Early life.

Yarosz was born the second of eight children on the North side of Pittsburgh, but when he was ten his family moved to Monaca, Pennsylvania, a suburb twenty-six miles away. His father died when he was only eight, putting economic pressure on him and his brothers. He quit school at seventeen to train for a boxing career to earn wages for his family. His brother Tommy was a boxer, as was his brother Victor, and his older brother Ed became an amateur boxer prior to Teddy who first put on a pair of gloves around twelve. His brother Joe won an all-service welterweight tournament during his time in the military. Teddy was known as a strong defensive boxer, and though he never recorded many knockouts, he lost only one bout by knockout against Babe Risko in January 1935.

Professional boxing career.

Yarosz became a professional boxer in 1929. He would eventually be trained by the legendary Ray Arcel and managed by Ray Fouts.  On August 21, 1933, Yarosz won the Pennsylvania version of the world middleweight title from Vince Dundee in ten rounds before 15,000 at Pittsburgh's Forbes Field. Yarosz annoyed Dundee with frequent left jabs to the face and scored repeatedly with rights to the jaw. In the second, Yarosz had Dundee against the ropes for over a half minute, and scored with lefts and rights to both the head and face with little return. In the ninth, Dundee took a strong offensive stand, but was too exhausted to do much damage to Yarosz.  Yarosz defended the Pennsylvania version of the middleweight title against Jimmy Smith on February 12, 1934, winning in a fifteen-round unanimous decision before a crowd of 5,000 in Pittsburgh. Yarosz took the offense through most of the long bout, and there were no knockdowns by either competitor. Yarosz dominated the fighting in the eleventh and twelfth. Smith forced the fighting in the thirteenth through fifteenth rounds, but was ineffective against the left of Yarosz. The United Press gave Yarosz all but the first, second, ninth, and thirteenth. The blows of Smith were well defended by Yarosz with his gloves and elbows, while Yarosz continuously shot through his left and connected nearly every time.

Taking the world middleweight title.

As a rising star, Yarosz was featured on the cover of the January 1934 issue of The Ring magazine. He took the NYSAC World Middleweight Title and National Boxing Association World Middleweight Title with a fifteen-round decision over Vince Dundee before a crowd of 28,000 at Forbes Field, on 11 September 1934 in his native Pittsburgh. The bout was close but somewhat dull due to too much wrestling and clinching, though Yarosz seemed to hold the lead in all but the late rounds when he looked visibly exhausted. Yarosz was awarded eight rounds to Dundee's four, with three even. He scored well with long range blows to the head of Dundee, who seemed to focus more on Yarosz's midsection. Dundee was down three times during the bout, once falling out of the ropes in round three.  Yarosz defended the Pennsylvania version of the middleweight title on April 6, 1934 against former world middleweight champion Ben Jeby, winning in a twelve-round points decision in Pittsburgh. Yarosz was most effective with right hand smashes to the jaw and body of Jeby, who was never given the chance to fight inside where he usually excelled. The "Pittsburgh Press" gave Yarosz nine rounds, with one to Jeby and two even.

Losing the world middleweight title.

Yarosz lost the both the NBA and NYSAC middleweight title to Eddie Babe Risko who defeated him on September 19, 1935 in Pittsburgh in fifteen rounds before a crowd of 25,000. Risko knocked Yarosz to the mat twice for counts of nine in the sixth and seventh rounds, and several judges gave Yarosz only the first round. Yarosz made his best showing in the eighth but did not appear to win any other round on points. In the ninth, Yarosz was stunned by a blow beneath his heart which caused him to clinch, and after the third had received frequent pounding to his midsection. Yarosz injured his right knee in the fourth round or possibly earlier, and had surgery two months later to repair it.  After his loss to Risko, the legendary trainer Ray Arcel worked with Yarosz for months to rehabilitate his knee, heating and massaging it, and supervising his work with weights.  On September 21, 1936, Yarosz defeated Risko for the first time in a close ten round split decision, demonstrating the skills of his trainer and the depths of his recovery from his knee injury. Yarosz showed a definite advantage from the first round, scoring with roundhouse swings, and shining in the seventh where he pummeled the slower moving Risko.  Unfazed by his loss of the title, Yarosz scored an impressive victory over future world middleweight champion Solly Krieger on January 13, 1937 in a ten-round unanimous decision in New York. Yarosz took seven rounds to three for Krieger.  Yarosz defeated former world welter and middleweight champion Lou Brouillard on May 7, 1937 in a ten-round points decision before 2,438 in Boston. With a darting left and a lightning fast right cross, Yarosz gained a large enough margin on points to take the decision. Brouillard offered strong opposition through the entire bout taking at least two rounds with strong body blows to Yarosz's middle, but his crouching southpaw defense was penetrated too often to even the scoring. In the tenth, Brouillard opened with a strong two fisted attack that had Yarosz retreating, but was knocked down for a count of two with a right before the round ended.  On June 6, 1938, Georgie Abrams defeated Yarosz in a ten-round split decision at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C.  Yarosz lost to the skilled, youthful opponent Billy Conn, another boxer trained by Ray Arcel, on June 30, 1937 in a close twelve round split decision before 13,874 at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. Yarosz started the first three rounds on offense, scoring heavily with hooks, jabs, and right crosses. Conn looked stronger in the fourth and fifth, scoring with lefts and rights to the head and body. For the sixth through tenth, the well matched duo boxed cautiously, until the final two rounds where both boxers slugged it out, often toe to toe. The excited fans protested the close decision, though Conn was credited with taking the middleweight championship of Pennsylvania. On September 30, 1937, Yarosz lost again to Conn in an equally close fifteen round split decision before 9,000 at Duquesne Gardens in Pittsburgh. Yarosz boxed a smart fight in the first seven rounds, building up a significant points margin. But in the remainder of the long bout, Conn caught up and went ahead on points with a brutal body attack and an occasional right and left to the face that exhausted the older Yarosz who became nearly helpless in the closing rounds. In a fight that had been slow and methodical, the fourteenth opened when Conn dealt a blow to Yarosz's head that made it difficult for him to complete the round, and though he managed, he had little strength left in the fifteenth. Yarosz defeated Conn only once on July 25, 1938, in a twelve-round unanimous decision before a crowd of 10,800 at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh. According to the "Pittsburgh Press" the bout included kidney punching and low left hooks from Conn, and thumbing, gouging and heeling from the gloves of Yarosz. Both fighters, out of anger, continued fighting after the second and fifth rounds. Yarosz outboxed Conn in the last few rounds and Conn was unable to find a remedy or an adequate defense. Yarosz was awarded seven rounds, with just one to Conn, with the seventh even.  In a July 5, 1938 rating of American middleweights, Yarosz was still placed in the top ten by the "Cincinnati Enquirer", remaining in top contention for a four-year period, if not the majority of his later career.  Future NYSAC world middleweight champion Ken Overlin fell to Yarosz, on March 27, 1939 in a ten-round points decision in Houston. Dominating with his left, the United Press gave seven rounds to Yarosz with only two to Overlin and one even.  Yarosz defeated Black boxer Archie Moore, future light heavyweight champion, on April 20, 1939 in a ten-round unanimous decision in St. Louis. He used his always present left to deliver and ward off blows, and took the close with the help of a low blow penalty that cost Moore a round. Only in the seventh and eighth was Moore able to penetrate the defenses of Yarosz.

Retirement from boxing and later life.

He married Eugenia Lesniak of Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania in 1940.  After retiring from boxing in 1942, he operated a bar called "Teddy's Inn" in Potter Township and worked for a while as a policeman. After the war years, he worked as a caster at the Aliquippa Works of the Jones and Laughlin steel corporation until his death.

Death.

Yarosz died after a six-month battle with cancer on March 29, 1974 at Beaver Medical Center in Rochester, Pennsylvania, a mile and a half North of his home in Monica, where he had been a member of St. John's Church. He was buried in nearby St. John's Cemetery and was survived by his wife, four sons and a daughter. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame for the Class of 2006.

Thaddeus Jarosz (June 24, 1910 – March 29, 1974) was an American athlete in boxing. He held the world middleweight boxing championship from 1934–1935.

Teddy Yarosz (* 24. Juni 1910 in Monaca, Pennsylvania, USA; † 29. März 1974 in Rochester, USA) war ein US-amerikanischer Boxer im Mittelgewicht.


Biography.

Ortmann was born in Magdeburg, Prussia on April 8, 1863. A student of Ernst Haeckel, he graduated from the University of Jena in 1885 with a Ph.D.; he had also studied at the University of Kiel and the University of Strasbourg. From 1886 on, he worked as an instructor at the University of Strasbourg. Together with Haeckel, he participated in an expedition to Zanzibar in 1890/91. Three years later, he emigrated to the United States, where he got a post as the curator of the department of invertebrate paleontology at Princeton University. In 1899, he participated in the Peary Relief expedition, and one year later, he was naturalized as a U.S. citizen.  In 1903, he moved to Pittsburgh. He became the curator of invertebrate zoology at the Carnegie Museum and from 1910 on, he was professor of physical geography at the University of Pittsburgh, where he also obtained in 1911 the additional degree of an Sc.D. In 1925, he became the chair of zoology at the University of Pittsburgh. He died in Pittsburgh on January 3, 1927.

Work.

