These materials can be weaponized (such that Delsin can perform melee attacks or fire projectiles from his fingertips) or used to deftly navigate the game world (such as using neon to dash up buildings). Using powers depletes a meter in the head-up display (HUD), which can be replenished by drawing from power sources such as smoke from exploded vehicles. Delsin earns new powers as he progresses through the story, which sees him fight against the Department of Unified Protection (D.U.P.) during missions. Each time Delsin gains a new power set he must destroy D.U.P. Core Relays to learn the basic abilities that correspond to it. Delsin upgrades and acquires new abilities by spending Blast Shards that have been collected, they are scattered throughout Seattle. Players become more powerful in combat by expanding Delsin's suite of abilities.  Players may choose to act in either a good or evil way. Examples including healing civilians, doing drug busts, and stopping suspect brutality for good, or killing innocent civilians and killing instead of apprehending enemies. Several times throughout the story, Delsin finds himself in a scenario where he must make a good or evil choice, such as whether to encourage Conduit vigilante Abigail "Fetch" Walker to stop slaying drug dealers, or to train her to become a more prolific killer. Player choices influence outcomes in some later missions. In combat, Delsin may use his abilities to incapacitate foes or obliterate them with headshots. He may choose to open fire on innocent civilians. Delsin's choices manifest in a logo displayed on his jacket and the HUD, which features a blue (good) and red (evil) bird. Performing actions that are villainous gradually change the logo so that the red bird dominates the other, with the opposite happening with heroism. This is a visual representation of Delsin's Karma level, that increases as good or evil depending on his choices. As his Karma level increases, Delsin can acquire new powers that correspond to his play-style (e.g. very destructive powers with high levels of evil Karma) and his jacket also changes. If you have good karma, the jacket completely changes white whereas if evil the jacket turns red. A continual streak of either good or evil actions fills up a bar in the HUD, which then lets Delsin perform a powerful finishing move called a Karma Bomb.  When not completing story missions, players can explore the city and complete activities such as tagging graffiti spots or assassinating D.U.P. secret agents. The city is split into districts that are all initially controlled by the D.U.P., but Delsin gradually liberates each district by completing activities. When D.U.P. control of a district falls below 30 percent, Delsin can enter a District Showdown that requires him to eliminate a wave of D.U.P. forces, eradicating D.U.P. presence there.

Plot.

Setting and characters.

"Second Son" takes place in 2016, seven years after "Infamous 2"s Conduit protagonist Cole MacGrath sacrifices himself to cure humanity of a plague and destroy The Beast. Cole uses the powerful Ray Field Inhibitor weapon, which kills him and most of the other Conduits. The U.S. government establishes the D.U.P. to hunt down and capture the world's remaining Conduits, dubbing Conduits with the pejorative "Bioterrorists ". The protagonist is Delsin Rowe (Troy Baker), a 24 year old graffiti artist and the local delinquent of the Akomish reservation. Delsin has the unique Conduit ability of Power Mimicry, allowing him to mimic the powers of other Conduits he comes into contact with. His brother, Reggie (Travis Willingham), is the local sheriff, and often arrests Delsin for his acts of vandalism. Both are Akomish Native Americans, whose territory lies at the shore of Salmon Bay, Washington. The antagonist is Brooke Augustine (Christine Dunford), the director of the D.U.P. and a Conduit with power over Concrete. Her actions in the Akomish reservation drive Delsin to travel to Seattle, now under lockdown by D.U.P. forces. Delsin and Reggie encounter three other Conduits: Henry "Hank" Daughtry (David Stanbra), a convict with control over Smoke; Abigail "Fetch" Walker (Laura Bailey), an ex-junkie who uses her Neon powers to hunt down the illegal drug dealers in Seattle; and Eugene Sims (Alex Walsh), a reclusive video gamer who uses his Video (digital materialization) powers to save suspected Conduits from the D.U.P.

Story.

In 2016, after Reggie catches Delsin vandalizing a billboard, their subsequent argument is interrupted when a military truck carrying three Conduit prisoners crashes on the Akomish reservation. Two of the Conduits escape, but Delsin manages to pull the third one, Hank, out of the wreckage, and inadvertently absorb his smoke powers. Shocked and frightened, Delsin pursues Hank in an effort to figure out what has happened and how to control his powers. However, they are both cornered by Brooke Augustine. She encases Hank in concrete and questions Delsin, suspecting him of hiding something. Delsin can choose to either tell Augustine the truth about his powers or say nothing. Regardless, Augustine knocks him out before moving on to the other tribe members.  Delsin awakens a week later and discovers that Augustine has tortured the rest of the tribe in an unsuccessful bid to gain information. However, she has left them to gradually die from concrete shards buried into their bodies, including their leader Betty (Karen Austin). Reggie, who was spared from the torture, learns that the only way to remove the shards is to use Augustine's power on them. Delsin realizes that he can absorb Conduit powers and resolves to go to Seattle to take Augustine's powers and save the tribe. Reggie reluctantly accompanies Delsin to keep an eye on him. They reach Seattle and find that it has been put under strict martial law by the D.U.P. in order to find the other escaped Conduits. With Reggie's help, Delsin battles D.U.P. forces and tracks down core fragments to develop his powers. He eventually encounters the other two escaped Conduits, Fetch and Eugene, and absorbs their powers. After both confrontations, Delsin defends the Conduits from Reggie, who initially views them as "freaks", and can choose to either redeem or corrupt them.  Now possessing three powers, Delsin encounters Hank, who has escaped again. Hank tells Delsin that Fetch and Eugene have been captured by the D.U.P., and are being held on an artificial concrete island in Puget Sound. However, the situation turns out to be a trap set by Augustine. Reggie appears and rescues Delsin with a rocket launcher. While the brothers free Fetch and Eugene, Augustine encases Reggie's feet in concrete and blasts them off the platform. As they dangle above the ocean, Reggie realizes that Delsin cannot save both of them, tells him that he is proud of him, and lets Delsin's hand go. Reggie falls to his death as he drowns in the ocean. Distraught and enraged, Delsin climbs back up onto the platform and battles Augustine, destroying the entire island.  Augustine flees back to the D.U.P. headquarters. Delsin tracks Hank down to the docks, where he is fleeing from D.U.P. forces. Hank begs for forgiveness, saying that he only worked with Augustine because she threatened to hurt his daughter. Delsin can choose to either kill Hank out of revenge, or let him escape Seattle with his daughter. Aided by Fetch and Eugene, Delsin rallies an assault on the D.U.P. headquarters. After breaking through the building's defenses, Delsin confronts Augustine and reveals to her that he has figured out she staged the Conduit escape at Akomish to instill fear in the population and give the D.U.P. a reason to continue their regime. Augustine lets Delsin absorb her powers, and tells him that she wants to save the Conduits by imprisoning and protecting them from the population. Delsin battles and eventually defeats Augustine with his new concrete powers.  If Delsin has good Karma, he spares Augustine and exposes her crimes to the world. She is arrested and the D.U.P. disbands. Delsin, Fetch and Eugene convince the humans that they can peacefully coexist with the Conduits. All of the imprisoned Conduits are freed. Delsin returns to the reservation and heals the tribe members, then paints a mural dedicated to Reggie.  If Delsin has evil Karma, he kills Augustine and, together with Fetch and Eugene, takes control of Seattle. He releases all of the imprisoned Conduits and absorbs their powers. Upon returning to the reservation, Delsin is met by a wheelchair-bound Betty who banishes him from the tribe for the killings in Seattle. Shocked and angered, Delsin destroys the entire reservation.

Development.

Origins and PlayStation 4.

Sucker Punch Productions began to develop "Second Son" while the PlayStation 4 was still being designed. Having finished work on "", they began to plan a new entry in the "Infamous" series under the working title "Infamous 3". As early as 2010, they discussed with Sony their desire to bring "Infamous" to a new PlayStation platform.  Sucker Punch were in close connection with the PS4's lead system architect Mark Cerny, who visited the studio several times. They gave Cerny feedback about how much power a new PlayStation system would require to render their ideal open world, how fast it would be capable of doing so and to what degree of texture detail. "We had some experience there that was useful for that team when they were planning some aspects of the hardware design", producer Brian Fleming explained. He found that during the PS4's development, there was a great level of interactivity between the system's designers and game developers such as Sucker Punch.  Sucker Punch made suggested improvements they would like to see for the DualShock 4 gamepad. "Second Son"s designer Jaime Griesemer traveled to Sony's headquarters in Japan to discuss such improvements. The developers found they were able to adopt the DualShock 4's touchpad into "Second Son"s gameplay (for example, players emulate the in-game fingerprint scanner using the DualShock 4 touchpad).  The game was envisioned to take full advantage of the hardware, without the imposition of porting to older platforms like the PlayStation 3. The hardware let developers improve the particle system that lights Delsin's face up while he draws neon power from billboards and add detailed reflections to the game world. The increased memory bandwidth let the team render characters with higher fidelity. They found the PS4's simplified architecture so easy to work with that they were able to reach very high graphical quality even though the hardware was new.  Over 110 developers worked on the game, a number that director Nate Fox considered small. He felt that working with a small team necessitated having a defined vision for the game from the outset, "to answer those first questions about what you want your game to be". Sometimes, ideas came about during development that would have to be thrown out for not fitting with the game's original vision. "We kill our darlings at Sucker Punch. It's not easy; it's necessary", Fox explained. "Second Son" displays a native resolution of 1080p at 30 frames per second.

