Biography.

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Roberts received his bachelor's degree from the University of Manitoba in 1967, and his doctorate in economics from the University of Minnesota in 1972. In 2007 he received a Doctor of Laws degree (honoris causa) from the University of Winnipeg.  After graduation he taught at Northwestern University from 1971 until coming to Stanford in 1980. From 1980 until 2001 he held the Jonathan B. Lovelace Professorship at the school. He was a senior associate dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business in charge of external relations and executive education from 2000 to 2008. and He also is a professor (by courtesy) in the Department of Economics at Stanford, and he directs the Global Management Program and the Center for Global Business and the Economy at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He was the doctoral thesis advisor for several well known economists, notably John Bates Clark Medal winner Susan Athey.  Roberts is a fellow and former council member of the Econometric Society, and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences He has served on the editorial boards of multiple economics journals.  In 2002, Roberts received the Excellence in Teaching Award from the Stanford Graduate School of Business' Sloan Master's Program. In 2004, The Economist named his book "The Modern Firm" the year's best business book, and in 2005 he received the school's Robert T. Davis Faculty Lifetime Achievement Award.

Work.

Roberts' research focuses on the design, governance and management of organizations, especially in an international context. He also has published extensively on industrial competition and the influence of differences in information among parties on strategic behavior.

Games of incomplete information in economic modeling.

With Paul Milgrom he was instrumental in introducing the use of games of incomplete information into economic modeling and also with bringing the methods of lattice programming into the study of monotone comparative statics in economic analysis.  Most recently, he has been involved in two path-breaking controlled experiments in large firms examining the effects of changing management practices. One study involves Indian cotton weaving firms. The other involves a large Chinese service company.

Selected publications.

Roberts is the author of more than 70 scholarly articles and co-author of the first textbook on the economics of organization and management.

Donald John Roberts (born February 11, 1945) is a Canadian-American economist, and John H. and Irene S. Scully Professor of Economics, Strategic Management and International Business at the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Donald John Roberts (* 11. Februar 1945 in Winnipeg) ist ein kanadischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler an der Stanford University. Roberts erwarb 1967 an der University of Manitoba einen Bachelor und 1972 bei Hugo Freund Sonnenschein mit der Arbeit "Lindahl Equilibrium and the Allocation of Public Goods" an der University of Minnesota einen Ph.D. in Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Er hatte zunächst eine Professur an der Kellogg School of Management der Northwestern University inne, bevor er 1980 an die Stanford University wechselte. Hier ist er emeritierter "John H. Scully Professor of Economics, Strategic Management, and International Business".


Climate.

Mount Larrabee is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below or above. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

Geology.

The North Cascades features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences. These climate differences lead to vegetation variety defining the ecoregions in this area.  The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.  During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The "U"-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

Mount Larrabee is a Skagit Range mountain summit situated 1.4 mile south of the Canada–United States border, in the North Cascades of Washington state. It is located immediately southeast of American Border Peak within the Mount Baker Wilderness, which is part of the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, and near North Cascades National Park. It is notable for its reddish coloring caused by oxidation of Iron in the rock. The rock consists of reddish interbedded and interfolded phyllites and greenstone. Originally known as Red Mountain, the name was changed in 1951 to honor Charles F. Larrabee (1895–1950), of the prominent Larrabee family of Bellingham, Washington. The name was officially adopted in 1951 by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names.

Mount Larrabee ist ein Berg der Skagit Range, etwa südlich der Grenze zwischen Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten in den North Cascades im Whatcom County im US-Bundesstaat Washington. Er liegt unmittelbar südöstlich des American Border Peak in der Mount Baker Wilderness, welche Teil des Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest ist und sich nahe dem North Cascades National Park ausbreitet. Der Berg ist bekannt für seine rötliche Färbung, die auf die Oxidation von Eisen im Gestein zurückgeführt wird. Das Gestein besteht aus rötlichen eingelagerten und gefalteten Phylliten und Grünschiefern. Ursprünglich hieß der Berg Red Mountain. Der Name wurde 1951 zu Ehren von Charles F. Larrabee von der prominenten Familie Larrabee aus Bellingham geändert.


Plot.

Henri "Papillon" Charrière, a safecracker from the Parisian underworld, is framed for murder. Though he has an alibi from his lover, Nenette, Papillon is convicted and condemned to the notorious penal colony on Devil's Island in French Guiana — a hellish prison from which nobody has escaped.  On the ship to South America, Papillon meets a quirky counterfeiter named Louis Dega. That evening Dega is awakened as two convicts murder a prisoner sleeping next to him in order to cut open his stomach and steal the money he had swallowed. Papillon forms an unlikely alliance with Dega, who is targeted by the other prisoners who suspect him of also hiding money. Papillon saves Dega's life and is punished for fighting by the guards. In exchange for Papillon's protection, Dega agrees to finance Papillon's escape, ultimately resulting in a bond of lasting friendship.  While Papillon and Dega are ordered to carry away a guillotined body, a guard starts to whip Dega. Papillon strikes the guard with a rock and runs into the jungle for his first escape. He is given two years of silent solitary confinement. After the warden learns he has been receiving extra food, his rations are cut in half until he gives up the name of his supplier. Papillon did not betray Dega.  The second escape plan is made from the prison infirmary. Papillon is feigning insanity from his confinement. Dega is an aide to the warden and still has money to fund the escape. Celier has a connection to get a boat. The sexually abused Maturette is the fourth to join the dangerous venture. Dega drugs the guards using pills meant to sedate a supposedly insane Papillon and the three others escape over the walls, with Dega injuring his leg in the process, to the jungle and to a boat Dega paid for. As a storm approaches, it is clear they will not all survive in the small leaky boat. Celier wants to kill the injured Dega but in the battle it is Celier who dies. Next the three survivors find themselves being cared for in a Colombian convent. Their apparent freedom is short lived because the Mother Superior turns them in. Maturette is killed and Papillon gets five years in solitary confinement.  Papillon is released as a weathered older man on Devil's Island with high cliffs. He finds Dega who has adjusted to prison life and has no interest in escape. A fall from the cliffs is certain death. Papillon bags coconuts together for a raft and in a swell of waves he survives the fall. The third escape is a success and he is a free man. He writes a memoir.  The movie postscript reads: "Over 80,000 prisoners were condemned to the penal colony in French Guiana, most of whom never returned to France. Henri Charriere's autobiography 'Papillon' became the number one bestseller for 21 weeks in France. To date, it has sold over 13 million copies in 30 languages. In 1970, the French Minister of Justice signed a decree allowing Charriere to return to France. For the remainder of his life, he lived a free man. The penal colony in French Guiana did not survive him".

Production.

"Papillon" was shot in different locations around Europe including Montenegro, Malta, and significantly, in Belgrade, Serbia.

Release.

"Papillon" was released in the United States by Bleecker Street on August 24, 2018.

Reception.

Box office.

The film debuted to $1.2 million from 544 theaters in its opening weekend, finishing 16th., "Papillon" had grossed $2,335,896 in the United States and Canada, and $2,180,684 in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $4,516,580.

Critical response.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 52% based on reviews from 106 critics, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Papillon" puts its own well-acted, solidly produced spin on a previously adapted tale, although it suffers in comparison to the 1973 version." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Papillon is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Michael Noer. It tells the story of French convict Henri Charrière (Charlie Hunnam), nicknamed "Papillon" ("butterfly"), who was imprisoned in 1933 in the notorious Devil's Island penal colony and escaped in 1941 with the help of another convict, counterfeiter Louis Dega (Rami Malek). The film's screenplay is based on Charrière's autobiographies "Papillon" and "Banco", as well as the former's 1973 film adaptation, which was written by Dalton Trumbo and Lorenzo Semple Jr. and starred Steve McQueen and Dustin Hoffman.

Papillon ist ein Filmdrama von Michael Noer, das am 7. September 2017 im Rahmen des Toronto International Film Festivals seine Premiere feierte und auf dem gleichnamigen autobiografischen Roman des französischen Schriftstellers Henri Charrière und seiner Verfilmung aus dem Jahre 1973 basiert. Am 26. Juli 2018 kam der Film in die deutschen und am 24. August 2018 in die US-amerikanischen Kinos.


Club career.

Tottenham Hotspur.

Carter-Vickers joined the academy system at Tottenham Hotspur at the age of eleven having caught the eyes of scouts as a ten-year-old playing in the youth teams at Catholic United.  He was fast tracked through the academy and under manager Mauricio Pochettino, he made his first match-day squad against Ligue 1 team AS Monaco in the UEFA Europa League on 10 December 2015. Carter-Vickers featured in the 2016 International Champions Cup held in Melbourne and made two starts against Juventus and Atlético Madrid and was given the jersey number 38 for the 2016–17 season. On 21 September 2016, he made his first team debut for the club in the third round of the EFL Cup against Gillingham in which Spurs won 5–0. He also featured in the next round away at Liverpool which Spurs lost 2–1. He played to two FA Cup matches in January 2017 firstly against Aston Villa then Wycombe Wanderers.

Loans.

The defender signed a season-long loan deal with newly promoted Championship side Sheffield United on 25 August 2017. On his debut and his first career league game, Carter-Vickers scored the only goal of the game, a 33rd-minute winner against Bolton Wanderers. After playing 18 games for Sheffield United and scoring one goal, Carter-Vickers returned to Tottenham on 15 January 2018 having been recalled ending his loan spell.  On 19 January 2018, Ipswich Town signed Carter-Vickers on loan until the end of the season. He made his Ipswich Town debut away to Bolton Wanderers on 20 January 2018. Carter-Vickers played 17 times for the Tractor Boys as they finished in a mid-table position of 12th.  On 25 August 2018, Swansea City signed Carter-Vickers on loan until the end of the season. At Swansea he formed a partnership alongside Mike van der Hoorn at centre back after the injury to first choice Joe Rodon. In total, he made 33 appearances in all competitions for Swansea, impressing partially due to his passing ability from the centre back position.  On 8 August 2019, Carter-Vickers joined Stoke City on loan for the 2019–20 season. He made 15 appearances before he was recalled by Spurs on 2 January 2020, and then signed on a six-month loan for Luton Town four weeks later.

