History.

St. Florian's Church was built between 1185 and 1216. It was burnt down many times in the 12th, 16th and 17th centuries. Notably, during the Swedish siege of Kraków, General Stefan Czarniecki ordered the city's suburbs burned down. However, during the citywide fire which consumed a considerable part of Kraków in 1528, the church – containing St. Florian's relics – survived. Since then St. Florian, usually portrayed as a Roman legion officer carrying water, has been revered in Poland as patron saint of firefighters and chimneysweeps. The church's present appearance is the result of a Baroque renovation after the Polish–Swedish wars.  Since the 16th century the Church has been the University Collegiate. The coronation route began there, with the rector of the university senate welcoming new kings. The Church was also the starting point for royal funeral processions to Wawel Cathedral.  In 1667 the remains of Queen Ludwika Maria Gonzaga, wife of King Jan II Kazimierz, were placed there temporarily, and in 1818 the remains of Tadeusz Kościuszko were placed there. From 17 September 1949 to September 1951, Father Karol Wojtyła, who later became Pope John Paul II, worked there as a vicar. As Pope, in 1999 he elevated the Church to a minor basilica. He also visited the Church on his papal pilgrimage to Poland on 18 September 2002.

The legend.

Legend has it that in 1184 oxen carrying the remains of St. Florian – the future patron saint of Poland – the relics miraculously grew too heavy to be taken any further into the city and remained in Kleparz until it was decided for the Church to be built at that exact spot. The martyr had nothing do with Poland before his relics were brought from Rome to Kraków. Kraków needed a saint for political reasons, in order to reaffirm its role as Poland's capital, which was contested by the city of Gniezno.  The district of Kleparz was founded by Casimir the Great in 1366 as a separate town, around St. Florian's Church. It was named by King Casimir as Florencja () after its centrally located church, or in Latin, Clepardia. Kleparz remained an unofficial suburb of Kraków till 1792, when the Polish Parliament incorporated it within the city.

The Collegiate Church of St. Florian () is a historic church in Kraków, Poland. It stands at the northern end of Matejko Square and the former centre of the mediaeval city of Kleparz, now a district of Kraków. The edifice marks the beginning of the Royal Road.

Die Floriansbasilika (poln. "Bazylika św. Floriana") in Krakau ist eine katholische Barockbasilika an der Ulica Kurniki 2 neben dem Jan-Matejko-Platz im Stadtteil Kleparz nördlich der Krakauer Altstadt, konkret des Florianstors.


Biography.

Early life.

Main was born in hospital in Kellerberrin, Western Australia, the fourth child of Gladys York (née Tobias) and Gerald Henry "Harry" York. The children, four boys and a girl, grew up on a farm in the nearby Shire of Tammin, in two rooms in a mud-brick house. Main's parents had married in 1921. Her mother was born in Coolgardie and had worked as one of two teachers in a school in Yorkrakine, and her father was a farmer who had emigrated in 1909 from Yorkshire in England.  Main's early life was spent in what Australians know as "Wodjil country", areas of the wheatbelt region of Western Australia known for its acidic sand, surrounded by "Acacia victoriae", sheoak plants and York gum trees. She told ABC Radio National: "I felt an immediate affinity with small things, not kangaroos or wedge-tailed eagles—I didn’t have that one-on-one relationship with a kangaroo that I could with caterpillars! So I'd keep them and feed them in boxes and watch them turn into butterflies." She wrote about the area and its destruction in her second book, "Between Wodjil and Tor" (1967).

Education.

Main and her brothers attended a bush school, which Main left after two years to study at home through correspondence courses arranged by the Western Australian Education Department. She later attended Northam High School on a scholarship, boarding with a woman who looked after other students, then from 1947 the University of Western Australia (UWA) to study science, with a major in zoology. In 1952 Main became the first woman to study at UWA for a PhD in zoology; she received her PhD in 1956 for a thesis entitled "A comparative study of the evolution of the Araneae as illustrated by the biology of the Aganippini (Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae)".

Marriage.

In 1952 she married the Australian zoologist Bert Main; they met at UWA, received their PhDs in the same year, and remained married until his death in 2009. The couple had three children, Rebecca, Gilbert and Monica. Main was pregnant with her first child when she was awarded her PhD. She stayed at home to look after the children, while also working on various research projects, which included writing her first two books, "Spiders of Australia" (1962) and "Between Wodjil and Tor" (1967).

Career.

Before starting her PhD, Main worked as a junior lecturer at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. After receiving her PhD in 1956, in 1958 the International Federation of University Women awarded her an Alice Hamilton Fellowship to spend six months studying spider collections in London at the British Museum/Natural History Museum and at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. She engaged in field work in California, Arizona and Texas, also in 1958, and visited spider collections in the American Museum of Natural History, the Smithsonian, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, while her husband was in the United States on a Carnegie Travelling Fellowship.  Bert Main became Professor of Zoology at UWA and by 1960 the couple had set up home in Claremont. Main became an honorary lecturer in zoology at UWA in 1979, and later a senior honorary research fellow. In 1981 the BBC and ABC produced a documentary about her, "Lady of the Spiders", narrated by David Attenborough and filmed by Jim Frazier and Densey Clyne, which discussed the 1,200 trapdoor spiders Main had been visiting and monitoring for the previous 12 years.

Recognition.

Awards and honours.

Main was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in January 2011 for "service to science and conservation as a researcher and educator in the field of arachnology, and to the community of Western Australia". The award was announced in the 2011 Australia Day Honours List. She is also an honorary member of the International Society of Arachnology. In 2018 Main was awarded the Medal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, the first woman to win it since the award began in 1924.

Species and genera named in her honour.

SPECIES  Spiders  Other arachnids  Insects Millipedes  GENERA

Selected works.

Papers.

Main had over 90 research papers published, including:

Barbara Anne York Main (January 27, 1929 – May 14, 2019) was an Australian arachnologist and adjunct professor at the University of Western Australia. The author of four books and over 90 research papers, Main is recognised for her prolific work in establishing taxonomy for arachnids, personally describing 34 species and seven new genera. The BBC and ABC produced a film about her work, "Lady of the Spiders", in 1981.

Barbara York Main OAM (* 27. Januar 1929 in Kellerberrin, Western Australia; † 14. Mai 2019) war eine australische Arachnologin, Hochschullehrerin und Schriftstellerin.


Gouverneurswahlen in den Vereinigten Staaten 2018

Election predictions.

Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive seats. These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent is running for re-election), the strength of the candidates, and the partisan leanings of the state (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assign ratings to each seat, with the rating indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that seat. Most election predictors use "tossup" to indicate that neither party has an advantage, "lean" to indicate that one party has a slight advantage, "likely" or "favored" to indicate that one party has a significant but not insurmountable advantage and "safe" or "solid" to indicate that one party has a near-certain chance of victory. Some predictions also include a "tilt" rating that indicates that one party has an advantage that is not quite as strong as the "lean" rating would indicate (except Fox News, where "likely" is the highest rating given). Governors whose names are in parentheses are not contesting the election. ^ Highest rating given

Close races.

States where the margin of victory was under 1%:  States where the margin of victory was under 5%: States where the margin of victory was under 10%:

Race summary.

Federal district.

Washington, D.C. currently does not have a governor due to its current status as a federal district, but it does have a mayor with mayoral elections every four years.

Alabama.

Incumbent Governor Kay Ivey, took office upon Robert Bentley's resignation in April 2017.  Ivey won election to a full term.

Alaska.

One-term incumbent Bill Walker ran for re-election as an independent but dropped out of the race on October 19 to endorse Mark Begich (several days after Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott resigned and several weeks before election day).  Former Alaska Senate member Mike Dunleavy won the Republican nomination.  Former U.S. Senator Mark Begich ran uncontested for the Democratic nomination.  Billy Tolein ran for governor on the Libertarian party ticket.  Dunleavy won election.

Arizona.

One-term incumbent Doug Ducey sought re-election.  Professor David Garcia won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination.  Libertarian candidate for president in 2016 Kevin McCormick declared his candidacy.  Ducey won re-election.

Arkansas.

One-term incumbent Asa Hutchinson ran for re-election.  Jared Henderson, a former state executive director for Teach For America, won the Democratic nomination.  Libertarian Mark West sought his party's nomination.  Hutchinson won re-election.

California.

Two-term consecutive, four-term non-consecutive Governor Jerry Brown was term-limited, as California Governors are limited to lifetime service of two terms in office. Brown previously served as governor from 1975 to 1983; California law affects only terms served after 1990.  The Democratic nominee was current Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom.  The Republican nominee was businessman John H. Cox.  Libertarian candidates included transhumanist activist Zoltan Istvan.  Newsom won election.

Colorado.

Two-term Governor John Hickenlooper was term-limited, as Colorado does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  The Democratic nominee was U.S. Representative Jared Polis.  The Republican nominee was Colorado State Treasurer Walker Stapleton.  Polis won the election.

