Revelation.

According to the Islamic tradition, the chapter is predominantly revealed during the Meccan phase (610–622) of Muhammad's prophethood (before his move to Medina), therefore, a Meccan sura. Based on its context, some verses appeared to date to when Muhammad just started his call to Islam. According to the fifteenth century commentary "Tafsir al-Jalalayn", some said that the surah was revealed sometime after Muhammad's Night Journey (c. 621). Verses 40 and 94–96 appeared to be an exception and were revealed in Medina. The congruity of the topic unmistakably shows this doesn't contain separated sections or talks that were uncovered at various occasions or on various events. Actually, it is, from the starting point to end, a firmly associated talk which more likely than not been uncovered at one sitting. Other than this, the nature of its subject is itself a reasonable confirmation that the Surah has a place with the Makkan time frame.  We have no tradition as to the hour of its disclosure, yet its topic gives a clear sign that it probably been uncovered during the last phase of Muhammad's living at Makkah. For the method of the talk recommends that at the hour of its disclosure, the hostility of the rivals of the Message had become so exceptional that they couldn't endure even the nearness of Muhammad and his supporters among themselves, and that left no expectation that they could ever comprehend and acknowledge the message of Muhammad. This shows the last admonition like in this surah had to be given. These attributes of the talk are clear confirmation that it was uncovered during the last phase of the movement at Makkah.  Something else that decides all the more explicitly for the Surahs of the last stage at Makkah is the notice (or nonattendance) of some open or incognito insight about Hijrat (Emigration) from Makkah. As this Surah doesn't contain any clue at about this, it is a proof that it was revealed before those surahs which contain it.

Content.

The initial verses of the chapter (1–70) presents an argumentative dialogue between Islam and its unbelievers. The rest contains the stories of Noah, Moses and Jonah, all considered prophets in Islam.  The chapter presents the Meccan pagans' objections against the Quran, and responds to them. The pagans said that Muhammad was a "manifest sorcerer" and that he fabricated the Quran. They also challenged Muhammad to immediately bring the punishment of God, if his claim was true. They also demanded that Muhammad change the Quran to no longer condemn their practice of idolatry and using intercessors when worshipping God.  The chapter's response to these objection is a mix of "argument, threat, promise and reproach". It defends the Quran's divine origin, not a fabrication of Muhammad's, and says that Muhammad could not change it even if he wanted to. As for the challenge to bring God's punishment, the chapter says that God may defer punishment in this world if he wants to. It also tells of the punishment against unbelievers in the past, such as the people of Noah and Moses. It says that if the pagans waited for the punishment before believing, it would be too late, as was the case with the Pharaoh of Moses. According to the Quran, the Pharaoh only believed in God just before drowning, and that belief was too late and did not benefit him. The chapter also mentions the People of Jonah, who at first rejected Jonah's message, but then repented and believed. Therefore, unlike the people of Noah and Moses, they were averted from God's punishment. The mention of Jonah in verse 98 gives the chapter its name. The chapter then instructs Muhammad if he had any doubt about the truth of what was revealed to him, he could ask other People of the Book (i.e. the Jews and the Christians) who would be able to confirm the Quran's account of these people of the past.

Name.

The chapter is named after Jonah who was known as "Yunus" in the Islamic tradition, who is mentioned in the verse 98. Despite the chapter being named after him, this verse is the only one (out of 109) where the chapter mentions him. This is not unusual in the Quran, a chapter's name is usually taken from a prominent or unusual word in it, which might or might not relate to its subject matter.

Principal Subjects.

The first ayat contains greeting towards the Right Way is reached out to the individuals who were thinking about it a strange thing that Allah's message was being presented on by a person (Muhammad). They were accusing Muhammad of witchcraft, though there is neither anything strange in it nor makes them anything to do with magic or soothsaying. Muhammad is just educated humanity these two realities:  Both of these realities will be real factors in themselves, regardless of whether you recognize them in that capacity or not. On the off chance that you acknowledge these, you will have an extremely honored end; else you will meet the shrewd outcomes of your offenses. The significant issues, divine laws, and instructions in the surah can be listed as follows:-

Exegesis.

Verse 10:25.

The ideal society according to the Quran is Dar as-Salam, literally, ""the house of peace"" of which it intones: "And Allah invites to the 'abode of peace' and guides whom He pleases into the right path."

Verse 10:101.

It is narrated that when Ja'far al-Sadiq was asked about verse [10:101]:...the signs and warnings are of no avail to the disbelieving people, he replied the signs are the Imams and the warnings are the Prophets..

Yunus (, "", "Jonah"), is the 10th chapter (Surah) of the Quran with 109 Ayahs (verses). Yunus is named after the prophet Yunus (Jonah). According to tafsir chronology ("asbāb al-nuzūl"), it is believed to have been "revealed" before the migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his followers from Mecca to Medina (Hijra), as such, it is known as a Meccan surah. The surah contains 109 verses ("ayah") and is the first of six surahs which open with the tri-letters alif, lam and ra'.

Yunus () ist die 10. Sure des Korans, sie enthält 109 Verse. Die Sure wird fast in ihrer Gesamtheit in die dritte mekkanische Periode (620–622) datiert. Ihr Titel bezieht sich auf den biblischen Propheten Jona, der in Vers 98 erwähnt wird.


Geography.

Ballon is located some 12 km north of Rochefort and 6 km south of Aigrefeuille-d'Aunis. Access to the commune is by the D111 road from Thairé in the west which passes through the village and continues to Ciré-d'Aunis in the east. The D266 goes south-west from the village then west to join the D110 west of the commune. The commune is entirely farmland.  The "Canal de Charras" forms the south-eastern border of the commune with the "Canal des Roseaux" joining it on the southern border and forming part of the south western border. In most of the commune - especially the south - there is an extensive network of canals including the "Canal de Ceinture du Marais de Moullepieds" and the "Canal de Lileau".

Administration.

List of Successive Mayors

Demography.

In 2010 the commune had 740 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.

Distribution of Age Groups.

The population of the town is relatively young. The ratio of persons above the age of 60 years (18.2%) is lower than the national average (21.6%) and the departmental average (28.1%). Unlike national and departmental allocations, the male population of the town is greater than the female population (50.9% against 48.4% nationally and 48.2% at the departmental level).  Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Ballon and Charente-Maritime Department in 2010  Sources:

Ballon is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Ballonais" or "Ballonaises".

Ballon ist eine französische Gemeinde mit Einwohnern (Stand: ) im Département Charente-Maritime in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Rochefort, zum Kanton Surgères (bis 2015: Kanton Aigrefeuille-d’Aunis) und ist Mitglied im Gemeindeverband Aunis Sud. Die Einwohner werden "Ballonais" genannt.


Aircraft.

The aircraft involved was an Airbus A320-214, registration 5A-ONB, msn 3236. It had first flown on 29 August 2007.

Hijacking.

The aircraft, carrying seven crew and 111 passengers, had taken off from Sabha International Airport at 08:10 local time and was due to land at Tripoli at 09:20. The two hijackers threatened to blow up the aircraft with hand grenades, according to Malta state television. One hijacker declared himself to be "pro-Gaddafi" and that he would release all passengers, but not the crew, if his unknown demands were accepted. The pilots had tried to land in Libya, but the hijackers refused their request. The aircraft was forced to land at Malta International Airport which it did on 11:32 am local time. The aircraft's engines were still running after it was surrounded by the Maltese military. One hijacker was reported to have appeared at the aircraft door waving a large green flag similar to the Libyan flag under Gaddafi. He then put the flag down and returned inside.

Response.

Negotiating teams were placed on standby and Maltese military arrived at Malta International Airport. Upon landing at least 25 passengers were released by the hijackers, while negotiations were held. Following the release of all passengers and crew, the hijackers surrendered to the Maltese authorities and were taken into custody. It was subsequently revealed that the weapons used by the two hijackers, named as Suhah Mussa and Ahmed Ali, were replicas.

Film.

On the day of the hijacking, the airport was being used to film scenes for the movie "Entebbe", which is about the 1976 hijacking of Air France Flight 139 and Operation Entebbe, which resulted in the release of most of the passengers and the deaths of the hostage takers. Scenes from the hostages exiting the Afriqiyah plane were filmed, edited and inserted in the movie. Producer Melvin Rotherberg has qualified this "real-life event" as a "blessing from the sky on a day of bad acting." Some passengers were subsequently cast as supporting actors in the movie.

Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209 was a domestic passenger flight from Sabha to Tripoli, Libya that was hijacked on 23 December 2016 and made a forced landing in Luqa, Malta. The flight was operated by Afriqiyah Airways, Libya's state airline, and carried 111 passengers: 82 males, 28 females and one infant. The two hijackers later released all of the hostages and surrendered to the authorities.

Afriqiyah-Airways-Flug 209 (Flugplan-Code: 8U209) war ein Inlandsflug der staatlichen libyschen Fluggesellschaft Afriqiyah Airways von Sabha nach Tripolis, auf dem am 23. Dezember 2016 ein Airbus A320 entführt wurde. An Bord der Maschine befanden sich 118 Personen.


Career.