International career.

United States youth teams.

In the summer of 2014 Carter-Vickers was playing for Tottenham's academy side at the IMG Cup in Bradenton, Florida where they beat the U.S. U17 team 5–3. During the game, he caught the eye of American coaches who had learned of his possible eligibility for a U.S. passport.  Carter-Vickers represented the United States for the first time at U18 level in August 2014 and by October 2014 was a member of the U.S. U23 team. He represented the United States U-20 National Team at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, and started several games despite being only 17 at the time. The team were knocked out by Serbia in the quarter finals.  In September 2016, it was reported that the English FA had made inquiries about Carter-Vickers and that the USMNT were prepared to fast track the player into their senior set up. On 10 October 2016, Carter-Vickers captained U.S. U20 in a 2–0 loss against his native England.

United States national team.

On 6 November 2016, Carter-Vickers received his first call up to the senior U.S. squad. He made his senior debut appearance on 14 November 2017 in a friendly as a half-time substitute in a 1–1 draw away to Portugal.

Style of play.

Carter-Vickers is known as a ball playing centre-back with accurate passing ability.

Personal life.

Carter-Vickers' father is Howard Carter, an American basketball player who spent his professional career in the NBA and Europe, and became a French citizen. His English mother, Geraldine Vickers from Essex, met Carter while both were working in Greece. He was raised in Essex and attended The Eastwood Academy in Leigh-on-Sea, while spending summers with his father in Louisiana.

Honors.

United States U20

Cameron Robert Carter-Vickers (born 31 December 1997) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Luton Town, on loan from Tottenham Hotspur, and the United States national team.

Cameron Robert Carter-Vickers (* 31. Dezember 1997 in Southend-on-Sea, England) ist ein englisch-US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler auf der Position eines Abwehrspielers, der zumeist als Innenverteidiger zum Einsatz kommt.


Playing career.

Wood played youth hockey in his hometown of Waterloo, Ontario, and was selected in the third round, 57th overall, by the Brampton Battalion of the OHL Priority Selection in 2012.  Wood was selected after the 2013–14 season by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, 84th overall. In his final year of junior eligibility, the Avalanche traded Wood's NHL rights, along with those of Alex Tanguay and Conner Bleackley, to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for Mikkel Boedker on February 29, 2016.  At the conclusion of the 2015–16 OHL season with the North Bay Battalion, Wood signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Coyotes on March 27, 2016. This was later revised to an amateur try-out deal, which he made with their AHL affiliate, the Springfield Falcons.  After attending his first training camp with the Coyotes, Wood was reassigned to new AHL affiliate, the Tucson Roadrunners, for the 2016–17 season. In his first pro season, he earned October Rookie of the Month honors by registering points in all games. He also represented the Roadrunners at the AHL All-Star Classic. Wood finished the season with 13 goals and 40 points in 63 games, earning selection to the AHL All-Rookie Team.  On June 15, 2018, the Coyotes traded Wood to the San Jose Sharks for Adam Helewka. The Sharks re-signed him to a one-year contract on July 12, 2019.  On August 6, 2019, Wood was traded to the Carolina Hurricanes for Trevor Carrick. After the 2019 training camp, the Canes sent him to the Charlotte Checkers of the AHL for the 2019–20 season where he contributed 3 goals and 5 points in 14 games before being traded, for the fourth time in his professional career, going to the Detroit Red Wings in exchange for Oliwer Kaski on December 12, 2019.

Kyle Wood (born May 4, 1996) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League (AHL) as a prospect for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). Wood was drafted 84th overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Kyle Wood (* 4. Mai 1996 in Waterloo, Ontario) ist ein kanadischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Dezember 2019 bei den Detroit Red Wings aus der National Hockey League unter Vertrag steht und für deren Farmteam, die Grand Rapids Griffins, in der American Hockey League auf der Position des Verteidigers spielt.


Background and recording.

"Escapade" is an upbeat song written and produced by Jackson and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis for Jackson's fourth album "Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814", and served as the follow-up to Jackson's prior single "Rhythm Nation". Jackson, Jam and Lewis came up with the song's theme after hearing the word used in a conversation, deciding it would make an interesting song title due to the word being uncommon. "We usually come up with the music first, then we try to think of a title that fits the way the music sounds", Jam said. "And 'Escapade' we thought was a cool word. It is kind of old fashioned — people don't really say 'Let's go on an escapade' anymore, but it really worked with that track."  The song was partially inspired by Martha & the Vandellas's 1965 song "Nowhere to Run", which Jackson originally considered covering for the album, but instead chose to record a new song after a suggestion from producer Jimmy Jam. After the proposal, Jackson and her producers developed the song's initial idea, which was based on having an anthem-like feel, and "Escapade" became one of the first songs to be recorded for the album. Jam also described the song's production and recording process, saying "While she was sitting in one room coming up with the lyrics, I put it on the 24-track. We hooked the drum machine up. On my left hand I played the bass, on the right hand I played the chord. And it was just enough for her to sing to, which we do a lot. Because we like to let her sing to as minimum of a track as we can do, then fill in the track around her so that her part is the main part of the song. With 'Escapade,' she sang it and we kept saying we'll go back and redo the track...we never redid the track. There's a keyboard bass and another thing, and that was it. All we added were the overdubs, little bells... because we'd gotten so used to the feel of the track, the mistakes and all, we ended up leaving it the way it was."

Composition.

"Escapade" is set in common time with a key of A major. Jackson's vocal chords ranges A to E. The song is in a medium dance groove tempo of 115 beats per minute with the chord progression being set like Db–Eb–F.

Commercial performance.

"Escapade" peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for three weeks in early March 1990, becoming Jackson's third number-one single. It also topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Dance Club Songs charts, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. "Escapade" was notably her sixth consecutive number-one single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, tying a record previously held by Louis Jordan over forty years prior. The single also reached number one in Canada and Japan, as well as the Top 15 of Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland, and New Zealand, as well as the Top 20 in the United Kingdom and Germany, also reaching the Top 25 in Australia and France. However, the song did not have a physical single released in many territories, which affected its chart positions despite strong airplay. Jackson's popularity on music channels such as MTV worldwide also secured her high album sales, with her "Rhythm Nation 1814" album more than doubling its domestic sales internationally.

Music video.

The music video for the song was directed by Peter Smillie and was filmed in the backlot of Universal Studios Hollywood. Set in a Mardi Gras-like carnival. Jackson and her dancers perform choreography in the exotic environment, with several subsequent pop videos using similar themes drawing influence from the clip. It was choreographed by Jackson and Anthony Thomas.  An alternate video for the song, filmed at Los Angeles International Airport, was used as a commercial for Japan Airlines. It shows Jackson and her dancers performing to a backdrop of the then-new Japan Airlines 747-400's, taxiing, taking off, and landing on the runways of LAX.

Live performances.

Jackson has performed "Escapade" on all of her tours, including the Rhythm Nation 1814 Tour, janet. Tour, The Velvet Rope Tour, All for You Tour, Rock Witchu Tour,, Unbreakable World Tour, and on the first leg of the State of the World Tour. Jackson included the song on her 2019 Las Vegas Residency. It was also included on her special concert series in 2019.

Legacy.

Several artists have been influenced by the upbeat tempo and joyous feel of "Escapade". Britney Spears said she was inspired by the song and Jackson's "Rhythm Nation 1814" album for her eighth studio album "Britney Jean", explaining "I wanted to kind of recreate some of Janet's greatest moments that she's had, "Escapade" and that whole era. That's what I wanted to do, just have a lot of uptempos that were just high energy and a lot of fun." Aubrey O'Day also included the song in a playlist of her favorite songs for "Idolator".  The song appears in Dance Central 2 as DLC.

Track listing and formats.

Japan maxi CD single

"Escapade" is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her fourth album "Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814" (1989). It was written and produced by Jackson and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The song was released on January 8, 1990 by A&M Records as the third single from "Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814" (1989). "Escapade" was released following Jackson's iconic "Rhythm Nation" single and became the third of the historic seven top-five singles released from the "Rhythm Nation 1814" album, reaching the top spot.

Escapade ist ein Lied von Janet Jackson aus dem Jahr 1990, das von ihr, Jimmy Jam und Terry Lewis geschrieben und produziert wurde. Es erschien auf dem Album Rhythm Nation 1814.


Early life and education.

Kander was born on May 4, 1981 in Overland Park, Kansas, the son of Janet (née Secor), a juvenile probation officer, and Steve Kander, a police officer who later ran a small business. His father is Jewish, and Kander himself was brought up in a Jewish household which he describes as "Reform but not very observant." He was raised in Shawnee, Kansas with his younger brother, Jeff, and several troubled children that his parents fostered.  He graduated from Bishop Miege High School in 1999, where he had been a member of the debate team. He then attended American University, where he studied political science. After the September 11 attacks, he enlisted in the Army National Guard. While earning his law degree at Georgetown University, he earned his commission as a second lieutenant through the University's ROTC battalion. After completing his law degree in 2005, he volunteered for a tour in Afghanistan, where he served as an intelligence officer. While serving, his main responsibilities included investigating groups and individuals suspected of corruption, espionage, drug trafficking, and facilitating Al Qaeda and the Taliban.  When he returned home, Kander took a position as an instructor at the Missouri Army National Guard's Officer Candidate School at Fort Leonard Wood, where he taught hundreds of soldiers leadership skills in combat. He also worked as an adjunct instructor in political science at the University of Missouri–Kansas City, and as an attorney at local law firms. In 2010, he was named one of ten finalists for the Army Reserve Association's Major General Strom Thurmond Outstanding Junior Officer of the Year Award. He was honorably discharged at the rank of captain in 2011.