Ortmann's thorough taxonomic studies of freshwater mussels and crustaceans with a special focus on the geographical distribution of species was a fundamental groundwork that is even valid today. In 1920, he formulated "Ortmann's Law of Stream Position", which said that a species of mussels can have different appearance depending on where in a river system the individuals live:  This observation helped greatly to simplify the taxonomy of molluscs, because previously, researchers had all too often assigned such different morphotypes to different species.  The standard author abbreviation "A.E.Ortmann" is used to indicate Ortmann when citing a botanical name.  He was associate editor of "American Naturalist" for a time, and contributed to periodicals.

Arnold Edward Ortmann (April 8, 1863 – January 3, 1927) was a Prussian-born United States naturalist and zoologist who specialized in malacology.

Arnold Edward Ortmann, ursprünglich "Arnold Eduard Ortmann", (* 8. April 1863 in Magdeburg; † 3. Januar 1927 in Pittsburgh) war ein deutsch-US-amerikanischer Zoologe. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „A.E.Ortmann“.


Default effect.

Endogenous default effects.

In a choice context, a default refers to that option which choosers end up with if they do not make an active choice. This notion is similar to the one in computer science where defaults are settings or values that are automatically assigned outside of user intervention. Setting the default affects how likely people end up with an option. This is called the default effect. More precisely, it refers to changes in the probability that an agent chooses a particular option when it is set as a default as opposed to the situation where this option has not been set as default. For example, different countries have different rules on how to become an organ donor. In countries with the opt-in policy, all citizens are automatically considered as non-donors unless they actively register as donors. In countries with the opt-out policy, all citizens are automatically considered as donors unless they actively seek to be struck from the register. It has been argued that this difference in policy is the main cause of the significant difference in donor rates across the respective countries.

Exogenous default effects.

Some default effects are implied by the situation. In social settings, for example, the normative choice (what others are doing) may be adopted unconsciously as a social default effect. People are thus more likely to choose what they observe other choosing, even if they do not believe that other person is the more knowledgeable person. People are also more likely to treat choices that require less justification as defaults. The default option for parole hearings, for example, is to deny prisoners parole.

Explanations.

A number of different explanations have been offered for how default setting causes a change in the choice distribution. These include Cognitive Effort, Switching Costs, Loss Aversion, Recommendation and Change of Meaning.

Cognitive effort.

If an agent is indifferent or conflicted between options, it may involve too much cognitive effort to base a choice on explicit evaluations. In that case, he or she might disregard the evaluations and choose according to the default heuristic instead, which simply states “if there is a default, do nothing about it”. Evidence supporting this cognitive effort account is provided in the realm of social default effects. Participants distracted by a demanding concurrent task were more likely to choose the one of two snacks that they saw a previous participant choose. Increasing the number of snacks received as a function of the choice decreased this social default effect.

Switching costs.

If an agent faces costs when diverging from a default that surmount the possible benefits from switching to another option, then it is rational to stick with the default option. Costs of diverging from the default might involve costs for the search of information (time, consultancy fees) and/or costs for registering the choice (time, postage, lawyer fees). This amounts to a standard transaction cost explanation from rational choice theory.

Loss aversion.

If an agent evaluates options on multiple dimensions, then the default functions as a reference point from which some dimensions are interpreted as losses and therefore becomes more important for the choice. This loss aversion explanation of the default effect can be illustrated with the following example. Let A, B and C be three different pension saving plans. The agent evaluates them (in terms of time-discounted utilities) on the two following dimensions, current consumption and future savings which obviously trade off: the more one saves for the future, the less one can consume in the present. Seen from plan A being the default, plans B and C constitute losses in the savings dimension. Seen from plan C being the default, however, plans A and B constitute losses in the consumption dimension. According to the theory of loss aversion, that dimension which is considered a loss influences the decision stronger than that which is considered a gain. Hence for either default A or C, the loss-averse agent would choose sticking with the default.

Recommendation.

If an agent interprets the default as a signal from the policy maker, whom he or she sufficiently trusts, he or she might rationally decide to stick with this default. That the policy maker sets a default is interpreted as an implicit recommendation to choose that default option. The information taken from this recommendation might be sufficient to change some people's preferences.

Change of meaning.

Defaults also might affect the meaning of choice options and thus agents' choices over them. For example, it has been shown that under an opt-in policy in organ donation choosing not to become an organ donor is perceived as a choice of little moral failing. Under an opt-out policy, in contrast, choosing not to be an organ donor is perceived as morally more deficient. Alternatively, families may perceive those choosing to be an organ donor under an opt-out system as less committed than those in an opt-in system, and so refuse to allow their relatives organs to be harvested These differences in evaluation might affect the rational choice over these options.

Default setting as a policy instrument.

Setting or changing defaults has been proposed as an effective way of influencing behaviour—for example, with respect to deciding whether to become an organ donor, giving consent to receive e-mail marketing, choosing car insurance plans, choosing which food to eat, selecting which car options to purchase, choosing between different energy providers, or choosing the level of one's retirement contributions. Setting defaults are an important example of nudges or soft paternalist policies.

Among the set of options that agents choose from, the default option is the option the chooser will obtain if he or she does nothing. Broader interpretations of default options include options that are normative or suggested. Experiments and observational studies show that making an option a default increases the likelihood that it is chosen; this is called the default effect. Different causes for this effect have been discussed. Setting or changing defaults therefore has been proposed as an effective way of influencing behavior—for example, with respect to deciding whether to become an organ donor, giving consent to receive e-mail marketing, or choosing the level of one's retirement contributions.

Der Default-Effekt ( "default" für Vorgabe oder Voreinstellung) bzw. die "Voreinstellungsüberzeugung" ist eine kognitive Verzerrung, eine übermäßige Bevorzugung derjenigen Option („Default-Option“ bzw. „Voreinstellung“), bei der ein Akteur keine aktive Entscheidung trifft. Der Default-Effekt wird von der Psychologie und interdisziplinären Forschungsgebieten wie der Verhaltensökonomie untersucht.


Early life.

Grunewald was born in Perham, Minnesota to Kim and Laura Anderson. She competed for the University of Minnesota where she was national runner-up in the 1500 meters at the 2010 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships.

Professional career.

Grunewald turned professional in 2010, signing a contract with Brooks Sports. In 2011, she placed third nationally in the mile run both indoors and outdoors.  Over 1500 m, she was fourth at the 2012 United States Olympic Trials missing the Olympic Team by one place.  Grunewald placed 11th in the 1500 m final at 2013 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.  Grunewald was the 2014 USA Indoor 3000 m champion. She was briefly disqualified on appeal from Jordan Hasay’s coach Alberto Salazar that was based on contact Grunewald had with Hasay during the finals; however, Hasay later withdrew the appeal made on her behalf and Grunewald was reinstated as champion and awarded her World Championships berth. She would finish 9th at the World Championships.  Grunewald placed 13th in 1500 m final at 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.  Grunewald placed 3rd at 2016 USATF 1 Mile Road Championships and 12th in 1500 m final at 2016 United States Olympic Trials (track and field).  In what would be her final professional race, Grunewald ran 4:31.18 and placed 28th in 1500 m semi-final at 2017 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 100-degree heat, in between chemotherapy treatments, and having had a fever just days before the race.

Personal life.

In 2013, Gabriele married Justin Grunewald, an internal medicine physician whom she first met while they were both students at the University of Minnesota. In 2017, Brooks released "Gabe" (her nickname), a 26-minute documentary film depicting her battle with cancer as well as her efforts to qualify for the 2017 World Championships. Grunewald had four siblings: three brothers (Ben, Caleb, and Zach) and a sister (Abigail).

Illness and death.

Grunewald was diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma, a rare type of cancer, in 2009. Due to tumors, her salivary gland was removed in 2009 and her thyroid was removed two years later. She had surgery to remove a roughly five-by-six-inch cancerous tumor from her liver on August 26, 2016; a surgical oncologist performed a right hepatectomy to remove the tumor as well as the affected right lobe of her liver. In 2017, Grunewald suffered a relapse, with a PET scan revealing 12 small, inoperable tumors in her liver. In 2018, she founded the organization Brave Like Gabe to fund research and raise awareness surrounding rare cancers through local races.  Grunewald died in palliative care on June 11, 2019, two weeks before her 33rd birthday.

Personal bests.

Gabriele Ivy Grunewald ("née" Anderson; June 25, 1986 – June 11, 2019) was an American professional middle-distance runner who competed in distances from 800 meters to 5000 meters. She represented the United States at the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships and finished in ninth place in the 3000 meters. Grunewald was the national champion in the 3000 meters at the 2014 USA Indoor Track and Field Championships.

Gabriele Ivy Grunewald (geb. Anderson; * 25. Juni 1986 in Perham, Minnesota; † 11. Juni 2019 in Minneapolis) war eine US-amerikanische Mittel- und Langstreckenläuferin.


Amateur career.

Curry was a two-time Texas Golden Gloves Champion and runner-up to Sugar Ray Leonard at the 1976 U.S. Olympic Boxing Trials. Curry reportedly had an amateur record of 315-11. During his amateur career he was trained by Wesley Gale Parker.

Professional career.

