Biography.

He graduated from Columbia University in New York City. In a time when Jews were not readily accepted into American medical schools, he studied medicine in Switzerland, Bern and was analysed by Wilhelm Stekel, a distinguished if controversial student of Sigmund Freud, and again by Otto Fenichel and Frances Deri in Los Angeles.  He published psychoanalytic material often dealing with analyzability, beginning of analysis, interpretations, dreams, working through, acting out, countertransference, and termination. His article "On Gambling" drew on his own "observations on gambling in the U. S. Army from 1942 to 1946, primarily among officers." In retrospect, "Greenson's essay is interesting because, unlike many other analysts, he considers cultural and historical material to be relevant, while accepting the overriding importance of the Oedipal conflict."  In working with borderline patients, he proposed a "modified psychoanalytic approach... a basically neutral technical position of the therapist, and only a minimum deviation from such a position of neutrality as might be necessary."  Greenson was named a clinical professor of psychiatry at the UCLA School of Medicine and served on the Board on Professional Standards and the Committee on Institutes in The American. He published fifty-three papers in psychoanalytic journals. "The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis", published in 1967, has been described as "a thorough, highly technical textbook, with an instructive treatment of the working alliance," and stands "among the classic writings... relating to the technique of psychoanalysis." In it "Greenson says that it's important for the patient to distinguish between his transference relations to the analyst and his realistic perceptions of him... 'the non-transference relationship'" – views criticized however by Charles Brenner as "what Brenner calls resistive myths – myths that analysts who are unable to tolerate analytic abstinence have invented to justify their lapses from neutrality."  In 1968 Ralph Greenson offered a developmental theory for homosexuality, which focuses on the need of boys to "dis-identify" from their mothers:  The male child, in order to attain a healthy sense of maleness, must replace the primary object of his identification, the mother, and must identify instead with the father. I believe it is the difficulties inherent in this additional step of development, from which girls are exempt, which are responsible for certain special problems in the man's gender identity, his sense of belonging to the male sex.... The male child's ability to dis-identify will determine the success or failure of his later identification with his father.

Ralph R. Greenson (born Romeo Samuel Greenschpoon, September 20, 1911 – November 24, 1979) was a prominent American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Greenson is famous for being Marilyn Monroe's psychiatrist, and was the basis for Leo Rosten's 1963 novel, "Captain Newman, M.D." The book was later made into a movie starring Gregory Peck as Greenson's character. There has been much conjecture, by investigating officers, press and the public, about Greenson's involvement in a possible cover-up concerning the circumstances of Monroe's death.

Ralph R. Greenson (ursprünglich "Romeo Samuel Greenschpoon", geboren 20. September 1911 in Brooklyn, New York; gestorben 24. November 1979 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein amerikanischer Psychiater und Psychoanalytiker.


Premise.

"Younger" is mainly set in New York City and chronicles the personal and professional life of Liza Miller, a divorced 40-year-old woman with a teenage daughter and a failed marriage that collapsed due to her former husband's gambling addiction. After a 26-year-old tattoo artist named Josh mistakenly thinks that he and Liza are about the same age, she concocts a plan to pass herself off as a 20-something to re-enter the ageist industry of publishing, later becoming the assistant of Empirical Press marketing head Diana Trout and befriending Kelsey Peters, a co-worker.

Production.

Development.

The series is based on the Pamela Redmond Satran's novel of the same name. In October 2013, TV Land ordered the pilot from creator and executive producer Darren Star. Patricia Field, who worked with Star on "Sex and the City", is a costume consultant on the production. The pilot was picked up to series in April 2014, with a 12-episode order. On April 21, 2015, "Younger" was renewed for a second season of 12 episodes, which premiered on January 13, 2016. Ahead of the fifth season's premiere, it was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on June 12, 2019. On July, 24, 2019, TV Land renewed the series for a seventh season, making it the longest running original series in the network's history.

Casting.

Sutton Foster was cast in the lead role of Liza Miller in December 2013. Hilary Duff and Miriam Shor joined the main cast in the following month. Debi Mazar was cast in February 2014. After a recurring role in the first season, Molly Bernard was added to the main cast from the second season onward. In February 2018, it was announced that Charles Michael Davis had been promoted to series regular, after appearing in a recurring capacity in the fourth season. On March 14, 2018, it was announced that Christian Borle would appear in the fifth season in a guest starring role playing the journalist Don Ridley in two episodes. On May 4, 2018, it was confirmed that Laura Benanti would appear in the fifth season, playing a self-made billionaire named Quinn.

Release.

Broadcast.

On September 5, 2018, it was announced that the series would be moved to Paramount Network from the sixth season onward; however, it was announced on April 3, 2019 that the series would stay on TV Land. Broadcasters carrying "Younger" include M3, E!, and CTV 2 in Canada; and Sony and Comedy Central in the United Kingdom.

Marketing.

In June 2018, during the opening night screening at the annual ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas, a first look at the second episode of the fifth season was showcased, whilst a panel discussion with Darren Star and cast members took place. That same month, the book "Marriage Vacation," mentioned in the series, was launched in real life by Simon & Schuster. In June 2019, the sixth-season premiere was also screened at the ATX Television Festival, followed by an interview with cast member Debi Mazar and writers Sarah Choi and Joe Murphy.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Younger" has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season an approval rating of 97% based on 37 reviews, and an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Darren Star's witty writing and Sutton Foster's charisma help elevate "Younger" above some of TV Land's previous sitcoms." Metacritic gives the first season a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 100% based on 8 reviews, and an average rating of 7.1/10. Metacritic gave the season a score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 4 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".  Brian Lowry of "Variety" gave the series a mostly positive review, describing it as "not perfect but highly watchable" and pointing out that "inevitably, there are stereotypical aspects on both sides of the age gap—from the flakiness of Kelsey's contemporaries to Diana too often coming across as a bitter scold—but the series seldom pitches so far across those lines as to be unable to find its way back."  On the "New York" magazine website Vulture.com, Margaret Lyons gave a mostly positive review, describing "a sweetness to the series, an almost admiration for the various crummy behaviors [of the characters]." She went on to say that she wished the show "had a longer first season not just because I liked it, but more because it's featherweight, and as its current run stands, might have been better off as a feature-length rom-com." Megan Garber reviewed the show for "The Atlantic" saying, ""Younger", a fairy tale fit for basic cable, is a treacly confection of a show: witty but not wise, delightful but not deep. And yet—like its creator Darren Star’s previous exploration of age and sexuality and identity in a tumultuous time, "Sex and the City"—it offers, almost in spite of itself, deep insights into the culture of the moment."  Tom Conroy of "Media Life Magazine" criticized the show mainly for portraying Sutton Foster's character Liza with "early-middle-age cluelessness", featuring "particularly silly" publishing-industry details and presenting "a relationship between an educated 40-year-old mother and a 26-year-old college dropout" that, in his belief, "has nowhere to go."  But Jonathan Alexander writes in the Los Angeles Review of Books that "Younger works in part because it plays to both millennials, who are often portrayed as hip and hardworking, creative and generous, as well as to late Gen-Xers who are facing a corporate and consumer world that's seemingly forgotten them in its drive to cater to the needs, tastes, and interests of a younger (and numerically larger) generation."  Darcie Wilder of "Vice" wrote in her review: ""Younger" is unexpectedly addictive, nothing short of extremely soothing and pleasurable to watch. It's a bedtime story that's supposed to lull but is too engaging to ever actually let you doze off. Usually when I binge, there's a hard out when I finally get caught up to real time, entering the headspace of its regular audience and eventually losing interest—but that hasn't happened with "Younger", not yet."

Spin-off.

It was reported in May 2020 that ViacomCBS and Darren Star have partnered to develop a spin-off series centered around Hilary Duff.

International adaptations.

South Korean television network JTBC plans to broadcast the Korean adaptation of "Younger" in early 2020. It will be directed by Kim Seong-yoon as his first project under JTBC after leaving his longtime home network, KBS.  The series is being adapted in China by Endemol Shine China and Huace Group. It is being remade as a 40-part series in Mandarin with episodes of 45 minutes.

Younger is an American comedy-drama television series created and produced by Darren Star. It is based on the 2005 novel of the same name by Pamela Redmond Satran. The single-camera series premiered on TV Land on March 31, 2015 and has since received generally positive reviews from critics. Ahead of the fifth season's premiere, it was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on June 12, 2019. In July 2019, TV Land renewed the series for a seventh season, making it the longest running original series in the network's history.

Younger ist eine US-amerikanische Fernsehserie, die am 31. März 2015 ihre Premiere beim Sender TV Land feierte. Aufgrund guter Einschaltquoten und Kritiken wurde die Serie nach Vollendung ihrer ersten Staffel für eine zweite verlängert. Noch vor Ausstrahlung von Staffel zwei beschloss der Sender, die Serie auch um eine dritte Staffel zu verlängern. Am 14. Juni 2016 gab der Sender bekannt, dass es eine vierte Staffel geben wird und am 20. April 2017 wurde offiziell die fünfte Staffel der Serie bestätigt. Am 4. Juni 2018 wurde die Serie um eine sechste Staffel verlängert. Ursprünglich sollte diese Staffel nicht mehr auf TVLand, sondern bei Paramount Network ausgestrahlt werden. Im April 2019 wurde dieser Schritt jedoch wieder revidiert. Im Juli 2019 wurde die Serie um eine siebte Staffel verlängert.


Biography.

Louis Cukela was born on May 1, 1888, in the Dalmatian city of Split (or Šibenik), today's Croatia (at the time Kingdom of Dalmatia, Austro-Hungarian Empire) to George and Johana (Bubrich) Cukela. His mother died in 1900. He was educated in the grade schools of Split, then attended the Merchant Academy and later, the Royal Gymnasium, both for two year courses. In 1913, Cukela emigrated to the United States and he and his brother settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota; his father and three sisters remained in Austria-Hungary.  On September 21, 1914, he enlisted in the United States Army. He was serving as a corporal in Company H, 13th Infantry Regiment when he was honorably discharged on June 12, 1916.

World War I.