Political career.

Heartland Democrats of America.

Heartland Democrats of America (HDA) was a political action committee founded in 2005 in Kansas City, Missouri by Kander and his wife, Diana. He served as the treasurer until 2007. HDA raised over one hundred thousand dollars from special interest groups and individuals in support of Democratic candidates and causes. Notable supporters included current and former state and city elected officials, along with national figures, such as Terry McAuliffe, the former Democratic National Committee (DNC) chairman and former Virginia governor; George Lakoff, an author and professor at the University of California, Berkeley; John Halpin, a senior fellow at the liberal Center for American Progress; and Mark Talisman, an author, Democratic activist, and president of the Project Judaica Foundation.  HDA's mission was to "recognize the need for Democrats to engage in, expand, and ultimately win the 'values debate.' HDA members understand that progress cannot wait for the next campaign season, because Democrats need to start changing minds now. HDA champions strong Democratic values in Missouri and throughout America's Heartland. The era of the apologetic Democrat in middle America is being laid to rest forever – replaced by a unifying values message worthy of the hard-working people of middle America." HDA was officially terminated in 2008.

Missouri House of Representatives.

Kander was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 2008, representing the 44th district. He easily defeated two other Democrats in the primary election, but was unchallenged in the general election.  Serving on the Budget Committee, he fought against no-bid contracts and worked to pass balanced budgets without raising taxes. He helped pass legislation strengthening Missouri's human trafficking laws, as well as a law that enabled authorities to prevent kidnappings during custody battles. In addition to his legislative duties, he was appointed in 2009 to serve on the Missouri Veterans Commission, which oversees all services for the state’s veterans. In 2010, Kander worked with Republican State Representative Tim Flook to pass the first major ethics reform bill in Missouri since 1991. Later that year, he ran for re-election to his State Representative seat and won 69.6% of the vote to defeat Republican Sally Miller.  During his time in the Missouri House, Kander was the chief sponsor of 28 bills, none of which became law.

Missouri Secretary of State.

Kander announced his candidacy for the Missouri Secretary of State after Robin Carnahan announced she would not seek reelection. He defeated MD Rabbi Alam in the primary election, winning the Democratic nomination.  In the general election, Kander faced the Speaker Pro Tempore of the Missouri House, State Representative Shane Schoeller. Schoeller ran on a platform of implementing stricter voter identification rules. By contrast, Kander opposed harsher voter identification rules, instead focusing on reforming the state's campaign finance laws.  On November 6, 2012, Kander narrowly defeated Schoeller and was elected Missouri Secretary of State. At 32 years old, he was the youngest statewide elected official in the nation at the time, as well as the first millennial.  While in office, Kander made ethics reform one of his top priorities. He admitted this could be "an uphill battle' given that Missouri has had some of the weakest ethics laws in the country and Republicans had supermajorities in both chambers of the state legislature. "I am realistic about the fact that it is not easy to get any legislative body to police itself. There is no interest group in Jefferson City called Big Ethics. I just remind legislators of both parties that this is something that the public expects of all of us," he said in 2014.

2016 U.S. Senate election.

On February 19, 2015, Kander entered the race to represent Missouri in the United States Senate against Roy Blunt, the Republican incumbent. He won the Democratic primary against three other candidates on August 2, 2016. During the campaign, he positioned himself as a Washington, DC outsider and touted his experience as an Army Intelligence officer. He accused Blunt of being well connected to DC lobbyists (Blunt's wife and three children are in fact lobbyists). Blunt in turn accused Kander of being too liberal.  In September, Kander's campaign received national attention when it released an advertisement explaining his support for gun control measures. Titled "Background Checks", it showed him assembling an AR-15 rifle while blindfolded and then challenging Blunt to attempt the same thing. The advertisement quickly went viral, and as of November 2016, the original YouTube video had earned more than 1.3 million views. Initially, Kander was well behind in the race, but polls started to show a tightening in the fall. In response to this, Blunt campaign began attacking Kander for being a national co-chair for presidential candidate Hillary Clinton.  During the campaign, Kander received endorsements from Americans for Responsible Solutions, Daily Kos, the League of Conservation Voters, Planned Parenthood Action Fund, and the Sierra Club.  Kander was narrowly defeated by Blunt in the general election, receiving 46.4% of the vote to Blunt's 49.2%. In spite of the loss, Kander received the most votes of any Democrat running statewide in Missouri that year, outperforming Clinton, gubernatorial candidate Chris Koster, and other Democrats.

2019 mayoral election.

On June 25, 2018, Kander announced that he was running for mayor of Kansas City in 2019 to replace term-limited incumbent Sly James.  Prior to his announcement, Kander had been repeatedly mentioned as a possible contender for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Speculation about his presidential ambitions had been fueled by his frequent visits to the early primary states of Iowa and New Hampshire, and Kander himself had suggested he would consider exploring a bid after the 2018 midterm elections were finished. His campaign for mayor effectively put that speculation to rest.  Kander dropped out of the race on October 2, 2018, citing symptoms of PTSD and depression. He also announced that he would be stepping away temporarily from his work with Let America Vote as he receives treatment.

Other work.

In 2017, Kander became a CNN contributor. He hosts the Crooked Media podcast "Majority 54 with Jason Kander", where he and his guests explore how Democrats can talk about divisive issues with people who voted for Donald Trump. In 2018, he authored his first memoir "Outside the Wire: 10 Lessons I've Learned in Everyday Courage", reflecting on his time in the military, to launching his first political campaign, to where the Democratic Party should go following the 2016 U.S. presidential election.  Kander has also lent his support to other Democrats running for office, such as Jon Ossoff, Phil Murphy, Conor Lamb, Stacey Abrams, and Kyrsten Sinema.

Let America Vote.

Let America Vote is a political action organization founded by Kander in 2017. Its mission is to end voter suppression and gerrymandering across the country. The group raised approximately $2.4 million in its first year. Notable members of its advisory board include human rights activist Martin Luther King III, actor Bradley Whitford, and former White House officials Josh Earnest, Jon Favreau, and Dan Pfeiffer. In his capacity as president of Let America Vote, Kander also serves as chairperson of the DNC's Commission on Protecting American Democracy from the Trump Administration. Congresswoman Terri Sewell serves as vice chair.

Political positions.

Campaign finance.

He considers overturning "Citizens United v. FEC" a political priority. In addition to helping pass ethics reform while a state representative, he forbade his office employees from taking gifts from lobbyists while Secretary of State.

Education.

Kander supports the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015, which replaced the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.  For higher education, he supports capping interest rates on federal student loans and expanding Pell Grants to provide more aid to low-income students. He believes students who have graduated need to be able to refinance their loans at lower rates.

Fiscal policy.

Kander supports tax breaks for the middle class and closing tax loopholes for corporations. He is in favor of increasing the federal minimum wage, and for ensuring equal pay for equal work. He is supportive of adding a balanced budget amendment to the United States Constitution.  Ahead of the August 7, 2018 referendum on Proposition A to adopt right-to-work laws in Missouri, Kander campaigned in opposition to the proposition.

Foreign relations.

Kander is skeptical of the Iran Nuclear Deal. He is pro-Israel and has called on Congress to stop the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement.

Gun control.

In 2009, Kander voted against a bill that would have extended to renters the Castle Doctrine (a doctrine that allows a homeowner to use deadly force against a perceived intruder). The bill would have also lowered the age requirement for a concealed carry permit and would have removed a ban on carrying a gun on a college campus. The National Rifle Association gives Kander an "F" rating and spent nearly $1 million against him in 2016 (the most money against any candidate that year outside of Ohio).

Health care.

Kander supports improving the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. He has proposed changing the 30-hour workweek used to define full-time employees, allowing cheaper plans for people who do not require medical care, and repealing the long-delayed Cadillac tax. He is in favor of a public health insurance option, but also supports single-payer healthcare. He believes states should take advantage of the Medicaid expansion the law provided.  Kander is pro-choice but is in favor of retaining the Hyde Amendment.

Judiciary.

Kander was critical of Republican senators who refused to meet with Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland, citing it as an example of Washington dysfunction. He believes senators should meet with all Supreme Court nominees.

LGBT rights.

Kander supports the 2015 United States Supreme Court ruling in "Obergefell v. Hodges" that deemed the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional. While a state legislator, he co-sponsored the Missouri Non-discrimination Act (MONA); the bill never became law. Regardless, as Secretary of State, he implemented a non-discrimination policy for the office's hiring practices that would have conformed to MONA had it become law. He supports passing the federal Equality Act into law.

National security.

On immigration policy, Kander is supportive of the bipartisan immigration bill of 2013 that passed the Senate but was never considered by the House. He is opposed to closing the detention camp at Guantanamo Bay but also voted against a measure to prevent Missouri from housing, transporting, or providing medical care to any prisoners suspected of terrorism.

Trade.

Kander opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership, believing it hurts working-class families and encourages sending jobs overseas. He is, however, in favor of modernizing the Cuban embargo to allow American farmers and ranchers to sell their goods into Cuba.

Welfare.

Kander is against privatizing Social Security. On Medicare, he believes the government should be using its marketplace clout to negotiate lower prescription drug prices. He believes both programs can be strengthened by eliminating wasteful government spending in other sectors.

Awards.

On April 19, 2018, Kander was honored for his commitment to integrity in government with the James C. Kirkpatrick Excellence in Governance Award by the student government association at the University of Central Missouri. At the ceremony, he encouraged the audience to remain confident in the promise of America and to serve wherever they find the opportunity.