Connecticut.

Two-term Governor Dan Malloy was eligible to seek re-election, but declined do so.  The Democratic nominee was former selectman from Greenwich Ned Lamont.  Republicans endorsed Mark Boughton Mayor of Danbury at the statewide nominating convention held on May 11 and 12, 2018, at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard. Candidates qualifying to primary at the convention were former First Selectman of Trumbull, Tim Herbst and former candidate for Congress, Steve Obsitnik. Failing to qualify at the convention to primary were Shelton Mayor Mark Lauretti, former secretary of state candidate Peter Lumaj, state representative Prasad Srinivasan, former U.S. Comptroller General David Walker and Stamford Director of Administration, Mike Handler.  Businessman Bob Stefanowski became the second candidate in the history of Connecticut to petition to be on the primary ballot on June 18, 2018, and the first for a gubernatorial race. Businessman David Stemerman became the third to do so on June 19, 2018. Neither Stefanowski nor Stemerman participated in the statewide convention. Both Mayor Lauretti and Mr. Handler pledged to conduct a petition drive to get on the August 14, 2018 primary election ballot, but dropped out.  Micah Welintukonis, former vice chair of the Coventry Town Council ran as an independent.  Lamont won election.

Florida.

Two-term Governor Rick Scott was term-limited, as Florida does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  U.S. Representative Ron DeSantis won the Republican nomination.  Tallahassee Mayor Andrew Gillum won the Democratic nomination.  Randy Wiseman sought the Libertarian nomination.  DeSantis won election.

Georgia.

Two-term Governor Nathan Deal was term-limited, as Georgia does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  Lieutenant Governor Casey Cagle and Secretary of State Brian Kemp won first and second place in the May 22 Republican primary; Cagle lost the runoff to Kemp on July 24, 2018.  State Representative Stacey Abrams garnered the Democratic nomination outright.  Ted Metz, chair of the Libertarian Party of Georgia, ran unopposed in the Libertarian primary.  Kemp won election.

Hawaii.

One-term Governor David Ige ran for re-election. Ige took office after defeating previous Governor Neil Abercrombie in the Democratic primary and then winning the general election. Ige was nominated again, after defeating a primary challenge by Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa.  The Republican nominee was state house minority leader Andria Tupola.  Ige won re-election.

Idaho.

Three-term Governor Butch Otter was eligible to seek re-election, but did not do so.  Lieutenant Governor Brad Little won the Republican nomination.  Paulette Jordan, a former state representative, was nominated in the Democratic primary.  Little won election.

Illinois.

One-term incumbent Republican Bruce Rauner ran for re-election. State Representative Jeanne Ives also ran for the Republican nomination, but lost narrowly to Rauner.  On the Democratic side, Madison County Regional Superintendent of Schools Bob Daiber, former chairman of the University of Illinois Board of Trustees and member of the Kennedy family Chris Kennedy, State Representative Scott Drury, State Senator Daniel Biss, and venture capitalist J. B. Pritzker all ran for the Democratic nomination. Pritzker, who is related to former United States Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker, won the primary, and became one of the wealthiest governors in United States history upon election.  Libertarian candidate Kash Jackson was nominated at the state party convention on March 3. He defeated Matt Scaro and Jon Stewart.  Pritzker won election.

Iowa.

Incumbent Governor Kim Reynolds took office in 2017, upon the resignation of Terry Branstad, following his confirmation as ambassador to China. Reynolds is seeking election to a full term in 2018.  Former gubernatorial aide John Norris, State Senator Nate Boulton, former state party chairwoman Andy McGuire, SEIU leader Cathy Glasson, attorney Jon Neiderbach, former Iowa City Mayor Ross Wilburn, and businessman Fred Hubbell sought the Democratic nomination, which Hubbell won.  Jake Porter, who was the Libertarian nominee for secretary of state in 2010 and 2014, is running for the Libertarian nomination for governor.  Reynolds won election to full term.

Kansas.

Jeff Colyer succeeded Sam Brownback in January 2018 after he was confirmed as the United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom.  Secretary of State Kris Kobach defeated Governor Colyer, Kansas Insurance Commissioner Ken Selzer, former state Senator Jim Barnett, and former state Representative Mark Hutton for the Republican nomination.  The Democratic nominee was state Senator Laura Kelly.  Businessman Greg Orman, who finished second in the 2014 U.S. Senate election in Kansas, ran as an Independent.  Kelly won the election.

Maine.

Two-term governor Paul LePage was term-limited, as Maine does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms. LePage won re-election in a three-way race over Democrat Mike Michaud and independent Eliot Cutler, in 2014. The primary election was June 12, and conducted with ranked choice voting, a system recently implemented and being used for the first time in the 2018 elections in Maine. It will not be used in the general election due to an advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court calling its use in general elections for state offices unconstitutional.  Businessman and 2010 independent candidate for governor Shawn Moody won the Republican nomination.  The Democratic nominee was Attorney General Janet Mills.  Two independent candidates qualified for the ballot; State Treasurer Terry Hayes and businessman and newspaper columnist Alan Caron.  Mills won election.

Maryland.

One-term Republican incumbent Larry Hogan ran for re-election.  Former President of the NAACP Benjamin Jealous was the Democratic nominee.  Green Party candidate and entrepreneur Ian Schlakman is seeking his party's nomination. Libertarian Shawn Quinn was nominated the LP's candidate by convention.  Hogan won re-election.

Massachusetts.

One-term Republican incumbent Charlie Baker ran for re-election.  Former State Secretary of Administration and Finance Jay Gonzalez, environmentalist Bob Massie, and former Newton Mayor Setti Warren have announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. Warren withdrew from the race, leaving only Gonzalez and Massie.  Baker won re-election.

Michigan.

Two-term Governor Rick Snyder was term-limited, as Michigan does not allow governors to serve more than two terms.  Attorney General Bill Schuette, Lieutenant Governor Brian Calley, state Senator Patrick Colbeck, and physician Jim Hines were seeking the Republican nomination.  Former state Senate Minority Leader Gretchen Whitmer, former executive director of the Detroit Department of Health and Wellness Promotion Abdul El-Sayed, and businessman Shri Thanedar were seeking the Democratic nomination.  Bill Gelineau and John Tatar were seeking the Libertarian nomination.  Whitmer won election.

Minnesota.

Two-term Governor Mark Dayton was eligible to seek re-election, but did not do so.  The Democratic-Farmer-Labor nominee was U.S. Representative Tim Walz. The Republican nominee was Hennepin County Commissioner and 2014 gubernatorial nominee Jeff Johnson.  Former Independence Party Governor Jesse Ventura expressed interest in running again, but ultimately declined.  Walz won election.

Nebraska.

One-term incumbent Pete Ricketts ran for re-election. Former Governor Dave Heineman considered a primary challenge to Ricketts.  State Senator Bob Krist won the Democratic nomination. He intended to create a third party to run, but abandoned this plan.  Ricketts won re-election.

Nevada.

Two-term Governor Brian Sandoval was term-limited, as Nevada does not allow governors to serve more than two terms.  Attorney General Adam Laxalt and State Treasurer Dan Schwartz ran for the Republican nomination, which Laxalt won.  Clark County Commissioners Steve Sisolak and Chris Giunchigliani sought the Democratic nomination, which Sisolak won.  Sisolak won election.

New Hampshire.

Chris Sununu, who was elected in 2016 by a margin of two percent, sought re-election.  Former Portsmouth Mayor and 2016 candidate Steve Marchand and former State Senator Molly Kelly ran for the Democratic nomination. Kelly won the Nomination.  Jilletta Jarvis sought the Libertarian nomination.  Sununu won re-election.

New Mexico.

Two-term Governor Susana Martinez was term-limited, as New Mexico does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  U.S. Representative Michelle Lujan Grisham faced U.S. Representative Steve Pearce in the general election.  Lujan Grisham won election.

New York.

Two-term Governor Andrew Cuomo ran for re-election, as New York does not have gubernatorial term limits.  Actress and activist Cynthia Nixon challenged Cuomo for the Democratic Party nomination, but did not win.  Dutchess County Executive Marcus Molinaro was the Republican nominee.  Libertarian Larry Sharpe was the first opponent to declare his candidacy in the race, declaring his candidacy on July 12, 2017 – and won the Libertarian nomination for governor.  Cuomo won re-election.

Ohio.

Two-term Governor John Kasich was term-limited, as Ohio does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  Attorney General Mike DeWine and Lieutenant Governor Mary Taylor ran for the Republican nomination, which DeWine won.  Former U.S. Representative and Two-Time Presidential Candidate Dennis Kucinich, Ohio Attorney General and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau director Richard Cordray, State Senator Joe Schiavoni, ran for the Democratic nomination, which was won by Cordray.  Green Party nominee for State House in 2016 Constance Gadell-Newton declared her candidacy.  Filmmaker and comedian Travis Irvine was the Libertarian Party's candidate for governor.  DeWine won the election.