Curry turned professional in 1976 and won his first fourteen professional fights. On November 18, 1977, he fought Wilfred Benitez, the former WBA Junior Welterweight Champion. Curry knocked Benitez down three times but lost by a controversial ten-round split decision.  He signed to fight Minoru Fugiya in Japan on January 24, 1978. He was then offered a rematch with Benitez, which would take place a mere 11 days later, on February 4. He decided to go take both fights. He knocked out Fugiya in three rounds and then flew back to the U.S. for the Benitez fight, which Benitez won by a ten-round majority decision. Benitez trained harder for the rematch and Curry was travel-worn. "I just wanted to get it done and go to bed," Curry said. "I should have sent out for coffee."  Curry won his next two fights and then lost back-to-back fights, getting stopped in nine rounds by Domingo Ayala and losing to Adolfo Viruet by a ten-round decision. Curry put together three straight wins and then fought Thomas Hearns, who was 19-0 with 18 knockouts. The 6' 1" Hearns stopped Curry in three rounds, however, the fight is best remembered in boxing circles as a rare but true example of "going down swinging," with Curry punching valiantly even as he fell to the canvas.  He won eleven of his next thirteen fights and then got his first world title shot. On May 18, 1983, Curry beat Leroy Haley by a twelve-round unanimous decision to win the WBC Super Lightweight Championship. Curry's younger brother, Donald, won the WBA Welterweight Championship several months earlier. They were the first pair of brothers to hold world titles simultaneously. Another Curry brother, Graylin, was also a professional boxer.  Curry made two successful title defenses, knocking out Hidekazu Akai in seven rounds and winning a rematch with Haley by a twelve-round split decision. On January 29, 1984, Curry lost the title by a tenth-round knockout to Billy Costello.  On February 2, 1984, Curry was arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada, after he fired several shots at his trainer, Jesse Reid, following an altercation at a gym. He had fought with Reid after blaming him for his loss to Costello. Curry was charged with assault with a deadly weapon and carrying a concealed weapon.  Curry was found innocent by reason of insanity and ordered confined to a mental hospital until he was no longer a threat to society. He was released on March 26, 1985, after a team of three psychiatrists said he was no longer mentally ill.  Curry fought just one more time, defeating Tomas Garcia by a ten-round decision on April 29, 1986. He finished with a record of 35-8 with 17 knockouts.

Bruce Curry (born March 29, 1956, in Marlin, Texas), is a former professional boxer. He was the WBC Super Lightweight Champion from 1983 to 1984.

Bruce Curry (* 29. März 1956 in Marlin, Texas, Vereinigte Staaten) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Boxer. Von 1983 bis 1984 trug er im Halbweltergewicht den Weltmeisterschaftstitel des World Boxing Council.


Early life.

Benjamin Stark was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on June 26, 1820. His family moved to Connecticut where he graduated from Union School in New London after studying the classics. Stark then graduated from the Hebron Academy in Maine. From 1835 to 1845 he engaged in mercantile pursuits in New York City and read law.

Oregon.

In 1845, he sailed to what became Portland, Oregon, as the supercargo (cargo supervisor) of the "Toulon", bringing goods for Francis Pettygrove's warehouse.  In 1846, he purchased half of Asa Lovejoy's making up the original claim to the future city for $390 in cash. Stark bought the land for speculation rather than as a home or commercial property, and so he continued sailing as a merchant and visited the claim only occasionally. Despite often being absent on business, Stark was a civic leader in early Portland. For example, he led the city Freemasons, membership in which was a status symbol at the time.  In 1848, he sailed to San Francisco to take part in the California Gold Rush and was a merchant there from 1849 to 1850. Around the time Stark left San Francisco in 1850 to set up shop in Portland, he discovered his claim was disputed.  At a meeting in San Francisco with Daniel H. Lownsdale, Stark reached a settlement with the other stakeholders which gave Stark sole title to a triangular section in what is now downtown Portland between the Willamette River, Stark Street, and Ankeny Street. In return for giving up the rest of the claim, Lownsdale, Coffin, and Chapman paid Stark for land they had already sold on his acreage, which was roughly and included most of what was then downtown. Later, another dispute between the parties arose after Stark refused to part with two narrow blocks needed to connect the park blocks.

Political career.

He was admitted to the bar that same year and in 1852 became a member of the Oregon Territory's House of Representatives. In the legislature he was a Whig representing Washington County, which at that time included Portland. Stark was a colonel and served in the 1853 hostilities between settlers and Native Americans during the Rogue River Wars. He married Elizabeth Molthrop.  In 1860, Stark was again elected to the Oregon House of Representatives, now representing Multnomah County after its creation in 1854, and now as a Democrat. Oregon's junior Senator, Edward Dickinson Baker, was killed in action during the American Civil War in October 1861. Oregon Governor John Whiteaker appointed Stark to replace Baker in the United States Senate and served from October 29, 1861 to September 12, 1862. He was an advocate for slavery and originally opposed the creation of publicly financed primary schools. He did not run in the election for a permanent replacement and was succeeded by Benjamin F. Harding, who had been Speaker of the Oregon House during Stark's time there in 1860.

Later years and legacy.

In 1864, he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention held in Chicago. He accumulated a fortune selling plots of his land in what became Downtown Portland. After Congress, Stark resumed his practice of law, before returning east to New London. There he became a member of the board of aldermen of the city, serving from 1873 to 1874 when he was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives. He also was a member of the Connecticut State Prison Commission. Benjamin Stark died in New London, Connecticut, on October 10, 1898, at the age of 78 and was interned in Cedar Grove Cemetery.  The Clyde Hotel was renamed Ben Stark Hotel in 1987, but became the Ace Hotel in 2005. The east-west running Stark Street in Portland is named in his honor. In late 2017, activists proposed renaming Southwest Stark Street for gay rights activist Harvey Milk, noting that Stark was an unapologetic racist who advocated for slavery.

Benjamin Stark (June 26, 1820October 10, 1898) was an American merchant and politician in Oregon. A native of Louisiana, he purchased some of the original tracts of land for the city of Portland. He later served in the Oregon House of Representatives before appointment to the United States Senate in 1860 after the death of Edward D. Baker. A Democrat, Stark served in the Senate from 1861 to 1862. He later served in the Connecticut House of Representatives.

Benjamin Stark (* 26. Juni 1820 in New Orleans, Louisiana; † 10. Oktober 1898 in New London, New London County, Connecticut) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. In den Jahren 1861 und 1862 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Oregon im US-Senat.


Biography.

Marbod was born near Angers in Anjou, France, presumably in the mid-1030s. He received at least part of his early education at Angers under archdeacon and schoolmaster Rainaldus (d. c. 1076), who may have been trained by Fulbert of Chartres. Several of Marbod's family members were in the entourage of Count Fulk le Réchin of Anjou. Marbod was a canon in the cathedral chapter of Saint-Maurice of Angers as early as c. 1068. In about 1076 he became the cardinal archdeacon of Angers as well as the master of its cathedral school.  He was consecrated in his mid-60s as bishop of Rennes by Pope Urban II (1088–1099) during the Council of Tours (16–23 March 1096). Although Pope Urban II was a reforming pope in the tradition of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085) (see Gregorian Reform), it is likely that Marbod's selection as bishop had a significant political component. Bishop Marbod attempted to implement reform principles in his diocese of Rennes, working to regain episcopal possessions that had been alienated by his predecessor-bishops, and helping transfer churches held by laymen to ecclesiastical hands. He was critical of the more extreme practices of Robert of Arbrissel and other such itinerant preachers wandering northwestern France at the time, but his letters indicate that he was tolerant of and even favorable towards their religious ideals.  At the age of about eighty-eight he resigned his diocese and withdrew to the Benedictine monastery of St. Aubin at Angers where he died.

Writings.

Marbod was renowned for his Latin writing during his lifetime; Sigebert of Gembloux, writing c. 1110–1125, praised Marbod’s clever verse style. He composed works in verse and prose on both sacred and secular subjects: saints’ lives, examples of rhetorical figures ("De ornamentis verborum"), a work of Christian advice ("Liber decem capitulorum"), hymns, lyric poetry on many subjects, and at least six prose letters. The most popular of Marbod’s works was the "Liber de lapidibus", a verse lapidary or compendium of mythological gem-lore; by the fourteenth century it had been translated into French, Provençal, Italian, Irish, and Danish, and it was the first of Marbod’s works to be printed.  The first collection of Marbod’s works was published at Rennes in 1524 ("In collectione prima operum Marbodi"). Today the most widely accessible edition of Marbod’s collected works is that in Migne’s "Patrologiae cursus completus Series Latina", vol. 171, edited by Jean-Jacques Bourassé (Paris, 1854); this was based on the edition of Antoine Beaugendre, "Venerabilis Hildeberti primo Cenomannensis Accesserunt Marbodi Redonensis" (Paris, 1708). Both contain numerous errors and omissions and should be used with caution. Modern editions of Marbod's works include Antonella Degl’Innocenti, ed. "Marbodo di Rennes: Vita beati Roberti" (Florence, 1995) and Maria Esthera Herrera, ed., "Marbodo de Rennes Lapidario (Liber lapidum)" (Paris, 2005).  Marbod produced lyric poetry on a wide variety of subjects, including frankly erotic love lyrics concerning male and female love interests. Many of his shorter poems circulated primarily in florilegia, collections assembled for the use of students; the essential discussion of the authorship of poetic works attributed to Marbod is by André Wilmart, “Le florilège de Saint-Gatien: contribution à l’étude des poèmes d’Hildebert et de Marbode,” "Revue bénédictine" 48(1936):3–40; 145–181; 245–258. The most radical of Marbod’s poems, while printed in the earliest collections, were omitted by Beaugendre and Bourassé; they were reprinted by Walther Bulst in "Liebesbriefgedichte Marbods," in "Liber floridus: Mittellateinische Studien Paul Lehmann, zum 65 Geburtstaag am 13. Juli 1949", ed. Bernhard Bischoff and Suso Brechter (St. Ottilien, 1950), p. 287–301, and "Lateinisches Mittelalter: Gesammelte Beitraege" (Heidelberg, 1984), 182–196.  Several of his poems speak of handsome boys and homosexual desires but reject physical relationships ("An Argument Against Copulation Between People of Only One Sex"). This exemplifies a tradition of medieval poetry which celebrated same-sex friendship while generally denouncing the wickedness of sexual relations. Some poems, such as the one where he sent an urgent demand that his beloved return if he wished the speaker to remain faithful to him, have nonetheless been interpreted to indicate that more than poetic invention was involved.  For discussions of Marbod's literary works see: Antonella Degl'Innocenti, "L’opera agiografica di Marbodo de Rennes" (Spoleto, 1990), and Rosario Leotta, and Carmelo Crimi, eds., "De ornamentis verborum; Liber decem capitulorum: retorica, mitologia e moralità di un vescovo poeta, secc. XI–XII" (Florence, 1998).