Born Tamara Kazachkova () in Kazanovka in the Chelyabinsk Oblast, her first major tournament was the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Aged 22, she failed to progress beyond the first heat of the 800 m. She established herself indoors at national level after this, taking the 1000 metres title in 1973 then the 1500 metres title at the 1974 Soviet Indoor Athletics Championships. She represented the Soviet Union in the latter event at the 1974 European Athletics Indoor Championships and came away with her first international medal, taking the bronze behind Bulgaria's Tonka Petrova and Karin Krebs of East Germany.  The middle period of her career saw her drop in the national rankings, though she continued to improve. In 1976 she set personal bests of 1:58.7 minutes for the 800 m and 4:07.2 minutes for the 1500 m. She did not compete at a high level in the following two years. However, she returned with a new best of 4:06.3 minutes in 1979, marking a resurgence in her form and competing under her married name Tamara Sorokina. She was the second fastest woman of the 1980 indoor season, running 4:07.8 minutes to place behind only Mary Decker of the United States.  Sorokina dipped under four minutes for the 1500 m for the first time in 1980 and ended the year with a best of 3.59.3 minutes, which ranked her eighth globally. She also won the Soviet indoor 1500 m title for a second time. However, such was the strength of the Soviet Union in the event, she did not earn selection for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, while her compatriots Tatyana Kazankina, Nadezhda Olizarenko and Lyubov Smolka all making the Olympic final instead (the former two reaching the podium).  Entering her thirties, the 1981 season proved to be the high point of Sorokina's career. She won an 800 m/1500 m double at the Soviet Indoor Championships. She set personal bests in both events outdoors, running 1:57.55 minutes for the 800 m in August and 3.58.89 minutes for the 1500 m – both these times ranked her fourth in the world for the season. She was the Soviet representative in the 1500 m at the 1981 European Cup and she came away with the gold medal (her first international title), recording a championship record of 4:01.37 minutes to beat East German Olympic medallist Ulrike Bruns. This ensured her place on the national team for the 1981 IAAF World Cup and she again finished ahead of Bruns, as well as future Olympic champion Gabriella Dorio. Her winning time of 4:03.33 minutes was a meet record which stood until 1994, when it was improved by Hassiba Boulmerka.  Sorokina remained highly ranked in the 1982 season, including a lifetime best in the 800 m of 1:56.6 minutes (placing her seventh on the year's rankings). She again ran below four minutes for the 1500 m and her best of 3:59.24 minutes though slower than the previous year was enough to put her in the season's top ten. A Soviet trio of Sorokina, Olga Dvirna and Zamira Zaytseva were entered into the 1500 m for the 1982 European Athletics Championships. Her compatriots took the top two spots, but Sorokina failed to produce her season's best and finished in sixth place. This proved to be the last high-profile international appearance that she made. In her last year of competition in 1983 she ranked sixth in the world for the 1500 m.

Tamara Aleksandrovna Sorokina (; born 15 August 1950) is a Russian former Soviet middle-distance runner who competed in both the 800 metres and the 1500 metres. She set personal bests of 1:56.6 minutes and 3:58.89 minutes for the events, respectively.

Tamara Alexandrowna Sorokina (, geb., Kasatschkowa, engl. Transkription "Kazachkova;" * 15. August 1950 in Kasanowka, Oblast Tscheljabinsk) ist eine ehemalige sowjetische Mittelstreckenläuferin.


Background.

European patents are granted by the European Patent Office under the 1973 European Patent Convention; 38 countries (including all countries of the European Union) are parties to the Convention. After its grant, a European patent essentially becomes "a bundle of national patents" (subject, in some countries, to translation requirements in an official language of that country) in all countries separately, after which renewal fees are also due in all countries. Infringement procedures in one country have essentially no effect in others, which sometimes leads to multiple lawsuits regarding the same European patent in different countries, which sometimes lead to different results.  To reduce translation and litigation costs, the European Union has passed legislation regarding European patents with unitary effect. The European Parliament approved the proposed regulation on 11 December 2012 and they entered into force in January 2013. As Spain and Italy objected to the translation requirements, which featured only the three European Patent Convention languages of English, German and French, they did not originally participate in the regulation, which were thus organized as an enhanced cooperation mechanism between member states, but Italy subsequently joined. Registration of unitary effect is to be organised by the European Patent Office and is expected to result in limited translation requirements and a single renewal fee for the whole territory.  Unitary patent protection, however, also requires a uniform patent court litigation system. That is provided for with the Unified Patent Court, which is constituted with the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, signed on 19 February 2013. The Agreement also incorporates many of the provisions of the proposed European Patent Litigation Agreement. The unitary patent provisions will only apply once the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court enters into force.

Locations.

The Court of First Instance would have a central division with its seat in Paris, and thematic sections in London, focusing on chemistry cases, including pharmaceuticals, (in International Patent Classification (IPC) classification C), and human necessities (in IPC classification A) and Munich (mechanical engineering cases in IPC classification F) are each expected to take about 30% of the caseload. Furthermore, participating countries may set up a single or, if conditions regarding minimum case load are met, multiple local divisions of the court. Countries may also set up a "regional division", serving as the local division of the group. The agreement does not define which countries would set up local or regional divisions.  The court of Appeal would be located in Luxembourg and would also serve as the registry.  Training of judges would take place in Budapest, and Lisbon and Ljubljana would host Patent Arbitration and Mediation Centres. The training centre for judges and candidate judges was officially opened on 13 March 2014 in Budapest.

Court of First Instance.

While the locations of the Central Court have been fixed in the Annex to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, contracting states are free to set up local or regional divisions up to a maximum number. Not all locations of regional and local divisions have been announced. The characteristics of the known divisions and their territorial jurisdiction is shown below:

Operation.

The system would include both legally qualified and technically qualified judges, who would sit in a composition of three (Court of First Instance) or five (Court of Appeal) judges. Local divisions may request (on their own or on the request of one of the parties) to have an extra technically-qualified judge added.  An overview of the composition of the judges is shown below:  Appeals may be brought before the Court of Appeal on both points of law and on the facts of the case. In the case of questions regarding the interpretation of EU law, questions can be submitted to the European Court of Justice.  Proceedings would take in principle place in the local language of the division and in the language in which the patent was granted (English, German or French) in the central division. The Court of Appeal would proceed in the language used at the Court of First Instance.

Leadership.

Three committees are to be constituted "to ensure effective operation and implementation" of the Agreement: A preparatory committee was established enabling entry into force when the required number of ratifications is reached. The committee is headed by Paul van Beukering and held its first meeting in March 2013.

Sources of law and applicable law.

Article 24 of the Agreement provides for the sources of law that judges should base their decisions on:  For the evaluation of which national law applies, regulations governing private international law (of which the Rome I and Rome II regulations form the cornerstone) that are part of EU law as well as multilateral agreements are leading. Like for other courts in the European Union, the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union are binding to the court.

Unified rules for infringement-exceptions.

The Unified Patent Court agreement establishes several bases for the use of patented information without permission of the patent holder. Those bases are applicable to European patents, both with and without unitary effect. The exceptions, given in Article 27, provide for the following:

Competence.

The Unified Patent Court would have competence to hear cases regarding European patents with unitary effect (European patents for which "unitary effect" is registered with the European Patent Office) as well as for other European patents registered with countries for which the agreement is applicable. In the latter case of European patents without unitary effect during a seven-year transition period, cases may also be brought before national courts and proprietors of patents may opt out from the exclusive competence of the Unified Patent Court. Decisions would be valid for the full territory of the state in which the patent is valid. Cases may concern patent infringement, revocation, declarations of non-infringement and establishments of damages. The proceedings include a counterclaim from the opposed party. The competence includes supplementary protection certificates.  The existing competences of the European Patent Office remain unchanged. A so-called opposition procedure dealing with the validity of the patent but not with infringement may also be brought before the European Patent Office during a nine-month period after the grant of the patent. Decisions by the European Patent Office are valid throughout the territory in which the European patent is valid, which may thus encompass 38 countries. Furthermore, countries may still grant their own national patents, independently of the European Patent Office. Such patents are not litigated in the Unified Patent Court.

Legal basis.

The "Agreement on a Unified Patent Court" establishes the court as a court of the member states. As a court established by treaty participating in the interoperation of European Union law, it bears similarities to the Benelux Court of Justice. An initial proposal, which shared many similarities with the proposed European Patent Litigation Agreement and included non-EU countries, was found to be incompatible with EU law by the Court of Justice of the European Union, as it would lead to a court not falling fully within the legal system of the European Union, thus being without the possibility to ask prejudicial questions to the EU court of justice. As a result, the court was established by an intergovernmental treaty between the participating states outside the framework of the EU but open only to members of the EU.

Signatures.

The agreement was signed on 19 February 2013 in Brussels by 24 states, including all states participating in the enhanced cooperation measures except Bulgaria and Poland, while Italy, which did not join the enhanced cooperation measures, did sign the UPC agreement. It is open to any member state of the European Union (whether they participated in the unitary patent or not), but it is not to other parties to the European Patent Convention. Bulgaria signed the agreement on 5 March after it had finalised its internal procedures. Meanwhile, Poland decided to wait to see how the new patent system works before joining because of concerns that it would harm its economy. While Italy did not originally participate in the unitary patent regulations, it formally joined them in September 2015. Regardless of the outcome of that process, becoming a party to the UPC agreement will allow the court to handle European patents in force in the country. Spain and Croatia (the latter would accede to the EU in July 2013) are the only EU member states not participating in either the UPC or the unitary patent, but both countries may accede to the unitary patent system at any time.

Entry into force.

The agreement will enter into force for the first group of ratifiers on the first day of the fourth month after all of these three conditions have been met:  For signatories ratifying or acceding after the overall entry into force of the agreement, their membership shall take effect on the first day of the fourth month after the member state deposits its instrument of ratification or accession.

Activities before entry into force.

