Signs and symptoms.

Dravet syndrome has been characterized by prolonged febrile and non-febrile seizures within the first year of a child’s life. This disease progresses to other seizure types like myoclonic and partial seizures, psychomotor delay, and ataxia. It is characterized by cognitive impairment, behavioral disorders, and motor deficits. Behavioral deficits often include hyperactivity and impulsiveness, and in more rare cases, autistic-like behaviors. Dravet syndrome is also associated with sleep disorders including somnolence and insomnia. The seizures experienced by people with Dravet syndrome become worse as the patient ages, as the disease is not very observable when symptoms first appear. This coupled with the range of severity differing between each individual diagnosed and the resistance of these seizures to drugs has made it challenging to develop treatments.  Dravet syndrome appears during the first year of life, often beginning around six months of age with frequent febrile seizures (fever-related seizures). Children with Dravet syndrome typically experience a lagged development of language and motor skills, hyperactivity and sleep difficulties, chronic infection, growth and balance issues, and difficulty relating to others. The effects of this disorder do not diminish over time, and children diagnosed with Dravet syndrome require fully committed caretakers with tremendous patience and the ability to closely monitor them.  Febrile seizures are divided into two categories known as simple and complex. A febrile seizure would be categorized as complex if it has occurred within 24 hours of another seizure or if it lasts longer than 15 minutes. A febrile seizure lasting less than 15 minutes would be considered simple. Sometimes modest hyperthermic stressors like physical exertion or a hot bath can provoke seizures in affected individuals. However, any seizure uninterrupted after 5 minutes, without a resumption of postictal (more normal; recovery-type; after-seizure) consciousness can lead to potentially fatal status epilepticus.

Causes.

In most cases the mutations in Dravet syndrome are not hereditary and the mutated gene is found for the first time in a single family member. In 70–90% of patients, Dravet syndrome is caused by nonsense mutations in the SCN1A gene resulting in a premature stop codon and thus a non-functional protein. This gene normally codes for neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel Na(V)1.1. In mouse models, these loss-of-function mutations have been observed to result in a decrease in sodium currents and impaired excitability of GABAergic interneurons of the hippocampus. The researchers found that loss of NA(V)1.1 channels was sufficient to cause the epilepsy and premature death seen in Dravet syndrome.  The timing of the first signs and symptoms in Dravet syndrome occur about the same time as normal childhood vaccinations, leading some to believe the vaccine was the cause. However, this is likely a non-specific response to fever, as vaccination often induces fever, and fever is known to be associated with seizures in persons with Dravet syndrome. Some of the patients who put forth vaccine injury claims from encephalopathy were later found, upon testing, to actually have Dravet syndrome.

Genetics.

The genotypic explanation of the disorder has been located on the specific voltage-gated sodium channel genes known as SCN1A and SCN2A. These genes are located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 at position 24.3 and code for the alpha subunit of the transmembrane sodium channel protein. A mutation in either of these two genes will cause an individual to develop dysfunctional sodium channels, which are crucial in the pathway for sending chemical signals in the brain, causing the phenotypic display of myoclonic epilepsy from the individual. A properly functioning channel would respond to a voltage difference across the membrane and form a pore through which only sodium ions can pass. The influx of sodium induces the generation of action potential by temporarily changing the charge of the cell. When the gene is mutated, the eventually translated protein improperly folds its pore segment within the cell membrane because it has different amino acid chemistry, which renders the channel inactive. It is also possible for a mutation to reduce the number of channels produced by an individual, which leads to the development of Dravet syndrome.  Currently, the SCN1A gene is the most clinically relevant; the largest number of epilepsy related mutations characterized thus far occur in this gene. Typically, a missense mutation in either the S5 or S6 segment of the sodium channel pore results in a loss of channel function and the development of Dravet syndrome. A heterozygous inheritance of an SCN1A mutation is all that is necessary to develop a defective sodium channel; patients with Dravet syndrome will still have one normal copy of the gene.

Diagnosis.

According to the Dravet Syndrome Foundation, the diagnostic criteria for DS requires the patient to present with several of the following symptoms:

Treatment.

Seizures in Dravet syndrome can be difficult to manage but may be reduced by anticonvulsant medications such as clobazam, stiripentol, topiramate and valproate. Because the course of the disorder varies from individual to individual, treatment protocols may vary. A diet high in fats and low in carbohydrates may also be beneficial, known as a ketogenic diet. Although diet adjustment can help, it does not eliminate the symptoms. Until a better form of treatment or cure is discovered, those with this disease will have myoclonic epilepsy for the rest of their lives.  Certain anticonvulsant medications that are classed as sodium channel blockers are now known to make seizures worse in most Dravet patients. These medications include carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and phenytoin.  Treatments include cognitive rehabilitation through psychomotor and speech therapy. In addition, valproate is often administered to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures and a benzodiazepine is used for long lasting seizures, but these treatments are usually insufficient.  Stiripentol was the only medication for which a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial was performed and this medication showed efficacy in trials. It acts as a GABAergic agent and as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA receptor. Stiripentol, can improve focal refractory epilepsy, as well as Dravet's syndrome, supplemented with clobazam and valproate was approved in Europe in 2007 as a therapy for Dravet syndrome and has been found to reduce overall seizure rate by 70%. In cases with more drug-resistant seizures, topiramate and the ketogenic diet are used as alternative treatments.  Cannabidiol (CBD) was approved in United States for treatment of Dravet syndrome in 2018. A 2017 study showed that the frequency of seizures per month decreased from 12 to 6 with the use of cannabidiol, compared with a decrease from 15 to 14 with placebo.

Epidemiology.

Dravet syndrome is a severe form of epilepsy, responsible for roughly 10% of cases in children. It is a rare genetic disorder that affects an estimated 1 in every 20,000–40,000 births. Although it is not clear whether people with Dravet syndrome are specially vulnerable to COVID-19 infection, recent publications have shown that affected individuals and their families have suffered some indirect damages during COVID-19 pandemic, such as healthcare barriers, loss of therapies or economic issues.

History.

Charlotte Dravet first described severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy in Centre Saint Paul, Marseille France in 1978 and the name was later changed to Dravet syndrome in 1989. Similar descriptions were given by Bernardo Dalla Bernardina in Verona.  Charlotte Figi, who was diagnosed as having Dravet syndrome, was the focus of a cause célèbre to provide a means for use of cannabidiol for persons with intractable seizures. She died in April, 2020.

Dravet syndrome, previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder which causes a catastrophic form of epilepsy, with prolonged seizures that are often triggered by hot temperatures or fever. It is very difficult to treat with anticonvulsant medications. It often begins before 1 year of age.

Das Dravet-Syndrom ("schwere frühkindliche myoklonische Epilepsie", "Frühe infantile epileptische Enzephalopathie") ist eine seltene genetisch bedingte Enzephalopathie mit schwer behandelbarer myoklonischer Epilepsie im frühen Kindesalter.


Statistics.

Most visitors (for any purpose) to Scotland in 2018 came from the following countries:

Tourist destinations.

Other areas which are popular for tourists include the Highlands and the Hebrides, such as the Isle of Skye. Perthshire, the Scottish Borders and Orkney and Shetland are also popular tourism destinations.  Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the United Kingdom, but there are many other significant mountains in Scotland. However, by international standards, all the mountains are relatively small. The Cuillin on the Isle of Skye offer some challenging climbs, such as the Inaccessible Pinnacle.  Scotland also has some amusement parks. One such park is M&D's in the town of Motherwell, North Lanarkshire. Scotland also has many lochs, including Loch Lomond, and Loch Ness, which is considered by some to be the home of the Loch Ness monster. There are also many rivers, which are good for salmon and fly fishing. These include the Tay, Tweed, Don, and Dee.  Scotland's best known export is Scotch Whisky and numerous visitors a year enjoy a tour around its Whisky distilleries. The Highlands is by far the largest region in Scotland both in area and in whisky production. This massive area has over 30 distilleries on the mainland. When the Islands sub-region is included, the total number of distilleries is 47.  Scotland is a popular destination for hunting, especially deer and grouse.  Scotland is also the home of golf, with many historic and famous courses including, St Andrews, Gleneagles, Royal Troon, Carnoustie, and Muirfield. There are hundreds of other courses in the country.

Scotland is a well-developed tourist destination, with tourism generally being responsible for sustaining 200,000 jobs mainly in the service sector, with tourist spending averaging at £4bn per year. In 2013, for example, UK visitors made 18.5 million visits to Scotland, staying 64.5 million nights and spending £3.7bn. In contrast, overseas residents made 1.58 million visits to Scotland, staying 15 million nights and spending £806m. In terms of overseas visitors, those from the United States made up 24% of visits to Scotland, with the United States being the largest source of overseas visitors, and Germany (9%), France (8%), Canada (7%) and Australia (6%), following behind.

Schottland ist ein gut entwickeltes Reiseland. Der Tourismussektor unterhält etwa 200.000 Arbeitsplätze, hauptsächlich Dienstleistungen, mit durchschnittlichen Einnahmen von 4 Mrd. £ pro Jahr. Touristen aus Großbritannien bilden den größten Besucheranteil Schottlands. 2002 kamen 18,5 Mio. Touristen aus Großbritannien nach Schottland, blieben insgesamt 64,5 Mio. Nächte und gaben 3,7 Mrd. £ aus. Außerdem wurden 1,58 Mio. Besuche von außerhalb des Vereinigten Königreichs gezählt, mit 15 Mio. Übernachtungen und Ausgaben in Höhe von 806 Mio. £. In Bezug auf ausländische Touristen sind die Vereinigten Staaten in Schottland mit 24 Prozent am häufigsten vertreten, vor Deutschland (9 %), Frankreich (8 %), Kanada (7 %) und Australien (6 %).


History.

Banca Popolare di Lodi was found in 1864. In the 1990s it became Banca Popolare di Lodi S.c.r.l., also known as Bipielle Group (sound likes BPL).

Alliances.

The bank was a member of an alliance ARCA, which consist of Banca Antoniana, Banca Popolare Commercio e Industria, Banca Popolare di Crema, Banca Popolare di Cremona, Banca Popolare di Lodi and Banca Popolare Veneta. ARCA joined with "North East Group", which consist of Banca Agricola Mantovana, Banca Popolare di Bergamo, Banca Popolare dell'Emilia, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Verona and Banca Popolare Vicentina in 1989.  BPL eventually acquired two of the banks of ARCA: BP Crema and Cremona; while Banca Popolare Veneta and Banca Antoniana merged to form Banca Antonveneta.