Seven months later, on January 31, 1917, with World War I raging in Europe and prior to the United States entry into the war, Cukela enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. He became a member of the 66th Company, 1st Battalion, Fifth Marine Regiment.  He was deployed to France in 1918 and fought in all the engagements in which the 5th Marines participated, from Belleau Wood to the Meuse River Crossing. Along the way he earned a commission as a second lieutenant, as well as the Medal of Honor and four Silver Star Citations. From the French, there was the Légion d'honneur, the Médaille militaire (the first award of this prestigious decoration to a Marine officer) and the Croix de guerre 1914–18 with two palms and one silver star. Italy decorated him with the Croce al Merito di Guerra, while Yugoslavia weighed in with the Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia.  He was awarded the Medal of Honor by both the Army and the Navy (in the "Tiffany Cross" pattern) for the same action on the morning of July 18, 1918, near Villiers-Cotterets, France, during the Soissons engagement. The 66th Company, 5th Marines, in which Cukela was then a gunnery sergeant, was advancing through the Forest de Retz when it was held up by an enemy strong point. Despite the warnings of his men, the gunnery sergeant crawled out from the flank and advanced alone towards the German lines. Getting beyond the strong point despite heavy fire, "Gunny" Cukela captured one gun by bayoneting its crew. Picking up their hand grenades, he then demolished the remaining portion of the strong point from the shelter of a nearby gun pit. He took four prisoners and captured two undamaged machine guns.  Cukela was wounded in action twice but since there is no record of either wound at the Navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, he was never awarded the Purple Heart. The first wound was suffered at Jaulny, France, on September 16, 1918, during the St. Mihiel engagement. Cukela was wounded again during the fighting in the Champagne sector. Neither wound was serious.  In addition to the two Medals of Honor, Cukela was awarded the Silver Star by the Army; the Médaille militaire (he was the first Marine officer ever to receive this medal), the Légion d'honneur in the rank of Chevalier, the Croix de guerre with two palms, another Croix de guerre with Silver Star, all by France; the Croce al Merito di Guerra by Italy; and Commander's Cross of the Royal Order of the Crown of Yugoslavia. He also received three Second Division citations.  Cukela received a field appointment to the rank of second lieutenant in the Marine Corps Reserve on September 26, 1918, and was selected for a commission in the regular Marine Corps on March 31, 1919. Promoted to first lieutenant on July 17, 1919, he was advanced to the rank of captain on September 15, 1921. His promotion to major was effected on the day of his retirement, June 30, 1940.

After World War I.

After the war, Cukela served at overseas bases in Haiti, Santo Domingo, the Philippines, and Tientsin, China, and at domestic stations in Quantico, Virginia; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Norfolk, Virginia; Hampton Roads, Virginia; Mare Island, California; Washington, D.C.; Nashville, Indiana, and Fort Knox, Kentucky. Cukela served as a second lieutenant of United States Marine Corps stationed at Maissade, Republic of Haiti in the times of the Second Caco War of 1919–1920. By 1919, Haitian Charlemagne Péralte had organized more than a thousand armed guerrillas (called cacos), to militarily oppose the United States Marine occupation. The marines responded to the resistance with a counterinsurgency campaign that razed villages, killed thousands of Haitians, and destroyed the livelihoods of even more. Cukela was the one of the US military personnel questioned by a US Senate committee for the atrocities he committed and abuse of power. Cukela executed a group of prisoners in the middle of a Marine camp there. For this atrocity he was not court martialed rather transferred to another camp. General Barnett, Marine Corps Commandant in 1920 set up a board headed by Colonel John H. Russell, Jr. to decide which wartime temporary officers would be retired, demoted, or discharged. Educated men of good family were preferred over formerly enlisted men with little formal education. As a consequence of those criteria Cukela was demoted from first lieutenant to second lieutenant despite his wartime heroism. However, by 1927 he was a captain of the 75th Company of Marines serving in Tientsin, China.  From June 1933 to January 1934, Cukela served as a company commander with the Civilian Conservation Corps. His last years in the Marine Corps were spent at Norfolk, where he served as the post quartermaster. Retired as a major on June 30, 1940, he was recalled to active duty on July 30, of the same year.

Retirement and death.

During World War II the major served at Norfolk and Philadelphia. He finally returned to the inactive retired list on May 17, 1946. Cukela served a few days less than 32 years of active duty in the army and Marines.  On March 19, 1956, Cukela died at the U.S. Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Following services at St. Jane Frances de Chantel Church, Bethesda, he was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on March 22, 1956.  Cukela was profiled in the August 2018 issue of "Naval History" magazine.

Decorations.

Major Cukela had the following decorations and medals:

Medal of Honor citations.

Navy citation: For extraordinary heroism while serving with the 66th Company, 5th Regiment, during action in Forest de Retz, near Viller-Cottertes, France, July 18, 1918. Sgt. Cukela advanced alone against an enemy strong point that was holding up his line. Disregarding the warnings of his comrades, he crawled out from the flank in the face of heavy fire and worked his way to the rear of the enemy position. Rushing a machine-gun emplacement, he killed or drove off the crew with his bayonet, bombed out the remaining part of the strong point with German hand grenades, and captured two machineguns and four men.  Army citation:  When his company, advancing through a wood, met with strong resistance from an enemy strong point, Sgt. Cukela crawled out from the flank and made his way toward the German lines in the face of heavy fire, disregarding the warnings of his comrades. He succeeded in getting behind the enemy position and rushed a machinegun emplacement, killing or driving off the crew with his bayonet. With German hand grenades he then bombed out the remaining portion of the strong point, capturing 4 men and 2 damaged machineguns.

Personal life.

Cukela was married to Minnie Myrtle Strayer of Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, on December 22, 1923, in Washington, D.C. Mrs. Cukela died on August 10, 1956, just months after Major Cukela. At the time of his death, Major Cukela was also survived by a sister, Mrs. Zorka Cukela Dvoracek, of Šibenik, Croatia.

Louis Cukela (May 1, 1888 – March 19, 1956) was a Croatian American United States Marine numbered among the nineteen two-time recipients of the Medal of Honor. Cukela was awarded the Medal by both the US Army and the US Navy for the same action during the Battle of Soissons in World War I. He was also awarded decorations from France, Italy, and Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Louis Cukela (geboren am 1. Mai 1888 in Split, Königreich Dalmatien; gestorben am 22. März 1956 in Bethesda (Maryland), USA) war ein Veteran des United States Marine Corps. Während seiner Dienstzeit wurde er zweimal mit der Medal of Honor ausgezeichnet.


History.

In 2010, the WFMT celebrated its 25th anniversary. The seeds for the development of the World Federation of Music Therapy were sown during the second World Congress of Music Therapy in Buenos Aires in 1976. A group of American, European, and South American music therapists met and started to develop a plan for unity and standards in the international arena of music therapy. Among the ten founding members were Rolando Benenzon (Argentina), Giovanna Mutti (Italy), Jacques Jost (France), Barbara Hesser (USA), Amelia Oldfield (UK), Ruth Bright (Australia), Heinrich Otto Moll (Germany), Rafael Colon (Puerto Rico), Clementina Nastari (Brazil), and Tadeusz Natanson (Poland). The Federation was formally established during the 5th World Congress of Music Therapy in Genoa, Italy, in 1985. Anecdotal reports about the beginnings of WFMT as well as the founder’s motivation can be found at the online journal, "Voices."

Leadership.

WFMT leadership consists of 20 individuals serving in a volunteer capacity as officers, commissioners, or regional liaisons. The officers are the President, Past President, Secretary/Treasurer, and the Executive Assistant. The commissioners oversee committees related to one of eight areas: education & training, clinical practice, global crises intervention, publications, research & ethics, accreditation & certification, public relations, and world congress organization. Regional liaisons, a new position as of 2008, reside in the WFMT global regions they represent and collect and disseminate information related to developments in the profession. The Assembly of Student Delegates, started in 2011, consists of student leaders representing each of WFMT's global regions and is facilitated by the Executive Assistant.  The WFMT Council uses online sources such as the WFMT website, blog, podcasts, videos, social media, emails and an annual report to communicate with its members and others associated with music therapy. The WFMT Council also holds symposia, panels, and roundtables at major international conferences to inform others about global music therapy developments and the most recent projects in WFMT.

World Congresses of Music Therapy.

The World Congress of Music Therapy is held every three years in a different country. Music therapy professionals and experts in related fields from around the world gather at the congress to share ideas, experiences, trends, and research outcomes. The World Congress of Music Therapy is hosted by a WFMT organizational member in conjunction with a local host.  Previous congress locations include:  1. Paris, France (1974)  2. Buenos Aires, Argentina (1976)  3. San Juan, Puerto Rico (1981)  4. Paris, France (1983)  5. Genoa, Italy (1985) - Founding of the World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT)  6. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1990)  7. Vitoria, Spain (1993)  8. Hamburg, Germany (1996)  9. Washington, D.C., USA (1999)  10. Oxford, England (2002)  11. Brisbane, Australia (2005)  12. Buenos Aires, Argentina (2008)  13. Seoul, South Korea (2011)  14. Vienna and Krems, Austria (2014)  15. Tsukuba, Japan (2017)

The World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT) is an international, non-profit music therapy corporation, organized under the laws of the state of North Carolina in the USA. The WFMT's mission is to promote global awareness of both the scientific and artistic nature of the profession, while also contributing to its development. The Federation advocates for the recognition of music therapy as an evidence-based profession through its support of educational programs, clinical practice, and research. WFMT is divided into eight global regions representing different parts of the world: Africa, Australia/New Zealand, North America, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. Detailed listings of countries within each region can be found in the federation's bylaws, posted on its website.

Die World Federation of Music Therapy (WFMT) ist eine 1985 gegründete internationale Non-Profit-Organisation für Musiktherapie mit Sitz in North Carolina. Sie setzt sich für die Weiterentwicklung des Berufszweiges ein und stärkt das Bewusstsein sowohl für die wissenschaftliche, als auch die künstlerische Seite der Musiktherapie. Die Organisation beschäftigt sich darüber hinaus mit den ethischen Fragen, die zu diesem Berufszweig gehören. Sie leistet auch politische Arbeit und setzt sich dafür ein, dass die Musiktherapie weltweit als seriös und mit Fakten belegte Therapieform anerkannt wird. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, fördert die World Federation of Music Therapy Fortbildungsprogramme und engagiert sich in der klinischen Praxis und Forschung. Die heute noch gültige und international anerkannte Definition von Musiktherapie wurde 1996 von der WFMT festgelegt.


Early life and career.

