Plot.

In the future, widespread use of remotely controlled androids called "surrogates" enables everyone to live in idealized forms from the safety of their homes. Compared to their surrogates, the human operators are depicted as slovenly and homebound. Protected from harm, a surrogate's operator feels no pain when the surrogate is damaged. In Boston, FBI agent Tom Greer has been estranged from his wife Maggie, since their son's death several years before. He never sees her outside of her surrogate and she criticizes his desire to interact via their real bodies.  Tom and his partner, Agent Jennifer Peters, investigate the death of two people who were killed when their surrogates were destroyed at a Fort Point club. Jarid Canter (Shane Dzicek), one of the victims, is the son of Dr. Lionel Canter, the inventor of surrogates and the former head of their manufacturing company, Virtual Self Industries (VSI). The two determine that a human, Miles Strickland, used a new type of weapon to overload the surrogates' systems and kill their operators. After locating Strickland, Tom attempts to bring him into custody. Strickland uses the weapon and injures Tom during the chase; Tom inadvertently crash-lands into an anti-surrogate zone known as the Dread Reservation (one of many throughout the US). A mob of humans destroys Tom's surrogate. The Dread leader known as the Prophet kills Strickland and confiscates the weapon.  With his surrogate destroyed, Tom is forced to interact in the world without one. He learns that VSI originally produced the weapon, designed to load a virus that overloads a surrogate's systems, thus disabling it, under a government contract. Unexpectedly, the weapon also disabled the fail-safe protocols protecting operators. The project was promptly scrapped and all prototypes supposedly destroyed. Tom also learns that Andrew Stone, his FBI superior, supplied the weapon to Strickland and ordered Dr. Canter's assassination, upon VSI's request, for his criticism of surrogate use. Jarid, using one of his father's many surrogates, was killed instead. Jennifer is murdered in her own home by an unknown man who hijacks her surrogate, and the Prophet orders the weapon delivered to her. During a military raid on the reservation, the Prophet is shot, revealing his identity as a surrogate, with Canter himself as the operator. Tom steals the weapon's codes from Stone, but "Jennifer" escapes with the codes.  Immediately travelling to Canter's home, Tom discovers that Canter has been controlling not only the Prophet, but Jennifer as well. Using Jennifer's surrogate in FBI Headquarters, Canter uses the weapon to kill Stone and proceeds to upload the virus to all surrogates, which will destroy them and kill their operators. Canter reveals that he only wanted to empower the disabled to live normal lives, but after he was fired from VSI, they capitalized on surrogacy for profit. Convinced his plan is unstoppable, Canter disconnects from Jennifer's surrogate and swallows a cyanide pill. Tom takes control of Jennifer's surrogate and, with the assistance of the network's system administrator, Bobby Saunders, insulates the virus so the operators will survive, but a second step is required to save the surrogates. After a moment of consideration, Tom chooses to let the virus permanently disable surrogates worldwide. With all the surrogates disabled, people emerge from their homes, confused and afraid.  Returning home, Tom shares an emotional embrace with Maggie in her real form. The film ends with an aerial view of the collapsed surrogates along with overlapping news reports of downed surrogates all over the world and how people are now "on their own" again.

Production.

In March 2007, Disney acquired feature film rights to the 2005–2006 comic book series "The Surrogates" with the intent to distribute under Touchstone Pictures. The project was conceived by Max Handelman and Elizabeth Banks through Brownstone Productions, and they enlisted producer Todd Lieberman to move it forward. Under Disney, Jonathan Mostow was attached to direct the film based on an adapted screenplay by Michael Ferris and John Brancato. The following November, Bruce Willis was cast to star in the lead role. Filming was scheduled to begin in February 2008 in Lynn, Massachusetts. It was delayed, beginning on April 29, 2008 in Woburn. Filming then took place in the Massachusetts cities of Lynn, Worcester, Milford, Hopedale, Taunton, Lawrence and Wayland. Visual effects were handled by Sandbox FX, Brickyard VFX, Industrial Light and Magic and Moving Picture Company.

Release.

"Surrogates" hosted its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on September 24, 2009. It was released the next day in North American cinemas by Touchstone Pictures to lukewarm reviews from film critics. The Motion Picture Association of America gave the film a PG-13 rating for "intense sequences of violence, disturbing images, language, sexuality and a drug-related scene."

Home media.

The DVD and Blu-ray were released on January 26, 2010. The Blu-ray version features four deleted scenes, a commentary by director Jonathan Mostow, and 2 featurettes. The movie has sold 713,851 units, which gives it a total gross of $12,052,466 in DVD sales.

Reception.

Critical response.

"Surrogates" was not pre-screened for critics., the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 37%, based on 115 reviews, and an average rating of 5.33/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it sports a slick look and feel, "Surrogates" fails to capitalize on a promising premise, relying instead on mindless action and a poor script". Metacritic gave the film an average score of 45 out of 100 based on 21 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.  IGN gave the film a 6.0/10, saying that "it provides a competently made, relatively predictable and slickly presented piece of genre entertainment, offering just the right amount of action beats and futuristic visuals to keep the viewer engaged without ever having an actual thought. It's good, escapist fun". Yahoo! Movies gave it a grade "C+" based on 10 reviews.  "Entertainment Weekly" Lisa Schwarzbaum concluded her positive review saying that "there's fun robot stuff, some good philosophical ideas, and a brief, nutty Willis–Ving Rhames reunion 15 years after "Pulp Fiction"". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4. Ebert wrote that "while more ambitious than it has to be, the film descends into action scenes too quickly.... "Surrogates" is entertaining and ingenious, but it settles too soon for formula." He also says, "The concept, based on a graphic novel by Robert Venditti and Brett Weldele, would lead naturally to intriguing considerations." Some critics, however, were not too favorable to the film: Claudia Puig of "USA Today" called it "a poor substitute of sci-fi thriller saying that the tone of the movie is rarely satirical and that it's more concerned with political intrigue involving pockets of anti-surrogate protesters that enjoy bludgeoning the machines." Roger Moore of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave it a negative review, writing "watchable, but obvious... Surrogates never manages to be anything more than a poor substitute for the real thing."  Jordan Hoffman of UGO Entertainment gave "Surrogates" a B+ rating, saying it is intellectually stimulating enough to keep you intrigued while never forgetting its obligation as B movie fun. Todd McCarthy of "Variety" described it as an intense and eerily plausible science fiction thriller.  Some critics remarked that the plot has some similarities to David Brin's Kiln People.

Box office.

"Surrogates" played at 2,992 theaters. On its opening weekend, it grossed to $14,902,692, averaging $5,050 per theater, ranking #2 at the U.S. box office, behind "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs". For the second weekend of Oct 2–4, it saw a 45% decrease where it dropped down to 4th place at the box office only to gross $7,241,054. The third domestic weekend release saw a 36% decrease, which was 9% less than its last weekend. The film went on to gross $38,577,772 domestically and $83,867,000 internationally, giving it a worldwide gross of $122,444,772.

Soundtrack.

Surrogates: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was orchestrated by composer Richard Marvin. "Surrogates" is the fifth film that director Jonathan Mostow and composer Richard Marvin have collaborated on. Marvin recorded his score with a 120-piece orchestra of the Hollywood Studio Symphony. Although it was not featured in the soundtrack, the song "I Will Not Bow," performed by Breaking Benjamin, was played during the film's ending credits, and the song's music video features footage from the film. The soundtrack was released on November 23, 2009.

Surrogates is a 2009 American science fiction action film based on the 2005–2006 comic book series "The Surrogates". Directed by Jonathan Mostow, it stars Bruce Willis as Tom Greer, an FBI agent who ventures out into the real world to investigate the murder of surrogates (humanoid remote-controlled robots). It also stars Radha Mitchell, Rosamund Pike, Boris Kodjoe, Ving Rhames, and James Cromwell.

Surrogates – Mein zweites Ich ist ein US-amerikanischer futuristischer Action-Thriller aus dem Jahr 2009, der Kinostart in den USA war der 24. September 2009, der deutsche Filmstart erfolgte am 21. Januar 2010. Die Regie führte Jonathan Mostow, die Hauptrolle spielt Bruce Willis.


Playing career.

Club.

Belenenses.

Born in Lisbon, Amorim made his debut in the Primeira Liga on 14 December 2003, playing one minute for hometown club C.F. Os Belenenses in a 2–0 home win against F.C. Alverca. From 2005–06 onwards, he became a regular.  In the 2007–08 campaign, Amorim started in 28 of his 29 league appearances (2,491 minutes of action) and helped his team finish in eighth position.

Benfica.