Marbodus, Marbod or Marbode of Rennes ( 1035 – 11 September 1123) was archdeacon and schoolmaster at Angers, France, then Bishop of Rennes in Brittany. He was a respected poet, hagiographer, and hymnologist.

Marbod von Rennes, auch Marbodius, (* um 1035 in Le Mans ("Caenomanensis"); † 11. September 1123 bei Angers/Anjou) war ein französischer Theologe, Dichter und Schriftsteller. Er war Bischof von Rennes.


Playing career.

Amateur.

While a member of St. Cloud Cathedral of the Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL), Schmidt was selected first overall by the Fargo Force in the 2007 United States Hockey League Futures Draft. His lone year with the Force came during the 2009-10 season, where he recorded 14 goals and 37 points in 57 games.  Schmidt played college hockey with the Minnesota Golden Gophers in the NCAA Men's Division I WCHA conference. In his junior year, Schmidt's play was rewarded with a selection to the 2012–13 All-WCHA First Team.

Professional.

Washington Capitals.

On April 2, 2013, as an undrafted player, Schmidt signed a two-year, entry-level contract with the Washington Capitals. Schmidt played the final eight games of the 2012-13 regular season and five postseason games with the Capitals' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Hershey Bears.  Schmidt started the 2013–14 season with the Bears but was called up to the Capitals after just one game. He made his NHL debut on October 12, 2013, against the Colorado Avalanche. He scored his first NHL goal on December 7, 2013 against Marek Mazanec of the Nashville Predators. Schmidt was reassigned to Hershey on December 15, 2013.

Vegas Golden Knights.

After four seasons with the Capitals, Schmidt was left exposed by the club in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft. He was selected by the Vegas Golden Knights on June 21, 2017. After going to an arbitrator in August, Schmidt signed a two-year $4.45 million contract with the Golden Knights. During his first season with the team, Schmidt found success, putting up career high numbers in points and leading the Golden Knights in average playing time. He helped lead the Golden Knights to the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs in their inaugural season, only to lose in the finals to his former team.  Prior to the 2018–19 season, Schmidt was suspended 20 games for violating the NHL's performance-enhancing drug use policy. He appealed his suspension, but the arbitrator upheld it. On October 25, while serving his suspension, the Golden Knights signed Schmidt to a six-year, $35.8 million extension.

Personal life.

Schmidt was born to Tom and JoAnn Schmidt, and grew up in St. Cloud, Minnesota with two other siblings. Growing up, Schmidt also played football and baseball, before deciding to stick with hockey.

Nathan Thomas Schmidt (born July 16, 1991) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). As an undrafted player, Schmidt signed with the Washington Capitals in 2013 after playing for the University of Minnesota.

Nate Schmidt (* 16. Juli 1991 in St. Cloud, Minnesota) ist ein US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juni 2017 bei den Vegas Golden Knights aus der National Hockey League unter Vertrag steht. Zuvor verbrachte er knapp vier Jahre in der Organisation der Washington Capitals.


Effective date of patents and patent applications as prior art.

It is typical for a patent office to treat its own patents and published patent applications as prior art as of their filing dates, although under the European Patent Convention, this applies only to novelty rather than inventive step. However, United States patent law before the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) included the Hilmer doctrine, under which United States patents and patent application publications were prior art only as of their earliest effective United States filing dates, i.e., disregarding any foreign priority claimed in those patents and patent application publications. The AIA has abolished the Hilmer doctrine and makes United States patents and patent application publications that name another inventor prior art as of when they were "effectively filed."

Usage in litigation.

Arguments claiming prior art are used in defending and attacking patent validity. In one U.S. case on the issue, the court said:

Types of prior art searches.

Novelty.

A "novelty search" is a prior art search that is often conducted by patent attorneys, patent agents or professional patent searchers before an inventor files a patent application. A novelty search helps an inventor to determine if the invention is novel before the inventor commits the resources necessary to obtain a patent. The search may include searching in databases of patents, patent applications and other documents such as utility models and in the scientific literature. Novelty searches can also be used to help an inventor determine what is unique about his/her invention. Anything not found in the prior art can be potentially patentable. Thomas Edison, for example, did not get a patent on the basic concept of the light bulb. It was already patented and therefore in the prior art. Instead, Edison got a patent on his improvements to the light bulb. These improvements included a very thin filament and a reliable technique for joining the white hot filament to the room temperature lead wires.  A novelty search is also conducted by patent examiners during prosecution of the patent application. For instance, examiner's search guidelines applicable to the United States are found in the U.S. Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) 904.02 General Search Guidelines, Prior Art, Classification, and Search.

Validity.

A "validity search" is a prior art search done after a patent issues. The purpose of a validity (or invalidity) search is to find prior art that the patent examiner overlooked so that a patent can be declared invalid. This might be done by an entity infringing, or potentially infringing, the patent, or it might be done by a patent owner or other entity that has a financial stake in a patent to confirm the validity of a patent. Crowdsourcing, where a large number of interested people search for prior art, may be effective where references would otherwise be difficult to find.

Clearance.

A clearance search is a search of issued patents to see if a given product or process violates someone else's existing patent. If so, then a validity search may be done to try to find prior art that would invalidate the patent. A clearance search is a search targeting patents being in force and may be limited to a particular country and group of countries, or a specific market.

Duty of disclosure.

In the United States, inventors and their patent agents or attorneys are required by law to submit any references they are aware of to the United States Patent and Trademark Office that may be material to the patentability of the claims in a patent application they have filed. The patent examiner will then determine if the references qualify as "prior art" and may then take them into account when examining the patent application. If a person having a duty to disclose, acting with deceptive intent, fails to properly disclose the material references of which they are aware, then a patent can be found unenforceable for inequitable conduct.  Japan also has a duty of disclosure.  Australia has abolished its duty of disclosure with regard to the results of documentary searches by, or on behalf of, foreign patent offices, except where:

Public participation in patent examination.

With the advent of the Internet, a number of initiatives have been undertaken to create a forum where the public at large can participate in prior art searches. These forums have been related to both issued patents and pending patent applications.

Pending patent applications.

More recently, different attempts to employ open Internet-based discussions for encouraging public participation commenting on pending U.S. applications have been started. These may take the form of a wiki:  Patent examiners often use the online encyclopedia Wikipedia as a reference to get an overall feel for a given subject. Citations of Wikipedia as actual prior art can be problematic, however, due to the fluid and open nature of its editing, and Patents Commissioner Doll said the agency used Wikipedia entries as background and not as a basis for accepting or rejecting an application.  For other patent search services, see "".

Prior art (state of the art or background art), in most systems of patent law, is constituted by all information that has been made available to the public in any form before a given date that might be relevant to a patent's claims of originality. If an invention has been described in the prior art or would have been obvious from what has been described in the prior art, a patent on that invention is not valid.

Der Stand der Technik im patentrechtlichen Sinne ist der Bestand an technischem und sonstigem Wissen zum Zeitpunkt der Patentanmeldung. Daran wird die Patentwürdigkeit der angemeldeten Erfindung gemessen. Auch für die Bestimmung des Schutzbereichs eines Patents kann der Stand der Technik relevant werden.


Early life and adoption.

Fred was born in the spring of 2005 in Brooklyn, New York. In September 2005, he was rescued by Animal Care & Control of New York City, suffering from severe pneumonia and a collapsed lung. Fred was adopted by assistant district attorney Carol Moran, as part of a foster care program run by Animal Care & Control of New York City, and was nursed back to health.  Fred and his brother George were named after Fred and George Weasley, the prankster brothers in the "Harry Potter" series of novels created by J.K. Rowling.

Law enforcement career and honors.

In February 2006, Fred was enlisted by the Brooklyn District Attorney’s office as an undercover agent, posing as a would-be patient to help the NYPD apprehend Steven Vassall, a Brooklyn man suspected of acting as a veterinarian without proper license or training. Working with human undercover detective Stephanie Green-Jones, Fred was bait in a February 3, 2006 sting operation to apprehend Steven Vassall, who was charged with unauthorized veterinary practice, criminal mischief, injuring animals and petty larceny. In May 2007, Vassall pleaded guilty to the charges of fraud and practicing veterinary medicine without a licence. As a result of his plea he was sentenced to probation and mandatory psychiatric treatment.  On May 18, 2006, Fred was presented with a Law Enforcement Appreciation Award by Brooklyn district attorney Charles J. Hynes. Fred was later honored on July 8, 2006, at "Broadway Barks 8!", the New York City Theater District’s dog and cat adopt-a-thon benefit hosted by Mary Tyler Moore and Bernadette Peters. He was presented with the Mayor’s Alliance Award, which is given to remarkable animals.

Later life.