Acquisitions.

The bank acquired bank as its subsidiaries, such as Credito Molisano in 1998, Cassa di Risparmio di Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in 1999, Imola in 2000, Banco di Chiavari e della Riviera Ligure in 2003 and Istituto di Credito delle Casse di Risparmio Italiane. BPL owned 19.99% of Südtiroler Sparkasse – Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano until 2006–07. BPL was the major shareholders of Banca Caripe from 2003 to 2011. From 2003 to 2006 the sub-holding Reti Bancarie was a list company, which also held the shares of Banca Popolare di Crema (95.01%), Banca Popolare di Cremona (94.81%), Banca Popolare di Mantova (56.35%), Banca Valori (77.70%), Bipielle Società di Gestione del Credito (70% directly; 30% held by CR Lucca), Bipielle International Holding (90%; including Bipielle Bank (Suisse), Bipielle International UK and Bipielle Servizi) in 2003. In 2005 the company was named as Banca Popolare Italiana.  Reti Bancarie formed a 5-year partnership with Aurora Assicurazioni of Unipol Group in May 2004, as well as the insurance company bought minority ownership in Reti Bancarie.  The bank also involved in the Bancopoli scandal, which the bank sold all the shares of Banca Antonveneta in 2006.  On 31 December 2006 the bank had a shareholders equity of €3.956 billion (in consolidated balance sheets, increased from €2.786 billion), issued 682,360,539 number of shares, as well as Tier 1 capitals ratio of 22.32% (increased from 5.55%; Basel II required 4%).  In September 2006 BPL also absorbed sub-holding companies Reti Bancarie and Bipielle Investimenti, by issuing new shares of BPL and delisting them. Aurora Assicurazioni received 14,080,000 shares (about 2% of BPL); Unipol formed an agreement to sell the shares to Mediobanca.

As a subsidiary of Banco Popolare.

In 2007 Banca Popolare Italiana merged with Banco Popolare di Verona e Novara to form Banco Popolare S.C. The bank was retained as a sub-holding company as Banca Popolare di Lodi S.p.A.. The bank also swapped branches with sister companies Banca Popolare di Novara and Banca Popolare di Verona – S.Geminiano e S.Prospero, in order to specialize in Lombardy (part), Romagna and Sicily. CR Lucca also sold to the parent company, with BP Crema, BP Cremona and Liberty S.r.l. retained as BPL subsidiaries only. While BP Mantova was sold in 2008 and Banca Caripe on 1 January 2011.  In 2008, the BPL relaunched CR Imola and Banco di Chiavari e della Riviera Ligure as their brands.  On 31 December 2010 BPL had a shareholders equity (in separate balance sheets?) of €1.439 billion (increased from €1.432 billion).

As a brand of Banco Popolare.

In 2011 the company was absorbed into Banco Popolare. However it retained as a division of the bank, which included the CR Lucca sub-division, covers Lodi and former area belongs to Banco di Chiavari e della Riviera Ligure, Banca Popolare di Cremona and Banca Popolare di Crema. However, former branches in Sicily was managed by Banco Popolare Siciliano, a department of bank division BPN instead.

Banca Popolare di Lodi was an Italian cooperative bank based in Lodi, Lombardy. The bank was absorbed into parent company Banco Popolare in 2011. However, the bank still operates as a division and a brand of the group.

Banca Popolare Italiana (BPI) ist ein Finanzunternehmen aus Italien mit Firmensitz in Lodi. Das Unternehmen war im Finanzindex MIB 30 gelistet.


Manufacturer.

The Class GEA 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type Garratt locomotive was the first new post-Second World War locomotive class to be introduced on the South African Railways (SAR). It was designed by Dr. M.M. Loubser, Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the SAR from 1939 to 1949, and although it was a development of the Class GE 2-8-2+2-8-2 locomotive, it bore little resemblance to the older locomotive. It had a boiler which was designed to be interchangeable with that of the earlier Garratt model regarding external dimensions, but it had a bar frame and a round-topped firebox instead of the plate frame and Belpaire firebox of the earlier locomotive. The Class GEA was the first South African Garratt to have streamlined water tanks and coal bunkers and its engine units were radically different from those of the Class GE, with an expanded wheel arrangement in the form of a leading four-wheeled bogie instead of a two-wheeled Bissel truck.  An order for fifty locomotives was placed with Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1945, the largest single Garratt order ever placed with them. When they were delivered during 1946 and 1947, they were erected at the Uitenhage shops and numbered in the range from 4001 to 4050.

Characteristics.

The locomotives were superheated and had Walschaerts valve gear. They were the only post-war Garratts on the SAR to be without mechanical stokers and also one of the largest designs of Garratt to be manually stoked.  Its round-topped firebox was fitted with eight flexible cross-stays at the front end. The inner firebox was of steel instead of copper and it had a hopper type ashpan, fitted with an efficient arrangement of drench pipes. The ashpan doors were steam-operated with provision for hand operation when required. The finger bar fire grate was operated by two steam shaker cylinders and had two drop grates. The boiler pressure was higher than that of the Class GE and it had a larger superheater area with 36 elements and incorporating a multiple valve regulator. The locomotive had a self-cleaning smokebox and was fitted with a spark arrester. Instead of plate frames, it was built on bar frames of thick rolled steel bar with a tensile strength of. The pivots were of the adjustable type and were oil lubricated. The wheel arrangement was extended from a Double Mikado to a Double Mountain configuration, which permitted increased coal and water capacities. It had larger diameter coupled wheels, all flanged. The locomotive was designed to negotiate a minimum curve of radius, with superelevation and gauge widening not exceeding.  The outer bogies had two-pin swing links and laminated side control springs which provided for a total side-play of. The outer pairs of bogie wheels were arranged with tyre flange watering gear. The inner bissel trucks were of the radial-arm type with helical spring side control and a total side-play of. The bogies and bissels both had Timken roller bearing axle boxes. The front engine unit had two diameter vacuum brake cylinders, while the hind engine units were provided with steam and hand brakes. The cab arrangement was made especially convenient for the crew. The double roof was lined with teak while side louvre ventilators with roller slides were fitted. The cab front and sides had ventilating doors. Sliding louvres in the cab sides provided adequate weather protection while the lookout had hinged adjustable glass windscreens. The cab was completely enclosed with sliding side doors and the crew had upholstered hinged seats with armrests.  At least one locomotive was named. No. 4023 bore the name "Peacock" on a plate mounted above its cabside number plates.

Modifications.

Soon after they entered service, the front tanks of some of the locomotives were modified. While the tank capacity apparently remained the same, the all-up weight of the modified locomotives and their adhesive weight were less and their individual axle loads were different, although their maximum axle loads remained at.  Two locomotives, numbers 4036 and 4049, were modified in 1952 by having their coal capacity increased by means of extensions to the upper sides of their coal bunkers. Photographs show that more locomotives were later similarly modified. It does not appear as if these locomotives were ever officially reclassified to identify them as mainline locomotives, although they are referred to as Class GEAM in an annotation in the South African Railways and Harbours Locomotive Diagram Book. The post-modification coal capacity is not specified in the documentation.  In the Western Cape, wheatland fires caused by locomotives were a huge problem for farmers as well as for the SAR who had to pay out the claims. In the late 1960s Johannes Barnard, the assistant locomotive superintendent at Cape Town, used two locomotives to experiment with spark-extinguishing equipment, a Class GEA and a Class 19C. The spark extinguishers were mounted on the chimneys and consisted of two long tubes to extend the exhaust horizontally. The tubes had spray pipes around the vertical outlet at the end to drench any sparks that may have survived the journey along the tubes. In the case of Class GEA no. 4009 the tubes fed the exhaust forward to the outlet above the front end of the Garratt’s water bunker, which led to the engine being nicknamed "Renoster" (rhinoceros). The experiments were not successful.

Service.

South African Railways.

The locomotives were designed for goods traffic on light rail on branch lines. Some teething troubles were experienced when they were first placed in service, but these were solved and they proved themselves as fine performers. They started their service lives working goods traffic on the lines from Johannesburg to Zeerust in the Western Transvaal.  In the Cape Province, they worked from Voorbaai to Oudtshoorn across the Montagu Pass and in the opposite direction to Riversdale. Some were later transferred to Natal to work on the North Coast line, based at Stanger and Empangeni, and on the Eshowe and Nkwalini branches. They also worked on the Franklin branch and the Overberg line from Cape Town across Sir Lowry's Pass to Caledon. The Class GEA was withdrawn from service by 1976.

Royal visit, 1947.

During 1947, King George VI, accompanied by Queen Elizabeth and the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, visited the British territories in Southern Africa. The Royal Visit began in South Africa in February. Transport during the Royal Visit was aboard the Royal Train of the SAR, most of which later became the White Train for use by the Governor General of South Africa during the remaining years of the Union era and until the mid-1970s by the State President in the Republican era. During the Royal Visit, only selected British-built locomotives were used as motive power for the Royal Train. One of these was Class GEA no. 4024.

Industrial.

Six Class GEA locomotives were sold into industrial service.

Preservation.

Of the Class Gea, several survived into preservation. By 2018

The South African Railways Class GEA 4-8-2+2-8-4 of 1946 was an articulated steam locomotive. During 1946 and 1947, the South African Railways placed fifty Class GEA Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 4-8-2+2-8-4 Double Mountain type wheel arrangement in service.

Die Fahrzeuge der Klasse GEA der South African Railways (SAR) waren Dampflokomotiven der Bauart Garratt. Nach den 1938 beschafften Maschinen der Klasse GM erhielt die SAR während des Zweiten Weltkriegs keine Garratt-Lokomotiven. Unmittelbar nach Kriegsende bestellte die Bahn bei Beyer-Peacock jedoch 50 weitere Garratts mit der Achsfolge (2'D1') (1'D2'). Es war der größte jemals erteilte Einzelauftrag über Garratt-Lokomotiven.


Description.

It is a large shrub or small tree growing to or rarely to tall, with a dense crown. The leaves are long and broad, with two to three shallow, forward-pointing lobes on each side of the leaf. The hermaphrodite flowers are produced in corymbs of six to twelve, each flower with five white or pale pink petals and two or sometimes three styles. The flowers are pollinated by insects. The fruit is a dark red pome diameter, slightly broader than long, containing two or three nutlets.  It is distinguished from the closely related common hawthorn, "C. monogyna", in the leaves being only shallowly lobed, with forward-pointing lobes, and in the flowers having more than one style. Each style produces a seed, so its fruits also have more than one seed and these make them slightly oval, in contrast with the single-seeded and therefore round fruits of common hawthorn. The two species hybridise, giving rise to "C." × "media".