In late April 2008, Amorim signed a four-year deal with Benfica after his Belenenses contract expired. During his first season he was a regular starter, scoring his first goal with Benfica on 23 November in a 2–0 away victory over Académica de Coimbra.  Competing with new signings Javi García and Ramires, Amorim appeared less in 2009–10, but still featured prominently (24 matches with ten starts) as Benfica won the league – and the League Cup – after a five-year drought. When healthy, he was again regularly used by manager Jorge Jesus in the 2010–11 season. On 19 January 2011, however, after undergoing surgery on both knees, he was sidelined for several months.  In early October 2011, whilst on duty with the national team, Amorim criticised Jesus' preferences – Benfica played most of their games without a single Portuguese player. Increasingly disgusted with his plight, in December, he refused to train with the bench players – after warming up for several minutes only to not be used – following a game against Rio Ave FC, being subjected to the club's disciplinary proceedings; on 30 January 2012 a loan was arranged with Braga, until June of the following year.  In 2013–14, Amorim returned to Benfica and played 37 matches across all competitions, helping the club to win an unprecedent treble of league, Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga. At the beginning of the following campaign, he featured the full 120 minutes to help his team defeat Rio Ave in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, thus winning four titles in 2014. On 24 August, however, he got severely injured while playing on an artificial turf at Boavista FC, with news the next day reporting an anterior cruciate ligament injury; he was sidelined until 11 February 2015, when he featured as a substitute in a 3–0 home defeat of Vitória de Setúbal in the semi-finals of the domestic league cup.  On 14 August 2015, Amorim joined Al-Wakrah Sport Club in Qatar on a season-long deal. On 4 April 2017, after more than a year of inactivity, the 32-year-old terminated his contract with Benfica and retired.

International.

Amorim appeared for Portugal at the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in the Netherlands, as the national side eventually lost to Italy for the final berth for the following year's Summer Olympic Games. On 10 May 2010, although not part of the senior squad's list of 23 for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, he was named in a backup list of six players. On 8 June, he replaced Nani after the Manchester United player sustained a clavicle injury which ruled him out of the finals in South Africa; his senior debut came on the 15th, as he played the last five minutes of the group stage opener against Ivory Coast (0–0) in the place of Raul Meireles.  Amorim was also selected by new manager Paulo Bento for the 2014 World Cup. He made his debut in the tournament on 26 June in the last group phase match against Ghana, featuring the full 90 minutes in the 2–1 win but seeing his team eliminated on goal difference.

Coaching career.

Amorim started working as a manager in 2018–19, with third division team Casa Pia AC. In January 2019, the team were deducted six points and he was suspended from all activity for one year after giving instructions during a match without having the required coaching level to do so; even though the bans were suspended shortly after, he presented his resignation in the aftermath.  On 20 May 2019, Amorim initially agreed to return to the Estádio da Luz as Benfica's under-23 team's coach. The following month, however, after a meeting at the club, he rejected that possibility.  In mid-September 2019, Amorim was appointed at Braga's reserves in the third level. Three months later, he replaced the dismissed Ricardo Sá Pinto at the helm of the first team on a two-and-a-half-year contract. In his first game in charge on 4 January, he led them to a 7–1 away demolition of Belenenses SAD, and three weeks later won the domestic League Cup final against FC Porto with a last-minute goal from Ricardo Horta.  Amorim became Sporting CP's manager on 4 March 2020 after the sacking of Silas, signing a deal until 30 June 2023 with a €20 million buyout clause.

Style of play.

Amorim's style was similar to countryman Tiago, with both playing the same position, operating in central midfield, both defensive and offensive (Amorim, however, was also able to play as a right back).

Post-retirement.

Shortly after retiring, Amorim joined the Lisbon Football Association in order to earn a coaching licence. Additionally, he attended a postgraduation course in psychomotor education.

Career statistics.

Club.

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Includes the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira

Honours.

Player.

Benfica  Braga

Manager.

Braga

Rúben Filipe Marques Amorim (born 27 January 1985) is a Portuguese former footballer who played as a midfielder, and the current manager of Sporting CP.

Rúben Filipe Marques Amorim (* 27. Januar 1985 in Lissabon) ist ein ehemaliger portugiesischer Fußballspieler. Amorim war auf diversen Positionen einsetzbar. Er konnte sowohl im zentralen, defensiven oder offensiven Mittelfeld spielen, als auch als Rechtsverteidiger fungieren.


History and definition.

The concept of moment form, and the specific term, originated with the composition "Kontakte" (1958–60) by Karlheinz Stockhausen (; ).  A "moment", in Stockhausen's terminology, is any "formal unit in a particular composition that is recognizable by a personal and unmistakable character." It can be either an indivisible "gestalt", a structure with clear components, or a mixture of the two; and it can be static, or dynamic, or a combination of the two. "Depending on their characteristics, they can be as long or as short as you like".  "Moment "forming"", on the other hand, is a compositional approach in which a narrative overall line is deliberately avoided. The component moments in such a form are related by a nonlinear principle of proportions. If this system of proportions exhausts a set of possibilities, the form is said to be "closed"; if not, or if the series of proportions is not finite, then the form is "open".  Moment form does not necessarily avoid perceptible goal-directed processes. "They simply refuse to participate in a globally directed narrative curve, which is, naturally, not their purpose". In Stockhausen's words, works with this propertyneither aim at "the" climax, nor at prepared (and consequently expected) multiple climaxes, and the usual introductory, rising, transitional and fading-away stages are not delineated in a development curve encompassing the entire duration of the work. On the contrary, these forms are "immediately" intense and seek to maintain the level of continued "main points", which are constantly equally present, right up until they stop. In these forms a minimum or a maximum may be expected in every moment, and no developmental direction can be predicted with certainty from the present one; "they have always already commenced, and could continue forever"; in them either everything present counts, or nothing at all; and each and every Now is not unremittingly regarded as the mere consequence of the one which preceded it and as the upbeat to the coming one—in which one puts one's hope—but rather as something personal, independent and centred, capable of existing on its own. They are forms in which an instant does not have to be just a bit of a temporal line, nor a moment just a particle of a measured duration, but rather in which concentration on the Now—on every Now—makes vertical slices, as it were, that cut through a horizontal temporal conception to a timelessness I call eternity: an eternity that does not begin at the end of time but is attainable in every moment. I am speaking of musical forms in which apparently nothing less is being attempted than to explode (even to overthrow) the temporal concept—or, put more accurately: the concept of duration....<br> "In works of this kind the start and stop are open" and yet they cease after a certain duration.

Representative works.

Besides "Kontakte", works cited by Stockhausen as being particularly concerned with moment forming include the earlier "Gesang der Jünglinge" (1955–56), as well as the subsequent "Carré" (1960), "Momente" (1962–64/69), "Mixtur" (1964), "Mikrophonie I" (1964), "Mikrophonie II" (1965), "Telemusik" (1966), "Hymnen" (1966–67/69), "Stimmung" (1968), "Samstag aus Licht" (1981–83), "Michaelion" from "Mittwoch aus Licht", "Himmelfahrt" (2004–05), "Freude" (2005), and "Himmels-Tür" (2005) (; ; ; ; ). The concept of moment form has often been confused with mobile (or, in Stockhausen's nomenclature, "polyvalent") forms, because in four of these compositions ("Momente", "Mixtur", "Mikrophonie I", and "Stimmung"), the component moments can be ordered in different ways. Several other works by Stockhausen have this "mobile" feature, without falling into his category of moment form, for example, "Klavierstück XI" (1956), "Refrain" (1959), "Zyklus" (1959), and "Sirius" (1975–77).  Certain works by other composers, both earlier and contemporaneous, such as István Anhalt, Earle Brown, Elliott Carter, Barney Childs, Roberto Gerhard, Michael Gielen, Hans Werner Henze, Charles Ives, Witold Lutosławski, Olivier Messiaen, Morgan Powell, Roger Reynolds, Joseph Schwantner, Roger Sessions, Igor Stravinsky, Anton Webern, Stefan Wolpe, Yehuda Yannay, and Frank Zappa, have also been cited as instances of moment form (; ; ; ).

In music, moment form is defined as "a mosaic of moments", and, in turn, a moment is defined as a "self-contained (quasi-)independent section, set off from other sections by discontinuities".

Momentform bezeichnet eine musikalische Kompositionstechnik, die besonders mit dem Werk von Karlheinz Stockhausen verbunden ist. Ein in Momentform geschriebenes Stück ist sozusagen wie ein Mosaik aus "Momenten" zusammengesetzt; ein Moment ist dabei ein „eigenständiger (quasi-)unabhängiger Abschnitt, der von anderen Abschnitten durch Brüche abgesetzt ist.“


Life.