Following the sting operation, Fred began to receive training as a therapy animal, with the purpose of becoming a teaching-animal in the district attorneys office's "Legal Lives" program. Here, he would be taken into classrooms to help teach children how to treat and care for animals. The owner also received offers from animal talent agencies for him to have spots in television commercials.

Death.

Fred died on August 9, 2006, when he escaped from his home in Queens, New York, and was struck and killed by a car. Fred was 15 months old.

Fred the Undercover Kitty (May 2005 – August 9, 2006) was a domestic shorthaired cat who gained attention for his undercover work with the New York Police Department and the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office in the arrest of a suspect posing as a veterinary care provider.

Fred the Undercover Kitty (geboren im Mai 2005 in Brooklyn, New York City; gestorben am 10. August 2006 in Queens, New York City) war eine US-amerikanische Hauskatze, die durch ihren Einsatz für das New York Police Department und den District Attorney von Brooklyn bekannt wurde. Ihre Tätigkeit führte zur Verhaftung eines nicht zugelassenen Tierarztes.


History.

RAF Church Fenton.

The airfield was originally a Royal Air Force station known as RAF Church Fenton. It opened on 1 April 1937 when the station was declared open and on 19 April the first station commander Wing Commander W.E. Swann assumed command. Within two months No. 71 Squadron RAF had arrived with the Gloster Gladiator.  It saw the peak of its activity during the years of the Second World War, when it served within the defence network of fighter bases of the RAF providing protection for the Leeds, Bradford, Sheffield and Humberside industrial regions.  After the war it at first retained its role as a fighter base, being among the first to receive modern jet aircraft, namely the Gloster Meteor and the Hawker Hunter. In later years, its role was mainly flight training. No. 7 Flying Training School was based here between 1962 and 1966 and again between 1979 and 1992, equipped with Hunting Aircraft Jet Provost T3 trainers.  For some years it was home to the Royal Navy Elementary Flying Training School (RNEFTS) using the Scottish Aviation Bulldog, and again 1979-1992, triggered by the introduction of the Panavia Tornado, being the first station to receive the new turboprop-powered Short Tucano T.1 basic fast jet trainers. From 1998-2003 Church Fenton was the RAF's main Elementary Flying Training airfield.

Station closure.

On 25 March 2013 it was announced that Church Fenton would close by the end of 2013. The units would be relocated to RAF Linton on Ouse by 31 December 2013. By 19 December 2013, all units had relocated and the airfield was closed. Some equipment will be relocated to RAF Topcliffe. MoD security continued to secure the site until disposal. A NOTAM was issued suspending the air traffic zone (ATZ) at the end of 2013.

Current use.

The site was sold on 23 December 2014 to Makins Yorkshire Strawberries with the exception of a section containing the Air Cadets. Makins intends to keep the airfield operational.  In February 2015, Makins Enterprises (the new airfield owners) launched their new website, renaming the airfield. It will now be known as 'Leeds East Airport', with the slogan "Yorkshire's newest aviation destination." It is believed that Makins Enterprises will target the business jet market, while also running a flying school and other ventures.  The second series of the ITV drama "Victoria" was shot at a hangar onsite in 2017.

Leeds East Airport Church Fenton, formerly RAF Church Fenton, is an airport and former Royal Air Force station located south east of Tadcaster, North Yorkshire, England and north west of Selby, North Yorkshire, near the village of Church Fenton. The airport had a licensing application from The UK Civil Aviation Authority rejected. Which means plans to allow regular scheduled passenger flights and charter flights to various European destinations have been scrapped.

Der Leeds East Airport Church Fenton ist ein britischer Flugplatz in North Yorkshire, England. Der frühere Militärflugplatz, die ehemalige Royal Air Force Station Church Fenton, kurz RAF Church Fenton liegt 7 km südöstlich Tadcasters und 10 km nordwestlich von Selby in der Nähe des Dorfes Church Fenton.


Background.

The Serpentine is an evolution of the skirt dance, a form of burlesque dance that had recently arrived in the United States from England. Skirt dancing was itself a reaction against "academic" forms of ballet, incorporating tamed-down versions of folk and popular dances like the can-can.  The new dance was originated by Loïe Fuller, who gave varying accounts of how she developed it. By her own account, which is widely reported, having never danced professionally before, she accidentally discovered the effects of stage light cast from different angles on the gauze fabric of a costume she had hastily assembled for her performance in the play "Quack M.D.", and spontaneously developed the new form in response to the audience's enthusiastic reaction upon seeing the way her skirt appeared in the lights. During the dance she held her long skirt in her hands, and waved it around, revealing her form inside. In the words of the dance historian Jack Anderson, "The costume for her "Serpentine Dance" consisted of hundreds of yards of China silk which she let billow around her while lighting effects suggested that it was catching fire and taking shapes reminiscent of flowers, clouds, birds, and butterflies."

Filmed versions.

The Serpentine Dance was a frequent subject of early motion pictures, as it highlighted the new medium's ability to portray movement and light. Two particularly well-known versions were "Annabelle Serpentine Dance" (1894), a performance by Broadway dancer Annabelle Whitford from Edison Studios, and a Lumière brothers film made in 1896. Many other filmmakers produced their own versions, distributing prints that had been hand-tinted to evoke (though not quite reproduce) the appearance of colored light projection.

The serpentine dance is a form of dance that was popular throughout the United States and Europe in the 1890s, becoming a staple of stage shows and early film.

Der Serpentinentanz ist ein Ende des 19. Jh. von der amerikanischen Tänzerin Loïe Fuller entwickelter Schleiertanz. Kennzeichnend für diesen Tanz ist das riesengroße Schleierkostüm aus leichtem Seidenstoff, welches die Tänzerin in immer neuen Wellen- und Spiralformen um ihren Körper schwingt.


Life.

Zahn was born as the son of Christian Karl Zahn and his wife Johanna Louise (née Jahreis). He attended school in Münchberg and later went to the vocational college in Hof, Bavaria. He started a course at the Technicum Mittweida in 1876, but did not complete his studies. He found work as a technician at the Stickmaschinenfabrik Kappel in 1882. He gained a fundamental knowledge of engineering there. However, he saw better opportunities of promotion at the Hilscher knitting and embroidery machine factory and moved to this company in 1894. Working with Max Hilscher, he registered his first two German patents in 1895. But he had already moved to Plauen to work at the "Vogtländische Maschinenfabrik (VOMAG)" in the following year. Following a three-year period in what was the world’s largest automated embroidery factory, Feldmühle AG in Rorschach in Switzerland, he returned to Plauen in 1900. VOMAG gave the gifted design engineer the creative freedom to boost his successful career. In 1904, when Zahn was already the deputy director of VOMAG, the supervisory board appointed him as the sole managing director. His many business trips not only generated orders, but also provided inspiration for improvements to VOMAG machines. Under his leadership, the company continued to expand its embroidery machines and web-fed printing press divisions.  Zahn was married to Luise Seidel in his first marriage. This marriage was dissolved in 1913. He then married his long-standing friend Paula Grabner in December in London. The two relationships produced four children: Hans, Friedrich, Walter and Erna. Zahn died very unexpectedly after an operation on his intestines in a Leipzig hospital on 21 January 1914. He was buried at the Leipziger Südfriedhof.

Achievements.

As a result of his work as a design engineer at the Kappel embroidery machine factory, Zahn was familiar with the technology of a shuttle embroidery machine operating according to the system introduced by Isaac Gröbli. During his time in Switzerland, he had got to know the further development work to produce automatic embroidery machines with a jacquard loom mechanism, which were controlled using a punched tape. At that time, the automatic machines were made in line with the patents of J. Arnold Gröbli, a son of Isaak Gröbli and brother of the mathematician Walter Gröbli, by Kursheedt Manufacturing Co. in the USA for the automated embroidery factory in Rorschach. As Zahn had successfully worked on optimising the Gröbli automatic embroidery machines in Switzerland, an exclusive licensing deal was signed between Feldmühle AG in Rorschach and VOMAG in Plauen in 1900 to manufacture automatic embroidery machines. This marked the start of the Plauen engineering company’s rise to become the world’s largest producer of embroidery machines.  At Zahn’s suggestion and in line with his outline sketches, a design team improved the Gröbli automatic machines with an associated embroidery punch machine in 1908. After the expiry of existing patents and licenses, VOMAG supplied a technically advanced automatic embroidery machine, which had been developed in-house, starting in 1910. The machine was marketed very successfully as the “Zahn system” and 2,000 of these machines were sold around the world in just 3 years. As an engineer, manager and director of VOMAG from 1904 onwards, Zahn had a major influence on the future direction of the Vogtland engineering company. Under his leadership, the firm perfected the construction of rotary printing press, a process started in 1899. VOMAG equipped the B.Z. am Mittag tabloid newspaper with what were the largest and fastest rotary printing presses at that time in 1908. The company presented the world’s first web-fed offset printing press. in 1912. The company also considered making trucks, but this only started in 1915.

Honours.

Münchberg honoured its important son with an information board on the house of his birth in 2015. The city of Plauen has named a street after Robert Zahn. The Embroidery Machine Museum, Plauen, also promotes the memory of Robert Zahn. There is still a working model that uses Zahn system there.

Robert Zahn (12 March 1861 in Münchberg– 21 January 1914 in Leipzig) was a German engineer and industrialist. Zahn started designing embroidery machines. As the director of the "Vogtländische Maschinenfabrik (VOMAG)" at a later stage, he played a major role in the technical perfection of the machines being produced there. The Plauen firm became one of the leading public limited companies in the engineering sector in Germany under his leadership.

