History.

The establishment and formation of the Amirkabir University of Technology dates back to October 1956 by Eng. Habib Nafisi (حبیب نفیسی). The core of the university was formed at that time under the name Tehran Polytechnic in order to expand the activities of two technical institutes: the Civil Engineering Institute and the Higher Art Center. After Eng. Habib Nafisi, the founder of Tehran polytechnic, Dr. Abedi, became the president of the university for a few months until Dr. Mohammad Ali Mojtahedi, the principal at the renowned Alborz High School, was appointed as the president of AUT early in 1963. Among the accomplishments of Dr. Mojtahedi is the construction of a central amphitheatre, a dining area and a sports ground as well as various faculty buildings.  The university has grown to a school of science and engineering education with the capacity for about 10,000 students in 35 undergraduate majors, around 90 M.Sc. majors and 36 Ph.D. and post-doctoral programs.

Rankings and reputation.

Amirkabir University of Technology has consistently been ranked as one of Iran's top universities. The 2011 "QS World University Rankings" ranked the university 301–350 in Engineering and Technology in the world. Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology ranked AUT among the Top 3 high ranked universities in the country. In Webometrics Ranking of World Universities (2012), the university also ranks among the top three highest ranked universities in Iran. Computer Science, Polymer Engineering and Biomedical Engineering have the highest field rankings in Amirkabir University of Technology.  In 2013, Shanghai Ranking Amirkabir University Computer Science ranked 100–150 among World Universities. In 2014, the Shanghai ranking ranked Amirkabir University Engineering Sciences among 151–200 among World Universities. The Polymer Engineering Department of Amirkabir University of Technology is the first and most prestigious Polymer Engineering program in Iran. AUT also ranked first among Iranian universities in 2014 in the CWTS Leiden Ranking. In 2014, the "U.S. News & World Report" ranked Amirkabir University of Technology Engineering Sciences 89 among world universities. Also, Computer Science of AUT ranked 90 among World Universities.

Campuses.

Tehran.

The main campus of the Amirkabir University of Technology is in Tehran, Iran. It is located close to Vali Asr Crossroads, the intersection of Enghelab Street and Vali Asr Street, in the very center of Tehran City. Many students commute to AUT via the subway by Vali Asr station.

Mahshahr.

The Mahshar campus of AUT has been constructed in the province of Khouzestan in 2001 in order to establish close cooperation with the national company of petroleum industries.

Bandar Abbas.

The Bandar Abbas campus of AUT has been established in the province of Hormozgan, which is the center of marine industries in Iran.

Garmsar.

The Garmsar campus of AUT has been constructed in the province of Semnan in order to establish close cooperation and distance with the main campus in Tehran.

Library.

The library and document center at AUT, the largest technical and engineering library in Iran's capital, is one of the richest academic libraries in the technical and engineering field in the region. The library includes a central library and 16 satellite libraries in Tehran and Bandar Abbas. The library has 5 million books, mostly about computing.

Departments.

AUT has 16 departments including'management, science and technology', electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, polymer engineering, mathematics and computer science, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, civil and environmental engineering, physics and energy engineering, computer and information technology, mechanical engineering, mining and metallurgical engineering, textile engineering, petroleum engineering, ship engineering, and aerospace engineering. AUT has three educational sites in Garmsar, Bandar Abbas and Mahshahr.  University departments websites are:

Scientific associations.

Scientific associations exist to help students transform themselves into contributing members of the professional community. Course work develops only one range of skills. Other skills needed to flourish professionally include effective communication and personal interactions, leadership experience, establishing a personal network of contacts, presenting scholarly work in professional meetings and journals, and outreach services to the campus and local communities.  University association websites are as:

Research and innovation.

The university is known as a pioneer in research and innovation in Iran. AUT is a public university, and the government of Iran partly provides its research funding. AUT has cooperation with industrial companies, especially in the oil and gas industries. As a result, many research projects in the university are funded by industrial companies.  The Amirkabir University of Technology was appointed as a Center of Excellence by Iran's Ministry of Science and Technology in the fields of Biomechanics, Power Systems, Radiocommunication systems (RACE) and Thermo elasticity. The supercomputer of Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT) has a power of 34,000 billion operations per second. Ph.D. students and researchers of AUT use it for analysis of massive volume of data in their research studies.  Amirkabir Journal of Science and Technology is a scientific journal which publishes research achievements of academic and industrial researchers in all engineering and science areas.  Research and Technology Center of AUT is an office which collaborates with industries and universities in order to improve research level in the University.

News.

Fars News Agency reports: "President of Iran's Amirkabir University of Technology Alireza Rahaei announced the country is preparing to put a new home-made satellite, called Nahid (Venus), into orbit in the next three months".  Cientifica reports in news item on Nanowerk, April 25, 2012: Iranian scientists are using lecithin to synthesize and bind silver nanoparticles more tightly to wool.

Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT) (Persian: دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر Dāneŝgāhe Sannatiye Amirkabir), formerly called the Tehran Polytechnic, is a public research university located in Tehran, Iran.

Die Amirkabir-Universität für Technologie (AUT) (persisch: دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر Dāneŝgāhe Sannatiye Amirkabir), früher Polytechnikum Teheran genannt, ist eine öffentliche Forschungsuniversität mit Sitz in Teheran, Iran.


Special Area of Conservation.

Flamborough Head has been designated a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) by the British Government's Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC). (Special Areas of Conservation are strictly protected sites designated under the European Community Habitats Directive, which requires the establishment of a European network of important high-quality conservation sites to make a significant contribution to conserving the 189 habitat types and 788 species identified in Annexes to this Directive.) Flamborough Outer Headland is an Local Nature Reserve. Yorkshire Wildlife Trust manages the Flamborough Cliffs Nature Reserve, located on the headland.

Site of Special Scientific Interest.

The cliffs at Flamborough Head are designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for both geological and biological significance. First designated in 1952, the SSSI area extends from Sewerby round the headland to Reighton Sands. The estimated 200,000 nesting seabirds, including one of only two mainland British gannetries, are the most notable biological feature.

Geology.

The headland is the only chalk sea cliff in the north. The coastline within the SSSI has strata from the upper Jurassic through to top of the Cretaceous period, and the headland exhibits a complete sequence of Chalk Group North Sea Basin strata, dated from 100 to 70 million years ago. The various chalk deposits are known as the Ferriby, Welton, Burnham and Flamborough Chalk. The dramatic white cliffs contrast with the low coast of Holderness to the south, where the chalk is deeply buried and the glacial boulder clay above erodes very readily. The chalk cliffs have a larger number and a wider range of cave habitats at Flamborough than at any other chalk site in Britain, the largest of which are known to extend for more than 50 metres from their entrance on the coast. There are also stacks, natural arches and blowholes. The site is identified as being of international importance in the Geological Conservation Review.

Birds.

Seabirds such as northern gannets, kittiwakes and Atlantic puffins breed abundantly on the cliffs. Bempton Cliffs, on the north side of the headland, has an RSPB reserve and visitor centre. The shooting of seabirds at Flamborough Head was condemned by Professor Alfred Newton in his 1868 speech to the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Local MP Christopher Sykes introduced the Sea Birds Preservation Act 1869, the first Act to protect wild birds in the United Kingdom.  Because it projects into the sea, Flamborough Head attracts many migrant birds in autumn, and is a key point for observing passing seabirds. When the wind is in the east, many birders watch for seabirds from below the lighthouse, or later in the autumn comb the hedges and valleys for landbird migrants. Flamborough Head has a bird observatory.

Battle of Flamborough Head 1779.

A Franco-American squadron fought the Battle of Flamborough Head with a pair of Royal Navy frigates in the American Revolutionary War on 23 September 1779. In the engagement, USS "Bonhomme Richard" and "Pallas", with, captured and HM hired armed ship, the best-known incident of Captain John Paul Jones's naval career. The toposcope at the lighthouse commemorates the 180th (1959) anniversary of the battle.

Danes Dyke.

Danes Dyke is a long ditch that runs north to south isolating the seaward of the headland. The dyke and the steep cliffs make the enclosed territory and its two boat launching beaches, North and South Landings, easily defended. Despite its name, the dyke is prehistoric in origin, and Bronze Age arrowheads were found when it was excavated by Pitt-Rivers in 1879. It is a Local Nature Reserve.

Cultural references.

Flamborough Head and the village of Flamborough are the setting for the book "Bill Takes the Helm" by Betty Bowen. In the book an American boy struggles to save his grandmother's house – in which he, his sister and grandmother are living – from destruction by the sea. He is also desperately trying to get used to England after the death of his mother, who requested in her will that he be sent there.  Flamborough Head was featured on the television programme "Seven Natural Wonders" as one of the wonders of Yorkshire and briefly in the first series of "Coast".  Flamborough Head was featured in the finale of series 3 of the ITV drama "Scott & Bailey".  North Landing beach was used as a film location for the 2016 re-make of "Dad's Army".

Lightning strike.

During the evening of 23 August 2006, a lightning bolt hit a buttress on the cliffs, sending 100 tonnes of rock into the sea.

Flamborough Head () is a promontory, long on the Yorkshire coast of England, between the Filey and Bridlington bays of the North Sea. It is a chalk headland, with sheer white cliffs. The cliff top has two standing lighthouse towers, the oldest dating from 1669 and Flamborough Head Lighthouse built in 1806. The older lighthouse was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1952 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England. The cliffs provide nesting sites for many thousands of seabirds, and are of international significance for their geology.

