Early years and education.

Lewis was born on February 1, 1801, in Spartanburg County, South Carolina. He lost his father at an early age, but his mother arranged for the child to receive a proper education. He attended Cedar Springs Academy, and then studied medicine under Richard Harris of Greenville.He subsequently established a medical practice in Spartanburg.

Politics and religious conversion.

At the age of 29, Lewis was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives, and served one term 1830-1831. It was shortly thereafter that Lewis became caught up in a wave of religious fervor that was said to be sweeping through South Carolina at that time. In 1832, Lewis became an ordained Baptist minister and preached near Greenville for a number of years. It was during this time (1835) that Lewis married Maria Earle. Over the course of their marriage, the couple had seven children. Around 1840, Lewis moved to Canton, Georgia, then nothing more than a wilderness community, to preach in an established church, while organizing several more. The First Baptist Church of Canton, Georgia records his tenure there as a period of "twelve years", although the dates given are 1841-1855.

Business ventures and association with Governor Brown.

Lewis began buying land, building iron furnaces, and improving roads leading to or crossing his property. Having established himself as a successful businessman, Lewis was elected as a Democrat to the Georgia State Senate in 1845 and served one term. Shortly after that, the prosperous Lewis family took in a boarder who was studying law. The boarder reciprocated by tutoring the Lewis children, before borrowing money from Lewis so that he could finish his education at Yale Law School. The law student was Joseph E. Brown who later became Governor of Georgia. In 1858, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to the position of Superintendent of the state-owned Western and Atlantic Railroad. The railroad was in financial straits, requiring the same strict economic controls Lewis had practiced in his private businesses. In the three years that Lewis ran the railroad, he was able to turn the business into a money making enterprise, paying $400,000 per year into the state treasury. But in 1861 Lewis decided to resign from the railroad. The timing could not have been worse, coming at a time when Governor Brown was seeking reelection. Fearing that Lewis' resignation would be interpreted negatively, the governor requested that Lewis keep the resignation a secret. But the resignation letter was leaked to the press, causing a rift between the two old friends. Brown wrote to Lewis saying "I did not deserve this at your hands, and I confess I felt it keenly...I do not attribute improper motives, but only say the coincidence was an unfortunate one for me". The two friends eventually smoothed over the incident, and Govern Brown was subsequently re-elected. On April 7, 1862, months after Lewis left the railroad, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to a vacant seat in the Confederate Senate from Georgia in the 1st Confederate States Congress, 1862-1863. Robert Toombs, former Confederate States Secretary of State, had created the vacancy when he declined his election at the Congress's opening session on February 18.

Death.

John Wood Lewis Sr. died on July 11, 1865, in Canton, Georgia, and was buried in Riverview Cemetery.

John Wood Lewis Sr. (February 1, 1801 – July 11, 1865) was an American politician and physician who represented Georgia in the Confederate States Senate from 1862 to 1863.

John Wood Lewis (* 1. Februar 1801 im Spartanburg County, South Carolina; † 11. Juli 1865 in Canton, Georgia) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Er vertrat den Staat Georgia während des Sezessionskrieges als Senator im Konföderiertenkongress.


Life.

Henschen was born at Venray, Limburg, in the Low countries. He was the son of Henry Henschen, a cloth merchant, and Sibylla Pauwels. He studied the humanities at the Jesuit college of Bois-le-Duc (today the town of's-Hertogenbosch) and entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Mechlin on 22 October 1619. He taught successively Greek, poetry and rhetoric at Bergues, Bailleul, Ypres, and Ghent. He was ordained a priest on 16 April 1634, sent to the professed house at Antwerp the following year, and admitted to the profession of the four Jesuit vows on 12 May 1636.

Career.

Henschen had been a pupil of Jean Bolland. From the time of his arrival in the city he was associated as a collaborator with Bolland, who was then preparing the first volumes of the "Acta Sanctorum". Bolland had asked for an assistant, a request supported by the abbot of Liessies Abbey, Antoine de Wynghe. In 1635 Henschen was assigned to start work on the February saints, while Bolland gave himself to the preparing the material for January. It was Henschen who, by his commentary on the "Acts of St. Amand", suggested to Bolland the course to follow, and gave to the work undertaken by his mentor its definitive form. After fourteen years of work, the two volumes for January were printed in Antwerp in 1643 and greeted with enthusiasm by scholars.  Work on the January volume was done in two garrets where Bolland kept his papers and books. As climbing the steep steps began to prove difficult, he asked for and obtained the use of a vacant room on the second floor, which later became the Bollandist Museum. The three volumes for February were released in 1658, and was equally well received.  In 1660, at Bolland's direction, Henschen and Daniel van Papenbroek journeyed to Rome collecting ancient documents for their studies along the way. They stayed in Rome for nine months and returned by way of France (22 July 1660 – 21 December 1662). The five or six copyists placed at their disposal were kept constantly busy during the nine months they were in Rome in transcribing manuscripts according to their directions, and this occupation was continued by them a long time after the Bollandists departure. Their stay at Paris extended over three months, every moment of which time they spent in transcribing and collating, besides enlisting the services of several copyists during the entire time. Upon their return, they learned that Bolland had died, at which point he and Papenbroek began to lead the project. He was the first librarian of the "Museum Bollandianum" at Antwerp.  Henschen continued to work on the "Acta Sanctorum" up to the time of his death.  In total Henschen collaborated on the volumes for January, February, March, and April, and on the first six volumes for May, that is on seventeen volumes of the "Acta Sanctorum". Several of his posthumous commentaries appeared in the succeeding volumes. A list of some other works from his pen will be found in Augustin de Backer's "Bibliothèque des escrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus".  He died at Antwerp, aged 80, in 1681.

Godfrey Henschen (also "Henskens" or Godefridus Henschenius in Latin), 21 June 1601 – 11 September 1681, was a Belgian Jesuit hagiographer, one of the first Bollandists.

Godefroid Henschen oder Godefridus Henschenius (* 21. Januar 1600 in Venray; † 12. September 1682 in Antwerpen) war ein Jesuit und Mitherausgeber der Acta Sanctorum.


Biography.

Ismail communicated his ideas mainly through the newspaper "Tercüman" he founded in 1883, which existed till 1918. In his publications he called for unity and solidarity among the Turkic peoples and advocated their modernization through Europeanization. Ismail believed that the only way for modernization was through education. He widely advocated for the introduction of an education reform, and criticized the traditional education system in Muslim schools focusing much on religion and devised a new method of teaching children how to read effectively in their mother tongue and introduced curricular reforms.  He supported the creation of a common literary language and therefore developed a "pan-Turkic" language, a simplified form of Turkish omitting words imported from Arabic and Persian, which was intended to be understood by "the boatman of the Bosphorus and by the camel driver of Kashgar." The "Tercümen" had suscriptors in the Caucasus, amongst Muslims in the Russian Empire, Egypt and Iran.  In his 1881 book "Russian Muslims" he wrote:  ""Our ignorance is the main reason for our backward condition. We have no access at all to what has been discovered and to what is going on in Europe. We must be able to read in order to overcome our isolation; we must learn European ideas from European sources. We must introduce into our primary and secondary schools subjects that will permit our pupils to have such access"".  Ismail also initiated a new journal for women, "Alem-i Nisvan" (World of Women), edited by his daughter Şefiqa, as well as a publication for children, "Alem-i Subyan" (World of Children). Ismail was one of the founders of Union of Muslims ("İttifaq-i Müslimin"), created in St.Petersburg in January 1906 and uniting members of intelligentsia from various Muslim Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire. He was also one of the main organizers of the first All-Russian Muslim congresses, aimed at introducing social and religious reforms among the Muslim peoples of Russia.  He also inspired the movement known as Jadidism. In 1912, Gasprinski visited British India.

Ismail Gaspirali (also written as Gasprinskiy and Gasprinskii:, ; – ) was a Crimean Tatar intellectual, educator, publisher and Pan-Turkist politician who inspired the Jadidist movement in Central Asia. He was one of the first Muslim intellectuals in the Russian Empire, who realized the need for education and cultural reform and modernization of the Turkic and Islamic communities. His last name comes from the town of Gaspra in Crimea.

İsmail Gasprinski auch İsmail Gaspıralı (* 21. März 1851 Dorf Avci bei Bachtschyssaraj; † 24. September 1914 in Bachtschyssaraj) war ein berühmter krimtatarischer Intellektueller, Pädagoge, Verleger und Politiker. Er war einer der ersten muslimischen Intellektuellen im Russischen Reich, der erkannte, dass es einen Bedarf an Erziehung, kulturellen Reformen und Modernisierung der türkischen und muslimischen Gemeinschaften gab. Sein Nachname leitet sich von der Stadt Gaspra auf der Krim ab.


Etymology.

In Halq'eméylem, the language of the communities around Chilliwack and Sardis, "Tcil'Qe'uk" means "valley of many streams". It also lends its name to the Chilliwack River, and group of aboriginal people, the Ts'elxweyeqw. The spelling of Chilliwack is sometimes a matter of confusion. Prior to the amalgamation of the City of Chilliwack and the Municipality of Chilliwhack, there were two different spellings. When amalgamated, the current spelling of the city was adopted. Anglicized spellings include "Chilliwhyeuk" and other versions closer to the original Halq'eméylem.

History.

The archeological record shows evidence of people in the Fraser Valley, or "S'ólh Téméxw", 10,000 years ago. Permanent structures in the Chilliwack area date from around 5,000 years ago. It is estimated that at the time of the first contact with Europeans, there were as many as 40,000 people living within Stó:lō territory.  By 1859, over 40,000 gold miners had trekked to the goldfields, most travelling through the Chilliwack area. By the mid-1860s, several farms had grown up around the steamboat landings on the Fraser River called Miller's Landing, Minto Landing, Sumas Landing and Chilliwack Landing.  The Township of Chilliwack was incorporated in 1873, the third municipality in British Columbia. The initial settlement was along the Fraser River at Chilliwack Landing. Steamboats were the main mode of transportation, carrying goods and passengers between Chilliwack and New Westminster. After the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885, many residents began to cross the Fraser River at Minto Landing to catch the train at Harrison Mills.  With little room for expansion along the river, the commercial area of the town moved south to the junction of the New Westminster-Yale Wagon Road, Wellington Avenue and Young Road, called "Five Corners". A large subdivision called Centreville was built in 1881. The name "Centreville" was replaced In 1887 by the more popular "Chilliwack." The area was incorporated in 1908 as a separate municipality, the City of Chilliwack. The city and the township co-existed for 72 years. In 1980, they merged to form the District of Chilliwack. The District of Chilliwack became the City of Chilliwack in early 1999.