Joannes (surnamed "Jejunator", sometimes also "Cappadox") was born at Constantinople of artisan parents, and worked as a goldsmith. Under the Patriarch John III (565–577) he was deacon at the Hagia Sophia church; then he became sakellarios (an official who acts as patriarchal vicar for monasteries). He was famous for his ascetical life and called "the Faster". Under Eutychius I (577–582) he became an important person among the clergy of the city. At Eutychius's death he was made patriarch by the Emperor Tiberius II (578–582).  According to one account, a horse show was scheduled in the Hippodrome on eve of the Feast of Pentecost. Patriarch John found his flock's attendance unacceptable. Through the patriarch's fervent prayer a terrible thunderstorm arose with rain and hailstones so that everyone dispersed in fear and came to realize the inappropriateness of such entertainment.  Under the next emperor, Maurice (582–602), he was still a favourite at court. He had always a great reputation for asceticism and charity to the poor. In 587 or 588, he summoned the bishops of the East in the name of "the Ecumenical Patriarch" to examine certain charges against Gregory, Patriarch of Antioch, (although Fortescue questions on what authority). John was Patriarch of Constantinople from 582 – 595, and was the first to use the title "Ecumenical Patriarch."  Patriarch Gregory was acquitted and returned to his episcopal see. A report was sent to Rome and Pope Pelagius II solemnly annulled the acts of this council. In 590 Pope Pelagius II was succeeded by Gregory I, who was initially on good terms with John IV, whom he had known when Gregory served as legate at Constantinople.  In 593, John was severely blamed by Pope Gregory I for having allowed an Isaurian presbyter named Anastasius, who had been accused of heresy, to be beaten with ropes in the church of Constantinople.  In 595, the controversy was again rife about the title of Ecumenical Patriarch. Gregory wrote to his legate Sabinianus forbidding him to communicate with John. In the case of a presbyter named Athanasius, accused of being to some extent a Manichean, and condemned as such, Gregory tried to show that the accuser was himself a Pelagian, and that by the carelessness, ignorance, or fault of John IV, the Nestorian council of Ephesus had actually been mistaken for the Orthodox Council of Ephesus.

Works.

Isidore of Seville ("de Script. Eccl." 26) attributes to him only a letter, not now extant, on baptism addressed to St. Leander. John, he says, "propounds nothing of his own, but only repeats the opinions of the ancient Fathers on trine immersion."  There are, however, several works attributed to John IV still extant (edited in Patrologia Graeca vol. 88):  The Orthodox in the Middle Ages always attributed the first two of these to the Patriarch.

The Canons of the Faster.

An important section of the Eastern Orthodox canon law is attributed to John IV, i.e. the so-called Canons of John the Faster and the Kanonikon attached to them. They can be found in both Greek and Slavonic versions of the canon law, notably in Theodor Balsamon's collection and in the Pedalion of Nicodemus the Hagiorite. The German byzantinist Georg Beck analysed the canons and concluded that they were probably written partly by followers of Basil the Great and partly by John Chrysostom whereas the Kanonikon dates from the 10th century. These writings are interesting as they reflect in detail on the sexual morals as they generally were held prior to Thomas Aquinas, e.g. that sodomy (arsenokoitia) was not thought of primarily in same-sex terms but in terms of anal intercourse. Sodomy between husband and wife was penanced more severely than sodomy between unmarried males (eight years of exclusion from communion rather than just four). Mutual masturbation, regardless whether it was between members of the same sex or not, was penanced with 80 days exclusion from communion. It shows that a) not only extra-marital sex is considered sinful but also certain sexual practies within marriage and b) that the same-sex aspect in sodomy is mitigating rather than aggravating.

John IV (died September 2, 595), also known as John Nesteutes (John the Faster), was the 33rd bishop or Patriarch of Constantinople (April 11, 582 – 595). He was the first to assume the title "Ecumenical Patriarch". He is regarded as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church which holds a feast on September 2.

Johannes IV., auch bekannt als "Johannes Nesteutes" oder "Johannes der Faster" (; † 2. September 595) war der 33. Patriarch von Konstantinopel (11. April 582 bis 595). Er war der erste, der den Titel Ökumenischer Patriarch führte. Er wird von den Ostkirchen als Heiliger verehrt; sein Fest fällt auf den Tag seines Todes, den 2. September.


Formation and leadership.

It was formed as a union of the Party for Justice and Integration and the Party for Justice and Unity. Shpëtim Idrizi is its current chairman, while Tahir Muhedini is now the honorary president.

PDIU involvement in 2011 general registration.

In early October 2011, the Albanian government announced that a census would be conducted throughout the country, which would tally the exact number of ethnic minorities for the first time after 1989. However, after a proposal by the PDIU, the Albanian parliament changed the Census law, establishing a fine of $1,000 to every citizen that declares an ethnicity different from what was written down on his or her birth certificate. This applies even if the certificate was written during the communist era before 1989, where ethnic minorities were pressured to renounce their minority status.  Because of these developments, organizations that represent five minority groups in Albania decided unanimously to boycott the upcoming census. On the other hand, the PDIU, claimed that this decision was a national victory, prohibiting that way a part of local citizens (according to PDIU also non-Greek) to register as Greeks.

Local elections.

The PDIU placed candidates in the following places:  In the Albanian local elections, 2011 the Party for Justice, Integration and Unity won a total of 59,499 votes throughout the country, and won the Librazhd, Sukth, and Rrogozhinë municipalities, plus Markat and Shushicë communes.

2015 local elections.

In 2015 local elections PJIU won in three municipalities: Peqin, Rrogozhine and Konispol.

Parliamentary representation.

2013 election.

PDIU joined the Alliance for Employment, Prosperity and Integration () in the 2013 elections. The coalition was led by former Prime Minister Sali Berisha. PDIU got 44,957 votes, 2.61% translated in 4 seats in the new parliament. Shpëtim Idrizi got elected as well, bringing the number of seats to 5, but he came through the list of Democratic Party in Fier County.

2017 parliamentary elections.

In 2017, PJIU won three mandates of deputies: 2 in Elbasan (Aqif Rakipi and Bujar Muca) and 1 in Diber (Reme Lala). Shpetim Idrizi and Mesila Doda published videos in Facebook that their votes were stole from another party, so the votes in Tirana were recounted, but they couldn't get their mandates either.

The Party for Justice, Integration and Unity (, or PDIU) is a nationalist political party in Albania whose primary aim is the promotion of national issues. The party's goals and objectives are to express the struggle of the ethnic Albanians, who after world and regional wars, are facing challenges that affect their rights. In the light of paradigms such as freedom and human rights, these challenges bring them together, forge common interests, and constitute their national issues." The party focuses on highlighting national issues, including Kosovo, Albanians in North Macedonia, Montenegro, Presevo Valley and especially the Cham issue.

Die Partia për Drejtësi, Integrim dhe Unitet ( für „Partei für Gerechtigkeit, Integration und Einheit“; Akronym: PDIU) ist eine politische Partei in Albanien. Sie beansprucht für sich, die Interessenvertreterin der Çamen zu sein. Bei den Çamen handelt es sich um eine albanischsprachige Volksgruppe, die ursprünglich im heute griechischen Teil von Epirus beheimatet war. Die meisten Çamen wurden zwischen 1913 und 1945 aus ihrer angestammten Heimat nach Albanien vertrieben.


Napoleonic Wars.

He began his military service in 1806 during the Wielkopolska Uprising when he personally funded the formation of the first regiment of Legia Poznanska (Poznań Legion), and took the command of the unit. He took part in the Napoleonic wars and specifically, the first Polish campaign (1806–1807), where he fought with the French at the Siege of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Siege of Kołobrzeg (Kolberg). Between 1808 and 1809 he fought in Spain, including at the Battle of Almonacid and Battle of Ocana. He was appointed as the governor of Málaga, and in 1810 was promoted to Brigadier General.  In the 1812 War against Russia (which Napoleon referred to as his "Second Polish Campaign") he commanded a cavalry brigade in the 5th Corps of Count Józef Poniatowski. The Polish poet and playwright Aleksander Fredro, who served under him, recalled that while Sułkowski was courageous and honorable, he had trouble acquiring the full confidence of his men, partly because he tended to use infantry tactics (Sułkowski's previous command) when in charge of a cavalry unit.  In the War of the Sixth Coalition he was a division general and led the 4th Cavalry Corps of Michał Sokolnicki. After the death of Poniatowski on 19 October 1813, Sułkowski was briefly the main commander of the Polish Corps, even though he was only twenty eight years old at the time. Sułkowski however, did not wish to fight outside of Poland again, and acting on behalf of his unit's sentiment, vowed that Polish troops would not cross the Rhine. After Napoleon made a personal appeal to Polish soldiers they became willing to follow the emperor which put Sułkowski in a difficult position; if he continued to lead his troops he would have to break the oath he made earlier. As a result, he submitted his resignation which was accepted by Napoleon and returned to Poland. The remaining Polish forces from then on were commanded by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski.

Political activity in Congress Poland.

After the Congress of Vienna Antoni supported Congress Poland (saying that it was a "small and poor version of Poland but Poland nonetheless, and it had that holy name") and Tsar Alexander I of Russia, even becoming his aide-de-camp in September 1815. However, by 1818 he became disillusioned with the political situation, lack of real autonomy or independence for the quasi-Polish state, and the tsar's refusal to join lands of the Russian partition to Congress Poland. As a result, he resigned his official posts and began focusing on personal matters.  In 1818 he settled permanently in Rydzyna (part of the Prussian partition of Poland) and became active in politics. Sułkowski was made a member of the Prussian State Council, by King Frederick William and later was a Marshall of the Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen and participated in the two founding sejms of the grand duchy in 1827 and 1830. As a prominent politician in the Grand Duchy he tried to protect the use of Polish language and Polish education against forced Germanization and discrimination by the Prussian authorities.  During the November Uprising against Russia in Congress Poland in 1830, Sułkowski considered joining the insurrection but made a condition of his involvement that he be given his own separate military unit to command. However, personal and family considerations precluded him from following through on this commitment. Nonetheless after the uprising was suppressed he actively campaigned against repression of the insurrectionists and advocated for a general amnesty.  He received the Cavalier's Cross Virtuti Militari as well as the Officer's Cross of Légion d'honneur.