Flamborough Head ist eine Halbinsel von 13 km Länge an der Nordseeküste von Yorkshire (England) zwischen den Buchen von Filey und Bridlington. Es ist eine aus Kreide bestehende Landzunge mit rein weißen Klippen. Oben auf der Steilküste stehen zwei Leuchttürme. Der ältere stammt aus dem Jahr 1669; er wurde 1952 als Grade II*-Bauwerk unter Denkmalschutz gestellt und wird heute in der "National Heritage List for England" von Historic England geführt. Der jüngere Leuchtturm wurde 1806 erbaut.


History.

Career.

The duo's first release was an EP titled "Soul Clap", released in 1992, also known as "Showbiz & A.G." They released their debut album, "Runaway Slave", the same year. A short version of their track "Soul Clap" was included on the album, as well as past recordings such as "Catchin' Wreck" and "Party Groove". The posse cut "Represent" featured the first album appearance of rapper Big L. Other album guests included Black Sheep's Dres, Diamond D, Lord Finesse and Deshawn. In 1993, Showbiz became popular for producing KRS-One's single Sound of da Police.  In 1994, Showbiz & A.G. made a guest appearance on Black Sheep's second album "Non-Fiction", on the track "E.F.F.E.C.T.". Showbiz soon shortened his name to Show, changing the group name to Show & A.G. Their 1995 album, "Goodfellas", featured a darker sound than their debut. Guest artists on the LP included D-Flow, Lord Finesse, DJ Premier, Roc Raida, Dres, Method Man and Diamond D. The most successful song from the album was DJ Premier's Nyte Time Remix to the track "Next Level".

Hiatus.

Following the release of Full Scale (EP) in 1998, the duo stopped releasing records and began concentrating on their work with D.I.T.C. as well as solo projects. In 1999, A.G. released his solo debut, "The Dirty Version", which featured guest production from Show, Lord Finesse, Buckwild, Diamond D and DJ Premier. Guest MC's included Ghetto Dwellas heavily as well as Fat Joe, Diamond D, O.C., Guru, KRS-One and Big Pun.  In 2000, Show & A.G. teamed up with the other members of D.I.T.C. and released their self-titled group album on Tommy Boy Records. Show was one of the executive producers of the project as well as producing the tracks "Get Yours", "Where You At", "Way Of Life", "Drop It Heavy", "Weekend Nights" and "Stand Strong". A.G. appeared on the songs "Thick", "Day One", "Foundation", "Drop It Heavy", "Stand Strong", "Weekend Nights" and "Tribute", a track made in memory of Big L, who was murdered in 1999.  After a hiatus between the release of the D.I.T.C. album and 2005, Show released his first solo album "Street Talk (D.I.T.C.)" in November 2005. The album featured 18 new tracks performed by the likes of O.C., Party Arty, Milano, Fat Joe, Sean Price, Big Punisher and Big L over Show's productions. It also saw A.G. and Show reunite as A.G. was featured on 2 of the album's songs, "Chase Game" and "You Ain't A Killer".  A.G.'s second solo album for Look Records titled "Get Dirty Radio", released October 31, 2006. A.G.'s Infected Intertainment and Record Label is currently celebrating the 15th Anniversary of the release of Showbiz & AG's "Runaway Slave" LP, one of Billboard's Top Ten Underground LP's.  In 2007, they released a new EP entitled "Live Hard" on DITC Records, their first new material in nearly a decade.  O.C. and A.G. released a collaborative album called "Oasis" in 2009. The first single "2 For The Money" featured cuts by DJ Premier and production by Showbiz.

Showbiz and A.G. (also known as Show and A.G.) are an American hip hop duo from The Bronx, New York City. Showbiz is a producer and A.G. (short for André the Giant) is a rapper. The two debuted on Lord Finesse's "Funky Technician" album in 1990. Show and A.G. are members of the Diggin' in the Crates Crew (D.I.T.C.) along with Lord Finesse, Diamond D, Fat Joe, O.C., Buckwild and the late Big L.

Showbiz and A.G., oder auch Show and A.G., sind ein US-amerikanisches Hip-Hop-Duo, bestehend aus dem Produzenten Showbiz (bürgerlich Rodney Lemay) und dem Rapper A.G. (kurz für Andre the Giant; bürgerlich Andre M. Barnes). Das aus dem New Yorker Stadtteil Bronx stammende Duo ist seit Jahr 1990 zusammen aktiv und veröffentlichte seitdem sieben Alben. Nebenbei veröffentlichten beide auch Soloalben.


Early life and career.

She was born in Tønsberg as a daughter of tailor Edvard Anton Sjuve and Asta Johanne Hansen (1888–1974). In 1936 she married Ingolf Lodden (1905–1962) and took his surname. In her early career she worked as a housemaid (for politician Claudia Olsen), factory worker, office clerk for the Norwegian Seafarers' Union before running a manufacturing business from 1942 to 1957. She was involved in the Norwegian resistance movement, and had joined the Workers' Youth League at the age of sixteen.

Later career.

In 1945 she stood for election in the Market towns of Vestfold county. In the same year her husband was hired in the Arendal newspaper "Tiden" and the family moved there. Lodden was a member of Arendal city council from 1948 to 1963, serving as deputy mayor from 1954 to 1960. She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Aust-Agder during the terms 1950–1953, 1958–1961 and 1961–1965. She was a national board member of the Labour Party for sixteen years. From 1972 to 1974 she was a member of Tønsberg city council.  She was a member of "Statens Velferdsråd for handelsflåten" from 1953 to 1971, and from 1960 to 1977 she was the leader of the Norwegian Consumer Council. She also had a parallel civil servant career, in Tønsberg municipality from 1963. From 1967 to 1974 she was the municipal director of social affairs. Her career as a public servant toned out with the post of County Governor of Aust-Agder, which she held from 1974 to 1983. She was the first female County Governor in Norway.  Lodden was a board member of Vestfold Hospital from 1968 to 1974, and chaired Rikshospitalet from 1978 to 1982. She also chaired the board of "Statens edruskapsdirektorat", a predecessor of the Norwegian Directorate of Health, from 1980 to 1981. She was later deputy chair from 1982 to 1988, and a board member from 1989 to 1990.  In 1977 she was decorated as a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. She died in January 1997 in Tønsberg.

Ebba Lodden, née Sjuve (9 November 1913 – 14 January 1997) was a Norwegian civil servant and politician for the Labour Party. She was the first female County Governor in Norway.

Ebba Lodden (* 9. November 1913 in Tønsberg; † 14. Januar 1997 ebenda) war eine norwegische Politikerin der Arbeiderpartiet (Ap). Sie war die erste Frau, die das Amt eines Fylkesmanns einnahm.


Chris Jones (defensive tackle, born 1994)

Early years.

Jones attended Houston High School in Houston, Mississippi, where he played high school football for the Hilltoppers. Jones was considered a five-star recruit and was ranked among the top players in his class. He committed to Mississippi State University to play college football.

College career.

Jones appeared in all 13 games and made three starts as a true freshman at Mississippi State in 2013. He had 32 tackles and three sacks. As a sophomore, he appeared in all 13 games and had 26 tackles and three sacks. As a junior, he started all 13 games, recording 44 tackles and 2.5 sacks. Following the conclusion of his junior year, Jones made the decision to forgo his senior year and enter the 2016 NFL Draft.

Professional career.

Coming out of college, Jones was projected by analysts and scouts to be drafted in the second round. He was ranked the eighth-best defensive tackle and the 48th-best prospect by NFLDraftScout.com. Jones was invited to the NFL Combine and completed the entire workout and all the positional drills. While running the 40-yard dash, Jones had a wardrobe malfunction and exposed himself before falling to the ground to fix the issue. He attended Mississippi State's Pro Day, but decided he was satisfied with his combine performance and only performed positional drills.

2016.

The Kansas City Chiefs drafted Jones in the second round (37th overall) in the 2016 NFL Draft. Jones was the fifth defensive tackle drafted in 2016. On May 8, 2016, the Chiefs signed Jones to a four-year, $6.23 million contract with $3.44 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $2.73 million.  He entered training camp competing with Jaye Howard, Allen Bailey, Nick Williams, and Jimmy Staten to be the starting defensive end. Jones was named the backup left defensive end, behind Jaye Howard, to begin the regular season.  Jones made his professional regular season debut in the Kansas City Chiefs' season-opening 33–27 victory over the San Diego Chargers. The following week, he recorded his first tackle and finished with two solo tackles in a 19–12 loss to the Houston Texans. On October 18, 2016, he was named the starting right defensive end after Allen Bailey was placed on injured-reserve with a shoulder injury. On October 23, 2016, Jones earned his first career start and recorded two solo tackles in a 27–21 win against the New Orleans Saints. The next game, he made a solo tackle and his first career sack on Andrew Luck in a 30–14 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. In a Week 10 matchup with the Carolina Panthers, Jones made three solo tackles and sacked Cam Newton in a 20–17 win. On December 8, 2016, he recorded a season-high five combined tackles in a 21–13 win against the Oakland Raiders. On January 1, 2017, Jones recorded a season-high four solo tackles in a 37–27 win against the San Diego Chargers. He finished his rookie season with 28 combined tackles, two sacks, and four pass deflections in 16 games and 11 starts.

2017.

On September 17, 2017, in Week 2, Jones recorded three sacks, two forced fumbles, and an interception in a 27–20 win over the Philadelphia Eagles, earning him AFC Defensive Player of the Week. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 6.5 sacks, 32 total tackles, one interception, seven passes defensed, and four forced fumbles with five starts and 16 appearances.