Geography.

Chilliwack is located in the Upper Fraser Valley, 100 kilometres (60 mi) east of Vancouver on the Trans-Canada Highway. The city is bounded on the north by the Fraser River, and on the south by the Canada-United States border.  Chilliwack is surrounded by tall mountain peaks, such as Mount Cheam and Slesse Mountain, and large rivers (the Fraser and Vedder).

Geology.

The Chilliwack Batholith is a large batholith that forms much of the North Cascades in southwestern British Columbia, Canada and the U.S. state of Washington.  The geological structure is primarily named after the City of Chilliwack, where it is the most notable geological feature.  The Chilliwack Batholith is part of the Pemberton Volcanic Belt and is the largest mass of exposed intrusive rock in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. The age of the Chilliwack batholith ranges from 26 to 29 million years old.  In 2013, "Maclean's" reported that, with an average annual temperature of 10.5 °C, Chilliwack is the warmest city in Canada.

Cityscape.

The city is made up of several amalgamated villages and communities. The urban core has a decidedly north-south axis bisected by the Trans-Canada Highway. The city is bounded in the north by the Fraser River, in the east by the Eastern Hillsides, in the south by the Canada–US border, and in the west by the Vedder Canal. With 939 farms on approximately of dedicated farmland, farming is essential to the city's identity.

Neighbourhoods.

Neighbourhoods on the north side.

Also referred to as "Chilliwack Proper Village West", the north side covers the area from the Trans-Canada Highway in the south, to the Fraser River in the north, and includes the communities of Camp River, Chilliwack Mountain, Downtown Chilliwack, East Chilliwack, Fairfield Island, Rosedale and Popkum. Downtown Chilliwack is the historical urban centre of the city. Several cultural attractions, such as the Prospera Centre, Chilliwack Cultural Centre and the Eagle Landing Shopping Centre are located there, as well as key government buildings, such as city hall, FVRD offices, and the Provincial Court of British Columbia.

Neighbourhoods on the south side.

The south side includes the communities of Atchelitz, Cultus Lake Park, Greendale, Ryder Lake, Sardis, Promontory Heights, Vedder Crossing, and Yarrow. Sardis is the urban core of the south side and is a popular shopping destination.

Arts and culture.

Chilliwack is known for its locally-grown corn. From June until September the farmers take advantage of the sunny weather and produce up to two crops of corn for both human consumption as well as for cattle feed.  The Book Man used bookstore is the second-largest in the Province of British Columbia.

Music.

Chilliwack has an active rock music scene, centring mostly around young ska and punk rock bands. Bands originating in Chilliwack include: These Kids Wear Crowns, Mystery Machine, and The Darkest of the Hillside Thickets.  Chilliwack also has a thriving classical music community, featuring the Chilliwack Symphony Orchestra and the Chilliwack Metropolitan Orchestra.  The drumline from Sardis Secondary School played at several venues during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.  Chilliwack also offers many other community events and classes throughout the year. The Downtown Chilliwack Business Improvement Association hosts free concerts and activities in the downtown core each Friday evening during the months of July and August, called "Party in the Park". "Music and More" is another free summer event that takes place each Wednesday throughout July and August, with kids' activities at noon and concerts in the evening. This event is presented by numerous local arts groups working together, and the Chilliwack Community Arts Council. Another annual event that is a corn maze, where the public is invited to roam in the farmers' fields when the crops of corn are at their highest.  Despite their name, the band Chilliwack actually formed and is based, in nearby Vancouver.

Performing arts.

The Chilliwack Cultural Centre is a performing arts venue located in downtown Chilliwack. The building is home to the Chilliwack Players' Guild (the resident theatre company), as well as the Chilliwack Academy of Music.  The UFV Theatre is a 206-seat thrust stage venue belonging to the University of the Fraser Valley (UFV) Theatre Department. UFV produces three or four mainstage shows each year, as well as the annual Directors' Festival featuring student directors and performers from UFV, Capilano University, Thompson Rivers University, University of Victoria, UBC and Douglas College.  The Chilliwack School of Performing Arts provides pre-professional training in acting, singing and dancing to children ages 3–18 at the North Campus of the University of the Fraser Valley. The mainstage show performs a two-week run every January at the Chilliwack Cultural Centre, and a Spring Festival featuring performances from many age groups at the UFV Theatre in late May. Programs at the Chilliwack Performing Arts can be registered for at. Many different programs are available, including a Junior Musical Theatre and Summer Break Camps.

Festivals.

Annual events and festivals include:  Chilliwack Times published its final edition on December 28, 2016.

Sports.

The British Columbia Hockey League's Chilliwack Chiefs, play at the Chilliwack Coliseum. The team used to be the Quesnel Millionaires. The franchise was purchased and moved to Chilliwack by the Chiefs Development group. They started in the BCHL's Interior Conference for the 2011/2012 BCHL Season. While the original Junior "A" team, the Chilliwack Chiefs, plays in Langley, British Columbia, as the Langley Rivermen (the Chiefs Development Group sold their interest in the Langley Chiefs but retained the 'Chiefs' name and history). The Western Hockey League's Chilliwack Bruins used to play at the Prospera Centre. The expansion franchise began to play in 2006 and ended when the team was sold at the end of the 2011 season. It became the Victoria Royals WHL hockey team in 2011.  Community sports include hockey, lacrosse, softball, soccer, football, baseball, field hockey and swimming. The Canadian Junior Football League's Chilliwack Huskers play at Exhibition Stadium.  Chilliwack Turbo Fastball club won the 1997 Canadian Jr. Men's National Championships. In 2013 the team was an inaugural induction into the Chilliwack Sports Hall of Fame.  Chilliwack's minor baseball Cougars were the 2006 Western Canadian tier 2 champions.  Chilliwack Cougars College Prep Baseball Team won the Provincial Championship in 2016,2017 and 2019. Most recent title against the Ridge Meadows Royals  Chilliwack hosted the 2007-2008 Synchronized Skating Canadian Championships at the Prospera Centre.  Chilliwack Minor Hockey Association was organized in 1958 with the opening of the Chilliwack Coliseum.

Climate.

The climate is typical oceanic (Köppen: "Cfb") but with some influence of the land mass being some distance from the sea, similar to Orléans, France (although the former has a precipitation more than twice as long and with a tendency towards the Mediterranean pattern). Chilliwack's mild climate with limited extremes provides excellent growing conditions for a wide variety of crops and agricultural products. In fact, when averaged from 1981 to 2010, Chilliwack had one of the warmest mean temperatures for any city in Canada. The highest temperature recorded in Chilliwack was on Aug 10, 1898. The lowest recorded temperature was on Jan 31, 1929. Precipitation falls mostly as rain, with snow limited to the surrounding mountains, except for two or three weeks per year generally in December or January. In 2013, Maclean's wrongly reported that with an average annual temperature of 10.5 °C, Chilliwack is the warmest city in Canada. The actual warmest city in Canada is Victoria, with an average annual temperature of. In Chilliwack, snow is most likely to fall from Oct 31 to April 1.  Chilliwack receives nearly the same number of days of precipitation (184.6 days at greater than 0.2 mm) as comparable local communities nearer Vancouver such as Maple Ridge (185.8 days) and the City of Mission (186.0 days) (Environment Canada Statistics). Summers in Chilliwack are usually sunny and warm, with long days (light out until well after 10 pm in June with dusk that lasts for hours) and with occasional stretches of heat where temperatures rise above.  Due to its location at the eastern end of the Fraser Valley, there has been some debate about preserving Chilliwack's air quality. However, the 2011 World Health Organization's study of air quality shows that Chilliwack enjoys air quality among the best in the world. For PM (10 μm) size particulates, Canada averaged third best in the world (along with Australia) at an average of 13 micrograms per cubic metre. The City of Chilliwack and the Greater Vancouver Regional District were tied at a low 8.0 MPCM. For smaller particulate of 2.5 μm size (PM), "the City of Chilliwack averaged 4.9 micrograms per cubic metre. Vancouver also had 4.9, Calgary had 5.6, Winnipeg had 5.6, Toronto had 7.9, Montreal had 11.2 and Sarnia had 12.7."

Economy.

Chilliwack is part of the Lower Mainland-Southwest economic region. Chilliwack's service and retail sectors account for approximately 50% of GDP. Other growing industries include manufacturing accounting for 13%, construction at 8% and agriculture and forestry at 5% of Chilliwack's GDP.

Canadian Forces Base Chilliwack.

Second World War.

CFB Chilliwack was established in 1941 as Camp Chilliwack following Canada's entry into the Second World War in 1939. After the outbreak of the Pacific War the camp was expanded to garrison Canadian Army units for the defence of Canada's West Coast. The base was also a training facility: 112 Canadian Army Basic Training Centre and A6 Canadian Engineering Training Centre were housed at Chilliwack until the war's end in 1945.

1945–1997.

During the Cold War, the base was used as a permanent training facility and the garrison for the Canadian Army units of British Columbia. The base housed the Royal Canadian School of Military Engineering, formerly A6 Canadian Engineering Training Centre and 58 Field Engineer Squadron which was transferred from CFB Esquimalt on Vancouver Island.  Following the unification of the Canadian forces in 1968, the base was renamed Canadian Forces Base Chilliwack (CFB Chilliwack). The base housed the following units:  In 1994, the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry 3rd Battalion (3PPCLI) was transferred from CFB Esquimalt to CFB Chilliwack, the last unit to be transferred to the base.  Due to Department of National Defence cutbacks at the end of the Cold War, the base was closed in 1997. CFOCS was transferred to Area Support Unit St-Jean in Quebec (ASU St-Jean), CFSME transferred to CFB Gagetown, 3PPCLI and 1CER were transferred to CFB Edmonton.

Legacy.

Part of CFB Chilliwack became a residential subdivision known as Garrison Crossing, and its training facilities became the Canada Education Park, a campus for a number of post-secondary schools. The Chilcotin Training Area, better known as Area C, is still operational and is part of the Western Area Training Centre (WATC). Area C is used by the Primary Reserves units of British Columbia for field training and for the use of its firing ranges. The ASU is also used by Cadets for field training. The ASU also houses supply depots for the Canadian Army units of 39 Canadian Brigade Group and the cadet units of BC. The old quartermaster warehouse is now the Canadian Military Education Centre Museum.

Transportation.

Airports.

Vancouver International Airport is located about from downtown Chilliwack and has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, and Mexico, and other airports within Canada. Abbotsford International Airport is located about west of Downtown Chilliwack and offers scheduled service to Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto and Victoria, where passengers can connect to anywhere. Chilliwack Airport is a small regional airport located in Downtown Chilliwack. It has of paved and lit runway that includes a parallel taxiway. Approximately 70% of the estimated 60,000 annual air traffic movements are itinerant traffic that consists of both pilot training and recreational flights from all around BC and south of the border.