Taxonomy.

In the past, midland hawthorn was widely but incorrectly known by the name "C. oxyacantha", a name that has now been rejected as being of uncertain application. In 1753 Linnaeus introduced the name "C. oxyacantha" for the single species of which he was aware, but described it in such a way that the name became used for various species, including both the midland and the common hawthorn. In 1775 Jacquin formally separated the common hawthorn, naming it "C. monogyna", and in 1946 Dandy showed that Linnaeus had actually observed a different plant, and this would be "C. oxyacantha". However, by this time confusion over the true identity of "C. oxyacantha" was so great that Byatt proposed that the name should be formally rejected as ambiguous, and this proposal was accepted by the International Botanical Congress, although the name continues to be used informally.  The midland hawthorn was described botanically as a separate species as long ago as 1798 by Poiret, whose name "Mespilus laevigata" referred to this hawthorn. Poiret's name is reflected in the revised formal botanical name of midland hawthorn: "Crataegus laevigata" (Poir.) DC.

Cultivars.

'François Rigaud' has yellow fruit.  'Paul's Scarlet' (double red flowers), 'Punicea' (pink and white) and 'Rosea Flore Pleno' (double pink flowers) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. These cultivars are considered by taxonomists to be derived from hybrids between "C. laevigata" and "C. monogyna", within the named hybrid species "C." × "media".

Parasites.

The hawthorn button-top gall on midland hawthorn is caused by the dipteran gall-midge "Dasineura crataegi".

Crataegus laevigata, known as the midland hawthorn, English hawthorn, woodland hawthorn or mayflower, is a species of hawthorn native to western and central Europe, from Great Britain (where it is largely confined to lowland ancient woodland) and Spain east to the Czech Republic and Hungary. It is also present in North Africa. The species name is sometimes spelt "C. levigata", but the original orthography is "C. lævigata".

Der Zweigriffelige Weißdorn ("Crataegus laevigata") ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Weißdorne ("Crataegus") und gehört zur Familie der Rosengewächse (Rosaceae). Sie ist in Europa verbreitet.


How it works.

In polyalphabetic substitution ciphers where the substitution alphabets are chosen by the use of a keyword, the Kasiski examination allows a cryptanalyst to deduce the length of the keyword. Once the length of the keyword is discovered, the cryptanalyst lines up the ciphertext in "n" columns, where "n" is the length of the keyword. Then each column can be treated as the ciphertext of a monoalphabetic substitution cipher. As such, each column can be attacked with frequency analysis. Similarly, where a rotor stream cipher machine has been used, this method may allow the deduction of the length of individual rotors.  The Kasiski examination involves looking for strings of characters that are repeated in the ciphertext. The strings should be three characters long or more for the examination to be successful. Then, the distances between consecutive occurrences of the strings are likely to be multiples of the length of the keyword. Thus finding more repeated strings narrows down the possible lengths of the keyword, since we can take the greatest common divisor of all the distances.  The reason this test works is that if a repeated string occurs in the plaintext, and the distance between corresponding characters is a multiple of the keyword length, the keyword letters will line up in the same way with both occurrences of the string. For example, consider the plaintext:  "crypto" is a repeated string, and the distance between the occurrences is 20 characters. If we line up the plaintext with a 6-character keyword "abcdef" (6 does not divide into 20):  the first instance of "crypto" lines up with "abcdef" and the second instance lines up with "cdefab". The two instances will encrypt to different ciphertexts and the Kasiski examination will reveal nothing. However, with a 5-character keyword "abcde" (5 divides into 20):  both occurrences of "crypto" line up with "abcdea". The two instances will encrypt to the same ciphertext and the Kasiski examination will be effective.

A string-based attack.

The difficulty of using the Kasiski examination lies in finding repeated strings. This is a very hard task to perform manually, but computers can make it much easier. However, care is still required, since some repeated strings may just be coincidence, so that some of the repeat distances are misleading. The cryptanalyst has to rule out the coincidences to find the correct length. Then, of course, the monoalphabetic ciphertexts that result must be cryptanalyzed.

Superposition.

Kasiski actually used "superimposition" to solve the Vigenère cipher. He started by finding the key length, as above. Then he took multiple copies of the message and laid them one-above-another, each one shifted left by the length of the key. Kasiski then observed that each "column" was made up of letters encrypted with a single alphabet. His method was equivalent to the one described above, but is perhaps easier to picture.  Modern attacks on polyalphabetic ciphers are essentially identical to that described above, with the one improvement of coincidence counting. Instead of looking for repeating groups, a modern analyst would take two copies of the message and lay one above another.  Modern analysts use computers, but this description illustrates the principle that the computer algorithms implement.  The generalized method:

References.

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In cryptanalysis, Kasiski examination (also referred to as Kasiski's test or Kasiski's method) is a method of attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, such as the Vigenère cipher. It was first published by Friedrich Kasiski in 1863, but seems to have been independently discovered by Charles Babbage as early as 1846.

Der Kasiski-Test ist in der Kryptoanalyse ein Hilfsmittel zur Entzifferung von Chiffraten, die mit dem Vigenère-Verfahren erzeugt wurden. Mit ihm lässt sich die Länge des verwendeten Schlüsselwortes bestimmen.


Education and early career.

Shire was born in Buffalo, New York, to Esther Miriam (née Sheinberg) and Buffalo society band leader and piano teacher Irving Daniel Shire. His family was Jewish. His secondary education was at the Nichols School. He met his long-time theater collaborator lyricist/director Richard Maltby, Jr. at Yale University, where they wrote two musicals, "Cyrano" and "Grand Tour", which were produced by the Yale Dramatic Association. Shire also co-fronted a jazz group at school, the Shire-Fogg Quintet, and was a Phi Beta Kappa honors student, with a double major in English and music. He was a member of the Pundits and Elihu and he graduated "magna cum laude" in 1959.  After a semester of graduate work at Brandeis University (where he was the first Eddie Fisher Fellow) and six months in the National Guard infantry, Shire took up residence in New York City, working as a dance class pianist, theater rehearsal and pit pianist, and society band musician while constantly working with Maltby on musicals. Their first off-Broadway show, "The Sap of Life", was produced in 1961 at One Sheridan Square Theater in Greenwich Village. He co-wrote The Village Stompers' "Washington Square" with Bob Goldstein in 1963.

Film and television scoring.

Shire began scoring for television in the 1960s and made the leap to scoring feature films in the early 1970s. He was then married to actress Talia Shire, for whose brother Francis Ford Coppola he scored "The Conversation", perhaps his best known score, in 1974. Additional screen credits include "Two People", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three", "The Hindenburg", "Farewell, My Lovely", "All The President's Men", "The Big Bus", "2010", "Return to Oz", "Short Circuit", "Max Dugan Returns", and "Zodiac". He composed for "Saturday Night Fever" (for which he received two Grammy Award nominations), and also worked on several disco adaptations including "Night on Disco Mountain." He won the Academy Award for Best Song in 1979 for his and Norman Gimbel's theme song for "Norma Rae," "It Goes Like It Goes." He was also nominated the same year in the same category for "I'll Never Say Goodbye," from the motion picture "The Promise," with lyrics jointly written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. In 1979 his song "With You I'm Born Again," recorded by Billy Preston and Syreeta, was a top five international hit and stayed on the pop charts for 26 weeks.  "The Conversation" featured a score for piano. On some cues, Shire took the taped sounds of the piano and distorted them in different ways to create alternative sonic textures to round out the score. The music is intended to capture the isolation and paranoia of protagonist Harry Caul (Gene Hackman). The score was released on CD by Intrada Records.  For the "Main Title" of "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three," Shire set a jazz-funk groove in B-flat minor, and made the lead melodies and chords out of atonal twelve-tone rows in short bursts of variously shaped motives. The soundtrack album was the first-ever CD release by "Film Score Monthly." The end titles contain a more expansive arrangement of the theme.  Shire's television scores have earned five Emmy nominations. His hundreds of scores for television include: "Killer Bees"; "Raid on Entebbe"; "The Kennedys of Massachusetts;" "Serving In Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story;" Christopher Reeve's "Rear Window"; Oprah Winfrey's "The Women of Brewster Place;" and "The Heidi Chronicles." He also composed themes for the television series "Alice" and "McCloud" and the 1976-1977 Danny Thomas situation comedy "The Practice".  Shire's film and television scoring style is often compared to his late counterpart and contemporary Jerry Fielding.

Musical theatre.

As a pit pianist, Shire played for the original productions of both "The Fantasticks" and "Funny Girl", eventually serving as Barbra Streisand’s accompanist for several years. He also intermittently conducted and arranged for her (most notably for her television specials "Color Me Barbra" and "The Belle of Fourteenth Street"), and over a period of several years she recorded five of his songs.  Shire's musical theatre work, always in collaboration with lyricist Richard Maltby, Jr. includes the two off-Broadway revues "Starting Here, Starting Now" (Grammy nomination for Best Cast Album) and "Closer Than Ever" (Outer Critic's Circle Award for Best Musical) and the two Broadway shows "Baby" (Tony nominations for Best Musical and Best Score) and "Big" (Tony nomination for Best Score). All of these shows have had hundreds of regional and stock productions worldwide. A new musical entitled "Take Flight" premiered in London at the Menier Chocolate Factory in July 2007, with a separate production in Tokyo in November 2007. Previously concert versions were performed in Australia and Russia.  "A Stream of Voices", a one-act opera, with libretto by Gene Scheer, for the Colorado Children's Chorale, premiered in June 2008 in Denver.  On October 27, 2012, the Broadway-style musical "Loving the Silent Tears" premiered in Los Angeles, including some songs composed by Shire.

Miscellaneous.

Shire has conducted many orchestras, either for film scores or for pop concerts, including the London Symphony Orchestra, The Los Angeles Philharmonic, the San Francisco Opera Orchestra, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra and the Munich Symphony.  Shire wrote and composed many songs for the hit PBS children's TV series "Shining Time Station", which starred his wife Didi Conn along with comedian George Carlin.  Shire serves on the council of the Dramatists Guild of America and is a trustee of the Rockland Conservatory of Music and the Palisades (New York) Library. He was inducted into the Buffalo Music Hall of Fame in 2006.

Personal life.

Shire has been married to actress Didi Conn since 1982. They have an adopted son, Daniel (born July 1992), who was diagnosed with autism. He has another son, screenwriter Matthew Shire, by ex-wife Talia Shire.