Kahn was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He received his undergraduate and medical degree from the University of Louisville in 1964 and 1968. He became interested in pursuing diabetes research while serving in several positions at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from 1970 to 1981. He moved to Boston in 1981 when he was appointed Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Research Director of the Joslin Diabetes Center. By 1984, he was promoted to Professor of Medicine and named the Mary K. Iacocca Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School in 1986.

Appointments.

Kahn became the president and director of Joslin in 2000 and held this position until 2007. In 2012, he was appointed Joslin's first Chief Academic Officer.  Outside of Joslin, Kahn also held various leadership roles. In 1998 he was appointed chair of the Congressionally-mandated Diabetes Research Working Group (DRWG). This group developed a strategic plan which served as the roadmap for growth of the diabetes research for the United States over the following 10 years. Dr. Kahn also served as chair of Class IV (Biomedical Sciences) of the National Academy of Sciences from 2007 to 2010.

Personal life.

Kahn is married to Susan Becker Kahn, also formerly of Louisville. They have two children. Stacy Anne Kahn is a pediatric gastroenterologist at the Boston Children's Hospital. Jeffrey Adam Kahn is managing partner of Continuum Search based in Denver, Colorado. His brother Arnold Kahn is emeritus professor of developmental biology of the University of California San Francisco.

Research contributions.

Kahn is an investigator in insulin signal transduction and mechanisms of altered signaling in diabetes. The main discoveries to come from his lab include the insulin receptor kinase, its two primary substrates and the molecular components of the insulin signaling network. Kahn's lab was also the first to define alterations in the signaling network in insulin resistant states, such as type 2 diabetes. More recent discoveries from his lab encompass defining alterations in the signaling network in type 2 diabetes, including the important role of insulin action in unexpected tissues such as brain, both in physiologic regulation and potentially in development of Alzheimer's disease. His lab at Joslin has also made contributions to the understanding of obesity by showing that fat cells, called adipocytes, have different developmental origins and cellular functions that lead to risk of metabolic disease.  Kahn's work with adult humans has demonstrated that they have active brown fat that is central to redefining its role in metabolic regulation and protection from obesity.

References.

Carl Ronald Kahn (born January 14, 1944) is an American physician and scientist, best known for his work with insulin receptors and insulin resistance in diabetes and obesity. He is the Chief Academic Officer at Joslin Diabetes Center, the Mary K. Iacocca Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1999.

Carl Ronald Kahn (* 14. Januar 1944) ist ein US-amerikanischer Endokrinologe und Diabetes-Forscher am Joslin Diabetes Center. Kahn konnte wesentlich zur Aufklärung der Signalwege des Insulins beitragen.


History.

The line is the first and so far the only passenger rail service on the island and the rest of the Dutch Caribbean, and the second of any kind, after an industrial branch that was closed in 1960. It was inaugurated on 22 December 2012, seven days after the arrival of the first single-deck car. Regular service started on 19 February 2013. The second car, an open-top double-decker, was delivered in June 2013. The heritage style streetcars were designed and manufactured by TIG/m Modern Street Railways in California, USA.  The line operates daily., service was operating from 9:00 to 17:00, with two cars in service after 11:00.

Route.

The line starts from a balloon loop near the Port of Call and serves the downtown area with a route along Schelpstraat, Havenstraat and Caya Betico Croes, the main road, which is open to pedestrians only. Between Rancho and Plaza Chipi Chipi, eastbound trams (towards Plaza Nicky) run via Schelpstraat, and westbound ones (towards Port of Call), run via Havenstraat. It ends at Plaza Nicky, with a stop also located on a loop.  There are a total of 9 stops situated approximately apart from each other. The depot is located between the stops at Port of Call and Rancho.

Rolling stock.

The fleet is composed of 4 streetcars: 2 single-decker (green and orange) and 2 open-top double-decker (blue and red) cars. The vehicles, assembled by TIG/m in Chatsworth, USA, use hydrail technology: they are powered by batteries augmented by hydrogen fuel cells.

The Oranjestad Streetcar () is a single-track tram line in Oranjestad, the capital city of Aruba. It is owned and operated by Arubus, the national public transportation company. It was built as a key component of a larger project to upgrade the main retail areas of the town, other aspects of which included pedestrianization of streets, planting of trees, installation of ornamental street lighting and resurfacing of streets and sidewalks.

Die Straßenbahn Oranjestad (, ) ist eine eingleisige Straßenbahnstrecke in Oranjestad, der Hauptstadt von Aruba (Königreich der Niederlande). Sie wird von Arubus, der nationalen Verkehrsgesellschaft, betrieben.


Player career.

Born in Sousse and a son of a family of footballers, he began his career as a young player at the Corniche and joined in 1957 the Etoile Sportive du Sahel (ESS) to the position of midfielder and team captain. He started for the first time in the national team by Yugoslav coach Milan Kristić as a semi-offensive (between the attacking midfielder and the center forward) and he imposed himself in the Tunisian midfield game.  He competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics, but his team lost all of their games and did not score goals. In 1961, he participated in the 1962 African Cup of Nations qualification and qualified Tunisia against Nigeria by scoring away with a goal in the 65th minute, but he missed the finals of the competition because he was a victim as few of his teammates of a Malaria crisis. He nevertheless participated in the 1963 African Cup of Nations after having played and lost the final of the Friendship Games in Dakar against Senegal.  At the 1965 African Cup of Nations held in Tunisia, he was captain of the selection. His team did a great competition before reaching the final against Ghana on 21 November. He scored a goal, which allowed Tunisia to equalize, but Ghana finally won the competition after extra time.

Coach career.

He left the Étoile du Sahel in 1968 and returned as a coach from 1970 to 1975. He made good results winning the Tunisian League and Maghreb Champions Cup in 1972 and two Tunisian Cups in 1974 and 1975.  He graduated from the Cologne Higher Institute (Germany) in 1974, so he was called in January 1975 to coach the national team. At the 1978 African Cup of Nations, he reached the semi-final but left the competition with a two-year exclusion from the African Cup of Nations for unsportsmanlike behavior.  However, the team qualified for the first time for the World Cup finals in 1978, becoming the first African team to win a match (against Mexico by 3 goals to 1). However, his team didn't pass the first round because, after this victory, the Tunisians lost their second match against Poland by 1 goal to 0. They then draw with Germany on a virgin score. But this relatively good performance allows the African continent to benefit from an additional place for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, with two places.  With this great achievement and despite the many offers, he preferred to stay away from this training, but he had a short experience in 1988 Gulf Cup of Nations with Bahrain national football team reaching the semi-finals.  He returned to Étoile du Sahel as a coach for a few months in 2004, replacing Mrad Mahjoub, who was forced to resign after the elimination of the team in the Tunisian Cup semi-final. He achieved the second place in 2004 CAF Champions League after losing against the Nigerian Side Enyimba with penalties

Consultant.

He has been a sports consultant for the American TV channel ESPN since 1998. Chetali succeeds in establishing himself as one of the best Arab consultants and a very popular columnist of Tunisian television. Indeed, he is one of the first Arab to analyze a football game on a television screen after introducing a model of land on which there are dolls players. He analyzed three World Cups, four African Cups of Nations, two Asian Cups, three Copa América as well as the Italian, Spanish and English Leagues and the UEFA Champions League in Aljazeera Sport.  In March 2007, he was appointed technical advisor to the Saudi Arabian Football Federation.

Honours.

As Player.

Étoile du Sahel  Tunisia

As Manager.

Étoile du Sahel  Tunisia  Bahrain

Abdelmajid Al-Chetali (; born 4 July 1939) is a Tunisian football coach and former player who played a total of 70 games with the national team and scored four goals. He participated also in 1960 Summer Olympics. He now enjoys a high profile in Tunisia but refuses to take over the selection. He is considered one of the characters who shaped and prolonged the legend of the Étoile Sportive du Sahel (nicknamed Majda). He received only one yellow card during his career.

Abdelmajid Chetali (; * 4. Juli 1939 in Sousse, Tunesien) ist ein ehemaliger tunesischer Fußballspieler und Fußballtrainer. Er trainierte 1978 die tunesische Fußballnationalmannschaft, die als erste afrikanische Mannschaft ein WM-Endrundenspiel gewinnen konnte.


History.

The bridge, a Georgian structure built of local limestone, was opened in 1769. It replaced a pre-existing ferry and its construction was funded by the Earl of Abingdon. The bridge is governed by its own Act of Parliament. It allows the bridge owner to collect tolls and makes the building of bridges across the river illegal for three miles either way up or down stream from Swinford. By repute, the owners do not pay tax on the revenue from the tolls as a perquisite from King George III. It is one of the two remaining toll bridges that cross the Thames upstream of London, the other being Whitchurch Bridge.  In 1835 tolls for pedestrians over Swinford bridge were abolished. Pedal cycles and motorcycles are also exempt from tolls. Other classes of traffic remain subject to tolls, which are £0.05 in the case of cars. Despite this small toll there is () a campaign to make it toll-free. Oxfordshire County Council estimates that 10,000 vehicles cross the bridge every day. Toll collection causes significant delays. An online poll in 2006 on the "Witney Gazette" website showed that 87.5% of voters want the tolls scrapped.  The bridge was put up for sale in 2009 and was sold at auction on 3 December for £1.08 million. A campaign calling for Oxfordshire County Council to buy the bridge was unsuccessful.  According to travelers who use this bridge, the toll remained at 5p for an automobile in late 2019 and was still collected manually. There was no charge for pedestrians.

Swinford Toll Bridge is a privately owned toll bridge across the River Thames in Oxfordshire, England. It crosses the river just above Eynsham Lock, between the village of Eynsham on the west bank and the small settlement of Swinford on the east bank (in Berkshire until 1974). It carries the B4044 road from Oxford to Eynsham, which was the A40 road until the Eynsham bypass was completed in 1936.

Die Swinford Toll Bridge ist eine in Privatbesitz befindliche und gebührenpflichtige Brücke über die Themse in Oxfordshire, England. Sie überquert den Fluss flussaufwärts des Eynsham Lock, zwischen Eynsham auf der nordwestlichen Flussseite und Swinford auf der südöstlichen Seite. Die B4044 von Oxford nach Eynsham verläuft über die Brücke.


Plot.

