Sport and spa.

Each club is individual and offers a different range of facilities according to location. In all clubs, members and guests can train on endurance and strength apparatus, alone or with a personal trainer and participate in group classes. The larger clubs schedule more than 150 weekly classes. Some clubs offer functional training studios and equipment and all clubs have at least one swimming pool. Outdoor and indoor tennis, sports halls and beach volleyball complete the offer. Aspria's spa offering plays a central role within the Group and services include saunas, steam baths, hamam, rasul, massages, facial and body treatments and solarium. Via Aspria Academy, children have their own sports activities, coaching, creativity workshops and holiday camps. A crèche service is available for babies older than 12 weeks. Up to the age of 14 years, children can take part in children’s sports classes, thereafter joining the adult classes and – after instruction – can train on selected wellbeing equipment.

Lodges and hotels.

In 2009, Aspria expanded its facilities to include overnight accommodation. Their first project was the Aspria Lodge in Hannover which offers 20 lake-side rooms which are available to all Aspria members and members of partner organisations, such as Fdv (Fitnessverband), DSSV (Deutscher Sport Studio Verband) and IHRSA (International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association). In October 2009, Aspria Berlin was expanded to offer 42 rooms as well as conference and meeting facilities later that year and Royal La Rasante, in Brussels, underwent expansion to include 16 rooms and 3 suites. In 2012, Aspria Uhlenhorst (Hamburg) was successfully launched offering 48 rooms and is widely considered to be one of the finest club developments in Europe.

Logo.

The Aspria logo is made up of the "A" signet and the associated word marque.

Aspria Holdings BV is the owner and operator of 8 members' clubs for culture, business, sport and well-being in continental Europe. The Group's Head Office is based in Wimbledon, South West London. Aspria currently provides services to c. 40,000 adult and children members in addition to overnight guests and day spa visitors in Belgium, Germany and Italy.

Die Aspria Holdings BV mit Sitz in Wimbledon (London) ist Eigentümer und Betreiber von acht hochpreisigen Fitnessclubs in Belgien, Deutschland und Italien. Das Unternehmen beschäftigt insgesamt rund 680 Mitarbeiter und bietet seinen 40.000 Mitgliedern verschiedene Sport- und Wellness-Einrichtungen an (Stand 2019).


Career.

Shapin was trained as a biologist at Reed College and did graduate work in genetics at the University of Wisconsin before taking a Ph.D. in the History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania in 1971.  From 1972 to 1989, he was Lecturer, then Reader, at the Science Studies Unit, Edinburgh University, and, from 1989 to 2003, Professor of Sociology at the University of California, San Diego, before taking up an appointment at the Department of the History of Science at Harvard. He has taught for brief periods at Columbia University, Tel-Aviv University, and at the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo, Italy. In 2012, he was the S. T. Lee Visiting Professorial Fellow, School of Advanced Study, University of London.  He has written broadly on the history and sociology of science. Among his concerns are scientists, their ethical choices, and the basis of scientific credibility. He revisioned the role of experiment by examining where experiments took place and who performed them. He is credited with restructuring the field's approach to “big issues” in science such as truth, trust, scientific identity, and moral authority.  His books on 17th-century science include the "classic book" "Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life" (1985, with Simon Schaffer); his "path-breaking book" "A Social History of Truth" (1994), "The Scientific Revolution" (1996, now translated into 18 languages), and, on modern entrepreneurial science, "The Scientific Life" (2008). A collection of his essays is "Never Pure" (2010). His current research interests include the history of dietetics and the history and sociology of taste and subjective judgment, especially in relation to food and wine.  He is a regular contributor to the "London Review of Books" and he has written for "Harper's Magazine" and "The New Yorker".

Awards.

His honors include the John Desmond Bernal Prize (2001) and the Ludwik Fleck Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science (1996), the Robert K. Merton Prize of the American Sociological Association, the Herbert Dingle Prize of the British Society for the History of Science (1999), a Guggenheim Fellowship (1979), the Derek Price Prize of the History of Science Society, a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and, with Simon Schaffer, the Erasmus Prize (2005). He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2014, he received the George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society for career contributions to the field.

Steven Shapin (born 1943) is an American historian and sociologist of science. He is the Franklin L. Ford Research Professor of the History of Science at Harvard University. He is considered one of the earliest scholars on the sociology of scientific knowledge, and is credited with creating new approaches. He has won many awards, including the 2014 George Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society for career contributions to the field.

Steven Shapin (* 11. September 1943 in New York City) ist ein US-amerikanischer Wissenschaftshistoriker und -soziologe sowie Professor für Wissenschaftsgeschichte an der Harvard University.


Origins.

In 1885 a lone Buddhist hermit layman Yi Gap Yong (1860–1957), at the age 25, came to Maisan to meditate and cultivate himself. Over the next 30 years Yi Gap Yong constructed, single handed, as many as 120 conical natural stone pagodas, all without mortar.

Construction.

Extracted from www.channelnewsasia.com: "Yi Gap Yong constructed the stone pagodas here incorporating the eight progressive positions of Zhuge Liang. Using this method, stones are first laid in a circular configuration before placing additional stones inside this circle. More stones are then placed in position to form a conical pyramid."  "This structure is next topped off with a flat-shaped stone. To complete the pagoda another flat stone, in a yin and yang order, is added over and over until the desired shape and height of the tower is achieved."  "Small pebbles are placed in the gaps between the larger stones to make the tower more stable."  "Yi Gap Yong piled all of the stones, one by one, without the aid of mechanical devices or assistance. The stones for the smaller pagodas were all obtained locally but many for the larger pagodas, which can reach as high as 9m/30 ft, were gathered from the streams, rivers and mountains throughout Korea to assure their harmony with their spiritual energy."

Temple today.

The Tapsa Temple complex is found on Maisan (Horse Ear Mountain) under the cliff, south of Maibong (peak) within the Maisan Provincial Park complex, where today there remains at least 80 of Yi Gap Yong's Pagodas.  "Bizarre" is a term often used to describe the appearance of the somewhat alien looking landscape. The style of the stone pagodas found here is very unusual and quite different from that of the stone pagodas, typical of the Shilla era, that employed fine stone cutting techniques. It is this unusual appearance that draws so many visitors to Tapsa each year.  Many years after Yi Gap Yong started his project the site became a Buddhist Temple and Yi became an ordained monk. A white statue of Yi Gap Yong, holding a wooden walking stick, rests comfortably at the foot of his temple complex.  Visitors to Maisan Provincial Park frequently visit Eunsusa (Buddhist Temple) and/or Geumdangsa (Buddhist Temple) on the way to, or from, the "better known" Tapsa that lies between these two temples on the path through the park.

Tapsa (Pagoda Temple) and the Stone Pagodas of Mount Mai is a small Korean Buddhist Temple complex found in the Maisan (Horse Ear Mountain) in Jinan County, North Jeolla Province, South Korea.

Der Tempel Tapsa (kor. ) ist ein Pagodentempel und befindet sich am Fuße des Maisan im Maisan Provinzpark, Landkreis Jinan, Provinz Jeollabuk-do. Der Einsiedler Yi Gap-yong (1860–1957) kam im Alter von 25 Jahren zum Maisan, um hier der Meditation nachgehen zu können. Während der nächsten Jahrzehnte errichtete er um die 120 Steinpagoden ohne Mörtel oder einen ähnlichen Befestigungsstoff. Die Steingebilde, die teilweise eine Höhe von 10 Metern besitzen, errichtete er ohne technische Hilfsmittel. Die Pagoden trotzen bis heute jedem Wind und Wetter.


Early anti-aircraft munitions.

Rifle and machine-gun bullets were used against early military aircraft during World War I. Artillery was used when aircraft flew above the range of rifle and machine-gun cartridges. Since the probability of actually striking the aircraft was small, artillery shells were designed to explode at the approximate altitude of the aircraft to throw a shower of fragments in the vicinity of the explosion. Similar anti-aircraft weaponry with larger calibers, higher rates of fire, and improved fuzes continued to be used through World War II. These bullets and small fragments often made small holes in the airframe. Unless a bullet or fragment struck the pilot, or some critical part of the airframe, (such as a fuel line, part of the engine coolant system, a critical wire or hydraulic line actuating control surfaces), the aircraft remained operational.  Some anti-aircraft artillery projectiles were designed to fragment into long, thin pieces in an attempt to inflict damage on the airframe. Holes made by such fragments were more likely to cause destructive disruption of airflow around high-speed aircraft, but the hit probability was lowered for the smaller number of fragments from a warhead of equal size. The problem became more significant as anti-aircraft missiles were developed to replace guns after World War II. A smaller number of missiles would require an improved warhead to match the aircraft destruction probability of the larger number of artillery projectiles potentially carried by a weapon of the same size and cost. The concept of a folded continuous rod warhead was suggested in 1952. The Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University invented the Continuous Expanding Rod Warhead as part of its Navy-contracted development of the U. S. Navy's anti-air missile defense program. The details of the warhead were Top Secret until its use was no longer needed.

Construction.

An even number of individual steel rods are arranged in parallel to form a cylinder. The ends of the rods are welded together—the first rod and the second rod are welded together at the top, the second and third at the bottom, and so on all the way around the form.

Operation.