Personal life.

He was the son of Voyevoda of Kalisz Antoni Sułkowski (1735–1796) and Karolina Bubna-Littitz, from a Germanized Czech family. His father was an associate of the Russian general and ambassador, Nicholas Repnin, who was sent to Poland by Catherine the Great. During the Sejm of the First Partition, the elder Sułkowski actively supported Russian, Prussian and Austrian partition of Poland and for his service was awarded Order of St. Andrew by Empress Catherine the Great of Russia. Unlike his parents, however, the younger Sułkowski became a Polish patriot, supposedly after witnessing the Warsaw Uprising of 1794 against Russian rule as an eight-year-old.  He studied in Wrocław and at the University of Göttingen.  In 1808 he married Ewa Kicka, the daughter of the former Chamberlain to the last king of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski. The couple had three daughters; Helena (married Count Henryk Potocki), Ewa (married Count Władysław Potocki) and Teresa (married Henryka Wodzicki) and one son, Antoni, who married Maria Mycielska (Antoni's wife Ewa died soon after childbirth).  In 1836 he caught scarlet fever from one of his children and died. He was buried in a family crypt in the Church of Saint Stanisław in Rydzyna.

Commemoration.

Today, in the city of Kołobrzeg a major street is named after Sułkowski in commemoration of his part in the Siege of the city in 1807. There are also streets and plazas, as well as schools named after him throughout Poland, including in his home town of Rydzyna.

Prince Antoni Paweł Sułkowski (born 31 December 1785 in Leszno, died 13 April 1836 in Rydzyna), of the Sułkowski family, was a Polish division general (who also spent time in French service) and later overall commander of the armed forces of the Duchy of Warsaw.

Antoni Paweł Sułkowski (deutsch "Anton Paul Fürst Sulkowski"; * 31. Dezember 1785 in Leszno; † 13. April 1836 in Rydzyna) war ein polnischer General im Dienst Napoleons, des Herzogtums Warschau sowie des Königreichs Polen und ab 1824 Preußischer Staatsrat.


Signs and symptoms.

Most stings occur during the summer wet season in October–May in North Queensland, with different seasonal patterns elsewhere. Because jellyfish are very small, the venom is only injected through the tips of the nematocysts (the cnidocysts) rather than the entire lengths; as a result the sting may barely be noticed at first. It has been described as feeling like little more than a mosquito bite. The symptoms, however, gradually become apparent and then more and more intense in the subsequent 5 to 120 minutes (30 minutes on average). Irukandji syndrome includes an array of systemic symptoms, including severe headache, backache, muscle pains, chest and abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, sweating, anxiety, hypertension, tachycardia and pulmonary edema. Symptoms generally improve in four to 30 hours, but may take up to two weeks to resolve completely.

Toxicity.

When properly treated, a single sting is almost never fatal; however, two people in Australia are believed to have died from Irukandji stings, which has greatly increased public awareness of Irukandji syndrome. It is unknown how many other deaths from Irukandji syndrome have been wrongly attributed to other causes.

Pathophysiology.

The exact mechanism of action of the venom is unknown, but catecholamine excess may be an underlying mechanism in severe cases. Animal studies appear to confirm a relationship between envenoming and an increase in circulating noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Treatment.

Similar to other box jellyfish stings, first aid consists of flushing the area with vinegar to neutralize the tentacle stinging apparatus. As no antivenom is available, treatment is largely supportive, with analgesia being the mainstay of management. Nitroglycerin, a common drug used for cardiac conditions, is utilised by medical personnel to minimise the risk of pulmonary edema and to reduce hypertension. Antihistamines may be of benefit for pain relief, but most cases require intravenous opioid analgesia. Fentanyl or morphine are usually chosen. Pethidine (meperidine, brand name Demerol in the US) should be avoided, as large doses are often required for pain relief and in this situation significant adverse effects from the pethidine metabolite norpethidine may occur.  Magnesium sulfate has been proposed as a treatment for Irukandji syndrome after being apparently successfully used in one case. Early evidence suggested a benefit; however, according to a later report, a series of three patients failed to show any improvement with magnesium; the author reiterated the experimental status of this treatment. Some preliminary laboratory experiments using the venom extracted from "Malo maxima" (the 'Broome Irukandji') on rat cardiovascular tissue "in vitro" has suggested that magnesium does in fact block many of the actions of this venom.

Epidemiology.

Reports of Irukandji syndrome have come from Australia, the United States (Hawaii and Florida), the French Antilles, Bonaire, the Caribbean, Timor Leste and Papua New Guinea. Cubozoan species other than "Carukia barnesi" are presumed to be responsible for envenomations outside Australia.

History.

In 1964 Jack Barnes confirmed the cause of the syndrome was a sting from a small box jellyfish: the Irukandji jellyfish, which can fire venom-filled stingers out of its body and into passing victims. To prove that the jellyfish was the cause of the syndrome, he captured one and deliberately stung himself while his son Nick and a local lifeguard then observed the resulting symptoms (before rushing him to the ICU). Other cubozoans possibly can cause Irukandji syndrome; those positively identified include" Carukia barnesi", "Alatina" cf. "mordens", "Alatina alata", "Malo maximus", "Malo kingi", "Carybdea xaymacana", "Keesingia gigas", an as-yet unnamed "fire jelly", and another unnamed species.

Media portrayals.

A 2005 Discovery Channel program, "Killer Jellyfish", portrayed the severity of the pain from an Irukandji jellyfish sting when two Australian researchers (Jamie Seymour and Teresa Carrette) were stung. Another program aired on the Discovery Channel, "Stings, Fangs and Spines", featured a 20-minute spot on Irukandji syndrome. In the segment, a young Australian woman was stung and developed a severe case.  A 2007 fictional "Sea Patrol" episode (S1, E4) involves two crew members of HMAS "Hammersley" being stung by an Irukandji jellyfish.  On the television program "Super Animal", a woman compared her experience with Irukandji syndrome to the pain from childbirth.  Steve Backshall reports with accounts from victims of Irukandji stings on his ITV wildlife series "Fierce" in 2016.

Irukandji syndrome is a condition that results from envenomation by certain box jellyfish. In rare instances the sting may result in cardiac arrest and death. The most common jellyfish involved is the "Carukia barnesi", a species of Irukandji jellyfish.

Das Irukandji-Syndrom ("Southcott" schlug 1967 den Namen "Carukiosis" vor, der sich jedoch nicht durchsetzen konnte) ist eine Vergiftung des menschlichen Organismus durch Nesselgifte einer kleinen Gruppe von Würfelquallen (Cubozoa). Die Vergiftung ist durch schwere Rücken-, Brust- und Bauchschmerzen, Brechreiz und Erbrechen, Kopfschmerzen und in schweren Fällen durch Lungenödem gekennzeichnet. Es ist meist äußerst schmerzhaft, verläuft jedoch selten tödlich. Ursprünglich dachte man, dass es nur durch Stiche von "Carukia barnesi" (Irukandji) ausgelöst wird. Heute wird davon ausgegangen, dass bis zu acht weitere Arten das Irukandji-Syndrom auslösen können.


Competition format.

The National Premier Soccer League's is divided into four separate regions (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West). Each region is divided into conferences with a varying number of teams per conference. The regular season runs from May to July with the exception of the West Region that has historically started in late March or early April.  The NPSL currently has automatic berths in the U.S. Open Cup where they gain eligibility towards the CONCACAF Champions League.

History.

The National Premier Soccer League began in 2003 as the Men's Premier Soccer League (MPSL) initially as an offshoot of the Women's Premier Soccer League, and marked the first instance of a women's soccer league spawning a men's league. The league's first two champions were the Arizona Sahuaros, who had defected to the MPSL from the USL D-3 Pro League, and the Utah Salt Ratz.  The league expanded into the Midwest in 2005 with the addition of several new teams and a new conference, and changed its name to National Premier Soccer League to reflect its new national footprint; a team from the expansion conference – Detroit Arsenal – won the league in its first year after its eastward expansion. The NPSL expanded further in 2007 with the addition of a new Northeast Conference and five new teams from the eastern United States. The first team from the East to win the national NPSL title was the Pennsylvania Stoners in 2008. The league has since continued to expand, adding more teams throughout the entirety of the country.  Since its inception, the league has managed to place at least one team actively playing under its banner into U.S. Open Cup competition. Though the showing of the NPSL in US Open Cup play was typically only one or two teams in its first six years, the 2009 and 2010 cups have seen four and three, respectively, NPSL teams in each tournament. The recent success of the NPSL in USASA qualifying has encouraged a movement by which the league could have automatic berths in the final tournament. The furthest a team from the NPSL has reached in the US Open Cup during the professional era (1997 and onward after the entry of MLS teams) has been the third round. However, the Brooklyn Italians have won the US Open Cup outright before the existence of either MLS or the NPSL.  Although no team has ever won the league twice, the Miami FC camp has won the championship twice as a club. Its reserve team (Miami FC 2) won the 2018 title, and its first team (Miami FC) won the 2019 championship.

