Club career.

Early career.

Born in Dallas, Texas, Hyndman started his career in the U.S. Soccer Development Academy with the Dallas Texans before moving on to joining FC Dallas in 2010. During his time at FC Dallas, Hyndman attracted interest from Newcastle United after the club's director of football Dennis Wise saw him play, but ultimately Wise opted not to pursue him further.

Fulham.

Hyndman joined the Fulham youth academy in 2011 aged 15. Hyndman revealed that the then club's head of youth development, Huw Jennings, convinced him to join the club. Hyndman revealed that moving to England was tough initially, but that he soon settled in thanks to the club. In 2012, Hyndman signed his first professional contract with the club.  On August 9, 2014, Hyndman made his professional debut for Fulham in a Championship fixture against Ipswich Town, starting and playing 90 minutes in a 2–1 loss. In his first season at Fulham, Hyndman made nine league appearances, due to playing in the reserves, being on the substitute bench and being sidelined with a broken collarbone.  In the 2015–16 season, it was reported by Goal.com that Hyndman turned down a contract extension twice with the club, leading to attracting interests. By September, Hyndman would stay at the club. Hyndman made his first appearance of 2015–16 season, playing 90 minutes, in a 1–0 loss against Stoke City in the third round of League Cup. After spending months in the reserves, Hyndman's first league appearance came on December 5, 2015, coming on as a substitute, in a 3–0 loss against Nottingham Forest. Following this, Hyndman was given a string of regular first team football, though he was left out of the starting eleven on more than one occasion when Fulham faced relegation. Despite this, Hyndman scored his first professional goal against Cardiff City on his 20th birthday. After the match, in which he scored the winning goal, Hyndman was named Man of the Match for his performance.  At the end of the season, manager Slaviša Jokanović stated Hyndman could leave the club with his blessing On May 15, 2016, ESPN reported that Hyndman would leave Fulham when his contract expires, although it revealed that Fulham would get compensation as a result for Hyndman's departure.

AFC Bournemouth.

2016–17: loan to Rangers.

On June 17, 2016, Hyndman signed a four-year deal with AFC Bournemouth of the Premier League. He made his first appearance in a League Cup match against Morecambe.  On January 9, 2017, Hyndman signed for Scottish Premiership club Rangers until the end of the 2016–17 season. Hyndman made his Rangers debut in a Scottish Cup win over Motherwell at Ibrox Stadium on 21 January 2017, and scored his first goal for the club against the same opponents a week later. He was selected as Rangers Young Player of the Year for 2016–17, despite only joining the club in January.

2017–18.

Hyndman returned to Bournemouth after his loan spell with Rangers, but made limited appearances during the 2017–18 season. He appeared in one EFL Cup tie and two FA Cup matches, then made his Premier League debut in May 2018.

2018–19: loan to Hibernian.

Hyndman was loaned to Scottish Premiership club Hibernian in August 2018, on a deal due to run until January 2019. He scored his first goal for the club in a 6–0 win against Hamilton Academical on 6 October 2018. Hyndman returned to Bournemouth at the end of his loan with Hibernian.

2019: loan to Atlanta United FC.

On July 1, 2019, Hyndman was loaned to Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer, with the club holding an option to purchase him following the 2019 MLS season. Atlanta traded a 2019 and 2020 international roster slot, as well as $200,000 in guaranteed allocation money, to FC Dallas in exchange for his discovery rights.

Atlanta United FC.

On December 9, 2019, it was announced that Hyndman's move to Atlanta would become permanent.

International career.

Hyndman represented the United States at under-17 level in 2012. He received his first senior call up in August 2014 after making three first team appearances for Fulham. On August 28, 2014, he was selected to the senior national team for their game against the Czech Republic on September 3. He made his senior team debut during the match, being subbed on in the 67th minute.  In May 2015, Hyndman captained the United States side in the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup in New Zealand. In his first match of the tournament, Hyndman scored the game winner to defeat Myanmar 2–1.

Personal life.

Hyndman is the grandson of former FC Dallas manager Schellas Hyndman. He holds Portuguese citizenship through his family history.  While growing up in United States, Hyndman excelled in baseball, basketball and soccer, but preferred soccer, as he stated he loved kicking a ball from a young age.

Honours.

Atlanta United FC  USA U20  Individual

Emerson Schellas Hyndman (born April 9, 1996) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Atlanta United FC of Major League Soccer.

Emerson Schellas Hyndman (* 9. April 1996 in Dallas, Texas) ist ein US-amerikanisch-portugiesischer Fußballspieler. Der Mittelfeldspieler ging bereits 2011 nach Europa und wurde drei Jahre später Profifußballspieler.


Early life and education.

Finney was born in Coalinga, California on May 4, 1956, to Virginia and Harold Thomas Finney. His father was a petroleum engineer. He attended the California Institute of Technology, graduating with a BS in engineering in 1979.

Career.

After graduation from Caltech, he went to work in the computer gaming field for a company that developed video games such as "Adventures of Tron", "Armor Ambush", "Astrosmash" and "Space Attack". He later went to work for the PGP Corporation with whom he remained until his retirement in 2011.  Finney was a noted cryptographic activist. During the early 1990s, in addition to being a regular poster on the cypherpunks listserv, Finney ran two anonymous remailers. Further cryptographic activism included running a (successful) contest to break the export-grade encryption Netscape used.  In 2004, Finney created the first reusable proof of work system before bitcoin. In January 2009, Finney was the Bitcoin network's first transaction recipient.

Bitcoin.

Finney was a cypherpunk and said:  He was an early Bitcoin user and received the first bitcoin transaction from Bitcoin's creator Satoshi Nakamoto. Finney lived in the same town for 10 years that Dorian Nakamoto lived (Temple City, California), adding to speculation that he may have been Bitcoin's creator. Finney denied that he was Satoshi Nakamoto.  In March 2013, Finney posted on a Bitcoin forum BitcoinTalk that he was essentially paralyzed, but continued to program. He continued to program until his death; he was working on experimental software called bcflick, which uses Trusted Computing to strengthen Bitcoin wallets.  During the last year of his life, the Finneys received anonymous calls demanding an extortion fee of 1,000 bitcoin. They became victims of swatting – a hoax "where the perpetrator calls up emergency dispatch using a spoofed telephone number and pretends to have committed a heinous crime in the hopes of provoking an armed police response to the victim's home". Extortionists have demanded fees of more bitcoins than Finney had left after using the majority of them to cover medical expenses in 2013.

Personal life.

In October 2009, Finney announced in an essay on the blog "Less Wrong" that he had been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, a/k/a "Lou Gehrig's disease") in August 2009. Prior to his illness, Finney had been an active runner. Finney and his wife raised money for ALS research with the Santa Barbara International Marathon.

Death.

Finney died in Phoenix, Arizona, on August 28, 2014, due to complications of ALS, and was cryopreserved by the Alcor Life Extension Foundation.

Harold Thomas Finney II (May 4, 1956 – August 28, 2014) was a developer for PGP Corporation, and was the second developer hired after Phil Zimmermann. In his early career, he was credited as lead developer on several console games. He also was an early bitcoin contributor and received the first bitcoin transaction from bitcoin's creator Satoshi Nakamoto.

Harold Thomas Finney II (* 4. Mai 1956 in Coalinga, Kalifornien; † 28. August 2014 in Scottsdale, Arizona) war ein langjähriger Softwareentwickler der PGP Corporation und der zweite Angestellte der Firma nach Phil Zimmermann sowie ein Pionier der Bitcoin-Entwicklung. In den ersten Jahren seiner Karriere arbeitete er als leitender Entwickler an zahlreichen Konsolenspielen, u. a. "Adventures of Tron", "Armor Ambush", "Astroblast" und "Space Attack".


Membership.

Under the New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa) Act 2008, the Board comprises the Surveyor-General of New Zealand (appointed by LINZ) as Chair, the National Hydrographer (appointed by LINZ) and eight other members nominated by the Minister for Land Information. The ministerial appointees include two persons recommended by the Minister of Māori Development and representatives of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, the New Zealand Geographical Society, the Federated Mountain Clubs of NZ, and Local Government New Zealand. , the board members are:

Notable actions.

2013 formalisation of island names.

The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu. For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.

2016 renaming of landmarks.

In 2015, a member of the New Zealand public wrote to the New Zealand Geographic Board complaining about three place names in Canterbury in the South Island that use the word "nigger": Nigger Hill, Niggerhead, and Nigger Stream. A public consultation was set up with 223 to 61 responses in favour of changing the name. Following consultations with the Ngāi Tahu tribe who reside in the area, the names Kānuka Hills and Tawhai Hill were suggested as replacements. This was in reference to the "Kānuka" and Tawhai tree. The stream was somewhat more complicated; it was originally proposed to be renamed to "Steelhead Stream", but eventually the Māori name for the Carex secta (a tussock grass that grows in the area), Pūkio Stream, was favored instead. The proposed change of name was accepted with the Land Information New Zealand Minister Louise Upston stating "These names reflect a time when attitudes towards this word were markedly different to what they are now. It is a word that is clearly offensive to most people today, so I am pleased to make this decision." The name change was made official on 15 December 2016 after being published in the New Zealand Gazette.

The New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (Māori: "Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa") is part of the New Zealand Geographic Board (Ngā Pou Taunaha o Aotearoa) Act 2008, and was previously part of the New Zealand Geographic Board Act 1946. Although an independent institution, it is responsible to the Minister for Land Information.

Das New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) () ist eine neuseeländische Regierungseinrichtung. Sie hat ihren Sitz im "Radio New Zealand House", 155 The Terrace in Wellington.


Career.