Bicycle lanes.

There are about of bike lanes throughout the city with additional lanes being added every year.

Highways.

A four-lane to six-lane expressway from Horseshoe Bay to Hope runs through Chilliwack on the Lower Mainland section of the Trans-Canada Highway.  The Agassiz-Rosedale Highway is a north-south route in the eastern part of Chilliwack that acts as the last connection between Highways 1 and 7 eastbound before Hope, and is the main access to the resort village of Harrison Hot Springs. The highway first opened in 1953, originally going between Yale Road in Rosedale and Highway 7, with a ferry across the Fraser River. A bridge replaced the ferry in 1956. When the section of Highway 1 east of Chilliwack opened in 1961, Highway 9 was extended south to a junction with the new Highway 1 alignment, which replaced Yale Road as the main route between Chilliwack and Hope.

Mass transit.

Chilliwack Transit System consists of a fleet of 9 buses that operate along regularly scheduled routes throughout the metropolitan area.

Rail.

Chilliwack Railway Station

Education.

Post-secondary.

Canada Education Park (CEP) is a campus in the Vedder Crossing neighbourhood on the south side of Chilliwack that houses several post-secondary institutions, including the University of the Fraser Valley, the RCMP Pacific Region Training Centre, and the Justice Institute of British Columbia.  The University of the Fraser Valley (UFV) is the largest post-secondary school in Chilliwack, and the seventh largest in British Columbia in terms of full-time enrollment. It offers master's degrees, bachelor's degrees, associate degrees, diplomas, certificates and citations across a range of programs in fine arts, humanities, science, social sciences, applied communication, business, nursing, as well as technical and trade programs. Its campuses are located in Abbotsford, Chilliwack, Hope and Mission.

Public.

The "Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique" operates one Francophone school: "école La Vérendrye" primary school.

Chilliwack () is the 7th-largest city in British Columbia by metropolitan area, with 101,512 people. Historically an agricultural community, most of its residents are now city-dwellers. Chilliwack is the seat of the Fraser Valley Regional District and its second largest city. This city is surrounded by mountains and recreational areas such as Cultus Lake and Chilliwack Lake Provincial Parks. It is located 102 kilometres (63 miles) southeast of Vancouver. There are many outdoor activities in the area, including hiking, horseback riding, archery, biking, camping, fishing, golf and paragliding.

Chilliwack ist eine Stadt in der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia. Die Stadt liegt rund 100 Kilometer östlich von Vancouver in den Lower Mainlands im Fraser Valley Regional District.


Early life.

Hébert was born on December 12, 1818 about five miles south of Plaquemine in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. He graduated first in his class at Jefferson College in Convent, in 1836. He then attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated at the top of his class in 1840. He was a classmate of American Civil War Generals William T. Sherman, George H. Thomas, Richard S. Ewell, Bushrod Johnson. The following year he was a professor of engineering at West Point. In 1842, Hébert married Marie Coralie Wills Vaughn, the daughter of a sugar planter. They had five children.

State engineer.

In 1845, Hébert resigned from the army after being appointed Chief Engineer of the State of Louisiana by Governor Alexandre Mouton. He was reappointed by Governor Isaac Johnson in 1846, but he resigned in March, 1847 to fight in the Mexican–American War.

Mexican–American War.

On March 3, 1847, Hébert accepted a commission as a lieutenant colonel of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment, and then on April 9, 1847 he was transferred to the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment. As a lieutenant colonel of the U.S. 14th Infantry Regiment he fought at Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and Mexico City. At Molino del Rey he was honored by General Winfield Scott and was brevetted a Colonel for bravery. He was cited for gallantry at Chapultepec and Mexico City. Discharged on July 25, 1848, in New Orleans, Colonel Hébert entered politics.

Political career.

He ran as a Democrat for the State Senate in 1849. He lost the election by nine votes. Following this he returned to his sugar plantation in Iberville. In 1851, Governor Joseph Marshall Walker appointed Hébert a delegate to the Industrial Exhibition in London.  The next year, a division among Iberville Parish Whigs gave him a seat at the 1852 Louisiana Constitutional Convention which adopted a new state constitution that was strongly pro-Whig. As a result, Governor Walker resigned early and an election was called. Since John Slidell, the leader of one faction of Louisiana Democrats was focusing on his campaign for the U.S. Senate, the Democrats turned to Hébert as their nominee for governor. He campaigned against some features of the new constitution, called for internal improvements, reform of the state militia, a banking system by general laws and redemption in specie or all paper money. Running against Judge Bordelon, a Whig from St. Landry Parish, Hébert garnered 17,334 votes to Bordelon's 15,781.

Term as governor.

Hébert took the oath as Governor and guided the legislature towards improvements in water commerce and railroad construction. He also established the Louisiana Seminary of Learning at Alexandria which would later become Louisiana State University. Hébert also instituted a state library, reorganized the militia, improved Charity Hospital and organized the efforts against yellow fever of 1853.  Nationalism and the rise of the Know Nothing Party or American Party was a feature of Louisiana politics in the 1850s. Whig newspapers tried to discredit Hébert by starting rumors of his allegiance with the Know Nothings. He still appointed some Whigs to minor offices and some Know Nothings to lucrative posts. He was considered very independent in his appointments and many Democrats were disenchanted with him toward the end of his administration. Hébert was mentioned as a possible candidate for the U.S. Senate, but John Slidell was not vulnerable to an intraparty challenge.  During his administration Hébert saw four major railroads incorporated in Louisiana including the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad. Hébert sought to connect every part of Louisiana to New Orleans by rail. He also built levees and sought land reclamation projects. In 1855, Hébert promoted and the legislature passed a tax of on all property to support the public school system which is open only to whites between the ages of six and sixteen. With his term at an end, Governor Hébert retired to his plantation as a planter.

Civil War.

With rising tension between North and South, President Abraham Lincoln was elected in December, 1860. Governor Thomas Overton Moore appointed Hébert to the military board to reorganize militia and defenses in the New Orleans area. He was appointed as a Colonel of the 1st Louisiana Artillery. After secession on April 1, 1861 Hébert was appointed a Brigadier General in the Louisiana Militia. In August, he was Commissioned a Brigadier General in the provisional Army of the Confederacy but was not given an active position. Later he would have a command of Louisiana troops and in the Trans-Mississippi Department. Also on May 21, 1861, his first wife Marie Coralie Hébert died. He later married Penelope Lynch Andrews, daughter of John Andrews of Iberville Parish.  In 1862, General Hébert was posted to the Department of Texas. Jefferson Davis dismissed him as military commander of Texas on October 10 for imposition of martial law and harsh measures in enforcing conscription. He later participated in the defense of Vicksburg. He saw battle in June, 1863, at the Battle of Milliken's Bend in Louisiana. After that, he was again posted in Texas, where he was at the time the war ended. Hébert returned to his Louisiana plantation and received a pardon from President Andrew Johnson.

Postwar.

He was active in the politics of Reconstruction supporting the Liberal Republican movement and accepted a minor appointment in New Orleans. In 1872, Hébert endorsed Horace Greeley and opposed the Louisiana "Custom House" Republican faction. He supported Republican Governor Henry C. Warmoth. Governor William P. Kellogg appointed him to the Board of State Engineers in 1873 and the Board of U.S. Engineers for Mississippi River Commission in 1874.  In the presidential election of 1876, Governor Hébert changed political allegiance back to the Democrats. He died on April 29, 1880 and was buried in St. Paul Cemetery in Bayou Goula, Louisiana. Encroachment of the Mississippi River caused many individuals to be reinterred. Governor Hébert's remains, and those of his first wife, Marie Coralie Hébert, were interred at St. Raphael Cemetery in Point Pleasant, near Plaquemine, LA.

Paul Octave Hébert (December 12, 1818 – August 29, 1880) was the 14th Governor of Louisiana from 1853 to 1856 and a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army.

Paul Octave Hébert (* 12. Dezember 1818 im Iberville Parish, Louisiana; † 29. August 1880 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker (Demokratische Partei) und von 1853 bis 1856 Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Louisiana.


Season summary.

Singles.

Serena Williams started the season by unexpectedly winning her eighth singles Grand Slam title at the Australian Open. Many critics and commentators had already written her off, questioning her desire and fitness, especially after an early loss in her only warm-up tournament the week before. Williams won the title in emphatic fashion, thrashing Maria Sharapova in the final in a performance that BBC Sport called "arguably the most powerful display ever seen in women's tennis." In her earlier matches she was pushed by Nadia Petrova in round three and then by Shahar Pe'er in the quarterfinals. Defending champion Amélie Mauresmo suffered an early loss to Lucie Šafářová, allowing Nicole Vaidišová to reach her second Grand Slam semifinal. Despite losing in the final, Sharapova managed to return to the No. 1 ranking for the second time. After withdrawing from the Australian Open due to marital problems, Justine Henin returned for Paris in February. She later won titles in Dubai and Doha that month. Kim Clijsters bade a tearful farewell to her home crowd in Belgium, playing Antwerp for the final time due to her planned retirement in October. She lost the final to Amélie Mauresmo, who won the unique diamond racket for winning the event three times. Martina Hingis won the title in Tokyo for her fifth win at that tournament, more than any other player. Venus Williams returned from missing the Australian Open with a wrist injury by winning a smaller tournament in Memphis.  In March, Daniela Hantuchová overcame a five-year hiatus between tour titles to win Indian Wells, the same event where she won her first title at in 2002. Sharapova lost to Vera Zvonareva in the fourth round and thus surrendered her No. 1 position back to Henin. Elsewhere Serena Williams backed up her Australian Open triumph with a win in Miami, saving match points against Henin in the final.  Serbians Jelena Janković and Ana Ivanovic dominated the clay season leading up to the French Open, winning the three biggest warm-up tournaments. Janković took the titles at Charleston and Rome, while Ivanovic won in Berlin. Svetlana Kuznetsova was the runner-up in the latter two events. Also during the clay court season Kim Clijsters announced her retirement, months earlier than anticipated, following an early loss in Warsaw. The finish to the clay season saw Henin pick up her fourth French Open title, and sixth Slam overall. She defeated a nervous Ana Ivanovic, in her maiden Grand Slam final, in only an hour and five minutes.  Wimbledon saw an unexpected final between Venus Williams and Marion Bartoli, the two lowest seeds to ever play in the final. Bartoli beat Janković in the fourth round and Henin in the semifinals, a win that was seen as "one of the biggest upsets ever". Williams was on the brink of losing in two of her early round matches, before beating Sharapova, Kuznetsova and Ivanovic back-to-back. In the final, Williams triumphed for her fourth Wimbledon title and sixth Slam overall. Other upsets included Vaidišová's win over the defending champion Mauresmo, who continued to struggle for form throughout the season aside from a run to the final in Eastbourne.  On the summer hardcourts Anna Chakvetadze produced some strong results, winning back-to-back titles in Cincinnati and Stanford, and then reaching the semifinals in San Diego, being stopped by eventual champion Sharapova. Ivanovic won the event in Los Angeles. Henin won her only warm-up tournament in Toronto, beating Janković in the final. Henin then won her seventh Grand Slam trophy at the U.S. Open and second of the year. She beat both Serena and Venus Williams in the quarterfinal and semifinal respectively, becoming one of the few women to beat them back-to-back, and then Kuznetsova in the final. Venus Williams made it to the semifinals with wins over both Ivanovic and Janković. Chakvetadze backed up her successful results in the warm-ups by reaching her first Grand Slam semifinal, advancing from a quarter that saw defending champion Sharapova knocked out by Agnieszka Radwańska in the third round.  Lindsay Davenport made a return from her pregnancy in Bali, where she ended up winning the title. She followed that up by winning in Quebec. Henin won titles in Stuttgart and Zürich during the fall season, beating Tatiana Golovin in both finals. Elena Dementieva recorded her first ever win over Serena Williams to win her home event in Moscow. In November, Martina Hingis announced that she had tested positive for cocaine in a drugs test, and was hereby retiring from professional tennis.  The climax of the season was, as ever, the WTA Tour Championships. The eight qualifiers were Henin, Janković, Kuznetsova, Ivanovic, Serena Williams, Chakvetadze, Venus Williams and Hantuchová. Venus Williams later withdrew and Maria Sharapova replaced her. Also during round robin play Serena Williams withdrew, and Marion Bartoli was brought in as the alternate. The final saw Henin beat Sharapova to finish her career best year on a high note. She ended the season with a 63–4 win-loss record—the most impressive record in a single season since Steffi Graf in 1989, and won her last 25 matches of the year. She also became the first woman to earn over $5 million in a season.