Priam Farll is a famous English painter and recluse who has been living in various isolated places around the world with only his valet of 25 years, Henry Leek, for company. In 1905, Farll reluctantly travels to London to be knighted. Upon their arrival, however, Leek becomes very ill. Farll summons Dr. Caswell, but Leek succumbs to double pneumonia. The doctor mistakenly assumes it is Farll who has died, and the publicity-hating artist is only too glad to assume Leek's identity.  When the King himself shows up to pay his respects, Farll learns that the body is to be buried at Westminster Abbey. Trying to end the masquerade, he only manages to convince his sole relative, a cousin he has not seen since childhood, that he is a lunatic.  Farll sneaks into the funeral, but is ejected for weeping and is only saved from arrest by the arrival of Alice Chalice, a widow with whom Leek had been corresponding. It turns out that Alice had applied to a marriage bureau and had been put in touch with Leek. Since the photograph she was given shows both Leek and Farll, she too assumes that Farll is Leek. Impressed by her cheerful nature, combined with her practicality and quick thinking, he marries her and settles in Alice's comfortably large home in Putney. They are happy together.  One day, Leek's wife, Sara, and three adult sons show up to reclaim their father. Farll is unable to convince her that he is not Henry Leek without giving away his true identity to his wife. Once more, Alice saves her husband through quick thinking, pointing out that the Leeks will be disgraced by having a bigamist as a father and husband. The Leeks hastily depart. Alice herself does not care that her husband may be a bigamist.  When Alice's stock dividends are unexpectedly cut off, Farll tries to calm her worries about her mortgage by telling her that he can sell his paintings for thousands of pounds. When Alice remains unconvinced, he takes her to an art dealer to prove it, only to have the man offer him £15 for his work. Farll is outraged and leaves. Later, however, Alice reconsiders and starts selling his paintings without his knowledge.  Clive Oxford, Farll's art dealer, recognizes Farll's work, buys the paintings cheaply, and resells them for an enormous profit. One frequent buyer, Lady Vale, learns that her most recent purchase shows an omnibus that only went into service after Farll supposedly died, and takes Oxford to court for fraud. Oxford is certain Farll is still alive, tracks him down, and summons him to the trial.  Farll loathes both parties and refuses to cooperate when he is on the stand. Oxford's solicitor, Mr. Pennington, gets Farll's cousin to testify that he has two moles on his upper left chest. Farll refuses to open his shirt, but Alice does it for him, proving his true identity. Afterward, Farll and Alice move to where he can paint in blissful seclusion.

Production.

Nunnally Johnson read the Arnold Bennett book in 1928, and was surprised no one had turned it into a film. As it turned out, Johnson was incorrect. The book had been made into a film twice in the United Kingdom, and by Paramount Pictures in the United States in 1933 under the title "His Double Life". According to Johnson's wife, ""Holy Matrimony" was the picture Nunnally most enjoyed... it was his favorite-size story, small, and the cockney wife that Gracie Fields played was Nunnally's dream wife."  Rights to the book were purchased by 20th Century Fox in September 1942, and Monty Woolley was immediately cast to star in the picture. On February 2, 1943, Fox announced the Gracie Fields would co-star in the picture and that the title was being changed from its working title of "Buried Alive" to the more audience-friendly "Holy Matrimony". Fox announced on March 29 that Una O'Connor and Eric Blore had been added to the cast as well. The studio also said that Richard Fraser would co-star in the picture, but he did not appear in the final cut of the film.  Principal photography occurred in April and May 1943. As the picture was shooting, Johnson quit his job at Fox to become an independent producer. Internal studio previews of the film were so positive that Fields was offered a full contract at Fox in June 1943.  The motion picture premiered in Los Angeles, California, on August 27, 1943, and in New York City on September 15, 1943.

Reception.

Box office.

The film made a profit of $267,400.

Critical.

Nunnally Johnson was nominated for the Oscar for Best Screenplay, but lost to Philip G. Epstein, Julius J. Epstein, and Howard Koch for "Casablanca".  "Holy Matrimony" won nearly universal praise. Bosley Crowther, writing in "The New York Times", called it "a most delightful union between [Monty Woolley] and Gracie Fields", and said it was "a charming picture which is full of sly humor. And John Stahl has directed it with understanding of its smooth wit and satire." He also had strong praise for actors Cregar, O'Connor, Mowbray, and Pangborn. More recent appraisals have also been very positive. Film historian Tony Thomas wrote, "The humor of "Holy Matrimony" stems not only from the grand performance of Monty Woolley, but also from the offbeat casting of Gracie Fields as the warmhearted wife.... [The film is] a perfect vehicle for an actor whom nature had already typecast as a crusty highbrow." Geoffrey McNab, a British film critic, called it "brilliantly scripted" in 2000. Historian of LGBT culture Eric Braun said "Holy Matrimony" was the "most charming yet low-key comedy" of Woolley's career. Film historian Peter Cowie praised Laird Cregar's "distinguished performance... as the effeminate art dealer Clive Oxford".

Legacy.

The film was so successful that Woolley and Fields were reunited again two years later in the motion picture "Molly and Me".  The film also spawned a literary legacy. According to Gore Vidal, a subplot in Dawn Powell's novel "The Wicked Pavilion" is lifted directly from "Holy Matrimony". In 1968, the Theater Guild (an organization that commissioned plays for production off-Broadway) turned the screenplay into a musical, "Darling of the Day". So many changes were made to the play, however, that Johnson demanded that his name be removed from it. The Musical although not a huge hit was praised for its score, by Jule Styne and E. Y. Harburg, and the performance of Patricia Routledge, who won the Tony for Best Actress in a musical. Vincent Price co-starred with her as Priam Farll.

Holy Matrimony is a 1943 comedy film directed by John M. Stahl and released by 20th Century Fox. The screenplay was based on the 1908 novel "Buried Alive" by Arnold Bennett. It stars Monty Woolley and Gracie Fields, with Laird Cregar, Una O'Connor, Alan Mowbray, Franklin Pangborn, Eric Blore, and George Zucco in supporting roles.

Holy Matrimony (dt. Heilige Ehe) ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie von John M. Stahl aus dem Jahr 1943. Der berühmte Maler Priam Farll, gespielt von Monty Woolley, nimmt die Identität seines gerade gestorbenen Dieners Henry Leek an. Die weiteren Hauptrollen sind mit Gracie Fields, Laird Cregar und Una O’Connor besetzt.


Establishment.

Between 1970-1980 The Honduran Forestry Development Corporation (HFDC) lead intense logging throughout Celaque’s peaks. The result was a loss in biodiversity and vital resources to the communities. However, logging was not the only cause of loss of forests. The communities inside the park’s perimeters have created open forest patches due to small-scale farming. The people of La Campa, a town close by, grew nervous and formed a grassroots organization to try to stop the logging. Their goal was met in 1987 when the National Congress of Honduras made Celaque a national park. By forming the park, some were nationally protected from logging, agriculture, outside incursion and market-related forestry exploitation.

Early Progress.

The success of the park was unknown until recent studies. Between the years 1987-1998 it was found that the area of open forested land decreased while mature forests became the largest forest class in the park. Forest fragmentation (measurement of area of bare patches and distances from one patch to another) decreased in areas without villages but increased in inhabited areas. However, with further examination, these results are less impressive. In the 11-year period the environment of the park had changed dramatically. These results were found in high elevations, remote and uninhabited areas of the park and in areas where the environment under examination was previously established. Meaning that the increase in mature forests was found in areas that already had mature trees but not in areas where open forest or agriculture land had been previously. Though the results of the park’s conservation efforts were positive they aren’t enough to save Celaque’s biodiversity.

Conservation studies.

More recent studies on Celaque’s Conservation efforts have shown less positive results. The change in the park’s environment had slowed down after 1995. Though the park prohibits outside logging and agriculture, it does not restrict the communities that live inside the boundaries. The patchwork on the edges of the park had grown dramatically due to increase in community agriculture. Deeper inside the park more agriculture land is being used and much of that land is using unsustainable fertilizers. Inhabitants have also grown intensely. 8 communities in Celaque’s upper third create a patchwork of villages. However, only 6% of the land is dedicated to small-scale farming and most of the damage is still being done through illegal logging and commercial agriculture. Due to the recent high demand of coffee beans, the slopes contain more coffee plantations than ever.

Present Efforts.

Though the transformation of the land into a national park produced positive results, it wasn’t enough to stop the unsustainable practices in the park. There are many NGOs in Honduras that are dedicated to saving Celaque’s pristine slopes. One of which is The Federacion de Desarrollo Comunitario de Honduras (The Federation of Community Development of Honduras). The FEDECOH is dedicated to teaching communities sustainable farming practices. They use a farm called El Molino at the base of Celaque to teach soil conservation, crop rotation, biodiversity and other sustainable practices. Over ten years they have taught thousands of farmers in 120 rural communities. Their new project is ecotourism for Celaque National Park. Friends of Celaque is another organization that was founded by a few concerned individuals. Their goals are to create awareness through periodical reports, create alliances with other ecological organizations, attract ecologists, biologists and other scientists interested in park conservation and to prove that the citizens of the area will benefit from the conservation of the park’s resources. Though these organizations and many others are doing a lot to protect Celaque National Park, more awareness needs to occur in order to preserve this very isolated yet special place.

Celaque National Park (formally in Spanish, Parque Nacional Montaña de Celaque) is a national park in Lempira Ocotepeque and Copán, western Honduras. It was established on 5 August 1987 and covers an area of 266.31 square kilometres. It includes Honduras’ tallest peak, called Cerro Las Minas or Pico Celaque, which reaches approximately above mean sea level. It has an elevation ranging from. Celaque’s terrain is very rugged, two-thirds of the area has a slope greater than 60 degrees. The park is classified as a cloud forest with a mean precipitation of 1,600 mm at lower altitudes and a mean of 2,400 mm at higher altitudes. The word "celaque" is reputed to mean "caja de aguas" ("box of water(s)") in the local, but now extinct, indigenous Lenca language. Celaque’s nine rivers supplies water to 120 villages nearby including the district capital of Gracias. Celaque is high in biodiversity and is home to pumas, ocelots and Bolitoglossa celaque, an endangered plethodontid salamander found only in the mountains of Celaque.

Der Nationalpark Celaque (spanisch: "Parque Nacional Montaña de Celaque") ist ein Nationalpark in den Departamentos Lempira, Ocotepeque und Copán im Westen von Honduras. Das Wort „Celaque“ stammt angeblich aus der Sprache der Lenca und bedeutet so viel wie „Wasserkasten“.


Life and career.