Born in Compton, California, he began his hurdling career while at the University of Southern California. Representing the USC Trojans, he was the runner-up in the 110-yard hurdles at the Pacific Coast Conference and NCAA Outdoor Championships in 1949. He placed second at the Pacific Coast Conference vs. Big Ten Conference meet in June that year before going on to place third in the event at the Amateur Athletic Union championship race in Fresno, California. A win in Amsterdam on August 14, 1949 marked the beginning of an undefeated streak of 55 races in the hurdles, which lasted until July 3, 1951.  His 1950 season saw him win at the Long Beach Relays, West Coast Relays, California Relays and the Pacific Coast championships. He won the 110-yd hurdles title at the 1950 NCAA Outdoor meet in a time of 14 seconds flat. Attlesey won his first U.S. championship race over the distance with a world record time of 13.6 seconds. He then travelled to an international track meet in Helsinki, Finland, the month after and improved the record further with a time of 13.5 seconds. He competed extensively in Finland in July 1951, winning all his races abroad.  In March 1951, Attlesey headed to the 1951 Pan American Games in Buenos Aires with the American team. At the inaugural edition of the competition he defeated the host nation's top hurdler, Estanislao Kocourek, to lift the first ever Pan American 110 m hurdles title for the United States. He returned to California in April to compete collegiately and he continued his hurdles winning streak. He repeated as the AAU 110 m hurdles champion in June, winning the race in a time of 13.8 seconds. After his national title win, he travelled to Europe for a series of high level competitions. He won his first race in Milan, but failed to finish in his following date in Bern, bringing his undefeated streak to an end after almost two years. In spite of this, he won all the rest of his hurdles races on his tour of France, West Germany, Switzerland and Austria.  Attlesey suffered an injury in 1952 and this seriously affected his form. He came fifth at the West Coast Relays and was runner-up at the California Relays. At the Olympic Trials he failed to gain a spot on the American team for the 1952 Helsinki Olympics as he finished seventh in his heat in a comparatively pedestrian time of 15.1 seconds. He showed a return to good condition at the West Coast Relays in 1953, running 14.1 seconds for second place, but this proved to be the final outing of his hurdling career.

Richard "Dick" Attlesey (May 10, 1929 – October 14, 1984) was an American sprinter who mostly competed in the 110-meter hurdles. He set world records for the event twice in 1950 with times of 13.6 and 13.5 seconds.

Dick Attlesey (eigentlich "Richard Attlesey"; * 10. Mai 1929 in Compton, Kalifornien; † 14. Oktober 1984 im Los Angeles County) war ein US-amerikanischer Hürdenläufer, der sich auf die 110-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hatte und wegen seiner Sprintstärke auch in der 4-mal-100-Meter-Staffel eingesetzt wurde.


Description.

The I-class ships were improved versions of the preceding H-class. They displaced at standard load and at deep load. The ships had an overall length of, a beam of and a draught of. They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by three Admiralty three-drum boilers. The turbines developed a total of and were intended to give a maximum speed of. The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at. Their crew numbered 145 officers and ratings.  The Turkish ships mounted four 4.7-inch (120 mm) Mark IX guns in single mounts, designated 'A', 'B', 'X' and 'Y' from bow to stern. While under construction, their anti-aircraft (AA) armament was augmented by a single 12-pounder () AA gun that replaced the planned aft set of torpedo tubes. In addition the intended pair of quadruple mounts for the 0.5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun were replaced by a pair of Oerlikon light AA guns. They were fitted with a single above-water quadruple torpedo tube mount amidships for torpedoes. One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted for 35 depth charges. The Turkish ships were fitted with the ASDIC sound detection system to locate submarines underwater and a Type 286 search radar.

Construction and career.

"Inconstant" was laid down as TCG "Muavenet" for the Turkish Navy by Vickers Armstrong at their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 24 May 1939, purchased in September 1939 by the Royal Navy, launched on 24 February 1941 and commissioned on 24 January 1942. The ship participated in the assault on Madagascar in May 1942, and attacked and sank the German submarines in the Mediterranean north-east of Algiers on 12 July 1943 and while in company with the destroyers and in the English Channel south-west of Guernsey on 18 June 1944. "Inconstant" was returned to Turkey on 9 March 1946 and renamed "Muavenet". She was discarded in 1960.

HMS "Inconstant" was an I-class destroyer built for the Turkish Navy, but was purchased by the Royal Navy in 1939.

Die HMS "Inconstant" (H49) war einer von vier von der Türkei Ende 1938 in Großbritannien bestellten Zerstörern, deren Bau im Mai 1939 begonnen wurde. Bei ihnen handelte es sich um eine Exportversion der britischen I-Klasse. Im September 1939 kaufte die britische Regierung zwei dieser Zerstörer, während die beiden anderen aus politischen Gründen vertragsgemäß fertiggestellt und 1942 an die Türkei geliefert wurden. Die "Inconstant" wurde im Januar 1942 als erstes Schiff der Serie fertiggestellt und von der Royal Navy bis zum europäischen Kriegsende eingesetzt. Nach einer Grundüberholung wurde das Schiff 1946 doch noch an die Türkische Marine abgegeben und war dort noch bis 1960 unter dem ursprünglich vorgesehenen Namen Muavenet im Dienst.


Shipboard operations.

Captains, mates (officers), and pilots supervise ship operations on domestic waterways and the high seas. A captain (master) is in overall command of a vessel, and supervises the work of other officers and crew. A captain has the ability to take the conn from a mate or pilot at any time he feels the need. On smaller vessels the captain may be a regular watch-stander, similar to a mate, directly controlling the vessel's position. Captains and department heads ensure that proper procedures and safety practices are followed, ensure that machinery is in good working order, and oversee the loading and discharging of cargo and passengers. Captains directly communicate with the company or command (MSC), and are overall responsible for cargo, various logs, ship's documents, credentials, efforts at controlling pollution and passengers carried.  Mates direct a ship's routine operation for the captain during work shifts, which are called watches. Mates stand watch for specified periods, usually in three duty sections, with four hours on watch and eight hours off. When on a navigational watch, mates direct a bridge team by conning, directing courses through the helmsman and speed through the lee helmsman (or directly in open ocean). When more than one mate is necessary aboard a ship, they typically are designated chief mate or first mate, second mate and third mate. In addition to watch standers, mates directly supervise the ship's crew, and are assigned other tasks. The chief mate is usually in charge of cargo, stability and the deck crew, the second mate in charge of navigation plans and updates and the third mate as the safety officer. They also monitor and direct deck crew operations, such as directing line handlers during moorings, and anchorings, monitor cargo operations and supervise crew members engaged in maintenance and the vessel's upkeep.  Harbor pilots guide ships in and out of confined waterways, such as harbors, where a familiarity with local conditions is of prime importance. Harbor pilots are generally independent contractors who accompany vessels while they enter or leave port, and may pilot many ships in a single day.  Engine officers, or engineers, operate, maintain, and repair engines, boilers, generators, pumps, and other machinery. Merchant marine vessels usually have four engine officers: a chief engineer and a first, second, and third assistant engineer. On many ships, Assistant Engineers stand periodic watches, overseeing the safe operation of engines and other machinery. However, most modern ships sailing today utilize unmanned machinery space (UMS) automation technology, and Assistant Engineers are dayworkers. At night and during meals and breaks, the engine room is unmanned and machinery alarms are answered by the Duty Engineer. Marine oilers and more experienced qualified members of the engine department, or QMEDs, maintain the vessel in proper running order in the engine spaces below decks, under the direction of the ship's engine officers. These workers lubricate gears, shafts, bearings, and other moving parts of engines and motors; read pressure and temperature gauges, record data and sometimes assist with repairs and adjust machinery. Wipers are the entry-level workers in the engine room, holding a position similar to that of ordinary seamen of the deck crew. They clean and paint the engine room and its equipment and assist the others in maintenance and repair work. With more experience, they become oilers and firemen. Able seamen and ordinary seamen operate the vessel and its deck equipment under officer supervision and keep their assigned areas in good order. They watch for other vessels and obstructions in the ship's path, as well as for navigational aids such as buoys and lighthouses. They also steer the ship, measure water depth in shallow water, and maintain and operate deck equipment such as lifeboats, anchors, and cargo-handling gear. On tankers, mariners designated as pumpmen hook up hoses, operate pumps, and clean tanks. When arriving at or leaving a dock, they handle the mooring lines. Seamen also perform routine maintenance chores, such as repairing lines, chipping rust, and painting and cleaning decks. On larger vessels, a boatswain—or head seaman—will supervise the work.  As of 2011, a typical deep-sea merchant ship has a captain, three mates, a chief engineer and three assistant engineers, plus six or more unlicensed seamen, such as able seamen, oilers, QMEDs, and cooks or food handlers known as stewards. Other unlicensed positions on a large ship may include electricians and machinery mechanics.

History.

The history of ships and shipping in North America goes back at least as far as Leif Erikson, who established a short-lived settlement called Vinland in present-day Newfoundland. The shipping industry developed as colonies grew and trade with Europe increased. As early as the 16th century, Europeans were shipping horses, cattle and hogs to the Americas.  Spanish colonies began to form as early as 1565 in places like St. Augustine, Florida, and later in Santa Fe, New Mexico; San Antonio, Tucson, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Francisco. English colonies like Jamestown began to form as early as 1607. The connection between the American colonies and Europe, with shipping as its only conduit, would continue to grow unhindered for almost two hundred years.

Revolutionary War.

The first wartime role of an identifiable United States Merchant Marine took place on June 12, 1775, in and around Machias, Massachusetts. A group of citizens, hearing the news from Concord and Lexington, captured the British schooner HMS "Margaretta." The citizens, in need of critical supplies, were given an ultimatum: either load the ships with lumber to build British barracks in Boston, or go hungry. They chose to fight.  Word of this revolt reached Boston, where the Continental Congress and the various colonies issued Letters of Marque to privateers. The privateers interrupted the British supply chain all along the eastern seaboard of the United States and across the Atlantic Ocean. These actions by the privateers predate both the United States Coast Guard and the United States Navy, which were formed in 1790 and 1797, respectively.

19th and 20th centuries.