2018.

During Week 5 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Jones returned an interception 20 yards for a touchdown in the 30–14 victory. Later in the same game, he was ejected for punching Andrew Norwell in his right thigh after an extra point attempt. Jones has recorded a sack in all games from Week 5 to Week 16, setting an NFL record of 11 consecutive games with a sack. Jones broke the NFL record held previously by Simon Fletcher who recorded a sack from Week 11 of 1992 to Week 3 of 1993. He finished the season third in the league with 15.5 sacks, which led the Chiefs, along with 40 combined tackles, five passes defensed, two forced fumbles, and an interception. He was named second-team All-Pro for his performance in 2018.

2019.

In week 10 against the Tennessee Titans, Jones recorded 2 sacks on Ryan Tannehill, one of which was a strip sack recovered by teammate Tanoh Kpassagnon, in the 35–32 loss. Jones helped the Chiefs reach Super Bowl LIV. Jones recorded only 1 tackle, but forced the game’s first turnover. The Chiefs defeated the San Francisco 49ers 31–20.

2020.

On March 16, 2020, the Chiefs placed the franchise tag on Jones.

Christopher Deshun "Chris" Jones (born July 3, 1994) is an American football defensive tackle for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Mississippi State University, and was drafted by the Chiefs in the second round of the 2016 NFL Draft.

Christopher Deshun „Chris“ Jones (* 3. Juli 1994 in Houston, Mississippi) ist ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler auf der Position des Defensive Tackles. Er spielte College Football für die Mississippi State University und steht seit 2016 bei den Kansas City Chiefs in der National Football League (NFL) unter Vertrag.


Life.

Born as son to Jean de Saint-Lary (died in 1586), who was a military governor of Metz, he was brought to court by the duke of Épernon. He quickly became a favourite of Henry III and maintained this position during the reigns of Henry IV, and Louis XIII. It was also during the reign of Henry III that he became royal master of the horse, whereas he received his title of governor of Burgundy in 1602 after his involvement against the Biron conspiracy.  His estate of Seurre in Burgundy was created a duchy in the peerage of France ("duché-pairie") in his favour under the name of Bellegarde, in 1619. In 1645 the title of this duchy was transferred to the estate of Choisy-aux-Loges in Gâtinais. He was an illustrious noble at the French court who sided with Gaston, Duke of Orléans. During the very difficult years of 1629 and 1630, in which Marie de Medici and Gaston had reputadely allied against Cardinal Richelieu, there were rumours that Bellegarde kept their agreement in a precious necklace he wore at court. After the Day of Dupes, in 1631, when Gaston tried to rally an army against the king but failed, Bellegarde let him pass through his estates to Lorraine and yet tried afterwards to rally people in his own district against the king. Upon hearing that, the king started moving towards Burgundy with an army, so Bellegarde fled after the king had taken Dijon and had forced the Parlement to issue an edict against Gaston's followers. Bellegarde's governorship was therefore given to Henri, Prince of Condé (1588-1646). However, because of his importance, he was already forgiven in 1632 by Richelieu, so that he could return to France

Roger de Saint-Lary de Termes, duc de Bellegarde (December 10, 1562July 13, 1646 in Paris), nephew of Roger de Saint-Lary de Bellegarde, was a French duke.

Roger II. de Saint-Lary (* 10. Dezember 1562; † 13. Juli 1646 in Paris) war ein Favorit der Könige Heinrich III. und Heinrich IV. von Frankreich. Er war Duc de Bellegarde, Marquis de Versoy, Seigneur de Baron de Termes, Pair de France.


History.

In the early 1970s, a group of high-earning individuals from Kodak approached Congress to allow a part of their salary to be invested in the stock market and thus be exempt from income taxes. This resulted in section 401(k) being inserted in the then-current taxation regulations that allowed this to be done. The section of the Internal Revenue Code that made such 401(k) plans possible was enacted into law in 1978. It was intended to allow taxpayers a break on taxes on deferred income. In 1980, a benefits consultant and attorney named Ted Benna took note of the previously obscure provision and figured out that it could be used to create a simple, tax-advantaged way to save for retirement. The client for whom he was working at the time chose not to create a 401(k) plan. He later went on to install the first 401(k) plan at his own employer, the Johnson Companies (today doing business as Johnson Kendall & Johnson). At the time, employees could contribute 25% of their salary, up to $30,000 per year, to their employer's 401(k) plan.

Taxation.

Income taxes on pre-tax contributions and investment earnings in the form of interest and dividends are tax deferred. The ability to defer income taxes to a period where one's tax rates may be lower is a potential benefit of the 401(k) plan. The ability to defer income taxes has no benefit when the participant is subject to the same tax rates in retirement as when the original contributions were made or interest and dividends earned. Earnings from investments in a 401(k) account in the form of capital gains are not subject to capital gains taxes. This ability to avoid this second level of tax is a primary benefit of the 401(k) plan. Relative to investing outside of 401(k) plans, more income tax is paid but less taxes are paid overall with the 401(k) due to the ability to avoid taxes on capital gains.  For pre-tax contributions, the employee does not pay federal income tax on the amount of current income he or she defers to a 401(k) account, but does still pay the total 7.65% payroll taxes (social security and medicare). For example, a worker who otherwise earns $50,000 in a particular year and defers $3,000 into a 401(k) account that year only reports $47,000 in income on that year's tax return. Currently this would represent a near-term $660 saving in taxes for a single worker, assuming the worker remained in the 22% marginal tax bracket and there were no other adjustments (like deductions). The employee ultimately pays taxes on the money as he or she withdraws the funds, generally during retirement. The character of any gains (including tax-favored capital gains) is transformed into "ordinary income" at the time the money is withdrawn.  Beginning in the 2006 tax year, employees have been allowed to designate contributions as a Roth 401(k) deferral. Similar to the provisions of a Roth IRA, these contributions are made on an after-tax basis.  If the employee made after-tax contributions to the non-Roth 401(k) account, these amounts are commingled with the pre-tax funds and simply add to the non-Roth 401(k) basis. When distributions are made the taxable portion of the distribution will be calculated as the ratio of the non-Roth contributions to the total 401(k) basis. The remainder of the distribution is tax-free and not included in gross income for the year.  For accumulated after-tax contributions and earnings in a designated Roth account (Roth 401(k)), "qualified distributions" can be made tax-free. To qualify, distributions must be made more than 5 years after the first designated Roth contributions "and" not before the year in which the account owner turns age 59, unless an exception applies as detailed in IRS code section 72(t). In the case of designated Roth contributions, the contributions being made on an after-tax basis means that the taxable income in the year of contribution is not decreased as it is with pre-tax contributions. Roth contributions are irrevocable and cannot be converted to pre-tax contributions at a later date. (In contrast to Roth individual retirement accounts (IRAs), where Roth contributions may be re characterized as pre-tax contributions.) Administratively, Roth contributions must be made to a separate account, and records must be kept that distinguish the amount of contribution and the corresponding earnings that are to receive Roth treatment.  Unlike the Roth IRA, there is no upper income limit capping eligibility for Roth 401(k) contributions. Individuals who find themselves disqualified from a Roth IRA may contribute to their Roth 401(k). Individuals who qualify for both can contribute the maximum statutory amounts into either or a combination of the two plans (including both catch-up contributions if applicable). Aggregate statutory annual limits set by the IRS will apply.

Withdrawal of funds.

Generally, a 401k participant may begin to withdraw money from his or her plan after reaching the age of 59 without penalty. The Internal Revenue Code imposes severe restrictions on withdrawals of tax-deferred or Roth contributions while a person remains in service with the company and is under the age of 59. Any withdrawal that is permitted before the age of 59 is subject to an excise tax equal to ten percent of the amount distributed (on top of the ordinary income tax that has to be paid), including withdrawals to pay expenses due to a hardship, except to the extent the distribution does not exceed the amount allowable as a deduction under Internal Revenue Code section 213 to the employee for amounts paid during the taxable year for medical care (determined without regard to whether the employee itemizes deductions for such taxable year). Amounts withdrawn are subject to ordinary income taxes to the participant.  The Internal Revenue Code generally defines a hardship as any of the following.  Some employers may disallow one, several, or all of the previous hardship causes. To maintain the tax advantage for income deferred into a 401(k), the law stipulates the restriction that unless an exception applies, money must be kept in the plan or an equivalent tax deferred plan until the employee reaches 59 years of age. Money that is withdrawn prior to the age of 59 typically incurs a 10% penalty tax unless a further exception applies. This penalty is on top of the "ordinary income" tax that has to be paid on such a withdrawal. The exceptions to the 10% penalty include: the employee's death, the employee's total and permanent disability, separation from service in or after the year the employee reached age 55, substantially equal periodic payments under section 72(t), a qualified domestic relations order, and for deductible medical expenses (exceeding the 7.5% floor). This does not apply to the similar 457 plan.

Loans.