David Lee Shire (born July 3, 1937) is an American songwriter and composer of stage musicals, film and television scores. The soundtracks to the 1976 film "The Big Bus", "The Taking of Pelham One Two Three", "The Conversation" and "All the President's Men", and parts of the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack such as "Manhattan Skyline", are some of his best-known works. His other work includes the score of the 1985 film "Return to Oz" (the "sequel-in-part" of "The Wizard of Oz"), and the stage musical scores of "Baby", "", "Closer Than Ever", and "Starting Here, Starting Now". Shire is married to actress Didi Conn.

David Shire (* 3. Juli 1937 in Buffalo, New York) ist ein US-amerikanischer jüdischer Komponist zahlreicher Filme (für Kino und Fernsehen) sowie von Musicals.


Mathematics.

His mathematical works were in the areas of spherical trigonometry, as well as conic sections. He published an original work on conic sections in 1522 and is one of several mathematicians sometimes credited with the invention of prosthaphaeresis, which simplifies tedious computations by the use of trigonometric formulas, sometimes called Werner's formulas.

Astronomy.

In 1500 he observed a comet, and kept observations of its movements from June 1st until the 24th.  This work further developed the suggestion of Regiomontanus that the occurrences of eclipses and cometary orbits could be used to find longitude, giving a practical approach for this method by means of the cross-staff. (The approach did not actually solve the problem as the instrument was not sufficiently accurate.)  His trepidations method to describe precession of the equinoxes "De motu octauæ Sphær" was posthumously challenged in 1524 by Nicolaus Copernicus in The Letter against Werner.

Geography.

He is most noted for his work, "In Hoc Opere Haec Continentur Nova Translatio Primi Libri Geographicae Cl Ptolomaei", published in Nuremberg in 1514, a translation of Claudius Ptolemy's "Geography". In it, he refined and promoted the "Werner map projection", a cordiform (heart-shape) projection map that had been developed by Johannes Stabius (Stab) of Vienna around 1500. This projetion would be used for world maps and some continental maps through the 16th century and into the 17th century. It was used by Mercator, Oronce Fine, and Ortelius in the late 16th century for maps of Asia and Africa. By the 18th century, it was replaced by the "Bonne projection" for continental maps. The "Werner projection" is only used today for instructional purposes and as a novelty.  In this work, Werner also proposed an astronomical method to determine longitude, by measuring the position of the moon relative to the background stars. The idea was later discussed in detail by Petrus Apianus in his "Cosmographicus liber" (Landshut 1524) and became known as the lunar distance method.

Meteorology.

Many consider Werner as a pioneer of modern meteorology and weather forecasting. Between 1513 and 1520, Johann Werner made the first regular observations of the weather conditions in Germany.

Honours.

The crater Werner on the Moon is named after him.  Some of the trigonometric identities used in prosthaphaeresis, an early method for rapid computation of products, were named "Werner formulas" in honor of Werner's role in development of the algorithm.

Johann(es) Werner (; February 14, 1468 – May 1522) was a German mathematician. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany, where he became a parish priest. His primary work was in astronomy, mathematics, and geography, although he was also considered a skilled instrument maker.

Johannes Werner oder Johann Werner (; * 14. Februar 1468 in Nürnberg; † Mai 1522 ebenda) war ein deutscher Pfarrer, Mathematiker, Astronom, Astrologe, Geograph und Kartograph.


Concept.

In the 1930s Škoda introduced a new range of cars built on a backbone chassis. First came the Popular compact car in 1934, followed by the Superb full-size car. The mid-range Rapid was added in 1935. The Favorit was the last to be launched, entering production in 1936. It is a mid-range model, larger and more powerful than the Rapid but smaller and more economical than the Superb.

Type 904.

The Favorit Type 904 has a four-cylinder 1,802 cc sidevalve engine that produces and gives it a top speed of. At a steady its fuel consumption is 14 or 15 litres per 100 km. The choice of bodies offered included a two-door saloon and a four-door "six-light" saloon. There was also an ambulance version. Sales were disappointing. Škoda persisted with the 904 for three years, but when it ceased production in 1939 only 169 had been built.

Type 923.

Škoda revised the engine and in 1938 launched the Type 923, which it marketed as the Favorit 2000 OHV. Škoda had enlarged the engine to 2,091 cc and given it overhead valves, which increased output to and its top speed to. Increased performance did not increase sales. Škoda had built only 54 of the 2000 OHV type when it ceased production in 1941.  From 1939 Škoda used the 2,091 cc OHV engine in a new 1.5 tonne truck, the Škoda 150. After the Second World War the truck continued in production, first as the Aero 150 and then as the Praga A150, until 1951.

The Škoda Favorit is a mid-size car that was made in Czechoslovakia by Škoda from 1936 to 1941. The original Favorit Type 904 has an 1,802 cc sidevalve engine and was built 1936–39. It was succeeded by the Favorit 2000 OHV which has a 2,091 cc overhead valve engine and was built 1938–41.

Der Škoda Favorit war der Nachfolger des Škoda 430 D. Die viertürige Mittelklasselimousine kam 1936 mit einer Karosserie in Holz-/Stahlmischkonstruktion heraus.


Concept.

According to Gormley, the significance of an angel was three-fold: firstly, to signify that beneath the site of its construction, coal miners worked for two centuries; secondly, to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age; and thirdly, to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears.

Construction.

Work began on the project in 1994. Gateshead Council secured funding of £800,000 - £584,000 from the Arts Council England, £150,000 from the European Regional Development Fund, £45,000 from Northern Arts, plus private sponsorship. The "Angel" was installed on 15 February 1998.  Due to its exposed location, the sculpture was built to withstand winds of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Thus, foundations containing of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock below. The sculpture was built at Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd using COR-TEN weather-resistant steel.  It was made in three parts—with the body weighing and two wings weighing each—then brought to its site by road. The components were transported in convoy—the body on a 48-wheel trailer—from their construction site in Hartlepool, up the A19 road to the installation site away; the nighttime journey took five hours and attracted large crowds.  The plaque beside the angel reads "The hill top site is important and has the feeling of being a megalithic mound. "When you think of the mining that was done underneath the site, there is a poetic resonance. Men worked beneath the surface in the dark... It is important to me that the Angel is rooted in the ground—the complete antithesis of what an angel is, floating about in the ether. It has an air of mystery. You make things because they cannot be said." This writing pays homage to the central idea of the statue to represent the past, present, and the changing times of the nation.

Maquettes.

Several maquettes were produced during the development stage of the project. A life-size model from which the sculpture was created was sold at auction for £2.28 million in July 2008. An additional bronze maquette used in fundraising in the 1990s, owned by Gateshead Council, was valued at £1 million on the BBC show "Antiques Roadshow" on 16 November 2008—the most valuable item ever appraised on the programme.  In 2011 German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop sold his life-size maquette (previously kept in the garden of his mansion in Potsdam, Germany) at an auction at Christie's in London for £3.4 million to an anonymous bidder. Another maquette was donated to the National Gallery of Australia in 2009, and stands in its Sculpture Garden.

Other projects.

Inspired by the "Angel of the North", several similar projects have been proposed. The "Angel of the South" title has been given by some to the "Willow Man", which sits to the side of the M5 in Somerset, while the White Horse at Ebbsfleet has been proposed for Ebbsfleet Valley, Kent. The sculpture "Brick Man" (also by Gormley) was proposed for the Holbeck area of Leeds.

Controversies.

Site.

There were comments made about potential for car accidents resulting from the statue's position next to the A1. Trees have now been allowed to grow up to hide the sculpture from the road at the point where it passes closest. There were also concerns over interference to TV reception.

Design.

The Gateshead Post drew comparisons between the Angel and a 1930s Nazi statue.

Pre-construction opposition.

The Angel aroused some controversy in British newspapers, at first, including a "Gateshead stop the statue" campaign, Initially Gormley by his own account had been "snooty" towards the project. When the council originally invited Gormley to present his ideas, he scoffed at the opportunity saying that he "did not make motorway art". Liberal Democrat councillor Jonathan Wallace, who opposed constructing the statue missed the decisive council vote having taken a new job. Despite any early opposition The Angel is now considered to be a landmark for North East England.  The Angel has been listed by one organisation as an "Icon of England". It has been claimed that the sculpture is also humorously known by some local people as the "Gateshead Flasher", because of its location and appearance. but this is refuted by the actual locals.

Morrisons supermarket.

On 7 May 2014 the supermarket Morrisons projected a large baguette onto the Angel, an act Gormley called "shocking and stupid". The company issued a statement saying, "We're sorry if you thought we got carried away by shining a baguette on the Angel of the North and apologise unreservedly to those to whom we have caused offence".

Tourism Ireland.

In 2011 Gateshead Council refused Tourism Ireland permission to illuminate the Angel for St Patrick's day.

The Angel of the North is a contemporary sculpture, designed by Antony Gormley, located in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England.

Der Engel des Nordens () ist eine 1998 von Antony Gormley kreierte moderne Skulptur außerhalb von Gateshead in England. Es handelt sich bei der rostbraunen Stahlskulptur um einen Engel, der an die industrielle Vergangenheit Nordenglands erinnern soll. Die Konstruktion erreicht eine Höhe von 20 Metern und eine Flügelspannweite von 54 Metern. Damit ist der Engel des Nordens breiter, als die Freiheitsstatue hoch ist. Die Flügel sind nicht gerade, sondern mit 3,5° angewinkelt, um eine Umarmung anzudeuten, wie Gormley sich ausdrückte. Der Engel des Nordens steht auf einem Hügel und überblickt die A1 und A167 Richtung Tyneside und die East Coast Main Line-Eisenbahnstrecke.


Behind the scenes.

The performers are given a basic outline of a premise by the writers, and call telephone numbers from a list of selected targets (known as "marks"). Using the basic premises, the performers improvise most of their lines, playing off of the responses of their marks, with the intention to keep them on the phone as long as possible.  With the exception of a few outside sources (including previous material from Jim Florentine and the Touch-Tone Terrorists), all the calls are made from Nevada. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 makes it illegal in most states to record telephone calls without both parties' consent. Under Nevada law, only one of the parties has to give consent (i.e., the caller), so prank calls can be recorded without the consent of the prank victims. One result of this was the series' schedule of creating and airing new episodes was fairly sporadic due to most of the celebrities living in Los Angeles, having Los Angeles-based jobs, and so were only periodically able to go to Las Vegas to make calls. Carolla, for example, took his radio program to Las Vegas once or twice a year, and while there would record new calls for the program.  The puppet designs were drawn by artist Todd James before being constructed based on the various marks' voices, and, along with a series of stock characters (such as "Niles Standish", "Bobby Fletcher" and "Special Ed") based on the performers' character voices, the calls are re-enacted for the skits.  The main character puppets for the first season were constructed by Bob Flanagan's company Den Design with additional puppets built by BJ Guyer, Carol Binion, Rick Lyon, Ron Binion, Jim Kroupa and Artie Esposito. An in-house puppet shop was set up for the following seasons to accommodate the fast-paced schedule of the show and the sheer volume of puppet characters required for each episode.  The puppets are puppeteered by Ron Binion, Rick Lyon, BJ Guyer, Victor Yerrid, Paul McGinnis, Alice Dinnean-Vernon and Artie Esposito.  Originally, the show was titled "Prank Puppets"; it was renamed after Comedy Central lawyers deemed that it implied malice.