Status.

Officially the USSF does not recognize formal levels of the soccer pyramid below the professional 3rd tier. The USSF does not officially recognize distinctions between amateur soccer leagues in the United States. However, the USASA sanctions affiliated, but separately run, national leagues that are recognized in practical terms as playing at a higher level than the USASA state association leagues; for example, they receive automatic berths to the US Open Cup.  USL League Two takes place during the summer months, and the player pool is drawn mainly from NCAA college soccer players seeking to continue playing high-level soccer during their summer break, while still maintaining their college eligibility. The National Premier Soccer League is similar to USL League Two and also attracts top amateur talent from around the United States. NPSL does not have any age limits or restrictions, thus incorporating both college players and former professional players alike.

Organization.

The NPSL is organized in a mostly decentralized structure and is managed as a team-run league. Each year the member clubs help elect a chairman, treasurer, and secretary and an eight-member board of directors. Each team is individually owned and operated, and is responsible for maintaining league minimum standards. New teams seeking membership into the NPSL are subject to approval from an executive committee of existing team owners. Member clubs have the right to make localized decisions for their respective markets, conferences, and regions based on what they believe is best for their particular region. Each conference is managed by the individual member clubs and elects a conference commission each year.  The current chairman is Joe Barone of the Brooklyn Italians who was elected in late 2013 after previously serving as treasurer. Michael Hitchcock of Playbook Management Inc. was hired as commissioner of the NPSL in 2013. With Hitchcock leading the league, plans to expand the reach of the league and discussion of introducing promotion and relegation in the future were made public. Near the conclusion of the 2014 season, the NPSL terminated the contract of Hitchcock and PMI.  The costs to join the league as of 2016 are reported to be a one-time $15,000 franchise fee and a $5,250 annual league fee. The low entry fee compared to USL League Two's of $75,000 has made the league an attractive alternative to teams looking to compete at the highest level of amateur play.  The league requires that all teams play in stadiums with at least 500 seats, a scoreboard, and locker rooms with showers for both teams and officials. The home team is also responsible for providing water and food for the visiting team, ensuring there is a trainer or doctor on-site for the match, and paying the referees fees at the end of each game.

Sponsorship and partnerships.

Mitre Sports International provided the official ball for the NPSL starting in 2014, the sponsorship agreement lasted through the 2016 season. The league also announced several partnerships for the 2014 season, Global Scarves, Wecando, and Pabian Law. Global Scarves and the NPSL planned strategically partnering to not only outfit every NPSL team with soccer scarves branded to the specific team, but planned on working together to increase and elevate the status of both entities to a higher level. Global Scarves began providing custom soccer scarves throughout the league, and worked with the NPSL on various events and contests to increase awareness and fervor throughout the 2014 NPSL season. Wecando Print is a full-service branding company that specializes in printing, promotional products, embroidery, screen printing, banners, fulfillment services, and company stores. Pabian Law specific in law and immigration services and has experience with signing international soccer players.

Teams.

Rivalries.

Many NPSL teams have rivalries given the close geography of the teams throughout the league. The most notable rivalry was the Rust Belt Derby contested between Detroit City FC, AFC Cleveland, and FC Buffalo. The name refers to the teams' shared region, the Rust Belt. Another intense rivalry existed between the San Diego Flash and San Diego Boca/Force FC, which were crosstown rivals in San Diego. Until the 2013 sale and rebranding of Force FC from Boca FC, the ownership groups of the two clubs were previously partners in the original San Diego Flash club of the A-League that competed from 1998 to 2001.

NPSL Members Cup.

The NPSL Members Cup, originally called the NPSL Founders Cup, was a competition that ran from August to October 2019. It was initially intended to lead to a new professional league beginning play in the spring of 2020. However, following the departure of numerous previously announced teams and issues in launching the professional league the tournament was altered.  Detroit City FC won the cup on October 16, 2019, when the team defeated Michigan Stars FC, 1–0, in the penultimate game of the tournament.

Directors, officers and management team.

Directors  Current regional board members  Management team  Conference commissioners

eSports.

In April 2020, the NPSL launched a competitive gaming competition to promote the growth of the league in new areas. The league hopes to "bring it's community members together for friendly competition on a virtual pitch". The first eight clubs to formally join the new eSports league were Atlantic City FC, Central Florida Panthers SC, Denton Diablos FC, Duluth FC, Fort Worth Vaqueros, Milwaukee Torrent, Muskegon Risers, and Ozark FC.  The league partnered with Virtual Pro Gaming to assist in operations of the league. Clubs will play full 11 v 11 in pro clubs mode, on FIFA, EA Sports video game.  Clubs in the league also participate in the Lower League eCup, a competition geared towards players, supporters, and competitive gamers, however is not a year-round competitive eSports league. Unlike the eNPSL, entry is not exclusive to clubs in the NPSL. Many NPSL clubs also offer periodic eSports competitions.

The National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) is an American soccer league commonly recognized as being a fourth-tier league, although it has been given no official designation by U.S. Soccer. The NPSL is a semi-professional league, comprising some teams that have paid players and some that are entirely amateur. Although the league is officially affiliated to the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA) and qualifies for the U.S. Open Cup through USASA channels, it is generally considered to be the level of competition behind Major League Soccer (MLS) (Division I), the USL Championship (Division II), National Independent Soccer Association and USL League One (Division III), and roughly equal with USL League Two (unofficial Division IV). It is the successor of the Men's Premier Soccer League, a regional league originally based in the Western United States, which has now expanded nationwide to encompass teams from 29 states. The league's motto is "A National League with a Regional Focus".

Die National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) ist eine Amateurfußballliga in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Sie wird gemeinsam mit der Premier Development League als vierthöchste Ebene im US-amerikanischen Fußball angesehen; dieser Status ist allerdings inoffiziell.


Car history and current specifications.

Chassis.

The FIA Formula 3 European Championship is a third-tier single-seater formula car. A spec-series, the championship mandates chassis and engine manufacturers which teams must use each season. The championship controls and specifies the chassis and engine manufacturers that teams are allowed to use each season. The league's choice of manufacturers are changed every three years. Currently, Dallara provides a specification chassis to all teams since inaugural season. Teams are prohibited from performing engine or chassis modifications. The current Dallara F317 features an airboxless roll hoop and also left-side separated airbox on upside sidepod. The chassis construction of Dallara F317 car are carbon-fibre monocoque incorporated with honeycomb structure. The Dallara F317 also includes bi-plane front wing, bi-plane rear wing and also lower nose (similar to current Formula One cars)

Transmission, gearbox and clutches.

For the transmission gearboxes, all FIA Formula 3 European cars currently use an automated manual transmission with 6-speed gearbox operated by paddle shifters since the 2012 season. The clutch of all FIA Formula 3 European cars are CFRP 3-plate clutch operated by foot-pedal. Mechanical limited-slip differential are also allowed and constant velocity joint tripod driveshafts are also used. The transmission fluid supplier is currently the RAVENOL F3 Gear premium oil.

Brakes.

AP Racing supplies monobloc brake calipers, cast-iron brake discs, pads and disc bells, which are exclusive to all FIA Formula 3 European cars.

Wheel rims.

ATS exclusively supplies wheel rims for all FIA Formula 3 European cars since the inaugural 2012 season. The wheel rims of all FIA Formula 3 European cars are made of magnesium alloy wheels.

Tyres.

Hankook was the sole tyre partner for the series since the 2012 season until 2018. The FIA Formula 3 European tyres runs the bespoke compounds and smaller size since 2012. The front tyre sizes are 180/550-R13 and the rear tyre sizes are 240/570-R13.

Cockpit and other safety components.

For the safety equipment, all FIA Formula 3 European cars seating uses removable carbon-fibre shell driver's seat with 6-point seat belts. The steering wheel of all FIA Formula 3 European cars are universally supplied by XAP Technologies. All FIA Formula 3 European cars are also equipped with XAP data display units since the 2012 season.  Rear view mirrors for all FIA Formula 3 European cars are fully mandated to easily view opponents behind.

Fuel tank.

The fuel tank of all FIA Formula 3 European cars are made of kevlar-reinforced rubber safety tank supplied by ATL with FT3 standard. Currently the fuel tank capacity of all FIA Formula 3 European cars are since 2012.

Other components.

All FIA Formula 3 European cars carry a Bosch-provided electronic control unit (Motronic MS 5.8 model), but traction control and anti-lock brakes are prohibited. Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts, but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage and not on the track.

Engines.