The merchant marine was active in subsequent wars, from the Confederate commerce raiders of the American Civil War, to the assaults on Allied commerce in the First and in the Second World Wars. 3.1 million tons of merchant ships were lost in World War II. Mariners died at a rate of 1 in 26, which was the highest rate of casualties of any service. All told, 733 American cargo ships were lost and 8,651 of the 215,000 who served perished in troubled waters and off enemy shores.  Merchant shipping also played its role in the wars in Vietnam and Korea. During the Korean War, under the operational control in theater of the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), the number of chartered ships grew from 6 to 255. In September 1950, when the U.S. Marine Corps went ashore at Incheon, 13 Navy cargo ships, 26 chartered American, and 34 Japanese-manned merchant ships of the MSTS participated.  During the Vietnam War, at least 172 National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) ships were activated, and together with other US-flagged merchant vessels crewed by civilian seamen, carried 95% of the supplies used by the American armed forces. Many of these ships sailed into combat zones under fire. The SS "Mayaguez" incident involved the capture of mariners from the American merchant ship SS "Mayaguez".  During the first Gulf War, the merchant ships of the Military Sealift Command (MSC) delivered more than 12 million metric tons of vehicles, helicopters, ammunition, fuel and other supplies and equipment. At one point during the war, more than 230 government-owned and chartered ships were involved in the sealift.  As of January 2017, U.S. Government-owned merchant vessels from the National Defense Reserve Fleet have supported emergency shipping requirements in 10 wars and crises. During the Korean War, 540 vessels were activated to support military forces. A worldwide tonnage shortfall from 1951 to 1953 required over 600 ship activations to lift coal to Northern Europe and grain to India. The Department of Agriculture required 698 activated ships to store grain from 1955 through 1964. After the Suez Canal Crisis in 1956, the NDRF activated 223 cargo ships and 29 tankers. During the Berlin Wall Crisis of 1961, 18 NDRF vessels were activated, remaining in service until 1970. The Vietnam War required the activation of 172 vessels.  Since 1976, the Ready Reserve Fleet (RRF) has taken the brunt of the work previously handled by the National Defense Reserve Fleet. The RRF made a major contribution to the success of Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm from August 1990 through June 1992, when 79 vessels helped meet military sealift requirements by carrying 25% of the unit equipment and 45% of the ammunition needed.  Two RRF tankers, two Roll-on/Roll-off (RO/RO) ships and a troop transport ship were employed in Somalia for Operation Restore Hope in 1993 and 1994. During the Haitian crisis in 1994, 15 ships were activated for Operation Uphold Democracy operations. In 1995 and 1996, four RO/RO ships were used to deliver military cargo as part of US and UK support to NATO peace-keeping missions.  Four RRF ships were activated to provide humanitarian assistance for Central America following Hurricane Mitch in 1998.

21st century.

In 2003, 40 RRF ships were used in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. This RRF contribution included sealifting into the combat theater equipment and supplies including combat support equipment for the Army, Navy Combat Logistics Force, and USMC Aviation Support equipment. By the beginning of May 2005, RRF cumulative support included 85 ship activations that logged almost 12,000 ship operating days, moving almost 25% of the equipment needed to support operations in Iraq.  The Military Sealift Command was also involved in the Iraq War, delivering of cargo and of fuel by the end of that year. Merchant mariners were recognized for their contributions in Iraq. For example, in late 2003, VADM David L. Brewer III, Military Sealift Command commander, awarded the crew of the Merchant Marine Expeditionary Medal.  The RRF was called upon to provide humanitarian assistance to gulf coast areas following Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita landfalls in September 2005. The Federal Emergency Management Agency requested a total of eight vessels to support relief efforts. Messing and berthing was provided for refinery workers, oil spill response teams and longshoremen. One vessel provided electrical power.  As of 2007, three RRF ships supported the U.S. Army's Afloat Prepositioning Force (APF) with two specialized tankers and one dry cargo vessel capable of underway replenishment for the Navy's Combat Logistics Force.  On October 22, 2015, a Military Sealift Command oiler and a United States civilian tanker refueled at sea during an exercise. This is not normally done as commercial fleet vessels are not normally geared for this type of exercise. This was done to increase operational readiness of MSC's naval auxiliary assets and prove flexibility of operation.

Fleets.

Commercial fleet.

As of 31 December 2016, the United States merchant fleet had 175 privately owned, oceangoing, self-propelled vessels of 1,000 gross register tons and above that carry cargo from port to port. One hundred fourteen (114) were dry cargo ships, and 61 were tankers. Ninety seven (97) were Jones Act eligible, and 78 were non-Jones Act eligible. MARAD deemed 152 of the 175 vessels "militarily useful."  In 2005, there were also 77 passenger ships. Of those American-flagged ships, 51 were foreign owned. Seven hundred ninety-four (794) American-owned ships are flagged in other nations.  2005 statistics from the United States Maritime Administration focused on the larger segment of the fleet: ships of and over. Two hundred forty-five (245) privately owned American-flagged ships are of this size, and 153 of those meet the Jones Act criteria.  The World War II era was the peak for the U.S. fleet. During the post-war year of 1950, for example, U.S. carriers represented about 43 percent of the world's shipping trade. By 1995, the American market share had plunged to 4 percent, according to a 1997 report by the U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO). The report states, "the number of U.S.-flag vessels has dropped precipitously — from more than 2,000 in the 1940s and 850 in 1970 to about 320 in 1996."  A diminishing U.S. fleet contrasted with the burgeoning of international sea trade. For example, worldwide demand for natural gas led to the growth of the global liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanker fleet, which reached 370 vessels as of 2007. In 2007 the United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) set uniform LNG training standards at U.S. maritime training facilities. While short-term imports are declining, longer term projections signal an eightfold increase in U.S. imported LNG by 2025, the worldwide LNG fleet does not include a single U.S. flagged vessel. Moreover, only five U.S. deepwater LNG ports were operational in 2007, although permits have been issued for four additional ports, according to MARAD.  The U.S. pool of qualified mariners declined with the fleet. In 2004, MARAD described the gap between sealift crewing needs and available unlicensed personnel as "reaching critical proportions, and the long term outlook for sufficient personnel is also of serious concern."  Future seagoing jobs for U.S. mariners may be on other than U.S.-flagged ships. American-trained mariners are being sought after by international companies to operate foreign-flagged vessels, according to Julie A. Nelson, deputy maritime administrator of the U.S. Maritime Administration. For example, Shell International and Shipping Company Ltd. began recruiting U.S. seafarers to crew its growing fleet of tankers in 2008. In 2007, Overseas Shipholding Group and the Maritime Administration agreed to allow American maritime academy cadets to train aboard OSG's international flag vessels. In 2015, the average salary of American mariners was $39,000.

Federal fleet.

The Military Sealift Command (MSC), an arm of the Navy, serves the entire Department of Defense as the ocean carrier of material during peacetime and war. MSC transports equipment, fuel, ammunition, and other goods essential to United States armed forces worldwide. Up to 95% of all supplies needed to sustain the U.S. military can be moved by Military Sealift Command. As of February 2017, MSC operated approximately 120 ships with 100 more in reserve. More than 5,500 civil service or contract merchant mariners staff the ships.  MSC tankers and freighters have a long history of also serving as supply vessels in support of civilian research in the Arctic and Antarctic, including: McMurdo Station, Antarctica; and Greenland in the Arctic.  The National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) acts as a reserve of cargo ships for national emergencies and defense. As of 31 January 2017, the NDRF fleet numbered 99 ships, down from 2,277 ships at its peak in 1950. NDRF vessels are now staged at the James River (off Ft. Eustis, VA); Beaumont, TX; and Suisun Bay (off Benicia, CA) anchorages, and other designated locations.  A Ready Reserve Force component of the NDRF was established in 1976 to provide rapid global deployment of military equipment and forces. As of January 2017, the RRF consists of 46 vessels, down from a peak of 102 vessels in 1994. Two RRF ships are homeported at the NDRF anchorage in Beaumont, TX, while the remainder are assigned to various other homeports.  In 2014, the federal government reported directly employing approximately 5,100 seafarers, out of an industry total of over 78,000 water transportation workers in Occupation Code 53-5000, which represented about 6.5% of all water transportation workers, many of whom worked on Military Sealift Command supply ships. By 2016, MSC reported employing more than 5,500 federal civilian mariners.

Training.

Training and licensing are managed by the United States Coast Guard, guided by the United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 46, Chapter I, Subchapter B. Training requirements are also molded by the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (or STCW), which prescribes minimum standards that must be met.

Officers / Licensed (Unlimited Tonnage).

Unlimited tonnage deck officers (referred to as mates) and engine officers are trained at maritime academies, or by accumulating sea-time as a rating on an unlimited tonnage ship along with passing certain training courses. Officers hold senior leadership positions aboard vessels, and must train over several years to meet the minimum standards. At the culmination of training, potential deck officers must pass an extensive examination administered by the U.S. Coast Guard that spans five days. Upon meeting all requirements and passing the final license examination, new deck officers are credentialed as third mates or third assistant engineers. To advance in grade, such as to 2nd Mate or 2nd Engineer, sea time in the prior grade and additional endorsements and testing are required. The term "unlimited" indicates that there are no limits that the officer has in relation to the size and power of the vessel or geographic location of operation.

United States Merchant Marine Academy.

The U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (also known as USMMA or Kings Point) is one of the five United States service academies (the others are: the United States Military Academy, Naval Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and Air Force Academy), and one of seven United States maritime academies. It is charged with training officers for the United States Merchant Marine, branches of the military, and the transportation industry.  The Academy operates on an $85 million annual budget funded by the US Department of Transportation and is administered by the U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD). Joseph Banks Williams entered the Academy in 1942 and was the first African-American to graduate in 1944. Admission requirements were further changed in 1974, when the USMMA became the first Federal service academy to enroll female students, two years before the other Federal service academies.  Freshmen, known as "plebes," upon reporting in June or July of each year as the incoming class, begin a three-week indoctrination period, also known as "Indoc." Indoc is functionally run by upperclass midshipmen, but is overseen by officers of the United States Maritime Service who are part of the Commandant of Midshipman's staff. This high stress period involves physical training, marching, and an intensive introduction to regimental life at the academy. After the indoctrination period is completed, the academic year begins.  U.S. citizen candidates for admission must sign a service obligation contract as a condition of admittance to the USMMA; U.S. candidates who completed Indoc will execute the Oath of Office as a Midshipman in the Navy Reserve the day prior to Acceptance Day. Plebes officially become part of the USMMA Regiment of Midshipmen on Acceptance Day, which is now standardized at 2 weeks after Indoc ends. Until they are "recognized" later in the academic year, plebes must continue adhere to stringent rules affecting most aspects of their daily life. After earning it, the plebes are recognized, henceforth accorded privilege of the title Midshipman, which gives them more privileges, known as "rates."  Academy students focus on one of two different ship transport areas of education: marine transportation or marine engineering. Transportation students learn about ship navigation, cargo handling, navigation rules, and maritime law. Engineering students learn about the function of the ship's engines and its supporting systems. There are currently five different academic majors conferring a Bachelor of Science degree in the major field of study available to midshipmen:  For part of sophomore and junior year, known at the Academy as third class and second class years, midshipmen work as cadets on American-flagged unlimited tonnage merchant ships. Midshipmen are typically paired two to a ship, one engine cadet and one deck cadet. Midshipmen work and function as part of the crew and gain an opportunity for generous amounts of hands-on experience as well as the opportunity to travel abroad to many different foreign ports. The average midshipman travels to 18 countries during this period, which totals a minimum of 300 days. Due to this absence from the Academy, the remaining three academic years span from late July, through mid-June.

Military Status of Midshipmen.