Oklahoma.

Two-term Governor Mary Fallin was term-limited as Oklahoma does not allow governors to serve more than two terms.  Businessman Kevin Stitt advanced to a runoff in the Republican primary, eventually winning.  With only one opponent in the primary, former Attorney General Drew Edmondson won the Democratic nomination outright.  The Libertarian nominee was Chris Powell.  Stitt won the general election.

Oregon.

Kate Brown became Governor of Oregon in February 2015 following the resignation of John Kitzhaber. In accordance with Oregon law, a special election was held in 2016, which Brown won. She is running for a full term and won the primary.  State Representative Knute Buehler won the Republican nomination.  Brown won election to a full term.

Pennsylvania.

One-term Governor Tom Wolf was eligible for re-election and was unopposed in the primary.  State Senator Scott Wagner won the Republican nomination.  Ken Krawchuk ran as a Libertarian  Wolf won re-election.

Rhode Island.

First-term Governor Gina Raimondo ran for re-election.  Raimondo won re-election.

South Carolina.

Henry McMaster succeeded Nikki Haley in January 2017 after she was confirmed as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. McMaster is seeking election to a full term in 2018.  No candidate won a majority in the June 12 Republican primary. Hence, the top two finishers, McMaster and John Warren, competed in a runoff, which McMaster won.  State Representative James E. Smith Jr. won the Democratic primary outright.  McMaster won election to a full term.

South Dakota.

Two-term Governor Dennis Daugaard was term-limited, as South Dakota does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  U.S. Representative Kristi Noem and Billie Sutton, the Minority Leader of the South Dakota Senate, won the Republican and Democratic nominations, respectively.  Noem won election.

Tennessee.

Two-term Governor Bill Haslam was term-limited, as Tennessee does not allow governors to serve three consecutive terms.  Businessman Bill Lee defeated former Haslam administration official Randy Boyd, U.S. Representative Diane Black, and Speaker of Tennessee House of Representatives, Beth Harwell for the Republican nomination.  Former Nashville Mayor Karl Dean defeated House Minority Leader Craig Fitzhugh for the Democratic nomination.  Lee won election.

Texas.

One-term incumbent Greg Abbott ran for re-election.  Lupe Valdez, Dallas County Sheriff announced her bid on December 6, 2017 and, after a runoff primary with Andrew White, entrepreneur and son of Governor Mark White, won the nomination.  Both Kathie Glass and Kory Watkins sought the Libertarian nomination.  Abbott won re-election.

Vermont.

As the Governor of Vermont can serve a two-year term, Phil Scott, who was elected in 2016, ran for re-election. He was nominated in the primary.  Former Vermont Electric Cooperative CEO Christine Hallquist was the Democratic nominee. She was the first transgender woman to be nominated for governor by a major party.  Incumbent Lieutenant Governor David Zuckerman declined to run as a Progressive in the election and instead ran for re-election to that position.  Scott won re-election.

Wisconsin.

Two-term incumbent Scott Walker was eligible for re-election, as Wisconsin does not have gubernatorial term limits.  State schools superintendent Tony Evers won the Democratic nomination.  2016 Libertarian candidate for U.S. Senate Phil Anderson is running as a Libertarian  Michael White was the candidate for the Green Party.  Evers won election.

Wyoming.

Two-term Governor Matt Mead was term-limited as Wyoming limits governors to serving for eight years in a sixteen-year period.  The Republican nominee was State Treasurer Mark Gordon.  Former state House Minority leader Mary Throne won the Democratic nomination.  Gordon won election.

Territories.

Guam.

The incumbent two-term governor Eddie Baza Calvo was term-limited, after his recent re-election win in 2014, as Guam does not allow governors to serve more than two consecutive terms.  Republican Lt. Governor Ray Tenorio officially declared his bid to succeed Eddie Calvo as the next Governor of Guam. Tenorio won the Republican nomination without opposition.  The Democratic nominee was former Territorial Senator Lou Leon Guerrero, who defeated three other politicians in the August 24 primary.  Guerrero won election.

Northern Mariana Islands.

Incumbent Governor Ralph Torres, who took office upon Eloy Inos's death in December 2015, sought election to a full term. Former Governor Juan Babauta also sought the governorship, running as an independent.  Torres won election to a full term.

U.S. Virgin Islands.

Albert Bryan (the Democratic nominee) won the runoff election on November 20, 2018, defeating Independent incumbent Kenneth Mapp.

The 2018 United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 6, 2018 in 36 states and three territories. These elections formed part of the 2018 United States elections. Other coinciding elections were the 2018 United States Senate elections and the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections. The last regular gubernatorial elections for all but three of the states took place in 2014. Governors in New Hampshire and Vermont serve two-year terms, meaning that their most recent gubernatorial elections took place in 2016. Meanwhile, Oregon held a special election in 2016 to fill an unexpired term.

Die US-Gouverneurswahlen wurden am 6. November 2018 in 36 Staaten abgehalten, außerdem wurden die Gouverneure für drei US-Außengebiete gewählt. Sie waren Teil der allgemeinen Zwischenwahlen 2018, bei denen auch das Repräsentantenhaus, ein Drittel der Senatoren und weitere Amtsträger der Staaten gewählt wurden, sowie viele Parlamente der Bundesstaaten.


Teams.

As in the previous season, 16 teams will play in the 2018–19 season. After the 2017–18 season, Anzhi Makhachkala, Tosno and SKA-Khabarovsk were relegated to the 2018–19 Russian National Football League. They were replaced by three clubs from the 2017–18 Russian National Football League, Orenburg, Krylya Sovetov Samara, and Yenisey Krasnoyarsk. Orenburg and Krylya Sovetov returned after one season of absence while Yenisey make their debut in the Premier League.  On 13 June 2018, FC Amkar Perm announced that the Russian Football Union recalled their 2018–19 season license, making them ineligible for the Russian Premier League or Russian Football National League. FC Anzhi Makhachkala, which was already licensed for the 2018–19 Premier League before losing in the 2017–18 relegation play-offs, was eligible to stay in the league ahead of the other relegation play-off losing club, FC Tambov. Anzhi re-applied for the Premier League membership on 15 June and was officially re-admitted into the Premier League on 22 June.

Tournament format and regulations.

Basic.

The 16 teams will play a round-robin tournament whereby each team plays each one of the other teams twice, once at home and once away. Thus, a total of 240 matches will be played, with 30 matches played by each team.

Promotion and relegation.

The teams that finish 15th and 16th will be relegated to the FNL, while the top 2 in that league will be promoted to the Premier League for the 2019–20 season.  The 13th and 14th Premier League teams will play the 4th and 3rd FNL teams respectively in two playoff games with the winners securing Premier League spots for the 2019–20 season.

Relegation play-offs.

The draw for relegation play-offs scheduling took place on 16 May 2019. The referees (including VAR teams) were appointed on 27 May 2019.

Second leg.

"FC Ufa won 2–1 on aggregate and retained their spot in the 2019–20 Russian Premier League; Tom Tomsk remained in the 2019–20 Russian National Football League."  "Krylia Sovetov won 3–2 on aggregate and retained their spot in the 2019–20 Russian Premier League; Nizhny Novgorod remained in the 2019–20 Russian National Football League."

Results.

Positions by round.

The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.

Awards.

Top 33.

On 26 June 2019, Russian Football Union named its list of 33 top players:  Other awards announced on the same day included:  Player of the year: Artem Dzyuba.  Hope prize (under-21 players): Matvei Safonov (Krasnodar).  Coach of the year: Sergei Semak (Zenit).  Team of the year: FC Zenit Saint Petersburg.  For contribution to football development: Stanislav Cherchesov.

The 2018–19 Russian Premier League was the 27th season of the premier football competition in Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the 16th under the current Russian Premier League name. Lokomotiv Moscow came into the season as the defending champions.

Die Premjer-Liga 2018/19 war die 27. Spielzeit der höchsten russischen Spielklasse im Fußball. Sie begann am 28. Juli 2018 mit dem Spiel Ural Jekaterinburg gegen Anschi Machatschkala und endete mit dem letzten Spieltag am 26. Mai 2019. Nach dem 17. Spieltag wurde sie vom 11. Dezember 2018 bis zum 28. Februar 2019 durch die Winterpause unterbrochen.


Name.

"Gleann Eidhneach" means the valley of ivy. However, it is possible that the correct Irish name is actually "Cluain Eidhneach" or "ivied retreat". The name predates the castle (see below). Parishes were often named after the principal church and this may be the case here.

Location.

The parish is in the northwest corner of the Barony of Burren. It is north of Ennistymon. The parish is and covers. It contains the bold cape of Black Head with its lighthouse, at the south side of the entrance to Galway bay. The land is broken and mountainous.

Antiquities.

Castle.