Design.

Sucker Punch elected to set "Second Son" in their hometown of Seattle as they could draw from their personal experiences in the open world's design. During early development when team members debated where "Second Son" would be set, Seattle rated high on a list of possibilities. Fleming considered that the city had not been featured in many games prior to "Second Son" and so would not be "overblown", and felt that Seattle's weather and mixture of "old and new" architecture would make it an interesting setting. The team conducted fieldwork in Seattle's nearby forests with audio and video equipment, which was used to reproduce local flora and the chirping sounds of local American robins. Seattle landmarks such as Pioneer Square, the Space Needle and Elephant Car Washes feature in the game. The developers licensed logos and signs from local businesses. Griesemer called the game world an "abstraction" of Seattle rather than a re-creation since its layout did not suit "Second Son"s gameplay and required the team to make necessary changes. The team wanted to thematically explore Seattle's heritage of Pacific Northwest, Native American tribes in the game.  The designers used graphic sliders in the game engine to determine the amount of water covering the streets. Like Seattle, rain is frequent in the game. The lighting effects (such as neon light from Delsin's powers) coupled with reflections help bring color into Seattle's dark and rainy atmosphere. Because of the move to the PS4, Sucker Punch were able to render more open world than what was possible in previous "Infamous" games. "You get a better feel of the city when you can see more of it", said Griesemer.  After deciding on Seattle for the setting, the developers began to think about the superpowers that Delsin would possess. They added neon lighting to the city to amplify the "beautiful reflective streets", and subsequently decided to make neon a source of power for Delsin because of its prevalence. Animation director Billy Harper considered Delsin's smoke powers challenging to design, as the team wanted to make powers feel more fluid than in previous "Infamous" games. They removed Cole's "contorted hand poses" to improve the connection between Delsin and his powers. Fox felt that smoke helps Delsin deftly navigate the game world by letting him zip up buildings and through enemies. Griesemer (who previously worked with Bungie on the "Halo" series) wanted to bring the fluidity of first-person shooters to "Second Son"s combat. The team reviewed the control scheme of previous "Infamous" games and "removed some of the complexity that was preventing people from interacting with the game".  Griesemer said that a recurring theme throughout "Infamous" games that they wanted to continue with "Second Son" was the idea of "modern elemental powers", variations on commonplace powers drawn from the game world. Producer Brian Fleming found that the graphical effects helped to inform players of the amount of power Delsin possesses. "This is a game about super powers, so for us, the way the effects look tells you a lot about how you're playing the game", he explained. Fox considered that the game world's resemblance to Seattle helped the superpower elements feel authentic. "Because we have that sweet foundation of plausibility, you buy into the super-powered element", he explained.

Character development.

"Second Son"s premise is built from the ending of "Infamous 2" that sees protagonist Cole MacGrath sacrifice himself to save humanity. They looked at Trophy data and found the majority (78%) of "Infamous 2" players chose this ending, and concurred with the popular choice. This allowed them to create the new protagonist, Delsin, from scratch. "Moving forward onto ["Second Son"], we said 'Alright, Cole's dead. People have voted for this. Let's make a new hero'", Fox explained. Griesemer felt that taking the "Infamous" series to the PS4 signified a new era, and that departing from the story of previous games would help them reach new audiences. "We needed a new entry point, and Delsin was the first step for that", he explained. The idea to move away from Cole's story came about during pre-production staff meetings, and was confirmed after discussions both internally and with Sony Computer Entertainment. Griesemer described the contemporaneous sentiment as "It's going to be new hardware, a new platform and we're going to have a new audience".  Delsin's Native American heritage came from the game's setting in the Pacific Northwest, which features a large Native American population. Delsin wears a beanie inspired by one that Harper would wear around the studio (Harper recounted one particular staff meeting where four of the six team members were wearing hats). Delsin's character was inspired by United Kingdom street artist Banksy, as the development team appreciated Banksy's clandestine, satirical work. Developing Delsin's personality, the team posited the hypothetical: "What if Johnny Knoxville had powers? What would he do with it?". Harper considered Delsin "full of reckless abandon", the kind of character that would, upon gaining superpowers, jump off a cliff to see what happens. Fox considered Delsin "flawed in a way I think a lot of us can relate to", trying to live up to his successful brother Reggie. He called the game's story a "hero's journey".  Digital Domain were brought on board for the motion capture work. Fox helped direct the actors' performances, but found that they did not need much guidance for their roles. "You need to let them understand what you need from a scene, but the actors are so much better equipped to deliver that than me", he explained. Fleming considered that using motion capture added authenticity to the characters. "The ability to capture [Delsin's] facial reaction when he's like 'Oh, shit', but doesn't say 'Oh shit'—that's a big deal", he explained.  Most of the non-player characters (NPCs) that inhabit the open world were motion captured. The developers contacted casting agencies, and asked their friends and families if they would like to appear as extras in the game. Over 75 people were scanned in a three-day period. They were seated in chairs and told not to move or smile, and a high-definition digital camera captured a 3D model of their faces. The camera sent out strobe light patterns to capture the volume and shape of each face. A 360-degree setup captured the actors' moving bodies, but mannequins were also used to help capture different clothing styles. Data collected from the cameras was used by the designers to render digital models, each composed of roughly 1.4 million polygons—any blank spots on the models would be digitally filled in by the designers. To render the models in the game, the data would be compressed by reducing the polygon count.

Release.

On February 20, 2013, Sony held a conference in New York that announced the PlayStation 4. Fox appeared on-stage during the conference and recounted participating in an anti-globalization protest in Seattle in 1999. He announced "Second Son", and a debut trailer was shown that introduced the game's premise and lead character. The game was privately demoed at E3 2013, and its March 21, 2014, North American release date was confirmed during a PS4 launch event on November 14, 2013. By February 25, 2014, "Second Son" went gold (finished development).  On March 8, it was announced that "Second Son"s pre-order sales had surpassed those of "The Last of Us" in the United Kingdom. Two special edition versions of the game were produced; pre-ordered and first-run copies of the game received the Limited Edition, which includes the "Coles Legacy" mission pack that explain story events between "Infamous 2" and "Second Son". The Collector's Edition includes a unique box cover, a replica of Delsin's beanie, eight pins from his vest, an exclusive in-game vest, and a D.U.P.-themed patch. All pre-ordered copies of the game included four in-game vests for Delsin.

Downloadable content.

"Paper Trail" is a free downloadable content (DLC) with alternate reality game features. The story is split into six parts, with the first being available after reaching a certain point in the main story. Each subsequent part was made available each Friday from March 28, 2014 in North America and, concluding with the release of the final part on April 25, 2014.  At E3 2014, the DLC package "Infamous First Light" was announced and was released on August 26, 2014 in North America and August 27, 2014 in Europe. In "First Light", the player controls Fetch. It is a stand-alone expansion and "Second Son" is not required to play the game, but ownership of "Second Son" grants players access to exclusive content and music. The track "Sanctus Immortale" composed and produced by Menelik Eu'el Solomon also features on the exclusive content pack. "Infamous First Light" received mixed to positive reviews from critics.

Reception.