Immediately upon taking the Oath of Office as navy reservists, the first year students become members of the U.S. military, subject to various regulations and military discipline under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), and are subject to mobilization policies in the event of war or national emergency.  USMMA graduates must maintain their merchant mariner licensing for 6 years following graduation, and must serve at least 5 years as either a merchant marine officer aboard a U.S.-flagged vessel or with a maritime-related profession, or 5 years of active duty service as a commissioned officer in any of the U.S. Uniformed Services (Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, Coast Guard, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), or Public Health Service). All newly commissioned uniformed services officers, active or reserve component, will swear the Oath of Office and serve a minimum military service obligation of 8 years (any portion not served on active duty will be served in the reserve component).

State maritime academies.

Like the Federal USMMA, the following six state maritime academies offer the same training and licensing opportunities for future United States Merchant Marine officers, with varying USCG-approved programs. Each academy operates their own training ship, which are owned by the U.S. Government and loaned to the academy. These ships act as training laboratories during the academic year, and are sailed on by the cadets during training cruises for months at a time. One example of a training ship is USTS "Golden Bear", at the California Maritime Academy. Unlike midshipmen from the USMMA, students at any of the state maritime academies are not automatically appointed as members of the Navy Reserve or any branch of the armed forces, nor are they guaranteed commissions as military officers.  Merchant mariner license program cadets at any of the state maritime academies may apply for commission as a Strategic Sealift Officers in the Navy Reserve and are eligible to receive a $8,000 annual student incentive payment from MARAD. They must however, apply for and be accepted to a simultaneous-membership military service program consisting of both appointment as a midshipman in the Navy Reserve and reserve enlisted status. After receiving the student incentive payments for 2 years, uniformed service obligations commence upon either graduation or dismissal for any reason from the program. Graduates must comply with their state maritime academy enrollment agreements, and subsequent employment limitations, if any. Women were barred from all U.S. maritime academies until 1974, when the USMMA, State University of New York Maritime College, and the California Maritime Academy first admitted women cadets.

Hawsepiper.

An informal maritime industry term used to refer to a merchant ship's officer who began his or her career as an unlicensed merchant mariner and did not attend a traditional maritime college/academy to earn the officer's license. This term is similar in use and definition to a U.S. naval services "Mustang" who went from enlisted to officer. A hawsepiper earns their officer's license by attaining the required sea time as a rating, taking required training courses, and completing onboard assessments. When all requirements are met, the mariner can apply to the United States Coast Guard's National Maritime Center to take the license examination.

Ratings / Unlicensed.

Unlicensed personnel (synonymous with ratings) are generally trained through several private programs funded by maritime unions, shipping companies, or by one's own expense. An example training institution would be the Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education, or better known as "Piney Point." Generally the merchant mariner works their way up through the rates with sea time on the job. Entry level ratings would be ordinary seaman in the deck department and marine wiper in the engine department.  Unlicensed personnel must have sufficient sea time in a qualified rating and complete specified testing and training. These requirements are outlined in the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), to advance in rate.

Limited-tonnage mariners.

Limited tonnage licensed mariners hold senior positions aboard small ships, boats, and similar vessels, but are restricted to certain tonnages (under 1600 GRT), types of vessels, and geographic locations.

Important laws.

Several laws shaped the development of the U.S. Merchant Marine. Chief among them are the "Seamen's Act of 1915," the "Merchant Marine Act of 1920" (commonly referred to as the "Jones Act"), and the "Merchant Marine Act of 1936."

The Seamen's Act of 1915.

The Seaman's Act significantly improved working conditions for American Merchant Marine seamen. The brainchild of International Seamen's Union president Andrew Furuseth, the Act was sponsored in the Senate by Robert Marion La Follette and received significant support from Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson.  Among other things, the Act:  The Act's passage was attributed to labor union lobbying, increased labor tensions immediately before World War I, and elevated public consciousness of safety at sea due to the sinking of the RMS Titanic three years prior.

The Jones Act.

The "Merchant Marine Act of 1920", often called "The Jones Act", required U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and documented ("flagged") under the laws of the United States. Documented means "registered, enrolled, or licensed under the laws of the United States". The Act also required that all officers and 75% of the crew be U.S. citizens. Vessels satisfying these requirements comprised the "Jones Act Fleet", and only these vessels were allowed to engage in "cabotage", or carrying passengers or cargo between two U.S. ports. There are countries in which, due to lower labor standards and prevailing wages, are much cheaper to document a vessel than the United States. Critics of the act claim it unfairly restricts the lucrative domestic shipping business. Another important aspect of the Act is that it allowed injured sailors to obtain compensation from their employers for the negligence of the owner, the captain, or fellow members of the crew.

The Merchant Marine Act.

The Merchant Marine Act of 1936 was enacted "to further the development and maintenance of an adequate and well-balanced American merchant marine, to promote the commerce of the United States, to aid in the national defense, to repeal certain former legislation, and for other purposes."  Specifically, the Act established the United States Maritime Commission and required a United States Merchant Marine that consisted of U.S.-built, U.S.-flagged, U.S.-crewed, and U.S.-owned vessels capable of carrying all domestic and a substantial portion of foreign water-borne commerce which could serve as a naval auxiliary in time of war or national emergency.  The Act also established federal subsidies for the construction and operation of merchant ships. Two years after the Act was passed, the U.S. Merchant Marine Cadet Corps, the forerunner to the United States Merchant Marine Academy, was established.

International regulations.

Federal law requires the Merchant Marine to adhere to a number of international conventions. The International Maritime Organization was either the source or a conduit for a number of these regulations.  As of 2007, the principal International Conventions were:

Recipients of the Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal.

The Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal is the highest award for valor which can be bestowed upon members of the United States Merchant Marine and is the Merchant Marine's equivalent of the Medal of Honor. The following Merchant Marine World War II combat veterans received the Medal for extraordinary heroism:

Fictional accounts.

The United States Merchant Marine has been featured in many movies and other fictional accounts.

Onstage.

In Tennessee Williams' play "The Glass Menagerie", the character Tom Wingfield leaves his family to join the Merchant Marine.

The United States Merchant Marine refers to either United States civilian mariners, or to U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, and engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of the navigable waters of the United States. The Merchant Marine primarily transports cargo and passengers during peacetime; in times of war, the Merchant Marine can be an auxiliary to the United States Navy, and can be called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel for the military. Merchant Marine officers may also be commissioned as military officers by the Department of Defense. This is commonly achieved by commissioning unlimited tonnage Merchant Marine officers as Strategic Sealift Officers in the United States Navy Reserve.

Die United States Merchant Marine ("USMS") wurde 1939 im Rahmen der Bestimmungen des 1936 vom US-Kongress beschlossenen "Merchant Marine Act" als US-Handelsmarine gegründet. Aufgabe dieser Organisation war es, Männer darauf vorzubereiten, als Offiziere und Besatzungsmitglieder in Friedenszeiten auf zivilen Schiffen und in Verteidigungsfall auf Kriegsschiffen der United States Navy ihren Dienst zu tun.


Plot.

In a dystopian future, the Japanese government is cracking down on any perceived immoral activity from using risqué language to distributing lewd materials in the country, to the point where all citizens are forced to wear high-tech devices called Peace Makers (PM) at all times that analyze every spoken word and hand motions for any action that could break the law. A new high school student named Tanukichi Okuma enters the country's leading elite "public morals school" to reunite with his crush and student council president, Anna Nishikinomiya. However, Tanukichi quickly finds himself entwined with the perverted terrorist "Blue Snow" ("Tundra's Blue" in some translations) when she kidnaps and forces him to join her organization, "SOX", in creating and spreading pornographic material across the city as a form of protest against the regulations.

Media.

Light novels.

The first light novel volume was published on July 18, 2012 by Shogakukan under their Gagaga Bunko imprint. Eleven volumes and one extra have been published.

Manga.

A manga adaptation by Yuzuki N' was serialized in Mag Garden's "Monthly Comic Blade" from May 2014 to March 2016.

Anime.

An anime television series adaptation was announced by Gagaga Bunko in October 2014. The series was produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Youhei Suzuki, with Masahiro Yokotani handling the scripts, Masahiro Fujii designing the characters, and Akiyuki Tateyama composing the music. It aired on AT-X, Tokyo MX, KBS, CTC and other channels from July 4 to September 19, 2015. SOX performed the opening theme "B Chiku Sentai SOX", while Sumire Uesaka performed the ending theme "Inner Urge". The series is licensed in North America by Funimation. In Australia and New Zealand, the series is licensed by Madman Entertainment, who simulcasted the series on AnimeLab.

, officially abbreviated as in Japan, is a Japanese light novel series written by Hirotaka Akagi and illustrated by Eito Shimotsuki. Shogakukan has published eleven volumes since February 2016 under their Gagaga Bunko imprint. A manga adaptation titled with art by Yuzuki N' began serialization in Mag Garden's "shōnen" manga magazine "Monthly Comic Blade" in May 2014. An anime television series adaptation by J.C.Staff aired from July 4 to September 19, 2015. is a Japanese word for "vulgar slang", "dirty joke," "blue joke," or "erotic topic."

Shimoneta to Iu Gainen ga Sonzai Shinai Taikutsu na Sekai (jap., dt. „Eine langweilige Welt in der das Konzept namens anzügliche Witze nicht existiert“), kurz "Shimoseka" (), ist eine seit 2012 erscheinende dystopische, komödiantische Light-Novel-Reihe von Hirotaka Akagi mit den Illustrationen von Eight Shimotsuki. 2015 wurde eine Anime-Adaption ausgestrahlt, die auch auf Deutsch erscheint.


History.