Robert Zahn (* 12. März 1861 in Münchberg; † 21. Januar 1914 in Leipzig) war ein deutscher Ingenieur und Industrieller. Zahn begann mit der Konstruktion von Stickmaschinen. Als späterer Direktor der Vogtländischen Maschinenfabrik (VOMAG) hatte er wesentlichen Anteil an der technischen Vervollkommnung der hergestellten Maschinen. Unter seiner Leitung stieg das Plauener Unternehmen zu einer der führenden Maschinenbau-Aktiengesellschaften in Deutschland auf.


History.

The P80's development was led by a joint team of ESA, CNES and ASI since 2005, with Avio selected as the prime contractor. The first test of the P80 engine was completed at Guiana Space Centre in November 2006 followed by qualification tests in December 2007. The first launch was completed on 13 February 2012, with the first commercial launch following on 7 May 2012. Total development cost of the engine reached €76 million.

Overview.

P80 is a single monolithic solid rocket motor propelled by hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene which burns for 109.8 s and is jettisoned at an altitude of 61 km after achieving a relative speed of 1.7 km/s.  The engine shares specifications with Ariane 5 solid rocket boosters - it has the same 3 meter diameter and similar height to the largest segments of the booster. This allows using the same facilities and equipment at the Guiana Propellant Plant for loading the propellant and transporting the engine to the launch site. The nozzle of the P80 is also a direct evolution of the one used in Ariane 5 boosters.  The manufacture process is divided among several European companies. Italian Avio manufactures the main motor case loaded with fuel, performs integration of the components, and final testing. French-Italian Europropulsion manufactures the P80 motor while Regulus performs propellant loading. Aerospace Propulsion Products BV from Netherlands builds the igniter. Belgian SABCA produces components for thrust vectoring and the staging skirt. French Herakles manufactures the engine nozzle.

Related development.

The P120C a wider version of the engine with increased propellant mass to 143.6 tons, is in development for use as Ariane 6 boosters and Vega C first stage.

P80 is a solid-fuel first-stage rocket motor used on the European Space Agency Vega rocket (in the P80FW version). It is the world's largest and most powerful one-piece solid-fuel rocket engine.

Die P80 oder auch P80 FW ist ein Feststoff-Raketentriebwerk und erste Stufe der Rakete Vega der Europäischen Weltraumorganisation ESA. Sie ist eine der größten aus einem Stück bestehenden Feststoffraketen der Welt.


Early years.

The second son of an Italian-Jewish family, Zane was born in the Bronx, New York on September 26, 1948. Zane graduated from Binghamton University (SUNY) with a degree in theater and art history. Not long afterward, Zane began pursuing an interest in photography. Though he is best known for being a dancer and choreographer, Zane began his career as a photographer. Zane was immensely interested in the human body, particularly its gestures, its movement, and its essence. Critic Jeffrey Green has characterized Zane’s portraits as “breaking down boundaries of race and age”. Zane's exploration of these themes is evidenced in his famous pictorials of a dancing Bill T. Jones. He met Jones, the man who would later become his lifelong partner, while visiting his Alma mater. The story goes that the 22-year-old Zane was immediately enamored of Bill T. Jones (a freshman studying dance and theater at SUNY) when he spied him across campus in 1971. During that spring semester, Zane convinced Jones to travel to Amsterdam with him and explore their burgeoning romantic relationship. After living and working together in Amsterdam, Zane and Jones eventually returned to New York City.

Career in Dance and Choreography.

Zane’s interest in dance began when he and Jones took Lois Welk’s contact improvisation class at SUNY/Brockport. Welk’s improvisational workshop stressing the physical interdependence between dancers, fascinated Zane and sparked his passion for dance. The three (Zane, Jones, Welk) collaborated and formed the American Dance Asylum which was heavily influenced by the work of experimental dancers of the time, namely Yvonne Rainer and other members of Grand Union. Zane’s photographic interest in the body and his interest in visual design shaped his approach to choreography. Zane and Jones would utilize their physical differences (Zane was short and white, and moved with an agitated energy; Jones was tall and black, and moved with a generous grace) to create an image that was beautiful in its oddity. Their pieces would fuse Jones' power and grace with Zane’s quick and wiry movement. Indeed, the still pictures of their dances together are especially striking and memorable.  After touring internationally for two years as a modern dance duo with the American Dance Asylum, they formed the Bill T. Jones-Arnie Zane Company in 1982. The next year, their company would appear at the Next Wave festival at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Over the years, the Bill T. Jones-Arnie Zane company has garnered much admiration for its creation of its own brand of postmodern dance which has become known for energetic dances set to narrative texts and postmodern music.  Zane and Jones choreography often explored issues such as racism, religion, sexism, and the nuclear age. They created the trilogy "Monkey Run Road", "Blauvelt Mountain" (both 1979), and "Valley Cottage" (1980) (for which Helen Thorington composed the sound scores). In 1984, Zane and Jones achieved box office success and created "Secret Pastures". In "Secret Pastures", Zane played a mad scientist who creates a fabricated man (Jones). Zane and Jones also collaborated on "Ritual Ruckus (How to Walk an Elephant)" for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in 1985.

Awards.

Zane received his first award in the arts for photography when he received a Creative Artists Public Service (CAPS) Fellowship in 1973. He was also the recipient of a second CAPS Fellowship in 1981 for choreography, as well as two Choreographic Fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts (1983 and 1984). In 1980, Zane was co-recipient, with Bill T. Jones, of the German Critics Award for his work, "Blauvelt Mountain".

Death.

Zane died on March 30, 1988 at the age of 39 of AIDS-related lymphoma at his home in Valley Cottage, N.Y. Following his death, Jones choreographed "Absence", a piece that evoked the memory of his late lover and partner Arnie Zane. "Absence" addresses the varied feelings associated with mourning. After a 1989 performance of "Absence", writer Robert Jones described the piece as "a shimmering, ecstatic quality that was euphoric and almost unbearably moving." Tobi Tobias, dance critic for" New York", said that the work took "its shape from Zane's special loves: still images and highly wrought, emotion-saturated vocal music."

Arnie Zane (September 26, 1948 – March 30, 1988) was an American photographer, choreographer, and dancer. He is best known as the co-founder and co-artistic director of the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company.

Arnie Zane (* 26. September 1948 in New York City; † 30. März 1988) war ein US-amerikanischer Photograph, Choreograph und Tänzer.


Life.

Son of Rev. Temple Fiske Chevallier, rector of Badingham, Suffolk, of the Chevallier family of Aspall Hall, Chevallier was educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and was ordained a priest in 1820. He became a Fellow of Pembroke College in 1819. He was a Fellow and Tutor of Catharine Hall (St Catharine's College, Cambridge) in 1820 and Hulsean lecturer in Divinity from 1826 to 1827. He was curate and then vicar of St Andrew the Great, Cambridge.  His lectures were published as "Of the proofs of the divine power and wisdom derived from the study of astronomy" in 1835.  That same year, Chevallier was invited to become Professor of Astronomy at the newly founded University of Durham. A chair of Mathematics and Astronomy existed at the University of Durham between 1841–1871; Chevallier was the one to hold this post. He also served as Reader in Hebrew from 1835-1871, Registrar from 1835-1865, and from 1834-1835 also assisted with lectures in Divinity.  He was instrumental in establishing the Durham University Observatory (in 1839), serving as its Director for thirty years, and from which he made important observations of Jupiter's moons and regular meteorological observations. From 1835 until his death, he also served as perpetual Parish Priest at Esh, just outside Durham, where he founded the village school and restored the church.  After his resignation in 1871 from his academic posts following a stroke, he died on 4 November 1873.

Family.

Chevallier had married, in 1825, Catherine, daughter of American Loyalist Charles Apthorpe Wheelwright. She died in 1858. He had three children: Catherine Temple, Alicia Temple and Temple (who died as a child).

References.

Attribution:

Temple Chevallier FRAS (19 October 1794 in Badingham, Suffolk – 4 November 1873 in Harrow Weald) was a British clergyman, astronomer, and mathematician. Between 1847 and 1849, he made important observations regarding sunspots. Chevallier has been called "a remarkable Victorian polymath" (Kenworthy, 1994). Not only did he write many papers on astronomy and physics, he also published a translation of the Apostolic Fathers that went into a second edition, and translated the works of Clement of Alexandria, Polycarp and Ignatius of Antioch.

Temple Chevallier (* 19. Oktober 1794 in Badingham, Suffolk; † 4. November 1873 in Harrow Weald) war ein britischer Geistlicher, Mathematiker, Astronom und Philologe.


Education.

Dolan gained his degree in economics from Swansea University in 1989. His masters and doctorate on "Issues in the valuation of health outcomes" both came from University of York in 1991 and 1997 respectively.

Career.

Dolan has more than 100 peer-reviewed publications which cover many topics including behavioural science, subjective wellbeing, equity in health and health valuation. He currently holds the position of the Chief Academic Advisor on Economic Appraisal for the UK Government's Economic Service. He is also a member of National Academy of Sciences Panel on Wellbeing and of the Measuring National Wellbeing Advisory Forum. In addition he is a visiting Professor at Imperial College London and an associate of the Institute for Government.  He is an author of the "Mindspace" report published by the UK Cabinet Office which seeks to apply lessons from the psychological and behavioural sciences to social policy.  In 2013 Dolan appeared at the Hay Festival in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia and discussed the role of modern technology and happiness, as well as his work on experiences of purpose, attention, and happiness. He also gave the Queen's Lecture on "Happiness by Design" at the TU Berlin in November 2013. Dolan has also spoken at a variety of national and international meetings and conferences, and made numerous media appearances, such as on the BBC1 television programme Lose Weight for Love. He was listed by "The Times" newspaper as one of the world's greatest minds.  Happiness By Design  On 28 August 2014 Dolan published his book "Happiness by Design", with foreword by Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman. The theme of the book is using the tools of behavioural science to help promote individual happiness by reallocating attention. Dolan promoted this book in a talk at the Hay Festival on 30 May 2015. It was called "the book that will make you quit your job" in the New Statesman because of a story in the book illustrating the difference between two forms of happiness.