For operations of the Unified Patent Court to commence, the agreement shall have entered into force, and practical arrangements have to be made. To that end, five working groups of the Preparatory Committee have been established to conduct the preparatory work. The Preparatory Committee indicated in March 2013 that early 2015 was a realistic target date for commencement of operations for the Unified Patent Court, but a Ministry of Economic Development statement in June 2015 indicated that the Preparatory Committee would publish an updated road map in September 2015 in which the UPC's commencement of operations would be postponed to "the end of 2016".  Preselection of candidate UPC judges took place in 2014, with the first training activities taking place in 2015.  Rules regarding representation before the court were approved in September 2015. They include the requirements for the European Patent Litigation Certificate (for which academic courses will be accredited) as well as equivalent certificates that will be accepted during a transition period. Patent attorneys with a law degree are exempted from the EPLC.  The preparatory committee expects the rules of procedure, which are now in their 15th draft, to be adopted in October 2015.  According to the Preparatory Committee's road map, the last testing phase of the courts operational IT system shall be completed in the fourth quarter of 2015. Getting the court's operational IT system up and running, after a successful test phase, is expected to be the last deciding point for when the court can and will become operational. The contracts for that IT work to begin have been signed, with 1 June 2015 as the starting date.  Discussions on a "Protocol to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court on Provisional Application" were closed in September 2015. The protocol was signed by eight states on 7 October 2015: Denmark, Germany (subject to ratification), Hungary, France, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Provisional application allows the hiring of judges and moving to the court premises. Provisional application starts when 13 states (including Germany, France and the United Kingdom) have ratified the Unified Patent Court Agreement or when they have indicated to have finished their parliamentary process.  Beside the completion of the work of the Preparatory Committee, the EPO Select Committee performs preparatory work for implementation of the unitary patent, to be "completed in due time before the entry into operation of the UPC", as unitary patent regulations apply from the date that the UPC agreement enters into force. As of June 2015, the Select Committee expected to complete its work in Autumn 2015.

Ratification.

In October 2013, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy stated that the "dream of a single patent still isn't fully fulfilled", and he "urged the EU's member states to ratify the agreement". However, the 2016 Brexit referendum result has cast doubt on the future of the UPC. A list of signatory countries is shown below including the status of ratification.  The Ministry of Justice in Denmark issued its opinion in May 2013 that a referendum, or five-sixths majority in the Folketing was necessary for Denmark to ratify the agreement because of its constitutional requirements on the transfer of sovereignty. The Danish People's Party and Red-Green Alliance, which controlled enough seats in the Folketing (22 and 12 respectively, or a little more than one sixth of the 179 seats) to block ratification without referendum, stated that a referendum should be held. The People's Party said that it would support the UPC if the governing parties promise to hold a referendum on the proposed EU Banking Union or to increase restrictions on the distribution of welfare benefits to foreign nationals in Denmark. After a parliamentary agreement could not be reached, a UPC referendum was held, together with the EP election, on 25 May 2014. The Danish constitution states that the referendum defaults to a yes result unless at least 30% of all eligible to vote and more than 50c/o if the votes cast vote no. The referendum resulted in 62.5% yes votes, leading to the approval of the ratification act, with a deposit of the instrument of ratification on 20 June 2014.  In June 2017, Ingve Stjerna, a German lawyer, submitted a constitutional complaint against the German Unified Patent Court Agreement Act. Upon receiving the complaint, the Federal Constitutional Court asked German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier not to sign the law. Steinmeier complied and the ratification was then suspended. The complaint alleged a violation of the right to democracy, "democratic deficits and deficits in rule of law with regard to the regulatory powers of the organs of the UPC", "perceived lack of an independent judiciary under the UPC" and nonconformance of the UPC with EU law. It was believed that the last ground of the complaint, the alleged incompatibility of the UPC Agreement with EU law, might lead the Federal Constitutional Court to refer one or more questions to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), "which would mean a further delay of at least 15-24 months". Stjerna refrained from publicly commenting on the substance of the complaint. He nevertheless indicated to the "JUVE" magazine that "he has received neither the support of third parties nor financial backing". The complaint was upheld on 20 March 2020 with regards to the unconstitutionality of the parliamenary procedure approving the agreement in the Bundestag. The German government introduced a new bill to ratify the agreement, with the required two thirds majority, to Parliament in June 2020.  Following a request for interpretation by the government the Constitutional Court of Hungary ruled that the UPC was incompatible with the Constitution of Hungary, and as such it would require amending to ratify.  Ireland initially scheduled a referendum on a constitutional amendment, required to ratify the agreement, for the autumn of 2013, but it was subsequently postponed to an unscheduled date after the 2014 European Parliament election. The Irish minister responsible for the matter, Richard Bruton, confirmed in May 2014 that a constitutional referendum would be held but that the timing had not been decided by the government. The Irish government later revealed in its legislation programme that it has planned to publish the required "Amendment of the Constitution" bill in 2015 to amend Article 29 of the Constitution to recognise the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, and after parliamentary approval will be put to a referendum. In May 2015, the Irish Minister for Children and Youth Affairs stated that his government did not plan for holding any referendums during the remainder of its legislative term and so the Irish referendum and the ratification of the UPC would be postponed to after April 2016.  In the Netherlands, European patents apply to the whole Kingdom, except for Aruba. The ratification by the Netherlands in 2016 however only applied to the European part of the Kingdom. On the request of Curaçao and Sint Maarten, and after a positive advice by the European Commission, approval for Curaçao and Sint Maarten as well as Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba is currently undergoging a parliamentary approval procedure, after which the government plans to extend the application to these territories.  In the United Kingdom, there is no requirement for a formal law approving of treaties before their ratification, but the Ponsonby Rule is that they are laid before Parliament with an explanatory memorandum, which the government did for the UPC Agreement on 23 June 2013. The Intellectual Property Act 2014 was approved by parliament and entered into force on 14 May 2014. Section 17 empowers the Secretary of State to make provision by order for giving effect in the United Kingdom to jurisdiction for the Unified Patent Court if a draft of the order has been approved by Parliament. That means that ratification of the UPC agreement will not take place before Parliament's approval of the related implementation orders. The first order, the Patents (European Patent with Unitary Effect and Unified Patent Court) Order 2015, was submitted by the government on 10 June 2014 for a technical review with a 2 September 2014 deadline for replies. The government presented the results of its technical review consultation in March 2015, and on its basis, it began the process to complete the final version of its draft order to Parliament. In June 2015, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated, "It is the Government’s intention for our domestic preparations [for ratification of the UPC] to be completed by Spring 2016". The Government laid the domestic implementing order before Parliament 21 January 2016. A second Statutory Instrument is needed to endorse the UPC Protocol on Privileges and Immunities, which the UK signed on 14 December 2016. The second Statutory Instrument will need to be finalised and laid before the Westminster and Scottish Parliaments, which will subject the Statutory Instrument to an affirmative procedure in order to complete the ratification of the UPC.

Ratification notes.

The UK government announced on 27 February 2020 that "the UK will not be seeking involvement in the UP/UPC system. Participating in a court that applies EU law and [that is] bound by the CJEU is inconsistent with our aims of becoming an independent self-governing nation."

Amendment of the Brussels I regulation.

A proposal for amendments of the Brussels I regulation was presented by the European Commission on 26 July 2013, and it needed to be approved by the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament. In a 523-98 vote, the European Parliament approved an amended version of the amendment on 15 April 2014. The same amendment was adopted by the Council of the European Union in an Ecofin Council meeting on 6 May 2014, and it formally entered into force on 30 May 2014 as Regulation 542/2014. Regulation 542/2014 amends the recast Brussels I Regulation 1215/2012, which is applicable from January 2015, and asserts that the Unified Patent Court has jurisdiction within the European Union if a contracting state to the Agreement would have jurisdiction in a matter that is regulated by the Agreement. It also renders the jurisdiction rules applicable in cases between parties in one EU country and parties in a non-EU country, a situation in which national law, rather than EU law, normally applies.

Legal challenges.

Spain and Italy both filed individual actions for annulment of the unitary patent regulation with the European Court of Justice (CJEU cases C-274/11 and C-295/11) in May 2011, arguing the use of enhanced cooperation was improper and the introduced trilingual (English, French, German) language regime system for the unitary patent, which they viewed as discriminatory to other EU languages, would be non-compliant with the EU treaties because of distorting competition, causing a misuse of Council powers and functioning detrimental to the internal market. On 16 April 2013, CJEU rejected both complaints.  In March 2013, Spain filed two new actions for annulment (CJEU cases C-146/13<ref name="C-146/13"></ref> and C-147/13<ref name="C-147/13"></ref>) of (part of) the two unitary patent regulations, arguing that there is a "misapplication of the Meroni case law" in the delegation of administrative tasks to the European Patent Office, as its setting and distributing of renewal fees are not subject to the necessary EU supervision. The cases were subject to court hearing on 1 July 2014. Advocate-General Yves Bot published his opinion on 18 November 2014, suggesting that both actions be dismissed ( and ). If the Spanish complaints had been upheld by the Court, that could have delayed or blocked the introduction of the unitary patent. The court handed down its decisions on 5 May 2015 as and, fully dismissing the Spanish claims.

The Unified Patent Court (UPC) is a proposed common patent court open for participation of all member states of the European Union. It will hear cases regarding infringement and revocation proceedings of European patents (including unitary patents) that are valid in the territories of the participating states, with a single court ruling being directly applicable throughout those territories. Requesting unitary patents upon the grant of certain European patents will be possible from the establishment of the Court. It is to be established by the "Agreement on a Unified Patent Court". which was signed as an intergovernmental treaty in February 2013 by 25 states (all EU member states except Spain, Poland and Croatia). It will enter into force on the first day of the fourth month after meeting three predefined conditions.

Das Einheitliche Patentgericht (EPG) ist ein geplanter Gerichtshof mit zwei Instanzen für Streitigkeiten, die das europäische Einheitspatent betreffen. Dieses Gericht wäre für Nichtigkeitsklagen gegen Europäische Patente einschließlich der Einheitspatente, für Klagen wegen deren Verletzung und für Klagen gegen das Europäische Patentamt wegen der Zurückweisung des Antrags auf Registrierung des einheitlichen Patentschutzes zuständig. Die Möglichkeit des Einspruchs gegen das Europäische Patent innerhalb von neun Monaten nach dessen Erteilung bleibt hiervon unberührt.


Early life.