When detonated, the high explosive imparts momentum to the rods, thrusting them outward in an expanding circle. The pressure wave from the explosive needs to act evenly on the rods over their length, so some sort of tamper is used to shape the shock wave similar to an explosive lens. The rods are sufficiently soft (ductile) to allow the expansion without breaking the rods or the welded joints, and the detonation velocity is limited to under 1,150 m/s, allowing the rods to bend at these locations instead. At some intermediate point the ring will have a zig-zag (alternating direction) appearance within a cylindrical envelope. Upon ultimate expansion the ring is circular and contained within a plane. The ring will then break and ultimately tend to form one or more straight rods. Since the net momentum of the rod relative to the missile is roughly zero its effectiveness will rapidly diminish as the broken ring expands.  This rapidly expanding ring, when hitting the aircraft, can be more effective than an equivalent fragmentation warhead: the ring's effectiveness decreases as 1/R, rather than 1/R for fragments. Portions of the aircraft intercepted by the expanding ring of the continuous rod warhead will receive a continuous cut through the skin, light structure, underlying cables, hydraulic lines, and other plumbing if present. This may cause a structural failure, or, if not, can be sufficient for defeating the redundancy of aircraft systems. The effect is only pronounced as long as the ring is unbroken, so multiple layers of rods are employed in practical weapons to increase the effective radius.  When designing the SAM missile equipped Mauler in the late 1950s, Monte Carlo simulations on the IBM 650 were conducted which influenced the decision to use a blast-fragmentation warhead, as a continuous-rod warhead was deemed likely to be less effective.

A continuous-rod warhead is a specialized munition that exhibits an annular blast fragmentation pattern, so that when it explodes it spreads into a large circle that cuts the target. It is used in anti-aircraft and anti-missile missiles.

Ein Continuous-Rod-Gefechtskopf (CR-Gefechtskopf) ist eine spezielle Form eines Splittergefechtskopfes mit gerichteter Wirkung, der in den 1950er Jahren entwickelt wurde. Er wird ausschließlich bei Luftabwehr- und Luft-Luft-Raketen eingesetzt. Teilweise wird in der Literatur auch die alternative Bezeichnung “Expanding Rod” verwendet.


History.

Planning.

The idea of building a power station in the zone started in 1940 in the location where Narciso Hernández Vaquero planned originally.  Immediately after the World War II, the project, made by the architect Joaquin Vaquero Palacios, and the construction started. For paying the works, the companies Hidroeléctrica del Cantábrico and Electra de Viesgo created the company "Saltos del Navia en Comunidad", endorsed by Banco Urquijo, whose office prepared the technical reports.

Previous works.

The works started in 1946, being necessary to divert the river. For that purpose, a tunnel of 30,725 m was dug. 11,789 m of concrete were used to coat it.  The supply of materials was made by a 36 km cable car that reached the port of Navia. Four villages were also built to host more than 3,500 workers.

The dam.

The dam was built between 1948 and 1953 with 630,000 m of concrete with slopes of 5% upstream and 72% downstream. The height above the foundation was 132 meters, so that once stood as the largest dam of Spain and second in Europe.  It is located 22 km upstream of the Doiras reservoir, and to build it there were enormous difficulties. Spain was plunged into misery and suffering the embargo of the victorious powers in World War II. This project was a dream almost impossible and yet was completed in 1954 despite the lack of resources. Although the United Nations had declared the embargo against Francoist Spain, the United Kingdom secretly supplied the turbines and the generators.  During the works, died between 100 and 300 workers due to poor working conditions.

Environmental impact.

For the construction of the reservoir, it was necessary to flood 685 ha. 1,955 fincas with about 40,000 trees composed this surface. Also, several roads were closed, like the old AS-34, which was replaced by the new AS-14. This new road passes above the dam.  In some places there were created routes with boats to cross the reservoir.

Salime Reservoir is a reservoir in Asturias, Spain across the Navia River. It is the third reservoir built in this river after Arbón and Doiras.

Der Salime-Stausee (span.: Embalse de Salime) ist eine Talsperre des Río Navia im Westen Asturiens, die teilweise die Grenze zur galicischen Provinz Lugo bildet. Die Stauanlage wurde im Jahr 1954 eingeweiht und hat einen Stauraum von 265,60 Millionen Kubikmeter.


Location.

The cemetery is in London's Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Its main entrance is on Harrow Road (west of where Ladbroke Grove and Chamberlayne Road meet). Its other entrance, Alma Place (the West Gate, almost opposite Greyhound Road) is also on the north side. Alma Place leads to the West London Crematorium (whose owner and operator is the same) and St. Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, which are in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The cemetery lies between Harrow Road and the Paddington Arm of the Grand Union Canal to the south which has long been separated by a wall.  A set of defunct gates is set in the southern wall which adjoins the canal where barges took a proportion of earth from excavating graves and occasionally coffins carried by barge were unloaded.

History and description.

Establishment and design.

George Frederick Carden had failed with an earlier attempt to establish a British equivalent to Paris's Père Lachaise Cemetery in 1825, but a new committee established in February 1830, including Andrew Spottiswoode, MP for Saltash, sculptor Robert William Sievier, banker Sir John Dean Paul, Charles Broughton Bowman (first committee secretary), and architects Thomas Willson (who had previously proposed an ambitious Metropolitan Sepulchre project) and Augustus Charles Pugin, gained more financial, political and public support to fund the "General Cemetery Company". Public meetings were held in June and July 1830 at the Freemasons' Tavern, and Carden was elected treasurer.  Paul, a partner in the London banking firm of Strahan, Paul, Paul and Bates, found and conditionally purchased the 54 acres of land at Kensal Green for £9,500. However, Paul and Carden were already embroiled in a dispute regarding the design of the cemetery, where Paul favoured the Grecian style and Carden the Gothic style. A succession of architects were contemplated, including Benjamin Wyatt (who declined), Charles Fowler (proposal not taken up), Francis Goodwin, Willson, and a Mr Lidell, a pupil of John Nash, before an architectural competition was launched in November 1831. This attracted 46 entrants, and in March 1832 the premium was awarded, despite some opposition, for a Gothic Revival design by Henry Edward Kendall; this decision was, however, eventually overturned.  On 11 July 1832, the Act of Parliament establishing a "General Cemetery Company for the interment of the Dead in the Neighbourhood of the Metropolis" gained Royal Assent. The Act authorised it to raise up to £45,000 in shares, buy up to 80 acres of land and build a cemetery and a Church of England chapel. Company directors appointed after the Bill received Royal Assent asserted their control and preference for a different style. One of the competition judges and a company shareholder, John William Griffith, who had previously produced working drawings for a boundary wall, ultimately designed the cemetery's two chapels and the main gateway and 15,000 trees were supplied and planted by Hugh Ronalds from his nursery in Brentford. Founded as the General Cemetery of All Souls, Kensal Green, the cemetery was the first of the "Magnificent Seven" garden-style cemeteries in London. It was consecrated on 24 January 1833 by Charles James Blomfield, the Bishop of London, receiving its first funeral the same month.  In the early 1850s, after a series of cholera epidemics in London caused an examination of London's burial facilities, health commissioner Edwin Chadwick proposed the closure of all existing burial grounds in the vicinity of London other than the privately owned Kensal Green Cemetery, northwest of the city, which was to be nationalised and greatly enlarged to provide a single burial ground for west London. (A large tract of land on the Thames around southeast of London in Abbey Wood was to become a single burial ground for east London.) The Treasury was sceptical that Chadwick's scheme would ever be financially viable, and it was widely unpopular. Although the Metropolitan Interments Act 1850 authorised the scheme, it was abandoned in 1852.

Layout.

The overall layout is on an east-west axis, with a central path leading to a raised chapel towards the west. The entrance is to the north-east and the largest monuments line the central path to the chapel.  The Church of England was allotted 39 acres and the remaining 15, clearly separated, acres were given over to Dissenters, a distinction deemed crucial at the time. Originally there was a division between the Dissenters’ part of the cemetery and the Anglican section. This took the form of a "sunk fence" from the canal to the gate piers on the path. There were also decorative iron gates. The small area designated for non-Anglican burials is approximately oval in shape and was formerly made prominent by a wider central axis path that terminated with the neo-classical chapel with curved colonnades. The Anglican Chapel dominates the western section of the cemetery, being raised on a terrace beneath that is an extensive catacomb; there is a hydraulic catafalque for lowering coffins into the catacomb.  It is still in operation today; burials and cremations take place daily, although cremations are now more common than interments. The cemetery is still run by the General Cemetery Company under its original Act of Parliament. This mandates that bodies there may not be exhumed and cremated or the land sold for development. Once the cemetery has exhausted all its interment space and can no longer function as a cemetery, the mandate requires that it shall remain a memorial park. The General Cemetery Company constructed and runs the West London Crematorium within the grounds of the cemetery.  While borrowing from the ideals established at Père Lachaise some years before, Kensal Green Cemetery contributed to the design and management basis for many cemetery projects throughout the British Empire of the time. In Australia, for example, the Necropolis at Rookwood (1868) and Waverley Cemetery (1877), both in Sydney, are noted for their use of the "gardenesque" landscape qualities and importantly self-sustaining management structures championed by the General Cemetery Company.  The cemetery is the burial site of approximately 250,000 individuals in 65,000 graves, including upwards of 500 members of the British nobility and 970 people listed in the "Dictionary of National Biography". Many monuments, particularly the larger ones, lean precariously as they have settled over time on the underlying London clay.

Notable structures.