In the area of the Kalte Birke and the "Lageswarte" (571 m above NHN) just north of it, was an important trading route, the Innerste Rennsteig, which ran between Buntenbock and Neuekrug and had been established since the early Middle Ages. The initial occupation of the site and the origin of its name are unclear.  The Kalte Birke was documented as early as 1350. A letter from the year 1391 shows that an enclosure was located at the Kalte Birke in the 14th century. The use of the site as a place where records were kept and negotiations were held, is seen in other written records. They also suggest that there had been a permanent building on this spot at least since the late Middle Ages.  In the years 1511 and 1518 the Kalte Birke is mentioned as a hunting ground.  Around 1350, iron ore mining in the area was discontinued for the first time. But the references to the Kalte Birke in a 1520 register and by Georgius Agricola in 1546 in the 5th volume of "De Natura Fossilium", a textbook on mineralogy indicate that there was a resumption of mining in this area in the first half of the 16th century. The veins in the north west Harz near the Kalte Birke continued to be mentioned several times and were mined until the 20th century. The original meaning of the name "Kalte Birke" (literally: "Cold Birch") has not yet been clarified. It could have served as a place ensuring the security of the route or may have had mining, forestry or hunting purposes.  In 1635 the territory, as part of the Communion of Harz ("Kommunionsharz") was acquired by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. From that time, a hunting house stood on the Kalte Birke run by the Forestry Commission at Lutter am Barenberge, then from 1676 or 1678, by the forester in Hahausen. Little more is known about this hunting house. However, from the late 17th century there was another residential house on the Kalte Birke. It was built and inhabited by a Hahausen timber hewer. In 1702 the old hunting lodge was replaced by a new building. When the Communion of Harz was divided in 1788 the Kalte Birke came under the rule of the Electorate of Hanover. It was located close to the border. Brunswick's hunting rights in this area existed for many more years thereafter, as documents dating to the 19th century bear witness. In 1792 the hunting house had a barn, a wagon shed, a cowshed and a bakery. Even at the beginning of the 19th century, the Kalte Birke was mentioned several times. From 1807-1813 it belonged to the Canton of Zellerfeld in the District of Osterode.  In 1828 the settlement was eventually sold. The hunting house was demolished and rebuilt in Hahausen behind the church. Since then, the place has been deserted. The refuge hut was built in 1969 by the Harz Club. There are still wall remains and the site of the old fountain.

Walking.

The Kalte Birke lies on the Harzer Försterstieg, a trail that runs from Goslar via Wolfshagen im Harz, Lautenthal, Wildemann, Bad Grund (Harz), Buntenbock and Lerbach to Riefensbeek-Kamschlacken near Osterode am Harz. It is no. 103 in the system of check points in the Harzer Wandernadel hiking challenge.  Three kilometres to the south is the Tränkebach Hut and one kilometre north is the Vereinsplatz, which are checkpoint no. 104 and no. 102 in the Harzer Wandernadel.

Literature.

Zum Abschnitt "Geschichte": Kalthammer, Wilhelm: "Die Chronik von Hahausen"; Druckerei M. Wirth GmbH, Hahausen 1983 (S. 182 f.)<br> (veröffentlicht auf www.hahausen-harz.de: Die Chronik von Hahausen. Abschnitt: "Die "Kalte Birke"")

The Kalte Birke is a cross tracks in the Harz Mountains of Germany where there is a refuge hut and former settlement. It is located west of the Innerste Reservoir at about 540 metres above sea level. It lies in the unparished area of Harz in the county of Goslar. Historically it is closely linked to the municipality of Hahausen and village of Neuekrug, four kilometres northwest.

Die Kalte Birke ist eine Wegkreuzung mit Schutzhütte und ehemalige Siedlung im Nordwestharz westlich der Innerstetalsperre auf Höhe. Sie liegt im gemeindefreien Gebiet Harz im Landkreis Goslar. Geschichtlich ist sie jedoch eng mit der Gemeinde Hahausen und dem vier Kilometer nordwestlich gelegenen Ortsteil Neuekrug verbunden.


Personal life.

Ostapenko was born in Riga to former footballer Jevgēnijs Ostapenko (d. 2020) and Jeļena Jakovļeva. Jevgēnijs played professional football for FC Metalurh Zaporizhya in the Ukrainian city of Zaporizhia where Jeļena's grandmother lives. Jeļena has one half-brother, Maksim, who lives in the United States. She was introduced to tennis at age five by her mother and idolized Serena Williams while growing up. She also started dancing around that age, going on to compete in the National Latvian Championships for Ballroom Dancing. At age 12, she chose to focus on tennis and credits her good coordination and skilled footwork to her years of dancing. She speaks Latvian, Russian, and English.  Her legal name is Jeļena, but she is known to her family and friends as Aļona. When she was born, her parents' desired name of Aļona was not on the Latvian name calendar, so she was named Jeļena after her mother. Latvian authorities have now clarified, though, that there have been no restrictions in place that would not allow to register the desired name and most likely there has been some misunderstanding. Fans in Latvia and elsewhere in Eastern Europe had always called her Aļona, but the name was unknown in the West until her win at Roland Garros in 2017. She uses her legal name professionally in order to avoid administrative confusion.

Career.

2014: Wimbledon junior champion and pro debut.

Ostapenko won the singles event at the junior Wimbledon Championships and was ranked the No. 2 junior tennis player in the world in September 2014. She made her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the Tashkent Open, having been awarded a wildcard.

2015: Grand Slam main-draw debut.

At the Ladies Neva Cup, Ostapenko went through qualifying and won the biggest title up to then.  At Wimbledon, Ostapenko defeated the ninth-seeded Carla Suárez Navarro in straight sets (dropping only two games in the match and grabbing her first win over a top-ten player) in the first round before losing to Kristina Mladenovic.  At the US Open, she lost her second-round match to Sara Errani.  In September, she reached her career's first WTA final at the Coupe Banque Nationals, where she lost to Annika Beck.  She ended the season as the world No. 79.

2016: First Premier-5 final, Wimbledon mixed-doubles semifinalist.

She reached the final of the Qatar Open, a Premier 5 tournament in Doha, beating world No. 8 Petra Kvitová on the way. She was beaten by Carla Suárez Navarro in the final, but she rose to No. 41 in the world rankings.  At the French Open, Ostapenko was seeded in the singles at a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in her career, but she dropped her opening match to Naomi Osaka.  At the Aegon Classic, she beat Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in straight sets during the first round, and she defeated two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová in the second. She was defeated by Madison Keys in the quarterfinals. She reached the semifinals of the mixed doubles at Wimbledon with Oliver Marach, but they fell to the eventual champions Heather Watson and Henri Kontinen.  Ostapenko made her Olympic debut at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She lost to Samantha Stosur in the first round.

2017: French Open champion, top-10 debut.

At the Australian Open, she advanced to the third round of a major for the first time, losing to Karolína Plíšková in three sets despite serving for the match in the third set.  At the Charleston Open, she reached the final, losing to fellow 19-year-old Daria Kasatkina. At the French Open, Ostapenko, then ranked 47th in the world, defeated Louisa Chirico, Monica Puig, Lesia Tsurenko, and Samantha Stosur. She then faced Caroline Wozniacki in the quarterfinals. Ostapenko came from a set down to defeat her, reaching her first Grand Slam semifinal. She was the first Latvian female player to do so and first teenager in a decade to reach the French Open semifinals (the last was Ana Ivanovic in 2007), opposite Timea Bacsinszky on June 8, the birthday of both players. She beat Bacsinszky in three sets to reach the final, being the first unseeded female player to play in the final of the French Open since Mima Jaušovec in 1983 and the first Latvian player to reach the final of a major. In the final against third-seeded Simona Halep, Ostapenko came back from being down a set and 3–0 to win her first professional title. She became the first Latvian player to win a Grand Slam singles tournament and the first unseeded woman to win the French Open since 1933. Ostapenko also became the first player since Gustavo Kuerten to win his or her first career title at a Grand Slam; coincidentally Kuerten won his first title at the 1997 French Open on the day Ostapenko was born. With the win, she reached a new career-high ranking of world No. 12.  At Wimbledon, Ostapenko beat Aliaksandra Sasnovich, Françoise Abanda, Camila Giorgi, and fourth-seeded Elina Svitolina en route to her second Grand Slam quarterfinal. She lost to five-time champion Venus Williams.  At the US Open in August–September, she reached the third round by defeating Lara Arruabarrena and Sorana Cîrstea, before losing to Daria Kasatkina. Her performance was enough for her to make her top ten debut in the world rankings, at No. 10.  At the end of September, she won her second WTA title at the Korea Open in Seoul. In the Wuhan Open, she beat Barbora Strýcová and Monica Puig to reach the quarterfinals, where she scored her first win over a reigning WTA number one, Garbiñe Muguruza, extending her winning streak to eight in a row. She lost to Ashleigh Barty in the semifinal.  In October, she reached the semifinals of the China Open, losing to Simona Halep. At the WTA Finals, she scored a win over Karolína Plíšková but lost to Muguruza and Venus Williams. She ended her 2017 season ranked No. 7 in the world.

2018: Top-5 entrance, Wimbledon semifinal, French Open first round loss.

At Indian Wells, Ostapenko beat Belinda Bencic in the second round, but lost to Petra Martić in the third. The result meant that Ostapenko made her debut in the top five at No. 5.  She then played at the Miami Open, where she defeated the ninth-seeded Petra Kvitová in the fourth round and fourth-seeded Elina Svitolina in the quarterfinals, 7–6, 7–6. In the semifinals, Ostapenko defeated qualifier Danielle Collins to reach the finals, where she lost to 12th-seeded Sloane Stephens.  Ostapenko entered the French Open as the fifth seed, but was unable to defend her title after losing in the first round to Kateryna Kozlova. Following the loss, Ostapenko left the top ten for the first time since entering. At Wimbledon, she beat Katy Dunne, Kirsten Flipkens, Vitalia Diatchenko and Aliaksandra Sasnovich to reach the quarterfinal for a second successive year, then beat Dominika Cibulková to reach her first Wimbledon semifinal where she lost to eventual winner Angelique Kerber. The rest of the season was largely disappointing, as a left wrist injury caused her to withdraw from the WTA Elite Trophy, and she ended the season ranked No. 22.

2019: Loss of form, fall through the rankings, doubles success, late season resurgence.