Spinoff.

In 2011, there was a pilot for a traditionally-animated spinoff called "Birchum" featuring Dick Birchum as the main character. He was redesigned to look younger and had a mustache. The pilot was made for FOX, but was not picked up as a series.

Performers.

The voices of the characters are provided by:  Chief artists working for the show include:

DVD releases.

There are currently no plans for a DVD release for seasons 3 & 4, aka the MTV2 season of "Crank Yankers".

Crank Yankers is an American television show produced by Adam Carolla, Jimmy Kimmel and Daniel Kellison that features actual crank calls made by show regulars and celebrity guests and re-enacted onscreen by puppets for a visual aid to show the viewer what is happening in the call. The show premiered in 2002 on Comedy Central and returned to MTV2 on February 9, 2007, running again until March 30, 2007. The show screened in Australia on SBS Television and The Comedy Channel between 2003 and 2008.

Crank Yankers – Falsch verbunden! ist eine US-amerikanische Comedyshow, die von 2002 bis 2005 für Comedy Central und bis 2007 von MTV für MTV2 produziert wurde. In der Show werden reale Telefonstreiche mit Puppen nachgespielt. In Deutschland lief die Sendung mit deutschem Untertitel vorläufig auf MTV und seit Januar 2007 auf dem Sender Comedy Central, teilweise synchronisiert.


History.

Formed in 1978 in Long Beach, T.S.O.L. originated as a punk band, developing from earlier bands SS Cult and Johnny Koathanger and the Abortions. The original lineup consisted of vocalist Jack Grisham (who has been credited as Jack Greggors, Alex Morgon, Jack Ladoga, Jack Delauge and Jack Loyd, among pseudonyms), guitarist Ron Emory, bassist Mike Roche and drummer Todd Barnes. According to legend, the band acquired their instruments by casing a local music shop, waiting until closing, and then performing a smash-and-grab robbery.  Later in 1978, Grisham and Barnes formed Vicious Circle, and T.S.O.L. took a brief hiatus (in 2013, TKO Records released an eponymous Vicious Circle EP, composed of circa-1979 rehearsal tapes).  T.S.O.L.'s debut five-song EP, "T.S.O.L.", was released in spring 1981 by Posh Boy Records, featuring the reconvened original lineup. This first release was harshly political, featuring tracks such as "Superficial Love," "World War III" and "Abolish Government."  Their first full-length album, "Dance with Me", was released later in 1981 on Frontier Records, and showcased a more gothic/deathrock sound. They then signed to independent label Alternative Tentacles, releasing the "Weathered Statues" EP early in 1982, and the melodic "Beneath the Shadows" album later that year; the latter featured a new member, keyboardist Greg Kuehn.  Amid personal turmoil, Grisham, Barnes and Kuehn all left the band in 1983.  After his exit, Grisham formed Cathedral of Tears, who released a 1984 EP on Enigma Records, followed by Tender Fury, who issued three albums: "Tender Fury" (1988), "Garden of Evil" (1989) and "If Anger Were Soul, Id Be James Brown" (1991).  T.S.O.L., however, chose to reconfigure. Bad Religion bassist Jay Bentley briefly joined in 1983 before Roche returned. Joe Wood (formerly of Der Stab, and Grisham's then-brother-in-law) and Mitch Dean joined on vocals and drums, respectively. This new lineup released three albums on Enigma: "Change Today?" (1984), "Revenge" (1986) and "Hit and Run" (1987). All three albums featured a more polished production style, with "Hit and Run" reaching No. 184 on the "Billboard" 200 charts, and the band toured globally to support the releases. The band's first live album, "Live", was issued by Enigma in 1988.  The band became friends with Guns N' Roses, and T.S.O.L. T-shirts were seen in the video for that band's "Sweet Child o' Mine", most notably on drummer Steven Adler.  Emory left the band in 1988, during the recording of demos for "Strange Love", leaving Roche as the sole remaining original member. though Emory was given a writing credit on the track "Blow by Blow". T.S.O.L. were joined briefly by guitarist Scotty Phillips, who quit before the band started recording the follow-up to "Hit and Run". They eventually hired former Dino's Revenge guitarist and actor Marshall Rohner. They released a blues-metal album, "Strange Love", in 1990. Roche quit shortly before the album release, leaving the band with no original members. A compilation album titled "Hell and Back Together 1984–1990" was issued in 1992 with an emphasis on their metal era. Murphy Karges (later of Sugar Ray) replaced Roche on bass; he was then replaced by touring bassist Josh Also.  This late-'80s lineup was popular enough to garner bookings in Brazil and Argentina, where the Grisham-led band held no legal rights to prevent Wood from gigging as T.S.O.L. In 1996, Wood and Dean were joined by guitarists Mike Martt and Drac Conley, and bassist Dave Mello (from Uniform Choice), with Dean subsequently replaced by Steve "Sully" O'Sullivan. Also in 1996, Wood formed ongoing blues band Joe Wood & the Lonely Ones (also including O'Sullivan). Wood recorded as Orange Wedge in 1993 (with Dean Chamberlain of the Motels and Christopher Scott "Wag" Wagner of Mary's Danish) and Cisco Poison in 1995 (issuing the "It's a Long Way to Heaven..." album); he later fronted Joe Wood and the Killing Floor (also including O’Sullivan, longtime T.S.O.L. roadie Eric VonArab and professional skateboarder Ray "Bones" Rodriguez).  Meanwhile, the original members began playing shows under the name T.S.O.L, featuring the band's early material. They often played the same cities, on the same nights, as the other T.S.O.L. Since Wood and Dean now owned the rights to the name T.S.O.L., they threatened to sue the original members, who released the "Live '91" (Triple X Records) live album of their early material, under the name "Grisham, Roche, Emory and Barnes" but stopped playing together soon after its release. They also did some gigs during this time as "LOST" (T.S.O.L. backwards).  Grisham and Emory formed the Joykiller in 1995, releasing three albums prior to disbanding in 1998.  In 1999, the original members fought with Wood for rights to the name and won. They joined the Vans Warped Tour, playing for the first time in years under the name T.S.O.L.  Barnes died of a brain aneurysm on December 6, 1999, at the age of 34. The remaining members recruited drummer Jay O'Brien (formerly of All Day, later of American Jihad) and released the "Anticop" single (2001) and the albums "Disappear" (2001) and "Divided We Stand" (2003), all on Nitro Records, the latter of which featured Kuehn back on keyboards as well as Billy Blaze replacing O'Brien. Anthony "Tiny" Biuso (formerly of Rude Awakening, Bad Xample, Full Metal Racket and the Dickies; also later of Hed (pe) and Doyle) joined the band on drums in December 2003 and remained until 2014, serving as the longest standing drummer in the band's three-decade history. He first recorded with the band on 2005's "Who's Screwin' Who?" (Anarchy Music), a revamping and rerecording of 18 of T.S.O.L.'s greatest hits (it was later reissued under the titles "F#*k You Tough Guy: The Collection", by Cleopatra Records, and "Code Blue", by Anarchy).  In November 2006, the band announced they were breaking up, with final performances having taken place earlier in the month. In September 2007, Cider City Records released the seemingly posthumous live album "Live from Long Beach", recorded in November 2006 on the weekend of the band's two announced "farewell" performances. Their hiatus was short-lived, however, as they returned to perform local shows in late 2007. They also headlined the "Fuck the Whales, Save a Chckn" benefit in February 2008, held to help with cancer treatment bills for guitarist Craig "Chckn" Jewett of D.I.  In December 2008, the band entered the studio to record "Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Free Downloads", which was made available as a free download through sponsor Hurley International's website on January 8, 2009. It was also released on vinyl by DC-Jam Records on November 1, 2009.  Grisham launched another project, Jack Grisham and the Manic Low, in 2011; a debut album, "Songs for an Up Day", was released in June 2012. He also formed Jack Grisham's LOST Soul in 2012, a gigging ensemble featuring Kuehn and Biuso, with the intent of performing T.S.O.L. and the Joykiller material.  On April 20, 2013, T.S.O.L. released a 7" EP, "You Don't Have to Die" (TKO Records), for Record Store Day, composed of the title track (an unreleased 1980 demo) and two 1981 live tracks. That same year, the band toured Europe and South America; they also completed a US tour with Flag.  In 2014, Biuso left the band. He was replaced first by touring member Sean Antillon (a member of numerous bands including Corrupted Ideals, the Gears, Stains, the Skulls, the Weirdos and the Duane Peters Gunfight), then officially by Matt Rainwater (of the Joykiller)., and in 2016 by Chip Hanna.  On January 27, 2017, the band released "The Trigger Complex" album on Rise Records. In August 2017, Antonio Val Hernandez joined the band as drummer, replacing Hanna.

Film and television appearances.

In 1981, director Paul Young made "Urban Struggle: The Battle of The Cuckoo's Nest", a film which featured live performances by T.S.O.L. as well as several Orange County punk and hardcore bands. Dave Markey's 1982 film "The Slog Movie" also featured live T.S.O.L. performances, as did the 1989 movie "The Runnin' Kind". Their music was also featured in the 1984 movie "Suburbia", the popular 1985 horror movie "The Return of the Living Dead" and 1986 film "Dangerously Close". They were also mentioned in the 2007 documentary "Punk's Not Dead".  T.S.O.L. songs "Just Like Me" and "Flowers by the Door" were featured in the 1985 "CBS Schoolbreak Special": "Hear Me Cry", a program about teen suicide.

Members.

Current members  Former members  Touring musicians  Timeline

T.S.O.L. (True Sounds of Liberty) is an American punk rock band formed in 1978 in Long Beach, California. Although most commonly associated with hardcore punk, T.S.O.L.'s music has varied on each release, including such styles as deathrock, art punk, horror punk and other varieties of punk music.