Many buildings and structures within Kensal Green are listed.  The Anglican Chapel is listed Grade I, while the Dissenters' Chapel, Kensal Green is listed Grade II* and the colonnade/catacomb and perimeter walls and railings are listed Grade II. Of the many tombs, memorials and mausoleums, eight are listed Grade II*, while The Reformers' Memorial is listed Grade II.

The Anglican Chapel.

The Anglican Chapel is at the centre of the cemetery, and contains several tombs. Under the chapel is a catacomb, one of the few in London. The catacomb is currently not maintained but can be visited as part of a guided tour. It still has a working coffin-lift or catafalque, restored by The Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery in 1997.

Dissenters' Chapel.

Situated in the E corner of the cemetery this Greek Revival structure was for the use of all non-Anglican denominations and of non-believers. Only part of the cemetery was consecrated, and Dissenters could opt to be buried in the non-consecrated areas following a service here. The cemetery became favoured by nonconformists, free-thinkers, non Christians, and atheists, and thus this chapel became popular. The Dissenters' Chapel had become derelict and partly roofless, so in 1995 was leased to the Historic Chapels Trust who undertook £447,000 of restoration. The chapel currently serves as the office of The Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery, but is also available for funeral services.

The Reformers' Memorial.

The Reformers' Memorial was erected in 1885. It was erected at the instigation of Joseph Corfield "to the memory of men and women who have generously given their time and means to improve the conditions and enlarge the happiness of all classes of society". The monument has lists of names of reformers and radicals on its north and east sides (together with further names added in 1907 by Emma Corfield). It is paired with the Robert Owen memorial, and a second instance of a non-funerary memorial in the cemetery's nonconformist section.  The memorial was amended to include Lloyd Jones to recognise his contribution.  "THIS MEMORIAL IS RAISED AS A TOKEN OF REGARD TO THE BRAVE MEN AND WOMEN WHOSE NAMES IT BEARS BY JOSEPH W. CORFIELD, AUGUST 1895."  "THE REFORMERS' MEMORIAL  ERECTED TO THE GLORY OF MEN AND WOMEN WHO HAVE GENEROUSLY GIVEN THEIR TIME AND MEANS TO IMPROVE THE CONDITIONS AND ENHANCE THE HAPPINESS OF ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY. THEY HAVE FELT THAT A FAR HAPPIER AND MORE PROSPEROUS LIFE IS WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL MEN, AND THEY HAVE EARNESTLY SOUGHT TO REALIZE IT. THE OLD BRUTAL LAWS OF IMPRISONMENT FOR FREE PRINTING HAVE BEEN SWEPT AWAY AND THE RIGHT OF SELECTING OUR OWN LAW MAKERS HAS BEEN GAINED MAINLY BY THEIR EFFORTS. THE EXERCISE OF THESE RIGHTS WILL GIVE THE PEOPLE AN INTEREST IN THE LAWS THAT GOVERN THEM, AND WILL MAKE THEM BETTER MEN AND BETTER CITIZENS."  A great number of people are mentioned on the monument. These are, in order shown on the monument:  The entry for Robert Owen reads:  The cenotaph to Robert Owen, who was buried in Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales, is fittingly at the side of the Reformers' Memorial.  "ROBERT OWEN PHILANTHROPIST BORN MAY 14TH. 1771. DIED NOVR. 17TH. 1858."  "1879 ERECTED BY SUBSCRIPTION IN MEMORY OF ROBERT OWEN OF NEW LANARK, BORN AT NEWTOWN, N. WALES 1771. HE DIED AND WAS BURIED AT THE SAME PLACE 1858, AGED 87 YEARS. HE ORIGINATED AND ORGANIZED INFANT SCHOOLS, HE SECURED A REDUCTION OF THE HOURS OF LABOUR FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN FACTORIES. HE WAS A LIBERAL SUPPORTER OF THE EARLY EFFORTS IN FAVOUR OF NATIONAL EDUCATION AND LABOURED TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. HE WAS ONE OF THE FOREMOST ENGLISHMEN WHO TAUGHT MEN TO ASPIRE TO A HIGHER SOCIAL STATE BY RECONCILING THE INTERESTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOUR. HE SPENT HIS LIFE AND A LARGE FORTUNE IN SEEKING TO IMPROVE HIS FELLOW MEN BY GIVING THEM EDUCATION, SELF-RELIANCE AND MORE WORTH.  "MR. OWEN'S WRITINGS REPORT TO THE COUNTY OF LANARK. NEW VIEWS OF SOCIETY. TWELVE LECTURES. LECTURES ON MARRIAGE. LECTURES ON A NEW STATE OF SOCIETY. THE BOOK OF THE NEW MORAL WORLD. SIX LECTURES AT MANCHESTER. MANIFESTO OF ROBERT OWEN. SELF SUPPORTING HOME COLONIES. LETTERS TO THE HUMAN RACE. REVOLUTION IN MIND AND PRACTICE. ROBERT OWEN'S JOURNAL. LIFE OF ROBERT OWEN."

The Catacombs.

The cemetery is distinguished by three catacombs for the deposit of lead-sealed, triple-shelled coffins and cremated remains. Catacomb A, beneath the North Terrace Colonnade is now sealed. Catacomb Z, beneath the Dissenters' Chapel at the eastern end of the cemetery, suffered significant bomb damage during World War II, and is also closed to further deposits. Catacomb B, beneath the Anglican Chapel in the centre of the cemetery, has space for some 4000 deposits, and still offers both private loculi and shelves or vaults for family groups. The catacomb extends under the entire footprint of the chapel and its colonnades. There are six aisles, within which each vault is also numbered, running consecutively to number 216 at the south-western end of aisle 6.  Deposit within the catacombs of Kensal Green has always been more expensive and prestigious than burial in a simple plot in the grounds of the cemetery, although less costly than a brick-lined grave or mausoleum. Without the further expense and responsibility of a monument above the grave, the catacombs have afforded a secure, dignified and exclusive resting place for the well-to-do, particularly the unmarried, the childless and young children of those without family plots or mausolea elsewhere.

War graves.

The cemetery contains the graves of 473 Commonwealth service personnel of the First World War – half of whom form a war graves plot in the south-west corner, the remainder in small groups or individual graves scattered throughout the grounds – and 51 of the Second who are all dispersed. In the First World War plot, at Section 213, a Screen Wall memorial lists casualties of both world wars whose graves could not be marked by headstones, besides five Second World War servicemen who were cremated at Kensal Green (also known as West London) Crematorium. The highest-ranking person buried here who is commemorated by the CWGC is General Sir Charles Douglas (1850–1914), Chief of the Imperial General Staff in early months of the First World War.

Notable burials.

The cemetery is remarkable for the number of Fellows of the Royal Society who are buried there, of whom the following is a small sample:

Kensal Green Cemetery is a cemetery in the Kensal Green area of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London, England. Inspired by Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, it was founded by the barrister George Frederick Carden. The cemetery opened in 1833 and comprises 72 acres of grounds, including two conservation areas, adjoining a canal. The cemetery is home to at least 33 species of bird and other wildlife. This distinctive cemetery has memorials ranging from large mausoleums housing the rich and famous to many distinctive smaller graves and includes special areas dedicated to the very young. It has three chapels, and serves all faiths. It is one of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries in London.

Kensal Green Cemetery (dt. "Friedhof Kensal Green") ist ein Friedhof im Londoner Stadtteil Kensal Green und der erste und älteste kommerzielle Friedhof in London. Der Friedhof wurde infolge eines Acts of Parliament zur Beseitigung der Platznot bei Begräbnissen in London 1833 eröffnet. Das starke Wachstum der Stadt und die hohe Sterblichkeit hatten zuvor zu unhaltbaren hygienischen Zuständen in der Umgebung der vielen kleinen und überfüllten Begräbnisstätten geführt. Schon zwei Jahre zuvor hatte die "General Cemetery Company" Land erworben, um einen Friedhof zu errichten. Die Anlage wurde nach einem Entwurf von John Griffith im Greek-Revival-Stil errichtet.


Early life.

Stadler was born April 9, 1942 in West Prussia (now part of Poland) in the town of Lessen (Łasin) in the county of Graudenz (Grudziąd). His great-grandmother was Josephine Amann-Weinlich,

Jazz Composer and Arranger.