Many plans also allow participants to take loans from their 401(k) to be repaid with after-tax funds at predefined interest rates. The interest proceeds then become part of the 401(k) balance. The loan itself is not taxable income nor subject to the 10% penalty as long as it is paid back in accordance with section 72(p) of the Internal Revenue Code. This section requires, among other things, that the loan be for a term no longer than 5 years (except for the purchase of a primary residence), that a "reasonable" rate of interest be charged, and that substantially equal payments (with payments made at least every calendar quarter) be made over the life of the loan. Employers, of course, have the option to make their plan's loan provisions more restrictive. When an employee does not make payments in accordance with the plan or IRS regulations, the outstanding loan balance will be declared in "default". A defaulted loan, and possibly accrued interest on the loan balance, becomes a taxable distribution to the employee in the year of default with all the same tax penalties and implications of a withdrawal.  These loans have been described as tax-disadvantaged, on the theory that the 401(k) contains before-tax dollars, but the loan is repaid with after-tax dollars. While this is precisely correct, the analysis is fundamentally flawed with regard to the loan principal amounts. From your perspective as the borrower, this is identical to a standard loan where you are not taxed when you get the loan, but you have to pay it back with taxed dollars. However, the interest portion of the loan repayments, which are essentially additional contributions to the 401(k), are made with after-tax funds but they do not increase the after-tax basis in the 401(k). Therefore, upon distribution/conversion of those funds the owner will have to pay taxes on those funds a second time.

Required minimum distributions (RMD).

Account owners must begin making distributions from their accounts by April 1 of the calendar year after turning age 70 1/2 or April 1 of the calendar year after retiring, whichever is later. The amount of distributions is based on life expectancy according to the relevant factors from the appropriate IRS tables. For individuals who attain age 70 1/2 after December 31, 2019, distributions are required by April 1 of the calendar year after turning age 72 or April 1 of the calendar year after retiring, whichever is later.  The required minimum distribution is "not" required for a particular calendar year if the account owner is employed by the employer during the entire calendar year "and" the account owner does not own more than 5% of the employer's business at any point during the calendar year. Required minimum distributions apply to both traditional contributions and Roth contributions to a 401(k) plan.  A person who is required to make a required minimum distribution, but does not do so, is subject to a penalty of 50% of the amount that should have been distributed.  In response to the United States economic crisis of 2007–2009, Congress suspended the RMD requirement for 2009.

Required distributions for some former employees.

A 401(k) plan may have a provision in its plan documents to close the account of former employees who have low account balances. Almost 90% of 401(k) plans have such a provision. As of March 2005, a 401(k) plan may require the closing of a former employee's account if and only if the former employee's account has less than $1,000 of vested assets.  When a former employee's account is closed, the former employee can either roll over the funds to an individual retirement account, roll over the funds to another 401(k) plan, or receive a cash distribution, less required income taxes and possibly a penalty for a cash withdrawal before the age of 59.

Rollovers.

Rollovers between eligible retirement plans are accomplished in one of two ways: by a distribution to the participant and a subsequent rollover to another plan or by a direct rollover from plan to plan. Rollovers after a distribution to the participant must generally be accomplished within 60 days of the distribution. If the 60-day limit is not met, the rollover will be disallowed and the distribution will be taxed as ordinary income and the 10% penalty will apply, if applicable. The same rules and restrictions apply to rollovers from plans to IRAs.

Direct rollovers.

A direct rollover from an eligible retirement plan to another eligible retirement plan is not taxable, regardless of the age of the participant.

Traditional to Roth conversions.

In 2013, the IRS began allowing conversions of existing Traditional 401(k) contributions to Roth 401(k). In order to do so, an employee's company plan must offer both a Traditional and Roth option and explicitly permit such a conversion.

Technical details.

Contribution deferral limits.

There is a maximum limit on the total yearly "employee" pre-tax or Roth salary deferral into the plan. This limit, known as the "402(g) limit", was $19,000 for 2019, and is $19,500 for 2020. For future years, the limit may be indexed for inflation, increasing in increments of $500. Employees who are at least 50 years old at any time during the year are now allowed additional pre-tax "catch up" contributions of up to $6,000 for 2015–2019, and $6,500 for 2020. The limit for future "catch up" contributions may also be adjusted for inflation in increments of $500. In eligible plans, employees can elect to contribute on a pre-tax basis or as a Roth 401(k) contribution, or a combination of the two, but the total of those two contributions amounts must not exceed the contribution limit in a single calendar year. This limit does not apply to post-tax non-Roth elections.  If the employee contributes more than the maximum pre-tax/Roth limit to 401(k) accounts in a given year, the excess as well as the deemed earnings for those contributions must be withdrawn or corrected by April 15 of the following year. This violation most commonly occurs when a person switches employers mid-year and the latest employer does not know to enforce the contribution limits on behalf of their employee. If this violation is noticed too late, the employee will not only be required to pay tax on the excess contribution amount the year was earned, the tax will effectively be doubled as the late corrective distribution is required to be reported again as income along with the earnings on such excess in the year the late correction is made.  Plans which are set up under section 401(k) can also have employer contributions that cannot exceed other regulatory limits. Employer matching contributions can be made on behalf of designated Roth contributions, but the employer match must be made on a pre-tax basis.  Some plans also have a profit-sharing provision where employers make additional contributions to the account and may or may not require matching contributions by the employee. These additional contributions may or may not require a matching employee contribution to earn them. As with the matching funds, these contributions are also made on a pre-tax basis.  There is also a maximum 401(k) contribution limit that applies to all employee and employer 401(k) contributions in a calendar year. This limit is the section 415 limit, which is the lesser of 100% of the employee's total pre-tax compensation or $56,000 for 2019, or $57,000 in 2020. For employees over 50, the catch-up contribution limit is also added to the section 415 limit.  Governmental employers in the United States (that is, federal, state, county, and city governments) are currently barred from offering 401(k) retirement plans unless the retirement plan was established before May 1986. Governmental organizations may set up a section 457(b) retirement plan instead.

Contribution deadline.

For a corporation, or LLC taxed as a corporation, contributions must be made by the end of a calendar year. For a sole proprietorship, partnership, or an LLC taxed as a sole proprietorship, the deadline for depositing contributions is generally the personal tax filing deadline (April 15, or September 15 if an extension was filed).

Highly compensated employees (HCE).

To help ensure that companies extend their 401(k) plans to low-paid employees, an IRS rule limits the maximum deferral by the company's highly compensated employees (HCEs) based on the average deferral by the company's non-highly compensated employees (NHCEs). If the less compensated employees save more for retirement, then the HCEs are allowed to save more for retirement. This provision is enforced via "non-discrimination testing". Non-discrimination testing takes the deferral rates of HCEs and compares them to NHCEs. In 2008, an HCE was defined as an employee with compensation greater than $100,000 in 2007, or as an employee that owned more than 5% of the business at any time during the year or the preceding year. In addition to the $100,000 limit for determining HCEs, employers can elect to limit the top-paid group of employees to the top 20% of employees ranked by compensation. That is, for plans with the first day of the plan-year in the 2007 calendar year, HCEs are employees who earned more than $100,000 in gross compensation (also known as 'Medicare wages') in the prior year. For example, most testing done in 2009 was for the 2008 plan-year, which compared 2007 plan-year gross compensation to the $100,000 threshold in order to determine who was an HCE and who was an NHCE. The threshold was $125,000 for 2019, and is $130,000 for 2020.  The actual deferral percentage (ADP) of all HCEs as a group cannot exceed 2 percentage points greater than all NHCEs as a group. This is known as the ADP test. When a plan fails the ADP test, it essentially has two options to come into compliance. A return of excess can be given to the HCEs to lower the HCE ADP to a passing level, or it can process a "qualified non-elective contribution" (QNEC) to some or all of the NHCEs in order to raise the NHCE ADP to a passing level. A return of excess requires the plan to send a taxable distribution to the HCEs (or reclassify regular contributions as catch-up contributions subject to the annual catch-up limit for those HCEs over 50) by March 15 of the year following the failed test. A QNEC must be vested immediately.  The annual contribution percentage (ACP) test is similarly performed but also includes employer matching and employee after-tax contributions. ACPs do not use the simple 2% threshold, and include other provisions which can allow the plan to "shift" excess passing rates from the ADP over to the ACP. A failed ACP test is likewise addressed through return of excess, or a QNEC or qualified match (QMAC).  There are a number of "safe harbor" provisions that can allow a company to be exempted from the ADP test. This includes making a "safe harbor" employer contribution to employees' accounts. Safe harbor contributions can take the form of a match (generally totaling 4% of pay) or a non-elective profit sharing (totaling 3% of pay). Safe harbor 401(k) contributions must be 100% vested at all times with immediate eligibility for employees. There are other administrative requirements within the safe harbor, such as requiring the employer to notify all eligible employees of the opportunity to participate in the plan, and restricting the employer from suspending participants for any reason other than due to a hardship withdrawal.

Automatic enrollment.

Employers are allowed to automatically enroll their employees in 401(k) plans, requiring employees to actively opt out if they do not want to participate (traditionally, 401(k)s required employees to opt in). Companies offering such automatic 401(k)s must choose a default investment fund and saving rate. Employees who are enrolled automatically will become investors in the default fund at the default rate, although they may select different funds and rates if they choose, or even opt out completely.  Automatic 401(k)s are designed to encourage high participation rates among employees. Therefore, employers can attempt to enroll non-participants as often as once per year, requiring those non-participants to opt out each time if they do not want to participate. Employers can also choose to escalate participants' default contribution rate, encouraging them to save more.  The Pension Protection Act of 2006 made automatic enrollment a safer option for employers. Prior to the Pension Protection Act, employers were held responsible for investment losses as a result of such automatic enrollments. The Pension Protection Act established a safe harbor for employers in the form of a "Qualified Default Investment Alternative", an investment plan that, if chosen by the employer as the default plan for automatically enrolled participants, relieves the employer of financial liability. Under Department of Labor regulations, three main types of investments qualify as QDIAs: lifecycle funds, balanced funds, and managed accounts. QDIAs provide sponsors with fiduciary relief similar to the relief that applies when participants affirmatively elect their investments.