TSOL (gelegentlich auch T.S.O.L. geschrieben) ist eine US-amerikanische Hardcoreband, die (mit Unterbrechung) von 1979 bis heute besteht. Der Bandname steht als Abkürzung für True Sounds of Liberty; die Band entstammt derselben Szene wie unter anderem Bad Religion, die Circle Jerks und die Adolescents. TSOL durchliefen einige deutliche Stiländerungen, wofür auch die vielen Besetzungswechsel verantwortlich gemacht werden. Einzelne Veröffentlichungen werden den Stilen Heavy Metal, Art-Punk und Gothic Punk zugeordnet. Bands wie Good Riddance, Tiger Army und Blitzkid nennen TSOL als Einfluss.


Early life.

Peter Ala Adjetey was born on 11 August 1931 at Accra, the capital of Ghana. He obtained his basic education at St. Paul's School at La, a suburb of Accra, and at Accra Bishop Boys' School. His secondary education was at Accra Academy. He proceeded to the University College of the Gold Coast (now the University of Ghana), where he obtained the University of London intermediate Bachelor of Arts degree in 1954. He then proceeded to the United Kingdom, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree from University of Nottingham in 1958. Adjetey was called to the Bar at Middle Temple in London in 1959. He returned to Ghana in the same year where he was also called to the bar.

Career.

From 1959 to 1962, Adjetey worked as a Law Officer with the Attorney General's department. He was a part-time lecturer at the Institute of Adult Education, University of Ghana between 1960 and 1962. He was also a part-time lecturer at the Ghana School of Law between 1964 and 1968. He also served on numerous boards at various times including membership of the Judicial Council of Ghana from 1984 to 1989. He was the President of the Ghana Bar Association between 1985 and 1989. He was appointed the President of the African Bar Association in 2000.

Politics.

Adjetey was the Member of Parliament for Kpeshie in the Third Republic of Ghana. He was also the leader of the United National Convention Parliamentary group during the same period. In 1995, he became Chairman of the New Patriotic Party (NPP), a position he held until 1998.

Awards.

Adjetey was awarded the national honour of the Order of the Volta in 2008. In that same year, he received an LL.D from the University of Ghana

Death.

Peter Ala Adjetey died on 15 July 2008 after a short illness.

Peter Ala Adjetey (11 August 1931 – 15 July 2008) was the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana from 2001 to 2005.

Rt. Hon. Peter Ala Adjetey (* 11. August 1931 in Accra, Ghana; † 15. Juli 2008 ebenda) war ein ghanaischer Jurist, Hochschullehrer und Politiker. Seit dem 7. Januar 2001 war er der zweite Sprecher des aktuellen Parlaments der Republik Ghana. Seine Amtszeit endete am 6. Januar 2005.


Club career.

Early career.

Hartley was born in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire. He was with Hibernian on an 'S' form; the club offered a six-month professional contract, which he rejected. Soon afterwards, Hartley started his senior career at Hamilton Academical, where he spent two seasons. Millwall paid £380,000 to gain his services in July 1996 and he spent one season there, conwho plays for the Scotland U21 team. He returned to Scotland in 1997, when he joined Raith Rovers for £150,000, before joining Hibernian in 1998, whom he helped win the First Division in 1998–99.  In season 1999–2000, he spent a short spell on loan at Greenock Morton.

St Johnstone.

St Johnstone manager Sandy Clark, who had previously managed Hartley at Hamilton, signed Hartley for a £200,000 fee in 2000. Billy Stark, who succeeded Clark in 2001, started using Hartley as a central attacking midfielder during the 2001–02 season. This change of position from Hartley's previous role as a right winger, coincided with a significant upturn in his performances, but it was not enough to prevent St Johnstone's relegation to the First Division. Hartley's personal success continued as he was nominated for the SPFA First Division player of the year award in 2003, but his team failed to gain promotion back to the SPL in 2003.

Hearts.

Hearts manager Craig Levein had noticed the improvement in Hartley's play since 2002. Hearts signed Hartley on a free transfer when his contract with St Johnstone expired in the summer of 2003. Hartley continued to improve at Tynecastle, helping Hearts to third place in the Premier League in 2003–04 and starring in their subsequent UEFA Cup run. In January 2005, Celtic attempted to buy Hartley, but their £300,000 offer was considered significantly below Hearts valuation and was rejected. Hartley subsequently signed an improved contract with Hearts.  One of Hartley's most memorable performances was his three goals against Hearts' archrivals Hibernian in the Scottish Cup semi-final in 2006, his first hat-trick as a professional footballer. Despite his sending off, Hearts defeated Second Division outfit Gretna on penalties in the 2006 Scottish Cup Final.  He was voted as SPL Player of the Year in 2005–06. Hartley was also shortlisted for Scottish Football Writers award in the same season and the SPFA Players' award in 2004–05.  During the January 2007 transfer window, Hartley was linked with Rangers and Premier League club Aston Villa. Hearts manager Valdas Ivanauskas initially responded to the speculation by insisting any transfer bids would not be appreciated. On 26 January, however, Hearts and Ivanauskas admitted that they had now come to the decision to sell their prize assets; both Hartley and Craig Gordon were both dropped for that weekend's match against Rangers.

Celtic.

Hartley signed for Celtic for £1.1 million on a two-and-a-half-year contract, with the option for a further year, in January 2007. Despite having a mediocre start to his Celtic career in the second half of the 2006–07 season, Hartley enjoyed a very good 2007–08 season. On 15 August 2007, he scored his first goal for the club in their Champions League 3rd qualifying round tie against Russian side Spartak Moscow.  Gordon Strachan usually employed Hartley, who had played as an attacking midfielder for Hearts, in a more defensive role. Hartley was one of Celtic's key players in the defence of their league title at the end of the 2007–08 season in which Celtic had to win all seven of their remaining matches, two against arch-rivals Rangers. Playing in the centre of midfield with Barry Robson, Hartley helped Celtic to their third league title in a row.  Hartley featured less for Celtic during the 2008–09 season and was released by new manager Tony Mowbray on 1 July 2009.

Bristol City.

After his release by Celtic, Hartley signed for Bristol City. Hartley played his first match for the club in a friendly against Dutch team Ajax before scoring on his competitive debut in a 2–2 draw away to Preston North End. After citing a desire to return to Scotland, Hartley was made available for free transfer by the club in July 2010. He was heavily linked with a return to former club Hearts, but they dropped their interest in Hartley after he refused to distance himself from criticism of majority shareholder Vladimir Romanov during his first stint with the club.

Aberdeen.

Hartley signed for Aberdeen on 28 July 2010 and was appointed as the new club captain on the same day. On his league debut for Aberdeen, Hartley scored a hat-trick of penalty kicks in a 4–0 victory against Hamilton. It was the first time a player had scored a hat-trick of penalties in a Scottish top division match since Donald Ford, for Hearts against Morton, in September 1973. Hartley scored another penalty, against Hibernian in a 4–2 victory, on 23 October 2010. Three days later, Hartley scored both Aberdeen goals in a 2–1 win against Falkirk in the League Cup. This meant that Hartley had scored eight goals for Aberdeen, seven from penalties. Hartley announced his retirement as a player at the end of the 2010–11 season, having missed the last two months of the season due to a medial knee ligament injury.

Management career.

Alloa Athletic.

Hartley was appointed manager at Alloa Athletic on 17 May 2011, to get Alloa back into the second division having been relegated the season before. He had the tough job of rebuilding the squad as every player's contract had expired. Of the team only three players were offered new contracts, of those only one player accepted. Hartley managed to get a full squad together and Alloa won the title on 7 April 2012. He led the side to a successive promotion through the Scottish First Division play-offs in May 2013, relegating Dunfermline Athletic in the process. He resigned after the 5–1 loss against Dumbarton on 18 January 2014.

Dundee.

Hartley signed for Dundee as manager on 5 February 2014, replacing John Brown. He led the Dee to the Scottish Championship title on the final day and promotion to the Scottish Premiership. Dundee went unbeaten in their first 8 games of the season including a 1–1 draw with Celtic. Hartley then declined an offer to manage Cardiff City. Dundee went on to finish sixth in the Premiership, and finished eighth in the following season. Hartley was sacked by Dundee in April 2017, after a run of seven consecutive defeats left them in a relegation play-off position.

Falkirk.

Hartley was appointed Falkirk manager on 4 October 2017, succeeding Peter Houston. After a bad start to the 2018–19 season, Hartley left Falkirk on 27 August 2018.

Cove Rangers.

Hartley joined newly-promoted Scottish League Two club Cove Rangers in July 2019, succeeding John Sheran as manager.

International career.

Hartley's first experiences of international football took place right at the beginning of his professional career when he was selected by manager Craig Brown as a training squad player for Euro 96. His performances for Hearts earned him international recognition in December 2004, when he appeared for Scotland B against Germany B in Mannheim. He won his first full Scotland cap a few months later, against Italy in the San Siro. Hartley scored his only international goal in a 3–0 win over Slovenia in October 2005.  Throughout Scotland's UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign, Hartley was a regular pick in midfield. Hartley started in both of Scotland's 1–0 victories over France, and was heavily praised for his all-action performance in the holding midfield role in Paris. Hartley disrupted many French attacks and he made several key blocks. This performance led club manager Gordon Strachan to start using him in the same role at Celtic, with similar successful results.

Paul Hartley (born 19 October 1976) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the manager of Scottish League Two club Cove Rangers.

Paul James Hartley (* 19. Oktober 1976 in Hamilton) ist ein ehemaliger schottischer Fußballspieler und heutiger -trainer. Hartley begann seine Profilaufbahn 1994 bei Hamilton Academical und spielte zwei Saisons bei den "Accies", bis Millwall ihn für 400.000 Pfund in die englische Liga lotste, wo er ein Jahr spielte und auch für die schottische U-21 Nationalmannschaft auflief. 1997 kehrte er gegen eine Ablöse von 150.000 Pfund nach Schottland zurück und spielte für die Raith Rovers, bevor er sich eine Saison darauf Hibernian anschloss und mit den "Hibs" aus der First Division in die Scottish Premier League aufstieg.


History.