Schedule.

The table below shows the 2007 WTA Tour schedule.

Statistics.

Titles information.

List of players and titles won, last name alphabetically:  The following players won their first title:  Titles won by nation:

The 2007 Sony Ericsson WTA Tour was the elite professional tennis circuit organized by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) for the 2007 tennis season. The calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA Tier I-IV Events, the Fed Cup (organized by the ITF) and the year-end championships.

Die WTA Tour 2007 (offiziell: Sony Ericsson WTA Tour 2007) war der 37. Jahrgang der WTA-Turnierserie im Damentennis, die von der Women’s Tennis Association ausgetragen wird. In 36 Ländern veranstaltete die Vereinigung der Profispielerinnen insgesamt 61 Turniere.


Career.

Haiduk first achieved national fame when she was cast in the role of Lana Lang in the live-action "Superboy" TV series of 1988. After the series ended, she appeared in the direct to video "Luther the Geek" for Troma Entertainment. After "Superboy" Haiduk portrayed Rhea McPherson, an aspiring FBI agent, in the short-lived Spelling series "The Round Table".  Haiduk's next significant role was on "seaQuest DSV", in which she played Lt. Cmdr. Katherine Hitchcock, the chief engineer, and third in command of the high-tech submarine.  Haiduk appeared in the 1994 TV movie "A Perfect Stranger" (based on the novel of the same name by Danielle Steel). Haiduk went on to play a female vampire in the short-lived series "". After this stint, much of her acting consists of smaller films, such as "Gabriela" where she appeared alongside Jaime Gomez and Zach Galligan, and guest star roles on television shows such as "Charmed", "The X-Files", "", "", "Cold Case", "Due South", "Crossing Jordan", "NCIS", "Heroes", "Prison Break", and "Burn Notice".  In 2006, Haiduk appeared in new supplemental material for the "Superboy: The Complete First Season" DVD release. She also appeared regularly on the ABC soap opera "All My Children" as Hannah Nichols from January 2007 through January 2008. From February 2009 to August 2010, she appeared on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless" as Patty Williams, and also played Emily Peterson on the series. In July 2010, Haiduk was cast to play a prison warden on "Days of Our Lives"; she was subsequently dismissed and recast with former "Santa Barbara" actress Gina Gallego after three episodes, due to a scheduling conflict with "The Chicago Code". Haiduk's appearances as Warden Smith aired in September 2010. In 2018, it was announced that Haiduk had again been cast on "Days of Our Lives", this time in the roles of Kristen DiMera and lookalike Susan Banks. In early 2019, she returned to the show, signing contract this time.

Personal life.

In June 2010, an issue of "Soap Opera Digest" reported that Haiduk has been married to Bradford Tatum since November 11, 1997. The couple met on the set of "seaQuest DSV." They have one daughter, Sophia. In 2009, Haiduk was the subject of an online boycott petition for apparently wearing a stuffed cat as a purse during the Daytime Emmy Awards. The cat was actually a prop used in her role on "The Young and the Restless" and not a purse.

Stacy Haiduk (born April 24, 1968) is an American actress. Her best known roles include Lana Lang on "Superboy", Katherine Hitchcock on "seaQuest DSV", Hannah Nichols on "All My Children", and most notably Patty Williams and Emily Peterson on "The Young and the Restless".

Stacy Lynne Haiduk (* 24. April 1968 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin, die vor allem durch zahlreiche Rollen in Fernsehserien bekannt wurde.


Early life.

Brody is Jewish, and the son of Max and Shirley Brody. His father and paternal grandfather had emigrated from Eastern Europe to the United States, spending years in Israel, along the way. His father spent three years in Israel, in the 1920s, working as an engineer on the construction of the Rothenberg electric station, the country's first. Both his father and his grandfather, who lived in Israel for 10 years, helped build the country's first airfield, in Herzliya. Brody has an

College career.

Over 40 colleges approached Brody with scholarship offers. The Temple University Owls head coach Harry Litwak, in recruiting him, tried to dissuade him from going to powerhouse University of Illinois, suggesting that at the large school he would be "a small fish in a big pond". Conceding that the university was in fact a big one, Brody nevertheless told the coach that he liked the challenge of trying to be "a big fish" in a big pond.  Brody attended the University of Illinois. On the social side, he joined Zeta Beta Tau, the campus Jewish fraternity. The basketball-focused Brody would sleep with his basketball, and dribble it to class.

NBA draft, and Maccabiah Games (1965).

Brody was picked 12th in the 1965 National Basketball Association Draft by the Baltimore Bullets, known today as the Washington Wizards. That June he trained in a one-week Bullets rookie camp, and the team deemed him one of the best players. After the camp, the Bullets provided him with an apartment in Baltimore.  He traveled to Israel for the first time in August, with the Bullets' permission and his parents' blessing. There, he played for the USA team in the 1965 Maccabiah Games, the international Jewish Olympics. He led the team to a gold medal. Immediately after the Maccabiah Games, he was approached by managers of the Israeli Maccabi Tel Aviv basketball team. They asked him to join the team, in order to help elevate Israeli basketball to a higher level. Others joined in asking Brody to stay in Israel after the tournament,

Early Israeli basketball career (1966–69).

Brody returned to Israel in 1966 to "take up that challenge", help an entire country rather than just one team, and take one year out of his life to play for Maccabi Tel Aviv. He felt he could do something "special". Ralph Klein, Israel's most successful coach at the time, said that up until the enthusiastic Brody's arrival, Israelis had only viewed basketball as a fun game. But within a year, with his serious attitude and his inspirational commitment, Brody had inculcated his teammates with his view of basketball as a way of life. At his urging, the team doubled the number of practices it held every week.  To capitalize on Brody's quickness and speed, his coach abandoned the team's formerly slow pace in favor of a fast-paced motion game, built around fast breaks. Brody was the most dominant player in Europe's second-tier competition, the FIBA European Cup Winners Cup (FIBA Saporta Cup), in the 1966–67 season. In 1967, he was named Israel's Sportsman of the Year. The team made it

U.S. military service (1968–70).

Brody returned to the U.S. in 1968, to fulfill his military duty during the Vietnam War. He first took "Advanced Infantry Preparation for Vietnam". He then played for two years for the U.S. Army and United States Armed Forces

Israel military service (1970–73).

After the United States military released him, Brody returned to Israel to live. He made aliyah and became an Israeli citizen towards the end of 1970. The Israeli

Later Israeli basketball career (1973–80).

At the 27-country 1973 Maccabiah Games, dedicated to the 11 Israeli athletes killed in the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Olympics, he was captain of the Israeli basketball team and given the honor of lighting the opening torch. He led the national team to a gold medal, as they beat a U.S. team led by Ernie Grunfeld in the finals.  Brody played for Maccabi Tel Aviv until 1980. He won ten Israeli League championships with the team, and six Israel State Cups, in what has been described as a "stellar" and "amazing" career. With Maccabi Tel Aviv, he appeared in 81 FIBA European Champions Cup (now called EuroLeague) games, scoring 1,378 points. Brody was also selected to the FIBA European Selection (European All-Star Team). In the Israeli Super League, Brody scored 4,049 points, in 211 games.  Brody also played for the senior Israeli National Team, scoring 1,219 points in 78 games. With that, he played on national basketball teams of both the U.S. and Israel, and served in the armies of both countries. When the Israeli Omri Casspi, was drafted in the first round of the 2009 NBA draft, by the Sacramento Kings, to play in the U.S., Brody called it "the completion of a circle".

The FIBA European Champions Cup Championship; "We are on the map!".

The highlight of his career came in 1977. It was the apex of the Cold War, and the Soviet Union was boycotting Israel. In the first round of the European-wide top-tier level FIBA European Champions Cup (later renamed to EuroLeague), Maccabi Tel Aviv defeated Real Madrid, of Spain's top league, 94–85. In the second round, it beat Zbrojovka Brno, of Czechoslovakia's top-tier league, for the first time, 91–76, on February 15, 1977.  In the FIBA European Champions Cup 1976–77 season semifinals, Maccabi Tel Aviv was matched against CSKA Moscow—the Red Army team. CSKA Moscow was a powerhouse. The Soviet Army team had won the prior USSR Premier League basketball title. Six of its players had played on the Soviet national team that had defeated the United States in the 1972 Summer Olympics, and their captain was Sergei Belov (who years later recalled that Brody was one of his toughest opponents). And the Communists were well known for using sports to glorify what they billed as their supremacy over the West.  The Soviet Union had broken off diplomatic relations with Israel a decade earlier, and politically and militarily backed

Honors.