Fees.

401(k) plans charge fees for administrative services, investment management services, and sometimes outside consulting services. They can be charged to the employer, the plan participants or to the plan itself and the fees can be allocated on a per participant basis, per plan, or as a percentage of the plan's assets. For 2011, the average total administrative and management fees on a 401(k) plan was 0.78 percent or approximately $250 per participant. The United States Supreme Court ruled, in 2015, that plan administrators could be sued for excessive plan fees and expenses, in Tibble v. Edison International. In the Tibble case, the Supreme Court took strong issue with a large company placing plan investments in "retail" mutual fund shares as opposed to "institutional" class shares.

Top-heavy provisions.

The IRS monitors defined contribution plans such as 401(k)s to determine if they are top-heavy, or weighted too heavily in providing benefits to key employees. If the plans are too top-heavy, the company must remedy this by allocating funds to the other employees' (known as non-key employees) benefit plans.

Plans for certain small businesses or sole proprietorships.

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) made 401(k) plans more beneficial to the self-employed. The two key changes enacted related to the allowable "Employer" deductible contribution, and the "Individual" IRC-415 contribution limit.  Prior to EGTRRA, the maximum tax-deductible contribution to a 401(k) plan was 15% of eligible pay (reduced by the amount of salary deferrals). Without EGTRRA, an incorporated business person taking $100,000 in salary would have been limited in Y2004 to a maximum contribution of $15,000. EGTRRA raised the deductible limit to 25% of eligible pay without reduction for salary deferrals. Therefore, that same businessperson in Y2008 can make an "elective deferral" of $15,500 plus a profit sharing contribution of $25,000 (i.e. 25%), and—if this person is over age 50—make a catch-up contribution of $5,000 for a total of $45,500. For those eligible to make "catch-up" contribution, and with salary of $122,000 or higher, the maximum possible total contribution in 2008 would be $51,000. To take advantage of these higher contributions, many vendors now offer Solo 401(k) plans or Individual(k) plans, which can be administered as a Self-Directed 401(k), permitting investment in real estate, mortgage notes, tax liens, private companies, and virtually any other investment.  Note: an unincorporated business person is subject to slightly different calculation. The government mandates calculation of profit sharing contribution as 25% of "net self-employment (Schedule C) income". Thus on $100,000 of self-employment income, the contribution would be 20% of the gross self-employment income, 25% of the net after the contribution of $20,000.

Rollovers as business start-ups (ROBS).

ROBS is an arrangement in which prospective business owners use their 401(k) retirement funds to pay for new business start-up costs. ROBS is an acronym from the United States Internal Revenue Service for the IRS ROBS Rollovers as Business Start-Ups Compliance Project.  ROBS plans, while not considered an abusive tax avoidance transaction, are questionable because they may solely benefit one individual – the individual who rolls over his or her existing retirement 401(k) withdrawal funds to the ROBS plan in a tax-free transaction. The ROBS plan then uses the rollover assets to purchase the stock of the new business. A C corporation must be set up in order to roll the 401(k) withdrawal.

Other countries.

Even though the term "401(k)" is a reference to a specific provision of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code section 401, it has become so well known that it has been used elsewhere as a generic term to describe analogous legislation. For example, in October 2001, Japan adopted legislation allowing the creation of "Japan-version 401(k)" accounts even though no provision of the relevant Japanese codes is in fact called "section 401(k)".  Similar pension schemes exist in other nations as well. The term is not used in the UK, where analogous pension arrangements are known as personal pension schemes. In Australia, they are known as superannuation funds.  Similarly, India has a scheme called PPF and EPF, that are loosely similar to 401(k) schemes, wherein the employee contributes 7.5% of his / her salary to the provident fund and this is matched by an equal contribution by the employer. The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) is a statutory body of the Government of India under the Ministry of Labour and Employment. It administers a compulsory contributory Provident Fund Scheme, Pension Scheme and an Insurance Scheme. The schemes covers both Indian and international workers (for countries with which bilateral agreements have been signed; 14 such social security agreements are active). It is one of the largest social security organisations in India in terms of the number of covered beneficiaries and the volume of financial transactions undertaken. The EPFO's apex decision making body is the Central Board of Trustees.  Nepal and Sri Lanka have similar employees provident fund schemes. In Malaysia, The Employees Provident Fund (EPF) was established in 1951 upon the Employees Provident Fund Ordinance 1951. The EPF is intended to help employees from the private sector save a fraction of their salary in a lifetime banking scheme, to be used primarily as a retirement fund but also in the event that the employee is temporarily or no longer fit to work. As of March 31, 2014, the size of the EPF asset size stood at RM597 billion (US$184 billion), making it the fourth largest pension fund in Asia and seventh largest in the world.

Risk.

Unlike defined benefit ERISA plans or banking institution saving accounts, there is no government insurance for assets held in 401(k) accounts. Plans of sponsors experiencing financial difficulties sometimes have funding problems. However, the bankruptcy laws give a high priority to sponsor funding liability. In moving between jobs, this should be a consideration by a plan participant in whether to leave assets in the old plan or roll over the assets to a new employer plan or to an individual retirement arrangement (an IRA). Fees charged by IRA providers can be substantially less than fees charged by employer plans and typically offer a far wider selection of investment vehicles than employer plans.

In the United States, a 401(k) plan is the tax-qualified, defined-contribution pension account defined in subsection 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Under the plan, retirement saving contributions are provided (and sometimes proportionately matched) by an employer, deducted from the employee's paycheck before taxation (therefore tax-deferred until withdrawn after retirement or as otherwise permitted by applicable law), and limited to a maximum pre-tax annual contribution of $19,500 (as of 2020).

401(k), 401k oder 401k-Plan bezeichnet ein vom Arbeitgeber mitfinanziertes Modell der privaten Altersvorsorge in den USA. Seinen Namen verdankt das Modell der Verankerung im Abschnitt 401(k) im Internal Revenue Code, dem Hauptbestandteil des amerikanischen Steuergesetzes. Im Jahr 2016 hatten 55 Millionen Amerikaner eine Altersversorgung im Rahmen von 401(k)-Programmen.


Early life.

Woodruff was born in Columbus, Georgia, the son of Ernest Woodruff, an Atlanta businessman who, among other things, was leader of the group of investors who bought The Coca-Cola Company from Asa Griggs Candler in 1919. His grandfather was Atlanta manufacturing magnate Robert Winship.  After graduating from the Georgia Military Academy he attended Georgia Tech, where he failed out, and then the Emory University campus at Oxford, Georgia, for one term, where he excelled at "cutting classes and spending money".

Career.

In February 1909, at age 19, spurning his father's work offers, he began work as a laborer at the General Pipe and Foundry Company foundry in Inman Park, Atlanta. For a week he shoveled and shifted sand, then worked a lathe as a machinist's apprentice. After a year he was fired. But then he was rehired by General's parent company, General Fire Extinguisher where he worked his way into sales. He then accepted a job offer from his father at Atlantic Ice and Coal Company but left after differences with him. Woodruff parlayed his love of early automobiling into a sales position at White Motor Company based in Cleveland, Ohio, and quickly rose to become vice president of that company. During World War I, Woodruff joined the U.S. Ordnance Department where he promoted a truck design that only White Motors could fulfill, giving the company huge war-time sales.  In an effort to reconcile personal differences, his father Ernest offered Robert Woodruff the position as president of the Coca-Cola Co.  In 1926, at the age of 37, Woodruff built Coca-Cola into an international company, establishing a foreign department.  In 1954, he stepped down as president but remained on the board of directors until 1984. His large shareholding and influence on the board's powerful Finance Committee gave him significant control over much of the company's direction for almost 60 years.  Woodruff died on March 7, 1985 at the age of 95. He was buried at the Westview Cemetery in Southwest Atlanta. The Robert W. Woodruff Foundation received funds from the estate and continues his legacy of philanthropy in the state of Georgia. Woodruff's personal chauffeur was Luther Cain, Jr., father of businessman and 2012 Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain.

Legacy.

In 1979, Woodruff and his brother George W. Woodruff gave $105 million to Emory University; they would eventually give a total of $230 million. Several buildings on the Emory campus are named for him and members of his family. The Robert W. Woodruff Professorships are named for him.  He also gave large sums of money to other area colleges and universities and to Woodward Academy (formerly Georgia Military Academy) in College Park and the Westminster Schools in Atlanta. A Boy Scout camp in Blairsville, Georgia named the Robert W. Woodruff Scout Reservation, which is run by the Atlanta Area Council, was built following major donations from the Woodruff Foundation and Coca-Cola. Atlanta's largest cultural institution, the Woodruff Arts Center, benefited from his gifts and is named for him, as is Woodruff Park. A Robert W. Woodruff library is located in the Atlanta University Center and serves Morehouse College, Spelman College, and Clark Atlanta University. Another Robert W. Woodruff Library houses Emory University's main library.  Woodruff was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1977.  Woodruff was instrumental in the success of the dinner held in Atlanta honoring the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., after King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Ticket sales were lagging until Woodruff signaled his support for the dinner.

Robert Winship Woodruff (December 6, 1889 – March 7, 1985) was the president of The Coca-Cola Company from 1923 until 1954. With a large net worth, he was also a major philanthropist, and many educational and cultural landmarks in the U.S. city of Atlanta, Georgia, bear his name. Included among these are the Woodruff Arts Center, Woodruff Park, and the Robert W. Woodruff Library.