Spicer is the son of Kathryn (née Grossman) and Michael William Spicer (1944–2016). The Spicers were living in Port Washington when Sean was born at North Shore Hospital in Manhasset, New York. Spicer grew up in the East Bay area of Rhode Island. His father was an insurance agent and his mother is the department manager in the East Asian studies department at Brown University.  Spicer is of partial Irish descent, and was raised Catholic. From 1985 to 1989, Spicer attended Portsmouth Abbey School, a Catholic boarding school in Rhode Island. While in high school, he volunteered for local political campaigns in Rhode Island and continued those activities while at college.  He attended Connecticut College from 1989 to 1993 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government. In college he was a student senator. In April 1993, an article in the student paper, "The College Voice", referred to Spicer as "Sean Sphincter"; Spicer submitted an angry complaint to the paper and followed up by pushing for college judicial action against the paper, for which he received further ribbing from the campus satirical publication "Blats". The incident was later cited as a precursor of his contentious relationship with the media.  In 2012, he earned a master's degree in national security and strategic studies from the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.

Early career.

After graduating from college in 1993, Spicer worked on a number of political campaigns. In the late 1990s, he worked for representatives Mike Pappas (R-NJ), Frank LoBiondo (R-NJ), Mark Foley (R-FL), and Clay Shaw (R-FL).  In 1999, Spicer joined the United States Navy Reserve as a public affairs officer; he currently holds the rank of commander. As of December 2016, he was assigned to the Joint Chiefs of Staff's naval reserve contingent in Washington, D.C.

Early government appointments.

From 2000 to 2001, Spicer was the communications director on the House Government Reform Committee, and from 2001 to 2002, he was director of incumbent retention at the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC).  From 2003 to 2005, Spicer was the communications director and spokesman for the House Budget Committee. He subsequently was the communications director for the Republican Conference of the U.S. House of Representatives, and then, from 2006 to 2009, was the assistant for media and public affairs at the Office of the United States Trade Representative in President George W. Bush's administration. He wore an Easter bunny suit during the White House Easter Egg Rolls.

Endeavor Global Strategies.

From 2009 to 2011, Spicer was a partner at Endeavor Global Strategies, a public relations firm he co-founded to represent foreign governments and corporations with business before the U.S. government. His clients included the government of Colombia, which was then seeking a free trade agreement with the U.S. amid public criticism of its human rights record. Spicer worked full-time at the firm until February 2011.

Republican National Committee.

In February 2011, Spicer became the communications director of the Republican National Committee. At the RNC, he enlarged the organization's social media operations, built an in-house TV production team, and created a rapid response program to reply to attacks. In February 2015, he was given an additional role, as chief strategist for the party.  While at the RNC, Spicer was critical of then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump. In June 2015, after Trump said illegal immigrants from Mexico were involved in crimes in the U.S., Spicer said "painting Mexican Americans with that kind of a brush, I think that's probably something that is not helpful to the cause." In July 2015, he released a public criticism of Trump's comments on U.S. Senator John McCain, saying "there is no place in our party or our country for comments that disparage those who have served honorably."

Press secretary for the Trump administration.

On December 22, 2016, Spicer was named the White House press secretary for Donald Trump. On December 24, he was also named the communications director for the Trump administration after the sudden and unexpected resignation of Jason Miller.  An April 2017 "Politico"/Morning Consult poll showed that Spicer had a nationwide name recognition of 60%, much higher than most other White House staffers and previous press secretaries.

First statement to the press.

On January 21, 2017, which was the day after the inauguration and two days before his first official press conference, Spicer made a statement to the press that was negatively critical of the media; he said that they had underestimated the size of the crowds for President Trump's inaugural ceremony. He claimed that the ceremony had drawn the "largest audience to ever to witness an inauguration, period – both in person and around the globe". But as many sources immediately pointed out, that claim was false.  Spicer stated that the press had altered images of the event to minimize the size of the crowds. He said floor coverings over the grass were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller, and stated they had never been used before despite the fact that they had been used in 2013 for the preceding second inauguration of Barack Obama. He also used incorrect figures to claim that Metro ridership was higher during Trump's inauguration than during Obama's inauguration, when in fact it was lower than during either of Obama's inaugurations. Spicer took no questions after his statement. Later, Spicer defended his previous statements by saying "sometimes we can disagree with the facts". It was subsequently reported that Spicer had made the statement on direct orders from Trump, who was furious at what he considered unfair press coverage of his inauguration.  In response to the briefing, conservative political analyst Bill Kristol wrote: "It is embarrassing, as an American, to watch this briefing by Sean Spicer from the podium at the White House." "Vanity Fair" described Spicer's statement as "peppered with lies", and "The Atlantic" described Spicer's briefing as "bizarre". The article referred to the "Trump administration's needless lies" and noted that Spicer's statements appeared to involve a "deliberate attempt to mislead". Glenn Kessler of "The Washington Post" gave Spicer's claims four Pinocchios, writing that he was so appalled by the press secretary's performance that he wished he could have given him five Pinocchios instead of the maximum number of four.  Trump's team defended Spicer's statements. White House chief of staff Reince Priebus stated that the purpose of Spicer's conference was to call out what he called "dishonesty in the media" and their "obsession with delegitimizing the president". Trump's campaign strategist and counselor, Kellyanne Conway, told NBC's Chuck Todd that Trump's inauguration crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified and that the press secretary was simply giving "alternative facts". Todd responded by saying, "Alternative facts are not facts. They are falsehoods."

First official press conference.

Two days later on January 23, 2017, Spicer held his first official White House press conference and took questions from reporters. When Spicer was asked about attendance at the inauguration, he said that his definition of a viewing audience also included individuals who watched the event on television as well as on social media online. He claimed that online viewership must have been in the "tens of millions".  Spicer's argument was based on the reported figure of 16.9 million people who began streaming the inauguration on CNN's website. This argument has been criticized because the 16.9 million streams included people who started the stream and then left.  On February 7, 2017, CNN reported that "President Donald Trump is disappointed in Spicer's performance during the first two weeks of the administration." Trump was also upset at White House chief of staff Reince Priebus for recommending Spicer, the network reported. Trump "regrets it every day and blames Priebus", a White House source told CNN. His role as temporary communications director was filled by Michael Dubke on March 6, 2017.

Hitler–Assad controversy.

On April 11, 2017, Spicer issued a statement in reference to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack. He said that Russia should not support the Syrian government and also commented that in World War II "You had someone as despicable as Hitler who didn't even sink to using chemical weapons."  His remarks were widely criticized, especially given the fact that the timing of the remarks coincided with the Jewish holiday of Passover. Spicer later clarified that he was not trying to deny that Hitler used lethal gas during the Holocaust, instead that he was trying to compare how Assad dropped bombs on population centers to how Hitler used the gas. Amid calls for his resignation, Spicer apologized the next day.

Relationship with White House press corps.

As White House press secretary, Spicer had a contentious relationship with the White House press corps. In February 2017, the White House selectively blocked several news outlets—including the BBC, CNN, "The New York Times", "Los Angeles Times" and "Politico"—from an off-camera briefing (or "gaggle") with Spicer, a move that prompted strong objections from the outlets concerned, as well as by the White House Correspondents' Association. "The Washington Post" wrote that the barring of the outlets was "a rare and surprising move that came amid President Trump's escalating war against the media." Reporters from the Associated Press and "Time" magazine were admitted to the briefing, but chose not to attend in protest of the exclusion of other journalists.

Defendant in Twitter lawsuit.

On July 11, 2017, Spicer, along with Donald Trump, and Dan Scavino (the White House director of social media), was sued by the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University in U.S. federal court in Manhattan. The suit, "Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump", alleges that Trump and the White House officials violated the First Amendment by blocking some users from accessing Trump's Twitter content.

Resignation.

On July 21, 2017, Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary. He made his decision known immediately after President Trump appointed financier Anthony Scaramucci as White House communications director. In the weeks leading up to the resignation announcement, Spicer had sought "a more strategic communications role" in the White House. Trump had reportedly been dissatisfied for some time with Spicer's performance as White House Press Secretary. According to "The New York Times", Trump asked Spicer to stay on, but Spicer announced his resignation after telling the President he "vehemently disagreed" with the appointment of Scaramucci. In a tweet, Spicer said that it has been "an honor and a privilege" to serve Trump and that he would continue his service in the White House, through August 2017. His new position was not identified. Sarah Sanders was announced as the new White House Press Secretary the same day.

Post-White House activities.

After several low-profile months, Spicer made a cameo appearance at the presentation of the Emmy Awards on September 17, spoofing his own image by predicting that the Emmys broadcast would garner "the largest audience to witness an Emmys, period". The following week he gave an interview to "The New York Times" and appeared on "Good Morning America". Also, it was revealed that during his eight-month tenure at the White House he kept copious notes on what he did, saw, and heard, filling numerous notebooks. The revelation provoked speculation that the notebooks would be of interest to the investigation of special prosecutor Robert Mueller.  Spicer announced in December 2017 on "The Sean Hannity Show" that he would release a book, "", in July 2018 about his tenure with the Trump administration.  On July 31, 2019, President Trump announced his intention to appoint Spicer to be a Member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy. Spicer is one of seven members on the board appointed by the President.  In August 2019, Spicer was announced as a contestant on season 28 of "Dancing with the Stars". This announcement was met with alarm on social media and by many at ABC News. One ABC employee told CNN journalist Oliver Darcy: "It's a slap in the face to those of us who had to deal with his baloney and the consequences of the ongoing lies and disinformation campaign at the White House." Spicer responded by saying that "Dancing" "is an entertainment show. I look forward to having some fun. And if people are looking for news, I suggest they tune into a news program". On the first installment of this edition of the popular celebrity reality competition, Spicer wore a bright lime green shirt with ruffles while his dancing partner's dress prominently featured pineapples as they engaged in a salsa dance, garnering widespread media coverage.  Starting in March 2020, Spicer hosts a political talk show for the channel Newsmax TV called "Spicer & Co."