"Happy Ever After".

On 17 January 2019 Dolan published his book "Happy Ever After". It led to praise for being a passionate and provocative manifesto for a better society and criticism over disputed statistical analyses.  The theme of the book is using social science to interrogate popular narratives about what makes for a good life. The Times wrote that "Happy Ever After" contains "many surprising insights". The book draws on a variety of studies ranging over wellbeing, inequality and discrimination, and was described by The Guardian writer Oliver Burkeman as "one of the most rigorous articulations of the new mood of acceptance."  The book contained provocative claims about the association between marriage and happiness, suggesting that single women are happier than married women. In promoting the book, Dolan said, “Married people are happier than other population subgroups, but only when their spouse is in the room when they’re asked how happy they are. When the spouse is not present: f***ing miserable.” Economist Gray Kimbrough pointed out that this conclusion was based on a misunderstanding of the term “spouse present” in the American Time Use Survey, which doesn't mean "spouse not in the room" but rather "spouse not living in the household". Kimbrough also argued that Dolan's claims about how happiness correlates with men's and women's happiness were not supported by the data sources cited in the book. Vox highlighted the case as an example of “books by prestigious and well-regarded researchers go[ing] to print with glaring errors, which are only discovered when an expert in the field [...] gets a glance at them", noting that "books are not subject to peer review." Kimbrough pointed out "It's good this work was done using public data" so that other researchers could examine the evidence.  Dolan retracted his erroneous statement stemming from the “spouse present” misunderstanding, acknowledged it in a published response, and notified "The Guardian", which published a correction. In addition to this, he informed his editor so that the book could be revised. In his response, Dolan explained that, the coding error aside and with very important caveats around causality in mind, on the basis of his interpretation of the existing evidence "it still seems fair to say that men benefit more from marriage than women," adding that he respects that "other people can reach a different conclusion" from the evidence base. Dolan had previously said, "We do have some good longitudinal data following the same people over time, but I am going to do a massive disservice to that science and just say: if you're a man, you should probably get married; if you're a woman, don't bother."  Debate continued after Dolan's response, with a report by "The Globe and Mail" stating that Dolan's "most incendiary claims were based on a misreading of data." Later press focussed on the portions of the book about resilience.

Personal life.

In a profile of Dolan published in the Guardian on 22 November 2014, Dolan is quoted as saying: Dolan was the first in his family to go to university and grew up on a council estate in Hackney. One of his hobbies is bodybuilding.

Awards.

In 2002 he won the Philip Leverhulme Prize in economics for his contribution to health economics; in particular, for his work on QALYs (quality adjusted life years).

Paul Dolan (born 10 May 1968, in London), is Head of Department and Professor of Behavioural Science in Psychological and Behavioural Science at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is Director of the Executive MSc in Behavioural Science which began in September 2014. Dolan conducts research on the measurement of happiness, its causes and consequences, and the implications for public policy, publishing in both scholarly and popular outlets. He has previously held academic posts at York, Newcastle, Sheffield and Imperial and he has been a visiting scholar at Princeton University. He is the author of two popular press books: "Happiness by Design" and "Happy Ever After".""

Paul Dolan (* 10. Mai 1968 in London) ist ein britischer Psychologe. Er ist Professor am Institut "Psychological and Behavioural Science" der London School of Economics and Political Science, das er seit 2017 als Head of Department leitet.


Personal life.

Gaskill was born on February 2, 1892 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended St. John's School and Friends School in Pennsylvania. Gaskill's first music teacher was his mother, but he was later taught by private teachers.  Gaskill died on April 29, 1948 in New Brighton, New York.

Career.

At the age of 16, Gaskill was employed at a local theatre, working as a pianist. By the age of 21, he had founded his own music publishing firm.  During World War I, he served as a machine gunner. For his service, he earned the Purple Heart. Gaskill also entertained troops during the war, and even wrote the war song, "That's a Mother's Liberty Loan".  After the war was over, Gaskill toured vaudeville under the stage name, "Melody Monarch."  His first hit was in 1919, with the release of "I Love you Just the Same, Sweet Adeline". Two years later he joined the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Gaskill wrote the song, "Prisoner of Love" in 1932. It was re-recorded by various artists including, The Ink Spots, Billy Eckstine, and Perry Como. His song, "Doo-Wacka-Doo" (1921), capitalized on the "Hawaiian craze" popular during that time. The song was made famous by Paul Whiteman's orchestra.  Gaskill was employed by Irving and Jack Mills. He wrote music for "Earl Carroll's Vanities" (1925) and "Keep it Clean" (1929). Throughout his career he collaborated with various musicians, lyricists, and composers, including Jimmy McHugh, Irving Mills, Duke Ellington, Leo Robin, and Cab Calloway.  Because he was very knowledgeable about the music business and copyright laws, Gaskill was able to use that to his advantage. He claimed composer credit on Christmas songs and nursery rhymes like, "Jingle Bells", "Adeste Fideles", "The Farmer in the Dell", and "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star".

Clarence Gaskill (February 2, 1892 – April 29, 1948) was an American composer and lyricist active during the 1920s to early 1930s. His most well-known songs include, "Doo-Wacka-Doo" (1921). "I Can't Believe That You're in Love with Me" (1927), and "Prisoner of Love" (1932). His first hit came in 1919 with "I Love You Just the Same, Sweet Adeline".

Clarence Gaskill (* 2. Februar 1892 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; † 29. April 1947 in Fort Hill, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Liedtexter, Songwriter, Pianist und Musikverleger, zu dessen bekanntesten Songs „Minnie the Moocher“ (1929) und „Prisoner of Love“ (1931) gehören.


Biography.

Merafhe was born in Serowe in 1936. After receiving his secondary education at Moeng College, Merafhe joined the police and gradually rose through the ranks. In 1971 he became the commander of the Police Mobile Unit. When Botswana formed the Botswana Defense Force (BDF) in 1977, Merafhe was selected by President Sir Seretse Khama as its first commander.  Merafhe was a widely-respected commander of the BDF, working closely with his second-in-command Ian Khama to develop its ability to police the borders, deter poaching of the country's wildlife resources, and to establish an air arm. Due to his success in building up the nascent BDF into an effective and well-respected force, President Quett Masire decided to entice him into politics in 1989. Masire viewed Merafhe as a potential successor, but the former general's continued involvement in factional party infighting meant that he was bypassed for the vice presidency in 1992.  He was first elected to the Central Committee of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) in 1991 and remained on the body until ill-health forced his retirement in 2012. After being specially elected in 1989, Merafhe became the Member of Parliament for Mahalapye West in the 1994 election. He was elected for a third time in the October 2004 general election, receiving 5,429 votes against 1,664 for Abigail Mogalakwe of the Botswana National Front (BNF) and 975 for Thomas Ookeditse of the Botswana Congress Party (BCP). Besides serving as Foreign Minister, he also served a period as Minister of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration.  When Ian Khama took office as President on 1 April 2008, he appointed Merafhe as Vice-President. Merafhe was approved as Vice-President by Parliament on the same day, receiving 48 out of 56 votes, with no votes against, two spoiled votes, and six abstentions; he was immediately sworn in. The same day, Khama explained to the BDP caucus that he did not intend for Merafhe to ultimately succeed him as President; he envisioned eventually replacing Merafhe with another Vice-President who would in turn succeed Khama in 2018. Merafhe was not given a ministerial portfolio as Vice-President, although it was suggested that he might be tasked with project implementation across ministries.  Merafhe was married and had five children.  Following the second round of the Zimbabwean presidential election in June 2008, Merafhe said that the election was flawed and that Zimbabwe should be barred from participation in regional talks. On 22 July 2009, he was appointed to the BDP Central Committee by President Khama; he was one of five individuals appointed to that body by Khama.  Merafhe retired on 31 July 2012, and Ponatshego Kedikilwe was sworn in to succeed him as Vice-President on 1 August. He died on the morning of 7 January 2015 at the age of 78 after years of health complications.

Awards and Honours.

Botswana highest honour dubbed Naledi ya Botswana in 2011.

Mompati Sebogodi Merafhe (6 June 1936 – 7 January 2015) was a Botswana politician who was Vice-President of Botswana from 2008 to 2012. He was a retired Lieutenant-General and served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1994 to 2008.

Mompati Sebogodi Merafhe (* 6. Juni 1936 in Serowe, Betschuanaland; † 7. Januar 2015) war ein Generalleutnant und Politiker der Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) aus Botswana, der zwischen 1977 und 1989 Kommandeur der Botswana Defence Force, mehrmals Minister sowie 2008 bis 2012 Vizepräsident war.


Career.

Early life.

Goyder was born in Liverpool, England to Sarah and David George Goyder, the latter a Swedenborgian minister and physician. He moved to Glasgow with his family where he worked with an engineering firm and studied surveying. In 1848, at the age of 22, Goyder followed his sister and brother-in-law, George Galbraith MacLachlan (c. 1842 – 19 March 1873), to Sydney. He spent time working with an auctioneering firm and moved to Adelaide in 1851, obtaining work as a civil service draftsman.