The 16th-century Gleninagh Castle, an L-shaped tower house, stands on a hillside looking out over Galway Bay.  It was an O'Loghlen (or O'Loughlin) stronghold from the early 16th century. Although it changed hands many times over the next centuries it was eventually regained by the family who used it until c. 1840. In 1839, it was described as "in good repair". A visitor in 1843 said the castle was being used as a barn by Mr. Blood, its proprietor. The upper part of the building was used as a dove-cot and abounded in pigeons.  The tower measures by. In 1839 it was thatched with straw. There are four stories. The single square turret contains a spiral stairway. The entrance doorway on the first floor of the turret is protected by a machicolation high above. There are round bartizans in three of the main tower's corners. A number of window openings in the end wall were later closed (likely in the late 16th or early 17th century) so they could be used for fireplaces.

Church.

The medieval church is of indeterminate age, but was in existence by 1302 (according to tax lists). There are some indications that the site may have been an earlier monastic settlement, such as a curved field wall shown on the 1842 OS map which could have been a remainder of a typical monastic enclosure wall. Domestic waste was discovered near the church and there are other signs of habitation such as outbuildings. Absent excavation, however, the age of the ecclesiastical site remains uncertain.  The church was described in 1839 as being mantled in thick ivy. The floor measured. The walls were thick and about high. The south wall had a pointed doorway of cut stone that was high, measured to the vertex of the arch, and wide. The south wall had two windows, one quadrangular and the other round-topped, both fairly recent. There was a window in the east gable about high and wide. In the outside the window opening was.  As of 1897, the church was in a good state of preservation.  Today, though in poor repair, it is accessible to the public by a footpath from the road. The church is small for a parish church, which probably reflects the small population and poverty of the area which may well have been the poorest parish of the diocese of Kilfenora.

Gleninagh Lodge.

The partially overgrown remains of this structure lie at the end of the lane connecting the road to the tower house. Mid-19th century maps show a substantial assembly of large buildings. The estate included a large formal garden south of the holy well. At the time, most of the land in this area was owned by the lodge's proprietor, William Bindon Blood, a descendant of Colonel Thomas Blood, who tried to steal the English Crown Jewels in 1671.

Others.

Near the castle is a holy well dedicated to the Holy Cross, which has many recorded names ("Tobar na Croiche Naoimh", Croghneva, "Tobar na Croise Naomhtha", Tobernacrobaneede etc.). The well has a little stone vault over it, with a Gothic-type arch and a cross on top. It was thought that performing stations at the well would help with problems with the eyes. In the early 1840s the votive offerings were reported to include human skulls. At least until that period the well was a destination for pilgrims. Another well called "Tobar Cornain" (or Tobercornan) is in the townland of Gleninagh North. This is today covered by a Gothic Revival well house (c. 1860) and lies right next to the road.  There is a large heap of stones called "Dough Branneen" ("the heap of little Bran") in the townland of Aughaglinny. There is a stone ringfort called "Caher doon Fergus" in the townland of Murroogh with caves underneath it, said to be haunted.  East of the castle is a lime kiln, previously thought to be a "Fulacht Fiadh".

History.

In 1544 King Henry VIII of England granted Gleninagh to Richard Harding. The castle was owned by James Lynch of Galway in 1570. The lands of Gleninagh were owned by the see of Kilfenora in 1629.  In 1837 a parish was in the Catholic union or district of Glyn, or Glenarraha. The population in 1841 was 886 in 146 houses. In 1845 the main settlements were the villages of Glaninagh, Murroghkelly and Murroghwohy.

Townlands.

Townlands are Aghaglinny North, Aghaglinny South, Gleninagh North, Gleninagh South, Murrooghkilly, Murrooghtoohy North and Murrooghtoohy South.

References.

Citations  Sources

Gleninagh or Glaninagh () is a civil parish in County Clare, Ireland. It lies in the extreme northwest of the Burren, on the south of the mouth of Galway Bay. It is known for the well-preserved L-plan Gleninagh Castle, a 16th-century tower house. The parish also contains the lighthouse on Black Head.

Gleninagh Castle () ist ein Tower House mit L-förmigem Grundriss auf einem Hügel über der Galway Bay in der Nähe des Dorfes Gleninagh (irisch "Gleann Eidhneach", dt. „Efeutal“) im äußersten Nordwesten des Burren im irischen County Clare. Die Burg gilt als „National Monument“.


Glacial Lake Missoula.

The Cordilleran ice sheet also blocked the Clark Fork River and created Glacial Lake Missoula, rising behind a high ice dam in flooded valleys of western Montana. Over 2000 years the ice dam periodically failed, releasing approximately 40 high-volume Missoula Floods of water down the Columbia River drainage, passing through glacial Lake Columbia. The largest flood is estimated to be the initial flood at 2,500 km (600 mi), with subsequent floods occurring at roughly 20 to 80 year intervals. Since Lake Columbia was impounded behind the Okanogan lobe, which rose to, this lobe effectively blocked the normal course of the Columbia River, blocking the Missoula Floods and diverting water to flow across much of eastern Washington state. The erosion from the floods created the Grand Coulee as well as the Dry Falls, Palouse Falls, and the Channeled Scablands features of eastern Washington state.

Flood deposits.

Flood beds on the Sanpoil arm of glacial Lake Columbia show episodic flood deposits as well as deposit grading and rhythmical repetition. Since Glacial Lake Columbia remained filled between Missoula floods, annual deposits (varves) can be observed between the Missoula flood deposits, they help to establish the periodicity of these major floods. The flood deposits can be distinguished from annually-deposited varves by both their thickness and the presence of materials foreign to the immediate drainage. Atwater reports from 35 to 55 annual varves between flood deposits in Lake Columbia, supporting a period of 35 to 55 years between ice dam failures.

Glacial Lake Columbia was the lake formed on the ice-dammed Columbia River behind the Okanogan lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet when the lobe covered of the Waterville Plateau west of Grand Coulee in central Washington state during the Wisconsin glaciation. Lake Columbia was a substantially larger version of the modern-day lake behind the Grand Coulee Dam. Lake Columbia's overflow – the diverted Columbia River – drained first through Foster Coulee, and as the ice dam grew, through first Moses Coulee, and finally, the Grand Coulee.

Der Glacial Lake Columbia war der von einem Eisdamm am Columbia River gebildete Stausee; der Eisdamm stammte vom Okanogan-Lappen des Kordilleren-Eisschildes, als der Lappen während der Wisconsin-Vereisung etwa 1.300 km2 des Waterville-Plateau westlich der Grand Coulee im Zentrum des heutigen US-Bundesstaates Washington bedeckte. Der Lake Columbia war eine bedeutend größere Version des modernen Stausees hinter dem Grand Coulee Dam. Der Überlauf des Lake Columbia – der geteilte Columbia River – entwässerte zunächst über die Foster Coulee und später, als der Eisdamm gewachsen war, durch die erste Moses Coulee sowie schließlich über die Grand Coulee.


Biography.

Early Life in Thuringia.

Johann Ruderauf was born on 22 September 1588 in Herda, near Bad Salzungen in Thuringia (Germany). His father Jeremias Ruderauf (or Rudravius) was a pastor and a schoolmaster. In the Julian Calendar, Johann was baptised as a Protestant on 15 September 1588.  He enrolled at the University of Jena in 1605.  In 1607, he observed the passage of a comet, and then wrote a booklet of some fifty pages titled "Gründliche Beschreibung des neuen monstrosischen Sternes, welcher anno Christi 1607...am hohen Himmel geleichtet", ("Accurate description of the new monstrous star that shone in the sky from July 27 to mid-October in 1607"), where he proposed an astrological interpretation of this ""sign of God"". This was actually Halley's comet that did not yet bear the current name.  In 1608, he went to Italy. Probably he had never returned to his native country thereafter.

Remus Quietanus in Italy.

Johann Ruderauf registered at the University of Padua in 1608 where he studied medicine. There he was also acquainted with Galileo.  In Italy, he took up the Latinized name Johannes Remus Quietanus and converted to Catholicism. In 1609, he made a southbound trip to Sicily and Malta.  In 1611, he was in Rome where he sent the first letter to Kepler. In the next years, he studied in the Collegio Romano with professor Christoph Grienberger. Remus Quietanus was well received by the pontifical circle, he befriended a number of cardinals and Giovanni Faber, secretary of the Accademia dei Lincei.  He made astronomical observations, especially solar and lunar eclipses, and wrote two pamphlets on this subject.

Doctor of Habsburg.

In 1618, Remus Quietanus went to the court of Archduke Maximilian III of Austria in Innsbruck. There he met Christoph Scheiner. After the death of Maximilian in Vienna on 2 November 1618, Remus Quietanus was appointed the Imperial Doctor, serving Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, and also his cousin Leopold V, the new Archduke of Austria-Tyrol.  In 1619, he met Johannes Kepler in Linz.

Witness of the Thirty Years' War.