Hawkins was born in Washington, D.C., where he was raised by his mother, a police officer. He attended the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, and graduated from the Juilliard School in New York City, a member of the Drama Division's "Group 40". While studying at Juilliard, Hawkins received the prestigious John Houseman Award for excellence in classical theatre. Upon graduation, he began a career starring Off-Broadway and guest starring on television. Hawkins garnered a brief role in Marvel Studios' "Iron Man 3" and went on to star opposite Liam Neeson and Julianne Moore in Universal Pictures' action-thriller "Non-Stop".  In 2013, Hawkins made his Broadway debut as Tybalt in the revival of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet". And in 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Hawkins would join the cast of AMC's "The Walking Dead" as Heath, a key character from Robert Kirkman's comic series. Hawkins played Dr. Dre in the biopic "Straight Outta Compton", from Universal Pictures, which was theatrically released on August 14, 2015 and grossed $201 million at the box office.  In 2017, Hawkins began playing male lead role in the "24" reboot "" on Fox. Also that year, he co-starred in the film "", alongside Brie Larson, Samuel L. Jackson and Tom Hiddleston. In Spring 2017, Hawkins played a limited engagement run on Broadway in the play "Six Degrees of Separation" opposite Allison Janney and John Benjamin Hickey. He received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.  Hawkins performed "God Bless America" for the Men's Singles Final at the 2017 U.S. Open.

Corey Antonio Hawkins (born October 22, 1988) is an American actor and singer. He is known for his roles in the TV series "The Walking Dead" and "", as well as his portrayal of Dr. Dre in the 2015 film "Straight Outta Compton". In 2017, he starred in the Broadway production "Six Degrees of Separation", for which he received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.

Corey Hawkins (* 22. Oktober 1988 in Washington, D.C.) ist ein US-amerikanischer Filmschauspieler. Er ist bekannt für seine Rolle als Dr. Dre in "Straight Outta Compton" und als Heath in "The Walking Dead".


Clubs.

Sixteen clubs participated in this season of Japan Football League. The list was announced on 9 December 2015. A place for 2016 Emperor's Cup will be given to the winners of the first stage of the 2016 JFL.

Change in rules.

The tournament continued with the system introduced in 2014: Two single round-robin stages are held, and winners of each stage determine the champion in the post-season home and away championship playoffs. If the same team manages to win both stages, no playoffs will be held, and they will be automatically declared champions.  The two worst performing teams by aggregated results of both stages are relegated to the Regional Leagues and replaced by the top two performers of the Regional League promotion series. However, if one or two teams are admitted to J3 or withdrawn at the end of the season, the number of relegated clubs are reduced accordingly.  According to updated J.League Terms, the clubs must comply the following requirements to be promoted to J3 League:

First stage.

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Second stage.

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Championship play-offs.

The championship play-offs were held after the season between two winners of each stage. Ryutsu Keizai Dragons, the winners of the first stage, hosted the first leg on 26 November, and Honda FC who won the second stage hosted the second leg on 4 December.

Overall table.

This table is used to determine J3 promotion candidates. To qualify for promotion, a club must hold a 100 Year Plan status, obtain J3 license (marked in bold in the table), and finish both in the top 4 of the JFL, and either 1st or 2nd among the promotion-eligible clubs. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude

The was the third season of the nationwide fourth tier of the Japanese football, and the 18th season since the establishment of Japan Football League.

Die Japan Football League 2016 war die 18. Spielzeit der Japan Football League insgesamt und die dritte als vierthöchste Spielklasse im japanischen Fußball. An ihr nahmen sechzehn Vereine teil. Die Saison begann am 6. März 2016 mit den ersten Spielen der ersten Halbserie. Nach dem Ende der zweiten Halbserie am 13. November 2016 trafen die beiden Halbserien-Sieger Ryūtsū Keizai Dragons und Honda FC in zwei Spielen um die Meisterschaft am 26. November und am 4. Dezember 2016 aufeinander. Hierbei gewann die Werksmannschaft von Honda Motors nach einem 2:2 im Hinspiel durch ein 1:0 im Rückspiel ihren insgesamt sechsten JFL-Titel.


Plot.

Arbor and Swifty are two teenage boys growing up in a poor and run down area of Bradford in West Yorkshire. Arbor suffers from hyperactivity disorder, which often gets him into trouble even when it is not his intention. When the boys are suspended from school after a fight, they decide to earn money collecting and selling scrap metal. They quickly realize that stealing copper from telecom, railway, and power utilities can be lucrative.  They sell their scrap to a local scrap dealer, Kitten, who owns at least two horses and competes in amateur harness racing. Kitten allows Swifty to work with the horse, once he realizes Swifty's surprising affection for and natural talent with horses. Kitten also lets the boys borrow a horse and a cart to collect scrap metal.  Arbor is envious of Kitten's kindness toward Swifty. Arbor decides to steal pieces of scrap from Kitten and sell them, along with some other scrap, to a dealer in Huddersfield. The plan ends up backfiring; Arbor is refused entrance at the other dealer, and when he makes a deal with some men who offer to sell the scrap for him, they recognize it as stolen and keep the money. Kitten finds out and physically intimidates Arbor into stealing a specific piece of high voltage electric power transmission wire to make up for his loss. The boys are not fully aware of the dangers of high voltage wire. After Arbor cuts the wire, Swifty helps to lift it, but is electrocuted and killed.  Arbor is devastated and Kitten is arrested, telling the police he is responsible and allowing Arbor to escape blame. Arbor sits resolutely outside Swifty's mother's house until, after several rejections, his own mother finds him. In a final scene, Arbor takes care of the horse Swifty adored.

Awards and reception.

"The Selfish Giant" was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Europa Cinemas award. It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize. The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival. It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars.  The film was nominated for the 2014 Bafta for Best British Film.

The Selfish Giant is a 2013 British drama film directed by Clio Barnard. It is inspired by the Oscar Wilde short story "The Selfish Giant".

The Selfish Giant ist ein britischer Film von Clio Barnard aus dem Jahr 2013. Er basiert lose auf dem Märchen "Der selbstsüchtige Riese" von Oscar Wilde.


Early life.

Bulloch was born in Market Harborough, Leicestershire, England, one of six children. From the age of five, he enjoyed acting and singing after a school show. He began acting at the age of ten and has "appeared in [several] Disney films, British sitcoms and plays." He trained at Corona Stage Academy.

Career.

Beginnings.

At the age of twelve, Bulloch's first professional appearance was in a breakfast cereal commercial. After several uncredited screen appearances, Bulloch's first regular role was in the 1960 TV series "Counter-Attack!" and (the same year) "The Chequered Flag". He went on to have a recurring role in "Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School" (1961) and a regular role in "The Newcomers" (1965–67). At the age of seventeen, he portrayed Hamlet on stage. In 1962, he starred alongside Cliff Richard in the musical film "Summer Holiday". He had a part in "The Devil's Agent", which also starred Christopher Lee who later portrayed Count Dooku in the Prequel Trilogy. He also appeared in two "Doctor Who" stories, "The Space Museum" (1965) and "The Time Warrior" (1973). Coincidently, Bulloch, David Prowse and John Hollis, all of whom would later appear in "The Empire Strikes Back" appeared in a Jon Pertwee "Doctor Who" serial. From 1979 to 1981, he was a regular in the ITV sitcom "Agony", in which he played Rob Illingworth, one half of a gay couple. He also has minor roles in three James Bond films, twice playing Smithers, an assistant to Q.

"Star Wars".

In a career spanning over half a century, he is most famous for his role in Boba Fett's costume in the "Star Wars" films "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi" – despite the character's "minimal screen time." The voice was provided by Jason Wingreen originally and in the updated versions Temuera Morrison – to strengthen the connection with the Prequel Trilogy. His half brother Robert Watts, who was working as an associate producer for "Empire" was tasked with finding someone who "would fit in the costume of Boba Fett." So Watts called Bulloch (who at the time was working on "Agony") and encouraged him to see Tiny Nicholls, the wardrobe supervisor and Bulloch had a costume fitting as Boba Fett, which "took 20 minutes to put on." Additionally, he plays a minor role as an Imperial officer (later identified as Lieutenant Sheckil), who grabs Leia when she warns Luke Skywalker of Vader's trap in "The Empire Strikes Back". Bulloch was initially to do the scene as Fett when he fires at Skywalker on Cloud City. But with no one available to play the part, Bulloch went to the wardrobe and got changed into the "Imperial Officer's outfit." This was his only non-masked appearance in the original "Star Wars" films. John Morton, who portrayed the rebel pilot Dak Ralter (during the Battle of Hoth), covered Bulloch as a body double for Fett when the character confronts Vader in the Bespin hallway during Han Solo's torture. Filming lasted three weeks.  Bulloch returned as Boba Fett for the fan film mocumentary: "Return of the Ewok" chasing Wicket on the Death Star. He filmed his scenes for "Jedi" for four weeks. Bulloch was unaware of Fett's demise prior to filming and was disappointed since he would have liked to do more with his character. Bulloch said that portraying Fett was the most uncomfortable role he played and that putting on the jetpack "was very heavy."  While portraying Fett, Bulloch drew some inspiration from Clint Eastwood's the Man with No Name. Both Fett and Eastwood's character in "A Fistful of Dollars" wear similar capes, cradle their gun, ready to shoot and move in slow motion. In an interview in 2014, Bulloch recalled when he said to an Imperial Officer (before Fett leaves Cloud City on "Slave I" with Solo frozen in carbonite), "Put Captain Solo in the cargo hold," when he actually said, "Put Captain Cargo in the Solo Hold."  In 2004, Bulloch published a limited edition memoir, "Flying Solo", which is a humorous account of his personal and professional life, interspersed with tales from the convention circuit. In 2005, for the first time in 22 years, he once again made an appearance in a "Star Wars" film, "". This time he portrayed Captain Jeremoch Colton piloting Kenobi, Bail Organa and Yoda to Coruscant in an Alderaan Cruiser (later identified as the "Sundered Heart" and similar to the first vessel to appear in "Star Wars"). Afterwards, Bulloch played a small cameo role in "Star Wars" fan films "Order of the Sith: Vengeance" and its sequel "Downfall – Order of the Sith" – alongside David Prowse and Michael Sheard. These fan films were made in England in support of Save the Children.  In an interview in 2013, he expressed an interest in being involved in a future "Star Wars" film in some way saying, "The lovely thing is...if I'm wearing a helmet, no one knows how old I am." However, since then he has denied involvement in future projects. Although Boba Fett did not appear in "", long before the film's release, Bulloch hinted that an anthology film, which will focus on the origins of Boba Fett will be made.  He was featured in the 2015 documentary "Elstree 1976"; a behind-the-scenes film, which focuses on the lives of some actors and extras who appeared in the "Star Wars" original trilogy. The documentary had a premiere at the BFI London Film Festival

Other work.