Personal life.

On November 13, 2004, Spicer married Rebecca Miller, at the time a television producer, at St. Alban's Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C. Spicer and his wife live in Alexandria, Virginia. They have two children. His wife is senior vice president, communications and public affairs, for the National Beer Wholesalers Association. He is Roman Catholic.

In popular culture.

Several commentators have compared Spicer to "Baghdad Bob", Information Minister under Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.  Spicer's frequently combative press conferences were satirized four times on "Saturday Night Live" in 2017, with actress Melissa McCarthy playing the role of Spicer. Her portrayal was described by a staff writer at "The Atlantic" as "genius", mixing "energy and weaponized hostility". Spicer stated that he found the skits funny, but suggested that McCarthy "could dial back" a bit.

Sean Michael Spicer (born September 23, 1971) is an American political aide who served as the 28th White House Press Secretary and as White House Communications Director under President Donald Trump in 2017. Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017, and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017.

Sean Michael Spicer (* 23. September 1971 in Barrington, Rhode Island) ist ein politischer Mitarbeiter und war von Januar bis Juli 2017 Pressesprecher des Weißen Hauses. Am 21. Juli 2017 gab er nach der Ernennung von Kommunikationsdirektor Anthony Scaramucci seinen Rücktritt bekannt.


Early life and education.

Anthony Joseph Zerilli, known as Tony, was born in Detroit, Michigan on October 24, 1927, to Josephine (Finazzo) and Joseph Z. Zerilli. At the time of Tony's birth, his father was an up-and-coming member of the Eastside Mob under the direction of Angelo Meli and his cousin and brother-in-law Vito William Tocco.  As a teenager, Tony worked at the Detroit Italian-American Bakery in Roseville, Michigan. In 1947, Tony reportedly became a made man in the Partnership by murdering Gust Andromalus by their order; the hit took place in a Detroit basement. Like his cousin Jack Tocco, Zerilli graduated from the University of Detroit in 1949.

Hazel Park Raceway and the Spaghetti Palace.

In 1949, Zerilli became president of the Hazel Park Racing Association and Track in Hazel Park, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Originally planned as an auto track, Hazel Park Raceway was the first modern 5/8-mile horse racing track in Michigan. With family help, Zerilli had purchased a controlling interest in the operation for $50,000.  Over the next twenty-three years, Hazel Park produced an estimated $15,000,000 a year in revenue, netting an annual profit for its investors of $1,200,000. During this period, by state law pari-mutuel betting was limited to the races run at the track. Although listed as the number one man in the Hazel Park operation, Zerilli is thought to have deferred to his cousin Jack Tocco in the business dealings.  Hazel Park was such a financial success that in August 1970 Zerilli, Tocco, and Dominic "Fats" Corrado decided to develop another race track. The three men invested $2,500,000 in of land in Hollywood, Florida, to construct a second horse racing complex. But the second project, to be called Hazel Park South, was cancelled after Zerilli ran into legal problems in Las Vegas.(See below) Because of his legal difficulties, Zerillli cancelled the Hazel Park South project; in 1972, he and his partners were forced to sell the Hazel Park Raceway in Michigan. Upon the sale of Hazel Park, Zerilli made $780,000 from his 92,634 shares.  With this revenue, Zerilli invested in several other businesses, including the Spaghetti Palace restaurant, established in 1968 near the Macomb Mall in Roseville, Michigan. Zerilli used this restaurant as his headquarters. It continued as a popular venue in Roseville under the direction of Joseph Zerilli, Rosalie Zerilli and Jack Giannosa before closing in the early 1990s.

Trouble in Las Vegas.

During the early 1960s, Zerilli began spending a good portion of his time in Las Vegas, where various Mob families from the East had invested. He was watching over the Partnerships' investments while seeking new chances to expand his family's influence in that city. Zerilli and Michael Polizzi approached mob "connection man" John "Handsome Johnny" Roselli about buying a casino. Roselli introduced the pair to Maurice Friedman, a developer and casino owner with a string of arrests dating back to the 1950s.  Friedman was in the process of developing the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. In 1964, when the Nevada Gaming Commission denied gaming licenses to Zerilli and Polizzi, Friedman agreed to act as a front boss for the two men. But, Friedman was also rejected for a license by the Commission. Zerilli and Polizzi eventually gained access to the casino when the Commission approved former municipal judge Arthur Rooks, from Hamtramck, Michigan; and Irving Shapiro, owner of the Toledo Hotel, as key operators in the Frontier. Friedman later testified that he was set up in the Frontier to oversee the development and financing on orders from Zerilli and other unseen Partnership members from Detroit.  Zerilli was soon forced out of Las Vegas. Friedman had been tried and convicted of cheating the Friars Club of Beverly Hills, California, and was facing a long prison sentence. In a plea deal exchange for reduced prison time, Friedman agreed to testify against his Detroit bosses. As a result, Zerilli, Polizzi, Jack Shapiro and lawyer Peter J. Bellanca were convicted of skimming approximately $250,000 a month from the Frontier for more than two years. In 1967, Johnny Roselli arranged the sale of the Frontier to billionaire industrialist Howard Hughes for $25 million.  In 1970, Zerilli was chosen to succeed his father, who had retired, as boss of the Detroit Partnership. His reign lasted until 1974, when he was convicted and sent to prison on charges related to the Frontier Hotel and Casino case. After his son was imprisoned, Joseph Zerilli emerged from retirement to lead the Partnership until his death in October 1977. His nephew Jack Tocco was chosen to succeed Zerilli's father as the new boss. Tony Zerilli was imprisoned until 1979. After returning to Detroit, he took his place as the underboss of the Detroit Partnership alongside his cousin.  The Tocco/Zerilli regime led the Detroit Mafia while keeping out of the news and maintaining distance from law enforcement. But on March 15, 1996, Zerilli, Jack Tocco, and 15 other alleged Partnership members and associates were indicted on a 25-count federal charge of violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO). They were charged with conspiracy to control illegal gambling within the Detroit area for the previous 30 years, involvement with hidden casino interests in Las Vegas, and alleged involvement with the criminal organization known as the "American Mafia" or ""La Cosa Nostra,"" known to run organized crime in the United States. Zerilli and the rest of the alleged crime family leaders were freed on bail to await trial.  Zerilli's lawyers gained postponement of the trial indefinitely due to his ill health. The trial eventually began in February 1998; on April 29, 1998, the jury returned its verdicts. Anthony Joseph "Jack" Tocco was found guilty on 12 counts, including two counts of racketeering, eight counts of extortion, and two counts of attempted extortion. Zerilli was convicted on several counts, but his lawyers arranged bail and he was free while the case was being appealed. The appeal was heard August 19, 2002, and the court upheld his convictions. Zerilli faced U.S. District Court judge, Lawrence Zatkoff on November 7, 2002, for sentencing.  Zerilli was remanded to prison in late 2002. As of November 2007, he was serving the final months of his sentence in a halfway house in the Detroit area. His projected release date was April 6, 2008. He was expected to resume leadership of the remains of the Detroit Mafia, one of the original 24 American Mafia crime families that is documented as having controlled organized crime in the United States from the 1930s to the 1990s. Although not as powerful as it was at one time, the Detroit Mafia is believed by state and federal investigators to be one of roughly 10 Mafia crime families in the United States that are highly influential in the American underworld.

One-time boss.

By 1964, Zerilli was recognized as the leader of his own unit or "crew" within the Detroit Mafia. The young Zerilli had a heightened status as a mid-level mobster not only within the Detroit underworld, but within the national underworld. The Zerilli family was trying to increase its power over the Detroit underworld, mainly in the areas of gambling and labor racketeering.  Zerilli and various influential underlings were recorded by law enforcement bugs discussing various criminal plots, including gambling operations, kidnapping International Brotherhood of Teamsters chief Jimmy Hoffa, police payoff policies, and the easing of internal disputes. The tapes recorded in the offices of Anthony Giacalone, between 1961 and 1964, demonstrated Zerilli's position in the Partnership. He was not included on the crime families' charts during the Valachi Hearings. At one point Giacalone complained bitterly about Pete Licavoli's dominance of area gambling operations, although Licavoli had not lived in the Detroit area for many years. Zerilli tried to placate Giacalone, and promised to have the matter heard before his father Joseph Z. Zerilli, then head of the Partnership, and Papa John Priziola, the only two remaining senior members of the chair who could sit in judgement of Licavoli.  Shortly after these tapes were recorded, the younger Zerilli succeeded his father, who retired. After he was convicted and imprisoned, his father came out of retirement until his death in 1977. The younger Zerilli was demoted while in prison; his cousin, Jack Tocco, son of Detroit Partnership patriarch, Giacomo "Jack" Tocco, was named as the head of the family. Zerilli was later named as unerboss and has allegedly remained in this highly powerful position within the organization since.  On April 4, 2008, Zerilli was released from federal prison; he was "put on the shelf" or demoted in 2008.

Claims as to the location of the remains of Jimmy Hoffa.

Labor leader Jimmy Hoffa disappeared in July 1975 and was believed to have been killed. His body was never found. There was speculation that it was a mob hit. On January 13, 2013, NBC New York's Marc Santia reported that Zerilli claimed to know the location of Hoffa's remains. Santia had formerly reported for NBC in Detroit and said that he was approached by Zerilli for an interview. In the broadcast, Zerilli said that Hoffa was buried in a "shallow grave" in a field in Oakland County, 20 miles north of the now-closed Bloomfield Township restaurant Machus Red Fox, where Hoffa was last seen alive.  The "Detroit Free Press" reported that this alleged burial site was near the intersection of Buell and Adams roads, on a property reportedly previously owned by reputed Detroit crime boss Jack Tocco. Zerilli said in the Santia NBC report that "they" intended to move the body to a permanent grave in the upstate Rogers City area, but that Hoffa's remains were never reinterred.  At the time of Hoffa's disappearance, Zerilli had been in prison after being convicted on charges related to Las Vegas casino skimming. In his interview with Santia, he denied any involvement in the Hoffa affair, claiming to be his "friend", and saying that he thought of Hoffa as a "gentleman." While suggesting that he was privy to unspecified knowledge of Detroit Partnership activities, Zerilli added, "I would've...if I wasn't away (in prison) I don't think it (the Hoffa disappearance) would've even happened."  On June 17, 2013, Detroit media outlets reported that the FBI was in the process of excavating a large tract of the Buell Road parcel in Oakland County. No remains were found.