In his correspondence with Giovanni Faber(1618-1622), Remus Quietanus reported the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, and military events favorable to Habsburg in Bohemia.  But soon after Mansfeld moved the theater of conflict to Alsace. Leopold V, who was also the bishop of Strasbourg, was obliged to go there to defend his possessions. Remus Quietanus joined his entourage.  In 1619, Remus Quietanus met Maria Schlitzweck, a young Alsatian lady he would soon marry.

Doctor in Rouffach.

He settled in Rouffach around 1620. His wife gave birth to a boy in 1623. Remus Quietanus was named the physician (doctor) of the city.  Maria Schlitzweck died on 27 February 1635. Quietanus married again in 1650 to Maria Helena Freudenstehlin, who came from Ensisheim.  Remus Quietanus died in Rouffach on 17 October 1654.

Correspondence with Kepler and Galileo.

When Remus Quietanus wrote to Kepler in Rome in 1611, the two men did not know each other yet. Quietanus commented on recent astronomical news, yet expressed some reservations on Copernicus' heliocentric system. Kepler answered him point by point in March 1612. This correspondence resumed in 1618 when Quietanus was the doctor of the princes of Habsbourg. Kepler looked forward to a future collaboration, but their partnership was limited to an exchange of 15 letters until 1620. The contact was reestablished from 1628 to 1630, the year when Kepler died.  In 1619, Remus Quietanus exchanged three letters with Galileo. Quietanus sent to Galileo his description of the 1618 comet and a copy of Kepler's "Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae", which was not circulated in Florence as it was put on the "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" by the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his position, Quietanus played an intermediary role between the two principal actors of the Copernican Revolution whose relations had already deteriorated.

The Transit of Mercury in 1631.

In his "Rudolphine Tables" published in 1627, Kepler predicted the transit of inferior planets at the end of 1631: 7 November for Mercury and 9 December for Venus. Until then, no one had been able to observe such phenomena. He reiterated his announcement in 1629 by publishing a reminder ("Admonitio ad astronomos").  Informed by this prediction, Johannes Remus Quietanus observed the transit of Mercury in Rouffach on 7 November 1631 from 9 h 42. He wrote a short report, addressed to the archduke Leopold V.  This transit of Mercury was also observed by Pierre Gassendi in Paris, by Johann Baptist Cysat in Innsbruck and by an anonymous person in Ingolstadt.

Publications.

Calendars and Diaries.

Starting from 1624, Remus Quietanus published regularly (probably every year) calendars containing the ephemerides of planets and weather forecasts. The first known edition is "“Neuer Schreibkalender, auff das Jubel Jahr 1625(...)“", Basel 1624, "(New Calendar for the Year of Grace 1625(...) Containing the Real Course of the Sun and the Moon, the Sunrise and Sunset, the Lunar Phase and the Planetary Configurations, the Solar and Lunar Eclipses and the Probable Weather Conditions)". It is presented in the form of a diary. Extant copies or references of the "Schreibkalender" can be found for the years of 1624, 1625, 1626, 1627, 1629, 1630, 1631, 1638, 1641, 1650.

Posterity.

Apart from the first observation of the Mercury transit, relatively little is known of Remus Quietanus, a privileged witness of the Copernican revolution. But he is not a passive observer. In his correspondence with Kepler, he took part in astronomical debate and asked questions that fitted exactly with the issues of his time: the calculation of longitudes, the nature of comets, the dimension of planets, their distances to the sun and especially the distance from the Earth to the Sun (Astronomical unit). On the last point, he had a better intuition than Kepler who gave an estimation of 3400 of Earth radius. Remus Quietanus proposed 14000. Not until 1685 did Christiaan Huygens suggest a more accurate estimation (around 23500 of Earth radius).

Johann Ruderauf or Johannes Remus Quietanus (Herda 1588 - Rouffach 1654) was a German astronomer, astrologer and doctor. He maintained correspondence with Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Giovanni Faber, a pontifical botanist. He is one of the first four observers of Transit of Mercury that happened on 7 November 1631.<br>

Johann Rudrauf (oder Ruderauf, lateinisch: Johannes Remus Quietanus; * 22. September 1588 in Herda; † 17. Oktober 1654 in Rouffach) war ein deutscher Astronom, Astrologe, Arzt und Kalendermacher. Er korrespondierte mit Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler und Johannes Faber. Er war einer der vier ersten Beobachter eines Merkurtransits am 7. November 1631.


Plot.

Part One.

A narrator states that in the last days of humanity, everyone had bad dreams of The Master, but only Wilfred Mott remembers them, and as a result is searching for the Doctor. A cult resurrects the Master in a prison, but his ex-wife, Lucy Saxon, imprisoned for killing the Master ("Last of the Time Lords"), sabotages the ceremony. The resultant explosion destroys the prison, killing everyone inside, while the Master is reborn with great strength but constant, ravenous hunger.  On the home planet of the Ood, the Doctor is warned of the Master's resurrection, as well as the imminent "end of time". Returning to Earth, the Doctor encounters Mott and explains the prophesy that he will hear "four knocks" before his death. The Doctor finds the Master in the wastelands outside London. The Doctor learns that the sound of drums the Master hears, previously assumed by the Doctor to be a symptom of the Master's insanity, is real and has been implanted externally. Before the Doctor can learn more, the Master is captured by armed troops and placed in custody of billionaire Joshua Naismith. Naismith has recovered a broken alien "Immortality Gate" and wants the Master to fix its programming.  The Doctor regroups with Mott, who identifies Naismith. Mott prepares to go with the Doctor, but a mysterious woman warns him to arm himself to protect the Doctor before departing. At Naismith's mansion, the Doctor and Mott meet two Vinvocci disguised as humans, who assert the Gate is a harmless medical device from their homeworld. The Doctor is too late stopping the Master from activating the Gate, which he has reprogrammed to replace all of humankind's DNA with his own, making humanity doppelgängers of him; the only humans unaffected are Mott, protected in the Gate's control rooms, and the Doctor's former companion and Mott's granddaughter Donna Noble, due to Time Lord biological traits she has ("Journey's End"). Noble begins to remember her travels with the Doctor, which the Doctor had made her forget to save her life. The Master and his doppelgängers taunt the Doctor, who can only look on in horror.  Elsewhere, the Lord President of the Time Lords (revealed to be the narrator of the episode) observes the situation and declares to the Time Lord Senate that Gallifrey will return.

Part Two.

The Doctor and Mott become fugitives from the Masters, and escape to the Vinvocci spacecraft. Noble is saved by a fail-safe implanted by the Doctor, which stuns her and several doppelgängers via a release of energy, causing her to forget the Doctor again.  Meanwhile, the Lord President, following a prophecy about the future of the Time Lords after the Time War, implants the sound of drums in the Master's head as a child; in the present, the billions of Masters amplify that signal. The Lord President orders a Gallifreyan diamond to be launched to Earth for the Master to use to create a strong link that allows the Time Lords to bring Gallifrey out of the "time lock" they were stuck in and move in close orbit to Earth. The Doctor jumps from the Vinvocci ship into Naismith's mansion, armed with only Mott's gun, as the Lord President appears with a small ensemble of Time Lords and reverts the human race to its original form.  The Doctor tells the Master that Gallifrey cannot be allowed to return due to the horrors of the Time War, its corrupting effect on the Time Lords, and the Lord President's plan to end time itself and ascend to a state of pure consciousness, but the Master is unmoved. The Doctor finds himself torn between shooting the Master or the Lord President to sever the link and return Gallifrey to the "time lock". Among the Lord President's ensemble, the Doctor spots the same woman in white Mott had seen. The Doctor then fires the gun at the diamond instead, destroying the link. As Gallifrey is pulled back, the Lord President, revealed to be Rassilon, attempts to kill the Doctor, but the Master intervenes, saving the Doctor and seeing his act as revenge for what the Time Lords had done to him. Soon after, the Master, the Time Lords, and Gallifrey have disappeared.  The Doctor considers himself victorious until he hears four knocks. He finds Mott had come to help him, but is now trapped in one of the Gate's isolated control rooms that is about to be flooded by radiation. The Doctor sacrifices himself to free Mott by absorbing the radiation, meaning he will soon regenerate. After dropping Mott back home, the Doctor visits past companions and acquaintances. He then regenerates in the TARDIS into the Eleventh Doctor, causing an explosion that destroys the control room as the TARDIS hurtles back to Earth.

Continuity.