Robert Winship Woodruff (* 6. Dezember 1889 in Columbus in Georgia; † 7. März 1985 in Atlanta) war von 1923 bis 1954 Präsident der Coca-Cola Company. Mit einem großen Vermögen war er auch ein bedeutender Philanthrop und viele Bildungs- und Kulturdenkmäler in Atlanta (Georgia) tragen seinen Namen. Dazu gehören das Woodruff Arts Center, der Woodruff Park und die Robert W. Woodruff Library.


Music.

The company has fifteen music subsidies:  GMMTV RECORDS and GMM A are under GMM Channel Digital TV department and Exact Music are under GMM One Digital TV department. Manufacturing and distribution comes under MGA Co. Ltd., while the Imagine record store chain is a company-owned retailer. Music publishing is handled by GMM Music Publishing International Co., Ltd., while GMM Grammy licensed karaoke music and equipment is handled by Clean Karaoke.

List of GMM Grammy artists.

Current and past artists in the GMM Grammy label include (incomplete list):

Media.

GDH 559.

GDH 559 Co., Ltd. is GMM Grammy's film production company. It was formed on 5 January 2016 to replace its successful predecessor GMM Tai Hub, which dissolved due to internal conflicts.

GMM Z.

GMM Z Co., Ltd. is a subsidiary of GMM Grammy that produces and distributes satellite television set-top boxes airing free-to-air channels and its own content.  It formerly operated Z PAY TV, a pay television platform offering premium and exclusive content such as German Bundesliga, UEFA Euro 2012, and channels from FOX International Channels before it was sold to CTH.

Television.

GMM Grammy has 2 digital television channels: Production marques, studios which produces lakorns, TV series, TV shows, game shows and variety shows. including:

Radio.

Atime Media, a subsidiary of GMM Grammy, operates the following stations:

Publishing.

Magazines.

Magazines produced by GMM Grammy include:

Newspapers.

GMM Grammy has partial stakes in the "Bangkok Post" and the Matichon Group, which publishes several Thai-language dailies, including "Matichon" and "Khao Sod".

GMM Grammy Public Company Limited ( or G"MM' Grammy) is the largest media conglomerate entertainment company in Thailand. It claims a 70 percent share of the Thai entertainment industry. Grammy artists include Thongchai McIntyre, Silly Fools and Loso. In addition to its music business, the company is involved in concert production, artist management, film and television production and publishing.

GMM Grammy Public Company Limited (Thai: จีเอ็มเอ็ม แกรมมี่ oder G"MM' Grammy) ist das größte Unterhaltungsunternehmen des Medienkonglomerats in Thailand. Es behauptet einen Anteil von 70 Prozent an der thailändischen Unterhaltungsindustrie. Zu den Grammy-Künstlern zählen Thongchai McIntyre, Silly Fools und Loso. Neben dem Musikgeschäft ist das Unternehmen in der Konzertproduktion, im Künstlermanagement, in der Film- und Fernsehproduktion und im Verlagswesen tätig. GMM Grammy hatte 2019 einen Jahresumsatz von rund 6,6 Milliarden Baht.


History.

Dallas joined Seattle, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, St. Louis, Tampa Bay and Washington, D.C. as the league's inaugural cities. It was the first professional outdoor football team to play in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex in a league other than the NFL since the Dallas Rockets and Fort Worth Braves of the Texas Football League folded midway through the 1971 season; the metro area has been represented by numerous indoor teams, such as the Arena Football League's Dallas Texans, Fort Worth Cavalry, Dallas Desperados and Dallas Vigilantes, and the Allen Wranglers and Texas Revolution. It entered a relatively crowded winter sports market against the NHL's Dallas Stars, NBA's Dallas Mavericks, and MLS's FC Dallas.  On February 7, 2019, Bob Stoops, the longtime head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners football team, was hired as the Dallas team's head coach. Stoops was the XFL's first head coaching hire.  On April 23, 2019, Stoops named Chris Woods as his defensive coordinator.  On May 16, 2019, Stoops named Hal Mumme as his offensive coordinator.  The Renegades' name, logo and colors were revealed August 21, 2019 along with the rest of the league's.  On February 9, 2020, the Renegades played their first game, a 15-9 loss to the St. Louis Battlehawks.  The Renegades are in-state rivals with the Houston Roughnecks. Games between the two are marketed as the "Texas Throwdown".  Dallas lost their first game to the St. Louis BattleHawks by a 15-9 final. Kicker Austin MacGinnis tallied all of the Renegade points via field goals, but Dallas' failure to reach the end zone came back to haunt them, as St. Louis scored nine unanswered fourth quarter points to erase a slim deficit. Linebacker Tegray Sacles had the with 13 Dallas tackles, three for a loss.  The Renegades picked up their first win on the road, a 25-18 triumph over the Los Angeles Wildcats. Running back Cameron Artis-Payne reached the end zone three times on two touchdowns and a one-point conversion. His final score, a 17-yard scoring run in the penultimate minute, was the final blow in a fourth quarter that saw the two teams combined for 34 points.  Another road victory awaited the Renegades in Week 3, as they topped the Seattle Dragons 24-12. Two MacGinnis field goals sandwiched a 65-yard touchdown pass from Landry Jones to Donald Parham in a fourth quarter that saw Dallas break a 12-12 tie. Parham reached the end zone twice over the afternoon.

The Dallas Renegades are a professional American football team based in Arlington, Texas. The team is an owned-and-operated member of the new XFL founded by Vince McMahon's Alpha Entertainment and plays its home games at Globe Life Park in Arlington, which was re-purposed as a football venue after its previous tenant, Major League Baseball's Texas Rangers, relocated to the newly built Globe Life Field.

Die Dallas Renegades sind ein American-Football-Team aus Arlington, Texas. Das Team ist Mitglied der 2020 gestarteten XFL und trägt seine Heimspiele im Globe Life Park aus. Dieser wurde zum Football-Stadion umfunktioniert, nachdem der frühere Nutzer, das MLB-Team Texas Rangers, in das neu erbaute Globe Life Field umgezogen ist.


Playing career.

Atkinson played professionally in Italy, France, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands from 1990 to 2004. He had tryouts with several NBA teams, including the Knicks in summer of 1991. He was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame during 2020.

NBA coaching career.

Atkinson joined the New York Knicks coaching staff as an assistant coach under Mike D'Antoni on August 6, 2008.  In 2012, after four seasons with the Knicks, he joined the Atlanta Hawks coaching staff under Mike Budenholzer. On April 17, 2016, it was announced that Atkinson would take the head coach job with the Brooklyn Nets once the Hawks' season came to an end.

Brooklyn Nets.

Atkinson made his NBA head coaching debut on October 26, 2016, in a 122–117 loss to the Boston Celtics. Atkinson would get his first win as an NBA head coach two nights later as the Nets defeated the Indiana Pacers 103–94. The Nets finished the season with a 20–62 record, while also recording a 0–10 record in February 2017.  Atkinson's second season with the Nets saw the departure of Brook Lopez, who was traded in an off-season deal with the Los Angeles Lakers. The Nets were competitive for the early part of the season, before another February fall saw the team go 1–9, ending any chance at a playoff berth. The Nets finished the season with a 28–54 record, which was an eight-game improvement over the previous season.  Atkinson's third season with the Nets saw him lead the team to a 42−40 record, which was a 14-game improvement over the previous season, and a playoff berth as the sixth seed. The Nets lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round of the playoffs in five games.  Atkinson stepped down as head coach of the Nets on March 7, 2020.

Kenneth Neil Atkinson (born June 2, 1967) is an American professional basketball coach and former player. He most recently served as the head coach of the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He previously served as the Director of Player Development for the Houston Rockets in 2007–08. Born in Huntington, New York, Atkinson played college basketball for University of Richmond, where he led the Spiders to a Sweet Sixteen berth in 1988.

Kenneth Neil Atkinson (* 2. Juni 1967 in Huntington (New York)) ist ein US-amerikanischer Basketballtrainer und ehemaliger -spieler. Er besitzt auch die Staatsangehörigkeit Spaniens.


Biography.