The cars are powered by naturally-aspirated (no turbocharger or supercharger) direct fuel injection (since 2014) inline-4 engines, with aluminium alloy blocks, and a DOHC valvetrain actuating four-valves per cylinder, and limited to displacement since the series' inauguration in 2012. DTM car's engines are currently producing over power output between 5,000-7,400 rpm. Currently Mercedes-AMG (operated by Mercedes-AMG HPP) and Volkswagen providing the engines currently maximum three teams per one manufacturer. ThreeBond Nissan and Neil Brown Engineering has provided engines in 2012-2016 and 2014-2016 but both companies left at the end of the 2016 season respectively due to competitor reduction to 19 cars.  FIA Formula 3 European engines are rev-limited to 7,400 rpm. The valve train is a dual overhead camshaft configuration with four valves per cylinder. The crankshaft is made of alloy steel, with five main bearing caps. The pistons are forged aluminum alloy, while the connecting rods are machined alloy steel. The firing ignition is a CDI ignition system. The engine lubrication is a dry sump type, cooled by a single water pump.  Engines must be built from a production model block ("stock block"), and often must be sealed by race or series organizers, so no private tuning can be carried out.

Spark plugs.

All FIA Formula 3 European cars carried a spark plugs are made of iridium and supplied exclusively by Bosch since 2012.

Exhaust systems.

The exhaust systems of all FIA Formula 3 European cars are silencer type but made by titanium with operation of three-way catalytic converter. Currently Remus are providing the exhaust systems.

Fuel.

FIA Formula 3 European cars currently use ordinary unleaded racing fuel, which has been the "de facto" standard in European third-tier single-seater formula racing since Formula 3 Euroseries in 2003 and the formation of FIA Formula 3 European in 2012. Since the 2005 Formula 3 Euroseries season, per agreement with ITR e.V., which has promoted the series from that to FIA European Formula 3 and later Formula European Masters, BP is the official fuel supplier using their German Aral Ultimate brand  Current Aral Ultimate 102 RON unleaded gasoline resembles the ordinary unleaded public vehicles gasoline which has better mileage, environmental-friendly and safer than other fuels.

Lubricants.

The current lubricant supplier of all FIA Formula 3 European cars is Ravenol.

Performance.

According to research and pre-season stability tests, the current model can go 0 to 60 mph in approximately 3 seconds. The car has a top speed of over depending on the circuit and gearing meaning that it is the fourth fastest single-seater formula car behind Formula 1, Formula 2 and GP3 Series.

Race format.

Following two practice sessions, the first of two qualifying sessions will be held on Friday afternoon. Race 1 starts on Saturday morning, while Qualifying 2 is usually scheduled for the afternoon. On Sunday, the two remaining races will be held, with Race 2 taking off on Sunday morning and Race 3 concluding the weekend in the afternoon. Each race will consist of 33 minutes plus one lap and covers a distance of about 100 kilometres.

Champions.

Rookies'.

The result of the championship was decided by different standings. Wins and points of the rookie standings are present in brackets.

The FIA Formula 3 European Championship was a European Formula Three auto racing competition, organised by the FIA. After one season of the FIA Formula 3 International Trophy, the FIA revived the FIA Formula 3 European Championship. The ten-event season included seven Formula 3 Euro Series rounds, two British Formula Three rounds and DTM-supporting round at Brands Hatch. From 2013, the series started running its own rounds, based upon the defunct Formula 3 Euro Series.

Die Europäische Formel-3-Meisterschaft war eine von der FIA ausgetragene Rennserie. Sie wurde ursprünglich von 1975 bis 1984 ausgetragen und galt ihrerzeit als die bedeutendste Meisterschaft der Formel 3. 2012 führte die FIA die Meisterschaft wieder ein. In der Saison 2018 wurde der Wettbewerb in dieser Form wegen der bevorstehenden Einführung der FIA-Formel-3-Meisterschaft zum letzten Mal ausgetragen.


Application and target users.

The main end-user of INDECT solutions are police forces and security services.  The principle of operation of the project is detecting threats and identifying source of threats, without monitoring and searching for particular citizens or groups of citizens. Then, the system operator (i.e. police officer) decides whether an intervention of services responsible for public security are required or not. Further investigation eventually leading to persons related to threats are performed, preserving the presumption of innocence, on the basis of existing procedures already used by police services and prosecutors. As it can be found in the project deliverables, INDECT does not involve storage of personal data (such as names, addresses, identity document numbers, etc.).  A similar, behaviour based surveillance program was SAMURAI "(Suspicious and Abnormal behaviour Monitoring Using a netwoRk of cAmeras & sensors for sItuation awareness enhancement)".

Expected results.

The main expected results of the INDECT project are:

Controversy.

Some media and other sources accuse INDECT of privacy abuse, collecting personal data, and keeping information from the public. Consequently, these issues have been commented and discussed by some Members of the European Parliament.  As can be seen in the project's documentation, INDECT does not involve mobile phone tracking or call interception.  The rumours about testing INDECT during 2012 UEFA European Football Championship also turned out to be false.  The mid-term review of the Seventh Framework Programme to the European Parliament strongly urges the European Commission to immediately make all documents available and to define a clear and strict mandate for the research goal, the application, and the end users of INDECT, and stresses a thorough investigation of the possible impact on fundamental rights. Nevertheless, according to Mr. Paweł Kowal, MEP, the project had the ethical review on 15 March 2011 in Brussels with the participation of ethics experts from Austria, France, Netherlands, Germany and Great Britain.

INDECT is a research project in the area of intelligent security systems performed by several European universities since 2009 and funded by the European Union. The purpose of the project is to involve European scientists and researchers in the development of solutions to and tools for automatic threat detection through e.g. processing of CCTV camera data streams, standardization of video sequence quality for user applications, threat detection in computer networks as well as data and privacy protection.

INDECT () war ein EU-Forschungsprojekt im Rahmen des 7. Forschungsrahmenprogramms im Bereich der „intelligenten Sicherheitssysteme“. Es lief von 2009 bis 2014. Hauptziel des Forschungsprojekts war es, eine zentrale Schnittstelle zu entwickeln, in der Überwachungsdaten aus vielen unterschiedlichen Quellen miteinander verknüpft und von Computerprogrammen automatisiert auf mögliche „Gefahren“ und „abnormes Verhalten“ untersucht werden können.


National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services

Dirección de los Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención

History.

Origin.

With the overthrow of General Marcos Pérez Jiménez in January 1958, Venezuela was plunged into an acute institutional crisis in the police and security area, following the dismantling of the National Security, also called "political police"; the absence of a similar, moderately effective organization gives rise to impromptu Technical Services Criminology, an organization in the popular police jargon was known as Criminology, was a time of much confusion as it was beginning to take shape guerrilla activity and for that reason the political activism of opposition was severely punished.  On April 29, 1959, according to Executive Order No. 51, taking into account the need to define the roles and responsibilities of the various police forces, the general direction of police "DIGEPOL", DISIP's predecessor organization, which creates would have the task "to exercise and coordinate the entire national territory policing aimed at the preservation of order and public tranquility", according to its powers under the Ministry of Interior, in Article No. 18 of the Constitution of Ministries, without prejudice to the legal powers of the Judicial Technical Police and state police. With this decision, the powers of the criminal police, faculty and power of intelligence and state security were separated. However, the DIGEPOL became a repressive police force with intelligence character.

1960s.

Creation of DISIP.

When Rafael Caldera assumed his first presidency in the Venezuela, he ordered the dissolution of the DIGEPOL and signed Decree No. 15, dated March 19, 1969 giving birth to the "Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention "whose initials are DISIP. Its objective was to demonstrate the initial combat subversion and drug trafficking. Critics however, believed the actually existence of DISIP was to implement state terrorism and may have even included death squads. Its first commanders took the initiative to establish appropriate training courses and their members, mostly from former members of DIGEPOL. In the early years, DISIP recruited Cubans opposed to the government of Fidel Castro and those who had been trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

Political influence.

The story of the early years of the DISIP parallels the political group "Bandera Roja", whose leaders Carlos Betancourt (under the pseudonym "Geronimo"), Eduardo Candiales Barrios and Gabriel Puerta Aponte, Lieutenant Betancourt was confronted by the police organization from the beginning of the group. The DISIP conducted the first dismantling of this group between 1972 and 1973. They also acted against the Party of the Venezuelan Revolution (PRV-FALN) and other smaller groups, achieving frustrate many plans uprising of leftist groups of the time, which had been isolated by the Punto Fijo pact, which had formed the bipartisanship Democratic Action and COPEI.

1970s.

In the mid-1970s to the need to raise the technical level of the security agency was created Brigade speeches or Command groups led by the Commissioner General Henry Rafael López Sisco, who led major operations against leftist guerrillas in the field, these operations being considered DISIP as violations of human rights. In its early DISIP had nearly 4,000 employees on the payroll between the areas of administration, police and intelligence.

1980s.

In this framework, the DISIP holding several clashes such as the Slaughter of Cantaura, occurred between 4 and 8 October 1982 where some tens of DISIP agents with more than 400 soldiers from the Armed Forces kill 23 Front guerrilla fighters "Americo Silva", belonging to rural guerrilla group Red Flag.

1990s.

In the 1990s, the DISIP forward intelligence operations against the rebel soldiers led by Hugo Chavez and Francisco Arias Cárdenas giving two attempted coup against President Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1992, the national government of the time authorized actions to not only pursue and spy on the military rebels but any civilian suspected of supporting the military uprising. In the particular case of November 27, 1992, officers of the Brigade of Interventions, Vehicular Patrol, the General Intelligence and Investigation Division faced by National Guard military rebels, the latter being defeated. DISIP facilities in "El Helicoide" in Caracas were bombed by the rebel air force.