At the start of "Part One" the Doctor explains his delay to Ood Sigma. Among his various adventures, he mentions having married "Good Queen Bess" and refers to her nickname, 'The Virgin Queen'. At the end of "The Shakespeare Code" Queen Elizabeth appears infuriated at seeing The Doctor, calling him her sworn enemy; he does not recall meeting her and presumes he will meet her in his future, which eventually happens in "The Day of the Doctor".  One of the two dissident Time Lords, described as "The Woman" in the credits, visits Wilfred on several occasions, appearing and disappearing in unexplained ways. When she lowers her arms to stare at the Tenth Doctor he appears to recognise her, but when later asked by Wilfred about her identity, the Doctor evades the question. British newspapers "The Daily Telegraph" and "The Daily Mail" identified the character as the Doctor's mother as early as April 2009. The episodes' writer Russell T Davies wrote in an email to journalist Benjamin Cook, "I like leaving it open, because then you can imagine what you want. I think the fans will say it's Romana. Or even the Rani. Some might say that it's Susan's mother, I suppose. But of course it's meant to be the Doctor's mother."  The Doctor at one point addresses the Lord President as "Rassilon", the name of the founder of Time Lord society from the classic series, although the character is only identified in the credits as "The Narrator" in part one and "Lord President" in part two. In the accompanying episode of "Doctor Who Confidential", Davies stated that the character's name was indeed Rassilon.  Verity Newman is played by Jessica Hynes, the same actress who played Joan Redfern, who is Verity's great-grandmother, in the episodes "Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood". The name "Verity Newman" is based on "Doctor Who" creator Sydney Newman and the show's first producer, Verity Lambert. Professor John Smith averred that his parents were Verity and Sydney. A pocket watch featured prominently in the plot of both Hynes's original episodes, and a pocket watch is featured on the cover of Newman's book.  When the Doctor visits Captain Jack Harkness in the alien bar, the song playing in the background ("My Angel Put the Devil in Me") was sung by Tallulah in the episode "Daleks in Manhattan".  After regenerating, the Eleventh Doctor is disappointed that he is "still not ginger", referring to the Tenth Doctor's comment "Aw, I wanted to be ginger... I've never been ginger!" in "The Christmas Invasion". This line was a source of complaint for some viewers, leading the BBC to issue a statement clarifying its intent.

Production.

Writing.

Davies described the story as "huge and epic, but also intimate." Davies had been planning the story for some time, indicating that it continued the trend of series finales being progressively more dramatic:  The Christmas specials constitute Davies' last script for "Doctor Who" and Julie Gardner's last job producing the series. It is also the last story in which Tennant appears until "The Day of the Doctor", the 50th-anniversary special. In issue 407 of "Doctor Who Magazine", Davies wrote about the night when he finished the script:  When asked about the emotional impact of writing his last "Doctor Who" script, he said, "I would have thought that when I handed in the last script I might have burst into tears or got drunk or partied with 20 naked men, but when these great moments happen you find that real life just carries on. The emotion goes into the scripts." Tennant and Julie Gardner separately said that they cried when they read the script.  The last three specials of 2009 are foreshadowed in the episode "Planet of the Dead", when the low-level psychic character Carmen gives the Doctor the prophecy, "You be careful, because your song is ending, sir. It is returning, it is returning through the dark. And then... oh, but then... he will knock four times." This evokes memories of the Ood prophecy to the Doctor and Donna in "Planet of the Ood". Tennant explained the prophecy meant that the Doctor's "card [had become] marked" and the three specials would thus be darker—characterising "Planet of the Dead" as the "last time the Doctor gets to have any fun"—and that the subject of the prophecy was not the obvious answer:  Writing in his regular column in "Doctor Who Magazine" issue 416, Davies revealed that the original title for "Part One" of "The End of Time" was "The Final Days of Planet Earth", while "Part Two" was always referred to as "The End of Time". Due to the sheer scale of the story, however, it was decided that both instalments needed the same title, differentiated by part numbers, the first such instance since "Survival".  Davies's script for the second episode finished with the Tenth Doctor's final line, "I don't want to go", followed by action text describing the regeneration and ending with the words, "And there he is. Blinking. Dazed. The New Man." He then sent the script to his successor Steven Moffat, who is responsible for all of the Eleventh Doctor's dialogue that follows. Moffat, as incoming executive producer, also assisted in the production of the final scene.

Recording.

The first location recording for this story took place on Saturday, 21 March 2009 at a bookstore in Cardiff. Jessica Hynes was recorded signing a book titled "A Journal of Impossible Things", by Verity Newman.  Recording also took place at Tredegar House in Newport, which had previously been used for the recording of the 2008 Christmas special "The Next Doctor". John Simm, who played the Master in the 2007 series finale episodes "Utopia", "The Sound of Drums" and "Last of the Time Lords", was spotted on location during the Tredegar House recording. Recording that took place during the Easter Bank Holiday was widely covered by the British press. Catherine Tate recorded several scenes in the episode in Swansea, including one recorded in the Kardomah Café and another depicting her character getting a parking ticket. Other recording locations included Nant Fawr Road in Cyncoed, Cardiff—the previously regular location used for the Noble household—where recording on 12 April showed Bernard Cribbins wearing reindeer antlers and boarding a minibus. Recording took place in the following week on Victoria Road, Penarth, in an area which had been regularly used for a location for Sarah Jane Smith's neighbourhood in "The Sarah Jane Adventures". Elisabeth Sladen, who played Sarah Jane Smith, and Tommy Knight, who played her son Luke, were recorded on location with David Tennant.  On the night of 20–21 April, Cribbins recorded a Christmas scene on Wharton Street in Cardiff's city centre, with a large Christmas tree and brass band.  The science fiction website io9 published a photograph showing Tennant alongside Simm and Timothy Dalton, with Dalton dressed in Time Lord robes. On 26 July 2009, io9 published an interview with David Tennant in which he confirmed Dalton's involvement in the specials.  Due to the special effects used to simulate the violent nature of the Tenth Doctor's regeneration, the glass central pillar in the middle of the TARDIS console was damaged so badly it had to be rebuilt prior to the recording of the next series. It was made by Bristol Blue Glass based in Brislington.

Trailers, previews and idents.

A teaser trailer, featuring Timothy Dalton's opening narration and brief shots of the main characters, was shown at Comic-Con 2009. A 'Next Time' trailer, consisting some of the Ood Elder's monologue with excerpts from various scenes in part one, was included at the end of "The Waters of Mars". In November 2009 a special preview of the opening moments on the Ood Sphere was shown on the "Children in Need" telethon. The pre-Christmas publicity trailer and promotional clips also showed a selection of scene excerpts from part one.  Following the broadcast of part one, a trailer for part two was released on the BBC Doctor Who website. The BBC also released the first two minutes (after the opening titles) of part two.  Additionally, the 2009 Christmas idents for BBC One featured David Tennant as the Doctor using the TARDIS as a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Though unrelated to the episode, it was used to introduce both parts of the story, with Tennant himself providing a voiceover introduction for Part Two. After Part Two was broadcast, the ident continued for the remainder of the day but no longer featured Tennant, since he was no longer the Doctor.  Concurrently with the recording of the story, a music video was produced, featuring the cast, extras, crew and CGI Adipose, all lip-synching and dancing to the Proclaimers' 1988 song, "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)". Tennant appeared with each pair of featured actors, as well as with the Proclaimers themselves.

Broadcast and reception.

Ratings.

Overnight ratings placed Part One as the third most watched programme of Christmas Day, behind "EastEnders" and "The Royle Family" with a provisional viewing figure of 10.0 million viewers. The episode achieved a 42.2% share of the total viewing audience, and an appreciation index score of 87, considered 'Excellent'.  Final consolidated ratings placed Part One as the third most watched program of Christmas Day, behind "The Royle Family" and "EastEnders" with a final figure of 11.57 million viewers. This is the highest timeshift that the show has received since its revival (the previous highest being 11.4 million for "The Next Doctor" in Christmas 2008). When simulcast HD figures are added to the BBC One transmission, "Doctor Who" actually comes out as the most watched show on Christmas Day with a total of 12.04 million viewers, narrowly ahead of "The Royle Family" and "EastEnders".  Overnight ratings placed Part Two as the second most watched programme of New Year's Day, behind "EastEnders", with a provisional viewing figure of 10.4 million viewers (including 389,000 watching on BBC HD). The episode achieved a 35.5% share of the total viewing audience on an evening where an estimated 30 million viewers were watching TV in the UK. Official BARB ratings placed Part Two as the second most watched programme of the week behind "EastEnders" at 11.79 million viewers; however, when the simulcast figures on BBC HD are added, an additional 480,000 viewers bring the total figure to 12.27 million. When this figure is recognised, the program becomes the most watched of the week, only the third time the show has achieved this. Additionally, "The End of Time" received over 1.3 million requests on BBC's online iPlayer.

Reviews.