"Infamous Second Son" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.  Vince Ingenito of IGN recalled being left "staring slack-jawed" at the visuals, and called the open world "beautifully and diversely realized" with impressive lighting effects. Tom Mc Shea of GameSpot called the visuals "incredible". Oli Welsh of Eurogamer praised Seattle's art direction, and found the draw distances and frame rate consistent. David Meikleham of "PlayStation Official Magazine" (OPM) was very impressed with the graphics and 1080p definition, but cited occasional frame rate dips during intense combat. He enjoyed playing in Seattle and using his powers to level the destructible environments. Tamoor Hussain of "Computer and Video Games" (CVG) praised graphical details like the particle and lighting systems. "[The game is] colorful, rich in detail and has some of the best effects we've seen on console", he wrote.  GameSpot's Mc Shea considered the combat well-balanced between "Infamous"'s slower pace and "Infamous 2"s frenetic action, and enjoyed Delsin's agility and power. Chris Carter of Destructoid considered the combat's simplicity its strength, finding Delsin easy to control and navigate the world. "Edge" were underwhelmed with the game's opening because of its "skittish" parkour, but noted that once Delsin gained powers and reached Seattle, the game became very fun. They felt that enemies were clever enough to make combat a fun challenge, and called the main missions "for the most part well designed and generously proportioned". IGN's Ingenito enjoyed using Delsin's powers in combat, and called each set "strong enough to hang an entire game on". He found upgrading Delsin's powers helped keep the combat fresh and made for good replay value. Philip Kollar of Polygon favored using neon power, but praised the balance and variety between all of them. He called the combat "a hell of a lot of fun". Eurogamer's Welsh found the combat imperfect yet fun, but did not think that upgrading Delsin's skills made enough of a difference to his power.  Destructoid's Carter thought that Delsin was a more interesting protagonist than "wooden" Cole, which helped his investment into the story. IGN's Ingenito thought Delsin was an interesting lead character, especially because of the chemistry with Reggie. He found Troy Baker's performance of Delsin "[imbued] with a charm and youthful abandon that keeps it from feeling tropey or overwrought". However, he found supporting characters like Fetch underdeveloped and the narrative too straightforward. Although calling the characters clichéd, "Edge" felt that they were written and acted well. GameSpot's Mc Shea called Delsin annoying and immature, and found the gameplay more interesting than the "tired" story. Eurogamer's Welsh considered the plot driven by "inconsequential MacGuffins" and thought the ending rushed, but praised the story for not stretching on too long. Polygon's Kollar felt that the story did not explore its themes of surveillance and security-over-freedom well enough, such that its impact was diminished. He was overall disappointed with the narrative, despite finding the main characters written better than in previous "Infamous" games. OPM's Meikleham was put off by Delsin's arrogance and was underwhelmed with the story, but he was impressed by the quality of the motion capture performances.  "Edge" and Eurogamer's Welsh faulted the morality system because they did not think it had enough influence on the story. IGN's Ingenito called it "woefully outdated", and felt that making evil choices severely jarred with Delsin's character. He found the system redundant because Delsin became more powerful when he strictly adhered to either a good or evil play-style, rather than crossing in-between. GameSpot's Mc Shea felt that the morality system was too binary because there was no "moral gray area" between playing good and evil. Polygon's Kollar reflected Mc Shea's opinion that the morality choices were too binary, and had difficulty connecting to his choices because they were too polarized between good and evil. OPM's Meikleham felt that the morality system had "little to no impact on gameplay". Danny Cowan of Joystiq thought that the morality system was well-balanced, with equal incentive and drawback tied to Delsin's choices.  GameSpot's Mc Shea found "Second Son"s open world beholden to a dated formula. He described Seattle as "a playground for you to go nuts in" instead of "a living, breathing world", with the Seattleites existing only as fodder for players. "CVG"s Hussain called Seattle "hauntingly empty", with the sparsely distributed NPCs behaving inanimately. He felt that the open world's lifelessness was the game's biggest detractor, and he drew unfavorable comparison with "Grand Theft Auto V", "Sleeping Dogs" and "", which he felt featured better open worlds. Eurogamer's Welsh felt that "Second Son" did not innovate the open world genre as well as it could have because it relied too heavily on many of the genre's tropes. Polygon's Kollar felt that there was not enough variation in the missions and activities, as "virtually all culminate in the goal of beating up more soldiers or thugs". "Edge" found the amount of content in the game thin, finding little merit in additional playthroughs because of the repetitive side-missions. "Approach ["Second Son"] as an action game that just happens to be set in a nonlinear environment and it makes more sense", they wrote. Destructoid's Carter found the amount of content ample, and enjoyed liberating the city and collecting Blast Shards. Tom Watson wrote in "New Statesman" that "Second Son" was his £20-£40 game of the year, and justification for his purchasing PlayStation 4 after owning Xbox 360.

Sales.

"Infamous Second Son" sold over one million copies in nine days after its launch, making it one of the best-selling PlayStation 4 games as well as the fastest-selling installment in the series.

Infamous Second Son (stylized as inFAMOUS Second Son) is an action-adventure video game developed by Sucker Punch Productions and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 4. It is the third installment in the "Infamous" series. The game was released worldwide on March 21, 2014. The player-controlled protagonist possesses superpower abilities that players use in combat and when traveling across the city. The story follows protagonist Delsin Rowe fighting the Department of Unified Protection (D.U.P.) in a fictionalized Seattle. Over the course of the game, Delsin acquires new powers and becomes either good or evil as player choices influence his morality.

Infamous: Second Son (Eigenschreibweise: inFAMOUS: Second Son) ist ein Action-Videospiel. Es wurde von Sucker Punch Productions entwickelt und von Sony Computer Entertainment exklusiv für die PlayStation 4 veröffentlicht. Es erschien am 21. März 2014 in Deutschland.


Team.

Russia sent around 620 athletes, coaches, managers, physicians and masseurs. At an Executive Committee meeting of the Russian Olympic Committee on 21 May, the number of participants was named 367 athletes, 317 of which represent Olympic sports, 40 non-Olympic sports, seven demonstration sports and three Paralympic sports. The final number of athletes was 351 (excluding athletes who competed at the demonstration or Paralympics sports).  Most athletes came from Moscow (97). Also many sportspeople represented the Moscow Oblast (38), St. Petersburg (33), Republic of Tatarstan (17) and Krasnodar Krai (16). Russian athletes competed at all sport types, except athletics, as the level of the Russian team would have been too high, according to Vitaly Mutko. The introduction of the team took place on 3 June 2015 at the sports center Ozero Krugloe. The uniform was made by the Russian company Bosco di Ciliegi.  The flag bearer on the opening ceremony on 12 June 2015 became Olympic Champion, multifold World and European Champion in Wrestling, Khadzhimurat Gatsalov. President of Russia Vladimir Putin attended the opening ceremony. The flag of the European Olympic Committee was held by manifold Gymnastics Champion Elena Zamolodchikova together with seven other people.  The manager of the Russian delegation was Igor Kazikov.

Athletics.

Russia did not send sportspeople for this sports event.

Beach soccer.

Russia could compete at the European Games as she made it to the 2014 Euro Beach Soccer League Superfinal.

Boxing.

Russia has qualified 15 boxers.

Canoe sprint.

Russia has qualified 19 athletes.

Cycling.

Road.

Russia has qualified 11 athletes.

Mountain biking.

Russia has qualified one athlete.

BMX.

Russia has qualified four athletes.

Diving.

Russia has qualified 19 athletes.

Fencing.

Russia has qualified 24 fencers.

Gymnastics.

Aerobic.

Russia has a total of six athletes after the performance at the 2013 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships. One gymnast from pairs must compete in the group, making the total athletes to 6.

Rhythmic.

Russia has qualified one athlete after the performance at the 2013 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships.

Trampoline.

Russia qualified two athletes based on the results at the 2014 European Trampoline Championships. The gymnasts competed in both the individual and the synchronized event.

Judo.

Russia has qualified 20 athletes.

Sambo.

Russia sent eight athletes for the sambo event.

Swimming.

Russia has qualified 35 athletes.

Table tennis.

Russia has qualified six athletes for the table tennis events.

Taekwondo.

Russia has qualified eight athletes.  ----

Russian Federation participated at the I European Games, which took place in Baku, Azerbaijan from 12 to 28 June 2015. Russia sent athletes for every sport except athletics, as the level of Russian athletes was too high, according to Russia's Minister of Sports Vitaly Mutko. Russia still had the largest team at the Games, with the athletics programme consisting of only one event. Russia finished in the first place on the medal rankings, winning 79 gold medals.

Russland nahm in Baku an den Europaspielen 2015 teil. Vom Olimpijski komitet Rossii wurden 351 Athleten in 29 Sportarten nominiert.


Life and career.

Jones was born in Manchester and began his music career as a studio arranger for Norrie Paramor, there he worked arranging music for The Zombies, Jim Dale, and Jonathan King. In the 1960s he established his own orchestra and began a career in film and television. He had earlier collaborated with Douglas Gamley on several film scores including "Fire Down Below", "Tom Thumb" and "The City of the Dead", and later wrote complete scores for films such as "Two-Way Stretch", "Dentist in the Chair" and its sequel "Dentist on the Job" and in 1964 he was hired by the BBC to compose the music for "Steptoe and Son", where he replaced Ron Grainer (who had left the series to concentrate on "Doctor Who").  For the BBC Television, Jones composed and arranged the themes for "It's Marty", and the sitcom "Sykes" which ran from 1972 until 1979. Also in 1979, Jones conducted the United Kingdom entry at the Eurovision Song Contest which was sung by Black Lace. Alyn Ainsworth had served as conductor for the national final, but he was unable to attend the contest in Jerusalem. Between 1984 and 1988 he served as musical director for "Aspel & Company", and from 1979 to 1988 for the "Paul Daniels Magic Show".  In 1979, Jones was picked up by rival station ITV, where he wrote and composed the theme tune and music to the sitcom "Only When I Laugh".  Jones remained associated with music throughout the 1980s. He died in 1988 while on holiday in France.