Going public.

In his interview with Santai, Zerilli said he was "dead broke." He reportedly hired a publicist, launched a website, and discussed plans for an exposé, all unprecedented for such a crime figure.

Family feud.

On January 16, 2013, the "Macomb Daily" reported that Zerilli had spoken about Hoffa not only to create interest in his actions but as a result of a growing rift between Jack Tocco, the head of the family, and him. This may have dated to the early 1970s, when the former partners were involved in business dealings in Detroit and Las Vegas.  Quoted in the "Daily's" report, former U.S. Attorney Keith Corbett said, “There is a good deal of acrimony between Tony and his cousin, Jack...and the resentment goes both ways."

Anthony Joseph Zerilli (October 24, 1927 - March 31, 2015), known as Tony, was notable as an Italian-American mobster from Sterling Heights, Michigan. From 1949 he was one of the majority owners of the Hazel Park Raceway, which was highly profitable. In 1970 he succeeded his father Joseph Zerilli as head of the Detroit Partnership ("The Partnership") criminal organization.

Anthony Joseph „Tony Z.“ Zerilli (* 24. Oktober 1927 in Detroit, Michigan; † 31. März 2015 in Weston (Florida)) war ein italienisch-amerikanischer Mobster der amerikanischen Cosa Nostra und etwa drei Jahrzehnte lang der Underboss, sowie zeitweise amtierender Boss in der Zerilli-Familie "(Detroit Crime Family)", auch bekannt als "Detroit Partnership" oder "Detroit Combination".


Design and development.

The O-145 was produced in three major versions, the O-145-A rated at, the -B rated at, and -C rated at. The "B" model was the major production model, with the "A" and "C" produced in much smaller quantities.  All models of the series had the same bore, stroke, and displacement, additional horsepower being generated by increasing compression ratio and maximum rpm. All use a Stromberg NA-S2 or NA-S2A or Marvel MA-2 or MA-2-A carburetor. The dual ignition versions use two Scintilla SF-4L, SN4LN-20 or -21, Superior SMA-4 or Edison-Splitdorf RMA-4 magnetos.  The original O-145-A produced at 2300 rpm, weighed, and featured single ignition. In an attempt to compete with the Continental A-65, Lycoming boosted the rpm and power output to at 2550 rpm, and finally at 3100 rpm. The O-145 had a hard time competing with the same horsepower Continentals due to its smaller displacement, which resulted in a steeper torque curve.  The GO-145 is a geared model, introduced in 1938, that uses a 27:17 reduction ratio (1.59:1) gearbox to produce at 3200 crankshaft rpm, giving 2013 propeller rpm. The engine employs a gearbox bolted to the front of the engine and the resulting engine weighs without starter or generator. The GO-145 suffered from a poor reputation for reliability, because pilots mis-handled the engine, running it at too low a cruising rpm and causing gearbox wear as a result.  The series' type certificate expired on 2 November 1950 and no O-145-B1 or -C1 or GO-145-C1s engines produced after 1 August 1941 and O-145-B2, -B3 or -C2, or GO-145-C2 or -C3s produced after 24 August 1949 are eligible for certification. The single ignition O-145-A series, O-145-B1, and -C1 are not covered by the original type certificate.  Lycoming ended production of the O-145 and replaced it with the O-235 series.

The Lycoming O-145 is a family of small, low-horsepower, four-cylinder, air-cooled engines. It was Lycoming Engines' first horizontally opposed aircraft engine and was produced from 1938 until the late 1940s. The family includes the reduction-geared GO-145. The O-145 received its Approved Type Certificate on 13 Jun 1938.

Der Lycoming O-145 ist ein Vierzylinder-Boxermotor des US-amerikanischen Herstellers Lycoming, der zum Antrieb zahlreicher Leichtflugzeuge in den 1940er und 1950er Jahren eingesetzt wurde.


Early years.

Doncho Kolev Danev was born on 27 December 1892 in the village of Sennik, Sevlievo municipality. He was seven years old when his father died. This tragic event forced him to become a shepherd in order to survive. He left Bulgaria in 1905 and went to then Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1909, he met with another Bulgarian wrestler, Nikola Petrov, who convinced him to emigrate to the United States.

Wrestling and martial arts career.

Kolov left Bulgaria and moved to the United States at the age of 17. He worked various jobs until he found work as a railroad construction worker. He impressed people with his physical power and became famous for his ability to twist metal rails around his neck. He even fought a bear while hunting. Legend has it that he fought the beast for an hour with his bare hands until he got a chance to kill the animal with his rifle later. Apparently, witnesses saw the marks of Kolov's hands on the neck of the bear. He was subsequently hired as a wrestler with "Victoria Circus". At the beginning of the last century, wrestling was represented in freestyle wrestling bout in which punches and kicks were allowed. It was a dangerous sport with extremely serious and severe injuries. Catch as Catch Can (CACC) or catch wrestling could be considered the father of today's mixed martial arts (MMA).  Before being discovered and trained to be a professional wrestler by, Kolov was self-taught. Kolov was the first wrestler who captured professional world heavyweight wrestling championship's "Diamond Belt" twice. His most famous victories are: in New York vs. Rudy Dusek (1919), in Tokyo vs. Jiki Higen "The Strangler" (1921) and in Paris vs. Henri Deglane (1933). He was also three times European Heavyweight Champion (1934, 1937, 1937). In 1937, Kolov defeated then European Heavyweight Champion, American Al Pereira, only for Pereira to win the title back and for Kolov to reclaim it, before losing it in turn to Joe Savoldi.  He started his career as a wrestler by taking part in the organised wrestling matches between the workers. He later won the tournament in the circus "Victoria" in 1914, when the director of the circus invited people from the public to compete and check their physical power with the star Jeff Lawrence "The Cyclope". Kolov accepted the challenge and he succeeded in overpowering the 233 pound wrestler. He won against many famous MMA fighters from that time such as Jeff Lawrence, Stanislaus Zbyszko, Jack Shirey (also called "The Lightning Man"), Rudy Dusek, Jo Stecker, Ed "Strangler" Lewis and Jim Browning. He was invited in Japan, where he claimed victory against Djiki Hegen "The Strangler" – idol in Japan's wrestling, who never lost to anyone before as a professional. After this win, the public tried to kill Kolov. Similar incident also happened before the match, when through the window of his hotel room it flew a dagger that Kolov successfully avoided. In the MMA tournament in Paris, Kolov won all of his matches against all of his opponents, including the final against Henri Deglane.

Wins.

Kolov had between 1,500 and 2,000 fights, and won almost all of them. His wins include:

Losses.

Kolov has 72 registered losses in official matches.

Return to Bulgaria.

After 30 years in a foreign country, he came back to Bulgaria and was greeted as a national hero. Throughout his whole career, he was asked many times to change his citizenship to American. He refused it with the words: "Dan Kolov is Bulgarian". Kolov remained proud Bulgarian until his death and was famous for his words: "I feel strong, because I am Bulgarian". For him, his motherland was the most holy and sacred thing. He is remembered for helping many Bulgarian people in the country and abroad. He gave all of his money to charities. The first Bulgarian airplane for the National Bulgarian Post was donated by him.  Having returned home, he spent most of his time establishing wrestling clubs by training young people, but continued to compete professionally until the last years of his life. He also arranged many wrestling matches in Sofia and donated all the profits. He is also famous with another saying, upon his return to Bulgaria, he was asked if he wanted someone to take him home by carriage, to which he replied: "I left home walking, I will go home walking!".  The new communist government, after 9 September 1944, awarded him with the high accolade "Honoured Master of Sport".  In 1962, the Bulgarian Wrestling Federation organised an international freestyle wrestling tournament named after him to commemorate his memory.  In 1999, it was produced the movie about his life "Dan Koloff - The King of Wrestling".

Death.

Kolov died in Bulgaria on 26 March 1940 from tuberculosis. His coffin was carried by officers of the Ninth Artillery Corps from the town of Sevlievo also escorted by an honorary company of cavalry. He was buried with the specific request of facing the "Balkan" (""Balkan" against "Balkan""), as "Balkan" in Bulgarian means "mountain" thus the meaning is "mountain against mountain".  Each year, in the town of Sevlievo is held in freestyle wrestling tournament in memory of Kolov.

Rumors around his death.

One of the versions for his condition is that he did not get infected naturally, but that he was purposely infected by French doctors. It is known that there were a lot of attempts to get Kolov disgraced and disqualified from tournaments.

Doncho Kolev Danev () (27 December 1892 – 26 March 1940), better known by the ring name Dan Kolov (), was a Bulgarian wrestler and mixed martial artist born in Sennik, Bulgaria who was the first European freestyle wrestling champion from Bulgaria.

Dan Kolow, eigentlich "Dontscho Kolew Denew" (; * 26. Dezember 1892 in Sennik; † 26. März 1940 in Gabrowo) war ein bulgarischer Ringer.


First response.