Approximately east of Anuradhapura, close to the Anuradhapura - Trincomalee Road is situated the "Missaka Pabbata" which is in height and is one of the peaks of a mountainous range.  According to Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa, Thera Mahinda came to Sri Lanka from India on the full moon day of the month of Poson (June) and met King Devanampiyatissa and preached the Buddhist doctrine. The traditional spot where this meeting took place is revered by the Buddhists of Sri Lanka. Therefore, in the month of Poson, Buddhists make their pilgrimage to Anuradhapura and Mihintale.  Mahinda was the son of Emperor Ashoka of India. King Ashoka embraced Buddhism after he was inspired by a monk named “Nigrodha.” The King was in great misery after witnessing the devastation caused by expansionist wars. Meeting this peaceful young monk was a turning point in his life, thereafter, he renounced war. He was determined to spread the message of peace. As a result, both his son and daughter were ordained as Buddhist monastics, and became enlightened Arahats. In his quest to spread the message of peace instead of war, Ashoka sent his son Mahinda, to the island of Lanka, which was also known as “Sinhalé”. This island was ruled by his friend King Devanampiyatissa. Thus, “Mahinda” was the Indian name, which in Sinhalé, became “Mihindu.”  In Sinhala Mihin-Thalé literally means the “plateau of Mihindu”. This plateau is on top of a hill from where Arahat Mihindu was supposed to have called King Devanampiyatissa, by the King's name to stop him shooting a deer. Hence, “Mihin Thalé” is a specifically Sinhala term.  From ancient times, large steps were constructed to climb Mihintale. It is stated that King Devanampiyatissa constructed a vihara and 68 caves for the bhikkhus to reside in. At Mihintale there gradually grew a number of Buddhist monasteries or viharas with all the dependent buildings characteristic of the monasteries of that period.

Description.

The Hospital.

At the foot of the mountain are the ruins of a hospital, medical bath (or stone canoe in which patients were immersed in medicinal oil) a stone inscription and urns belonging to the ancient period have been unearthed. Between the hospital and the steps leading to the rock are the ruins of a large monastery. On the floors of the square building which is on one side, are beautiful carvings and also are stone balustrades and guard stones. As this side is precipitous, the steps are on the eastern side of the slope, spacious and in 4 sections. The stairway has 1840 steps made of granite, leading to the summit. At the end of the first set of steps on the right side of the plain, is a small mountain peak. On this is situated the most famous Kantaka Cetiya.  Heinz E Müller-Dietz (Historia Hospitalium 1975) describes Mihintale Hospital as being perhaps the oldest in the world.

Kantaka Cetiya.

Kantaka Cetiya is a circular stupa having a base circumference of about 425 feet. It has three stepped rims. It has four frontispieces in the four cardinal directions. The frontispiece is called "Vaahalkada". All the Vaahalkadas are decorated with sculptures of dwarfs, animals, human, divine figures and floral motifs. One of the most important of the sculptures on the Kantaka Cethiya Vaahalkada is the elephant headed God with two arms. The "Saivites" call it "Ganapati" or "Ganeesaa". The Ganapati sculptures in the Vaahalkadas of the Kantaka Cetiya have created confusion among the archaeologists and historians. No one could not explain the connection between "Ganapati God" and "Buddhism." Thus, the Sinhalese historians and archaeologists have tried to give some imaginary interpretation.  The four vahaalkadas facing the four cardinal points have different animals on the top of the square pillars - the elephant on the east, the lion on the north, the horse on the west and the bull on the south.  Most of the Indian and Sri Lankan archaeologists believe that there is a symbolic relationship between these animals and the four cardinal directions. But, they differ in associating a particular animal with a particular direction.  However, in a moonstone of Sri Lanka and the Lion Capital of Saranath, we find these four animals sculptured in the moving position. At the same time, in the coins collected in the Northern mainland of Sri Lanka, Jaffna peninsula and Akurugoda of Rununa, we find the following symbols marked on them: 1. the Lion on one side, and a group of four dots placed in the form of a square at the centre of a circle on the other side; 2. the Horse on one side and a group of four dots placed in the form of a square at the centre of a circle on the other side; 3. the Bull on one side and a group of four dots placed in the form of a square at the centre of a circle on the other side.  Also in the Northern and southern Sri Lanka, coins having a bull on one side and an elephant on the other side have been discovered. In India coins with a bull on one side and a lion on the other side have been discovered.  Therefore, the animals lion, horse and bull are associated with the very same group of four things. Therefore, the animals lion, horse and bull must symbolize a human who is associated with a group of four things.  Thus, one could come to the conclusion that the four animals lion, horse, elephant and bull symbolize Lord Buddha who is associated with the Four Noble Truths. Further study on coins, sculptures etc. will confirm this conclusion.  The Sinhalese archaeologists and historians say that King Suratissa have built this Stupa. The Pesavalalu and the frontispiece have been preserved to a great extent. There are ruins of the stupa which are in height. The monks would have resided in the caves close to the stupa. As this stupa was renovated by King Lajjitissa. There is no doubt that this belongs to the 1st century B.C.

The Refectory.

The Courtyard is situated at the end of the third flight of steps. To the left of the courtyard is the refectory. The quadrangle is in length and in breadth and is surrounded by the storeroom. Since a part of a pipe line has been discovered here, it can be concluded that a systematic and well planned pipe borne scheme was provided. Two stone troughs can be seen here, which would have been used to store food close to the refectory. On either side of the entrance to a building, are 2 inscriptions engraved on 2 large slabs of granite known as the Mihintale stone inscriptions. The rules and regulations pertaining to the administrative purposes of the monastery are engraved on these 2 stone slabs. This inscription installed by King Mihindu (956 - 976 AD) contains records of payments made to the service staff. In the vicinity on another plain is the meeting hall of the monks. Here the monks met, to discuss the Dhamma and the Vinaya. This is an open building which is square and was constructed on 48 stone pillars. In the middle of the hall is a platform with 4 entrances.  To the East of the refectory is a stupa, in circumference. It has not been identified so far.

Ambasthala Dagaba.

Is situated on the plain close to the peak of the mountain, and is said to have been built by King Makalantissa. The ruins show that there has been a house built encircling the stupa. The Dagaba itself is said to enshrine the relics of the great Apostle Mahinda. It is here that King Devanampiyatissa first met Arahant Mahinda. The traditional spot where this meeting took place is marked by the Ambasthala Dagaba.

The Cave of Arahat Mahinda.

When proceeding from Ambastala dagaba along the narrow road, on the slope is the cave known as Mihindu Guhawa or the cave of Arahant Mahinda, where he resided. Out of the caves the most famous and incidentally the most sacred to Buddhists is this cave with its flattened slab on which Thera Mahinda was accustomed to rest.

Maha Stupa.

This large stupa known as the Maha Seya is on the summit of the Mihintale hill, built by King Mahadathika Mahanaga (7-19 AD) the base of which is in diameter. The stupa which was in a dilapidated condition was completely restored.

Aradhana Gala.

Which faces Maha Seya is on a summit of a hill. Even during very windy weather pilgrims do not fail to visit this rock, which has iron railings to help them to climb. In the ancient books such as the Mahavamsa it is written that Mahinda came to Sri Lanka by travelling through the air. He came down and landed on the top of the Aradhana Gala where he met King Devanampiyatissa for the first time.

Kaludiya Pokuna.

Is one of the famous ponds at Mihintale. The word "Kalu" means black. The word "diya" means water, and the word "pokuna" means pond. The name is derived from the fact that the water in the pond appears to be black in colour. It is believed that on new moon day Kalu Buddha Rakkhita Thera sat under the Thimbiriya tree, close to the Kaludiya Pokuna, and preached a sermon based on the Kalakarama Sutta.

Naga Pokuna.

Naga Pokuna, means "Serpent Pond." Its name is derived from the figures of snakes with their hoods spread out in the background; it is one of the most famous ponds at the site. Passing Ambasthalaya on the western side is a flight of steps. When descending the steps the Naga Pokuna is visible.  Mahavansa mentions a pond named Nagacatuska connected with the information regarding the arrival of Thera Mahinda in Sri Lanka. Also the chronicle records much later that king Aggabodhi I (575-608 AD) built a pond named Nagasondi. From this information it may be assumed that the natural pond, known as Nagacatusca, was converted to a man made pond by King Aggabodhi. Filled by rain water, this pond supplies water to the Lion Pond, Alms Hall and for the daily needs of the Mihintala monks.

Singha Pokuna.

Singha Pokuna, means "Lion Pond," the name was derived from the image of the rampant lion. Water was collected here for the use of bikkhus (monks). Water is supplied from the Naga Pokuna through a tunnel.

Buddha Statue.

To the side of the Ambasthala Dagoba is a flight of rock-carved steps leading to a large white Buddha statue.

Mihintale is a mountain peak near Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka. It is believed by Sri Lankans to be the site of a meeting between the Buddhist monk Mahinda and King Devanampiyatissa which inaugurated the presence of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. It is now a pilgrimage site, and the site of several religious monuments and abandoned structures.

Mihintale ist eine der ältesten Anlagen des Buddhismus in Sri Lanka. Das buddhistische Kloster liegt auf dem Missaka Berg 7 km östlich von Anuradhapura.


History.

Formation.

Jon Windle and Edward 'Maz' Marriott were in several bands together from the age of 15 in Sheffield, and their first gig together was at St Timothy's Church Hall in Crookes. This was followed up by several other low key gigs in friends bedrooms and garages.  Little Man Tate were originally formed as a 4 piece band by singer/guitarist Jon Windle, guitarist Edward 'Maz' Marriott, drummer Mike Balkow and former lead singer Simon Barnes in 1998 under the name Carousel Moon. The band changed their name to The Moon on 15 October 2001 which remained in place until 2005.  Then came a transitional period for the band as they briefly changed their name to Lazy Eye before finally becoming Little Man Tate in September 2005. The band line up had also changed over the early years, following the departures of original lead singer Simon Barnes, and drummer Mike Balkow, who was replaced by Dan Fields.  In an interview, Jon Windle revealed the name Little Man Tate came when he was on the telephone to bass player Ben Surtees, and was trying to think of a band name. He saw the film "Little Man Tate" advertised in the television listing, and they settled on that.

Touring, V2 and debut album (2005-2007).