Kenneth (Ken) Jones (2 October 1927 – 25 April 1988) was a British conductor and composer of film and television music. Among his work Jones was musical director for the television chat show "Aspel & Company" and wrote the scores for several comedy films.

Kenneth Evan Jones (* 2. Oktober 1927 in Manchester, England, Vereinigtes Königreich; † 25. April 1988 in der Schweiz) war ein britischer Dirigent und Komponist von Film- und Fernsehmusik. Neben seiner Arbeit war er Musikregisseur bei der Fernsehserie "Parkinson" und schrieb mehrere Partituren für Filmkomödien.


Early life.

Abraham Van Vechten was born on December 5, 1762, in Catskill, Albany County (now Greene County), New York. He was the son of Dutch Americans Teunis Van Vechten (1707–1785) and Judikje "Judith" Ten Broeck (1721–1783).  His brothers were Samuel Ten Broeck Van Vechten (1742–1813) and Teunis Van Vechten (1749–1817), who became a prominent merchant in Albany and held the office of commissary on the staff of Governor Morgan Lewis during the revolution. Their maternal grandfather was Jacob Ten Broeck (1688–1746), nephew of Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck (1638–1717). Van Vechten was educated at Columbia College, studied law with John Lansing, Jr., and began practice in Johnstown, New York, but soon removed to Albany.

Career.

In 1792, he was elected one of the first directors of the Bank of Albany. From 1796 to 1797, he was Assistant Attorney General for the Fifth District, comprising Albany, Saratoga, Schoharie and Montgomery Counties. He was a Federalist presidential elector in 1796, and cast his votes for John Adams and Thomas Pinckney.  Van Vechten was the first lawyers admitted to the bar after the adoption of the New York State Constitution and ranked among the most gifted men of that time, including Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr and Robert Livingston.

Public office.

From 1797 to 1808, Van Vechten served as Recorder of the City of Albany. Concurrently, he was a member of the New York State Senate, serving in the 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th New York State Legislatures from 1798 to 1805, representing the Eastern District, which included Washington, Clinton, Rensselaer, Albany and Saratoga counties.  After leaving the Senate, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, serving in the 29th, 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th and 36th New York State Legislatures from 1808 to 1813, representing Albany County. While serving in the Assembly, he also served as the 10th New York State Attorney General from 1810 to 1811, and again from 1813 to 1815 as the 13th Attorney General, under Governor Daniel D. Tompkins. His successor was Martin Van Buren, who later became the 8th President of the United States.  After serving as Attorney General of New York, he was elected to return to the State Senate, serving in the 39th, 40th, 41st and 42nd New York State Legislatures from 1816 to 1819, representing the Middle District, which included Albany, Chenango, Columbia, Delaware, Greene, Orange, Otsego, Schoharie, Sullivan and Ulster counties.  In 1821, he was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention, where he opposed the extension of the franchise. From 1797 to 1823, he was a regent of the University of the State of New York.  In the 1828 presidential election, Van Vechten was a presidential elector, voting for the 6th President, John Quincy Adams and Richard Rush.

Personal life.

In 1784, he married Catharina Schuyler (1766–1820), eldest daughter of Philip P. Schuyler (1736–1808) of the prominent Schuyler family. She grew up on her father's farm in the Schuyler Flatts section of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. Catharina was the great-granddaughter of Pieter Schuyler (1657–1724), the first mayor of Albany, and Maria Van Rensselaer, daughter of Jeremias Van Rensselaer (1632–1674). Together, they had thirteen children, including:  Van Vechten died in Albany on January 6, 1837, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery.

Abraham Van Vechten (December 5, 1762 – January 6, 1837) was an American lawyer and a Federalist politician who served twice as New York State Attorney General.

Abraham Van Vechten (* 5. Dezember 1762 in Catskill, New York; † 6. Januar 1837 in Albany, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Jurist und Politiker.


Early life.

De Poix was born as Vincent Paul De Poix in Los Angeles, California, on August 13, 1916. De Poix's father was Elzear Paul de Poix and his mother was Grace L. (née Howard) de Poix.  De Poix attended Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York. De Poix attended Severn School, a prep school for U.S. Naval Academy, in Severna Park, Maryland.

Education.

De Poix attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. In 1939, De Poix graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, with distinction and ranked 26th in a class of 581.  De Poix was trained as a naval aviator at NAS Pensacola. In March 1944, he began ordnance engineering (aviation) instruction at the Naval Postgraduate School, Annapolis, Maryland. In August 1946, the admiral attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Cambridge Massachusetts, and received a master of science degree in aeronautical engineering. In 1959-1960, he studied nuclear power operations, receiving certification in 1960. From 1963-64, the admiral attended the National War College, Washington, D.C.

Career.

After being commissioned an ensign on 1 June 1939, de Poix joined ; then, a year later,. After naval aviator training, he was attached to the Advance Carrier Training Group at San Diego County, California. From June 1942 to August 1943, he served in the South Pacific; this time frame included tours with Fighter Squadron 6 (VF-6) on board and, along with a shore based tour on Guadalcanal, and subsequent operations in the Solomon Islands campaign.  Subsequent assignments included a tour with the Aviation Fire Control Unit at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, Inyokern, California. From January 1948 to June 1950, he was commander of Fighter Squadron 172 (VF-172) based in Florida. From 1950 to 1952, he served with the Bureau of Ordnance Research and Development Division Aviation Ordnance Branch, Washington, D.C. From 1952, he served as aviation readiness and aviation ordnance officer for the commander-in-chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet. He served in leadership positions in the Naval Operation Office Guided Missiles Division until June 1957, when he assumed command of Air Development Squadron 4 (VX-4), Point Mugu, California.  In March 1959, he became commanding officer of the seaplane tender, which was followed by training with the Atomic Energy Commission Reactor Development Division Office of the Assistant Director for Naval Reactors.  In September 1960, he was ordered to duty as prospective commanding officer of the (later redesignated CVN-65). Launched on 24 September 1960, she was at the time the largest naval warship ever constructed and was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. When the vessel was commissioned on 25 November 1961, de Poix became her first captain.  In July 1963, he was detached for instruction at the National War College, Washington, D.C.  de Poix was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in 1964, followed by a tour as assistant director for administration and management in Defense Research and Engineering, and as assistant director of operational test and evaluation.  In August 1966, he reported as commander Carrier Division 7, bound for Vietnam.  In September 1967, de Poix became assistant deputy chief of naval operations (Development), and then in February 1969, Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering (Administration, Evaluation and Management), Office of the Secretary of Defense. In August 1971, he assumed command of the Second Fleet.

Defense Intelligence Agency.

de Poix reported as deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency in July 1972, and became director the next month.  de Poix continued the reorganization of the Agency begun by his predecessor, General Bennett. Streamlining the organization had become critical since severe manpower cutbacks had taken a major toll on the agency. DIA manpower had been cut by one third after Vietnam. By 1973, nearly all elements had been consolidated and realigned.  In September 1972, Secretary of State William Rogers said that the US and the Soviet Union were moving away from a world of containment to one of engagement. Yet even though relations warmed into a period of détente, the need for defense intelligence did not diminish. Such intelligence was an intrinsic component of military strength, and, as President Nixon reiterated in the spring of 1973, the US had to remain militarily strong if negotiations with communist nations were to be successful.  President Nixon met with much success in foreign affairs, but quite the reverse in domestic issues. While some of his diplomatic and military decisions—in the latter case, for example, over how and when to end American involvement in Indochina—were controversial, nothing so undermined Americans' confidence in the executive as the Watergate break-in and the President's complicity in the cover-up. As the intelligence community was tied into the executive branch, that distrust tainted the public's perception of that community. Furthermore, many Americans believed that the intelligence community had itself engaged in some improper—if not illegal—actions abroad (there were suspicions about CIA involvement in the September 1973 Chilean coup). This meant that de Poix faced the challenge of steering DIA through some hostile waters.  The fourth major Arab-Israeli conflict, the Yom Kippur or October War, commenced on 6 October 1973. The massive attacks launched by Syria and Egypt had caught the Israelis unprepared, and was seen as a major intelligence failure for both the United States and Israel.  In the post-Watergate controversy surrounding American intelligence activities, DIA and its director answered detractors by remaining focused on providing quality products to national policy makers. The agency's reputation grew as its products were increasingly perceived throughout the government as valuable to the decision-making process. The agency was able to do this even while suffering from a personnel shortage, something which was of major concern at the 1972 Williamsburg Conference. Conference participants considered DIA resource decrements, while emphasizing technology and an upgrade of the National Military Intelligence Center (NMIC). The general counsel function was also added.  The agency's analysts wrestled with varied and numerous issues between the summer of 1972, when de Poix came on board, and the fall of 1974. They studied Lebanon, China (to aid in the normalizing of relations), the formation of Sri Lanka, and, of course, Salvador Allende's regime in Chile. The Agency also had analysts dedicated to the task of resolving Vietnam POW/MIA issues. They faced the intelligence challenges associated with maintaining détente, establishing arms control agreements (such as the SALT II talks in 1974), and the Paris Peace Accords (Vietnam). Other issues of note were global energy concerns (such as the petroleum shortages that led to long gas lines), and troubles throughout Africa. These and other world events brought greater emphasis on DIA products by decision makers.  President Gerald Ford wanted continuity in foreign affairs, so he promised Congress in August 1974 he would continue to try to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China. Defense intelligence would continue to play a role in forming US policies and in negotiations. DIA and its director, de Poix, had managed not only to maintain continuity of operations during these critical years, but also improve DIA's performance.  One area of particular emphasis during de Poix's leadership at DIA was the upgrading of the agency's human intelligence capability, accomplished by enhancing the effectiveness of the Defense Attaché System.