Vigili del Fuoco rescue teams were dispatched from Vibo Valentia, Lamezia Terme and Catanzaro, along with Polizia di Stato, Guardia di Finanza and Carabinieri. Railway crews immediately begun to remove and dismantle the damaged coaches, in order to allow recover of the wounded trapped in the wreck, aided by the security forces personnel.  Hospitals in Lamezia, Vibo and Catanzaro were overrun by the medical emergency, but ultimately managed to sustain the pressure thanks to help from Soveria Mannelli and Tropea clinics taking over medical assistance for patients with less severe wounds.  The rescue operations took two full days, allowing regular service from 24 November.  The accident news coverage was short, since just two days later country newspaper's attention was diverted to the tragic Irpinia earthquake.  Engine FS Class E656.075 was dismantled in July 1983, the first in its class to be written off. FS Class E656.280 dismantled a few days later.

Causes.

A broken clamp is an unusual but not unheard of event. Steel clamps sometimes experience fatigue or corrosion damage, so a failure is accounted as a possibility. In case of a clamp failure the loss of a train section breaks off the pneumatic brake circuit: lack of pressure engages emergency brakes on both parts of the convoy and alert the engineers.  Apparently the brake emergency system worked fine, but with the engine at full throttle and the train much lighter than expected the engineer didn't notice the emergency and the head of the train failed to stop.  Public Prosecutor’s Office charged the freight train drivers, the Eccellente stationmaster and a railwayman with involuntary manslaughter, for failing to notice the loss of the boxcars. Ultimately, station personnel was deemed guilty, not having followed proper procedures.  An early technical survey showed that maintenance status of the rolling stock was fair, track infrastructure was good and adequate to current safety standards. The semi-automatic block signaling was active at the moment, but that system required a routine check of passing trains to be done by station personnel. The rule was well known and officially enforced at the time. Fully automatic block control would have avoided the tragedy (flashing a red light at the passenger train), but up until the 1990s was installed only on high capacity main lines (about 1/8 of the total network).

The Curinga train disaster, also known as the Lamezia Terme train disaster, was a railway accident occurred on 21 November 1980 between Curinga and Eccellente stations, in the Catanzaro province, Italy.

Der Eisenbahnunfall von Lamezia Terme war ein Unfall bei Lamezia Terme, Italien, auf der Bahnstrecke Salerno–Reggio di Calabria, am 21. November 1980, in den drei Züge verwickelt waren. Mehr als 28 Menschen starben.


Background.

In 2009, Lin-Manuel Miranda began a project titled "The Hamilton Mixtape" that would eventually transform into the 2015 Broadway musical "Hamilton". During the development of the musical production, Miranda frequently communicated that a "mixtape" of select songs from the show's score was being recorded.  On November 3, 2016, Miranda announced on Twitter that the mixtape was complete and would be released on December 2, 2016. Preorders for the album began on November 4, 2016, and two songs were officially released: Kelly Clarkson's "It's Quiet Uptown" and The Roots' "My Shot." "The following Friday, at midnight in all time zones, "Satisfied" and "Immigrants (We Get The Job Done)" were released, followed by "Wait For It" and "Wrote My Way Out" the Friday after. In addition to its digital, compact disc and vinyl record releases, a 12-song cassette tape version of the album was also made available on February 10, 2017, featuring the original explicit versions of the songs.

Commercial performance.

"The Hamilton Mixtape" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 with 187,000 album-equivalent units, of which 169,000 were pure album sales. It marks the largest sales in a week for a compilation album since "Cruel Summer" by GOOD Music in 2012, and is the first compilation album to reach number one since "Now 50" in 2014. According to Nielsen Music, the cassette version of the album sold just under 3,000 units in the year of 2017, in conjunction with the increase of overall cassette sales increasing by 35 percent the same year.

Hamildrops.

In a tweet posted about a month before the Mixtape's release, Lin-Manuel Miranda implied that the album released on December 2 would only be the first volume, hinting at a Vol 2 to be released later. However, about a year later, Miranda admitted he was having trouble compiling a second album that satisfied him as much as the first mixtape, and cancelled the second volume, announcing that instead he would be releasing 13 tracks, once a month, over the following year. He referred to these releases as "Hamildrops."

Ben Franklin's Song.

On December 14, 2017, the same day as announcing the Hamildrops, Miranda announced that the first release would be "Ben Franklin's Song" by The Decemberists. The song's lyrics are taken from lyrics to an unused "Hamilton" song that Miranda had written with the band in mind. The finished track had lyrics written by Miranda and music written by Decemberists frontman Colin Meloy. The song was released the following day, and was received warmly by fans and historians alike.  "Ben Franklin's Song" peaked at number 15 on the US Hot Rock Songs chart.

The Hamilton Polka.

On March 2, 2018 (referred to as "February 30" by Miranda), a polka medley of songs from the musical recorded and arranged by "Weird Al" Yankovic was released. "The Hamilton Polka" peaked at number 1 on the US Comedy Digital Track Sales.

Found/Tonight.

On March 19, 2018, Miranda released a mashup of the songs "Story of Tonight" from "Hamilton" and "You Will Be Found" from the musical "Dear Evan Hansen", sung as a duet with Ben Platt. A portion of the proceeds are being donated in support of the March for Our Lives initiative. The following weekend, Miranda and Platt performed the song together along with frequent Miranda collaborator Alex Lacamoire (who had also orchestrated both shows) at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C. on March 24. "Found/Tonight" peaked at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

First Burn.

On April 30, 2018, Miranda released a preliminary version of the song "Burn" performed by five singers who were currently or had previously played the role of Eliza; Arianna Afsar, Julia Harriman, Lexi Lawson, Rachelle Ann Go and Shoba Narayan. "First Burn" peaked at number 22 on the US Digital Song Sales chart.

Other Hamildrops.

On January 26, 2018, Miranda released a remix of "Wrote My Way Out" from "Hamilton" by Royce da 5'9", Joyner Lucas, & Black Thought featuring Aloe Blacc. A few days earlier, on the 19th, he released a music video on YouTube for the original version from the Mixtape.  On May 31, 2018, a cover of "Helpless" performed by The Regrettes was released.  On June 18, 2018, Miranda released "Boom Goes the Cannon...," a song written and performed by rap duo Mobb Deep. The release of this song was nearly a year after Mobb Deep member Prodigy passed away, with Miranda tweeting "Rest in peace, Prodigy. Thank you Havoc."  July's Hamildrops were delayed to the last week of August. The first one was "Rise Up Wise Up Eyes Up," a "Hamliton"-inspired piece by Ibeyi. The second was a YouTube music video of Andra Day's cover of "Burn" from the original soundtrack.  On September 20, 2018, Miranda released "A Forgotten Spot (Olvidado)" featuring Puerto Rican singers Zion & Lennox, De La Ghetto, Ivy Queen, PJ Sin Suela and Lucecita Benitez. The song peaked at number 13 on the US Latin Digital Song Sales chart.  On October 30, 2018, a cover of a deleted reprise of "Dear Theodosia" performed by Sara Bareilles was released.  "Cheering For Me Now", a new original song with music by Broadway composer John Kander and performed by Miranda, was released with an accompanying video on November 20, 2018.  On December 21, 2018, "One Last Time (44 Remix)" was released as the final Hamildrop. It is a remix of "One Last Time" featuring vocals from Original Broadway Cast Member Christopher Jackson, BeBe Winans, and 44th President of the United States Barack Obama. The remix peaked at number 38 on the Digital Song Sales chart and number 22 on the Hot R&B Songs chart.

The Hamilton Mixtape is a 2016 mixtape album featuring assorted songs from the 2015 Broadway musical "Hamilton" performed by various artists, as well as some deleted songs from the musical. It was widely well-received by fans and critics alike.

The Hamilton Mixtape ist ein 2016 bei Atlantic Records erschienenes Musikalbum. Das Mixtape enthält Coverversionen verschiedener Musikstücke aus dem Musical "Hamilton" sowie zuvor unveröffentlichte Songs.


History.

The roots of the orchestra date back to the singer Emil Holm, who expressed a wish to establish a full-time symphony orchestra in Denmark. In collaboration with fellow musicians Otto Fessel, Rudolf Dietz Mann and Folmer Jensen, the orchestra was founded in 1925, with 11 players in the ensemble and conductor Launy Grøndahl having a leadership role, though without a formal title. The orchestra grew to 30 players within a year. The orchestra performed its first public concert in 1927, and began to give weekly concerts in 1928. In 1930, Holm recruited Nikolai Malko to a similar key role like Grøndahl as conductor with the orchestra, though again without Malko having a formal title. Early concerts were at the Axelborg building. In 1931, the orchestra began to give concerts at the "Stærekassen" hall of the Royal Danish Theatre. After going into exile from Germany in the 1930s, Fritz Busch worked extensively as a major conductor of the orchestra in parallel with Malko, though again with no formal title. By 1948, the orchestra had attained membership of 92 musicians.  The first conductor to have the formal title of principal conductor with the orchestra was Herbert Blomstedt, from 1967 to 1977. His recording work with the orchestra included recordings of the orchestral works of Carl Nielsen. Blomstedt now has the title of "æresdirigent" (honorary conductor) with the DNSO. The second principal conductor, after an interregnum of 9 years, was Lamberto Gardelli, from 1986 to 1988. Thomas Dausgaard, who was the DNSO's principal guest conductor from 2001 to 2004, became principal conductor of the DNSO in 2004, the first Danish conductor to hold the title. In October 2009, Dausgaard chose to conclude his principal conductorship of the DNSO at the close of the 2010–2011 season and to take the title of "æresdirigent". Past principal guest conductors of the DRSO besides Dausgaard have included Yuri Temirkanov, Michael Schønwandt, and Dmitri Kitaenko.  In 2010, the orchestra appointed Søren Nils Eichberg as its first-ever composer-in-residence. The orchestra has performed compositions by Eichberg such as the premiere of his Symphony No 3.  In February 2011, the DNSO appointed Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos as its next principal conductor, as of the 2012–2013 season, with an initial contract of three years through 2015. On 4 June 2014, Frühbeck de Burgos resigned as chief conductor of the orchestra, with immediate effect, in parallel with his retirement from conducting, because of health problems. In August 2014, the orchestra appointed Fabio Luisi as its next principal conductor, effective in 2017, with an initial contract through 2020. In May 2018, the orchestra announced the extension of Luisi's contract through 2023.  The orchestra has recorded commercially for such labels as DaCapo and Chandos, including music of Danish composers such as August Enna, Niels Gade, Rued Langgaard, and Per Nørgård. The orchestra has also commercially recorded such composers as Johannes Brahms.