Personal life and family.

Kander married his high school sweetheart, entrepreneur and author Diana Kander (née Kagan) in 2003. Diana and her family emigrated from the Soviet Union in 1989. The couple have one son named True, who was born in September 2013.  Kander is the grand-nephew of musical composer John Kander, whose best-known works include "Cabaret" and "Chicago". He is a distant relative of Lizzie Black Kander, author of "The Settlement Cookbook". He is an avid fan of the Kansas City Royals.

Jason David Kander (born May 4, 1981) is an American attorney, author, veteran, and politician. A Democrat, he served as the 39th Secretary of State of Missouri, from 2013 to 2017. He had previously served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 2009 to 2013. Before entering politics, he was an intelligence officer in the Army National Guard, achieving the rank of captain.

Jason David Kander (* 4. Mai 1981 in Overland Park, Kansas) ist ein amerikanischer Politiker der Demokratischen Partei. Er gehörte ab 2009 dem Repräsentantenhaus von Missouri an, war dort von 2013 bis 2017 Secretary of State und 2016 Kandidat für den Senat der Vereinigten Staaten. Seine Kandidatur als Bürgermeister von Kansas City (Missouri) zog er 2018 aus gesundheitlichen Gründen zurück.


Historical background.

From 1919 to 1920 Italy was shocked by a period of intense social conflict following the First World War; this period was named "Biennio Rosso" (Red Biennium). The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.  The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations. In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the Padan plain and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.  In the general election of 1921, the Liberal governing coalition, strengthened by the joining of Fascist candidates in the National Blocs (33 of whom were elected deputies), came short of a majority. The Italian Socialist Party, weakened by the split of the Communist Party of Italy, lost many votes and seats, while the Italian People's Party was steady around 20%. The Socialists were stronger in Lombardy (41.9%), than in their historical strongholds of Piedmont (28.6%), Emilia-Romagna (33.4%) and Tuscany (31.0%), due to the presence of the Communists (11.9, 5.2 and 10.5%), while the Populars were confirmed the largest party of Veneto (36.5%) and the Liberal parties in most Southern regions.

General elections were held in Italy on 15 May 1921. It was the first election in which the recently acquired regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia, Zara and Lagosta island elected deputies, many of whom from Germanic and South Slav ethnicity.

Die Parlamentswahlen in Italien 1921 fanden am 15. Mai 1921 statt. Gewählt wurden die Mitglieder der Abgeordnetenkammer des Königreichs Italien.


History.

The Samsung Lions were founded in 1982 as one of the original six KBO League teams. They won their first championship in 1985, going 40-14-1 in the first half and 37-18 in the second half for a total of 77–32; as the Lions were winners of both half-season pennants that year, no Korean Series was held and the Lions were declared champions outright. They would also win the championship in 2002, 2005 and 2006, having the best record in each one of those years. In 2010, Ryu Jung-il was hired as the new manager of the Samsung Lions. He led the team to the best record in the league and its fifth KBO title in 2011. After the KBO League, the Samsung Lions won the Asian Series championship. The Samsung Lions became the first team to win the Pennant Race, Korean Series, and Asian Series in the same year.  In 2012, one of the most notable players on the team, Lee Seung-yuop, returned to South Korea from Japan. With his help, the Samsung Lions won their sixth championship in the 2012 season. They won another two championships in 2013 and 2014, for a total of eight Korean Series championships. In 2016, Samsung Lions moved to their new stadium, Daegu Samsung Lions Park.

Retired numbers.

The first number retired by the Samsung Lions organization was number 22, in honor of catcher and slugger Lee Man-soo, who played for the team from 1982-1997, and was later a coach with the Chicago White Sox of the MLB and the SK Wyverns. Lee was a 5× Gold Glove winner with the Lions and won the KBO League MVP in 1983 The second number retired by the Samsung Lions organization was number 10, in honor of left-handed batter Yang Joon-hyuk, who played for the team from 1993–1998 and 2002–2010. Yang led the league in batting four times, and holds six career batting records (including at one time the home runs record with 351, now surpassed by Lee Seung-yeop). The third retired number, 36, was retired in honor of Lee Seung-yuop, who has spent 15 season with the club and is the all-time KBO League leader in home runs with 467.

The Samsung Lions () are a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982. They are based in the southeastern city of Daegu and are members of the KBO League. Their home stadium is Daegu Samsung Lions Park. They have won the Korean Series eight times. The Samsung Lions is the first team to win four consecutive Korean Series titles (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014). The Samsung Lions are also the first Korean team ever to win a regular league title for five consecutive years (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015).

Die Samsung Lions (koreanisch: 삼성 라이온즈) sind ein professioneller Baseballverein aus Daegu. Das 1982 gegründete Team gehört zu den Gründungsmitgliedern der KBO League und konnte die "Korean Series," die koreanische Baseballmeisterschaft, achtmal für sich entscheiden.


Referees and assistant referees.

On 29 March 2018, FIFA published the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees, on the basis of nationality, from all six football confederations for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. These were selected from a longlist of 53 trios.  Out of these, one referee and one assistant referee were dropped from the list and were not replaced. The two assistant referees associated with the dropped referee also withdrew, but were replaced in the roster.  On 12 July 2018, FIFA announced that Argentine referee Néstor Pitana would take charge of the final.

Video assistant referees.

On 30 April 2018, FIFA announced 13 video assistant referees (VARs) had been appointed. For each World Cup game, there will be one VAR and three AVARs (Assistant Video Assistant Referees), each responsible for different situations. They will be supporting the main referee from the Video Operation Room based at the International Broadcast Centre (IBC) in Moscow.

Referees withdrawn and replaced.

Referee Fahad Al-Mirdasi (Saudi Arabia) was withdrawn due to attempted match-fixing at the 2018 King Cup Final. His assistant referees were also withdrawn:  No referee was called up to replace Al-Mirdasi, but two assistant referees were called up to complete the referee teams of Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed (United Arab Emirates) and Ryuji Sato (Japan), respectively:  Assistant referee Marwa Range (Kenya) also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal.

The following is a list of match officials (referees, assistant referees, and video assistant referees) who will officiate at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Die Liste der Schiedsrichtereinsätze bei der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018 führt alle Schiedsrichter, die bei der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2018 vom 14. Juni bis zum 15. Juli 2018 in Russland eingesetzt wurden.


Life and career.

Dogterom was born 20 November 1967 in Utrecht, the Netherlands. In 1990, she graduated from the University of Groningen with a degree in theoretical physics. Two years later, the Fulbright Program granted her a fellowship. Though she found a PhD position at the University of Paris-Sud, she followed her mentor's move to Princeton University, where Dogterom first began to work with biology via collaboration with their biology faculty. In 1994, she graduated cum laude with a doctorate from the University of Paris-Sud, with a thesis on "Physical Aspects of Microtubule Growth and Mitotic Spindle Formation," and worked as a postdoc at Bell Labs in the United States. In 1997, she became a project leader at FOM Institute AMOLF, a physics and biophysics research institute, becoming head of department from 2003 to 2013.  Dogterom holds professional ties to various universities. In 2000, she took an appointment as a professor at Leiden University, becoming a full professor in 2010. Since 2014, she has been the Chair of the Department of Bionanoscience at the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft University of Technology. In 2016, she gained the title of "Medical Delta Professor," meaning she had professorships at both Delft and Leiden.  In 2006, Dogterom took a sabbatical for a year to work at Erasmus MC in Anna Akhmanova's research group, which specialized in cell biology and cytoskeletons. In 2013, they received an ERC Synergy grant to collaborate on research on cytoskeleton regulation by the cell.  Dogterom currently leads a team that aims to build the first artificial cell. In her laboratory, her team studies and builds parts of the cytoskeleton outside of the cell, where they can measure the forces they exert on various other cell components. The team also analyses the effects of various forces on the deformation of the cytoskeleton, the interactions of the cytoskeleton polymers as a network, and the spatial structure of the cell itself. Her research group plans to collaborate with various other research groups which focus on other parts of the cell.  In 2018, Dogterom was named as a recipient of the Spinoza Prize, an award that grants a large sum to a team conducting novel research in the Netherlands. Dogterom's former colleague Anna Akhmanova was also named as a recipient that same year.

Awards.

In 2013, Dogterom was elected to the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), and in 2015, she was elected to the Academia Europaea. She has been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2016. Dogterom has been awarded the following grants, fellowships, and prizes:

Marileen Dogterom (born 20 November 1967, in Utrecht) is a Dutch biophysicist and professor at the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft University of Technology. She published in Science, Cell, and Nature and is notable for her research of the cell cytoskeleton. For this research, she was awarded the 2018 Spinoza Prize.

Aletta Maria „Marileen“ Dogterom (* 20. November 1967 in Utrecht) ist eine niederländische Biophysikerin (Bionanowissenschaften). Dogterom erhielt ihr Diplom in Theoretischer Physik an der Universität Groningen, war an der Princeton University und wurde 1994 an der Universität Paris-Süd in Orsay promoviert (Dissertation: "Aspects physiques de l'assemblage des microtubules et du fuseau mitotique. Physical aspects of microtubule growth and mitotic spindle formation"). Als Post-Doktorandin war sie an den Bell Laboratories. 1997 wurde sie Projektleiterin am Institut für Atom- und Molekülphysik (AMOLF) in Amsterdam, das vom NWO betrieben wird. Sie war dort 2003 bis 2013 Abteilungsleiterin. 2000 wurde sie außerordentliche Professorin an der Universität Leiden, an der sie 2010 eine volle Professur erhielt. 2014 wurde sie Professorin an der TU Delft und ist dort am Kavli Nanolab. 2016 wurde sie "Medical Delta Professor" mit Lehrstuhl sowohl in Leiden als auch in Delft.