Assistant to Surveyor-General.

Goyder was appointed Assistant Surveyor-General circa 1856. In this period he made many expeditions into the outback regions of South Australia, thinking that the water in lakes he saw at the time was fresh and permanent, rather than exceedingly erratic. He wrote many letters to newly established pastoralists who had moved into the arid regions for the state's north, and also surveyed the newly establishing mining industry in the Flinders Ranges.  In 1861 he was appointed Surveyor-General. His early years in the role were very difficult, especially his efforts to help establish settlement in the Northern Territory by supervising the establishment of the pastoral leaseholds that continue to the present day. Pastoralists were hit by a major drought in the middle of the decade and complained severely, with many forced to move even relatives away from their cattle stations by the end of 1865. Goyder was also faced with the despair of his wife, Frances Mary Smith, who suffered the loss of twins at birth during George's long travels in the outback.  Goyder resigned his position as Surveyor-General in 1894, completing a public service career that spanned 41 years.

Goyder's Line of rainfall.

Before the drought of the mid-1860s, wheat and barley growing had been spreading rapidly further north and the erroneous belief that rain would "follow the plow" led to the idea of cereal crops spreading up to the Northern Territory border.  However, the 1864–65 drought put paid, at least temporarily, to these ambitions. Goyder was, in the midst of his work in the pastoral zone, asked to do a report on the problem and his response was to find out how far south crop failure had been general. The northernmost point at which crops had not failed was marked as "Goyder's Line of Rainfall" and corresponds approximately to the 300-millimetre (12-inch) annual isohyet (figures vary from 250 to 350 millimetres in different publications).  Goyder recommended that farmers "not" attempt to farm cereal crops anywhere north of this line. The idea was quite contrary to beliefs widespread at the time and seen as ridiculous by many people in high places, yet it has been proven to be very wise by the many major droughts in the 140 years since, which have led to major losses by all graingrowers near to, or north of, the line.  Goyder's Line was first accepted significantly after a number of dry years in 1881–1882 and 1884–1886, though improved cultivation practices have allowed some expansion in the 1980s and 1990s, despite a couple of very severe droughts.

Survey of Palmerston.

Goyder was sent by the government of South Australia, (of which the Territory was then a part) to lay out the street plans for a capital to be named Palmerston. The site was chosen for its exceptionally good water supply, and potential for easy communication with the rest of the continent through land or sea transportation. The site was chosen after Finniss's choice at Escape Cliffs had been rejected.  With the incentive of a £3,000 bonus, "Little Energy" as he was praisingly nicknamed and his team of around 128 men left Port Adelaide on the "Moonta" 27 December 1868 and dropped anchor in Darwin Harbour on 5 February 1869. He selected the site on Fort Point near Port Darwin, and nearby townships to be named Daly, Southport and Virginia. They began the work in 1869, completing all four in 18 months. Goyder returned on the "Gulnare" to Adelaide in November 1869 with around thirty men, the greater part of his party returning in October 1870, though many (Dr. Robert Peel, George MacLachlan, John Packard, Alfred and Frederick Schultze included) remained to fill positions in the town. Others, including Dan Daly and Paul Foelsche, were to return within a few years.  Among the 100-odd members of Goyder's expedition were: G. S. Aldridge, J. H. Aldridge, George A. Armstrong, Job Austin, W. Barlow, R. W. Barrow, Tom Bee, David L. Beetson, J. W. O. Bennett, Michael Bennett, Edwin S. Berry, Henry S. Bosworth, John Sherlock Brooking, Joseph Brooks, Philip H. Burden, William Collett, Daniel Dominick Daly, Henry Edwards, W. Fisher, Paul Foelsche, Michael Francis, J. W. Gepp, John Gerald, Christopher Giles, William Guy, W. Hardy, William Harvey, Richard Hinton, W(illiam) Webster Hoare (assistant to Dr. Peel), W. Holland, Richard A. Horn, Thomas S. Horn, W. Howe, sen., C. N. Greene, George Hughes, George Kersley, S. King, R. R. Knuckey, J. M. Lambell, C. Laycock, J. Loudon, R. J. Loveday, A. L. McKay, George MacLachlan, Gilbert R. McMinn, A. E. Millaw, C. Miller, W. W. Mills, A. J. Mitchell, W. Charles Musgrave, H. Nottage, H. D. Packard, John H. Packard, Dr. R. Peel, G. Richards, J. Le M. F. Roberts, W. Rowe, Alfred Schultze, Frederick Schultze, A. H. Smith, E. M. Smith, C. Spencely, C. W. Sprigg, A. J. Thomas, J. M. Thomas, Charles Frederick Wells, and A. T. Woods, Ned & John Ryan (SA Govt Surveyors), most of whom are commemorated in the names of Darwin streets and outlying localities.  The Overland Telegraph was landed there from England (via present-day Indonesia) soon afterwards, and commenced operation in 1872. In 1911 Palmerston was renamed Darwin, but the name Palmerston was resurrected around 1980 for Darwin's satellite city to the south.

Personal life.

He married Frances Mary Smith on 10 December 1851 at Christ Church, North Adelaide, and had nine children with her. Frances died on 8 April 1870 and George married her sister Ellen Priscilla Smith, who had been looking after the children, on 20 November 1871. With Ellen, George had three children, a son and twin daughters. Goyder led an austere and disciplined life, and this was reflected in his strict treatment of subordinates – though he was always regarded as fair to those he advised in spite of many complaints by farmers and graziers. By the late 1880s, however, Goyder's health was declining and, with no improvement in sight, he resigned the post of Surveyor-General at the end of 1893. He died at his home "Warrakilla", at Mylor near Aldgate in the Adelaide Hills on 2 November 1898 and was buried in the Stirling District Cemetery.

Legacy.

Goyder Road in Darwin is named for him, and many others of the party are similarly honoured. Also named for him are a large river in Arnhem Land and electorates in both the Northern Territory and South Australia. Mount Woodroffe, the highest peak in South Australia at is named after him (George Woodroffe Goyder)  Goyder's name has also been given to a species of grasswren "Amytornis goyderi" (Gould 1875), a district council, an electorate, the new pavilion at the Royal Adelaide Showgrounds, several streets, a park and the Goyder Institute for Water Research.  and of course Goyder's Line of rainfall

George Woodroffe Goyder (24 June 1826 – 2 November 1898) was a surveyor in the Colony of South Australia during the latter half of the nineteenth century.

George Woodroffe Goyder (* 24. Juni 1826 in Liverpool; † 2. November 1898 in Adelaide) war ein australischer Geodät und Leiter der Vermessungsbehörde, die 1869 Darwin gründete.


Characteristics.

The price of an expansion pack is usually much less than that of the original game. As expansion packs consist solely of additional content, most require the original game in order to play. Games with many expansions often begin selling the original game with prior expansions, such as "The Sims Deluxe Edition" ("The Sims" with ""). These bundles make the game more accessible to new players. When games reach the end of their lifespan, the publisher often releases a 'complete' or 'gold' collection which includes the game and all its subsequent expansions.

Stand-alone expansion packs.

Some expansion packs do not require the original game in order to use the new content, as is the case with "", "" or "Sonic & Knuckles". The same art and sound and code is used from the original game, and it takes place in the same active story as the original. In some cases, a stand-alone expansion such as "", or "" includes the original game.

Console game expansion packs.

Expansion packs are most commonly released for PC games, but are becoming increasingly prevalent for video game consoles, particularly due to the popularity of downloadable content. The increasing number of multi-platform games has also led to the release of more expansion packs on consoles, especially stand-alone expansion packs (as described above). "", for example, requires the original "" to play on the PC, but Xbox 360 versions of both the original "Tiberium Wars" and "Kane's Wrath" are available, neither of which require one another.  "" was the first expansion pack released for the PlayStation. The game required the player to insert the "London" disc, remove it, insert the original "Grand Theft Auto" disc, remove it, then insert the "London" media again in order to play.  "Sonic & Knuckles" for the Mega Drive/Genesis was unusual in that it functioned as both a stand-alone cartridge and as an expansion pack for both "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" and "Sonic the Hedgehog 3".

Collectible card game expansions.

Collectible card games, or CCGs for short, are typically released as expansion sets, composed of booster packs. CCGs may be referred to as "living" or "dead", and living CCGs are routinely published with supplementary expansions. CCGs generally don't have a core set that is reprinted indefinitely, instead, they are retired and replaced with new expansions on a quarterly or bi-annual basis. Expansions usually introduce new rules, or game mechanics, expanding the games library of cards and rules set.

An expansion pack, expansion set, supplement, or simply expansion is an addition to an existing role-playing game, tabletop game, video game or collectible card game. These add-ons usually add new game areas, weapons, objects, characters, or an extended storyline to an already-released game. While board game expansions are typically designed by the original creator, video game developers sometimes contract out development of the expansion pack to a third-party company, it may choose to develop the expansion itself, or it may do both. Board games and tabletop RPGs may have been marketing expansions since the 1970s, and video games have been releasing expansion packs since the 1980s, early examples being the "Dragon Slayer" games "" and "Sorcerian". Other terms for the concept are module and, in certain games' marketing, adventure.

Ein Erweiterungspack bzw. eine Erweiterung (englisch Add-on, Expansion, oder Expansion Pack) für ein Computerspiel ist ein installierbares Paket mit Zusatzinhalten für ein bestehendes (Haupt-)Spiel.