Post-military career.

Subsequent to retirement from the Navy, de Poix was associated for ten years with Teledyne, Inc in positions as company president and group executive. de Poix died on February 3, 2015 at the age of 98.

Awards, decorations and badges.

Military Decorations Unit Awards Badges National Non-Military Awards

Vincent Paul de Poix (August 13, 1916 – February 3, 2015) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He began his career as a naval aviator and fighting in World War II aboard. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he became the first captain of the newly commissioned in November 1961. He later participated in the Vietnam War, and commanded the United States Second Fleet. He was Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency from August 1972 to September 1974.

Vincent Paul de Poix (* 13. August 1916 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien; † 3. Februar 2015 in Oregon) war ein US-amerikanischer Vizeadmiral. Größere Bekanntheit erlangte de Poix vor allem als erster Kommandant des Flugzeugträgers USS Enterprise (CVN-65). Nach seiner Tätigkeit bei der Marine war er von 1972 bis 1974 als Leiter der Defense Intelligence Agency tätig.


Political positions.

The key postulates are:

History.

The movement was founded after Kukiz stood in the 2015 presidential election, winning 21% of the vote and coming in third during the election's first round. Kukiz's primary issue during the election was the replacement of Poland's proportional representation electoral system with single member constituencies, which was the subject of a referendum in September 2015.  The movement is particularly popular among young people: Kukiz won 42% among voters aged 18 to 29 in the 2015 presidential election.  In the 2015 parliamentary election, Kukiz'15 cooperated with the far-right National Movement, which gained 5 of Kukiz' 42 parliamentary seats.  In April 2016, the National Movement leadership decided to end its collaboration with Kukiz'15 and instructed its MPs to leave the Kukiz'15 parliamentary club, but only one MP followed party instructions. These ones, who stayed in Kukiz'15, together with a few other Kukiz' MPs, formed National Democracy (Endecja).  There was a Sejm scandal in April 2016. Kornel Morawiecki of Kukiz'15 left his Sejm member card in the voting device when he felt sick and went out from the debating hall and then Małgorzata Zwiercan voted for him. After this he left Kukiz'15 and launched a new party Free and Solidary ("Wolni i Solidarni") along with two other Kukiz'15 MPs.  In February 2017, three Kukiz'15 MPs left the group and became a parliamentary representation of the association "Republicans" ("Republikanie").  In February 2018, Paweł Kukiz apologised for having introduced the nationalists into the Sejm.  In May 2018, Kukiz'15 has coordinated with the social conservative Right Wing of the Republic in local elections.  In August 2019 Kukiz'15 joined Polish Coalition. In the same month Real Politics Union ended cooperation with Kukiz'15.

Kukiz'15 is a political movement in Poland led by punk rock musician turned politician Paweł Kukiz. It is an association, which is not registered as a political party, and has coordinated with far-right groups, such as the National Movement party, in the past, though is not far-right itself. It has been described as "anti-establishment", as a "broad coalition [lacking] programmatic coherence", as centre-right, and formerly as right-wing. After elections in 2015, K'15 has greatly moderated its political outlook, ceasing its associations with far-right organisations and politicians and abandoning its former Eurosceptic and social conservative positions.

Kukiz’15 (auch "Ruch Kukiza", ) ist eine von Paweł Kukiz gegründete politische Bewegung in Polen, die erstmals bei den Parlamentswahlen am 25. Oktober 2015 antrat. Bei diesen erhielt sie 8,8 % und ist nach PiS und PO drittstärkste Kraft im Sejm.


Members.

The group included the following Texas state prisoners:

Escape.

On December 13, 2000, the seven carried out an elaborate scheme and escaped from the John B. Connally Unit, a maximum-security state prison near the South Texas city of Kenedy.  At the time of the breakout, the reported ringleader of the Texas Seven, 30-year-old George Rivas, was serving 18 consecutive 15-to-life sentences. Michael Anthony Rodriguez, 38, was serving a 99-to-life term for contracting the murder of his wife by Rolando Ruiz Jr. (who was sentenced to death and subsequently executed in March 2017 for his involvement in the killing); while Larry James Harper, 37, Joseph Garcia, 29, and Patrick Henry Murphy Jr., 39, were all serving 50-year sentences. Donald Keith Newbury, 38, the member with the longest rap sheet of the group, was serving a 99-year sentence; and the youngest member, Randy Halprin, 23, was serving a 30-year sentence for injury to a child.  Using several well-planned ploys, the seven convicts overpowered and restrained nine civilian maintenance supervisors including their boss, four correctional officers and three uninvolved inmates at approximately 11:20. The escape occurred during lunch and at count time, the "slowest" period of the prison day, when there was less surveillance of certain locations, such as the maintenance area. Most of these plans involved one of the offenders calling someone over, while another hit the unsuspecting person on the head from behind. Once each victim was knocked unconscious, the offenders removed some of his clothing, tied him up, gagged him and placed him in an electrical room behind a locked door, which was full of electronics including warning alarms. The attackers stole clothing, credit cards, and identification from their victims. The group impersonated prison officers on the phone and created false stories to ward off suspicion from authorities.  After this first phase, three of the group made their way to the back gate of the prison, some disguised in stolen civilian clothing. They pretended to be there to install video monitors. One guard at the gatehouse was subdued, and the trio raided the guard tower and stole numerous weapons. Meanwhile, the four offenders who stayed behind made calls to the prison tower guards to distract them. They then stole a prison maintenance pick-up truck, which they drove to the back gate of the prison, picked up their cohorts, and drove away from the prison.  Michael Rodriguez's father had provided a getaway car for the men. For this act he was convicted of a crime himself.  A "Crime Library" article about the seven compared the breakout to the June 1962 Alcatraz escape that took place decades earlier.

Crime spree and Aubrey Hawkins.

The white prison truck was found in the parking lot of the Walmart in Kenedy, Texas. The Texas Seven first went into San Antonio right after breaking out of the complex. Realizing that they were running out of funds, they robbed a Radio Shack in Pearland, Texas, in Greater Houston, the following day.  On December 19, four of the members checked into an Econo Lodge motel in Farmers Branch, Texas, in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, under assumed names. They decided to rob an Oshman's Sporting Goods in nearby Irving. On December 24, 2000, they entered the store, bound and gagged all the staff and stole at least 40 guns and sets of ammunition. An off-duty employee standing outside of the store noticed the commotion inside and called police. Irving police officer Aubrey Wright Hawkins (February 23, 1971 – December 24, 2000) responded to the call, and upon arriving at the scene was almost immediately ambushed, being shot 11 times and run over by the escaped convicts as they fled the scene. Hawkins died at Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas shortly after his arrival. Hawkins had been an officer with the Irving police department since October 4, 1999, and was married and had a son.  After Officer Hawkins' murder, a $100,000 reward was offered to whoever could snare the group of criminals. The reward climbed to $500,000 before the six surviving members of the group were apprehended.

Capture.