In a review of the first part of the story, Peter Robins of "The Guardian" states that "Doctor Who" was never going to stop for Christmas this year as "there are stories that need completing, fireworks to set up; the End of Time means No End of Plot." Robins notes that the first part had been "a rush" and questions whether any previous Who story managed to erase the entire human race before the end of the first episode or done it in such a comic and Christmas friendly way? But Robins concedes that when the story is done it is the quieter more emotional parts from the beginning of the episode that the viewer will remember. Robins also notes that Cribbins seems to be playing the same role that Tate did by "becoming the tragic hero while remaining the comic relief." Robins concludes by saying that the story did not need to be a Christmas story in the way previous ones have been.  Andrew Pettie of "The Daily Telegraph" states that his Doctor Who revelation came in the nick of time after previously thinking that the show was overrated. Pettie states that Davies raised the stakes as high as the laws of physics would allow. Commenting on Cribbins' performance, Pettie states that he cut a King Lear like figure and notes that the Master's plan was evil even by his standards. Pettie notes as the credits rolled his thoughts turned to the dramatic shortcomings of the show before realising that the "true brilliance of Doctor Who can only be felt if you're experiencing it in the company of wide-eyed seven year-olds" a comment which he likens to Christmas itself.  Mark Lawson of "The Guardian" stated that the plot device of the Master repopulating the human race as himself "gave Simm the chance to wear a lot of different costumes and the special effects department to show some of the digital ingenuity which has helped the show's renaissance." However, Lawson goes on to say that the plot was slightly unfortunate given that some newspapers complained of Tennant overload over the festive period (Tennant managed to make 75 appearances on the BBC over the festive period). Lawson also went on to praise Tennant for bringing a "proper tragic force" to the role and was again shown in this last story. But on a side note Lawson states that the script seemed to be modelled on Hamlet, a role which Tennant took on both on stage and on TV during 2009. Lawson concluded that "the final line Davies gave to Tennant was a suddenly regretful "I don't want to go!", and it is likely that, somewhere inside, both actor and writer feel a little like that."  In his review of Part Two published the day after transmission, Andrew Pettie of "The Daily Telegraph" awarded a rating of four stars out of five, summing up the episode as "a barnstorming hour of family entertainment." Despite expressing slight dissatisfaction with the plot, which he perceived as excessively complicated, Pettie admitted that the episode "charged forward with such apocalyptic brio it was hard to be unduly worried about what, precisely, was going on." Praising Tennant's final performance as the Doctor, he also commented on the "unnerving experience" of seeing the character so helpless in his final appearance, but ended his review on a note of optimism for the future of the series with a new lead actor: "[Matt] Smith's youth and lack of fame make his Doctor Who an exciting prospect."

International broadcast.

The episodes were first shown in the United States on 26 December 2009 and 2 January 2010, on BBC America. The broadcast of part two on 2 January helped BBC America to earn its highest ever primetime rating. The two episodes also reached the top two positions on the US iTunes Store, where they were available to purchase for download by American users. Both episodes were first shown in Canada back-to-back on 2 January 2010, on Space. Prime Television New Zealand broadcast Part 1 on 7 February 2010 and Part 2 on 14 February 2010. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast Part 1 on 14 February 2010 and Part 2 on 21 February 2010.

DVD release.

Both parts of "The End of Time" were released on DVD in the UK in January 2010 as a double pack with "The Waters of Mars". The specials were also released on the same day on DVD and Blu-ray in a collection entitled "Doctor Who – The Complete Specials". The set includes "The Next Doctor", "Planet of the Dead", "The Waters of Mars" and "The End of Time". In North America, "The End of Time" was released in February 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray, as a single release, and as part of a package of the final four David Tennant specials. "The End of Time" is also part of the special 50th Anniversary "Regenerations" DVD box set and book collection released on Monday 24 June 2013 and limited to 10,000 copies. This story was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files in issue 56 on 23 February 2011. To celebrate 5 years to the date after its original broadcast, Watch aired both parts of the story on 1 January 2015.  The ten Christmas specials between "The Christmas Invasion" and "Last Christmas" inclusive were released in a boxset titled "Doctor Who – The 10 Christmas Specials" on 19 October 2015.

Soundtrack.

Selected pieces of score from this two-part special, as composed by Murray Gold, were included in the specials soundtrack on 4 October 2010, released by Silva Screen Records.

"The End of Time" is a two-part story of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 25 December 2009 (Part 1) and 1 January 2010 (Part 2). It is the fifth "Doctor Who" Christmas special, and the last entry in a series of specials aired from 2008–10. It marks the final regular appearance of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor and introduces Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor. It is also the last "Doctor Who" story written and produced by Russell T Davies, who shepherded the series' return to British television in 2005 and served as the series' executive producer and chief writer. Davies was succeeded as executive producer and showrunner by Steven Moffat.

Das Ende der Zeit (engl. Titel "The End of Time") stellt die vierte und fünfte Sonderfolge der britischen Science-Fiction-Fernsehserie "Doctor Who", die im Jahr 2009 anstelle einer regulären Staffel gesendet wurden, dar. In diesem Zweiteiler hat David Tennant seinen letzten regulären Auftritt als Doktor, ehe er am Ende der Geschichte die Rolle an Matt Smith weitergibt.


Background and release.

On October 10, 2016, JYP Entertainment released a time table for Twice's third extended play through their official homepage and SNS, which shows the group's promotion schedule beginning October 10 until the release of their album on the 24th. It was followed by the release of intro video, track list and album and group image teasers on the next few days. The two versions of the album, apricot and neon magenta, represent Twice's official colors which they announced on September 23, 2016. On October 17, 18 and 19, the individual teaser films of each member were released at midnight.  In celebration of Twice's first anniversary since debut, the group unveiled the EP's seventh track "One in a Million", the song they dedicated to fans, through a live broadcast on Naver V Live titled "Twice 1st Anniversary V" on October 20 at 22:30 KST. On October 22, it was revealed that the album has nine random CD covers featuring the nine members of the group. On the next day, Twice released the album highlight which outlines every song in the EP, and credits each of the producers and songwriters. They also uploaded image teaser of the choreography of "TT" on their homepage. The album was officially released on the next day. It was also released as a digital download on various music portals.

Promotion.

Twice held their showcase for the EP on October 24, 2016 at the Blue Square located in Seoul, South Korea. They performed songs from their previous albums: "Like Ooh-Ahh", "Do It Again", "Precious Love", "Cheer Up" and "Candy Boy". They also performed "One in a Million", "Jelly Jelly" and "TT" for the first time at the showcase, which was broadcast live via Naver V Live.  On October 27, 2016, Twice made their comeback stage on "M Countdown in Jeju", which gathered 10,000 local and international fans and was broadcast in thirteen countries. It was then followed by performances on the October 28th episode of "Music Bank", "Show! Music Core" on the 29th and "The Show" on November 1 where they won their first trophy with "TT". The group also performed for the first time since debut on "Show Champion" and also won the trophy on the November 2nd episode of the program. Their final comeback performance was on the November 6th episode of "Inkigayo". Twice performed their new songs "1 to 10" and "TT" for all comeback stages.  Twice performed "Jelly Jelly" for the first time in music program on the November 27th episode of "Inkigayo".

Commercial performance.

On October 31, 2016, it was reported that "Twicecoaster: Lane 1" recorded more than 165,000 physical sales on Gaon Chart within a week. It exceeded the five-month sales of Twice's previous album "Page Two" in only seven days. The EP entered the Billboard charts World Albums at number 3.  On November 22, it was reported that the EP had surpassed 200,000 physical sales, making Twice the only K-pop girl group who had sold over 200,000 copies throughout 2014 to 2016. The EP is the highest selling K-pop girl group album of 2016, which sold 350,852 units at year-end.

Christmas edition.

On December 5, 2016, it was announced through their official SNS channels that the group would be releasing a Christmas edition of "Twicecoaster: Lane 1". It was released on December 19 with the same track listing as the original release. The Christmas edition sold over 115,000 copies in pre-orders.

Content production.

Credits adapted from album liner notes.

Twicecoaster: Lane 1 (stylized as TWICEcoaster : LANE 1) is the third extended play (EP) by South Korean girl group Twice. The EP was released digitally and physically on October 24, 2016 by JYP Entertainment and distributed by KT Music. It contains seven tracks, including the lead single "TT" (refers to the emoticon used to express crying or sadness). The EP is the highest selling K-pop girl group album of 2016, which sold 350,852 units at year-end.

Twicecoaster: Lane 1 (stilisierte Schreibweise TWICEcoaster : LANE 1) ist das dritte Mini-Album der südkoreanischen Girlgroup Twice. Es erschien am 24. Oktober 2016 zusammen mit der Single "TT". Produziert wurde es von JYP Entertainment-Grüner Park Jin-young. Die Single "TT" wurde, wie auch schon die Singles der beiden Vorgänger-Alben, vom südkoreanischen Produzenten-Duo Black Eyed Pilseung zusammen mit Sam Lewis geschrieben.


History.

The Earfold technique was first described by Norbert V. Kang and Ryan L. Kerstein in 2016 (1). Kang and his colleagues reported on the results and possible complications of the method in 2018 (2).

Surgical Procedure.