Bulloch has a part in a British TV advert for McCarthy and Stone retirement flats. In 2004, he had a cameo in Mark Hamill's "" which also featured some "Star Wars" alumni such as David Prowse and Peter Mayhew. In 2005, he played the role of "Chairman Skellon" in a stage production of "The Trial of Davros". In 2006, Bulloch provided the voice of "Sir Logan the Prowler" in the "Night Traveler" multimedia adventure series produced by Lunar Moth Entertainment. In 2008, Richard LeParmentier, well known for his portrayal of Admiral Motti in "Star Wars" worked on "Motti Now", a spoof of "Apocalypse Now", featuring Bulloch and other "Star Wars" actors including Kenneth Colley, Garrick Hagon and Jerome Blake.  In the late 1980s, Bulloch narrated some stories of the British-Welsh children's animated series "Fireman Sam" for children's audio cassettes from Tempo.

Personal life.

Bulloch has three sons, ten grandchildren, and lives in London with his wife, Maureen. His half-brother is Robert Watts, who was a producer on "The Empire Strikes Back", "Return of the Jedi" and the "Indiana Jones" films. Watts also had a cameo as Lieutenant Watts in "Return of the Jedi". His son Robbie portrayed Matthew of Wickham in four episodes of "Robin of Sherwood". The character is the son of Edward of Wickham portrayed by Bulloch. Another son is the translator Jamie Bulloch. His sister Sally Bulloch was a child actress prior to becoming an executive manager of the Athenaeum Hotel.  He once considered being a sportsman but ultimately chose to go into acting. Long before portraying Fett, Bulloch trained with David Prowse at his gym in South London. In his spare time, he enjoys playing cricket and travelling. Bulloch says that he has been a fan of "Star Trek" ever since the original series.  Ever since the release of the "Star Wars Special Edition trilogy", prequel trilogy and new films (after Disney acquired the franchise), he is frequently invited to science fiction conventions throughout the world, and was inducted as an Honorary Member of the 501st Legion costuming organisation in May 2002. Later, in November 2009, he actually joined the 501st as a costume-wearing member making appearances with the group as Boba Fett. Since 2000, he has been a frequent guest at the "Star Wars" Weekends (held annually at Disney's Hollywood Studios).  In August 2018 Jeremy posted on his personal web site, the news he would no longer be attending any future conventions. This was also the last update posted to his web site (as of May 2020) suggesting it is no longer being maintained.

Jeremy Bulloch (born 16 February 1945) is a retired English actor best known for the role of the bounty hunter Boba Fett in the original "Star Wars" trilogy. He has appeared in numerous British television and film productions, including "Doctor Who" and "Robin of Sherwood".

Jeremy Bulloch (* 16. Februar 1945 in Market Harborough, Leicestershire, England) ist ein englischer Schauspieler. Eine seiner berühmtesten Rollen war die des Boba Fett aus Star Wars. Ebenso wurde er durch sein Mitwirken in der Serie "Doctor Who" bekannt.


Plot.

Set against the background of political turbulence in Macedonia and contemporary London, three love stories intertwine to create a powerful portrait of modern Europe in Milcho Manchevski’s "Before the Rain".  When a mysterious incident in the fabled Macedonian mountains blows out of proportion, it threatens to start a civil war, and brings together a young monk who has taken a vow of silence, a London picture editor, and a disillusioned war photographer in this tragic tale of fated lovers. Told in three parts that connect in an illusionistic circular narrative, and linked by characters and events, Before The Rain explores the uncompromising nature of war as it ravages the lives of the unsuspecting, and forces the innocent to take sides.  In the first episode, "Words", we meet Kiril, a young monk who has taken a vow of silence, who stands up for Zamira, a young Albanian girl who is accused of murder and is on the run from a mob. For her sake, Kiril leaves the monastery and the two of them make their way through the Macedonian landscape, but their romance is heading towards a sudden and brutal end.  "Faces" is set in bustling and trendy London. Anne, a picture editor, is torn between the love of her husband Nick and the attraction she feels for Aleksandar, a disillusioned war photographer. She is pulled into a series of tragic events, culminating in tragic events in a chic restaurant.  The third and final story, "Pictures", brings the two previous stories together. It focuses on Aleksandar's return to Macedonia to settle. He learns that the war has divided his home village and that his Albanian neighbours are now seen as enemies. Hana, an Albanian woman he was, and apparently still is, in love with, asks him to take care of her daughter Zamira. While Aleksandar sets out to find the girl, a storm is building on the horizon, and the film returns us to its beginning.

Story notes.

Upon watching the film, the viewer sees that the sequence of sections could have been any of three (Words, Faces, Pictures; Faces, Pictures, Words; or Pictures, Words, Faces). An intended inconsistency becomes apparent. The end of "Words" shows Zamira gunned down and killed by her family when she tries to escape them. Still photos of the scene are shown in "Faces". Suddenly the reappearance of Zamira's photo and Kiril's voice (in a telephone call) in "Pictures," coupled with the ending, which returns to the beginning, could temporarily hoodwink the viewer that this is the first part of the film. But a close observation of the man lying dead near the beginning of "Words" shows he is Aleksandar Kirkov, while Zamira is hiding in Kirill's after having killed one of the Macedonians. "Faces," set in London, has a living Aleksandar Kirkov, whose close friend Anne is developing black-and-white pictures of a dead Zamira. The motto of the film is, "The Circle is not Round." The message is written as graffiti on a wall shown in "Pictures" and is repeated in the other two parts by Father Marko. The director suggests that in life, people and places may change, but overshadowing scenarios (such as conflicts) go backward and forward in a cycle.

Themes.

One of the main points of focus in the film is the ethnic clash that existed between Orthodox Macedonians and the Albanian Muslim minority in the early 1990s. It offers a view on how sociocultural norms and mechanisms can give rise to nationalism that grows into phobia of the foreign. Additionally, through the character of Aleksandar, the film offers a view of the "cultural shock" and foreignness he experiences upon reintegrating and returning to his home country after being away.

Production.

The creation of the film served partly as a homecoming for Manchevski, who had lived in New York City since the 1980s. That said, the film was initially not set in Macedonia. Manchevski had originally hoped to sidestep political specifics by setting the film in an anonymous country.  The film's non-linear three-act structure was inspired by Aleksander Petrović's film "Three" (1965). The film also contains allusions to Sergei Eisenstein, Andrei Tarkovsky, and others. For example, the scene where Aleksandar whistles "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" while riding his bicycle is a conspicuous nod to Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, directed by George Roy Hill.

Release and box office.

The film was distributed in more than 50 countries. It was a hit in the cinemas in Italy, Sweden (where it stayed in the theaters for 54 weeks), Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, FR Yugoslavia, etc. In the US theaters it grossed $763,847.

Critical reception.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 36 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "This haunting anti-war film offers insight into the reasons for the long history of ethnic wars within the Balkan states." Film critic Roger Ebert described "Before the Rain" as one of the best films of the year and dubbed it "extraordinary". He further praised Manchevski's "clear, ironic, elliptic style" and called it "an art film about war, in which passions replace ideas".  Although the film was popular with many critics, some including Slavoj Žižek criticized it for reducing geopolitical conflicts to stereotyped parables optimized for western consumption.

Awards and nominations.

At the 67th Academy Awards that took place in 1995, the film was nominated in the category for Best Foreign Language Film, marking the Republic of Macedonia's first nomination ever in the award show. However, it lost to the film "Burnt by the Sun" by Nikita Mikhalkov. The film also won the Golden Lion at the 51st Venice International Film Festival, alongside "Vive L'Amour" by Tsai Ming-liang. It was also nominated for the Grand Prix in 1996 by the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics. In addition to the aforementioned awards, the film also won 30 other awards.

Legacy.

"The New York Times" writers Vincent Canby and Janer Maslin included "Before the Rain" in their book "The New York Times Guide to the Best 1000 Movies Ever Made" published in 1999. The film has been part of the curricula at numerous universities and in the Italian and Turkish high schools. An interdisciplinary academic conference in Florence was dedicated to the film, and it has been the subject of numerous essays and books. Katarzyna Marciniak, a scholar from Ohio University argued in her essay that the film, in addition to being a cautionary tale for people from the Former Yugoslav Republic, it also served as a message to Westerners and American citizens "to recognize the problematic 'doubleness' embedded in the concept of national identity".

Soundtrack.

The music for the film was written and performed by Anastasia. It was released on a CD in 1994 by PolyGram Records, and sold thousands of copies worldwide.  The song Sanjam by Indexi is also briefly featured.

Before the Rain (, "Pred doždot") is a 1994 film written and directed by Milcho Manchevski. The film stars Katrin Cartlidge, Rade Šerbedžija, Grégoire Colin and Labina Mitevska. It features an original score by the Macedonian band Anastasia. "Before the Rain" consists of three interlocking stories set both in the Republic of Macedonia and London. The film addresses the ethnic and religious roots of violence and hatred in the Balkans as well as some international implications of the tragic regional conflict.

Vor dem Regen (Originaltitel: "Before the Rain") ist ein Filmdrama von Milčo Mančevski aus dem Jahr 1994. Es entstand in britisch-mazedonisch-französischer Ko-Produktion.


Biography.

Francis Home was the third son of John Home, an advocate residing at Eccles, Berwickshire.  He received his education at Duns Grammar School. He was then apprenticed to Dr Rattray, a surgeon in Edinburgh.  From 1742 to 1748 he served as surgeon of dragoons in Flanders in the Seven Years' War, studying at Leyden University during the intervals of the campaigns. Leaving the army, he graduated with an MD University of Edinburgh in 1750, with a treatise on intermittent fever, and became a fellow of the Edinburgh College of Physicians.  After graduation, Home worked as a physician in Edinburgh, from 1749. After practising medicine for some years at Edinburgh, and obtaining in 1757 a gold medal for an essay on the principles of agriculture, given by the Edinburgh Society for the Improvement of Arts and Manufactures. He was appointed in 1768 the first professor of materia medica in the University of Edinburgh, the subject being then dissociated from botany. He held this post till 1798, and as one of the clinical professors of medicine at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary experimented on the actions of several novel drugs, which he introduced into practice.  Home served as president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1775-7) and as president of the Physical section of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1789–96). He was a founding member of both the Royal Medical Society and of the Select Society.  He was the father of James Home FRSE (1760-1844), Professor of Materia Nedica at the University of Edinburgh.