Brody became the first sportsman to be awarded the Israel Prize, Israel's highest civilian honor, in 1979. It was presented to him by Israeli President Yitzhak Navon, in recognition of his unique contribution to Israeli society and the State in the field of sports. The Israel Prize Committee noted that he was "an excellent athlete who set an outstanding example" for Israeli immigrants and absorption.  During his basketball career, he was also twice named Israeli Basketball Player of the Year. Brody was given the honor of lighting the torch at the opening of the 1981 Maccabiah Games at Ramat Gan Stadium, in front of 45,000 fans and sportsmen from 54 countries. In 1988 he was voted the Israeli athlete who most influenced Israeli sports, in a poll by the Israeli newspaper "Ma'ariv". In 1996, he was elected the University of Illinois "Man of the Year", in recognition of his sports and other accomplishments, and awarded the school's "I" Award for his achievements.  In 2004, he was given the honor of lighting a torch at the 56th Israeli Independence Day ceremony on Mount Herzl. He and Maccabi Tel Aviv were the first non-U.S. basketball team to be honored at the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame, in a special exhibition in 2008.  In Israel, Brody is widely recognized as a revered national hero, icon, and legend. He is a superstar, on a level similar to that of Michael Jordan in the United States. Some people view him as the greatest and most famous athlete to have ever represented Israel. As Israel's first modern-day sports hero, he is a symbol of all the young country's achievements, and not only its successes in basketball. He is known by the nicknames: "Mr. Basketball", and "The man who put Israel on the Map".

Halls of Fame.

In 1996, Brody was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, and in March 2011 he was inducted into the U.S. National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. He

Life after playing basketball.

Basketball-related.

After he retired as a player, Brody continued with Maccabi Tel Aviv as an assistant coach. He was on the team's Board of Directors until 2007, when Netanyahu approached him with regard to entering politics.  In addition, he has been Maccabi Tel Aviv's volunteer liaison with the National Basketball Association since 1988, helping organize games between Maccabi Tel Aviv and various NBA teams.  Brody was also a sports commentator for Israeli

Business career.

After retiring from playing basketball, Brody established, and was Chief Executive Officer and a co-owner of, a sporting goods export/import/distribution business named Sports United Ltd. At the same time, he ran basketball clinics across Israel. He ultimately sold the sporting goods business to his partner.  Brody also was appointed the local agent of

Philanthropy.

Since retiring from basketball, Brody has initiated, volunteered for, and assisted a number of charitable organizations and efforts.  He created an after-school program for Israeli children, called "Let's Play Ball!" As part of the program, he coaches basketball and gives basketball clinics to schoolchildren, members of kibbutzim, residents of development towns, and soldiers in the Israeli army. The program has impacted over 200,000 children.  He is also Chairman of the Spirit of Israel (JAFI), a non-profit Jewish Agency subsidiary that he created in 1999. It raises money from the Israeli public to help underprivileged Israeli children and others, by providing for their "vital human needs" (as defined by the Jewish Agency and Keren Hayesod). He arrived at the idea for the charity when he attended a meeting at which efforts

Political career (2008).

Brody was asked to join Yitzhak Yitzhaky's One Israel party in 1980, after he retired. But he rejected the offer. He did not view himself as a politician, and was not seeking a political career. Though he joined the Likud party in the 1990s, he was not openly active in politics because he didn't believe that an active sportsman should involve himself in politics.  When Likud party chairman Benjamin Netanyahu approached him personally, however, and asked him to step forward for the country, Brody for the first time considered entering politics. Netanyahu was interested in involving people who had not formerly entered into

Goodwill Ambassador (2010–present).

Prime Minister Netanyahu asked Brody in early 2009 to help Israel in a yet-to-be-created official position of goodwill ambassador for the country. In July 2010, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman appointed Brody as the first international Goodwill Ambassador for Israel, to assist with Israel's international diplomacy. In that unpaid position—the only money he receives is compensation for his expenses—he speaks to audiences outside of Israel about Israel's culture, sports, and successes, and Israelis' daily lives.  His trips outside Israel are coordinated by the Israeli Foreign Ministry and by Israel's embassies and consulates. He speaks at schools, universities, Jewish

Personal life.

After Brody returned to Israel in 1970, he married a 20-year-old Israeli woman, Ronit Born, in a wedding that Defense Minister Moshe Dayan attended as his guest of honor. The two were married for 14 years. Brody and his second wife Tirtza, whom he married in the early 1980s, live in Netanya in Israel. He has three children (two from his first marriage (Ron and Kareen), and a daughter Linor from his second wife's first marriage), and five grandchildren.  His American-accented Hebrew is the result of his not having formally studied the language when he arrived in Israel—as he thought his stay would be a temporary one, rather than a decades-long one. He instead picked up the language from colloquial use. His Hebrew consequently remains a source of amusement in Israel, and has been humorously targeted by friends and family, as well as by "Eretz Nehederet", Israel's version of "Saturday Night Live".

Talbot "Tal" Brody (Hebrew: טל ברודי; nicknamed Mr. Basketball; born August 30, 1943) is an American-Israeli former professional basketball player, and current Goodwill Ambassador of Israel, who lives in Israel. Brody was drafted # 12 in the National Basketball Association (NBA) draft, but he chose to pass up an NBA career, to instead play basketball in Israel. He played on national basketball teams of both the United States and Israel, and served in the armies of both countries.

Talbot „Tal“ Brody (* 30. August 1943 in Trenton, New Jersey, hebräischer Name טלבוט ברודי) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanisch-israelischer Basketballspieler von Maccabi Tel Aviv. Der 1,87 Meter große Brody spielte die Position des Shooting Guard und gilt als einer der größten Basketballspieler Israels. Für seine patriotischen Äußerungen beim Europacupsieg 1977 von Tel Aviv gilt er in Israel als Volksheld. Gegenwärtig arbeitet er an einer Karriere als Politiker.


History and design.

Track layout.

Ultimate starts off exiting the station using two drive chains underneath the train, it then turns a corner just outside of the station to reach the first lift hill. The first lift leads to the first big drop of the ride. When the train has got to the bottom of the drop it then bounces over two large bunny hills before travelling at speed along the track towards the second lift. On approach to the second lift, the train goes over several small bunny hills and then climbs onto the lift. At the top of the lift, the train goes round a left hand corner pointing it in the direction of the woods. The train then drops into a heavily wooded section and rattles its way through the woods. After at least five banked turns, the train travels down an offroad track and through a double helix tunnel. The last section of the ride can often stall the train on cold days and most mornings. The train often has to get pulled along with a JCB digger to make it onto the return lift hill and back into the station.

Building Ultimate.

Ultimate represented an investment of £5.2 million and was the concept of the park's original owner, Robert Staveley. Construction work began in early 1990 and took eighteen months to complete before the opening to the public on 17 July 1991.  While Ultimate was designed by Big Country Motioneering, they were not involved with the completion of the project. Lightwater Valley's owner got engineers from British Rail to oversee the construction. A few sections of track on the second half of the ride were redesigned to change their banking. The track was made by "Tubular Engineering".  Set within of woodland, Ultimate takes passengers on a 7 minute 34 second ride along of tubular steel track (an average of ), with two lift hills of respectively ( ) which rest on Canadian redwood trestles. It currently runs two trains on a normal day, each of which can hold a maximum of 38 passengers. It originally had over the shoulder restraints but after complaints of uncomfort, these were changed to a giant lap bar.

Incidents.

In June 1994, a deer from a nearby forest strayed onto the track and was hit by the train. A 12-year-old boy was taken to the hospital as a result of the accident. In September 2014, another collision with a deer on the track occurred. No riders were injured, but the deer was killed instantly. Park officials stated that although the perimeter is fenced off, animals such as deer occasionally get in.

Ultimate in popular culture.

Ultimate was recreated as "The Storm" in the "Katie's Dreamland" scenario in the original "RollerCoaster Tycoon" PC game.

Trains.

Ultimate has two trains: both are dark blue (previously, before being repainted in the 2018/19 off season, one was red and the other was blue). The trains consist of ten cars with two rows of two seats. The front car has one row so the train can carry a maximum of 38 riders. The front car has a small locomotive modelled on the front car instead of two extra seats. Due to the ride duration of over 7 minutes, taking into account the ride's two trains and their respective riders per train, the Ultimate has an estimated maximum capacity of roughly 400 riders per hour.

Ultimate is a steel roller coaster at Lightwater Valley theme park, near the small cathedral city of Ripon, in North Yorkshire, England. In 1991, it took the record of longest roller coaster in the world from The Beast at Kings Island. Following the opening of Steel Dragon 2000 in Japan, it became the second longest roller coaster in the world, but it still remains the longest in Europe.

The Ultimate in Lightwater Valley (Ripon, North Yorkshire, UK) ist eine Stahlachterbahn, die am 17. Juli 1991 eröffnet wurde. Sie ist derzeit die längste Achterbahn Europas und die zweitlängste weltweit hinter Steel Dragon 2000. Bis 2001 stand sie als die längste Stahlachterbahn der Welt im Guinness-Buch der Rekorde.


Early life.

Evgeny Ustyugov was born in Krasnoyarsk, Soviet Union, on 4 June 1985, to an athletic family; his mother Olga Rudolfovna and father Roman Valeryevich were professional cross-country skier. Ustygov and his brother Alexander began skiing at the age of three. Ustyugov did not participate on club sports as they were too distant from home. For a long time skiing, and also climbing and Alpine skiing were his hobbies. In school he often participated on sport events. He discovered biathlon in the 1997 event "Pionerskaya Pravda" (Пионерская Правда). His family agreed upon Ustygov's wish to become a professional biathlete; his first coach was Viktor Ermakov.

Career.

Early career.

Ustyugov competed his first junior championship in Kontiolahti, Finland, in 2005, reaching 12th place in the individual and 42nd and 36th in the sprint and pursuit competitions, respectively. At the Biathlon Youth World Championships in Presque Isle, Maine he was second in the relay, first in the individual and pursuit, and fourth in the sprint. At the European Championships in Langdorf-Arbersee Ustyugov won the relay competition.

2007–08 season.