One or several incisions of approximately 1 cm in length are made in the skin on the front of the ear, depending on the number of metal implants to be inserted in the ear. Starting here, the skin on the front of the ear is raised from the cartilage to create pockets in which the metal implants are inserted with the aid of an Earfold introducer 3).  The metal implants are called Earfolds. They are 5x15 mm large and 0.15 mm thick. They are made of Nitinol, an alloy of titanium and nickel, and have a 24-carat gold plating. On the side facing the cartilage, the implants have short, triangular, thorn-like tips that penetrate the cartilage and thus fix the implant in place after several weeks. Because of their U-shape, the implants reshape a poorly developed antihelix or create a new one if it is non-existent, thereby moving the ear towards the head. The ear cartilage lying beneath the implants is either left intact or is scored or perforated with a needle - the latter is done to weaken it. The patient is allowed to check the new position of his ears in a mirror before the operation by having a Prefold positioner, of the same size, shape and tension as the implant, placed temporarily on the antihelix fold. The extent of the ear pinning is determined by the curvature of the Earfolds and their position along the antihelix. The resulting new head-to-ear distance doesn’t always meet the individual expectations of the patient because it is determined by the constant, preset curvature of the implant. The incisions in the skin are sewn up and covered with a strip of plaster. The method is not suitable for all patients. If their ears have a large, deep Cavum conchae, which in combination with a poorly formed antihelix is often the cause of a protruding ear, ear pinning in the lower half of the ear is not possible or the ear-pinning result is unsatisfactory. Protruding earlobes can’t be pinned. In comparison to the conventional ear-pinning operations (see traditional ear surgery and otoplasty) and the Stitch method, there are no publications available on long-term results. The authors of the Earfold method point out that late complications, such as relapse, secondary deformations, defects, shifts in position or rejection of the implants, could only be assessed to a limited degree due to the short follow-up time of the patients in the study carried out (1,2).

Post-Operative Treatment.

The patients should not sleep on their ears for the first 4 weeks, so that the metal implants are not shifted out of place. One may not smoke for 3 months, so that there are no circulatory disturbances leading to skin erosion of the very thin skin over the implant. Earrings should not be worn for 2 weeks. One should not swim during the first 4 weeks.

Risks and Complications.

They are comparable to the methods of the traditional otoplasty: irregularities; undesired results; top of ear is pointed (the so-called Spock ear); post-operative bleeding with haematoma in the pockets of the skin; pain; infection; erosion of the skin; allergic reaction to the implants; rejection of the implants; hypertrophic scars; keloid on the skin incisions; cosmetically disfiguring edge formations on the front of the ear when the implants turn; asymmetry in the position of the ears; shifting of the implants in the first weeks when lying on the ears; visibility of the implants under the skin; removal of the implants more complex and difficult than removing sutures with other surgical methods.

References.

1. Norbert V. Kang, Ryan L. Kerstein: Treatment of Prominent Ears with an Implantable Clip System: A Pilot Study. In: Aesthetic Surgery Journal, Volume 36, Issue 3, 1 March 2016, NP100–NP116 2. Norbert V. Kang, Nilesh Sojitra, Sinisa Glumicic, Jacobus A. Vlok, Greg O’Toole: Earfold Implantable Clip System for Correction of Prominent Ears. In: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. Volume 6, Nr.1, January 2018. 3. Video bei wolterskluwer.http.internapcdn.net (MP4-Datei) 4) W. H. Merck: Dr Merck’s stitch method (Die Fadenmethode nach Dr. Merck) J. Aesth. Chirurgie., 6, p. 209–220, 2013 5) W. H. Merck: Ohrmuschelkorrektur ohne Hautschnitt – die Fadenmethode von Merck. In: K. Bumm (editor): Korrektur und Rekonstruktion der Ohrmuschel. Springer, p. 153–169, 2017  6) S. J. Stenström: A natural technique for correction of congenitally prominent ears. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 32, p. 509–518, 1963 7) S. J. Stenström: Cosmetic deformities of the ear. In: Graff WC, Smith JW, eds. Plastic surgery: a concise guide to clinical practice. 2nd Ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co; p. 603–604, 1973 8) J. C. Mustardé: Effective formation of antihelix fold without incising the cartilage. In: Transactions of the International Society of Plastic Surgeons, Second Congress, AB Wallace. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkens; 1960 9) J. M. Converse, A. Nigro, F. A. Wilson, N. Johnson: A technique for surgical correction of lop ears. In: Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1946), Volume 15, Number 5, May 1955, p. 411–418, Reference List  10. Mouly, R. (1971) Correction sans cicatrice des oreilles décollées. Ann. Chir. Plast., 16, 55-59 11. Peled, I.J. (1995) Knifeless otoplasty: how simple can it be? Aesth. Plast. Surg., 19, 253-255 12. Fritsch, M.H. (1995). "Incisionless Otoplasty". Laryngoscope. 105, 1-11 13. Fritsch, M.H. (2004). "Incisionless Otoplasty". Facial Plastic Surgery 20, 267–70 14. Fritsch, M.H. (2009) "Incisionless Otoplasty". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1199–208, 15. Fritsch, M.H. (2013), "Ohranlegung ohne Hautschnitt (Incisionless otoplasty. A review). "J Aesthet Chir, 6, 203-208 16. Tramier, H. Personal approach to treatment of prominent ears. In: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 99, Number 2, 562–565,. 17. Vecchione, T.R. 1979 Needle scoring of the anterior surface of the cartilage in otoplasty. In: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 64, Number 4, 568,. 18. Fritsch, M.H. (1995). "Incisionless Otoplasty". Laryngoscope. 105, 1-11

EarFold or EarFold method is a surgical method for pinning protruding ears. In contrast to all the other ear-pinning procedures (otoplasty), metal implants are used instead of sutures. As far as the invasiveness of the surgery is concerned, the Earfold method ranks between the open, invasive conventional ear-pinning procedures (6,7,8,9), and the closed, minimally invasive Stitch method (4,5) or other variations of minimally invasive procedures (10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18). The ears are cut open and the skin is detached from the cartilage as in conventional ear-pinning operations, but to a lesser extent. Occasionally, the cartilage under the detached skin is also scored or perforated with a needle to weaken it.

Earfold oder die Earfold-Methode (englisch "ear" „Ohr“ und "fold" „Falte“) ist ein chirurgisches Verfahren, um abstehende Ohren anzulegen. Im Unterschied zu allen anderen Ohranlegeoperationen werden statt Fäden Metallimplantate verwendet. Seitens der operativen Invasivität rangiert die EarFold-Methode zwischen den invasiven offenen traditionellen Ohranlegeoperationen (7,8,9,10) und der geschlossenen minimal invasiven Fadenmethode nach Merck (4,5) und anderen Sonderformen der Ohranlegeoperationen. Die Ohren werden wie bei den traditionellen Anlegeoperationen aufgeschnitten und Haut vom Knorpel abpräpariert, jedoch in geringerem Ausmaß. Mitunter wird auch der Knorpel unter der abgelösten Haut gestichelt oder geritzt, um ihn zu schwächen.


Biography.

Itō was born into a local "samurai" administrator's family in Nagasaki, Hizen Province (present-day Nagasaki Prefecture). From his early days, he showed a mastery of foreign languages. In the new Meiji government he worked as a translation official for Hyōgo Prefecture specializing in English, and was later selected to accompany Itō Hirobumi (no relation--the Chinese characters for their names being different) to Europe in 1882 to investigate the constitutions and governmental structures of various European counties, with the aim of creating a constitution for Japan.  After his return to Japan, he assisted Inoue Kowashi and Kaneko Kentarō in drafting the Meiji Constitution, and was subsequently nominated to the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan.  In 1892, he became Chief Cabinet Secretary in Itō Hirobumi's second administration, and in 1898, served as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce under the third Itō administration.  At the same time, Itō Miyoji was also president of the pro-government newspaper, the "Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun" (the predecessor to the modern "Mainichi Shimbun").  From 1899, Itō Miyoji served as a member of the Privy Council. In 1907, he was ennobled with the title of "danshaku" (baron) under the "kazoku" peerage system. He was further elevated to "hakushaku" (count) in 1922.  In his later years, Itō was the bane of civilian government through his consistent and conservative use of the "Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun" to inflame public opinion. During the Shōwa financial crisis, he brought out the collapse of the administration of Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō through a virulent bad-press campaign. He also strongly criticized Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi for signing the London Naval Treaty on arms limitations as infringing on the direct prerogatives of the emperor.  Itō died in 1934. His grave is at Tsukiji Hongan-ji in Tokyo.

Count was a statesman in Meiji period Japan. He was a protégé of the leading oligarch Itō Hirobumi.As cabinet secretary 1892-1898, he was a powerbroker between the oligarchy and the political powers in the Diet. He grew increasingly conservative and became a watchdog and defender of the constitution in his role as privy councillor, 1899-1934. Biographer George Akita calls him a political failure.

Itō Miyoji (; geb. 7. Mai 1857 in Nagasaki; gest. 19. Februar 1934) war ein japanischer Politiker während der Meiji- und Taishō-Zeit.