The Danish National Symphony Orchestra (Danish: "DR SymfoniOrkestret"; English abbreviation "DNSO"), is a Danish orchestra based in Copenhagen. The DNSO is the principal orchestra of DR (Danish Broadcasting Corporation). The DRSO is based at the Copenhagen Concert Hall.

Das Dänische Radio-Sinfonieorchester (bekannt als: "Danish National Orchestra"; dänisch: "DR SymfoniOrkestret" ("DRSO"); englisch: "Danish National Symphony Orchestra" ("DNSO")) ist mit über 100 Berufsmusikern eines der größten Orchester Dänemarks. Es wurde 1925 in Kopenhagen gegründet und zählt zu den ältesten Rundfunkorchestern der Welt. Das DNSO ist das Hauptorchester von Danmarks Radio (DR) und residiert seit 2009 im Konzerthaus Kopenhagen. Seit 2017 ist Fabio Luisi Chefdirigent.


Operational history.

Originally laid down as the light cruiser Newark" (CL-100), on 26 October 1942 by the New York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, New Jersey; redesignated CV-30 and renamed Reprisal on 2 June 1942; renamed San Jacinto" on 30 January 1943, converted, while building, to a light aircraft carrier and reclassified as CVL-30; launched on 26 September 1943; sponsored by Mary Gibbs Jones (wife of U.S. Commerce Secretary Jesse H. Jones); and commissioned on 15 November 1943, Capt. Harold M. Martin, in command.  After shakedown in the Caribbean, "San Jacinto" sailed, via the Panama Canal, San Diego, and Pearl Harbor, for the Pacific war zone. Arriving at Majuro, Marshall Islands, she joined Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher's Task Force 58/38, the fast carrier striking force of the Pacific Fleet. There, "San Jacinto" embarked Air Group 51, whose fighters and torpedo planes would be the ship's chief weapons in battle.

Marianas actions.

After providing search patrols to protect other carriers striking at Marcus Island, "San Jacinto" rejoined the Fast Carrier Task Force, Task Force 58, on 21 May 1944 and was part of effective strikes against a weakened Japanese-held Wake Island on 23 May (there were no US troop landings in this action, Wake remained in Japanese hands until their surrender); Wake Island had previously been attacked by Task Force 14 on 5-6 October 1943. These were "San Jacinto"s first offensive missions, and no combat casualties were incurred, but one TBF Avenger was lost and its aircrew listed as missing when it failed to return from an anti-submarine patrol.  By 5 June 1944, "San Jacinto" was ready to participate in the largest fleet action since the Battle of Midway, almost exactly two years before. On that day, Task Force 58 sortied from Majuro and headed toward the Marianas to conduct air strikes preparatory to American seizure of Saipan and to protect the invasion forces from enemy air and naval attack.  This American thrust triggered a strong Japanese reaction; on 19 June, the Japanese Fleet launched more than 400 planes against the invasion fleet and the covering carrier force. In the ensuing air battle, known to American pilots as the "Marianas Turkey Shoot," more than 300 enemy planes were shot down. While "San Jacinto"s planes were achieving their most one-sided victory of the war, her gunners helped to shoot down the few attackers able to get near the American ships. Then, at dusk, Admiral Mitscher dispatched an all-carrier attack after the retreating enemy fleet. The night recovery of the returning planes was accomplished amid considerable confusion. Reportedly, a Japanese carrier plane attempted a landing approach on "San Jacinto", only to be waved off by the landing signal officer because its hook was not down.  "San Jacinto" then participated in strikes against Rota and Guam and furnished combat air patrol (CAP) and antisubmarine patrol (ASP) for her task group. During these raids, a "San Jacinto" fighter pilot was shot down over Guam and spent 17 days in a life raft trying to attract attention and 16 nights hiding on the island.  After a refueling and replenishment stop at Eniwetok Atoll, "San Jacinto" joined in carrier strikes against the Palaus on 15 July. On 5 August, her targets were Chichi, Haha and Iwo Jima. A brief stop at Eniwetok preceded dawn-to-dusk CAP and ASP duty while other carriers struck at Yap, Ulithi, Anguar and Babelthuap, pinning down Japanese air forces while the Palaus were being assaulted on 15 September.  On 2 September, while piloting a TBF Grumman Avenger #46214 from VT-51, future-President George H. W. Bush was shot down by anti-aircraft fire while attacking Japanese installations on the island of Chichijima. Bush completed his bombing run, then guided his crippled plane out to sea. The two other crew members were lost, but Lieutenant (J.G.) Bush parachuted into the sea and was rescued by the submarine For his actions in the successful attack, Bush received the Distinguished Flying Cross.  Following a replenishment stop at Manus, Admiralty Islands, "San Jacinto" joined in strikes against Okinawa and furnished photographic planes to get information necessary for future invasion plans. After refueling at sea, she once again supplied dawn-to-dusk air protection as other carriers sent strikes against Formosa, northern Luzon, and the Manila Bay area from 12 to 19 October. During operations on 17 October, a fighter plane made a very hard landing and inadvertently fired its machine guns into the ship's island structure, killing two men and wounding 24, including her commanding officer, and causing considerable damage to radar. Despite this accident, "San Jacinto" remained battle-worthy.  As American troops landed on Leyte in the central Philippines on 20 October, "San Jacinto" provided close air support. On 24 October, this mission was interrupted by news of the three-pronged approach of the Japanese fleet which precipitated the largest fleet battle in naval history.

Philippines.

"San Jacinto" sent planes against the central force in the Sibuyan Sea, then raced north to launch strikes against the northern force, resulting in heavy damage to the Japanese carriers and surface combatants off Cape Engaño. On 30 October, her fighters furnished air protection over Leyte while her guns shot down two planes attempting suicide attacks on the ship. After a pause at Ulithi, the carrier joined in attacks on the Manila Bay area; then took a side trip to Guam to exchange air groups, receiving Air Group 45. She received slight damage during a typhoon in December 1944.  After completing repairs at Ulithi, "San Jacinto" and the rest of her fast carrier force entered the South China Sea and launched massive air attacks on the airfields of Formosa and against shipping at Cam Ranh Bay, French Indochina, and at Hong Kong. By refueling and replenishing at sea, Task Force 38 was able to continue its pressure on the enemy and strategic support for the American invasion of Luzon by strikes against the Ryukyu Islands.

Attacks over Japan.

Next, "San Jacinto" joined in the first carrier strikes against the home islands of Japan. During the raids on 16 and 17 February 1945, carrier-based aircraft shot down many enemy planes during fierce dogfights over airfields in the Tokyo area. These operations were designed to cover the imminent invasion of Iwo Jima. Next came air support for the landing Marines, followed by further strikes against Tokyo and Okinawa before "San Jacinto" returned to Ulithi.  While conducting operations off Kyūshū, Japan, she witnessed the conflagration on the carrier ; and, on 19 March 1945, escaped destruction when a kamikaze narrowly missed her. More massive enemy attacks came with Operation "Iceberg" as the carrier force furnished air support for the invasion of Okinawa. On 5 April, more than 500 planes, primarily kamikazes, attacked. Fighter planes and anti-aircraft guns shot down about 300, but many got through. "San Jacinto"s gunners shot the wing off a would-be suicide plane, deflecting its dive; it splashed down only 50 feet off her port bow. Her mission of covering the Okinawa invasion entailed heavy air activity and kept the ship almost constantly at general quarters while supporting ground forces and repelling frequent attacks by suicide planes.  On 7 April, "San Jacinto's"s bombers torpedoed the Japanese destroyers and, part of a naval suicide attack in which super battleship was also sunk. "San Jacinto" then returned to the dangerous job of defending against the suicide plane attacks, striking at the kamikaze airfields on Kyūshū, and providing close air support for ground forces fighting on Okinawa.  On 5 June, she successfully rode out another typhoon, and after replenishing at Leyte sortied for her final raids as part of Task Force 58. Her aircraft struck at Hokkaidō and Honshū, Japan, on 9 July and continued to operate off the coast of Japan until the end of hostilities on 15 August 1945.  After the ceasefire preceding Japan's formal surrender, her air missions over Japan became mercy flights over Allied prisoner-of war camps, dropping food and medicine until the men could be rescued. She was present at Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945. Her wartime mission completed, "San Jacinto" returned home and tied up at NAS Alameda, California, on 14 September 1945.

Fate.

She was decommissioned on 1 March 1947 and joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet berthed at San Diego. She was reclassified as an auxiliary aircraft transport (AVT-5) on 15 May 1959, and struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1970; her hull was sold for scrapping in December 1971.

The second USS "San Jacinto" (CVL-30) of the United States Navy was an "Independence"-class light aircraft carrier that served during World War II. She was named for the Battle of San Jacinto during the Texas Revolution. Former U.S. President George H.W. Bush served aboard the ship during World War II.

Die USS "San Jacinto" (CVL-30) war ein US-amerikanischer leichter Flugzeugträger. Es war das neunte und letzte Schiff der "Independence"-Klasse, die durch Umbauten von vorhandenen Kreuzerrümpfen der "Cleveland"-Klasse entstand. Als zweites Schiff mit diesem Namen in der United States Navy versah es seinen Dienst auf dem pazifischen Kriegsschauplatz des Zweiten Weltkrieges.