The first junior "Izhevsk Rifle" (Ижевская винтовка), a national individual tournament, took place in December 2007. Ustyugov was second, with two misses and +0:39 time difference between himself and the winner, Andrey Dubasov.  At the first stage of the new season, Ustyugov participated in all events at the European Championships in Geilo, Norway. In sprint, he became 32nd with two misses, half a minute behind the Norwegian Kokon Andersen. At the second sprint event, Ustyugov was 36th, producing four misses and being 2 minutes behind the winner, the German Daniel Graf. In the second stage of the championships, in Torsby, Sweden, he also participated on all events. In the sprint event he became 37th with two misses, 2 minutes behind the Russian Andrei Prokunin.  In the pursuit event, Ustygov became 23rd, 3 minutes and 37 seconds behind Prokunin. The third stage took place in Obertilliach, Austria, where he was 2nd at the individual event, making two misses. The winner was Frenchman Jean Frederic, who was four seconds behind Ustyugov. As a sprinter Ustyugov was 12th, missing one target and being 1 minute and 7 seconds ahead of the winner, Prokunin. In April 2008, Ustyogv was part of the Krasnoyarsk Krai relay composed of Nikolay Kozlov, Kiril Sherbakov and Oleg Milovanov. They were awarded the silver medal at the 2008 Russian Championships.

2008–09 season.

In this season, Ustyugov only competed on two stages at the European Championships – at the second in Obertilliach, and at the third in Martell, Italia. In Obertilliach, he was fourth in the individual competition, 1 minute and 48 seconds behind the winner Lars Berger, missing three targets. In sprint he became 13th, missing 3 targets. First was the Norwegian Hans Martin Gjedrem, who was 1 minute and 31 seconds ahead Ustyugov. In Martell he skipped the pursuit and only started in the sprint event. He won the sprint competition, without making any misses. Second was the Norwegian Frode Andresen, who was 16 and a half seconds behind the champion.  Ustyugov left out the pursuit competition as he was on the way to the "Izhevsk Rifle". The event took place on 27 December 2008 in Novosibirsk as opposed to Udmurtia in the previous year. In individual he missed one target, but was eventually 26 seconds ahead runner-up, Russia's ex-captain Sergei Rozhkov. Thanks to the good results in this season, Ustyugov could compete at the Biathlon World Championships and the next World Championships.  The man debuted at the 2008–09 Biathlon World Cup in Oberhof on 8 January 2009. In the relay competition he replaced Ivan Tcherezov, who suffered from a high haemoglobin level. Ustyugov only got to know it about one hour before the start. Although he was second behind Norwegian Emil Hegle Svendsen, the Russian team's second place was nullified because Dmitri Yaroshenko was positively tested for doping. He finished his debut season in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, as seventh – his best result at that time. His achievements at World Championships and European Championships allowed him to strengthen the team spirit and prepare for the Olympic Games.  Although finishing in Ruhpolding 22nd and 29th in pursuit and spring, respectively, Ustyugov came 8th at the World Championships sprint event in Rasen-Antholz, Italy. At the ninth and last stage in Khanty-Mansisk, Ustyugov started as sixth, missed tree tragets, and finished seventh at the pursuit event.  At the 2009 Russian Championships, Ustyugov participated at three from five races. He was sixth at the sprint, eleventh at the pursuit, and ninth at the relay competition, in the latter as a part with the Krasnoyarsk Krai team.  At the European Championships in Ufa, Russia, Ustyugov participated at the sprint and pursuit events. At the first, he came in second, 11 second behind Norwegian Rune Brattsveen, missing one target. In pursuit, Ustyugov finished 11th with four misses, 1 minute and 32 behind the German winner Daniel Böhm.

2009–10 season.

On 11 December 2009, Ustyugov was third in the sprint event in Hochfilzen. Nine days later he won the pursuit stage in Pokljuka, and on 9 January he also won the sprint event in Oberhof, despite missing three targets. On 27 March 2010, Ustuygov was awarded the Crystal Globe for his mass start performance. Counting the overall points from the previous events, he got 197, second behind to Svendsen, who had 34 points.  At the end of the 2009–10 season, Ustyugov was fourth in the overall ranking, behind Ivan Tcherezov, Christoph Sumann and Svendsen, but first in the Russian ranking list, earning 1275 points. The skier was nominated at the 2010 Biathlon World Awards in the category "Best Biathlete 2010", with Svendsen, Sumann, Björn Ferry and Vincent Jay. Svendsen became the winner. Because of troubles with his rifle, Ustyugov was 47th at the sprint event in Rasen-Antholz. At the 2010 Russian Championships, he only participated in the relay competition, finishing 8th as a member of the Krasnoyarsk team. Men's biathlon at the Olympic Games started with the spring competition on 14 February 2010. Then-coach Vladimir Barnashov suggested that snow and rain influenced the skier's performance. Ustuyugov missed two targets and finished 15th, 1 minute and 40 seconds behind winner Vincent Jay. Two days later, he achieved the same result in the pursuit event, but now missing four targets. If counting the time only, Ustyugov finished third behind only Dominik Landertinger and Christoph Sumann. On 18 February, Ustuygov came in fourth in the individual event; winner was Emil Svendsen, who 49 seconds faster than Ustyugov.  Ustyugov became the first Russian since 1996 to win the mass start event on 21 February. Up to that date, no Russian could win gold in this discipline at neither World Championships nor Olympic Games. Silver went to the French Martin Fourcade, and bronze to the Slovak Pavol Hurajt. His relay team – Ivan Tcherezov, Anton Shipulin, Maxim Tchoudov – received the bronze medal on 26 February. The Swiss team came in second, 0.2 seconds faster than the Russians. Norway won this competition.

2010–11 season.

Ustyugov's relay team finished 14th at the fourth stage of the 2010–11 Biathlon World Cup in Oberhof. The last skier in the Russian team, he was third before the last shooting until producing eight misses and subsequently running five penalty loops. He was seventh in the individual competition in Ruhpolding, around 1 minute ahead winner Emil Svendsen. In the pursuit event he received an injury on his left forearm, finishing 31st.  In the individual race of the 2011 European Championships, Ustuygov received the silver medal, missing three targets. Winner was the Ukrainian Artem Pryma, who was 9.7 seconds faster than Ustyugov. Ustuygov stated that he won't participate in the next European Championships due to conditions of growth.  At the Biathlon World Championships 2011 in Khanty-Mansisk, Ustyugov won two silver medals; first in relay with Anton Shipulin, Maxim Maximov, and Ivan Tcherezov, second in mass start, losing there to Emil Svendsen. After the final shooting he had 10-seconds advantage to Svendsen, but the latter overtook him with 5 seconds advantage.  Ustyugov got an invitation for the fun event, the World Team Challenge, which was reschuled in March 2011 because the stadium's roof collapsed in December 2010. The Russian pair, Ustyugov and Svetlana Sleptsova, won the event, beating Germans Katrin Hitzer and Florian Graf by 11.5 seconds.

2011–12 season.

On 10 June 2011, Ustyugov was made honorary citizen of Krasnoyarsk, becoming the youngest person in the city's history to receive this honour.  At the first stage of the 2011–12 Biathlon World Cup on 30 November 2011, Ustyugov finished fifth in the 20 km individual event in Östersund, Sweden. After the race, he noted: "Today it was hard to start as the beginner in the first race; still, I could not manage my excitement. Short: it is hard to start first. Ustyugov was third at the sprint event in Oberhof, Germany, on 7 January 2012, shooting down all targets. After the fifth stage, he climbed up to the 8th rank in the world ranking list.  Ustyugov, who took up the 13th position in sprint in Nové Město, Czech Republic, commented his result: "My well-being was good – I skied almost synchronously with the leaders. Condition and skis were just great. At the slope, even Simon Fourcade could not overtake me".

Personal life.

Graduation.

Ustyugov intended to enrol to the Physical Faculty for Culture at the Pedagogical Institute, but his grades hindered enrolment. He then sent his documents to the Divnogorsk Olympic Reserve School. A year later after taking the documents and handing in the required exams, he was enrolled at a daily mechanical faculty at the Siberian State Technological University. Bearing the difficult subjects and the physical overwork in mind he chose a different faculty, forest engineering, and studied extramurally (outside of the university). On 21 June 2010 he received a diploma by the Siberian State Technological University in forest engineering.

Family.

On 28 August 2009, Ustyugov married professional biathlete Alexandra Bondarenko. She gave birth to Veronika Ustyugova on 20 September 2010.

Biathlon results.

All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Olympic Games.

"2 medals (1 gold, 1 bronze)"

World Championships.

"2 medals (2 silver)"

Junior/Youth World Championships.

"3 medals (2 gold, 1 silver)"

Individual victories.

"3 victories (1 Sp, 1 Pu, 1 MS)"

Evgeny Romanovich Ustyugov (; born 4 June 1985) is a Russian former biathlete. Born to cross-country skiers, Ustyugov was introduced to biathlon at the age of three. He started his career in junior tournaments in 2005, before going professional three years later in the European Championships. He is an Olympic champion in the men's 15km mass start event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Prior to the 2010 Olympic Games, his best World Championship finish in an individual event was 20th place.

Jewgeni Romanowitsch Ustjugow (, wiss. Transliteration "Evgenij Romanovič Ustjugov"; * 4. Juni 1985 in Krasnojarsk, Sowjetunion) ist ein ehemaliger russischer Biathlet. Er wurde 2010 Olympiasieger im Massenstart.


Biography.

Early years.

Marta Löffler was born and grew up in Munich. Her parents were Leopold Löffler, a successful textiles merchant, and his wife, born Johanna Reitlinger. The family adhered to Liberal Judaism: they did not flaunt their Jewish faith or insist on rigid adherence to Jewish dietary rules. Her upbringing was comfortable and the ambiance was culturally rich. She came into contact with the works of Ibsen and Nietsche at an early age. A keen gymnast, by the time she was fourteen Marta was the leader of a gymnastics group. She met Lion Feuchtwanger through his sister Franziska Feuchtwanger in 1909. When they discovered Marta was pregnant Lion Feuchtwanger proposed marriage. Although they both rejected marriage as a "bourgeois convention", they traveled to a Überlingen on the north shore of Lake Constance and went through a quiet marriage ceremony on 10 May 1912. One source describes their decision to marry as "spontaneous". Lion Feuchtwanger's family opposed the marriage. Once married, the Feuchtwangers undertook a two-year tour together that included Switzerland, southern France, Italy and Tunisia.

Extended honeymoon.

While still in Switzerland the couple undertook a strenuous hike which nearly ended in a miscarriage for Marta. Instead Elisabeth Marianne, their daughter, was born in Lausanne on 11 September 1912. The child was weak and the mother was diagnosed with childbed fever. The doctor recommended a warmer climate and the young family moved on to Pietra Ligure, along the coast from Genoa. It was here that the Feuchtwangers' only child died of Typhus, aged approximately ten weeks. The baby was buried in the local cemetery while her parents stayed on in the resort for another five months to grieve and to recover. Aspects of the experience would later find their way into several of Lion Feuchtwanger's novels. During the first part of 1913 they moved on to Monte Carlo and exhausted their savings in the casinos. They therefore hastened back to Italy and Lion Feuchtwanger started sending pieces of written work for publication to the Frankfurter Zeitung. That funded a trip that included Florence, Rome, Ischia, Capri, Naples and Syracuse. As they traveled they lived a hand to mouth existence, interacting with the poor. They contracted Typhus but survived. In July 1914 they took a boat to Tunisia, where they visited Arab bazaars and ancient Jewish streets in Tunis, before moving on to Carthage and Hammamet, where they were able to lodge with the French consul. They were not following the news from Europe, so were taken by surprise when their host announced that war had broken out between France and Germany: he would need to arrest them.