Gabriël was born in Amsterdam, the son of the sculptor and painter, Paul Joseph Gabriël. From 1840 until 1843 he was educated at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Amsterdam, where he was a pupil of Louis Zocher. The following year he went to the German town of Cleves, where Barend Cornelis Koekkoek had founded a drawing academy. Later he returned to the Netherlands and studied with Cornelis Lieste in Haarlem. Here he became acquainted with Anton Mauve, with whom he was to work with often.  In 1853 Gabriël moved to Oosterbeek, also called the 'Dutch Barbizon', where landscape painter Johannes Warnardus Bilders had gathered around him many young painters. The members of this group would later become central figures in the Hague School. In 1858, Gabriël introduced Anton Mauve to the area, who would return there ten years in a row and would become good friends with Gerard Bilders, the son of Johannes Warnardus.  When Gabriël returned to Amsterdam to live, he had a hard time and moved to Brussels. There he was befriended by Willem Roelofs and benefited from Roelofs' social position in the art world of Brussels. There he met Hendrik Willem Mesdag, also a student of Roelofs.  Gabriël was also influenced by the painters of the Barbizon School, whose works were regularly exhibited in Brussels. Helped by Roelofs' suggestions, he developed into a good landscape painter, with a clear palette. Gabriël's paintings stand out from the 'grey tones' for which the Hague School was famous because of his clear use of color. His work was less an impression of atmosphere than a consequence of the immediate effect of the sunny Dutch landscape. The more he looked at the Dutch landscape, the more color he perceived in it. He described the Dutch countryside as 'colorful, juicy, fat' and said 'Our land is not grey, even when the weather is grey.'  From 1862 onwards, Gabriel regularly embarked on study trips to the Netherlands: first to Arnhem and Oosterbeek, in 1866 to Veenendaal, in the seventies to Abcoude and Vreeland, and from 1875 to the lakes around Nieuwkoop near Noorden. Around 1880, he spent the summers in Kortenhoef, on Kampereiland and in Giethoorn. He visited the places in Overijssel with Willem Bastiaan Tholen. But it was only in 1864 that Gabriel would permanently return to the Netherlands. At that time he moved to Scheveningen, where he bought a house next to his student Geesje Mesdag-van Calcar. Together they painted still lifes with flowers.  In this period he often painted the brook near Voorschoten, as well as in Broeksloot (1886), Oosterbeek (c. 1887), Kinderdijk and Heeze. In 1886, he stayed with the Mesdags at their home in Vries in Drente, where he made studies of the fields, barns and farms. In this period Gabriel also received recognition in the Netherlands. Museums purchased some of his important pieces, including 'The Pottery in Kampen', purchased by the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag in 1890.  In Kortenhoef one of his pupils was Bernard van Beek.  Gabriel died 23 August 1903 in his home in Scheveningen.

Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriël or Paul Gabriël (5 July 1828 – 23 August 1903) was a painter, draftsman, watercolorist, and etcher who belonged to the Hague School.

Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriël (geboren 5. Juli 1828 in Amsterdam; gestorben 23. August 1903 in Scheveningen) war ein niederländischer Maler, Bildhauer und Mitglied der „Haager Schule“.


Background.

In Feb. 1870, an Allied column under the command of Col. Bento Martins de Menezes, learned that López was in the vicinity of Cerro Corá, which relayed the information to Gen. José Antônio Correia da Câmara on 18 Feb. Gen. Bernardino Caballero was on a foraging expedition with 40 men when, on 1 March, the Allied vanguard under the command of Lt. Col. Francisco Antonio Martins attacked the Paraguayan camp at 1900 along the Aquidaban River.  Present with President Francisco Solano López's personal guard were a group of women, led by his mistress Eliza Lynch. This group was composed of the soldier's wives, daughters, and others, who supported the soldiers called "Las Residentas".

Battle.

Vice President Francisco Sánchez and Secretary of State Luis Caminos were killed trying to flee. López was surrounded by six cavalrymen, and after refusing to surrender by firing his revolver, Corporal José Francisco Lacerda (known as "Chico Diabo", i.e., "Frank, the Devil") thrust his lance in López's abdomen, mortally wounding him. Assisted by Capt. Francisco Argüello, he evaded the Brazilians and reached the Aquidabán-Niquil stream, but was unable to climb the steep bank because of his wound. Left alone, he was found by the Brazilians, but refused to surrender again, when João Soares shot him in the back.

Aftermath.

After the Brazilian forces killed López, they headed towards the civilians in order to capture them. López and Eliza Lynch's eldest son Juan Francisco, who had been promoted to Colonel during the war and was 15 years old, was with her. The Brazilian officers told him to surrender, and upon replying ""Un coronel paraguayo nunca se rinde"" (A Paraguayan colonel never surrenders) he was shot and killed. Whereupon jumping and covering her son's body, Lynch exclaimed ""¿Ésta es la civilización que han prometido?"" (Is this the civilization you have promised?) (making a reference to the allies' claim that they intended to free Paraguay from a tyrant and deliver freedom and civilization to the nation). She then buried both López and her son with her bare hands before being taken as prisoner.

Cultural impact.

"Cerro Cora" is a 1978 Paraguayan film set on the last days of the Paraguayan War.

The Battle of Cerro Corá was fought on 1 March 1870 on a hill-surrounded valley of the same name, in the north-east of Paraguay. This was the last battle in the Paraguayan War.

Die Schlacht von Cerro Corá war die letzte Schlacht des Tripel-Allianz-Kriegs. Der Kampf ereignete sich am 1. März 1870 im heutigen Naturpark im Departamento Amambay und endete mit dem Tod des paraguayischen Präsidenten Francisco Solano López und mit dem Sieg der alliierten Truppen. Auf brasilianischer und argentinischer Seite kämpften General José Antônio Correia da Câmara mit etwa 2600 Mann, auf paraguayischer Seite López und der Vizepräsident Domingo Francisco Sánchez, die beide in der Schlacht ihr Leben verloren. Die letzten Truppen Paraguays waren bereits ausgehungert und mit nur noch etwa 400 Mann den brasilianischen Truppen hoffnungslos unterlegen.


History.

James Ashley Maude documented the first known discovery of the island in July 1817, referring to it as "Hawlool Island". He wrote: Maude also notes the island's close proximity to extensive pearling beds.  In 1823, the first map of the island was produced by Captain George Barnes Brucks. In Brucks' memoir, published posthumously in 1856, he gave a brief account of the island as well as its geographic location. He wrote that the island is high and noted the presence of wells. It is unknown if these wells were natural occurrences, such as sinkholes, or constructed by fishermen. He also remarks on the high elevation of the island and claims it was formerly known as May Island.  Scottish hydrographer James Horsburgh wrote a description of the island in his 1855 guide "The India Directory". His account did not differ by much from the earlier description given by Maude in 1817.

Geography.

The island lies 72 miles southeast of Ras Rakan, and around 50 miles northeast of the capital Doha. It is approximately 1 mile in length. The terrain is hilly and its highest peak is 202 feet. The island is visible from a distance of about 15 miles, and there is a reef around it which extends up to 0.2 miles offshore. The island contains the easternmost landmass of Qatar. With a distance of slightly more than 80 kilometers from the nearest point of mainland Qatar, which is "Ra’s Abū Qarn" on the northeastern coast and in the municipality of Al Khor, it is also the most remote island of the country. The island is susceptible to shamal winds. Located 45 miles northeast of the island is the rocky and shallow Shah Allum Shoal.

Geology.

Most of the island's surface lies on the Paleozoic strata. The Cambrian period Hormuz Formation is the predominant surface layer. It is one of the only two territories of Qatar which lie on a Paleozoic surface. Iron oxides such as hematite and ochre are found on the island, but have been left unexploited due to the high costs of extraction and transportation.

Wildlife.

The island serves as a habitat for several species of marine life and seabirds. Upwards of 80 mountain goats inhabit its hilly landscape, having expanded from a group of six mountain goats first transported to the island in 1963. The Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) is cooperating with Qatar Petroleum to protect and grow the island's wildlife. Among the most important initiatives taken are the planting of 400 saline-resistant trees and the establishment of protected sea turtle nesting sites.

Industry.

Shortly after the commencement of oil activities, in the mid-1950s the government began investing resources to convert Halul into a major oil loading terminal. The significance of the island was further realized in the 1960s after the government began establishing offshore oil fields. Between 1964 and 1966, industrial infrastructure was constructed on the island., the island accommodates 11 external floating roof tanks with an overall capacity of 5 million barrels of crude oil.  Halul produces its own electricity. It has nine turbo generators with a power capacity of 43 MW. Halul's two desalination units have a daily capacity of.

Halul Island () is one of the most important islands belonging to the State of Qatar. Lying about northeast of Doha, it serves as a storage area and loading terminal for oil from the surrounding offshore fields. One of the main bases for the Qatari Navy is located in Halul. The Coasts and Borders Security also have a base of operations on the island.

Dschazīrat Hālūl ("Insel Halul"),, ist die östlichste Insel des Staates Katar am Persischen Golf. Sie gehört verwaltungsmäßig zur Hauptstadt Doha, obwohl sie weit nördlicher auf Höhe der Stadt al-Chaur liegt.


Plot.

Concert pianist, Felicity Crichton Lissa Campbell (Margaret Lockwood) leaves her successful music career to devote herself to the British war effort. She applies to be a RAF WASP, but is rejected for health reasons. She then learns that she has a heart condition and does not have long to live.  Determined to live her final months fully, she goes to a resort in Cornwall. Not wanting to be recognised, she introduces herself as Lissa. She is soon befriended by Tom Tanner (Tom Walls), a salty old Yorkshireman, on government assignment to investigate mines. He sees her sadness, but does not pry.  She meets Kit Firth (Stewart Granger), a brash young engineer, and they form an association. She does not know Kit will soon be blind due to a war injury. The only one who knows is Judy (Patricia Roc), his childhood friend who is secretly in love with him. Meanwhile, Tom arranges for a piano for Lissa and she begins composing, inspired by her new environment and by Kit. Later, Kit introduces Lissa to Judy, who is working on an open-air play. Judy persuades Tom to invest in her production of "The Tempest".  Kit and Lissa's romance grows but, whenever things become serious, Kit backs away. Lissa grows increasingly frustrated, especially after he refuses Tom's offer to supervise the reopening of a mine in which Kit has found much-needed molybdenum, and she finally breaks up with him. Kit confesses to Judy that he has never met anyone as understanding as Lissa.  The next day, a mining accident traps Tom and his crew. When Kit descends the mine, he too becomes trapped but is able to escape and rescue them, proving he is not a coward. When Lissa finds him practising reading Braille, everything falls into place. She urges him to have surgery, but he says the doctors said his chances of surviving it were 100 to one, and that Judy had talked him out of it.  Lissa gets Judy to admit she views blindness as a godsend; Kit would have to turn to her. They agree Lissa will leave him if Judy persuades Kit to have the operation. After Kit leaves for surgery, Judy and her company prepare for their play. For the premiere, Judy is unable to go on until she hears the results of the imminent surgery. Lissa placates the audience for the delay by performing her new composition inspired by Kit. During her performance, she is overwhelmed by the same fear, and faints.  When Lissa recovers, she is reassured that Kit is well. When Judy thanks her for giving up Kit, Lissa admits that she is not giving up much—because she is dying. True to her word, she says goodbye to Kit, saying she will be going on a world tour and may not see him again. Despite his profession of love, Lissa leaves, heartbroken. In the coming weeks, Lissa travels the world, entertaining the troops. Meanwhile, Kit proposes to Judy and she accepts, but their relationship lacks passion. Despite Tom's advice to her to accept the truth and not cheat another woman out of the love she deserves, Judy insists she will not give up Kit.  Sometime later, Lissa is performing at the Royal Albert Hall. After her final number, she spots Kit in the wings in his RAF uniform, and runs into his arms before fainting. When she recovers, she sees Judy. Recognizing he will always love Lissa, Judy announces, to Kit's surprise, that they will not be getting married—Kit never belonged to her. Lissa finally reveals she only has months to live. Kit tells her they must take what happiness they can.