Playing career.

On 27 May 2014, Ullmark was signed by the Buffalo Sabres to a three-year, entry-level contract. He was returned on loan to Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) for the 2014–15 season.  In his first season in North America, Ullmark attended the Sabres' training camp. After recovery from an early injury, he was assigned to begin the 2015–16 season with the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League (AHL). Ullmark played in three games before being recalled to the Sabres on 23 October 2015. He made his NHL debut the following day, making 24 saves in a 4–3 defeat to the New Jersey Devils. His first victory came in his second start, a 3–1 win over the Philadelphia Flyers.  Ullmark would spend majority of the subsequent season with the Americans, amassing a record of 26–27–2. He appeared in one game for the Sabres, falling 4–2 to the Tampa Bay Lightning. On 13 June 2017, the Sabres re-signed Ullmark to a two-year, $1.5 million contract with an annual average of $750,000.  Ullmark joined the Sabres full-time during the 2018–19 season. In his season debut on 13 October, he recorded his first career NHL shutout, stopping all 36 shots faced in a 3–0 win over the Arizona Coyotes. On 22 December, Ullmark stopped all 40 shots faced to shut out the Anaheim Ducks 3–0. Overall, he recorded a 15–14–5 record in 37 games while backing up Carter Hutton.  On 3 August 2019, the Sabres re-signed Ullmark to a one-year, $1.325 million.

Personal life.

Ullmark is a fan of esports, and of Dota 2 in particular. On 18 March 2019 he appeared on a Dota 2 podcast where he discussed the differences between playing Dota and hockey, as well as comparisons between the professional scenes of competitive gaming and traditional sports.

Linus Ullmark (born 31 July 1993) is a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Sabres in the sixth round, 163rd overall, of the 2012 NHL Entry Draft.

Sven Linus Ullmark (* 31. Juli 1993 in Lugnvik) ist ein schwedischer Eishockeytorwart, der seit Mai 2014 bei den Buffalo Sabres in der National Hockey League unter Vertrag steht und parallel für deren Farmteam, die Rochester Americans, in der American Hockey League zum Einsatz kommt.


Personal life.

MacMahon was born in Sheffield, where his father, Desmond MacMahon, was a professional violinist. In 1948, he married Heidi Marie Graber from Switzerland (died 2001); the couple had two sons and two daughters. MacMahon also had a brother, Paddy, who was a doctor in the British Army.  MacMahon emigrated to the United States in the late 1950s, and became a U.S. citizen in 1962. He died at Boston, Massachusetts in 2007, aged 84, following a stroke.

Education and early career.

MacMahon studied medicine at the University of Birmingham, gaining the diplomas of the Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons in 1946, and the MB BChir in 1948. After working as a locum doctor in impoverished areas of Birmingham, MacMahon served as a ship's doctor in the British Merchant Navy from 1946 to 1948. He later said that these experiences left him "somewhat dispirited about a future in clinical medicine".  Enrolment in a course in public health at the University of Birmingham brought him into contact with epidemiologists Thomas McKeown, Ronald Lowe and Reginald Record, who became his supervisors in a PhD in "social medicine" (as epidemiology was then known) studying infantile pyloric stenosis. After gaining his Ph.D in 1952, he travelled to the USA to obtain a Master's in epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health (1953). In 1955, he gained the MD degree at the University of Birmingham.

Career in epidemiology.

MacMahon's early academic positions were at the University of Birmingham, UK, and at the Department of Environmental Medicine and Community Health at the State University of New York in Brooklyn, USA, where he worked with Duncan W. Clark, focusing on the epidemiology of leukemia and breast cancer.  In 1958, he was appointed head of the Harvard School of Public Health, USA, a position he held until his retirement in 1988. In 1967, he co-founded the Society for Epidemiologic Research, a learned society for epidemiologists. In 1976, he was appointed the Henry Pickering Walcott Professor of Epidemiology at the school, and he also served as the Associate Dean (1977–78). From 1974, he held a professorship in public health at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. MacMahon built the Harvard School of Public Health into a world-class research institution; he particularly prided himself, however, on nurturing students, many of whom went on to become leaders in the field of epidemiology. Well-known former students include Dimitrios Trichopoulos and Walter Willett.  MacMahon co-authored the textbook "Epidemiologic Methods" (1960), later reissued as "Epidemiology: Principles and Methods", with Thomas Pugh. Described by Willett as "the first modern epidemiology textbook", it became a standard text in the subject. He co-edited "Preventive Medicine" (1967), later republished as "Preventive and Community Medicine", with Duncan W. Clark.

Research.

Breast cancer.

MacMahon was unusual in focusing on the epidemiology of chronic diseases, in particular cancer, at a time when most epidemiologists concentrated on infectious diseases. His best-known research relates to breast cancer. An international study, published in 1970, on which MacMahon was the lead author showed for the first time that the age at which a woman first gives birth significantly affects her risk of later developing breast cancer; giving birth at a young age was found to be protective. Subsequent work by MacMahon's group showed that every year a woman delays giving birth after the age of eighteen increases her risk of developing breast cancer by 3.5%. The 1970 study stimulated later research into hormonal causes of breast cancer.  MacMahon's group also studied other factors associated with breast cancer risk, including age at menarche and menopause, lactation, alcohol consumption and diet.

Other cancers.

With Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MacMahon pioneered research into the association of passive smoking with lung cancer. Their study showed that non-smoking women whose husbands smoked heavily (more than a pack per day) had a greater than threefold increased risk of developing lung cancer.  He was also one of the first to study the effect of diet on cancer; this work was continued by his student Walter Willett. This research was not without controversy: a case-control study which unexpectedly linked coffee drinking with increased risk of pancreatic cancer provoked a storm of protest from coffee drinkers and industry groups, with coverage in the "New York Times", "Time" magazine and "Newsweek". Academic criticism focused on the study's choice of controls. Subsequent studies, including one by MacMahon's group, failed to confirm the association. He studied Hodgkin's lymphoma, providing evidence that the disease might be caused by more than one agent.

Other diseases.

MacMahon worked extensively on pyloric stenosis of infants. His work focused attention on the effect of environmental factors on this disease. Despite developing Dupuytren's contracture in his hands, which hindered computer use, MacMahon remained active in research long after his official retirement, for example, contributing a final review on pyloric stenosis in 2006.

Awards.

MacMahon was awarded the National Divisional Distinguished Service Award of the American Cancer Society (1971), the John Snow Award of the American Public Health Association (1980), the Donald Reid Medal of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1987), and the Charles S. Mott Prize of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation for his work on the epidemiology of cancer (1992). He became a member of the Institute of Medicine in 1973, and later received honorary doctorates from the University of Birmingham, University of Athens and the State University of New York.

Brian MacMahon (23 August 1923 – 5 December 2007) was a British-born United States epidemiologist who chaired the Department of Epidemiology of the Harvard School of Public Health from 1958 until 1988. Best known for his work on the epidemiology of breast cancer, he also pioneered research on associations between passive smoking and lung cancer, and between diet and risk of cancer.

Brian MacMahon (* 23. August 1923 in Sheffield, England; † 5. Dezember 2007 in Boston, Massachusetts) war ein britisch-US-amerikanischer Epidemiologe. Er ist vor allem für seine Arbeiten zu den hormonellen und reproduktiven Risikofaktoren für Brustkrebs bekannt. Sein mit Tom Pugh und Johannes Ipsen veröffentlichtes Werk "Epidemiologic Methods" (fortentwickelt als "Epidemiology: Principles and Methods") galt als erstes Lehrbuch einer modernen Epidemiologie und mehrere Jahrzehnte lang als Standardwerk in den Vereinigten Staaten.


Description.

It has a broad, ovoid-shaped mantle and can reach a total length (including arms) of up to. The head is narrower than the rest of the body with a filament over each eye. The octopus's colour is yellowish or reddish-orange to reddish-brown dorsally with diffuse rust-brown patches, and white on the underside. The skin is covered with very fine, closely set granulations, interspersed with larger warts. The relatively short arms have a single series of suckers on them and at rest are held with the tips lightly curled, hence the species's common name. This species maximum weight is in the more southerly parts of its distribution and in the northern part.

Habitat and distribution.

The curled octopus is mainly found at depths between and may occur down to. It lives in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, including the English Channel, the North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. In recent years the North Sea populations have increased, probably due to overfishing of large predatory fish such as Atlantic cod. This has had a knock on effect on crab and lobster fisheries as the curled octopus readily enters pots to take the bait or the catch. In seas of Scotland, "E. cirrhosa" is infrequently caught when trawling over rocky substrates and are more frequently captured when fishing over sandy or muddy substrates. A survey using different methods found that "Eledone cirrhosa" was common and widespread throughout the Scottish inshore waters covered by fishing activity, from the shoreline down to 140m, on substrates ranging through rocky, stoney, sandy and muddy. Specimens were caught throughout the year but is most common in inshore waters during the summer months and moves further offshore to the trawling grounds in October–December.

Diet.

The curled octopus feeds on crabs and other large crustaceans, as well as fish. Serological analysis of the crop of specimens sampled in the Moray Firth and Sound of Jura revealed the main prey to be "Liocarcinus spp", "Nephrops norvegicus", "Cancer pagurus", "Crangon crangon" and "Carcinus maenas", although a large proportion of the samples analysed did not react in the tests suggesting they had consumed alternative prey. It is cited as a significant predator of such commercially important species as "Homarus gammarus" (European lobster), "Nephrops norvegicus" (Norway lobster), and "Cancer pagurus" (edible crab) from traps. When preying on crabs, it immobilises the crab by injecting toxins into the body of the crab through a hole created in its shell using the octopus's radula. The octopus then injects saliva into the crab and the digestive enzymes contained in that saliva break down the crab's internal attachments to its shell, allowing the octopus to easily remove the carapace.