Stadler relocated to New York City in 1965 to begin a career as a jazz composer and pianist. His first commercially released work, an arrangement of Duke Ellington's composition "Main Stem" featuring saxophonist James Moody, Ron Carter, Kenny Barron, Freddie Waits et al., was issued in 1969 on the Milestone label. Prior to that, at a recording session in December 1966 at Nola Penthouse Sound Studios, Stadler recorded his composition entitled ‘’The Fugue #2’’ which would become part of the pioneering 1973 release "Brains on Fire." The 1966 session included Jimmy Owens on trumpet, Joe Farrell on tenor sax, trombonist Garnett Brown, pianist Don Friedman, bassist Barre Phillips and drummer Joe Chambers. The 1973 release also included sessions from 1971 featuring bassist Reggie Workman, Tyrone Washington on tenor sax and drummer Lenny White, along with Stadler himself on piano.  ‘’Brains on Fire’’ was reissued in 2012 with additional tracks recorded through 1974. One notable addition was a twenty-minute duet between vocalist Dee Dee Bridgewater and Workman on bass (recorded July 3, 1973 at Generation Sound Studios, New York City, under the composer's supervision). The re-release also included Stadler's arrangement of Russ Freeman’s composition "Bea’s Flat," originally written for trumpeter Chet Baker. Commissioned by the NDR Big Band and conducted by, the arrangement featured musicians Manfred Schoof, Gerd Dudek, Albert Mangelsdorff, Wolfgang Dauner, Lucas Lindholm and Tony Inzalaco.  As producer and arranger, Stadler was responsible for the iconic 1978 album "Tribute to Bird and Monk" featuring Thad Jones, George Adams, George Lewis, Stanley Cowell, Reggie Workman and Lenny White. The widely acclaimed release received excellent reviews from Neil Tesser in "Jazz Magazine" and from "DownBeat Magazine" which honored the album with a five-star rating and recognized Stadler in the magazine's Annual Critic's Poll as a "Talent Deserving Wider Recognition."  Other releases of Stadler's own works include "Jazz Alchemy" (1976) featuring Charles McGhee, Richard Davis, Marilyn Crispell, Joshua Pierce (Recorded on August 13, 1975, at Minot Sound Studios, White Plains, New York) and "Retrospection" (a 1989 reissue including several previously unreleased tracks). Stadler has been a four-time recipient of National Endowment for the Arts Grants for composition as well as a grant recipient from the Creative Artist Public Service Program of the New York State Council on the Arts.  In 1988, dancer/choreographer Sin Cha Hong's Laughing Stone company performed her original work "Seraphim" at the Joyce Theater incorporating environmental sounds arranged by Stadler with a score by Pierre Henry, Diamanda Galas and Kirk Nurock's "Natural Sounds Ensemble." In addition to his own work, in the 1970s he produced (together with partner Kent Cooper) concerts at New York's Hunter College and the Brooklyn Academy of Music with artists such as Pete Seeger, Arlo Guthrie, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, John Lee Hooker, Lightnin' Hopkins, Buddy Guy & Junior Wells, Koko Taylor), Albert King, Louisiana Red and Peg Leg Sam.

Record Producer.

Stadler's record productions include releases by blues musicians John Lee Hooker, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Louisiana Red, Johnny Shines and Roosevelt Sykes; classical pianists such as the Brazilian João Carlos Martins (the complete clavier works of Bach) and Arthur Moreira Lima (music of Chopin), Grete Sultan, Bulgarian musicians such as Pavlina Dokovska, Angela Tosheva, Nadejda Vlaeva, Ivan Spassov, Ivo Papazov and Gheorghi Arnaoudov, Lithuanian pianist Ieva Jokubaviciute, the Chinese-American pianist Margaret Leng Tan (new music by John Cage and others); the Brazilian guitarist Carlos Barbosa-Lima, jazz musicians Dee Dee Bridgewater, Thad Jones, George Lewis, Tyrone Washington, Reggie Workman, Ken Peplowski, Randy Sandke, and Jay Clayton; the Harlem Spiritual Ensemble; a large group of important twentieth-century composers including the Americans Harry Partch and Petr Kotik, Japanese composer Somei Satoh, Korean composer Isang Yun and many others.  He is particularly known for his extensive recordings of the American avant-garde pioneer John Cage, begun in cooperation with the composer and continuing until his death. He also supervised the release of Philip Glass's famous recording of "Einstein on the Beach" (originally for Tomato, currently available on Sony). Stadler has produced for Labor Records, Arabesque Records, Zoho, WERGO Records, Tomato Records, Arcadia Records and several labels within the Concord Music Group.

Labor Records.

He founded Labor Records in 1973 as one of the first labels with what would subsequently be called a "cross-over" or "multi-cultural" point of view, and has served as owner, CEO, Producer and Executive Producer since inception. Labor's current catalogue focuses on unusual and often unknown repertoire coupled with landmark editions such as the complete keyboard works of J. S. Bach performed by legendary Brazilian pianist João Carlos Martins. Other projects include "Music of Tribute," Labor's ambitious piano series as well as genre-crossing releases by Germany's Hanns Eisler/Bertolt Brecht, Walter Steffens ("Music to Art"), American Eric Salzman, Uruguay's Eduardo Fernández, and Brazil's Duo Caramuru/Baldanza.  In 2000, Stadler traveled to Albania to record the music of Aleksandër Peçi. This was the first time in history that a foreign company had gone directly to Albania to produce two albums of contemporary classical music, a landmark event in the history of this impoverished country on the Balkan Peninsula.

Tomato Records.

Stadler served as Director of Artists and Repertoire at Tomato Records from 1978 to 1981 and as the company's Director of Operations/Executive Producer from 1987 until 1991. In the latter position, he supervised the company's complete reissue program (a catalogue of over 65 releases).

Arcadia and Concord Records.

Stadler was Vice president/Producer of Arcadia Records from 1991 to 1994, supervising all aspects of financial, production and manufacturing matters with respect to Arcadia's recording program. As producer he traveled twice to North Korea in the 1990s, to help develop an ambitious project in close cooperation with Korean composer Isang Yun. The idea was to create an event bringing North and South Korean musicians together in a joint concert, but the project never materialized and was not revisited.  Then, from 1995 until 2000 he served as Staff Producer/Label Manager for Concord Concerto (a division of Concord Records, Inc.), overseeing all aspects of the "Concerto" division. In addition, he produced for other labels of the Concord Group such as Concord Jazz, Concord Picante, Jazz Alliance and The Blues Alliance.

Heiner Stadler (April 9, 1942 – February 18, 2018) was a jazz composer, record producer, pianist and arranger whose work has traversed genres including jazz, blues and country, baroque, classical, romantic and contemporary classical music. He was also the founder and CEO of Labor Records, distributed by Naxos Records.

Heiner Stadler (* 9. April 1942 in Danzig-Westpreußen; † 18. Februar 2018 in Silver Spring, Maryland) war ein deutsch-amerikanischer Komponist und Musikproduzent, der auch als Jazzpianist hervorgetreten ist.


History.

The earliest set of rules appeared in 1930 in Robert Hülsemann's "Das Buch der Spiele" where the game is much as described below but without any Jokers. Originally, it was played with just a standard 52-card pack but now it is commonly played with 3 or even 6 jokers. 58-card packs have been in production since at least the 1950s. In 1935 it was described as popular in Schleswig-Holstein, especially in the Holstein villages of Krempermarsch, Wilstermarsch and Dithmarschen as well as Eiderstedt and North Frisia in Schleswig.  In recent times, it has been played in North Frisia – for example, in Neukirchen, Leck and on the island of Sylt – as well as further east in the county of Schleswig-Flensburg at Sieverstedt and Schafflund. In is still recorded in Holstein at Tappendorf.

Rules.

The following rules are based on Danyliuk and Parlett.

Aim.

The aim of Zwicker is to capture Aces and Honours ("Honneurs" i.e. 7, 7, 10) and to make'sweeps' known as "zwicks" or "zwickers".

Playing.

Each player receives four cards and four are dealt face up to the table, henceforth referred to as the tableau ("Bild"). The rest form the stock which is placed face down on the table. The aim is to collect cards, especially the point-scoring ones, from the tableau in turn. Each player plays a card from his hand to the table and may (or may not) use it to capture cards from the tableau. A player make capture either by 'pairing', if the value of a card in his hand is equal to one in the tableau, or by "summing" if the value of his card equals that of two or more cards in the tableau. For example, a King (card value 14) may capture a 9 and a 5 (together worth 14). A played card may make as many captures as possible. So a Queen can be used to take two Queens from the tableau and, if the two remaining cards together add up to 13 (the card value of the Queen), they may also be collected. If a player clears all the cards in the tableau, as in the last example, it is a "sweep", "zwick" or "zwicker" and counts more when it comes to scoring. When a player's hand cards are used up, he receives four new cards. If a player cannot capture a card or cards from the tableau, he must "trail", by adding a hand card to the tableau, or 'build', by placing it half over one in the tableau. The values laid on top of each other must not exceed 14. Cards placed one on top of the other can only be taken using their combined value.

Jokers.

Jokers were not originally used in this game, but it is now one of few games that is played with up to six in a single pack, special Zwicker packs being manufacturered for this purpose. Depending on the rules agreed for them, Jokers can play a major or minor role in the game. The normal rule is that, whether in the tableau or played from the hand, they are wild and represent any card chosen by the player. Optional rules to limit these powers include: if a Joker is the only card in the tableau, it may only be taken by another Joker; if a Joker is used in sweeping all cards from the table, it does not count as a "zwicker"; or even that Jokers may never be picked up from the tableau, which effectively prevents any more "zwickers" being made. Danyliuk recommends leaving out the Jokers if there are more than 4 players.

Scoring.

Once all the cards have been used up, the round ends. The winner is the player who has the most points or reached the previously agreed total of points. Points are awarded for the capture of certain cards or method of capture. Scoring is as follows:

Variants.

There are two, more complex, variants recorded by John McLeod and known to be actually played. In both cases cards may be built up or down e.g. a player may play a 3 onto a 7 and say "4" or "10". Otherwise the 2 variants have the following differences in matching values and scoring:

Großenwiehe variant.

In this variant, which is also recorded as played in Sillerup and Großenwiehe, the dealer gives 2 cards to each player, then 5 face up to the table; then 2 more to each player and finally 5 more to the table, so that the game starts with ten cards in the tableau.

Zwickern (also Zwicker or Zwickeln) is a German fishing card game for two to eight players played in Schleswig-Holstein in North Germany. It is an old game whose rules first appeared in 1930. The rules vary slightly in their details depending on the region, but the basics are identical in each variation. It has been described as "a simpler and jollier version of Cassino, which is "exciting and entertaining" and easy to learn. Fallada calls it "a rather cunning farmer's game from Holstein."