Production.

Arliss admitted inspiration from a number of magazine stories, called "Love and Forget", "The Ship Sailed at Night" and "A Night in Algiers".  "Love Story" was filmed at Gaumont-British Studios in Lime Grove, Shepherd's Bush, London, and the Minack Theatre in Porthcurno in Cornwall, England. The final concert scenes were filmed at the Royal Albert Hall in London.  Stewart Granger was making "Waterloo Road" at the same time as this film. He says Gainsborough was bombed while making "Love Story", which he later called "a load of crap - and a smash hit!"

Reception.

Box office.

The film was very popular at the British box office. According to "Kinematograph Weekly" the 'biggest winners' at the box office in 1944 Britain were "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "This Happy Breed", "Song of Bernadette", "Going My Way", "This Is the Army", "Jane Eyre", "The Story of Dr Wassell", "Cover Girl", "White Cliffs of Dover", "Sweet Rosie O'Grady" and "Fanny By Gaslight" (the latter being from the same studio as "Love Story", and also starring Stewart Granger). The biggest British hits of the year were "This Happy Breed", with runners up being "Fanny By Gaslight", "The Way Ahead" and "Love Story".

Critical.

In his review of the DVD version, Jeremy Arnold excused the film's overly melodramatic storyline and lack of realism and appreciated the context in which the film was released. "For wartime British audiences," Arnold wrote, "a melodramatic romance dealing with death, heroism and sacrifice, lushly photographed amidst the shores of Cornwall, must have served as a shot in the arm." Arnold found the film to be "so skillfully made that what seems like contrived melodrama in the abstract comes off more as just a sweeping romantic aura on screen." Arnold praised the acting in the film, writing that Lockwood "delivers a solid performance" and that the supporting actors, Tom Walls and Patricia Roc, stole the film. A well-known comic actor of the British stage and screen whose career began in 1905, Walls appeared in "Love Story" toward the end of his life. Patricia Roc was in some ways the more desirable of the two romantic choices, according to Arnold, who noted that "our eyes go to her more than to Lockwood whenever the two share the screen."  Film scholar William K. Everson wrote that the film "enabled the housewives, themselves much put upon, to wallow in the greater and more artificial self-sacrifice shown on the screen and to find in it a kind of contemporary escapism."  "Filmink" magazine said "Like "Man in Grey", it was (a) done with intensity, pace and complete conviction, (b) was critically dismissed, even by its stars (c) became a big hit, and (d) holds up surprisingly well today."

Love Story is a 1944 British black-and-white romance film directed by Leslie Arliss and starring Margaret Lockwood, Stewart Granger, and Patricia Roc. Based on a short story by J. W. Drawbell, the film is about a concert pianist who, after learning that she is dying of heart failure, decides to spend her last days in Cornwall. While there, she meets a former RAF pilot who is going blind, and soon a romantic attraction forms. Released in the United States as "A Lady Surrenders", this wartime melodrama produced by Gainsborough Pictures was filmed on location at the Minack Theatre in Porthcurno in Cornwall, England.

Cornwall Rhapsodie ist ein britisches Liebesmelodram aus dem Jahre 1944 von Leslie Arliss mit Margaret Lockwood, Stewart Granger und Patricia Roc in den Hauptrollen. Die literarische Vorlage lieferte eine Novelle von J. W. Drawbell.


History.

Pre-colonial period.

In the pre-Hispanic period, the Zoque lived throughout Chiapas, and as far away as the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and parts of the state of Tabasco.

Colonial period.

In 1494, the Zoque were invaded and defeated by the Aztecs, during the reign of Āhuitzotl, and forced to pay tribute. The Spanish conquest of the Zoque lands commenced in 1523, under the leadership of Luis Marin. The Zoque were parceled out amongst the settlers, where they endured forced labor and were obliged to pay high tribute. Diseases, exploitation and the miserable conditions under which they lived contributed to a significant decrease in their numbers.

Contemporary culture.

White-rimmed black pottery is characteristic of the Zoque people.  The Zoque traditional dress is worn almost exclusively by women and on special occasions. Some elderly men in remote communities wear white cotton shirts. Women traditionally wear short-sleeved white blouses, with colourfully embroidered open necklines, and long poplin skirts in various colors. More recently, they wear kneelength dresses in various bright colours with white lacy trims. Until recently, it was customary for married women to undress the upper half of the body while they worked in the heat. Younger generations of women have become more timid about exposing their breasts.  Their houses are mainly rectangular, with one or two rooms. Traditionally the walls were made of adobe, or mud bricks, whitewashed inside and out, and the houses had earthen floors and roofs consisting of four sloping sides of tile or thatch. More recently, they are constructed with concrete blocks, cemented floors, and corrugated iron roofs. The kitchen is usually a separate structure from the main house.  As with other groups, agriculture is their prime economic activity. The crops vary according to the topography of the terrain. For the most part they raise maize, beans, chiles, and squash. Their commercial crops are coffee, cocoa, peppers, bananas, mamey, sweetsop, and guava. The soil is of poor quality, and therefore the output is low. They raise pigs and domesticated fowl in small quantities to augment their diet.  The Zoque also work in the construction industry in the cities.

References.

"This article draws heavily on the in the, which was accessed in the version of 19 June 2006."

The Zoque are an indigenous people of Mexico. They speak variants of the Zoque languages. This group consists of 41,609 people, according to the 2000 census. They live mainly in the northerly sector of Chiapas state, principally in the "municipios" and towns of Amatán, Copainalá, Chapultenango, Francisco León, Ixhuatán, Ixtacomitán, Jitotol, Ocotepec, Ostuacán, Pantepec, Rayón, Totolapa, Tapilula, Tecpatán, Acala, Blanca rosa, and Ocozocoautla. They also live in the northern part of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the state of Oaxaca, including the Selva Zoque. Their language is also called Zoque, and has several branches and dialects. The Zoque are related to the Mixe.

Die Zoque sind ein mexikanischer Volksstamm, der hauptsächlich im bergigen und waldreichen Norden "(Selva Zoque)" des Bundesstaats Chiapas lebt; Splittergruppen gibt es auch in den angrenzenden Regionen der Bundesstaaten Tabasco, Veracruz und Oaxaca. Die Sprache wird ebenfalls Zoque genannt.


History.

Early History  The village was founded after 1366, when the then Hungarian king Ludovit I. Great gave nobleman Jakub a forested area between the villages Starina, Orlov, Andrejovka and the river Poprad, to create a village. [5] The first written mention of this village dates from 1427.  History of Legnava under Hungarian Rule  The village had then 7 taxed port and belonged to the estate Brezovica. In the documents from the 15th and 16th centuries it occurs sporadically under the name Legnava, more often in the Hungarianized Langno, Lagnó, Hosszúvágás and under the German name Legenau, Langhaw. The German name reveals that the settlement was built by settlers with sholtýs under the right of purchase. The document from 1440 shows that they lived in the village of Valasi. Šoltýstvo remained in the village until the 16th century. In 1600 the village consisted of 16 serf houses. At the end of the 16th century, Legnava was a medium-sized municipality with exclusively serf population mostly of Ruthenian origin. In the 17th century it belonged to the Semsey family, in the 18th century the Szirmay family. A chapel built by Tomáš Szirmay (1760) is located 1 km from the village. In 1787 the village had 298 inhabitants and in 1880 even up to 503 inhabitants. Nowadays, the inhabitants made their living mainly by farming, breeding sheep, working in forests. After 1918 by farming, cattle breeding and canvas weaving.  Modern History  [6]As of currently, the majority of the land surrounding Legnava is owned by the Kundrat family, a land exchange took place in 2019.

Legnava is a village and municipality in the Stará Ľubovňa District, Prešov Region in northern Slovakia. It has 146 inhabitants.

Legnava (bis 1927 slowakisch „Legňava“; deutsch "Legenau", ungarisch "Hosszúvágás" – bis 1907 "Lagnó", russinisch Леґнава/"Legnawa") ist eine Gemeinde im Nordosten der Slowakei mit Einwohnern (Stand ), die zum Okres Stará Ľubovňa, einem Teil des Prešovský kraj, gehört.