Ostapenko's first tournament of the year was in Shenzhen at the Shenzhen Open where she lost in the first round to Monica Niculescu. She went on to play at the Sydney International, where she lost to Ashleigh Barty in the first round. At the Australian Open, Ostapenko was seeded 22nd, but lost to Maria Sakkari, again in the first round. One commentator identified Ostapenko's tendency to hit a relatively high number of double faults, and frequent coaching changes, as contributing to her lack of success in 2019. At the French Open, she lost to Victoria Azarenka in the first round, but reached the quarterfinals of the women's doubles event with Lyudmyla Kichenok, falling to Elise Mertens and Aryna Sabalenka.  Ostapenko also lost in the first round of Wimbledon to Hsieh Su-wei. Despite the loss, alongside Robert Lindstedt she reached her first mixed-doubles Grand Slam final of her career.  At Jūrmala, Ostapenko was defeated in the first round by Bernarda Pera, but she reached the finals of the doubles alongside Galina Voskoboeva; the pair lost to Sharon Fichman and Nina Stojanović. At Toronto, Ostapeonko defeated Caroline Garcia and Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova to reach the third round, before losing to qualifier Marie Bouzková; in doubles, she and partner Lyudmyla Kichenok lost in the first round to Julia Görges and Karolína Plíšková. At Cincinnati, she was defeated in the first round of the singles tournament by Yulia Putintseva, and, partnered with Kichenok once again in the doubles, defeated Raquel Atawo and Han Xinyun in the first round, before falling in the second round to Lucie Hradecká and Andreja Klepač, the eventual champions. Finally she had some success at the 2019 US Open where she beat Aleksandra Krunic and 2019 Wimbledon quarterfinalist Alison Riske in straight sets to reach her first Grand Slam third round of 2019. In the third round she faced the American wildcard Kristie Ahn where she lost in straight sets. In doubles, she and Kichenok were defeated in the first round by Caroline Dolehide and Vania King.  At Zhengzhou, she defeated You Xiaodi in the first round, before falling to Aryna Sabalenka. At Seoul, she lost to Tímea Babos in the first round, and also lost in the first round of the doubles tournament where, partnered with Kirsten Flipkens, she fell to Hayley Carter and Luisa Stefani. At Tashkent, she retired in the first round against Katarina Zavatska. At Beijing, she upset the second seed, Plíšková, in the first round, before falling to Kateřina Siniaková in the second round. However, she went on to reach the biggest women's doubles final of her career at the Beijing, partnered with Dayana Yastremska; they lost to Sofia Kenin and Bethanie Mattek-Sands. At Linz, Ostapenko defeated Tamara Korpatsch, Alizé Cornet, and Elena Rybakina en route to the semifinals, which was her first semifinal appearance since 2018 Wimbledon. In the semifinals, she came from a set and a break deficit to defeat Ekaterina Alexandrova in three tight sets to reach the final. In her first final since Miami 2018, Ostapenko faced Coco Gauff. She fell to Gauff in three sets. At Linz, Ostapenko announced that she had hired fellow Grand Slam Champion Marion Bartoli to her coaching team.  At Luxembourg, Ostapenko defeated Caty McNally in the first round, and then defeated first seeded Elise Mertens in the second round. She then defeated Antonia Lottner and Anna Blinkova to reach the final, where she defeated defending champion Julia Görges in straight sets, to win her first title since Seoul in 2017.

2020.

Ostapenko withdrew from the Auckland Open following the death of her father. At the Australian Open, she defeated Liudmila Samsonova in the first round, before falling to Belinda Bencic in the second round. In doubles, she partnered Gabriela Dabrowski, where she reached the quarterfinals, and in mixed doubles, she partnered Leander Paes, where she lost in the second round to finalists Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Jamie Murray. After participating in the Fed Cup, where she lost to Serena Williams, but defeated Sofia Kenin, before losing in the deciding doubles rubber to Kenin and Mattek-Sands, Ostapenko participated at St. Petersburg, where she lost to Alizé Cornet in the first round whilst struggling with illness and jet lag.

Playing style, equipment, and coaches.

In a 2017 article, Steve Tignor of "Tennis.com" described Ostapenko's mentality as "See ball, hit winner." Eurosport labeled her style as "risky, aggressive, fun tennis".  Ostapenko moves opponents around the court by aiming long strokes at corners and lines, then changes direction to hit powerful winners. After putting an opponent in a vulnerable position, she regularly seeks to end the point with a cross-court forehand, a down-the-line backhand, a swinging volley, or a drop shot. Several journalists have observed her interest in using the entire court, along with her tendency to finish points. Before her participation in the 2017 Volvo Car Open final, an article on the event's website declared, "Most impressive about Ostapenko is her willingness to strike big to all corners of the court, be it a cross-court laser or a bold down-the-line winner." One of her main weaknesses is a high error rate due to her high-risk approach.  She hits powerfully on both wings. In a 2016 interview, "Crosscourt View" labeled Ostapenko's backhand her "strongest weapon"; the same year, "Hartford Courant" stated that she "hits a lot of forehand winners".  One of Ostapenko's main weaknesses is her serve. In 2019, Ostapenko was the WTA tour leader in double faults, hitting 436 in 51 matches, and had one of the lowest first serve percentages on the entire tour; in her first round match at the China Open against Karolína Plíšková, she served 25 double faults whilst still winning the match. However, after partnering with Marion Bartoli at Linz, her serve began to show some improvement, and in the final against Julia Görges at Luxembourg, she did not double fault once.  At the 2017 French Open, where Ostapenko won her first professional title, she regularly hit between 35 and 45 winners throughout her matches. Following her quarterfinal performance, she attracted multiple comparisons to Monica Seles. Ostapenko said in an interview at the event that "aggressive is my style of game". After the final match of that French Open, analysts highlighted the differences between her performance and opponent Simona Halep's performance; Ostapenko had 54 winners and 54 unforced errors, while Halep had eight winners and ten unforced errors. ESPN's Simon Cambers wrote "Fear just does not seem to come into [Ostapenko's] vocabulary... Her groundstrokes are simply massive, flat swipes of the ball that left Halep... grasping at shadows." Ostapenko uses Wilson Blade racquets and typically wears Adidas clothing on-court; her apparel was previously supplied by Nike.  She is coached by her mother, with her father serving as a fitness trainer. In 2017, she also trained with two-time French Open doubles champion Anabel Medina Garrigues. She parted company with Medina Garrigues at the end of 2017, taking on David Taylor — former coach of Sam Stosur and Ana Ivanovic — to coach her for the majors, with her mother remaining as her full-time coach. In October 2019, Ostapenko partnered with 2013 Wimbledon champion Marion Bartoli on a trial basis; their partnership resulted in Ostapenko reaching 2 finals in 2 weeks, and winning the title in Luxembourg. Bartoli announced that their partnership would continue into 2020, and that she would be Ostapenko's full time coach throughout the year.  Ostapenko has the somewhat remarkable distinction of being the only player in recorded tennis history to have won a grand slam title (French Open title in 2017), and lost in the first round the three other times she has competed at that same tournament (2016, 2018 and 2019).

Jeļena Ostapenko (born 8 June 1997), also known as Aļona Ostapenko, is a professional tennis player from Latvia. She has career-high WTA ranking of No. 5 in singles, achieved on 19 March 2018, and No. 17 in doubles, set on 2 March 2020.

Jeļena Ostapenko (* 8. Juni 1997 in Riga) ist eine lettische Tennisspielerin. 2017 gewann sie als Ungesetzte den Titel bei den French Open.


Construction.

The V2s were the only major class of 2-6-2 tender locomotives used in Britain. Whilst 2-6-2T tank locomotives were common in the UK, the only other 2-6-2 tender locomotives were the unsuccessful experimental Midland Railway Paget locomotive of 1908, and the two examples of Gresley's LNER Class V4 of 1941. The wheel arrangement allowed the fitting of a large firebox uninhibited by the rear driving wheel, and the front pony truck improved stability at high speeds.  The V2 was derived from the Class A1/A3 pacifics with smaller driving wheels (of compared to ) and a shortened boiler. It retained Gresley's favoured 3-cylinder arrangement. Unusually all 3 cylinders were part of a single'monobloc' casting.  184 locomotives were built in 14 batches between 1936 and 1944 at Doncaster and Darlington Works, construction continuing through the Second World War as they proved their usefulness. A further four locomotives, ordered as V2s, were redesigned by Gresley's successor Edward Thompson and completed as Pacifics (LNER Thompson Class A2/1).  The V2 was a versatile locomotive, capable of hauling fast fitted freights and express passenger trains. Their relatively heavy 22 ton axle load meant their use was restricted to around 40% of the LNER's route miles. For example, they were barred from all of the former Great Eastern Railway main lines. Gresley recognised that a lighter mixed-traffic locomotive was required, and the V4 class was designed to this end. However, it was to be the versatile LNER Thompson Class B1 4-6-0 which succeeded the V2 as the LNER's standard mixed traffic locomotive, although the B1 never matched the V2's power output.

Working life.

First of the initial batch for five Doncaster-built V2s was number 4771, which emerged in June 1936 and was promptly named "Green Arrow", after the express freight service for which the locomotives had been built. Successful trials with this quintet led to both Doncaster and Darlington works producing further batches. The final locomotive, number 3695, was delivered from Darlington in July 1944.  The V2 had the free steaming qualities that the LNER's operating department required. Not only were they capable of working vacuum braked freights at up to, they could deputise for Pacifics on express passenger schedules. In peak condition a V2 could almost match the Pacifics for sustained high speed running. One locomotive was reliably timed at on the Yorkshire Pullman while another attained on a test train.  The V2s were recognised as versatile and powerful locomotives by 1939, but their reputation was more firmly established by their remarkable feats of haulage during World War II. Trains of over 20 carriages loaded to proved within their abilities. On at least one occasion a single V2 hauled 26 coaches from Peterborough to London. Given this capacity for work it was not surprising that construction was allowed to continue through the war years. The V2s performed equally competently for British Railways, leaving their mark on the East Coast Main Line, the Waverley Route between Carlisle and Edinburgh and on the ex-Great Central main line between London Marylebone and Sheffield. Significant modifications were made to the V2 class during its service life. In 1946 a series of derailments was traced to the design of the leading pony truck, which was unduly sensitive to the often poor track conditions, a legacy of heavy wartime use and lack of maintenance. Modifications to the suspension cured the problem. During the 1950s cracked monoblocs became increasingly frequent, but replacement was expensive and in 1956 the decision was taken to replace the monobloc with separate cylinder castings. Seventy-one engines were thus modified: they can be identified by the presence of external steam pipes from smokebox to cylinders. Finally, around 1960 experiments were made with fitting double chimneys to two V2s. This yielded no significant performance gain, but eight engines were subsequently fitted with Kylchap exhausts. These so-called 'Super V2s' were reckoned to be fully equal in performance to the larger Pacifics. However, plans to fit Kylchap chimneys to the remainder of the class were abandoned once it became clear that replacement with diesel locomotives was imminent.  The V2s' swansong came on the Edinburgh—Aberdeen run, working alongside the last LNER A2s and A4s. The entire class was withdrawn from service between 1962 and 1966.

Names.

Only eight V2s were named; seven by the LNER and one by BR. The first of the class was named after the express freight train "Green Arrow". Five more were named after Regiments and two after public schools. It is probable that more would have been named had the outbreak of war not intervened.

Numbering.