The band began touring together in September 2005.  Their first single, "The Agent", was released 6 March 2006 on 7" vinyl with "Just Can't Take It" as the B-side. All 1,800 copies sold out as pre-orders. The back of the record sleeve featured 273 usernames of members of the band's forum. The song was rated 9/10 by Teletext's Planet Sound. "The Agent" was Number 6 in Planet Sound's top 50 singles of 2006. The band played acoustic sets at several HMV stores around the UK to promote the single. It reached number 117 in the official UK Singles Chart on sales of the 7" vinyl alone.  In April 2006, the band toured the UK. The band's second single, "What? What You Got?" was released on 22 May 2006, and reached number 40 in the UK Singles Chart, and was first played by DJ Phil Beckett on 96.2 The Revolution and not by Steve Lamacq on BBC 6 Music. Both "The Agent" and "What? What You Got?" were released under the band's own label, Yellow Van Records, a tribute to their old yellow van which was stolen along with all their equipment at an early gig at Fibbers (Barfly) in York.  In June 2006, Little Man Tate played their first festival at the Middlesbrough Music Live in Middlesbrough, UK. In August 2006, they played the Reading and Leeds Festivals on the Carling Stage. On 26 August 2006, the band released their third single "House Party at Boothy's". The track reached number 29 in the official UK Singles Chart The band's fourth single, "Man I Hate Your Band", was released on 13 November 2006. It charted at number 26 in the UK Singles Chart.  On 22 January 2007, the band released their fifth single "Sexy In Latin" one week prior to the release of their debut album. The track became the band's first top 20 single when it charted at number 20 in the UK Singles Chart. The band's debut album, "About What You Know" was released on 29 January 2007 and reached number 27 in the UK Albums Chart. The next single to be released was "This Must Be Love" on 26 March 2007. The single reached number 33 in the UK Singles Chart. The music video for the track starred veteran British actress Liz Smith.  On 18 July 2007, the band released two new tracks "Suicide Tuesday" and "Trouble With Detox" free on NME.com. The band played the Main Stage of the Reading and Leeds Festivals on 24 & 25 August 2007. The band released their seventh single, "European Lover" on 27 August 2007, a re-recorded version of the same track that featured on their debut album, "About What You Know". The single was not chart eligible as the single included a sticker advertising a competition to win tickets for the band's forthcoming Christmas gig in Blackpool at the Empress Ballroom.  It was reported on 11 August 2007 that the band's record label V2 Records had been bought out by Universal. The band were subsequently dropped by V2 in November 2007, along with a large number of the rest of V2's roster of acts. It was during this time that the band announced they would release their eighth single 'Boy In The Anorak' prior to being released by V2. Promotional copies of the single were sent out and the track was made available to purchase temporarily on iTunes, however at the last minute the single was cancelled. The band gave away free copies of the single at a Blackpool Empress Ballroom gig and it was made available to download from their website on Christmas Day.

Second album (2008-2009).

On 2 June 2008, the band released their eighth single, "What Your Boyfriend Said", which was the first to be taken from their second album "Nothing Worth Having Comes Easy". The track reached number 60 in the UK Singles Chart. The band released their ninth single "Hey Little Sweetie" on 8 September 2008. The track reached number 142 in the UK Singles Chart.  On 15 September 2008, the band released their second album, "Nothing Worth Having Comes Easy", which reached number 80 in the UK Albums Chart.  In November 2008, a list of BNP members was leaked on the internet which caused a case of mistaken identity when on the list appeared a Jon Windle of Sheffield. The "NME" verified that it was not Windle of Little Man Tate. The band then released a statement saying "We would like to assure our fans that the Jon Windle that has appeared on the leaked list of BNP members is not the band's vocalist. Jon has never associated himself with the BNP in any form."  Little Man Tate released their tenth single, "I Am Alive", on 23 March 2009 on 7" vinyl and digital download only, and it was the band's final release.

Break up.

On 13 July 2009, Little Man Tate announced their decision to split up after four years. They performed two final sell-out shows at the O2 Academy in Sheffield on 2 and 3 October 2009 to over three thousand people.

After Little Man Tate.

Edward Marriott was a session musician in London, following the band's split. As of March 2010, he toured with singer Jay Brown and Dusso & The Holy Smokes. He is now working as a Music Teacher in North London.  Ben Surtees was DJing and working on Hospital radio  After LMT, Jon Windle released 2 solo albums, "Step Out The Man" in October 2010, and "Sober Minds" in May 2012. He continued to tour, performing both solo acoustic shows as well as full band concerts until December 2013 when he announced his retirement with a sold-out show at Sheffield City Hall on the 22nd of December. Windle is now involved in music management, working with a variety of different bands in the indie and rock genres across the UK.

Reunion Rumours.

On the 9th of March 2020 a new Facebook page, apparently set up by the band, appeared under the name LittleManTateOfficial followed by a cryptic post that simply read "Somethings Happening" a reference to one of the bands biggest hits "Sexy In Latin".  Shortly after Twitter and Instagram accounts, also using LittleManTateOfficial surfaced, again appearing to be set up by the band, fuelling speculation in both the local and national music press that they were about to reform.  On the 24th of March the band released a post across all social media platforms stating that an announcement would be made on the 14th of April, along with the #somethingshappening moniker.  On the 14th of April, after nearly 5 weeks of speculation, the band announced that a one off reunion show would be taking place at O2 Academy Sheffield on Friday 18th of September.  On 22nd April, following high levels of demand for pre-sale tickets (selling out in less than 45 minutes), the band announced a second date at O2 Academy Sheffield on Saturday 19th September, 2020.

Little Man Tate were a British four-piece indie rock band from Sheffield, England who formed in 2005. They broke up in 2009. The band quickly began attracting interest from several record labels and in March 2006 signed to V2 Records, later parting ways in November 2007. Their fifth single, "Sexy in Latin" was released on 22 January and became their highest charting single.

Little Man Tate war eine nach dem gleichnamigen Kinofilm benannte, zuletzt vierköpfige Indie-Rockband aus Sheffield, England, die von 2005 bis 2009 existierte.


Early life.

Baghy was born into a theatrical family — his father was an actor, and his mother a stage prompter. He began learning Esperanto in 1911. He started work as an actor and theatre manager, but the First World War intervened and took him out of his home country for six years.  He was captured and made a prisoner of war in Siberia. It was during this time that he began to work for the Esperanto movement, writing poetry and teaching the language to his fellow inmates.

Literary works.

Books.

Baghy wrote two books on the subject of captivity in Siberia: "Viktimoj" (Victims, 1925), and "Sur Sanga Tero" (On Bloody Soil, 1933), republished together as a single volume in 1971. His satirical novel "Hura!" (Hooray!, 1930) was somewhat less of a success. Its sequel "Insulo de Espero" (Island of Hope) was lost during the war.  His most famous novel "Printempo en Aŭtuno" (Spring in Autumn) was written in 1931.

Poetry.

It is however for his poetry that Baghy is best known. His first poems were written during his time of captivity in Siberia. Hitherto those poets, such as Zamenhof, who had written in Esperanto were limited by the still young language, and apart from Antoni Grabowski, no poet had managed to make a mark on the language.  Baghy's most significant collections of poems was his first: "Preter la Vivo" (Beyond Life, published in 1922). Among his more notable collection of poems are "Pilgrimo" (Pilgrim, 1926) and "Vagabondo Kantas" (The Vagabond Sings, 1933).  In 1966 he produced "Ĉielarko" (Rainbow), retelling in verse folk tales from twelve different nations. His last collection of poems, "Aŭtunaj folioj" (Autumn leaves), was published posthumously in 1970.

Esperanto movement.

Returning to Hungary after the war, he became one of the principal teachers of the Esperanto movement, organising newsgroups and literary evenings. In addition to working in his native Hungary, he organised courses in countries such as Estonia, Latvia, the Netherlands and France.  He was one of the principal writers for the Esperanto literary review "Literatura Mondo" until 1933.  His works reflect a slogan of his: "Amo kreas pacon, Paco konservas homecon, Homeco estas plej alta idealismo." (Love creates peace, Peace preserves humanity, Humanity is the highest ideal.)  Several of his works were granted awards by the Academy of Esperanto and a number of his novels have been translated into several languages.

Julio Baghy (13 January 1891, Szeged – 18 March 1967, Budapest; in Hungarian Baghy Gyula) was a Hungarian actor and one of the leading authors of the Esperanto movement. He is the author of several famous novels but it is particularly in the field of poetry that he proved his mastery of Esperanto.

Julio Baghy (* 13. Januar 1891 in Szeged; † 18. März 1967 in Budapest; eigentlich: "Gyula Baghy") war ein ungarischer Autor und Schauspieler. Einige seiner Novellen und Gedichte erschienen in diversen Sprachen. Er war ein Esperanto-Lehrer und Anhänger der Esperanto-Bewegung und fungierte als Vizepräsident der Esperanto-Akademie.


Life.

Johann Carolus was born in 1575 in Muhlbach-sur-Munster in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. He was the son of a priest and his wife. He made an apprenticeship as a bookbinder and later worked as a bookseller, a scribe for a newspaper and as a printshop owner. Because of these professions, especially his job as scribe, he held good relationships to postmen and traders, what helped him later to create the "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien" in 1605.

Dating.

In 2005, the World Association of Newspapers accepted evidence that the Carolus pamphlet was printed beginning in 1605, not 1609 as previously thought. The Carolus petition discovered in the Strasbourg Municipal Archive during the 1980s may be regarded as the birth certificate of the newspaper:  Soon the "Relation" was followed by other periodicals, such as, the "Avisa Relation oder Zeitung".

Definition.

If a newspaper is defined by the functional criteria of publicity, seriality, periodicity, and currency or actuality (that is, as a single current-affairs series published regularly at intervals short enough for readers to keep abreast of incoming news) then "Relation" was the first European newspaper.  Using a single criterion of "format" rather than frequency and function, however, English historian of printing Stanley Morison held that the "Relation" should be classified as a newsbook, on the grounds that it still employed the format and most of the conventions of a book: it is printed in quarto size and the text is set in a single wide column. By Morison's definition, the world's first newspaper would be the Dutch "Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c." from 1618. By the same definition no German, English, French, or Italian weekly or daily news publications from the first half of the seventeenth century could be considered "newspapers" either. As noted above, the World Association of Newspapers and many authorities have not adopted his definition.

Johann Carolus (1575−1634) was a German publisher of the first newspaper, called "Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien" (Account of all distinguished and commemorable stories). The "Relation" is recognised by the World Association of Newspapers, as well as many authors, as the world's first newspaper.

Johann Carolus (* 26. März 1575 in Mühlbach (Münstertal); † 15. August 1634 in Straßburg) war ein deutscher Drucker, Buchbinder und Verleger in Straßburg. Sein Vater Georg oder Jörg Carolus war Pfarrer und stammte aus Meiningen (Thüringen). Johann Carolus, der 1599 durch Heirat das Straßburger Bürgerrecht erworben hatte, übernahm 1604 den Jobinschen Verlag. Carolus versah in Straßburg auch die Ämter eines Kirchenpflegers und eines Ratsherrn.