Zwickern (teilweise auch Zwicker) ist ein altes Kartenspiel für zwei bis acht Spieler. Die Regeln variieren je nach Region leicht in ihren Details, die Grundregeln sind jedoch in jeder Variation identisch. Hauptsächlich ähnelt es auch dem griechischen Spiel Xeri und dem orientalischen Pişti.


Life.

He was born at Fintry in Stirlingshire. At the age of thirteen he was apprenticed, alongside Horatio McCulloch and Leitch the water colourist, to the landscape artist John Knox. He afterwards worked for a year as a lithographer, and was employed by a company in Cumnock, Ayrshire (Smiths of Cumnock), to paint the ornamental lids of their sycamore-wood snuff-boxes.  He studied in Edinburgh at the Trustees' Academy, where he supported himself by illustrating publications for William Home Lizars the engraver. Moving to Glasgow, he established himself as a fashionable portrait painter. In 1829 he was admitted as a member of the Royal Scottish Academy. He does not appear as an independent property owner until 1840 when he is listed as a portrait painter living at 126 West Regent Street in Glasgow.  On the death of Sir George Harvey in 1876 he was elected President of the Royal Scottish Academy. From then until his death he remained in Edinburgh, where, according to the 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica", "his genial social qualities and his inimitable powers as a teller of humorous Scottish anecdotes rendered him popular". He lived at 6 Learmonth Terrace in Edinburgh's fashionable West End.  He was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1877. In the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Thomas Brumby Johnston, John Hutton Balfour, Sir Andrew Douglas Maclagan and Sir Charles Wyville Thomson.  Several of Macnee's works are held by the National Portrait Gallery in London and at the National Gallery of Scotland in Edinburgh.  Macnee is buried in Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh with his wife Mary Buchanan, and children, Constance and Thomas Wiseman Macnee. They lie against the north wall of the northern extension.

Family.

He was married to Mary Buchanan Macnee (d.1931).  His daughter Isabella Wiseman was the subject of his masterpiece ""Lady in Grey"" (1859) which is held in the National Gallery of Scotland.  His great-grandson was the actor Patrick Macnee.

Sir Daniel Macnee FRSE PRSA LLD (4 June 1806, Fintry, Stirlingshire17 January 1882, Edinburgh), was a Scottish portrait painter who served as president of the Royal Scottish Academy (1876).

Sir Daniel Macnee (* 4. Juni 1806 in Fintry, Stirlingshire; † 17. Januar 1882 in Edinburgh) war ein schottischer Porträtmaler.


Early life.

His name is derived from the 18th dynasty "heretic pharaoh" Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian king.

Career.

College.

Thomas played his college basketball at Syracuse University from 1996–2000, where he averaged 11 points per game and almost 7 rebounds per game and graduated with a degree in business management. In his sophomore season he was named the Big East Most Improved Player; in his junior and senior years he was named Big East Defensive Player of the Year. At the end of his Syracuse career, Thomas was drafted 12th overall in the 2000 NBA Draft by the Dallas Mavericks. He also played basketball at Booker T. Washington High School in Tulsa, OK, where he was a teammate of De'mond Parker, R.W. McQuarters and Ryan Humphrey.

Professional career.

Without ever playing a game for the Mavericks, he was traded to the Washington Wizards in 2001. He averaged 4.3 points and 3.9 rebounds throughout the 2001–02 season.  During the Wizards' training camp for the 2007–08 NBA season, a routine physical examination discovered that he had a leaking aortic valve. On October 11, 2007, Thomas successfully underwent open heart surgery. He returned to play for the Wizards on October 29, 2008, a full year after his surgery. In his first game back, he had 10 points and eight rebounds.  On June 23, 2009, he was traded along with Oleksiy Pecherov, Darius Songaila, and a first-round draft pick to the Minnesota Timberwolves for Randy Foye and Mike Miller.  On July 27, 2009, he was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder along with a 2010 second-round draft pick and a conditional 2010 second-round draft pick in exchange for guards Chucky Atkins and Damien Wilkins.  On September 2, 2010, it was announced that the Atlanta Hawks had signed Thomas.

Other work.

In the summer of 2011, Thomas starred in the dramatic production of "Our Town" by Thorton Wilder, alongside former Wizards teammates Gilbert Arenas and Jared Jeffries, as well as Boost Mobile spokesman Faizon Love.  In 2005, Thomas released a book of poetry titled "More Than an Athlete: Poems by Etan Thomas" which included works critical of former Wizards head coach Doug Collins.  In 2012, Thomas co-authored the autobiography "Fatherhood: Rising to the Ultimate Challenge", which he discusses his fatherless childhood and the importance of fatherhood.

Political activism and social causes.

Thomas says that he became an oralist when, after he was detained and humiliated by police officers in high school, his speech teacher had him sort and verbalize his feelings into a speech. The Tulsa World Newspaper published a story on his experience. His mother spoke with him about activists who used their positions as athletes to amplify their reach, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Muhammad Ali, Bill Russell, and Jim Brown.  In his book, "More Than an Athlete", Thomas discusses how the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) runs as a business, and not to the service of the student athletes. After his wife was injured in college, the NCAA fought to take away her scholarship, and therefore, her ability to pay for and attend college. He points out the hypocrisy in an organization who makes billions a year and claims that there is not enough funding available for their main sources of profit, the athletes.  In September 2005, Thomas was one of several celebrities to speak at an anti-war rally in Washington, D.C. He also spoke out at the September 15, 2007 anti-war protest in Washington D.C. He blogs for "The Huffington Post". Thomas said he was inclined to be against the Iraq War, as he felt there was no clear reason to invade the country and the fact that some of his brother's friends who were deployed to Iraq, and upon learning about how terrified they were, decided to begin speaking out.  Thomas actively supported Barack Obama's 2008 campaign for U.S. president. On August 16, 2008, he appeared with Democratic National Committee chair Howard Dean at stops in northern Virginia as part of the Democratic National Committee's "Register for Change" bus tour to encourage local voter registration drives. Thomas gave speeches at two stops in Fairfax County and the City of Alexandria. In January 2010, Thomas donated $30,000 to the Haiti relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.  Thomas is an advocate against police brutality.

External links.

*Etan Thomas on Huffington Post

Dedrick Etan Thomas (born April 1, 1978) is an American retired professional basketball player who played 9 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is also a published poet, freelance writer, activist, and motivational speaker, as well as a co-host of "Centers of Attention", a sports talk show on ESPN Radio Syracuse in Syracuse, New York, alongside retired professional basketball player Danny Schayes.

Dedrick Etan Thomas (* 1. April 1978 in Harlem, New York City) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Basketballspieler. Seine Körpergröße beträgt 208 cm und sein Körpergewicht 117 kg. Von 1996 bis 2000 spielte er bei der Syracuse University. Von 2000 bis 2011 war Thomas in der NBA aktiv.


Early life.

Nkosi was born in a traditional Zulu family in a place called Embo in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. He attended local schools, before enrolling at M. L. Sultan Technical College in Durban.

Later life.

Nkosi in his early twenties began working as a journalist, first in Durban, joining the weekly publication "Ilanga lase Natal" ("Natal sun") in 1955, and then in Johannesburg for "Drum" magazine and as chief reporter for its Sunday newspaper, the "Golden City Post", from 1956 to 1960.

Literary career in South Africa.

He contributed essays to many magazines and newspapers. His essays criticised apartheid and the racist state, as a result of which the South African government banned his works.

Life as an exile.

Nkosi faced severe restrictions on his writing due to the publishing regulations found in the Suppression of Communism Act and the Publications and Entertainment Act passed in the 1950s and 1960s. His works were banned under the Suppression of Communism Act, and he faced severe restrictions as a writer. At the same time he became the first black South African journalist to win a Nieman Fellowship from Harvard University to pursue his studies. When he applied for permission to go to United States, he was granted a one-way exit permit to leave South Africa, thus barred from returning. In 1961, accepting the scholarship to study at Harvard, he began a 30-year exile.  In 1962 he attended the African Writers Conference at Makerere University, along with the likes of Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Ngugi wa Thiong'o and Ezekiel Mphahlele. He was an editor for "The New African" in London and the "NET" in the United States. He became a Professor of Literature and held positions at the University of Wyoming and the University of California-Irvine, as well as at universities in Zambia and in Warsaw, Poland. He appeared in "Three Swings on a Pendulum", a programme about "Swinging London" in 1967 which can be viewed on BBC iplayer.

Return to South Africa.

Lewis Nkosi returned to South Africa in 2001, after a gap of nearly four decades. His final years before his death in 2010 were passed in financial difficulties and ill health. He was apparently injured in a car crash in 2009 and spent his time on the bed, slowly recovering from the wounds; however, that never really happened and he drifted towards death. One of the African literary legend's efforts in literature did not give him any economic relief and his friends and fans gathered a charity fund to pay his last medical bills. He died on Sunday, 5 September 2010, at the Johannesburg Wellness Clinic.

Works.

Novels.