When built, the V2s were numbered 3641–3695 and 4771–4899. Under the LNER 1946 renumbering scheme they were to be renumbered 700-883 but the range 800–983 was allocated before renumbering was completed (19 locomotives briefly carried numbers in the original range). After nationalisation in 1948, British Railways added 60000 to their numbers so they became 60800–60983. BR also gave them the power classification 6MT.

Withdrawal.

All 184 V2s were withdrawn from stock between Feb 1962 and Dec 1966. The surviving V2 no 4771/60800 Green Arrow was withdrawn in Aug 1962 from Kings Cross shed.

Preservation.

One Class V2 survives. The first of the class 4771 "Green Arrow" has been preserved as part of the National Collection, and was in use on preserved lines around Britain. On 1 April 2008, it suffered a boiler failure on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and has since been a static exhibit at the National Railway Museum. Its boiler repairs have been determined as achievable, however the NRM are not currently willing to meet the cost involved in replacing the'monobloc' cylinder casting. A crack in this means the casting now needs to be replaced before the locomotive can work again. It is unfortunate that 60800 was not one of the V2 class that were modified to incorporate separate cylinder blocks, when a lot of the class were modified in the 1940s and 1950s.

Modelling.

Bachmann are currently producing a new 'OO gauge' model including an updated DCC ready chassis:  35-200 Class V2 Gresley 2-6-2 4791 LNER Lined Green (Original).  35-201 Class V2 Gresley 2-6-2 60845 in BR lined black with early emblem.  35-202 Class V2 Gresley 2-6-2 60847 "St Peters School" in BR lined green with late crest.  Older (pre 2012) Bachmann models had a split chassis design which required a lot of modification to convert to DCC.

The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Class V2 2-6-2 steam locomotives were designed by Sir Nigel Gresley for express mixed traffic work, and built at the LNER shops at Doncaster and Darlington between 1936–1944. The best known is the first of the class, 4771 (later 800 and 60800) "Green Arrow", which is the sole survivor of the class.

Die Dampflokomotiven der LNER-Klasse V2 der britischen Bahngesellschaft London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) wurden in den Jahren 1936 bis 1944 beschafft. Die Schlepptenderlokomotiven mit der Achsfolge 1’C1’ („Prairie“) nach einem Entwurf des LNER-Chefingenieurs Sir Nigel Gresley waren für den gemischten Dienst sowohl im Personen- wie Güterverkehr vorgesehen.


Club career.

Born in Dublin, Ireland, Daly started his career at Irish amateur side Cherry Orchard, before signing for Stockport County in May 1998. At Stockport he made an immediate impact scoring regularly for the youth and reserve team. Daly began to make an impression on manager Andy Kilner during Stockport's pre-season tour of Scandinavia. After coming on a substitute against Landskrona BoIS, he impressed Kilner and the youngster was awarded with a start against Kristianstads, in which he scored his first senior goal after "lobbing" the Kristianstad keeper. The following season saw Daly become Stockport's second youngest player when he came off the bench to make his first team debut against Walsall. However, Daly failed to secure a regular place and he only managed to play in five matches in his first two seasons. Consequently, Daly had to wait until the 2001–02 season before he scored his first senior goal against Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup. After scoring his first goal, Daly began to play in the Stockport team. However, this was disrupted when he was sent off after appearing to elbow Mitchell Thomas during Stockport's 2–0 defeat to Burnley. However, after receiving his ban, Daly returned to the side to face Wimbledon and responded by scoring his first league goal.  By the start of the 2002–03 season, Daly was regarded as one of Division 2's most promising strikers. He played more regularly and he was involved in 35 of Stockport's 46 league games, scoring seven goals. During this season Stockport manager, Carlton Palmer, decided against naming a goalkeeper on the bench and revealed that he was planning to use Daly in net should their keeper get sent off or injured. However, this never occurred and Daly never made an appearance in net. In October 2004 he went on loan to Grimsby, and scored on his debut against Chester City. However, in his third and final appearance for Grimsby he was sent off against Scunthorpe United.  In February 2005, Daly signed for Hartlepool, where he would stay for the next two years. Daly's scored his first goal for Hartlepool against Bournemouth, which helped seal Hartlepool a play-off spot. Daly's most important goal came weeks later in the League 1 Play-off Final against Sheffield Wednesday, when he scored with his first touch after coming on as a substitute to put Hartlepool in the lead. However, Hartlepool would later end up losing that match but the goal will be remembered as the goal that almost sent Hartlepool into the Championship. Daly would struggle to feature for the club the following season and was sent on loan to Bury. In the 2006–07 season, Daly would at first again struggle to hold down a first team spot. However, he cemented his place in Hartlepool's record books with a remarkable scoring spree of seven goals in a week (three games), including his first hat-trick of his professional career against Wrexham on 30 September 2006. After this Daly would struggle to refind his form and was surplus to requirements after Danny Wilson signed Richie Barker.

Dundee United.

Daly was allowed to join Dundee United in January 2007 for an undisclosed fee.  Daly made his debut for the club, on 13 January 2007, in a 5–0 loss against Rangers. Having made eight appearance so far in his career, Daly scored his first goal in a 1–1 draw against League champions Celtic. After the match, Daly performance was praised by Craig Levein, describing him as "tireless up front and a lot of people don't see all the work he does." He scored again, the last game of the season, in a 4–2 win over Aberdeen. In May 2007, Daly suffered a posterior cruciate ligament injury, ruling him out for around six months, which affected the start of the season.  In the 2007–08 season, on 23 August 2007, Daly says he's making his return within the next six weeks. Having appeared four times on the bench, Daly made his return, on 10 November 2007, in a 2–0 win over Kilmarnock. However, on his next appearance, Daly suffered another injury, in the 24th minutes, on his ankle, against Hibernian. He would be out for two months, expectations on making his return in New Year Though the two months is about come to the end, his injuries went even worse, that will keep him to recover for another month. On 12 March 2008, Daly made his recovery and played his first match, coming on as a substitute for Craig Conway, in a 0–0 draw against Celtic. Towards the end of the season, Daly has since come on as a substitute without scoring, often playing out of position. Upon his return injuries, Levein described fully fit Daly as a new signing, having made a return.  In 2008–09 season, Daly made his first appearance, coming on as substitute, in a 2–0 loss against Kilmarnock on 30 August 2008. Soon a week later, Daly scored two goals in consecutive games, against Hearts and Inverness Caledonian Thistle. He soon scored his first brace of his Dundee career, in a 2–0 win against St Mirren on 29 November 2008, before scoring third goal in two consecutive games. Later in the season, his form dropped badly by coming on as a sub without scoring, often playing out of position, though making several starts. On 23 December 2008, Daly would sign a new three-year contract extension, that will keep him until 2012. On 11 January 2009, Daly provided assist for Prince Buaben before scoring a goal for himself, in a 4–0 win over East Stirlingshire, in the fourth round of Scottish Cup. In April 2009, Daly injured both his anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, ruling him out of action for "at least 12 months", although he was later expected to return within half that timeframe. Shortly after suffering an injury, Conway scored a goal, in a 1–0 win over Hamilton, dedicating his [Conway] goal to Daly.  Subsequently, returning in late November, Daly scored in his first two substitute appearances, including a winner against Celtic before netting his second hat-trick for the club in January 2010, scoring three in the club's 4–1 win at Falkirk. Following his hat-trick, He would add two more goal, adding his tally to five goal in three appearance. Jon finished the season as Dundee United's top scorer, and picked up a Scottish Cup Winners medal in May 2010.  United manager Peter Houston subsequently named Daly as club captain for season 2010–11. Daly then scored his first goal of the season, on the opening game of the season, in a 1–1 draw against St Mirren. Daly would make his European debut, in the qualification round, as Dundee United lose 1–0 against Greek side AEK Athens; then in the second leg, Daly scored his first European goal after coming on as a substitute, in a 1–1 draw, but the draw doesn't kept Dundee United in the Europa League because the Aggregate goal, which AEK scored earlier. After the match, Daly said his goal couldn't save the club's European campaign, believing the club should have done better. However, during the season, Daly would suffer injuries, such as head and Hernia. But he managed to overcome those injuries and on 1 May 2011, Daly received a red card after a second bookable offence, as Dundee United lost 4–1 against Celtic. The next game, on 7 May 2011, Daly, then, scored his hat-trick of his Dundee United career, as they beat Motherwwll 4–0. Despite the injuries, Daly scored twelve goals in all competitions.  In the 2011–12 season, Daly started his season, playing in both legs of the UEFA Europa League tie against Polish side Śląsk Wrocław. In the second leg, following a 1–0 loss, Daly made an assist for David Goodwillie before scoring his first goal of the season, from the penalty spot, as Dundee United won 3–2. However, Dundee United were eliminated from the Europa League, thanks to the away goal rule.  In the 2012–13 season, Daly started his season, playing in both legs of the third round qualifier of the Europa League against Russian side Dynamo Moscow. In the first leg, Daly provided an assist for Keith Watson in a 2–2 draw. However, in the second leg, the club would lose heavily in a 5–0 loss. Daly scored his first goal of the season, on the opening game of the league campaign, in a 3–0 win over Hibernian. In a 3–3 draw against Kilmarnock, on 16 November 2012, Daly scored a brace. In a 4–4 draw against Inverness, on 15 December 2012, Daly assisted Josh Meekings before scoring another brace for himself. Throughout the Scottish Cup campaign, Daly scored a brace in a fourth round tie against Stranraer; followed up by a double assist for Russell before setting a goal for himself, in a fifth round win over Rangers and in the semi-final, Daly scored twice, in a 4–3 loss against Celtic. Later in the season, Daly would score nine more goals in the league and finish second top-scorer behind Johnny Russell.  In the final year of his contract, Daly was linked with League Two side Fleetwood Town. Daly announced he was to leave the club at the end of the season.  Daly's exit from the club was confirmed on 19 May 2013 when he agreed a two-year deal with Rangers.

Rangers.