War years.

In the event they were able to board a train back to nearby Tunis, where Lion Feuchtwanger was placed in prison. By the time he was released twelve hours later Marta Feuchtwanger had managed to book them space on a steamer back to Palermo. Lion Feuchtwanger made the voyage hidden under a lot of coal sacks because, as a German military reservist, he was obliged to travel with a German military identity document. Two other Germans on the crossing with military obligations to the German army were indeed tracked down by a French patrol and taken away, but the Feuchtwangers successfully landed on Italian soil and, penniless, sought out the German consul who was able to provide the train tickets and stamps in their identity documents that were necessary to enable them to return to Germany. They reached Munich in the middle of September 1914. Three of Lion Feuchtwanger's brothers were already fighting on the frontline. Lion launched his career as an author by presenting a translation into German of The Persians by Aeschylus. Widely seen in the context of those times as a statement of opposition to war, the play was staged in Munich and ran for three months between October and December 1914. Feuchtwanger was conscripted into the army in October 1914. Five months later he suddenly started coughing up blood and was rushed to hospital. He was therefore not with his regiment on the train journey to the frontline which set off the next morning and which ended unexpectedly when the train was blown up and his fellow conscripts were killed. Shortly after this a military doctor declared him physically unfit to served in the army, but he nevertheless spent the rest of the war in a fluctuating state of poor health, depression and anxiety, concerned that he could at any moment be reconscripted. Meanwhile, he tried to pursued his literary career while Marta concentrated on the organising the necessities of their life together. She would always be the practical partner in a spectacularly unequal marriage: Lion Feuchtwanger was becoming a world-renowned novelist but he would never become a practical man. After the war, if they were out in a car together and experienced a puncture, it would be the fitness fanatic Marta who would change the wheel while Lion held the torch. Throughout their life together she would see herself as her husband's devoted servant. In Munich there was also scope for networking. During this time the still little known Bertolt Brecht approached Lion Feuchtwanger for help in establishing himself in the world of theatre: lifelong friendship ensued. It was Marta Feuchtwanger who recommended Brecht to change the name of the subsequently successful play on which he was working from "Spartakus" to the more politically innocuous "Trommeln in der Nacht" (""Drums in the Night"").

Berlin.

In 1925 Lion and Marta Feuchtwanger moved to Berlin which at this time was the vibrant cultural centre of the country. Life in Munich was becoming more threatening with the rise of the populist National Socialist movement. In 1922 there were reports of antisemitic graffiti being scrawled on the walls of the homes of Jewish writers. There were reports that if the 1923 Hitler Putsch in Munich had not been a fiasco, it would have been followed by arrest for Lion Feuchtwanger and Bertolt Brecht (who up to this point was also based in Munich). Nevertheless, it would probably be overstating the case to assert that the Fewuchtwanger's move to Berlin was a political decision driven primarily by antisemitism in Munich. The lure of Berlin as a cultural metropolis, which by 1925 had already drawn in Brecht and the writer Arnold Zweig, was powerful. Leon was by now enjoying significant commercial success with his books and in 1931 the couple had a house of their own built in the fashionable district of Berlin-Grunewald. In Autumn 1932, with the political situation in Germany ever more polarised and deadlocked, Marta Feuchtwanger accompanied her husband on a "reading trip" to London where an English-language translation of the first volume of Feuchtwanger's Josephus trilogy was being issued. It appears that Lion continued on to North America for an extended lecture tour while Marta returned to Berlin. At the end of the year she departed for her annual skiing holiday in St Anton. While she was away, on 30 January 1933, the Hitler government took power. The situation for Jews with a high public profile deteriorated very rapidly, and the Feuchtwangers were known to be fiercely critical of the National Socialists. Marta and Lion Feuchtwanger now stayed out of Germany. Their empty new home in Berlin-Grunewald was soon ransacked by Nazi paramilitaries.

Marseille.

When he returned from North America in March 1933 Lion Feuchtwanger rejoined his wife who was still in St Anton. From here they now travelled together directly to Marseille and took a taxi towards he coast in order to find somewhere to live. On 21 April 1933 they set up a base in the Réserve Palace Hotel on the corniche along the coast at Bandol. They confided to their friend Arnold Zweig that what they missed more than the money they had been forced to leave behind (and forfeit) in Germany was, for Lion, their lost house and his books, while Marta missed most intensely the garden. They had difficulty finding a more permanent home and remained in the hotel, living out of suitcases, for some months, but Marseille was by now home to a growing colony of German exiled intellectuals and they were at this stage determined not to move away from the city. Feuchtwanger's Berlin publisher sold on literary rights to a publisher in Basel, so he was still able to publish his novels. His work was also accepted for publication in the United States and in England, but Marta nevertheless noticed that funds were running low. The need to move on from their hotel based existence became financially pressing, especially after they were joined in the hotel by, Lion Feuchtwanger's longstanding secretary.  Fellow exiles included Thomas Mann who rented a villa in nearby Sanary-sur-Mer for the summer, and later recalled in his diary having met Marta at the Réserve Palace Hotel, describing her as an "Egypian-like woman" ("als eine "ägyptisch aussehende Frau""). His older brother, the novelist Heinrich Mann, also spoke of Marta's endlessly elegant and stylish deportment. During the summer of 1933, and then for the rest of the decade, the Feuchtwangers found themselves at the heart of a group of literary celebrities. In Sanary they came into contact with René Schickele and Aldous Huxley. After a time Marta found the Villa Lazare along the coast between Bandol and Sanary, which was available for rent. It had is own little private beach and a view across the bay from the Gorguette peninsular. In June 1933, after overcoming various bureaucratic challenges, the Feutchtwangers moved in. The house was not fully furnished and initially they slept on mattresses on the floor. There was no telephone. There was no separate kitchen, but at one end of the large main room was a fireplace that incorporated a cooking-grill. The Villa Lazare became a social centre for the German emigrant-writers' colony. Marta organised reading groups and extended tea parties that often included more than sixty guests. Lion Feuchtwanger was working night and day on the second novel in his ; he is rarely mentioned in connection with his wife's heroic socialising during this period. One of the first people Marta invited to stay after they moved into the Villa Lazare was their friend Bertolt Brecht. She sometimes teamed up with Brecht, Heinrich Mann and / or others to undertake exploratory excursions in the area. In addition to the many visitors, there was by now a permanent third resident at the Villa Lazarre. Lola Sernau had worked as Lion Feuchtwanger's secretary since 1925, and during the first part of 1933 she had managed to rescue several manuscripts from their former home in Berlin-Grunewald, before the Nazis ransacked the place. Because of the nature of the relationship between Lion and Lola, there were frequent tensions between the wife and the secretary.  During their time in Sanary the Feuchtwangers learned that back in Berlin their German citizenship had been taken away. In March 1934 the two of them moved to a more substantial house, the Villa Valmer in Sanary, which remained their home till 1939/40. As before their home was a meeting point for the exiled German community. Along with her focus on domestic hospitality and her regular skiing holidays, Marta also worked on the garden while Lion remained focused on his writing, also undertaking a number of lengthy foreign trips. After the outbreak of war in September 1939 Lion and Marta Feuchtanger, like many German refugees from the Nazis, were interned several times. Dangers intensified after the German invasion of May/June 1940 and the establishment of a pro-Nazi puppet state in southern France. Helped by Marta, and with active support from the US vice-consul in Marseille, Hiram Bingham (who at one stage sheltered him in his own villa in breach of US and French laws) and by the remarkable journalist Varian Fry, the Feuchtwangers were part of a little group that managed to escape to Portbou on the other side of the Spanish frontier, in September 1940. They made the final part of the French journey dressed and equipped as a band of recreational hikers. The price extracted by the Spanish border guards was paid in the time-honoured currency of Camel cigarettes.  After the outbreak of war Marta Feuchtwanger was detained for some time at the women's internment camp at Gurs. Conditions were poor: then, during the summer of 1940 she became increasingly alarmed by the appearance at the camp of German soldiers. The camp had been constructed a few years earlier to accommodate defeated antifascist fighters returning from the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, following the outbreak of war with Germany, it was reassigned, now used to hold "enemy aliens" - mostly Jewish and/or political refugees whose "enemy alien" status had been rapidly conferred when the war broke out - but at this stage the security at Camp Gurs was still low-level. Marta Feuchtwanger obtained a forged form authorizing her release on grounds of being over 70 (she was not quite 50), but when the time camp to escape, according to her own recollections, she crawled out under the fence. (Camp records state simply that she was permitted to leave.) She showed the release authorization form at the local railway station when she purchased a train ticket. She knew, from a letter received from their house maid who was still in Sanary, that her husband was being held in a camp near Nimes. Her next stop was at the American consulate back in Marseilles where supported by a combination of her own chutzpah and her husband's international fame she made her way to the front of a long frightened queue, winding around several streets, of people desperate to escape. She was able to inform the consular staff that Lion was being held at Camp des Milles, a detention facility near Nimes. A vice-consular official called Miles Standish drove to the camp and somehow extracted Lion Feuchtwanger, disguised as a woman. The escape seems to have involved the world-famous novelist swimming across a little river while wearing a dress. Stopped and challenged at a road block on the way back to Marseille, Standish was able to persuade the officials that the bedraggled figure on the back seat was his mother-in-law. Having arrived in Spain, the Feuchtwangers traveled across to Portugal by train. They travelled separately in order to try and avoid being spotted, although they were actually on the same train.

California.