Following an episode of the television show "America's Most Wanted", that first aired on January 20, 2001, several people phoned in possible sightings of the suspects at the Coachlight Motel and R.V. Park in Woodland Park, Colorado. They had apparently tried to pass themselves off as missionaries, playing loud Christian music within earshot of their neighbours.  The El Paso County Sheriff's Office, Colorado, and Teller County Deputies SWAT team found Garcia, Rodriguez, and Rivas in a Jeep Cherokee in the RV Park, before following them to a nearby gas station where they were arrested, and later found Halprin and Harper in an RV; Halprin surrendered peacefully, but Harper was found dead after a standoff, having shot himself in the chest with a pistol. The surviving four were taken into federal custody.  On January 23, 2001, the FBI received information that the remaining two escapees, Newbury and Murphy, were hiding in a Holiday Inn in Colorado Springs, Colorado. A deal was brokered with the two, allowing them to make live TV appearances before they were arrested. In the early hours of January 24, a local KRDO television anchorman, Eric Singer, was taken into the hotel where he interviewed the two by telephone while on camera. Newbury and Murphy harshly denounced the criminal justice system in Texas, with Newbury adding "the system is as corrupt as we are."

Convictions and executions.

In 2008 authorities indicted Patsy Gomez and Raul Rodriguez, the parents of Michael Rodriguez, for conspiring to help the Texas Seven.  George Rivas, the ringleader, was the first to be brought to trial; he was convicted and sentenced to death. Subsequently, the other five surviving members of the Texas Seven were also brought to trial, convicted, and sentenced to death.  Rodriguez announced that he wished to forgo any further appeal beyond the mandatory death-penalty appeal to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. A court-ordered psychiatric evaluation in January 2007 concluded that he was mentally competent to decide to forgo further appeals. Twenty months later he became the first of the six surviving members to be executed, on August 14, 2008. Rodriguez was TDCJ#999413, and his pre-death sentence TDCJ number was 698074.  George Rivas, TDCJ#999394, was executed almost four years later, on February 29, 2012, at 18:22.  Donald Newbury, TDCJ#999403, was executed by lethal injection on February 4, 2015, at 18:25.  Joseph Garcia, TDCJ#999441, was executed by lethal injection on December 4, 2018, at 18:43.  The remaining two members are incarcerated on death row at the Polunsky Unit of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, located in West Livingston. Neither currently have an execution date.  Murphy was scheduled for execution twice, first on March 28, 2019. The United States Supreme Court granted him a last minute reprieve on the basis that TDCJ's denial of his request to have a Buddhist priest in the execution room with him violated the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the United States Constitution. Murphy was then given a second execution date, November 13, 2019. However, his execution was stayed by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas on November 7 to decide whether his religious discrimination lawsuit had merit.  Halprin was scheduled to be executed on October 10, 2019. However, his execution was stayed by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals on October 4, 2019, due to concerns of racial and religious discrimination from his trial judge. Halprin is Jewish. Trial Judge Vickers "Vic" Cunningham allegedly referred to Halprin as a "kike" and a "fucking Jew" and said Jews "needed to be shut down because they controlled all the money."

Media portrayals.

In 2001, the American Court TV (now TruTV) television series "Mugshots" released an episode covering Rivas, titled "Mugshots - George Rivas".  In 2007, Wild Dream Films produced "The Hunt For The Texas 7", a 90-minute feature documentary about the prison break. The film was aired in late September 2008 on MSNBC. The film features interviews with members of The Texas 7 currently on Death Row and eyewitnesses to their crimes.  On March 25, 2011, Investigation Discovery aired an episode about the case on the show, subtitled "The Deadly Seven". One year later, on March 23, 2012, Investigation Discovery aired an episode of Werner Herzog's documentary series "On Death Row" which dealt with Rivas and Garcia. The seven were also featured in an episode of "Real Prison Breaks" on ITV4 in the UK.  On July 30, 2014, Investigation Discovery's "I (Almost) Got Away With It" aired an episode titled "Got to Be Part of the Texas Seven."  Rivas had married a Canadian woman by proxy.  Halprin had also married by proxy. In spring 2019 ITV UK produced the series: "Death" "Row: Countdown To Execution" hosted by Susanna Reid"." Episode 1 chronicles the case of one of the members of Texas 7: Patrick Murphy. The series aired in the UK in June 2019.

The Texas 7 were a group of prisoners who escaped from the John B. Connally Unit near Kennedy, Texas, on December 13, 2000. Six of the seven were apprehended over a month later, between January 21–23, 2001, as a direct result of the television show "America's Most Wanted". One of them committed suicide before he could be arrested. The six surviving members were all convicted and sentenced to death for the murder of Irving, Texas police officer Aubrey Wright Hawkins, who was shot and killed when responding to a robbery perpetrated by the Texas Seven. Four have since been executed.

Die Texas Seven waren sieben verurteilte Strafgefangene, denen im Dezember 2000 die Flucht aus dem Hochsicherheitsgefängnis John B. Connally Unit bei San Antonio in Texas, USA, gelang. Während ihrer 43-tägigen Flucht begingen sie weitere Straftaten, darunter den Mord am Polizisten Aubrey Hawkins. Es war der größte Gefängnisausbruch und die anschließend größte Verbrecherjagd in der Geschichte des Staates Texas. Einer der Entflohenen beging Suizid, die sechs anderen wurden zum Tode verurteilt.


Murder.

Parsons was facing capital charges for the April 21, 2005, murder of Chillicothe Police Officer Larry R. Cox following a gas station robbery. On that evening, Chillicothe police responded to a report of a car being stolen from a restaurant. Just 15 minutes later, chased by a Chillicothe police officer, the suspect bailed out of the car and took off running. At around 6 pm, as he walked from his parents' house to his own, off-duty Officer Larry Cox also took up the foot chase, and confronted the robber in an alleyway near Chestnut and North High streets. Cox was shot and killed in the alley. Several clues led investigators to John Parsons, whom police arrested July 10, 2005, and charged with the killing. He pleaded guilty and was given Life in prison

Escape.

Parsons escaped from the Ross County jail on Saturday, July 29, 2006. He asked his mother for help in escaping, but she was arrested before plans could be made. Parsons made a rope from bed-sheets, newspaper and toilet paper, which he hid behind a brick in the wall of his cell. He used toothpaste and green and blue Jolly Ranchers to match the paint on the wall to disguise the broken mortar around the loose brick, which Parsons had carved out with a piece of metal from an air vent in his jail cell.  As a fugitive, he was twice featured on the Fox television show "America's Most Wanted". He appeared for a third time on that program on September 30, 2006, when he became the 484th fugitive listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. After his escape there were numerous reported sightings of Parsons in heavily wooded areas near Chillicothe.  National Geographic Channel transmitted the history of the escapes, in the documentary show "Breakout".

Captured.

He was arrested without incident by members of the Ross County Tactical Assault Team at approximately 12:20 pm at a small shack near the Chillicothe city limits. A number of law enforcement tactical units converged on the location and planned the arrest to avoid injury to any law enforcement personnel or to Parsons. After being booked into the Ross County jail, Parsons was transferred to the Pickaway Correctional Institution in Orient, southwest of Columbus.  Parsons, who led local, state and national law enforcement on a three-month chase after his escape, stood before Judge Jhan Corzine in Ross County Common Pleas Court shortly after 3 pm and pleaded guilty to one count of aggravated murder and other charges. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole. He was involved in telling the story of the escape with the National Geographic Channel.

John Parsons (born February 11, 1971) is a criminal from Chillicothe, Ohio. He escaped from prison and was caught on October 19, 2006. He was wanted for an unlawful flight to avoid prosecution, escape, aggravated murder, aggravated robbery, weapons under disability, tampering with evidence and grand theft.

John Ward Parsons (* 11. Februar 1971) ist ein US-amerikanischer Mörder und Gefängnisausbrecher. Er verbüßt seit 2006 eine lebenslange Freiheitsstrafe für den Mord an einem Polizisten und entkam für 83 Tage aus einem Gefängnis in Ohio.


Demographics.

According to the 2011 census, the Shopian district has a population of 266,215. This gives the Shopian district a ranking of 577th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of. Its population growth rate over the 2001–2011 decade was 25.85%. Shopian has a sex ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 62.49%.

Healthcare.

The district has a number of hospitals and healthcare facilities, some of which include its adjoining areas they are: District Hospital, Shopian, Sub District Hospital Keller Sub District Hospital Zainapora,NTPHC Ramnagri, PHC Herman, PHC Pinjura PHC DK Pora, PHC Vehil, PHC Sedow.PHC NadiGam.

Places of interest.