On 24 May 2013, Daly agreed to join Rangers on a free transfer when the Glasgow club's transfer ban was lifted on 1 September 2013. On 4 March 2013, Rangers announced they would make a move to sign Daly on a pre-contract deal. Manager Ally McCoist confirmed their interest in signing Daly. The move meant Daly would become the first Catholic player from the Republic of Ireland to sign for Rangers. McCoist himself said that he had no problem with Daly's religion or place of birth.  Ahead of the 2013–14 season, Daly scored his first goal for Rangers in a pre-season friendly against FC Emmen. Daly scored his first competitive goals for Rangers in a 6–0 away victory against Airdrieonians making the score 4–0 and 6–0. His next goal for Rangers was in a 3–0 victory over Queen of the South in the Scottish Challenge Cup Quarter Final on 17 September. On 28 September he scored four times in an 8–0 victory over Stenhousemuir. Another hat-trick was scored in a 4–0 away win over East Fife on 26 October. Daly scored Rangers only goal in the Ramsdens cup semi-final against Stenhousemuir to secure McCoist his first final as manager since taking over from Walter Smith in 2011. A few days after Daly scored a double against Airdrieonians in a 3–0 victory in the Scottish Cup booking Rangers place in the next round. Daly scored his 15th and 16th goals for the season in consecutive matches against Dunfermline and Airdrieonians respectively. Daly was ruled out for six weeks at the start of the 2014–15 season with a knee injury that required surgery.  On 29 May 2015, Daly confirmed that he had left Rangers and was a free agent.

Raith Rovers.

Daly signed a short-term contract with Raith Rovers in August 2015. He scored his first goal for Raith in a 2-1 loss to Hibernian on 24 October 2015.

International career.

Jon Daly represented Republic of Ireland from under 14 to under 21 level and was hailed by Niall Quinn as his successor to the Republic of Ireland front line. Daly's talent was then recognised when he picked up Ireland's 2001 Youth Player of the Year award and he was also given the opportunity to progress to the under-21 team. Daly maintained his promise and scored in Ireland under-19's 3–2 victory over England.  For the next two years, Daly kept his place and became a frequent goalscorer in the Republic of Ireland under-21 national football team and went on to play at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship, playing in two of Ireland's group matches before their second round exit.

Coaching career.

In November 2015, Daly agreed to join Hearts as coach of their under-20 team when his contract with Raith expired in January 2016. Following Robbie Neilson's departure, Daly was announced as joint interim manager of Heart of Midlothian with Andy Kirk. He was again placed in interim charge of the first team in August 2017, after the departure of Ian Cathro. Daly left Hearts in January 2020, soon after the appointment of Daniel Stendel as head coach.

Personal life.

Daly is married to Linda and has two daughters.

Honours.

Club.

Dundee United Rangers

Jonathan Marvin Daly (born 8 January 1983) is an Irish professional football player and coach. Daly began his senior career in England, where he played for Stockport County and Hartlepool United; he also had loan spells with Bury and Grimsby Town. He moved to Scottish football in 2007, when he signed for Dundee United. He spent over six years at the club, eventually becoming club captain, and won the Scottish Cup in 2010. He signed for Rangers in 2013, winning the League One title in his first season. Released by Rangers in 2015, he ended his playing career with Raith Rovers, retiring in January 2016 to take up a coaching role with Hearts. He was twice included in the PFA Scotland Team of the Year awards, for the Scottish Premier League in 2012 and for League One in 2014. In international football, Daly represented the Republic of Ireland at all youth levels up to the under-21 team.

Jonathan Marvin Daly (genannt Jon Daly; * 8. Januar 1983 in Dublin) ist ein irischer Fußballspieler der bei den Raith Rovers spielt.


Paston Letters.

Sir John Fastolf intended that the castle should be converted into an enormous chantry, to pray for his soul and that of his nearest and dearest; but as a result of various disputes about his will, it devolved instead to the Paston family, while the bulk of Fastolf's money went to endow Magdalen College in Oxford. Consequently, the castle features extensively in the 'Paston Letters', a unique collection of family correspondence covering the period of the Wars of the Roses, documenting the Paston family's struggles to climb and maintain position on the English social ladder. John Paston was a close confidante and advisor to Sir John Fastolf. Sir John died childless, and intestate; the castle was one of many properties in his estate. John Paston, with some justification, claimed to be his heir; this put him in direct conflict with various major players of the time, such as the Duke of Norfolk and Sir William Yelverton. As a result the castle was besieged in August 1469 by the Duke – in pursuit of his own claim of ownership – and defended by John Paston junior and approximately 30 men. The two-month defence was unsuccessful, resulting in the death of one of the Paston's longest-serving servants by a crossbow wound, and the loss of the castle to the Duke. Some years later, the castle was ultimately returned to the Paston family's ownership. In 1659 the Pastons sold it to William Crow (d.1688), an upholsterer and money lender of the City of London, whose inscribed mural monument survives in Holy Trinity Church, Caister-on-Sea, although the fine marble sculpted bust of Crowe was stolen from it in 2014. Later the Castle descended by marriage to the Bedingfield family. The Castle later suffered from neglect and the robbing of stonework and other fittings, including in about 1776 when Rev. David Collyer removed a newell staircase with 122 stone steps from the tower and incorporated in into his house at Wroxham. The inner moat was filled in between 1842 and 1893 and a lake was created by the widening of the south-eastern side. In 1952 the owner of the castle was Charles Hamblen-Thomas.

Caister Castle Motor Museum.

The Caister Castle Motor Museum was created in the 1960s in the south-west grounds of the Castle, and comprises a private collection of veteran, vintage, classic, sports and touring automobiles and motorcycles. The museum also displays bicycles, horse-drawn vehicles, pedal cars, agriculture equipment and transportation items. The exhibits are located in a purpose-built building. Admission to the castle includes the museum, castle tower and grounds.

Caister Castle is a 15th-century moated castle situated in the parish of West Caister, some north of the town of Great Yarmouth in the English county of Norfolk ().

Caister Castle ist eine Burg aus dem 15. Jahrhundert mit Burggraben im Kirchensprengel "West Caister", etwa acht Kilometer nördlich der Stadt Great Yarmouth in der englischen Grafschaft Norfolk. Die Burg hat einen 33 m hohen Bergfried und wurde zwischen 1432 und 1446 für Sir John Fastolf errichtet, der (zusammen mit Sir John Oldcastle) William Shakespeare zu "Falstaff" inspirierte. Fastolf war einer von fünf Edelleuten, die von König Heinrich VI. während dessen 50 Jahre andauernder Herrschaft die Erlaubnis erhielten, ihren Wohnsitz zu befestigen. Die Burg wurde 1469 bei der Belagerung und Einnahme durch die Truppen des Herzogs von Norfolk stark beschädigt. Die Burg wurde, anders als der Bergfried, nach 1600 zur Ruine, als ein neues Haus in der Nähe gebaut wurde.


Background.

Osaka was the second largest city in Japan, with a population of 3,252,340 in 1940. Traditionally, it was the most important industrial concentration in the Far East. Osaka was one of the principal centers of heavy industry, noted for its shipbuilding, iron, steel, rolling stock works, as well as non-ferrous metals enterprises (notably copper and aluminum). In addition, it was noted for its production of aircraft propellers and propeller governors, munitions and ordnance, textiles, special steels, wires, electrical equipment, chemicals, instruments, and machines and machine tools, particularly anti-friction bearings. It was also a transportation hub and home to Japan's third largest port. Much work had been done to develop its naturally shallow harbor, it was also the center of Japan's rail network.

March firebombing raid.

The first air raid on Osaka lasted for about three and a half hours from 23:57 on March 13, 1945, to 03:25. A total of 274 B-29 heavy bombers attacked Osaka. The first wave of 43 bombers of the 314th Bombardment Wing arrived from Guam island. It was a low-level night raid from an altitude of about 2,000m aiming at the local civilian housings. The first bombers dropped incendiary bombs at targets in the Minato ward which started a firestorm. The second wave of 107 bombers of the 313th Bombardment wing arrived from Tinian and attacked the Naniwa ward. Finally, 124 bombers of the 73rd Bombardment Wing from Saipan arrived and attacked the Kita and Nishi wards. This bombing raid resulted in 3,987 dead and 678 missing and destroyed 8.1 square miles (21 km2) of the city for the loss of two aircraft.

Results.

The bombing raid resulted in 3,987 dead and 678 missing and destroyed 8.1 square miles (21 km2) of the city for the loss of two aircraft, one by accident. 274 aircraft dropped a total of 1,733 tons of bombs on the urban area of Osaka. The destruction of Osaka was almost entirely concentrated in one area southwest of Osaka Castle. The U.S. suffered no crew casualties during the mission. The aircraft lost from the accident crashed and burned on take-off, but all crew members escaped.

June and July air raids.

On the first day of June 521 B-29s escorted by 148 P-51s were dispatched in a daylight raid against Osaka. While en route to the city the Mustangs flew through thick clouds, and 27 of the fighters were destroyed in collisions. Nevertheless, 458 heavy bombers and 27 P-51s reached the city and the bombardment killed 3,960 Japanese and destroyed 3.15 square miles (8.2 km2) of buildings. A force of 409 B-29s attacked Osaka again on 7 June; during this attack 2.21 square miles (5.7 km2) of buildings were burnt out and the Americans did not suffer any losses. Osaka was bombed for the fourth time in the month on 15 June when 444 B-29s destroyed 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2) of the city and another 0.59 square miles (1.5 km2) of nearby Amagasaki; 300,000 houses were destroyed in Osaka.  On 24 July, 625 B-29s were dispatched against seven targets near Nagoya and Osaka. On the night of 6/7 July the 315th Bombardment Wing destroyed the Maruzen oil refinery near Osaka, and three nights later it completed the destruction of the Utsube refinery.

Last air raid - August 14, 1945.

The eighth bomb raid was executed on August 14, 1945, the day before the end of the war. Approximately 150 B-29's raided Osaka. They dropped about 700 1-ton bombs, targeting the Japanese Army's factories in Eastern Osaka. Four units of 1-ton bombs were also dropped onto Kyobashi Station of the Japan National Railway nearby around 1pm, resulting in substantial damage to the civilian-filled station. This air raid was also called "Kyobashi Station Bomb Raid".  There were two trains that had just arrived at the station when the bombs were dropped. The victims of the air raid in this station counted more than 210 dead civilians identified, more than 500 unidentified.

References.

XXI Bomber Command, Tactical Mission Report, Mission #42, 13–14 March 1945.

The bombing of Osaka during World War II first took place from the middle of the night on February 26, 1945, to the early morning of the next day. There were also bomb raids on March 13, 14, June 1, 6, 7, 15, 26, July 10, 24, and August 14, the last day of the war. It is said that more than 10,000 civilians died in these bombings in Osaka, Japan.

Die Luftangriffe auf Osaka in den letzten neun Monaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges zerstörten die japanische Stadt Osaka zu großen Teilen. In der Zeit von März bis August 1945 war die Stadt siebenmal das Ziel von Bombereinheiten der "United States Army Air Forces" (USAAF).