The couple crossed the Atlantic on separate ships, and when Marta arrived in the late Autumn/Fall of 1940 at New York she was greeted both by her husband and by her husband's New York publisher, their friend Ben Huebsch. It was Huebsch who had arranged for friends to show the president's wife a photograph of the great writer, Lion Feuchtwanger, looking through a barbed wire fence from inside the Camp des Milles: that had led to an unofficial (but evidently effective) presidential instruction that the couple should be issued with emergency US visas. The Feuchtwangers then took the train from New York to Los Angeles where initially they stayed with the artist-caricaturist, already one of Lion's intimates.  Over the next couple of years the Feuchtwangers were obliged to move house five times. Then, at the start of 1943, they settled at Pacific Palisades, directly to the north of Los Angeles, and already a destination of choice for German race-refugee celebrities. The Villa Aurora (as it was subsequently named), built in 1927/28, was a substantial twenty room house with a massive garden that gave direct access to the beach. It had been empty for several years (following the bankruptcy of a builder believed to have been involved in an earlier attempt at restoration) and was in a terrible condition. Marta was nevertheless captivated by the view from the garden over the Bay of Santa Monica. Fuel rationing made the out-of-town location relatively unattractive and the price was correspondingly low. Lion appreciated the solitude and had just sold his novel "The Brothers Lautensack" for $9,000 to "Collier's" Magazine. They purchased the house outright, without needing a loan. A neighbor who hugely admired Lion's writings arranged for a handyman to join them and Marta meticulously masterminded a major rebuild while the house was filled, little by little, with furniture most of which was purchased second hand. The Feuchtwangers had lost one greatly treasured private library when they lost their home in Berlin-Grunewald, and just as Lion had been able to amass a replacement book collection at their home in Sanary they had been forced by political developments to move again, leaving virtually all the books behind. Once settled in Pacific Palisades, whenever they found themselves with money to spare, the priority was to rebuild the collection which, this time, would outlast them both. Meanwhile, the Californian coastal climate was not so different from that of the French Mediterranean coast and Marta again threw herself into making something of the garden. Once again the home became a focus for exiled artists. Regular guests at the reading groups, musical evenings, parties and intense political discussions included Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Franz and Alma Mahler-Werfel, Alfred Döblin, Ludwig Marcuse, Bruno Frank, Albert Einstein, Arnold Schönberg, Kurt Weill, Hanns Eisler, Fritz Lang und Charlie Chaplin. Marta Feuchtwanger welcomed them all with Russian salad, sherry, and her homemade Apple strudel.  Over the next few years the Feuchtwangers repeatedly applied for US citizenship. However, during 1936/37 Lion Feuchtwanger had visited the Soviet Union. That, and the fact that some of his literary friends had had known Communist connections, seems to have been the reason that in the McCarthy era United States decisions over their applications were always postponed by the authorities. According to at least one source, during Lion Feuchtwanger's lifetime the Feuchtwanger's home at Pacific Palisades was kept under FBI surveillance. It was only shortly after Lion Feuchtwanger's death at the end of 1958 that Marta was informed that her application for citizenship had been accepted. Her initial reaction under the circumstances was to reject the status, but she thought better of it: on 10 January 1959 Marta Feuchtwanger became a US citizen. There were practical advantages. During her first fourteen years in America she had not dared to travel abroad because of the constant awareness that, as a non-citizen, there could be no guarantee that the US border guards would let her back in.

Widowhood.

After Lion Feuchtwanger's death it fell to Marta Feuchtwanger, as his sole named heir, to decide how best to preserve his legacy. Hilde Waldo, her husband's secretary at the time of his death, worked with her on administering Lion's estate. Over the next year, with the help of the Germanistics scholar Harold von Hofe, she transferred the house, together with the 30,000 volumes by now contained in Lion Feuchtwanger's (third) personal library, to the University of Southern California. Marta received in return the right to occupy the house for the rest of her life. She was also employed as curator, receiving a small salary in recognition of her curatorial duties. But the university took over responsibility the costs of insurance and maintenance.  During nearly thirty years as a widow, Marta Feuchtwanger nurtured her husband's memory, becoming a significant figure in public life in the process. She provided guided tours round he house the Feuchtwangers had shared and became a regular guest at parties and official functions in the Los Angeles area. As a high-profile escapee from the Nazi nightmare, well connected to many literary and scholarly celebrities whose moves to Los Angeles had mirrored her own, she became an influential part of the Los Angeles cultural scene. In 1964 or 1966 she was honoured by the West German president with the National Order of Merit (""Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz"").  When, in January or April 1969, Marta Feuchtwanger visited West Germany for the first time it was at the invitation of Chancellor Brandt himself. She had first come across Willy Brandt when he was an exiled German leftwing activist in Paris during the 1930s. It was indeed the third time that Brandt had invited her, his first invitation having been sent when he was the Mayor of West Berlin. But she had turned down the first two invitations. She attended "official functions" and was, she later reported, received with great honour (""ehrenvoll"") both in West Germany and in East Germany (the two were separate states between 1949 and 1990). She was therefore in Berlin for the opening of the Feuchtwanger Archive at the.  In 1980 Marta Feuchtwanger received an honorary doctorate from the University of Southern California. In 1987 she died, aged 96, in Santa Monica. The physical remains of Marta and Lion Feuchtwanger are buried at Santa Monica's Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery.

Feuchtwanger Memorial Library and Villa Aurora.

The Feuchtwanger Memorial Library was inaugurated at the University of Southern California in 1995. Approximately a further 20,000 volumes from Lion Feuchtwanger's collection are held "on long-term loan" at the Feuchtwangers' former home, the Villa Aurora along the nearby coast. Alongside Lion Feuchtwanger's personal library and the literary legacies of Marta and Lion Feuchtwanger, other German emigrants from the period are also represented in the Memorial Library collection.  Following Marta Feuchtwanger's death, thanks to an initiative by the journalist-biographer the Feuchtwangers' former home, the Villa Aurora, has been redesignated as an "Artists' Residence" in which German artists from various disciplines are able to live and work for three month terms.

Marta Feuchtwanger ("née" Löffler; 21 January 1891 – 25 October 1987) was the irrepressible and somewhat eccentric third child of a prosperous Munich businessman who in 1912 married the author Lion Feuchtwanger. Although they married only after Marta became pregnant with Feuchtwanger's child, the marriage lasted forty-six years and she became both a devoted wife and a huge influence on his work. The Jewish couple were forced to emigrate during the Hitler period. After her husband died in 1958 Marta Feuchtwanger spent nearly three decades as a high-profile widow in Los Angeles.

Marta Feuchtwanger (* 21. Januar 1891 in München als "Marta Löffler"; † 25. Oktober 1987 in Pacific Palisades) wurde als drittes Kind des jüdischen Textilkaufmanns Leopold Löffler und Johanna Reitlinger Löffler in München geboren. Sie war die Ehefrau des Schriftstellers Lion Feuchtwanger und eine wichtige Persönlichkeit im Kreis der deutschen Exilanten und des kulturellen Lebens in Los Angeles. 1933 emigrierte sie mit ihrem Mann zunächst nach Sanary-sur-Mer, von wo aus sie 1940 über Spanien und Portugal ins amerikanische Exil nach Los Angeles floh. Nach dem Tod ihres Mannes 1958 übertrug sie ihr Haus, die Villa Aurora, sowie die Bibliothek Lion Feuchtwangers der USC Library und verwaltete diese bis zu ihrem Tod 1987. Darüber hinaus nahm sie über 50 Stunden "Oral History" auf und erhielt 1966 das Große Bundesverdienstkreuz sowie 1980 die Ehrendoktorwürde der University of Southern California. Marta hatte ihre eigene Art der Emanzipation, selbst ging sie keinem Beruf nach, sie war allerdings für Lions kreativen Schaffensprozess wichtig, den sie durch Kritik und Lektorat intensiv begleitete. Sie war es auch, die Lion davon überzeugte, historische Romane zu schreiben. „Mein Leben begann mit dem Tag, an dem ich Lion das erste Mal traf“, sagte sie einmal.


Geographic range and habitat.

The island of Madagascar is located off the South-eastern coast of Africa. All species of lemur are indigenous to the island. The Golden-brown mouse lemur is isolated to the forest reserve of Ankarafantsika National Park, a dry deciduous forest located in northwestern Madagascar. It shares the habitat with the gray mouse lemur,("M. murinus"), a sympatric species. Within the habitat that both the golden-brown lemur and gray mouse lemur live, they occupy two very different niches showing divergent regional distribution and different population density patterns. The golden-brown mouse lemur prefers habitat areas in lower latitudes that are humid and in close proximity to water resources. Whereas the gray mouse lemur populations increase with altitude and are located in drier habitats away from water sources.  "M. ravelobensis", as well as other species of mouse lemur have been classified as leaf or nest builders. The golden-brown mouse lemur’s habitat is well dispersed among sexes and family groups, showing little sign of intra- or interspecific competition among overlapping territories. In a 2009 study by S. Thoren et al. showed only lactating females were seen building nests, but studies suggest non-lactating females will also. Nest building will take place in the early hours of the night and will take approximately 60 minutes to build. The nests are constructed of small branches and leaves from surrounding vegetation. They will be occupied by lactating or dominant females, their offspring and mixed lineage group members for a period of 36 days.

Anatomy and physiology.

The golden-brown mouse lemur has been categorized as a separate species based on morphology and genetics.  Its dorsal side is golden-brown, and yellowish-white ventrally. It has a white stripe running from the lower forehead to the muzzle. It weighs 40-70g depending on the season, and is similar in appearance to the gray mouse lemur, though it has a longer, thinner tail. It is unable to store fat in its tail like other mouse lemurs. It travels through the forest by leaping, unlike the gray mouse lemur. It is a nocturnal species, and builds its nests in dense patches of vines or dead leaves.

Social distribution.

There is a great variation in social patterns among nocturnal lemurs; the golden-brown mouse lemur is exceptional with its mixed-sex sleeping groups. "M. ravelobensis" has a well dispersed, inter-sexual sleeping pattern that promotes promiscuity was first categorized in 2004 by researchers Weidt, et al. The golden-brown mouse lemur sleeps predominantly in tree branches or makes nests. Because of this exposed environment male/female sleeping groups exist to aid in both thermoregulation of nests and decrease the chances of predation. This observation has also been noted by Radespiel et al. (2003). Within the sleeping groups, there are several nest locations that individuals will switch between, but the members within the community never change. This social spatial distribution leads to overlapping territories that develop a multi-family community within a given range. Within this given range, studies show little or no competition between males during mating season. Though golden-brown mouse lemurs exhibit a social sleeping pattern, their active nocturnal lifestyle is typically solitary.

The golden-brown mouse lemur ("Microcebus ravelobensis"), also known as the Lac Ravelobe mouse lemur or the Ravelobe mouse lemur, is part of the family, Cheirogaleidae. These are the smallest species of lemur and are all arboreal, nocturnal, and typically social. All species of Lemur are native to the island of Madagascar. The golden-brown mouse lemur, "Microcebus ravelobensis", was first discovered in 1994.

Der Goldbraune Mausmaki ("Microcebus ravelobensis") ist eine auf Madagaskar lebende Primatenart aus der Gattung der Mausmakis innerhalb der Gruppe der Lemuren.