Biology.

The growth rate of the curled octopus is quite rapid and its life span is generally short at 1–5 years, although there may be some variation between warmer and colder areas. The curled octopus matures at around 1 year (on reaching a total length of for females, slightly smaller for males) and with 1,000–5,000 eggs laid on average. The females normally attain sexual maturity when they reach a body size of between 400–1000 g but some females weighing up to 1000–1200 g show no evidence of enlargement of the ovaries. The males reach just over 600g and typically have well-developed reproductive organs from around 200g. It breeds at a lower rate than the partially sympatric "Octopus vulgaris" (common octopus). Populations are apparently at their lowest density in the autumn, probably due to post-spawning die off as reproduction involves females laying eggs, guarding them and dying once the eggs hatch. Curled octopuses are solitary animals, generally inhabiting depths of less than, and more common in shallow water, but they have been found down to.  Breeding activity of the curled octopus peaks between July and September and there are many juveniles present in October. In 2017 Storm Brian was followed by reports of many curled octopus on beaches and rock pools around the island of Anglesey and the Llyn Peninsula in north Wales. These were mostly juveniles which with their weaker suction than the adults were more affected by waves created by the storm, swept away from their hiding places among the rocks and stranded.  Analysis carried out on the stomach contents of stranded Risso’s dolphins demonstrates that the most important species fed on in Scottish waters is the curled octopus.

Fisheries.

The curled octopus is taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries for other species. It is also captured in earthenware pots in the Mediterranean, although the fishery for curled octopuses is less important than that of the common octopus. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) catch data for both the curled octopus and common octopus, from all ICES regions (NE Atlantic) in 2006, indicated around 8,999 tonnes, but more recent estimates indicate a substantial increase to around 19,000 tonnes in 2008 (ICES WGCEPH, 2010). Nearly all landings of both species within these regions are taken by Portugal and Spain, with Spain taking the vast majority, although most of these will be of the common octopus. Neither species is subject to either stock assessment or quota controls in Europe and in the case of the curled octopus there is no minimum size for landing. In the Adriatic this species is caught and sold alongside "Eledone moschata" but is the less numerous of the two. It is not regarded as a commercially viable species in Scotland and any caught are normally discarded.

The curled octopus ("Eledone cirrhosa"), also known as the horned octopus, lesser octopus or northern octopus, is a species of cephalopod found in the northeast Atlantic, ranging from Norway to the Mediterranean, including the British Isles. It is of minor importance to fisheries, being mainly bycatch in the north eastern Atlantic and in the Mediterranean where the common octopus is the preferred catch.

Der Zirrenkrake ("Eledone cirrhosa") ist ein Kopffüßer aus der Gattung "Eledone". Er lebt im nordöstlichen Atlantik, von Norwegen, Island und den Britischen Inseln südwärts, bis zum Mittelmeer.


Apparition.

The evening of Thursday, 21 August 1879, was a very wet night. At about 8 o'clock the rain beat down in driving sheets when Mary Byrne, a girl of the village, accompanying the priest's housekeeper, Mary McLoughlin, home, stopped suddenly as she came in sight of the gable of the little church. There she saw standing a little out from the gable, were three life-size figures. She ran home to tell her parents and soon others from the village had gathered. The witnesses stated they saw an apparition of Our Lady, Saint Joseph and Saint John the Evangelist at the south gable end of the local small parish church, the Church of Saint John the Baptist. Behind them and a little to the left of Saint John was a plain altar. On the altar was a cross and a lamb (a traditional image of Jesus), with adoring angels. A farmer, about half a mile away from the scene, later described what he saw as a large globe of golden light above and around, the gable, circular in appearance. For nearly two hours a group that fluctuated between two and perhaps as many as twenty-five stood or knelt gazing at the figures as rain lashed them in the gathering darkness.  The apparitions, for believing Catholics, held significant eschatological significance. Much work has been done to interpret the message received in the village by Catholic eschatological scholars such as Emmett O'Reagan.

Description.

The vision of Mary was described as being beautiful, standing a few feet above the ground. She wore a white cloak, hanging in full folds and fastened at the neck. She was described as "deep in prayer", with her eyes raised to heaven, her hands raised to the shoulders or a little higher, the palms inclined slightly to the shoulders.  Saint Joseph, also wearing white robes, stood at the Virgin's right hand. His head was bent forward from the shoulders towards the Blessed Virgin. Saint John the Evangelist stood to the left of the Blessed Virgin. He was dressed in a long robe and wore a mitre. He was partly turned away from the other figures. Some witnesses reported that St. John appeared to be preaching and that he held open a large book in his left hand. To the left of St. John was an altar with a lamb on it with a cross standing on the altar behind the lamb.  Those who witnessed the apparition stood in the pouring rain for up to two hours reciting the Rosary. When the apparition began there was good light, but although it then became very dark, witnesses could still see the figures very clearly – they appeared to be the colour of a bright whitish light. The apparitions did not flicker or move in any way. The witnesses reported that the ground around the figures remained completely dry during the apparition although the wind was blowing from the south. Soon the entire apparition wall was torn apart by pilgrims chipping out the cement, mortar, and stones for souvenirs and to use for cures.

Church Commissions of inquiry.

An ecclesiastical Commission of inquiry was established by the Archbishop of Tuam, Most Rev. Dr. John MacHale, on 8 October 1879. The Commission consisted of Irish scholar and historian, Canon Ulick Bourke, Canon James Waldron, as well as the parish priest of Ballyhaunis and Archdeacon Bartholomew Aloysius Cavanagh. Depositions of witnesses were taken in the ensuing months. The deliberations of the commission, referred only to the occurrence on 21 August 1879, which omitted "subsequent phenomena", and as a result, there exists no official record for events that occurred after that date.  The evidence which was the commission's duty to record, satisfied all the members and was deemed trustworthy. Among the considerations were whether the apparition emanated from natural causes, and whether there was any positive fraud. In the first cited particular, it was reported that no solution as from natural causes could be offered; and in the second consideration, that such a suggestion had never, even remotely, been entertained. The commission's final verdict was that the testimony of all the witnesses taken as a whole was trustworthy and satisfactory.  As most of the documents from the early years at Knock were assumed to have been lost, a second Commission of inquiry in 1936, was forced to rely upon interviews with the last of the surviving witnesses (who confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission), their children, press reports and devotional works printed in the 1880s, which portrayed the original reports in a positive light. The surviving witnesses confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission.  The growth of railways and the appearance of local and national newspapers fuelled interest in the small Mayo village. Reports of "strange occurrences in a small Irish village" were featured almost immediately in the international media, notably "The Times" (of London). Newspapers from as far away as Chicago sent reporters to cover the Knock phenomenon. Canon Ulick Bourke joined Timothy Daniel Sullivan and Margaret Anna Cusack in developing Knock as a national Marian pilgrimage site. Knock pilgrimages combined traditional Irish practices like rounds of the church and all night vigils with devotions like the stations of the cross, benediction, processions, and the recitation of litanies. Priests associated with the Fenian movement often led pilgrimages to Knock.  John White sees the silence of the apparition related to a cultural change occurring at that time. "It was necessary for Cavanagh to preach in English and Irish each Sunday as the schools saw to the replacement of Irish with English as the language of the young. This linguistic crisis may be connected with the silence of the Knock visions, as the oldest witness, Bridget Trench, had no English, while the youngest, six-year old John Curry, was being educated with no Irish."

Sceptical analysis.

According to Joe Nickell, in addition to "serious discrepancies" in the witnesses' accounts, it is possible for natural phenomena to account for the apparition. With the help of an astronomer who recreated the sky of the time via computer, it was determined that the evening sun was above the horizon for the duration of the event. There was also a school near the site with a wall angled toward the south gable of the church. The suggestion is that the sun served as the light source, which reflected off the school's windows (presumed to have been there) and produced a "natural version of a magic-lantern effect". Nickell explains that "odd shapes [from diffuse reflections] could produce the requisite pareidolia... effects in susceptible individuals, especially those who were motivated to see something "miraculous" and were familiar with similar holy pictures."

Modern era.

A number of cures and favours are associated with visitors to Our Lady of Knock's Shrine and those who claim to have been cured here still leave crutches and sticks at the spot where the apparition is believed to have occurred. Each Irish diocese makes an annual pilgrimage to the Marian Shrine and the nine-day Knock novena attracts ten thousand pilgrims every August. The miracle is also known as Our Lady of Knock by the church.  The complex incorporates five churches including the Apparition Chapel, Parish Church and Basilica, a Religious Books' Centre, Caravan and Camping Park, Knock Museum, Café le Chéile and Knock House Hotel. Services at the Shrine include organised pilgrimages, daily Masses and Confessions, Anointing of the Sick, Counselling Service, Prayer Guidance and Youth Ministry. While the original church still stands, a new Apparition chapel with statues of Our Lady, St Joseph, the Lamb and St John the Evangelist, has been built next to it. Knock Basilica is a separate building showing a tapestry of the apparition.

Recent history.