Though Nkosi started his literary career in the 1960s, he entered the realm of fiction much later than his "Drum" colleagues. His first novel, "Mating Birds", was published in 1983. His next novel, "Underground People", came out in 2002 and his third novel, "Mandela's Ego", in 2006.  "Mating Birds" (1986)  "Mating Birds" is the narration of an educated South African black native called Ndi Sibiya. He narrates the story from prison, awaiting a death sentence. As a jobless youth Sibiya wanders the city of Durban and reaches the segregated beach. There he finds a white girl on the other side of the fence (on the white side of the beach). They silently exchange looks and enter into a muted affair. They were well aware that race laws in South Africa would sentence them to imprisonment if caught. The white girl intentionally allows her naked body to be seen by Sibiya. He takes the entire episode as a love affair between the white girl and himself. The girl with her regular appearances on the beach and seeming interest dupes Sibiya into believing her.  After several silent meetings on the beach, Sibiya follows her to her bungalow, finds her lonely and willing, and enters into sexual copulation. But they are discovered by neighbours, and the white girl accuses Sibiya of rape. A trial by white judges begins. In the court, the white girl, Veronica, denies any knowledge of Sibiya and reiterates the charge of rape against him. The court finds Sibiya guilty and sentences him to death.  The novel generated a controversy and received critical attention, being awarded the Macmillan Silver Pen Prize in 1986. "The New York Times" declared the novel one of the best hundred books of 1986.  "Underground People" (2002)  Nkosi's second novel, "Underground People", is a political thriller. In this novel, he moved away from the theme of inter-racial sexual relations and centred the story on the armed struggle in South Africa.  Cornelius Molapo is a language teacher and a member of the National Liberation Movement, an organisation waging armed war against the racist white minority government. He is a poet, a great orator, hungry reader of many books, and even plays cricket. He often criticises the policy of the Central Committee and irks its members. To counter him, they draw a strategy. The Central Committee of the Organization advises Cornelius to go to a remote part of the country called Tabanyane and to participate in peasant uprisings. The Central Committee plans to make use of his absence from mainstream life into an act of abduction by the Government. At first he hesitates, but reluctantly agrees. After reaching Tabanyane, Cornelius organises the poor illiterate jobless country men into revolutionary men and leads them. In this task, he enlists the support of Princess Madi, who is a daughter of the deposed chief of Tabanyane. During the clandestine operations, he takes two white hostages into his custody. However, he is unwilling to execute the unarmed civilians.  Meanwhile, the Central Committee starts a big propaganda about the disappearance of Cornelius from duties. They blame it on the South African police, who deny any knowledge of him. The National Liberation Movement brings the matter to international organisations like the United Nations and Human Rights International. The latter sends its official Anthony Ferguson, who was born in South Africa and immigrated to England, to investigate the matter. Anthony's sister and mother are still living in South Africa. After some rest he undertakes to search for Cornelius unsuccessfully.  The Central Committee members, plagued by jealousy of his success as a revolutionary, want to use the issue of white hostages for the release of their leader from prison, engage in talks with the Government and to observe a ceasefire. But contrary to the expectations of the Central Committee, Cornelius defies them and conducts attacks on the police stations and other locations. To escape police persecution, Cornelius leaves his hideout, and allows the white hostages to leave unharmed. The white hostages reach police and recognise Cornelius's photo and confirm his active presence in the fight.  Naturally, police suspect the intentions of Anthony Ferguson and ask him to go to Tabanyane, to convince Cornelius to surrender. He takes the help of a member of the Central Committee and reaches Tabanyane. However, Cornelius refuses to surrender and ditch the people for whom he had been fighting. Eventually, the police shoot, and he dies.  "Mandela's Ego" (2006)  Nkosi's third novel, "Mandela's Ego" (2006), has a strange story to tell. Dumisani Gumede is a teenage boy who has come of age in a Zulu village and runs after every girl and woman to satiate his newly acquired power. His uncle Simon tells him many stories about Nelson Mandela and makes him a follower of the great leader. In the story telling, Uncle Simon invents stories with lies and half-truths. He also tells Dumisani that Mandela is a great pursuer of women. Taking cue from the "real life" of Mandela, Dumisani goes unstopped in his conquests. In his village, every girl falls for his charms except Nobuhle, a beautiful orphaned girl. His admiration for Mandela goes to the extent of starting a football club, with Dumisani as its chairman. He even goes to the city of Pietermartizburg to see Mandela, who comes there to address a convention demanding equal rights for all races and a dialogue among all the races.  After his schooling, Dumisani joins a tourist company as a guide. Dumisani's friend Sofa Sonke, driver of the tourist bus, brings every day a newspaper from Durban for him. After many attempts to win Nobuhle, Dumisani finally succeeds and gets accepted by her. She invites him to meet her on the river bank. On the same day, Dumisani receives the news of Mandela's arrest. The news shocks him and takes his nerve away. When Dumisani tries to unite with Nobuhle, his body fails. He tries again but fails. His sexual energy deserts him. Nobuhle leaves in tears.  Dumisani consults many, witch doctors, tribal doctors and conventional doctors in hospitals. But nothing works to cure him. He leaves his home, wanders the country aimlessly for years. When he reaches middle age, one day he hears the news of Mandela's release from prison. He attends the first public address of Mandela after the release. He rejoices. In his joy, he huddles a woman next to him, and his lost sexual urge returns. His life is restored.

Drama.

Nkosi's plays include "The Black Psychiatrist" and some drama for radio.

Poetry.

Nkosi's few poems include "To Herbert Dhlomo" in "Ilanga lase Natal" (22 October 1955). Ntongela Masilela notes that, despite Nkosi's early promise, "in his whole life he wrote seven poems, the last one written in Lusaka in the early 1980s where he was then living and published at that time in "Sechaba", the political and cultural review of the African National Congress."

Short stories.

Nkosi wrote a good number of short stories. His story of police violence and popular resistance in a black township, "Under the Shadow of the Guns", appeared in the 1990 anthology "Colours of a New Day", the book taking its title from an optimistic phrase used by one of the characters in Nkosi's story.

Literary criticism and journalism.

He wrote critical essays on many issues, including politics, history, African affairs, American culture, and civilisation. No other critic touches upon such diversified themes. His critical works include "Home and Exile" (1965), "The Transplanted Heart" (1975), and "The Tasks and Masks" (1981). His essays and other works were published over four decades in America, England and Africa. Publications in which his writing appeared include "Drum", "Ilanga lase Natal", "Golden City Post", "Transition", "The Guardian", "The Africa Report", "Afro-Asian Writings", "Sechaba", "New Society", "The Spectator", "New Statesman", "The Observer", "Negro Digest", "Black Orpheus", "Fighting Talk", "Contact", "The African Guardian", "Southern African Review of Books", "London Review of Books", "Genèva-Afrique", "The New African", and "Harvard Crimson".

Themes.

As opposed to apartheid, Nkosi's work explores themes of politics, relationships, and sexuality. His works, possessing great depth, received less recognition than they had actually deserved. In the post-apartheid era, his works are gaining critical attention across the third world. Nkosi joined forces with African powerhouse authors Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka in an interview in the third chapter of Bernth Lindfors' "Conversations With Chinua Achebe". In 1978, Nkosi and composer Stanley Glasser wrote a collection of six Zulu-style songs called "Lalela Zulu" for The King's Singers, a group of six white British, male "a cappella" singers.

Quotations.

On the situation in South Africa during apartheid  On black writers and their literature  On his exile  On the writers and commitment

Critical appraisal and research.

The first comprehensive and critical review on Nkosi appeared in 2006, edited by Professor Lindy Steibel and Professor Liz Gunner, entitled "Still Beating the Drum: Critical Perspectives on Lewis Nkosi", published by Wits University Press.  Nkosi's works are gaining recognition and being prescribed as university and college textbooks. Some of his works of criticism and essays have been accepted as standard reference texts in the area of African literary criticism and literature. Research on Nkosi's work has also gained momentum across the Third World countries. He is a featured writer in the KZN Literary Tourism project.

Posthumous honour.

In February 2011, wordsetc.co.za published a commemorative volume entitled "The Beautiful Mind of Lewis Nkosi".  On 13 June 2011 Nadine Gordimer participated in a colloquium to commemorate the life and works of Lewis Nkosi.  On 12 April 2012 the Durban University of Technology (DUT) conferred on Nkosi a posthumous honorary Doctor of Technology Degree in Arts and Design in recognition of his significant contributions as a prolific and profound South African writer and essayist. The award was accepted by Professor Nkosi's widow, Professor Astrid Starck-Adler, at the graduation ceremony at the DUT Midlands Campus. She was also the guest speaker during the ceremony.

Lewis Nkosi (5 December 1936 – 5 September 2010) was a South African writer, who spent 30 years in exile as a consequence of restrictions placed on him and his writing by the Suppression of Communism Act and the Publications and Entertainment Act passed in the 1950s and 1960s. A multifaceted personality, he attempted every literary genre, literary criticism, poetry, drama, novels, short stories, essays, as well as journalism.

Lewis Nkosi (* 5. Dezember 1936 in Durban; † 5. September 2010 in Johannesburg) war ein südafrikanischer Schriftsteller, Hochschullehrer, Journalist und Komponist.


History.

Prehispanic history.

Nauhuatl-speaking people arrived in the state of Morelos in the 12th and 13th centuries, where they formed large, important domains such as "Xiutépetl." In A.D. 1389, Xiutépetl fought a war against Cuauhanauhuac, Tetlama, and Yautepec. In 1425, Aztec emperor Ixcóatl conquered Jiutepec.

Conquest & colonialism.