Vargas shootings.

A murderous rampage against suspected looters in the state of Vargas following the 1999 mudslides became, according to Human Rights Watch, "the first major human rights test of the Chávez government. At first, Chávez dismissed the reports as'suspicious' and'superficial,' but the evidence soon obliged the president and other top government officials to acknowledge the seriousness of the situation." Human Rights Watch expressed their deep concern over DISIP (and National Guard) abuse in Venezuela in a 2004 personal letter to President Hugo Chávez. Amnesty International has also expressed concern over excessive use of force by the DISIP, and the increasing polarization and political violence in Venezuela since Chávez was elected in December 1998.

International.

It is in the area of intelligence where it is thought that the body work to infiltrate the social, economic and political sectors. It is believed that conducted major operations in Central America and even Europe. One of the alleged lesser-known operations was made by the deceased Commissioner General Rafael Rivas-Vasquez who allegedly managed to locate and spy on Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, a Venezuelan militant of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, while living in France. In the eighties, DISIP possibly maintained close ties to the CIA, the MI5 (British Intelligence), the Mossad, Bundes Nachrichten Dienst (German Intelligence Service) to exchange information on Arab revolutionary groups, especially the group of former members of the Red Army Faction or Baader Meinhof group.

Operations.

"Simon Bolivar" satellite.

The communications satellite "Simon Bolivar" released in 2008 was intended to achieve "absolute and secure handling of information" in the areas of telephony, data transmission and access to Internet which would have access to the DISIP. This would be followed by the purchase of a second satellite for "territorial observation and monitoring."

Monitoring the Amazon.

It also participates in the monitoring system of the Amazon of Brazil "(Sivam) – providing information to the DISIP and other national security services to monitor the border to detect and neutralize incursions of guerrillas, drug traffickers, arms smugglers, paramilitary and illegal miners.

DISIP (General Sectoral Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services) was an intelligence and counter-intelligence agency inside and outside of Venezuela between 1969 and 2009 when SEBIN was created by former President Hugo Chavez. DISIP was established in March 1969 by then-president Rafael Caldera, replacing the Directorate General of Police (DIGEPOL).

Die Dirección Nacional de los Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención (span.: "Nationale Direktion für Nachrichtendienste und Abwehr", DISIP) war der führende Geheimdienst von Venezuela.


1985 Interzonal tournaments.

Three Interzonal tournaments were held in 1985 in Tunis, Taxco, and Biel, with four players qualifying from each.  Yusupov, Beliavsky, and Portisch qualified outright, while Chernin beat Gavrikov 31⁄2-21⁄2 in a Moscow playoff to take the fourth spot. Slim Bouaziz also started the tournament, but withdrew after six rounds, having drawn only one game and lost the rest. His results are not counted in the table above.  Balashov withdrew after 11 rounds. His last four unplayed games are marked with an asterisk (*).  Short, van der Wiel, and Torre contested a playoff, also in Biel, for the fourth and final spot in the Candidates Tournament. Short and van der Wiel were tied with 31⁄2 points each, while Torre scored 2 points, so Short qualified on a better tie break score from the main event.  The highest placed non-qualifying player from each Interzonal met in London in September 1985 to play for the position as first reserve in the Candidates Tournament. Speelman won with 41⁄2 points, ahead of Gavrikov (4) and van der Wiel (31⁄2). No reserve was needed, however.

1985-87 Candidates Tournament.

The 12 qualifiers from the Interzonals were joined in the Candidates Tournament by three seeded players: Smyslov, Korchnoi, and Ribli (no. 2-4 from the previous tournament). The final spot went to Spassky, who was given a wild card by the organizers.  These 16 players first played a round-robin in Montpellier in October and November 1985, from which the top 4 would qualify for the knock-out phase.  A playoff match for fourth place was held after the main event. It ended 3-3, and Timman advanced because he had more wins during the tournament (4 against Tal's 3).  The top 4 from the round-robin played a series of matches in 1986, the winner of which (Sokolov) in turn got to play Anatoly Karpov in a final match in Linares to determine the championship challenger.  Karpov had earned the special privilege of being seeded directly into this match as part of the agreement regarding the controversial championship matches of 1984, 1985, and 1986.  Karpov won, thus earning the right to face Kasparov in a championship match for the fourth year in a row.

1987 Championship match.

The match was played as the best of 24 games. If it ended 12-12, Kasparov would retain his title.  Kasparov retained his title.

The 1987 World Chess Championship was played between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov in Seville from October 12 to December 19, 1987. Before the 24th game, Kasparov was down 12-11, but in the 24th game, Kasparov made a comeback by using the English Opening to win the final game to retain his title.

Die Schachweltmeisterschaft 1987 fand vom 12. Oktober bis zum 18. Dezember 1987 in Sevilla statt. Hierbei trennten sich der Weltmeister Garri Kasparow und sein Herausforderer Anatoli Karpow 12:12 unentschieden, wodurch Kasparow seinen Weltmeistertitel behielt.


Programme.

tape.tv was personalised internet music television that users could modify according to their taste. tape.tv took pride in allowing the user to either control the stream or to just tune in and watch like a TV channel. The programme was shaped by an editorial department, but users were able to personalise the content by using any of the several functions, such as a "more like this" button. They could also switch to genre-channels, such as Alternative rock, Hip hop music, Pop music, Rock music, Indie rock, Electro, Soul music, R&B and Heavy metal music. When the user liked or disliked a music video, tape.tv stored the preferences and modified the programme accordingly.  tape.tv also offered a search and a mixtape function. These mixtapes were individual playlists that could be sent via email or shared via social media.  For its programme tape.tv had full access to music videos from the four major labels Universal Music, Sony Music, EMI and Warner Music, as well as independent labels such as Finetunes, Kontor New Media, Rough Trade and Zebralution. tape.tv was available in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Productions.

tape.tv has produced its own formats since the summer of 2010. The first one was the live-acoustic format called "auf den dächern" which translates to "on the rooftops." In October 2011, tape.tv celebrated its 100th production of this format with Florence + The Machine. Many of these concerts were available on iTunes.  In May 2011, tape.tv started its first live show called "on tape." The project was a cooperation with the German TV station ZDFkultur; users were able to get into contact with the host of the show and the artists via webcam, call-in, and Facebook chat. In December 2011, tape.tv reached an audience of more than 50,000 live viewers for the first time with German rapper Kool Savas.  Starting in May 2011, tape.tv also began airing a show with live concerts called "tape.live."

Video-premieres.

tape.tv often had rights to the nationwide video premieres for famous international artists, such as Depeche Mode, Lady Gaga, Red Hot Chili Peppers, etc.

Blog.

Aside from setting up the rotation and programme guide for tape.tv, the editorial department also ran a music blog, which featured news from artists and offered a helpful overview of the programme.

History.

In July 2008, tape.tv started under the web address http://tape.tv. The company was founded by Conrad Fritzsch and Stephanie Renner, who functioned as management of the company at the same time. 19 January 2010 saw the relaunch of the tape.tv platform, offering the users options to personalise the programme. In 2011, the company expanded from 35 employees to 85 employees.  In May 2012 tape.tv raised 5 million Euros from different investors in exchange for a small minority stake. Participants were Atlantic Capital Partners GmbH (through its currently managed fund), Dario Suter, Christoph Daniel und Marc Schmidheiny (DCM), Christophe Maire as well as Investitionsbank Berlin (IBB) VC Fonds Kreativwirtschaft Berlin, managed by IBB Beteiligungsgesellschaft.  In 2013 tape.tv acquisited the Internet opinion platform Amen (discontinued) including its employees and founders.  The company was downsized to 20 employees in October 2014. and finally discontinued in November 2016.

Business model.

Tuning in to tape.tv was free of charge. The business model rested on advertisement and media-cooperations.

Advertisement.

tape.tv was mainly financed through advertisement. In order to keep the programme free from interruptions, tape.tv had developed the 360°motionAd. The 360°motionAd was a dynamic Flash animation around the tape.tv-player. The latest ad innovation utilised by tape.tv was the so-called FlipAd; the player fliped back and the free space was used to promote the product message. With the FlipAd tape.tv offers an ad-format suitable for smartphones and tablets.

Cooperations.

tape.tv cooperated with several partners offline and online. Some of these partners were bild.de, Yahoo!, Facebook, Spotify, ZDF.kultur, 3Sat, Spex and Radio Fritz.

Technology.

tape.tv was streamed via internet browsers and smartphone apps. In order to receive tape.tv the user had to own broadband internet access, as well as a current version of Flash.

Awards.

2009.

Webby Awards: "Honoree Music" tape.tv featured in the top 10 of the best web music pages Winner "Honorees Interactive Advertising" for the 360°MotionAd German Multimedia Award (DMMA) for the 360° MotionAd.

2010.

LEAD Award: Category "WebTV of the year"

2011.