Mother Teresa of Calcutta visited the Shrine in June 1993.  Ireland's National Eucharistic Congress was held at the Marian Shrine in Knock over 25 and 26 June in 2011. An estimated 13,000 pilgrims attended.  Though it remained for almost 100 years a major Irish pilgrimage site, Knock established itself as a world religious site in large measure during the last quarter of the twentieth century, largely due to the work of its longtime parish priest Monsignor James Horan. Horan presided over a major rebuilding of the site, with the provision of a new large Knock Basilica (the second in Ireland) alongside the old church. Horan secured from Irish Taoiseach Charles Haughey millions of pounds of state aid to build a major airport near Knock. The project was condemned by critics in the media. At the time the Irish economy was in depression with massive emigration. Contrary to the critics' expectation however, since 2003, flag-carrier, low-cost and regional airlines including Aer Lingus, MyTravelLite, Bmibaby, Ryanair, Aer Arann, flybe, Lufthansa and EasyJet have added routes to the UK and mainland Europe. Not all have proven successful, but by 2005 the airport was handling 500,000 passengers per annum.  On 13 May 2017, Cardinal Archbishop Timothy M. Dolan celebrated a requiem mass when John Curry, the youngest witness to the Knock apparition, was reinterred in St. Patrick's Old Cathedral cemetery in Lower Manhattan after being disinterred from an unmarked grave on Long Island.

Parish priest.

The parish priest at the time of the apparition was The Very Reverend Bartholomew Aloysius Cavanagh, who was also Archdeacon of the diocese. Widely considered a holy priest in spite of his siding with landlords against the growing Land League movement, he was appointed parish priest of Knock-Aghamore in 1867, and was about 58 at the time of the apparition. He died in 1897 and is buried in the Old Church.

The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Knock, usually named only as the Knock Shrine (, "Hill of Mary" or "Mary's Hill"), is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage site and National Shrine in the village of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland, where observers stated that there was an apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, Saint John the Evangelist, angels, and Jesus Christ (the Lamb of God) in 1879.

Die Basilika Unserer Lieben Frau, Königin von Irland (, ) ist eine römisch-katholische Wallfahrtskirche in Knock, County Mayo, Irland. Die zum Erzbistum Tuam gehörende Kirche ist Teil des Marienheiligtums in Knock. Die Kirche hat den Rang einer Basilica minor und ist Teil des irischen Nationalheiligtums in Knock.


Use in taxonomy and identification.

The ultrastructure of chaetae is fundamentally similar for all taxa but there is vast diversity in chaetal morphology. Moreover, chaetae bear precise characters for determination of species and taxonomic assessment. The shape, absolute and relative size, number, position, ornamentation and type are important taxonomic characters and specific types are often associated with families or genera. They are sometimes also species-specific and in some cases can be used to differentiate otherwise identical-looking species.

Types of chaetae.

A wide range of chaetal shapes and arrangements exists:  Basic forms are capillaries and spines. Capillaries are the most common form of chaetae and are very thin and tapering. Spines are also common but are thicker and stouter than capillaries and may be curved or straight and can be distally dentate (e.g. unidentate or bidentate).  Furcate (also called comb, forked or brush) cheatae are similar to capillaries for most of their length but expand distally into a flattened comb- or fork-like tip.  Hooks are stout cheatae that curve distally and may be dentate or strongly curved (falcate). These chaetae may also be capped with a translucent hyaline hood.  Compound chaetae possess a joint or hinge toward the distal end that allows a distal blade or appendage to articulate around it.  Uncini are highly modified chaetae in which the shaft is reduced (or virtually absent) and the tip is broadened to create short, stout structures. These are often present in sedentary taxa.

A chaeta or cheta (from Greek χαίτη “crest, mane, flowing hair"; plural: chaetae) is a chitinous bristle or seta found in annelid worms, insects or arthropods, although the term is also frequently used to describe similar structures in other invertebrates. Polychaete annelids, ('polychaeta' literally meaning "many bristles") are named for their chaetae. In Polychaeta, chaetae are found as bundles on the parapodia, paired appendages on the side of the body. The chaetae are epidermal extracellular structures, and clearly visible in most polychaetes. They are probably the best studied structures in these animals.

Als Chaeta (griechisch χαίτη "chaítē"), Mehrzahl Chaetae (χαῖται "chaîtai"), bisweilen auch Seta, Mehrzahl Setae, werden die für Polychaeten und Oligochaeten charakteristischen Borsten bei Ringelwürmern bezeichnet, die aus Chitin bestehen und von Taschen der Körperwand – bei den Polychaeten an den Parapodien – gebildet werden und aus diesen nach außen ragen.


Life and career.

Born in Leningrad, Avrorin graduated from the Physics faculty of Moscow State University and was directed to KB-11 ('Design Bureau-11), now called All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIIEF)) in the closed city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region. There he worked on the Soviet hydrogen bomb programme. In 1955, he joined the new NII-1011 (Research Institute-1011, presently the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute Of Technical Physics (RFNC-VNIITF)) at another closed city, Snezhinsk (or Chelyabinsk-70). In 1956 and 1957, he performed unique experiments to find out why the RDS-37 exploded fractionally before modelled expectations, a result which implied a lack of knowledge of materials and conditions. During remainder of his career there, he became Head of the Theoretical Physics Department in 1964, the Head of Theoretical Physics Division in 1974 and the Scientific Director in 1985, a role he retained until 2007. From 1996 to 1998, he was also the overall Director.  In addition to his work on many nuclear weapons, he was also known for investigating nuclear charges for civilian usage (e.g. potentially for mining copper), charge designs with very low radiation output and deuterium power engineering. He has written about the modern challenges to the closed cities whose industries are (largely) no longer required since the break-up of the U.S.S.R. He became the chair of the Snezhinsk branch of the Russian Pugwash committee and has been involved in international discussions about science diplomacy and confidence-building for international security.  He died after a long illness.

Yevgeny Nikolayevich Avrorin (also Evgeniy) (1932 - 9 January 2018) was a theoretical physicist and nuclear engineer, and Scientific Director at the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre (RFNC). He was a co-developer of the RDS-37, the first Soviet two-stage thermonuclear bomb, and many other nuclear devices.

Jewgeni Nikolajewitsch Awrorin (, wiss. Transliteration ""; * 11. Juli 1932 in Leningrad; † 9. Januar 2018 in Tscheljabinsk) war ein russischer Physiker und Hochschullehrer.


Career.

Youth and College.

Born in Chevy Chase, Maryland, Martin joined the D.C. United Academy during the 2009–10 season as a 14-year-old in the under-16 category. In his second season with the u16s, Martin led the team in scoring with 13 goals while leading the side to finish top of its group in the U.S. Soccer Development Academy. Then, the next season, Martin was promoted to the under-18s where he led the team in scoring with 11 goals. He impressed the coaching staff enough that season to earn playing time with the D.C. United Reserves in MLS Reserve League action.  Martin then choose to attend Wake Forest University where he would play for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons soccer team for the 2012 season in which he scored one goal and registered six assists. At the end of the season, Martin earned All-ACC Freshman Team honors.

D.C. United.

On July 10, 2013 it was announced that Martin had signed-on as a homegrown player with D.C. United of Major League Soccer, thus becoming the team's sixth homegrown signing. After a short loan spell at the Richmond Kickers in the USL Pro, Martin made his debut for D.C. United on August 3, 2013 against the Montreal Impact in which he came on in the 76th minute for Nick DeLeon as United won the game 3–1. He finished the 2013 season with seven league appearances.

Richmond Kickers (loan).

On July 17, 2013 it was announced that D.C. United had sent Martin out on loan to their USL Pro affiliate, the Richmond Kickers. He made his one and only appearance for the Kickers on July 23 against the Vancouver Whitecaps Reserves in which he started and played 85 minutes as the Kickers won the match 2–1.  On September 13, 2014 he scored his first professional goal to open a 2–1 win over the Charleston Battery in the playoff quarter-finals.

Minnesota United FC.

In January 2017, Martin was traded by D.C. to MLS expansion side Minnesota United FC in exchange for a fourth-round pick in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft. He made his debut on March 25 in a 5–2 loss at the New England Revolution, as a 63rd-minute substitute for Mohammed Saeid.  Martin played 12 matches in his first season in Minnesota, five as a starter. Having taken no part in the 2019 season, he was loaned in late April to USL Championship team Hartford Athletic.  In October 2019, at the end of Minnesota's season, Martin was one of five players released.

San Diego Loyal SC.

In February 2020, Martin was signed by San Diego Loyal for its inaugural season.

International.

Martin has represented the United States at U-14, U-15, U-17, and U-20 levels.

Personal life.

Martin was raised in an observant Episcopalian family.  On June 29, 2018, Martin came out publicly as gay. He was reported at the time to be the only active male professional soccer player to be openly gay.  Martin transferred his credits from Wake Forest University to George Washington University after joining D.C. United. He attended part-time for four years, and online for a fifth from Minnesota, before graduating in 2019 with a degree in history. His thesis was on the Battle of Vicksburg in the American Civil War.

Collin Martin (born November 9, 1994) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for San Diego Loyal in the USL Championship. He has played for D.C. United and Minnesota United FC in Major League Soccer, and for Richmond Kickers and Hartford Athletic in the United Soccer League. He came out as gay in June 2018, making him at the time the only out man in any of the big five American sports leagues or any top-division professional men's national soccer league.

Collin Martin (* 9. November 1994 in Chevy Chase, Maryland) ist ein US-amerikanischer Fußballspieler der derzeit bei San Diego Loyal in der USL Championship spielt. Martin gab am 29. Juni 2018, während er für Minnesota United in der Major League Soccer (MLS) spielte, bekannt, dass er homosexuell sei. Damit war er der einzige offen schwule Fußballspieler in einer nationalen Spitzenliga und einzige Athlet einer US-amerikanischen Major League.


History.