Jiutepec amassed troops to fight Hernan Cortes on April 11, 1521, but they were defeated. Cortes rested for two days in Jiutepec before attacking Cuernavaca on April 13. During the colonial period, Jiutepec came under the jurisdiction of the "Marquesado del Valle de Oaxaca". During the colonial period, four haciendas (San Gaspar, Atlacomulco, Dolores, and San Vicente) and several sugar mills were established. In 1807 there was a rebellion against don Vicente Eguía, and his lands were given to the people of Leyva.

Independence & 19th century.

After Mexican War of Independence, upon creation of the State of Mexico, Jiutepec became a municipality in the District of Cuernavaca. There were constant conflicts between the haciendas and the peasants over land and water during the 19th century. Hacienda San Vincente put so much pressure on the people of Amatitlan that they had to abandon their town; in 1852 the governor of the State of Mexico seized lands from the people of Jietepec to give to the Hacienda of Atlacomulco.

Revolution & 20th century.

Inhabitants of Jiutepec were extensively involved in the Mexican Revolution of 1910. In 1914 the Hacienda of Atlacomulco served as headquarters for the Army of Liberation during the Siege of Cuernavaca. "El Texcal" was the scene of numerous battles. The town of Jiutepec was burned by federal troops in retaliation on May 8, 1916; 225 revolutionaries were summarily judged and shot by (Carrancist) General Rafael Cepeda ("El Democrata" May 10, 1916; cited in the book "Zapata y la Revolución Mexicana".  By 1932 land was redistributed in the form of "ejidos" (collective farmland). The municipality of Emiliano Zapata broke off Jiutepec on December 15, 1932, and Temixco broke off on March 3, 1933. The town of Progreso was founded in March, 1934, and there is a "carnaval" with Chinelos to celebrate. The colonia "Agrícola Militar de José G. Parres" was founded by veteran "Zapatistas" in the 1930s.  Many people of Jiutepec supported peasant leader Rubén Jaramillo in the 1950s and 1960s, and hundreds from Jiutepec attended his funeral in 1962.  In 1966 the "Ciudad Industrial del Valle de Cuernavaca" (CIVAC) was established. This industrial city was in conflict with the traditions of the municipality with little benefit in return, as the federal government decreed that industries established in the city would be exempt from taxes for thirty years. 4,000 hectares were expropriated from communal land in Tejalpa, without resistance based on promises that still have not been completed.

21st century.

Jiutepec suffered considerably during the September 19, 2017 Puebla earthquake. Four people died and many buildings, were damaged.  Rafael Reyes Reyes of Juntos Haremos Historia (Together we will make history coalition) was elected Presidente Municipal (mayor) in the election of July 1, 2018. On February 17, 2020, a large, publicly displayed "manta" (banner) accused Reyes Reyes of ties to "Los Linos" drug cartel.  Violence continues to effect Jiutepec. On February 23, 2019, between 15 and 20 armed robbers interrupted a party in "Jardín Real Quinta Búhos", robbed the party-goers of their things, and stole at least twelve cars. Delfino Sánchez Zavala, the delegate-elect from Tejalpa, was shot and killed on March 30, 2019. The meeting of the town council planned for Sunday, March 31 was canceled.  Rafael Reyes Reyes, Municipal President, announced on May 20, 2019 that Jiutepec has a debt of MXN $745,341,125 (US $39.2 million), which is MXN $95 million more than its annual income.  The state of Morelos reported 209 cases and 28 deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, as of April 27, 2020, 14 cases were reported in Jiutepec. Schools and many businesses were closed from mid March until June 1. On June 2, Jiutepec reported 97 confirmed cases and 18 deaths from the virus; the reopening of the state was pushed back until at least June 13. Despite the fact that Morelos was classified ′′Red Semaphore,′′ the auto industry was classified ′′essential′′ and all 2,600 employees at the Nissan plant in Civac returned to work on June 11, 2020.

Communities.

"Jiutepec" is the municipal seat. It has 162,427 inhabitants and is situated at an altitude of 1,355 meters (4,446 ft.) It is 8 km (5 miles) southeast of Cuernavaca and 96.1 km (59.7 miles) south of Mexico City. "Progreso" has 14,525 inhabitants and is situated at an altitude of 1,354 meters. It is 4.3 km (2.7 miles) southeast of Jiutepec. "Independencia" has 7,282 inhabitants and is situated at an altitude of 1,409 meters (4,623 ft.) It is 7.2 km east of Jiutepec. "Calera Chica" has a population of 5,392 and is located at an altitude of 1,318 meters. It is 6.2 km (3.9 miles) south of Jiutepec. "Cliserio Alanís (San Gaspar)" has 2,092 inhabitants and is situated at an altitude of 1,307 meters. It is 3.3 km (2.1 miles) southeast of Jiutepec. "Tejalpa" is 2.5 km (1.6 miles) north of Jiutepec. "Tetecoala" is 5.1 km (3.2 miles) north of the municipal seat.

Points of interest.

"El Texcal" water park features water slides, swimming pools, diving pool, locker rooms, parking, restaurant, guided visits to the ecological zone, and mountain biking route. Opened in 1992 and located in Tejalpa along the Cuernavaca-Cuautla highway. "Balnario Ejidal Las Fuentes" is a small water park with swimming pools and water slides located not far from downtown Jiutepec, Paseo de las Fuentes s/n, Pedregal de Las Fuentes.  The Mexican colonial period glows in an old 16th-century sugar hacienda, founded by Hernan Cortes in 1530. Known as "San Antonio Atlacomulco", or "Ex-Hacienda de Cortes" this architectural piece of art is an example of the era of the conquest, its legends engraved in its great dry-stone walls and its historic past enveloped in lush vegetation and crystal-clear running water. Today it is a hotel/restaurant/spa located in Colonia Atlacomulco.  "Hacienda San Gaspar" was built by Martin Cortes, son of the conqueror, in the 16th century. Today it hosts special events such as weddings. The chapel is open to the public for religious services. There is also an 18-hole, 7,000-yard golf course designed by Joe Finger. golf club  The church of Santiago Apóstol is located in downtown Jiutepec. It is a former 16th-century Franciscan Convent with an 18th-century Baroque "retable" (altar) that was restored in 1998. There are also frescos on the walls of the cloister and a painting of "Cristo Negro" (Black Christ) from the 18th century. Santiago's festival is July 25.  Colonial churches dedicated to "San Miguel, San Pedro", and the Assumption can be found in Tejalpa. There is a festival on August 15.  Camino Real Sumiya is a hotel/restaurant styled after a Japanese tea house. It has a Zen garden and a Kabuki theater that is a replica of the one in Kyoto. The hotel was originally the home of Barbara Hutton, the "poor little rich girl" who inherited the Woolworth five-and-dime fortune.web page in English  There is a Carnaval on the 4th Friday of January in Jiutepec and another in Tejalpa after Ash Wednesday. In Tejalpa they also celebrate the Feast of St. Luke on October 18 by making an offering in a spring. Visitors are offered free food.  Green mole, "mole de pipían" and red mole with turkey, green sauce, and "guajes" make up traditional foods.

Economy.

The most important economic activity is manufacturing. Cementos y Concretos Moctezuma opened its first plant, located in Jiutepec, in 1943.  Civac ("Ciudad Industrial de la Valle de Cuernavaca"; Industrial City of the Cuernavaca Valley) was established in 1964. This is the largest and most important industrial park in the state with 120 factories and plants, concentrated in automotive, manufacturing, food, and chemical-pharmaceuticals. Civac also has a residential area.  There are 2,500 commercial establishments in the municipality. Agriculture remains important, and there are many nurseries. Flowers are grown commercially and exported; Jiutepec is the largest grower of Poinsettias in the country. There are 60 ceramic shops in the municipality.  88,923 individuals over the age of 12 are economically active, and there are 8,577 economic units (3rd in the state). 48% of these are in involved in commerce, 40% in service, 11% manufacturing (937 units, 18,560 people), and 1% other.

Education.

ceieg Diagnostic Municipal 2015 pp 32-34, retrieved Dec 11, 2018

Jiutepec is a city and its surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Morelos. The name "Jiutepec" comes from the Nahuatl name "Xiutepetl", which means "the precious stones hill".

Jiutepec ist eine Großstadt im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Morelos mit gut 160.000 Einwohnern. Der Name ist eine abgewandelte Form des alten indigenen Namens der Stadt, "Xiutepetl". Jiutepec ist Verwaltungssitz des gleichnamigen Municipio Jiutepec.


History and words.

Bach wrote the cantata in 1726 for the Seventh Sunday after Trinity as part of his third cantata cycle. The prescribed readings for the Sunday are from the Epistle to the Romans, "the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life" (), and from the Gospel of Mark, the feeding of the 4000 ().  During 1726, Bach had performed several cantatas by his cousin Johann Ludwig Bach who worked in Meiningen, from 2 February (Purification) to 30 May (Ascension). The texts for these cantatas came from a 1704 anonymous libretto cycle published in Meiningen. They follow a symmetrical pattern: structured in seven movements, they begin with a chorus on a quotation from the Old Testament, turn in the central movement to a quotation from the New Testament, and end with a closing chorale, while a librettist added text for the inner movements as recitatives and arias. Bach began to compose cantatas on texts in this format on the first Sunday after Trinity in 1726, with "Brich dem Hungrigen dein Brot", BWV 39. The text for "Es wartet alles auf dich" follows the same pattern. The opening chorus is based on, directly related to the reading. Part two is opened by a bass solo on from the Sermon on the Mount. The cantata is closed by stanzas 4 and 6 of Hans Vogel's hymn "" (1563). The poet of the other movements is unknown; Walther Blankenburg suggested Christoph Helm. The librettist paraphrased in the third movement.  Bach first performed the cantata on 4 August 1726. He used the music of four movements, the opening chorus and the arias, for four movements of the Gloria of his Missa in G minor, BWV 235.