Shopian district has many places with tourism potential: Arshi Pora Lahanthour, Sedow, Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary, Dubijan - 6 km from Heerpora Village; Peer Marg/Peer Gali - 20 km away from Heerpora on the historical Mughal Road; Lake Nandansar - 2 km away from the Peer Ki Gali; Hash Wang Bagam Pather, Sok Saray, and Mughal Saray at Jajinar. The Jamia Masjid in Shopian is one of the famous historical monuments built during the Mughal reign resembling that of jamia Masjid Srinagar. The Aasar-i-Sharief Dargah at Pinjura, attracts thousands of devotees on the occasion of Eid-i-Milad-un- Nabi and Shab-i-Mehraj. Darul Uloom Islamia Pinjura where large people gather to seek (spiritual and moral) knowledge and propagate to others.  On the outskirts of Shopian town near Nagbal area, there is a Siva temple called Kapalmochan Mandir with three natural springs and a unique Shivling with small Rudraksh shaped knots spread all over it.

Transport.

The major roads connecting Shopian with neighbouring districts are:

Villages to Visit.

The location code or village code of Sedheve village is 003497.Sedheve is a very beautiful village of shopian district. It is best known for its natural beauty viz, V Mountain (V shaped mountain), orchards, grasslands and bounty forests.The total geographical area of village is 413.2 hectares. Sedheve has a total population of 3,819 peoples. There are about 609 houses in Sedheve village. Shopiyan is nearest town to Sedheve which is approximately 8km away.

Shopian or Shupiyan is a hill district with its administrative division in Shopian, located in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, since it is situated on the historical road commonly known as Mughal Road, most of its area is occupied by forests. Shopian district comes under the Pir Panjal Range which makes it very cold in winter.. After partition of India, it was a tehsil of Pulwama district. In March, 2007, the district status was granted by the Government of India. Shopian is known worldwide for its fresh fruits like apricots, peaches, pears, berries, cherries, and most importantly for apples. Shopian is also known as the 'Apple Town' of Kashmir.

Shopian () ist ein Distrikt im Kaschmirtal im indischen Unionsterritorium Jammu und Kashmir. Der Distrikt Shopian entstand 2007, als er aus dem damaligen Distrikt Pulwama herausgelöst wurde. Der Verwaltungssitz des Distrikts ist die Stadt Shopian.


Content.

The song features Maxi Jazz singing as an insomniac while he struggles to sleep ("I toss and I turn without cease, like a curse, open my eyes and rise like yeast/At least a couple of weeks since I last slept, kept takin' sleepers, but now I keep myself pepped"). The subject is resonant with fans of dance music, as stimulant use is common in club/rave culture, and insomnia is a common side effect. The insomniac is also rather destitute ("Make my way to the refrigerator/One dry potato inside, no lie, not even bread, jam, when the light above my head went bam...").

Release.

The album version is nearly nine minutes long and contains some lyrics not able to be broadcast on the radio edit due to their explicit content. It also contains some bells chiming at the start of the song not generally known by the club-going public as many people know the Monster Mix or the Monster Mix Radio Edit. The Monster Mix was the mix featured on Faithless' greatest hits album "Forever Faithless". The song topped the U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart. The Moody Mix featured on some of the singles was also on the "Reverence / Irreverence" release.

Critical reception.

Justin Chadwick from Albumism described the song as a "frenetic yet melodic ode to late night restlessness and sleep-deprived reveries", adding it as "phenomenal". Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "This single serves as a fine peek into the project, giving listeners a taste of urgent dance rhythms, a complex and infectious pop melody, and vocals that are notches above the typical vamps heard on club-originated records." "Complex" said that Faithless' "Insomnia" "spoke to a number of ravers out there who lived for the night/weekend and, sadly, the drugs that kept them partying to the break of dawn (and beyond). Insomnia was and is real for the raver massive, and Faithless brought those vibes to song perfectly." "Muzik" noted that "it has soul, grace, emotion and a distinctly dark, melancholic side. Happy house has never been challenged in this way."

Music video.

The music video of "Insomnia" was directed by Lindy Heymann.

Impact and legacy.

"DJ Magazine" ranked it number 14 in their list of "Top 100 Club Tunes" in 1998.  MTV Dance placed "Insomnia" at number 22 in their list of "The 100 Biggest 90's Dance Anthems Of All Time" in November 2011.  It was voted by "Mixmag" readers as the fifth "Greatest Dance Record of All Time".

Track listing.

1995 UK release and 1996 UK CD 1  1995 European release  1996 Scandinavian release  1996 Italian release 1996 UK CD 2  1996 European release  1997 US release 1  1997 US release 2

2005 mix.

"Insomnia" was re-mixed and re-released in 2005 after the re-entry of the 1996 single into the UK Singles Chart at number 48. This was partly because of Faithless releasing their greatest hits album. The re-mix was not used on the greatest hits with the Monster Mix being the version which featured on the album. The re-mixed version reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart.

Version 2.0 by Avicii.

In 2015, Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii released a remix titled "Insomnia 2.0 (Avicii Remix)". The track was released on 24 July 2015 and reached the German charts. It was also featured on the "Faithless 2.0" release in Avicii extended remix and Avicii radio exit remix formats (as well as the 1995 Monster Mix). "Insomnia 2.0" also went to number one on the US Dance chart.

Mike Candys and Jack Holiday version.

In 2009, Swiss DJs Mike Candys and Jack Holiday recorded a remix of the song. It was released in September 2009 as their debut single and charted throughout Europe.

"Insomnia" is a song recorded by British musical group Faithless. Released as the band's second single, it became one of their most successful. It was originally released in 1995 and reached number 27 on the UK Singles Chart, topping the UK Dance Chart in the process. When re-released in 1996, the song achieved a new peak of number three in the United Kingdom and topped the charts of Finland, Norway, and Switzerland, as well as the American and Canadian dance charts. It was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2019.

Insomnia (lat. und : Schlaflosigkeit) ist ein Lied der britischen Musikergruppe Faithless. Es wurde zunächst 1995 als zweite Single der Musikergruppe auf dem Elektronik-Label Cheeky Records veröffentlicht und wurde ihre mit Abstand erfolgreichste Produktion.


History.

MachineGames' founding team—consisting of Kjell Emanuelsson, Jerk Gustafsson, Magnus Högdahl, Jim Kjellin, Fredrik Ljungdahl, Jens Matthies, and Michael Wynne—was previously employed by Swedish video game company Starbreeze Studios, of which Högdahl was also the founder. By mid-2009, while the team was working on the game "Syndicate", Starbreeze had grown to more than 100 employees, and the seven-piece team wanted to start anew. All seven left the studio and set up MachineGames in Uppsala, Sweden. An alternative name considered for the company was "Tungsten". Matthies became the company's creative director, while Gustafsson became managing director and executive producer. Högdahl and Wynne left shortly thereafter for personal reasons. For the first one-and-a-half years, the MachineGames team brainstormed game ideas and pitched them to various publishers, including Bethesda Softworks, being rejected on all of them. Running out of funds, the team considered either selling their homes to finance the studio further or close down the studio entirely.  Around this time, developer id Software and the rights to its "Wolfenstein" series of games were acquired by Bethesda's parent company, ZeniMax Media. Following this acquisition, Bethesda offered MachineGames to work on one of its intellectual properties, and when Matthies learned that no one was developing a "Wolfenstein" game at the time, he requested that MachineGames could develop one. Matthies, Gustafsson, and other MachineGames employees visited id Software in Mesquite, Texas, in July 2010 to talk about this prospect. Id Software was already impressed with the team's work while at Starbreeze, and only requested that MachineGames used their id Tech 5 engine for the endeavour. By November, all necessary paperwork for MachineGames to develop a "Wolfenstein" game was completed, and the studio became a subsidiary of ZeniMax to pursue development on what would later become "". With this acquisition, MachineGames changed its legal name to ZeniMax Sweden AB. Following this, MachineGames began hiring new staff, growing to at least 50 people by June 2013. According Gustafsson, around 70% of the company's employees at the time were transplants from Starbreeze.  MachineGames developed "Wolfenstein: The New Order" (2014) and its prequel, "" (2015). In June 2016, they released a free episode for id Software's 1996 game "Quake" in celebration of the game's twentieth anniversary. At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017, "", a sequel to "The New Order", was announced with a release date of 27 October 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. MachineGames developed "", the follow-up to "The New Colossus" with a focus on co-operative gameplay, and "", a virtual reality game, both released in 2019.

MachineGames is a Swedish video game developer based in Uppsala. The studio was founded in 2009 by seven former employees of Starbreeze Studios, including founder Magnus Högdahl. After unsuccessfully pitching game ideas to several publishers, MachineGames agreed with Bethesda Softworks to develop a new instalment in the "Wolfenstein" series in July 2010, and was acquired by Bethesda's parent company, ZeniMax Media, in November. In the "Wolfenstein" series, MachineGames developed "" (2014), "" (2015), "" (2017), "" (2019), and "" (2019).

MachineGames ist ein schwedisches Computerspiel-Entwicklungsunternehmen mit Sitz in Uppsala. Es wurde von ehemaligen Mitarbeitern von Starbreeze Studios gegründet. ZeniMax Media, die Muttergesellschaft des US-amerikanischen Computerspielpublishers Bethesda Softworks, erwarb MachineGames im November 2010.