Stirling was first connected to the Scottish Central Railway in 1848. Lines were subsequently opened by the Stirling and Dunfermline Railway in 1853, and by the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway to three years later. Through services to/from the Callander and Oban Railway also served the station from 1870. The current station buildings were opened in 1916 following a major rebuild by the Caledonian Railway. They have undergone several refurbishments (with minor layout changes), the most recent change being the installation of lifts to enable better access to the footbridge linking Platform 2 with Platforms 3 to 8. The line to Balloch lost its passenger services in 1934 and closed as a through route in 1942, although the section from Stirling to Port of Menteith remained open for freight until 1959. The main line from Stirling to Dunfermline was not scheduled for closure under the Beeching Axe, but it was nevertheless closed in 1968. It has since been partly reopened as far as Alloa (see below). Oban services via the C&O line ended with the Beeching cuts in 1965, and the main terminus in Glasgow for services from Stirling changed from the former C.R. station at to Queen Street the following year.  A Motorail service ran between London and Stirling until 1989.

Description.

The station building was constructed in 1915 by James Miller, and is listed by Historic Environment Scotland as a Category A listed building. His design continues the circular spaces and flowing curves of his celebrated Wemyss Bay station.  In 2008, the travel centre was refurbished to improve disabled access, including power-assisted entrance doors, a wheelchair-accessible counter, and improved customer information systems. In 2009, a shelter was erected on Platforms 9 and 10, and LED display boards replaced the CRT screens, including new displays for Platforms 9 and 10 and the bay Platforms 7 and 8. (Up to c.1988, a large flip-dot display was located above the main concourse; this was removed and the space filled in with a large "Welcome to Stirling Station" sign.) From December 2009, automated announcements were provided, replacing the manual announcements made from the supervisor's office on Platform 3. In 2013, a new public address system was installed.  The station houses a Neighbourhood Policing Team (NPT) from the British Transport Police. Currently two officers work from Stirling and cover Stirling,,,,,, and.  The Stirling Area Command of the Forth Valley Division of Police Scotland cover the territorial area the Stirling NPT cover and will assist when the BTP officers are not available.

Services.

Trains operate north to (three trains per hour), to, and (hourly), (four trains per day), south west to (three trains per hour), and east to Edinburgh Waverley (half-hourly). The service to Alloa and Dunfermine was withdrawn in October 1968, but the reopening of the Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine rail link partially restored that service with an hourly service from Glasgow to as an extension of the Croy Line services. This utilises the existing DMU from Glasgow, which previously spent considerable time in one of the bay platforms at Stirling with engines idling, but now utilises the layover time to make the return trip to & from Alloa.  Most services are operated by Abellio ScotRail; with two trains per day southbound to London Kings Cross and one train per day northbound to Inverness operated by London North Eastern Railway (a second northbound service terminates at Stirling); and one train per day Sunday – Friday southbound to London Euston and northbound to Inverness operated by Caledonian Sleeper. The station has nine platforms, though they are ordered 2 to 10. The site of Platform 1 is now occupied by a car park; the platforms were not renumbered. The bay platforms at the north end of the station (Platforms 4 and 5) survive but are not available to passenger trains. The bay platforms at the south end of the station (Platforms 7 and 8) are not normally used for weekday services, but the first services of the day use trains that have been stabled there overnight and they have been fitted with passenger information displays.  A major Scottish area timetable recast in 2018 backed by Transport Scotland will see improved journey times from Stirling to both Edinburgh & Glasgow and more frequent services to Gleneagles, Dundee, Perth & Inverness. The lines from Glasgow to Alloa & Polmont to Dunblane are also due to be resignalled & electrified by 2018 as part of the rolling modernisation work associated with the Edinburgh to Glasgow Improvement Programme.

Stirling railway station is a railway station located in Stirling, Scotland. It is located on the former Caledonian Railway main line between Glasgow and Perth. It is the junction for the branch line to and Dunfermline via Kincardine and is also served by trains on the Edinburgh to Dunblane Line and long-distance services to Dundee & Aberdeen and to Inverness via the Highland Main Line.

Der Bahnhof Stirling ist ein Bahnhof in der schottischen Stadt Stirling in der gleichnamigen Council Area. 1978 wurde das Bauwerk in die schottischen Denkmallisten zunächst in der Kategorie B aufgenommen. Die Hochstufung in die höchste Denkmalkategorie A erfolgte 1993.


Biography.

1970–1991: Childhood and early beginnings.

Samuele Bersani was born on 1 October 1970 in Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. His father was a music teacher, while his mother was an employee, and she also became the vice-major of Cattolica, the town in which he grew up. He studied at the "classical lyceum", but he left school a few months before his "maturity exam". While he was a teenager, Bersani played in several local bands and took part in local singing competitions. In 1991, he met Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla before a concert Dalla was going to give in San Benedetto del Tronto, in Central Italy. Bersani asked Dalla to listen to a recording of his original song "Il mostro", and a few minutes later Dalla's producer, Renzo Cremonini, told him to open the concert performing the song. Bersani was then chosen as the opening act for the remaining concerts of Dalla's Cambio tour.

1992–1996: "C'hanno preso tutto" and "Freak".

Bersani's debut album, "C'hanno preso tutto", was released in November 1992. The album included the song "Il mostro", as well as the single "Chiccho e Spillo", which allowed Bersani to receive media attention, becoming a radio hit and supporting sales of the album, which sold more than 20,000 copies in Italy. In 1995, Bersani released his second album, "Freak". The album's lead single, "Freak", was released in February of the same year, but some Italian radio stations decided not to air it as a consequence of a line referring both to the Italian conservative coalition and to the Italian Communist Party, which was considered a violation of the "par condicio law", which introduced fees for those stations giving airplay to songs including political messages during the electoral campaign preceding the Italian regional elections. As a consequence, Bersani's label decided to anticipate the release of the second single from the album, "Spaccacuore". Both "Freak" and "Spaccacuore" were later performed by Bersani during the itinerant television show "Festivalbar", during the summer of 1995. The album was a commercial success, and it was certified platinum, selling more than 130,000 copies in Italy.

Samuele Bersani (born 1 October 1970, Rimini, Italy) is an Italian singer-songwriter. He received the "Mia Martini" Critics Award at the Sanremo Music Festival in 2000 and in 2012, with the songs "Replay" and "Un pallone", respectively. His best known songs also include "Giudizi universali", released in 1997 and certified in 2017 as a platinum-selling single by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry, and "Spaccacuore", which was later covered by Italian singer Laura Pausini.

Samuele Bersani (* 1. Oktober 1970 in Rimini) ist ein italienischer Cantautore. Er gewann zweimal den Kritikerpreis beim Sanremo-Festival und wurde mit vier Targhe Tenco ausgezeichnet.


History.

The World Cup was first held in July 2012. The tournament was named the "Summer Games" in accordance with its unofficial tie-in to the 2012 Summer Olympics, and because the name "World Cup" was already being used since 2007 for a club championship held in the United States. The tournament was held in Oxford, United Kingdom as the Olympic torch was passing through the city. Five teams participated: Australia, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The event followed a round-robin format, with the lowest ranked team being eliminated and the others advancing to the bracket phase. The UK was defeated by all other competitors and did not make the bracket. The US took first place, defeating France in the final, and Australia claimed bronze by defeating Canada.  In 2014, the tournament was renamed "Global Games" and took place under an updated IQA which became an international sports federation. The Games were under the supervision of US Quidditch but were held in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. Seven teams came out to compete: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Italy had planned to compete but had to pull out. The event was contested over a round-robin, with positions in a series of playoffs determined by each team's result in the first round. Due to limited media relations and improper planning, the tournament was relatively unknown and had a lacking medical staff which became evident when Belgium chose to forfeit after suffering multiple injuries. The United States defended their title by defeating Australia in the final, and Canada claimed bronze by defeating the United Kingdom.  The 2016 World Cup took place in Frankfurt, Germany. The initial tournament plan involved 24 competing teams, but because of the dropouts of five teams, the number of expected nations was reduced to 19. Later, Brazil and Slovakia were added to the roster of teams, resulting in a field of 21 nations. The tournament took place using a pool-play format, followed by a single-elimination bracket with all 21 teams. Ahead of the tournament, exhibition matches were held between Canada and the United Kingdom, Turkey and Mexico and Australia and Germany. A planned exhibition match between Uganda and South Korea was canceled after Uganda dropped out of the competition. After a pool-play and bracket tournament, Australia defeated the United States 150*–130 in the final. The United States had first made a snitch catch which was disallowed on the grounds of charging the snitch. When the Australian seeker caught the snitch, the catch was initially challenged due to the seeker having been hit by a bludger. However the beat was ruled out as the beater had himself been hit by a bludger. The catch was therefore called good and Australia won the match and the United States suffered their first defeat. In the third place match, the United Kingdom avenged their defeat in the 2014 third place playoff years prior by beating Canada 190*–60. Both the final and bronze playoff were therefore re-runs of the same games from the previous World Cup, both with the reverse result.  The 2018 World Cup was held in Florence, Italy with 29 teams competing. There has been much online controversy about the unexpected hike in tournament fees, which has forced some smaller nations to drop out, namely Denmark and Sweden, both of whom would have been attending for the first time.

Format.

Qualification.

None of the competitions so far have involved a qualification round. To be eligible, the team must be representing a region's national governing body.

Results.

The following table shows a list of all World Cups to date. The team that caught the snitch is denoted with an asterisk.

The IQA World Cup is an international quidditch tournament contested by the national teams of the members of the International Quidditch Association, the sport's global governing organisation. The championship, which was named Summer Games and Global Games in its first two editions, has been awarded every two years since 2012. The current champions are the United States, who defeated Belgium in 2018.

Die Quidditch-Weltmeisterschaft, offiziell "IQA World Cup", ist ein internationaler Quidditch-Wettbewerb für Nationalmannschaften um den Weltmeistertitel. Sie wird im Rhythmus von zwei Jahren von der International Quidditch Association, dem globalen Dachverband des Quidditch-Sports, ausgetragen. Erstmals fand das Turnier im Vorfeld der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012 als "Summer Games" in Oxford statt. 2014 wurde es unter dem Namen "Global Games" ausgetragen.