Gründerszene (founders’ scene): Startup of the decade / Category: newcomer Association of Independent Musicians: Best Music Platform Techcrunch "The Europas": Nominated as Best Entertainment, Music, Video

tape.tv was a music video streaming provider based in Berlin. The company was co-founded in 2008 by Conrad Fritzsch and Stephanie Renner. tape.tv hosted upwards of 45,000 music videos from major German labels and a collection of indie labels. The reach of the site was around 3.9 million unique users with an average dwell-time of around 25 minutes. tape.tv was free to the user and was financed through advertisement, which the company labeled as " entertainment advertising".

tape.tv war ein Musik-Internetsender mit Sitz in Berlin. Zuschauer konnten das laufende Musikvideo-Programm rund um die Uhr sehen und interaktiv beeinflussen. Nach eigenen Angaben verfügte der Anbieter über rund 45.000 Musikvideos und hatte 3,9 Millionen Unique User mit einer durchschnittlichen Verweildauer von 25 Minuten. tape.tv finanzierte sich über Kooperationen und eine neue Form der Bewegtbildwerbung, die das Unternehmen als „Entertainment Advertising“ bezeichnete. Geschäftsführer war Conrad Fritzsch. Gegründet wurde tape.tv im Juli 2008. Mitte November 2016 meldete tape.tv Insolvenz an.


Archaeological sources.

The name of the Golasecca culture comes from the first findings that were discovered from excavations conducted from 1822 at several locations in the Comune of Golasecca, by the antiquarian abbot Father Giovanni Battista Giani (1788–1857), who misidentified the clearly non-Roman burials as remains of the Battle of Ticinus of 218 BC between Hannibal and Scipio Africanus. Most of the inventoried objects were from different graves located in the areas of Sesto Calende, Golasecca and Castelletto sopra Ticino. Giani published a first report in 1824, but he misinterpreted the findings, attributing them to a Roman population from the 4th century BC.  In 1865, Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet, a founder of European archaeology, rightly assigned the same tombs to a pre-Roman culture of the early Iron Age, with a likely Celtic substratum given the similarities with the Hallstatt Culture. He made several trips there bringing back to France part of the Abbot Giani's collection to enrich the Musée des Antiquités Nationales collections, of which he was Vice-curator.  The excavations spread over various sites throughout the late 19th century. Alexandre Bertrand, also curator of the Musée des Antiquités Nationales in turn went on site in 1873 and conducted some excavations by himself. With the collaboration of French, Italian and German archaeologists meeting at the Archaeological Congress of Stockholm in 1874, the timing of the Culture of Golasecca became clearer, divided into three periods from 900 to 380 BC. It ended with the Gallic invasion of the Po Valley in 388 BC.  The modern assessment of Golasecca culture is derived from the campaigns of 1965-69 on Monsorino, directed by A. Mira Bonomi. More recent chronological studies have been produced by Raffaele De Marinis.  More recent historical studies on the subject have been produced by Raffaele De Marinis.  In the area of Castelletto sopra Ticino, between 2001 and 2003, an excavation conducted under the direction of Filippo Maria Gambari has unearthed in the district of Castelletto sopra Ticino (Via del Maneggio, Via Aronco, Via Repubblica) the oldest aristocratic necropolis of Piedmont, developed between the end of the ninth and seventh centuries BC, turned around 670 BC in area of dynastic cult of the first proto-urban center of Piedmont. Of the 44 graves identified in the excavations, 33 were still almost intact. After a long activity of cataloging and restoration, the artifacts (urns and grave goods) were exposed between 2009 and 2010 at the multipurpose room "Albino Calletti" of Castelletto sopra Ticino in a major exhibition entitled "L’alba della città - Le prime necropoli del centro protourbano di Castelletto Ticino".

Periodization.

Subsequent phases of the Golasecca culture are so periodized:

History.

Sites characteristic of Golasecca culture have been identified in western Lombardy, eastern Piedmont, the Canton Ticino and Val Mesolcina, in a territory stretching north of the Po River to sub-alpine zones, between the course of the Serio to the east and the Sesia to the west. The site of Golasecca, where the Ticino exits from Lake Maggiore, flourished from particularly favorable geographical circumstances as it was quite suitable for long-distance exchanges, in which Golaseccans acted as intermediaries between Etruscans and the Halstatt culture of Austria, on the all-important trade in salt.  The commercial mediation then broadened to include the Greek world, bringing in oil and wine, bronze objects, Attic pottery, incense and coral, and northwards the more distant transalpine world, sources of tin for bronze and amber from the Baltic Sea).  In a broader context, the subalpine Golasecca culture is the very last expression of the Middle European Urnfield culture of the European Bronze Age. The culture's richest flowering was Golasecca II, in the first half of the 6th to early 5th centuries BC. It lasted until it was overwhelmed by the Gaulish Celts in the 4th century BC and was finally incorporated into the hegemony of the Roman Republic.  Golasecca culture is divided for convenient reference into three parts: the first two cover the period of the 9th to the first half of the 5th century BC; the third, coinciding with La Tène A-B of the later Iron Age in this region and extending to the end of the 4th century BC, is marked by increasing Celtic influences, culminating in Celtic hegemony after the conquests of 388 BC. The very earliest finds are of the Late Bronze Age (9th century BC), apparently building upon a local culture.  In Golasecca culture some of the first evolved characteristics of historic society may be seen in the specialized use of materials and the adaptation of the local terrain. The early-period habitations were circular wooden constructions along the edge of the river's floodplain; each was built on a low basement of stone round a central hearth and floored with river pebbles set in clay. Hand-shaped ceramics, made without a potter's wheel, were decorated in gesso. The use of the wheel is known from the carts in the "Tomb of the Warrior" at the Sesto Calende site. Amber beads from the Baltic Sea, doubtless brought down the Amber Road, and obsidian reveal networks of long-distance trade. From the 7th century onwards some tombs contain burial goods imported from Etruscan areas and Greek objects.  The settlements depended on domesticated animals: remains reveal the presence of goats, sheep, pigs, cattle and horses. Some legume and cereal crops were cultivated; nuts and fruits were collected. The dugout boats from Castelletto Ticino and Porto Tolle are conserved at the museum of Isola Bella. Metal, though rare, was in increasing use.  The old sites—Golasecca, Sesto Calende, Castelletto Ticino—maintained their traditional autochthonous character through the 6th century BC, when outside influences begin to be detectable. At the beginning of the 5th century BC, pastoral practices resulted in the development of new settlements in the plains.  Deciphered written characters (the "Lepontic alphabet") are found incised in ceramics or on stone, in the Celtic "Lepontic language".

Burials.

The Golasecca culture is best known by its burial customs, where an apparent ancestor cult imposed respect of the necropolis, a sacred area untouched by agrarian use or deforestation. The early-period burials took place in selected raised positions oriented with respect to the sun. Burial practices were direct inhumation or in lidded "cistae". Stone circles and alignments are found. Burial urns were painted with designs, with accessory ceramics, such as cups on tall bases. Bronze objects are usually of wearing apparel: pins and fibulas, armbands, rings, earrings, pendants and necklaces. Bronze vessels are rare. The practice of cremation persists into the second period (early sixth to mid-fourth centuries).  Cremation near the burial site, followed by ash and bone burials in terracotta jars, in excavated pits set at determined distances one from the other in scattered necropolises, characterize a culture of many small village settlements.  At the site of Sesto Calende, south of Lake Maggiore, were two chariot burials dating to the 7th and 6th century BC accompanied with weapons, ornaments and a large situla while an earlier burial at - Como (c. 700 BC) included a four-wheeled wagon in the tomb.  In a Golasecca culture tomb in Pombia has been found the oldest known remain of common hop beer in the world.

The ethnographic question.

The study of the so-called "Lepontic" inscriptions, written in the alphabet of Lugano utilized by Golaseccans of the 6th and 5th centuries BC, led Michel Lejeune (1971) to establish definitively the membership of the language conveyed by this writing to the family of Celtic languages.  It is then proved the existence of a pre-Gallic celticity in the North-Western Italy, preceding the 4th century BC, whose origin must be sought long before the 600s BC, date of the invasion of Bellovesus, that is, at least at the time of Canegrate culture (13th century BC), which presents in the pottery and bronze artifacts many points in common with the most western groups of the Urnfield culture (Rhine-Switzerland-eastern France, 13th - 8th centuries BC). Or perhaps, a more likely hypothesis, is that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th-15th century BC), when North Western Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture.

The Golasecca culture (9th - 4th century BC) was a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age culture in northern Italy, whose type-site was excavated at Golasecca in the province of Varese, Lombardy, where, in the area of Monsorino at the beginning of the 19th century, Abbot Giovanni Battista Giani made the first findings of about fifty graves with pottery and metal objects.

Die Golasecca-Kultur entwickelte sich in der ausgehenden Bronze- und frühen Eisenzeit (etwa 1300–800 v. Chr.) in der padanischen Ebene, im Gebiet der norditalienischen Seen und dem Kanton Tessin in der Schweiz. Am gründlichsten sind die Fundorte Sesto Calende, Golasecca und Castelletto Ticino ausgegraben. Der namengebende Ort Golasecca liegt in der Provinz Varese.