Discovery.

The discovery of "B. vitiensis" resulted from herpetologist Dr. John Gibbons of the University of the South Pacific being invited to a screening of the movie "The Blue Lagoon". Part of the movie was filmed on a remote island in Fiji and shots of the native wildlife, including a large colorful iguanid, were included. Gibbons, who was studying the Fiji banded iguana at the time, traveled to the island and identified the lizard in the film as a distinct species new to science.

Taxonomy and etymology.

The generic name, "Brachylophus", is derived from two Greek words: brachys (βραχῦς) meaning "short" and lophos (λοφος) meaning "crest" or "plume", denoting the short spiny crests along the back of this species. The specific name, "vitiensis", is a Latin adjective derived from the Latin word for Fiji.  The species "B. vitiensis" is closely related to the Fiji banded iguana ("B. fasciatus") and "B. bulabula". The southwest Pacific iguanas of the genus "Brachylophus" and the related extinct genus "Lapitiguana" are thought to be descended from ancestral iguanas that rafted west across the Pacific Ocean from the Americas, where their closest relatives are found.

Habitat.

"B. vitiensis" is found on the islands of Fiji, in the South Pacific. The species is restricted to tropical dry forests, specifically to the rain shadow forests located on certain islands in Fiji. These forests are one of the most threatened vegetation types in the Pacific. A small population of the Fiji crested iguana – fewer than 80 individuals – can be found on the small island of Macuata. The majority of this species – fewer than 4,000 individuals – is most commonly found on the island of Yadua Taba. The island is a National Trust of Fiji reserve, and is thus the only legally protected population of the Fiji crested iguana. The island is now also free of forest burning and the presence of goats, which was a major factor in the initial decline of the species. There are six other Fijian islands where evidence of the species has been recorded: Deviulau, Waya, Mouriki, Monu, Qalito (possibly extinct), and Malolo Levu.  The critically small population on Malolo Levu seems to qualify as a subspecies, "B. vitiensis pricei", as it differs in its DNA on 7 alleles in comparison to B. vitiensis from Macuata. A small protected forestation area was created recently for the last 17 crested iguanas that survived. Juveniles have been reported on the site, indicating some degree of reproduction is ongoing. However, the outlook for this subpopulation is a matter of great concern. According to Steve Anstey of Ahura Resorts there are currently only 15 iguanas left in the forest remnants at Likuliku Lodge and 6 at Malolo Resort. Conservation programs initiated for the Likuliku and Malolo populations include a captive head start facility and reforestation programs led by Likuliku's environmental officer Sia Rasalato. The species probably inhabited land up to 500 meters above sea level in the recent past, but is currently only found at elevations of 100 meters or less.

Description.

The Fiji crested iguana is a large stocky lizard distinguished from the Fiji banded iguana by the presence of three narrow, cream to white colored bands on males, rather than the broader bluish bands of the latter species. These whitish bands often have chevrons of black scales close to them. "Brachylophus vitiensis" is distinguished by its larger size growing to in length and weighing as much as. It is further distinguished by the presence of a taller spiny "crest" on its back with spines as long as running from the nape of the neck to the base of its tail.  When Fiji crested iguanas first hatch from their eggs they are dark green, but after several hours their skin becomes bright emerald green and narrow white bands can be seen along their body. Their eyes are reddish orange or pinkish gold in color.

Behaviour.

The Fiji crested iguana is a diurnal creature that tends to live under the shade of trees and will seek sunlight/heat on days with cool temperature. It has the ability to rapidly change colour from green to black when aroused. It uses this ability when threatened by any potential predator in its surroundings. These colours will vary depending on the severity of the situation, bright green is standard, dark green would be slightly dangerous, and black would be an extreme. If its white bands or its sudden change in colour has not intimidated its predator, it will ultimately resort to an expansion of its neck, a bobbing of its head, and it will pounce itself towards the potential threat. In order to move from tree to tree where it usually resides, it uses the overlapping branches in order to move effectively through their environments. Their long toes and tails help them keep balance while they move through the trees.

Diet.

Fiji crested iguanas are predominantly herbivorous feeding on the leaves, fruits, shoots, and flowers from trees and shrubs. These iguanas eat both the new leaves and the large flowers from trees and shrubs. Hence, it is restricted and limited to tropical dry forests and similar habitats on islands in western Fiji. Furthermore, the Fiji crested iguanas particularly have a preference for sweet hibiscus flowers of the "Vau" tree ("Hibiscus tiliaceus"). The vau tree is one of the species of trees where they spend most of their time residing. Fiji crested iguanas do not display any major or significant seasonal shifts, sex differences, or age-class differences in their diet patterns. Moreover, scientists have observed captive hatchlings even eating insects; nonetheless, adults will not.

Reproduction.

The Fiji crested iguana, similar to all other iguanas, reproduces by laying eggs. The breeding season takes place between March and April, with courtship and mating commencing in January. They lay large white eggs, which have a leathery texture. The species is oviparous and has one of the longest incubation periods of any reptile, which can last from 189 days to nine months. Female iguanas are usually found defending the eggs and guard the nest of four to six eggs. Females dig holes on the forest floor, where three to five eggs are laid and they then fill the hole or burrow. The eggs are white and leathery, with the average number of eggs in a clutch being four  Eggs take roughly 8–9 months (October–November) to hatch and this occurs at the beginning of the wet season. A few of weeks prior to hatching, a brown oval mark arises on the surface of the egg. This oval mark identifies the spot where the baby iguana's head will pop out of the egg. Sometimes, a full day can pass before the Fiji crested iguana hatches from the egg. After hatching, the baby iguanas obtain moisture by licking wet leaves.

Iguanas and man.

Folklore.

The Fijian name for iguana is "vokai", although some tribes call it "saumuri". Two tribes regard the iguana as their totem and as such its name is not allowed to be mentioned in the presence of women or the offender may be beaten with a stick. The majority of Fijians, however, are terrified of the crested iguana because of its behavior when threatened.

Threats.

The biggest threat the Fiji crested iguana faces is habitat loss due to fires, storms, agricultural development, and competition from feral goats. Goats were introduced to Yadua Taba in 1972 and numbered over 200 by the late 1970s. The vegetation on the island during this time was severely depleted by a combination of grazing and fires used to drive goats for ease of capture. After the discovery of the Fiji crested iguana, the island was declared a sanctuary and all but a few goats were removed and fires banned. As a result, the dry forest on the island has recovered to a great extent and is the best remaining example of Pacific dry forest. Invasive "Leucaena" trees threaten the regeneration of native food trees for the iguanas, but the government of Fiji has taken steps to eradicate the trees.  A secondary threat is introduced predators in the forms of rats, mongooses, and cats which prey on the Fiji crested iguana and its eggs. Additionally the lizard has been hunted as a food source and for the illegal animal trade.  In 2002, five adult Fiji crested iguanas were stolen from the sanctuary, but Fiji Custom officers caught the smuggler before he boarded his international flight. Since this incident, tourist visits to the sanctuary have been prohibited and only researchers are permitted to visit the island. In order to protect iguanas in the sanctuary from diseases and parasites, it is not permitted to return to the island any lizard that has been removed.

Conservation.

Due to the removal of the goats, forest area was increased by 10–20% since 1980, which means more resources for the Fiji crested iguana and a larger environment. There are many other recommended actions that should be taken in order for them to survive. A major threat to the Fiji crested iguana is posed by introduced predators such as feral cats, rats, and mongooses. Physical measures should be taken to protect the iguanas from cats and mongooses, which should include removing them from the area similar to the removal of the goats. Also, the only island being monitored is Yadua Taba Island. Other islands inhabited by Fiji crested iguanas such as Macuata, Monu, and Monuriki should also be monitored. Another action that should be taken is reforestation. The iguanas need more resources in order to repopulate, which means there should be more food trees that should be planted on the island for them to feed off of.  However, the available data on this species is fairly limited. There is little data on “the effects of direct or indirect factors potentially responsible for causing the population crash.” Without some detailed data on that topic, “any Species Recovery Plan developed is not likely to be cost effective and may fail to achieve the desired results.”

The Fiji crested iguana or Fijian crested iguana ("Brachylophus vitiensis") is a critically endangered species of iguana native to some of the northwestern islands of the Fijiian archipelago, where it is found in dry forest.

Brachylophus vitiensis ist eine stark bedrohte ("critically endangered" nach IUCN) Leguanart, die auf der kleinen, zu den Fidschiinseln gehörenden Vulkaninsel Yadua Tabu (westlich von Vanua Levu) und auf Macuata vorkommt.