Work.

Home was an important figure in Edinburgh during the Enlightenment. His 1756 essay "Experiments on Bleaching", which won a gold medal was awarded by the trustees for the improvement of manufactures in North Britain, was translated into French and German. It was also an early presentation of the chemical principles underlying plant nutrition.  As a professor he speculated somewhat rashly, but carefully treated the physical characters and mode of administration of drugs. His ‘Principia Medicinæ’ was a valuable work in its day, and was used as a text-book by several continental professors.  Home was also the first to call attention to croup as a distinct disease in his tractate on the subject, which Dr. Squire, in Reynolds's ‘System of Medicine,’ 1866, i. 236, terms a ‘careful and most philosophical inquiry,’ deciding the dependence of the symptoms on pathological changes in the larynx and trachea.

Francis Home FRSE FRCPE (17 November 1719 in Eccles, Berwickshire – 15 February 1813) was a Scottish physician, and the first Professor of Materia Medica at the University of Edinburgh, known to make the first attempt to vaccinate against measles, in 1758. In 1783 he was one of the founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Francis Home (* 17. November 1719 in Eccles (Berwickshire); † 15. Februar 1813 in Edinburgh) war ein schottischer Chemiker und Arzt. Er war der erste Professor für Pharmazie (Materia medica) in Edinburgh.


Genetics.

Van der Woude syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene with equal distribution between the sexes. The disease has high penetrance at about 96% but the phenotypic expression varies from lower lip pits with cleft lip and cleft palate to no visible abnormalities. Approximately 88% of VWS patients display lower lip pits, and in about 64% of cases lip pits are the only visible defect. Reported clefting covers a wide range including submucous cleft palate, incomplete unilateral CL, bifid uvula, and complete bilateral CLP. VWS is the most common orofacial clefting syndrome, accounting for 2% of CLP cases.  The majority of VWS cases are caused by haploinsufficiency due to mutations in the interferon regulatory factor 6 gene ("IRF6") on chromosome 1 in the 1q32-q41 region known as VWS locus 1. A second, less common, causative locus is found at 1p34, known as VWS locus 2 (VWS2). More recent work has shown that GRHL3 is the VWS2 gene. "Grhl3" is downstream of "Irf6" in oral epithelium, suggesting a common molecular pathway leading to VWS. Prior work also suggested "WDR65" as a candidate gene. "IRF6" contains two non-coding and seven coding exons and is part of a family of nine transcription factors with a highly conserved helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain called the Smad-interferon regulatory factor binding domain (SMIR). Mutations in coding or non-coding "IRF6" exons can result in Van der Woude syndrome. Due to the wide range of expressivity, it is also believed that other unidentified loci contribute to disease development.  An example of the clear phenotypic variability is a monozygotic twin study conducted by Jobling et al. (2010). Two monozygotic female twins had the same "IRF6" mutation; however Twin A was born with a bilateral cleft lip, whereas Twin B had bilateral lip pits and no orofacial clefting. Both twins were diagnosed with VWS. The twins' father had lip pits alone and a family history of CLP, CP, CL, and/or lip pits. Both twins were diagnosed with VWS. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was done for all exons of "IRF6", and a missense mutation was discovered in exon 4. The tyrosine in the normal protein at this position is conserved across mammals, frogs, and chickens, so despite the fact that it was a previously unreported mutation, it was expected to be deleterious. This study is not the first case of different phenotypes occurring between monozygotic twins. Possible causes of phenotypic variability include variations in the intrauterine environment, epigenetic differences, or chance effects.

Pathophysiology.

Lip pits were first reported in 1845 by Demarquay who thought they were indentations made by the upper incisors. Today it is known that they occur during embryogenesis due to "IRF6" mutations. On day 32 of embryonic development there are four growth centers of the lower lip divided by two lateral grooves and one median. By day 38 of normal development, the grooves have disappeared. However, when growth of the mandibular process is impeded, a lip pit occurs. Lip pits begin to develop on day 36. Cleft lip begins to develop on day 40, and cleft palate emerges on day 50 of development.  There are three types of lip pits, which are classified according to their location: midline upper, comissural, and lower lip. The most common phenotype is two symmetrical lower lip pits flanking both sides of the midline in the bilateral paramedial sinuses. Lower lip pits may also be bilaterally, unilaterally, or medially asymmetrical. The occurrence of a single lip pit is considered incomplete expression, and it typically occurs on the left side of the lower lip. There are also three different shapes for lip pits, the most common being circular or oval; less common forms include slit-like or transverse. The lip pits extend into the orbicularis oris muscle, ending in blind sacs surrounded by mucous glands. In some cases mucous is excreted when the muscles contract.

Diagnosis.

Clinical diagnosis based on orofacial clefts and lip pits typically occurs shortly after birth. Certain defects may be difficult to diagnose, particularly a submucous cleft palate. This form of CP may not be detected except through finger palpation, as the mucosa covering the palate is intact, but the muscles underneath have lost their proper attachments. Feeding problems, impaired speech, and hearing loss are symptoms of a submucous cleft palate. Furthermore, approximately 15% of VWS cases with orofacial clefts, in the absence of prominent lip pits, cannot be easily distinguished from non-syndromic forms of orofacial clefting. Therefore, it is very important to closely examine these patients as well as their relatives for lip pits, especially when there is a family history of mixed clefting, in order to make the VWS diagnosis. Dentists may also play an important role in diagnosing cases not detected at birth, as they detect hypodontia commonly associated with VWS. The patients most commonly lack the upper second premolars followed by the lower second premolars and upper lateral incisors. The absence of these teeth might play a role in the constricting of the dental arches.  The clinical signs seen in VWS are similar to those of popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS), which is also an autosomal dominant disease. Approximately 46% of affected individuals have lip pits; other features include genital abnormalities, abnormal skin near nails, syndactyly of fingers and toes, and webbed skin. The disease is also caused by mutations in "IRF6"; however, they occur in the DNA-binding domain of "IRF6" and result in a dominant negative effect in which the mutated IRF6 transcription factor interferes with the ability of the wild type copy to function, in the case of a heterozygous individual.

Genetic Counseling.

Genetic counseling for VWS involves discussion of disease transmission in the autosomal dominant manner and possibilities for penetrance and expression in offspring. Autosomal dominance means affected parents have a 50% chance of passing on their mutated "IRF6" allele to a their child. Furthermore, if a cleft patient has lip pits, he or she has a ten times greater risk of having a child with cleft lip with or without cleft palate than a cleft patient who does not have lip pits. Types of clefting between parents and affected children are significantly associated; however, different types of clefts may occur horizontally and vertically within the same pedigree. In cases where clefting is the only symptom, a complete family history must be taken to ensure the patient does not have non-syndromic clefting.

Treatment.

Lip pits may be surgically removed either for aesthetic reasons or discomfort due to inflammation caused by bacterial infections or chronic saliva excretion, though spontaneous shrinkage of the lip pits has occurred in some rare cases. Chronic inflammation has also been reported to cause squamous-cell carcinoma. It is essential to completely remove the entire lip pit canal, as mucoid cysts can develop if mucous glands are not removed. A possible side effect of removing the lip pits is a loose lip muscle. Other conditions associated with VWS, including CL, CP, congenital heart defects, etc. are surgically corrected or otherwise treated as they would be if they were non-syndromic.

Van der Woude syndrome (VDWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the combination of lower lip pits, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and cleft palate only (CPO). The frequency of orofacial clefts ranges from 1:1000 to 1:500 births worldwide, and there are more than 400 syndromes that involve CL/P. VWS is distinct from other clefting syndromes due to the combination of cleft lip and palate (CLP) and CPO within the same family. Other features frequently associated with VWS include hypodontia in 10-81% of cases, narrow arched palate, congenital heart disease, heart murmur and cerebral abnormalities, syndactyly of the hands, polythelia, ankyloglossia, and adhesions between the upper and lower gum pads.

Das Van-der-Woude-Syndrom (VWS) ist eine seltene angeborene Erkrankung des Gesichtes mit einer Kombination von Grübchen oder Sinus (Fistel) der Unterlippe und einer Lippen- und/oder Gaumenspalte.


History.

Pakistan and Germany have enjoyed warm friendly relations since the establishment of their diplomatic ties in 1951. Pakistan was one of the first Asian countries to establish relations with Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). These relations are based on shared values of democracy, pluralism, respect for human rights, cultural and religious diversity and economic liberalism. Ever since their inception in 1951, Pakistan-Germany relations have been on an upward trajectory.

Relations during cold war:1950s–1990s.

The bilateral relationships were succeeded by historical relations in the 1940s, during the British Raj, and finally restored in the 1950s after the establishment of both the countries in the late 1940s. Both, West and East Germany had tilted toward forming alliance with India in the 1950s.  Although Pakistan's relations with West-Germany was relatively healthy and based on mutual cooperation; the relations with East-Germany was deteriorated. In contrast, East-Germany maintained strong relations with East-Pakistan in the 1950s.  In 1961, President Ayub Khan paid a first state visit to West Germany, meeting with German president Heinrich Lübke and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. During this time, Germany partnered with Pakistan to launched industrial development program; hence becoming one of the first economic partner of Germany.  In the 1960s, West Germany started a prolonged and heavy industrial programmes to aid Pakistan in its industrialization growth. West Germany idealized Pakistan as "an example of successful development policy in the developing country.". Although, Germany retained neutrality policy during the 1971 war of India and Pakistan; East Germany became the third country in the world, and the first country in Europe, to officially recognized Bangladesh in 1972 after its succeeded independence in 1971. In the 1970s, Pakistan normalized its relations with East-Germany and Soviet bloc.

Cultural Relations.