Music.

Structure and scoring.

Bach structured the cantata in seven movements in two parts, the first three movements to be performed before the sermon, the others after the sermon. The first movement is a choral setting of psalm verses, followed by recitative and aria, the fourth movement is a bass solo on a quotation of Jesus, followed by aria and recitative, and closed by a chorale. Bach scored the work for three vocal soloists (soprano (S), alto (A) and bass (B)), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble: two oboes (Ob), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo (Bc). The duration of the cantata is around 25 minutes.  In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements.

1.

The opening chorus is a setting of psalm verses, "" (These wait all upon You, that you may give them nourishment in due saeson). These verses are often used as a prayer before a meal. Bach achieves a unity of form, but at the same time an individual handling of the four ideas of the text, as in a motet. The motifs of the instrumental sinfonia of 28 measures are continued through most of the movement, creating unity. "" (a) is expressed in free polyphony embedded in the instrumental music, then repeated together with "" (b) in free polyphony with canonic imitation on two themes, with the instruments playing mostly colla parte, then a and b are repeated within a part of the sinfonia, which is continued instrumentally. In the following second section, "" (c) is the theme of a choral fugue, "" (d) is the countersubject. The instruments play colla parte first, then add motifs from the sinfonia. In the third concluding section the complete text is repeated within a part of the sinfonia.

2.

In the first recitative, "" (What creatures are contained by the great sphere of the world!), the librettist paraphases ideas from verses 17 to 25 of the same psalm, which praises God as the Creator of the universe.

3.

The first aria addresses God as the sustainer of life: "" (You Lord, You alone crown the year with Your good.), in a close paraphrase of. The alto voice is accompanied by the full orchestra in a dance-rhythm with irregular grouping of measures in the ritornellos.

4.

The fourth and central movement sets the biblical words "" (Therefore, do not be anxious, saying: "What will we eat, what will we drink), from the Sermon on the Mount. Bach gives them to the bass as the " (voice of Christ), accompanied by the violins in unison and the continuo, which also takes part in their motifs.

5.

The soprano aria, "" (God takes care of every life), is in two contrasting parts. The first section is accompanied by festive dotted rhythms and a broad melody of the solo oboe, the second section, marked ", is again like a dance. Only the instruments repeat afterwards the dotted rhythm of the beginning.

6.

In the recitative "" (If I can only hold onto Him with childlike trust), the last words of the soprano are enriched by the strings, like the in Bach's "St Matthew Passion".

7.

The final chorale is a four-part setting for the choir and all instruments. It features two stanzas of the hymn. The fourth stanza, "" (God has provided for the earth) relates to the beginning, God as the Creator, while the sixth stanza, "" (We thank profoundly and pray to Him that He give us the will of His Spirit, that we understand it rightly), expresses thanksgiving, ending on the Latin word "Gratias".

Publication.

The cantata was published in the first edition of Bach's works by the Bach-Gesellschaft in volume 37, edited by Alfred Dörffel in 1891. In the Neue Bach-Ausgabe, it appeared in volume I/18 in 1966, edited by Leo Treitler, followed by a critical report in 1967.

Recordings.

A list of recordings is provided on the Bach Cantatas Website. Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performance are shown with green background.

Bibliography.

"General"  "Books"  "Online sources"

Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata (Everything waits for You), 187 in Leipzig for the seventh Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 4 August 1726.

Es wartet alles auf dich (BWV 187) ist eine Kirchenkantate von Johann Sebastian Bach. Er komponierte sie 1726 in Leipzig für den 7. Sonntag nach Trinitatis. Später verwendete er vier ihrer Sätze für seine "Messe in g-Moll".


History.

The group's initial success was aided in part by popular trance musicians remixing their original work. Their first single, released in 2001, was the song "Clear Blue Water" which was remixed by several artists — the most successful of which was by Ferry Corsten. The track peaked at #48 in the UK Singles Chart in April 2002. The second single "Sky Falls Down" was released in 2002 and remixed by Armin van Buuren. The third single "Beautiful Together" was released in 2003 and was remixed by Seraque, Silvester and Signum. The single that is considered to be their break-through track is "Satellite" their fourth single which was released in 2004. It reached #19 in the UK chart in May 2004, higher than any other track released by the act, or Above & Beyond on their own. Its chart position was assisted by being playlisted on BBC Radio 1.  On 24 August 2007, "Breaking Ties" (Above & Beyond's Analog Haven Mix), was featured on Trance Around the World Episode #178. Although "Miracle" was given as the title on the Above & Beyond official forum, at the time the title was unconfirmed.  McGuinness and Siljamäki of OceanLab discussed the album during an interview in Riga, Latvia: "We've been experimenting with a completely new sound - one of the tracks we're working on right now features a 56 piece mouse choir. We went diving in Formentera too to record some noises from the dolphins."  On 14 March 2008, "Sirens of the Sea" (Above & Beyond Club Mix) premiered on Trance Around the World Episode #207. It was presented as one of the new singles for the upcoming album. Prior to this, "Sirens of the Sea" (Kyau & Albert Remix) was released on "Above and Beyond"'s "Anjunabeats Volume 3".  On 7 April 2008, the single "Sirens of the Sea" was released. New remixes by Sonorous, Cosmic Gate, Maor Levi, as well as the Kyau & Albert remix were included.  On 10 June 2008, OceanLab's debut album - "Sirens of the Sea" - was announced on the Anjunabeats website with a release date of 21 July 2008. The single, "Miracle", appeared a week earlier on 14 July 2008. Included in the single are Above and Beyond's Club Mix of tracks, as well as remixes by Martin Roth, Michael Cassette and Fletch. The "Sirens of the Sea Remixed" album released in 2009 includes the most successful remixes of OceanLab's three most popular tracks that had only been released as singles - Satellite, Sky Falls Down and Clear Blue Water.  On 30 January 2014, McGuinness and Siljamäki confirmed via Reddit that the artist name OceanLab would no longer be used on future productions, with Justine Suissa now being identified as a part of Above & Beyond. On 26 September 2015, however, Above & Beyond featured a new surprise OceanLab production at ABGT150 in Sydney, Australia, titled "Another Chance". It was released as a single containing the original mix and the Above & Beyond Club Mix on 4 November 2016.  On 24 September 2016, Above & Beyond featured a new OceanLab production at ABGT200 in the Ziggo Dome, Amsterdam. The title of this new single is "Alright Now". The Above & Beyond Club Mix of the track was released originally on Anjunabeats Volume 13, but was released as a standalone single on 12 May 2017. It was released on Above & Beyond's 2018 album "Common Ground".

OceanLab (or Above & Beyond presents OceanLab) is a vocal trance group formed in London, England, in 2000, consisting of vocalist Justine Suissa and the three members of Above & Beyond: Jono Grant, Paavo Siljamäki, and Tony McGuinness. After a several year hiatus, the group announced their return with a new single at Above & Beyond's ABGT150 concert in September 2015.

OceanLab ist ein britisch-finnisches Vocal-Trance-Projekt aus London, bestehend aus der Sängerin Justine Suissa und den drei Mitgliedern von Above & Beyond: "Jono Grant", "Paavo Siljamäki" und "Tony McGuinness".


Early life.

Laukien was born in 1924 in the German village of Eschringen in the Saarland. He finished high school in 1942 – during World War II – and joined the German Navy as a submarine engineer after his graduation. After the war ended in 1945, he studied physics at the University of Tübingen, from which he received his undergraduate degree in 1951.

Academic career.

In 1955 he graduated on the "experimental aspects of nuclear magnetic resonance" at the University of Stuttgart. This was done under professor Hans Otto Kneser. He wrote his doctoral thesis on "Freie Präzession kernmagnetischer Momente" ("Free precession of nuclear magnetic moments"). His thesis already explored the techniques behind nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, at a time when this was not developed yet. Only a couple of earlier papers had explored this subject, and Laukien was most likely unknown with those papers. After getting his PhD, he became "Oberassistent" and in 1957 he achieved habilitation. In 1958 he moved from Stuttgart to the University of Karlsruhe, where he became a professor in 1960. In 1968 he became a life-time professor in electronics at Ruhr University Bochum In 1980 Günther Laukien received the ISMAR prize, which is awarded for outstanding achievement in the field of magnetic resonance. In 2013 he posthumously received the Pittcon Heritage Award for his contributions to the development of nuclear magnetic resonance and other analytical technologies.

Bruker.

In 1960 he co-founded and soon chaired the Bruker spectroscopy company (then named "Bruker-Physik AG"), which was specialized in designing and using electromagnets, with applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Until his death, Laukien was actively involved in both research and business aspects of the company.

Personal life.

Laukien left four sons who were all involved in Bruker. Developing underwater equipment was one of his hobbies. He died in 1997 of cancer.

Günther Laukien (23 May 1923, in Eschringen (Saarland) – 29 April 1997, in Karlsruhe) was a German physicist and entrepreneur. He is known for his pioneering work in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and for his role in the Bruker company.

Günther Laukien (* 23. Mai 1924 in Eschringen; † 29. April 1997 in Karlsruhe) war ein deutscher Physiker und Unternehmensgründer.