Since they established diplomatic relations, Germany and Pakistan have both enjoyed extremely closed and cordial relationships. Before the re-unification of Germany, Pakistan maintained warm and cordial relationships with both East-Germany and West-Germany. Germany is home to 35,081 Pakistani immigrants and around more than 1200 Germans currently reside in Pakistan, mostly residing in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Germany maintains a healthy diplomatic presence in the country, with an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate in Karachi and honorary-consulates in Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta. Germany also is one of the countries playing a vital and influential role in Pakistan's current political events, others being Saudi Arabia, China, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

Archaeology.

German archaeologists have been active in Pakistan for decades. Since 1979, for example, the project Rock Carvings and Inscriptions along the Karakorum Highway has been conducted with the support of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. German researchers regularly travel to Gilgit-Baltistan as part of this project.  For a number of years, the Federal Foreign Office has been funding cultural preservation projects in Pakistan. The main projects in recent years include the restoration of the Lahore Fort frescoes and a historical Amburiq Mosque in Gulabpur, Baltistan. In 2010 and 2011, the Federal Foreign Office provided funding to renovate and restore traditional residential buildings in Lahore's historical Old City in cooperation with the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF). The two projects received the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Award for Cultural Heritage Conservation in 2010 and 2014, respectively. Since 2017, a project has been underway to restore part of the Lahore Fort frescoes – also in cooperation with the AKF. This project is scheduled to continue through 2018.

Goethe-Institut.

The main institution promoting bilateral cultural relations is the Goethe-Institut in Karachi. In the building housing the Goethe-Institut, which is from the Bauhaus era and classified as an historical monument, numerous cultural events are held in addition to the language courses. Another institution active in cultural cooperation is the Goethe-Institut-affiliated Annemarie Schimmel House in Lahore, which also offers language courses and a cultural programme.

Broadcasting.

There has long been close cooperation in training between German broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW) and the Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC). Deutsche Welle has its own office in Islamabad.

Diplomatic Relations.

Pak-Germany Strategic Dialogue.

In January 2011, Germany and Pakistan agreed on initiating Pak-Germany Strategic Dialogue on yearly basis to enhance defense, economy, education, energy, investment and infrastructure. Four rounds of Strategic Dialogue have taken place with last one in November 2018, at Islamabad.

Economic Relations.

Pakistan was one of the first countries with which Germany began development cooperation. The German-Pakistan development partnership was launched in 1961, the year the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) was founded.  In 1963, the Ayub Khan-led government gave $25 million (Compensating for Inflation, that would be more than $250 million in 2018.) loan to Germany(West Germany) for a period of 20 years.  With trade investment exceeding € 2.3 billion. Germany is now Pakistan's fourth largest trade partner.  Germany has provided a total of around 3 billion euros to Pakistan since 1961. That makes Germany the fourth largest bilateral donor.  German multinational companies based in Karachi are:  The following bilateral agreements are in place between Germany and The following bilateral agreements are in place between Germany and Pakistan:  In the 1990s, Germany and Pakistan sought a business alliance, known as the Pakistan German Business Forum. It was formed in 1997 with the humble initiatives of the German ambassador to Pakistan. Commercial trade between Islamabad and Berlin has also been very essential in recent years, as Germany is Pakistan's fourth largest trade partner. In 2000, Germany became one of Pakistan's most important allies surrounding the war in North-West Pakistan between Pakistan and the Taliban. In recent years, the Germany—Pakistan trade and science relations have developed greatly with Germany investing in and trading with Pakistan. Germany is actively involved in Pakistan's socio-economic development and is an active member of the Friends of Democratic Pakistan Forum.  Pakistan and Germany also enjoy good economic relations. Germany is the sixth largest importer of Pakistan goods. Pakistan's main exports to Germany are textiles and leather goods, while Germany's main exports to Pakistan are machinery and chemical products. Furthermore, around 30 German companies are operating in Pakistan – not only large firms but also small and medium-sized enterprises.  On August, 2014 German Ambassador in Pakistan Dr Cyrill Nunn informed Finance Minister Senator Ishaq Dar in order to foster economic energies German businessmen were launching ‘Pakistan Gate’ in Berlin on August 24, 2014 which would provide business contacts between the two countries.

China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

In November 2018, Pakistan proposed China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) partnership to Germany. Pakistan offered German companies to invest in the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) of CPEC, the landmark framework of regional connectivity seen as a game-changer for the region.

Business.

Pakistan German Business Forum (PGBF).

In 1997, the Pakistan German Business Forum (PGBF) was founded. Since then it has been engaged in becoming a central instrument for the promotion and expansion of bilateral economic relations between Germany and Pakistan.

In 2014, Pakistan was included in the European Union's Generalized System of Preferences (GSP+). This gives Pakistan's export sector better access to the European market for various products, in particular textiles. Within the EU, Germany had spoken in favour of admitting Pakistan to the system.

Energy.

Germany has been supporting Pakistan in energy sector for decades. Germany has helped to build a whole generation of hydro-electric power plants by providing reduced-interest loans. Further plants are either already under construction or are in the planning stage.  German commitment in Pakistan in recent years has already brought sustainable results in the development of hydropower. German expertise is widely recognised in the country. German bank KfW co-funded both Pakistan's hydropower projects Tarbela Dam and Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project. Together with European partners, KfW is currently involved in the construction of another two hydropower plants. Thanks to many years of solid cooperation, KfW can also influence the structures of the Pakistani energy supply system. It played an instrumental role in instigating a reorganisation of the state-run energy utility WAPDA.

In November 2014, the German and Pakistan governments concluded an agreement to create a Pakistan-German Renewable Energy Forum (PGREF). The Forum is to be launched in Lahore in 2016. It will serve as a point of contact in Pakistan for the German energy sector, for associations and for non-governmental organisations. In the longer term, it is to provide training and information and facilitate cooperation between partners from Germany and Pakistan.

Education Relations.

Germany is one of the most popular study destinations for young Pakistanis. Germany and Pakistan have 32 cooperation arrangements between German and Pakistan universities. Every year, hundreds of Pakistanis go to Germany and thus to the heart of Europe to study or to do their doctorate. In 2018 there are currently 4100 Pakistan students and doctoral candidates living in Germany.  The academic cooperation and research exchange dates back to the 1930s, when many scientists (who opted to join Pakistan) worked with Germany. In 1960, following the start of the German—Pakistan cooperation, the world acclaimed Institute of Physics (IoP) was built at the University of Islamabad. Germany also sent its scientists to interact with Pakistan's scientists, contributing to the rise of physics in Pakistan. Germany also helped Pakistan to participate in CERN projects and supported Pakistan in numerous occasions for Pakistan's observant status in CERN. Germany also allowed hundreds of Pakistan's physicists and mathematicians to conduct their research in DESY. Ayub Khan, then-Chief Martial Law Administrator, built strategic ties with East and West Germany.  in 1907, Pakistan's intellectual father Muhammad Iqbal spent several months studying in Germany: in Heidelberg, the national poet learned German and studied philosophy as well as literature. His poem “Darye Naika Ke Kinare Par” (Greeting to the Neckar) as well as a commemorative plaque in this popular German university town are reminders of his time there. “My stay in Heidelberg was like a beautiful dream”, stated Iqbal.

Vocational Training.

Germany is helping Pakistan to fundamentally reform its vocational training system in cooperation with the Netherlands, Norway and the EU. German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) has been commissioned by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) to advise Pakistan's National Vocational and Technical Training Commission and vocational training agencies at provincial level on how vocational training can be better aligned with the needs of the labour market. More than 100 vocational careers advice and job centres have been established throughout the country. Uniform standards and material for examinations have been developed for nearly 60 vocational profiles in agriculture, energy and services; 87,000 young people have completed a training programme; 4,000 vocational training instructors have already been trained, with at least that many set to receive training in the near future.

Germany-Pakistan Training Initiative (GPATI).

In June 2013, 13 German multinational and Pakistani national companies on Thursday formally launched the Germany-Pakistan Training Initiative (GPATI), a new skills development project aiming at equipping young Pakistani men and women with employable skills.

Political Relations.

The Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, the Heinrich Böll Foundation, the Hanns Seidel Foundation and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation have all seconded staff to Pakistan and run their own offices there, and in some cases have done so for decades. They support projects in areas including the strengthening of democratic institutions, human rights and the advancement of women, climate change, deradicalisation, regional cooperation and the media.

Rescue & Relief Work.

To mitigate the effects of the flood disaster in Pakistan in late summer 2014, the German Government provided a total of more than 6 million euros in assistance. In 2015 and 2016, the total amount of the federal budgetary allocations for humanitarian aid projects in Pakistan exceeded 11 million euros. The relief measures are implemented by German non-governmental organisations and international organisations such as the United Nations Refugee Agency and the World Food Programme.

Security Relations.

During the 1970s, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took extensive initiatives to strengthen Pakistan's ties with Germany. Under Bhutto, the military academies of each country signed a strategic and military training pact. German military officials and cadets frequently visit the Pakistan military academy and Pakistanis visit Germany in return. In the 1980s, the Germany—Pakistan relations saw a military alliance and supported each other while running clandestine operations against the Soviet Union's presence in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.  The Pakistani Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif visited Germany on the invitation of his counterpart German Inspector of the Army Lieutenant General Jörg Vollmer, from 19 June to 22 June 2016. On arrival at the Ministry of Defence, a contingent of German Army presented Guard of Honor to COAS followed by wreath-laying at Ministry of Defence War Memorial. Besides holding meeting with his German counterpart, the COAS also had detailed meetings with German Minister of Defence Ursula von der Leyen and German Foreign Minister.

Perception on relations.

In 2012, the relations had been down and cooled when Pakistan's police detained three alleged German intelligence agents near the Afghan border. All three agents were interrogated by the FIA agents before being deported from the country with "Persona non grata" after Germany loaded a protest. In March 2013, German media reported that German intelligence agencies arrested an alleged Pakistani agent working on obtained sensitive data information on drones; no other details were provided.

References.

German–Pakistani relations ( ) are the diplomatic and bilateral relations between Germany and Pakistan. Succeeded by the historical British Raj strong ties in the 1910s–40s, the relations were fully established in the 1950s, which were primarily based on mutual friendship, cultural, and mutual cooperation in social, education, and economic developments. Relations with Pakistan were first established by West-Germany and later on by East Germany with East-Pakistan, also in the 1950s.

Die deutsch-pakistanischen Beziehungen (Urdu: جرمن اور پاکستان کے تعلقات) beschreiben die bilateralen Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Staaten Deutschland und Pakistan.