History.

The first meeting of the Tech Model Railroad Club was organized by John Fitzallen Moore and Walter Marvin in November of 1946. Moore and Marvin had membership cards #0 and #1 and served as the first president and vice-president respectively. They then switched roles the following year.  Circa 1948, the club obtained official MIT campus space in Room 20E-214, on the third floor of Building 20, a "temporary" World War II-era structure, sometimes called "the Plywood Palace," which had been home to the MIT Radiation Lab during World War II.  The club's members, who shared a passion to find out how things worked and then to master them, were among the first hackers. Some of the key early members of the club were Jack Dennis and Peter Samson, who compiled the 1959 Dictionary of the TMRC Language and who are credited with originating the concept "Information wants to be free". The atmosphere was casual; members disliked authority. Members received a key to the room after logging 40 hours of work on the layout.  The club was composed of several groups, including those who were interested in building and painting replicas of certain trains with historical and emotional values, those that wanted to do scenery and buildings, those that wanted to run trains on schedules, and those comprising the "Signals and Power Subcommittee" who created the circuits that made the trains run. This last group would be among the ones who popularized the term "hacker" among many other slang terms, and who eventually moved on to computers and programming. They were initially drawn to the IBM 704, the multimillion-dollar mainframe that was operated in Building 26, but access to and time on the mainframe was restricted to more important people. The group really became intensively involved with computers when Jack Dennis, a former member who had by then joined the MIT Electrical Engineering faculty, introduced them to the TX-0, a $3,000,000 computer on long-term loan from Lincoln Laboratory.  At the club itself, a semi-automatic control system based on telephone relays was installed by the mid-1950s. It was called the ARRC (Automatic Railroad Running Computer). It could run a train over the entire set of track, in both directions, without manual intervention, throwing switches and powering tracks ahead of the train. A mainframe program was used to compute the path, and all modifications to the layout had to be compatible with this ability. It was sometimes used to clean the tracks with a track scraper car. Sometime around 1964, this was replaced by a second system built around the Number 5 Crossbar telephone switch; the lead designer for this project was Alan Kotok, by then a rising star on the design staff at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Equipment for this effort was donated by the telephone company via the Western Electric College Gift Plan. An extension to the basic control system allowed TMRC engineers to control switches on the layout. There was also a digital clock display with relay switching, and an internal telephone system with external tie-lines, all built from telephone stepping switches and relays.  The system of telephones was used for voice communication, for control of the clock, as well as for control of switches and blocks. Additionally, ""j" trains" (imaginary trains) could be run by use of plugs in the control system.  Around 1970, Digital Equipment Corporation donated two small rackmount PDP-11 minicomputers. One was eventually used to operate the club's major freight yard and the other was set up to perform user interface tasks, such as initial assignment of trains to throttles, and to throw turnouts. The computer replaced the keypad unit from an old keypunch machine which had been originally installed by Richard Greenblatt.

Vocabulary and neologisms.

The TMRC spawned a unique vocabulary. Compiled in the TMRC Dictionary, it included terms that later became part of the hacker's Jargon File, such as "foo", "mung", and "frob". Other substitutions include "orifice" for office (as in later Back Orifice), "cruft" for garbage, and "hack", meaning an elaborate college prank carried out by MIT students. This last definition is the basis for the term "Hacker".

System layout.

By 1962, the TMRC layout was already a complex electromechanical system, controlled by about 1200 relays. There were scram switches located at numerous places around the room that could be pressed to shut down all movement on the tracks if something undesirable was about to occur, such as a train going full speed toward an obstruction. Another feature of the system was a relay-logic digital clock (dubbed the "digital crock") on the dispatch board, which was itself something of a wonder in the days before cheap LEDs and seven-segment displays. When someone hit a scram switch, the clock stopped and the time display was replaced with the word "FOO"; at TMRC the scram switches are therefore called "foo switches".  The layout is set in the 1950s, when railroads operated steam and diesel-electric engines side by side. This allows visitors to run a wide variety of model rolling stock without looking too anachronistic.  In his book "", Steven Levy gives a detailed account of those early years. TMRC's "Signals and Power Subcommittee" liked to work on the layout's relays, switches, and wires, while the "Midnight Requisitioning Committee" obtained parts independently of campus procurement rules. The Signals and Power Subcommittee included most of the early TX-0 and PDP-1 computer hackers, and several people would later join the core of the MIT AI Lab staff. TMRC was even offered its own multi-rack-cabinet PDP-1 by 1965, although it had no space in which to install it and thus was forced to decline the gift.  MIT's Building 20, TMRC's home for 50 years, was slowly evacuated in 1996–98 and demolished in 1999, to make room for the Ray and Maria Stata Center. The club was offered a new space in Building N52, the MIT Museum building. Most of the original layout could not be moved, and was demolished. Construction of a new layout began immediately, and still continues. The vintage telephone crossbar relay-based control system was moved into the new space and operated for two years but, as the new layout grew, the decision was made to replace it with an electronic equivalent. Known as "System 3", this new system comprises around 40 PIC16F877 microcontrollers under the command of a GNU/Linux PC.  An unusual feature of the new layout is an HO scale model of the Green Building, an 18-story building which is the tallest structure in the academic core of the MIT campus. The model is wired with an array of incandescent window lights which can be used as a display for playing Tetris, and was a precursor to the project to do this with the actual building. Passersby inside Building N52 can view the model through a window and play a monochromatic version of Tetris via remote control, accompanied by authentic-sounding music, even when the facility is closed. In 2011, an independent group of hackers reified this "holy grail" of hacking, by installing and operating a full-sized color version of Tetris on the tall Green Building tower.

Current activities.

, TMRC holds a semi-annual Open House, inviting the MIT community and the general public to visit. At other times, visitors are generally welcome when members are present.

The Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) is a student organization at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Historically it has been a wellspring of hacker culture and the oldest such hacking group in North America. Formed in 1946, its HO scale layout specializes in automated operation of model trains.

Der Tech Model Railroad Club (TMRC) ist eine Studentenorganisation am Massachusetts Institute of Technology und einer der bekanntesten Modelleisenbahn-Clubs der Welt. Die in der Nenngröße H0 erbaute Anlage ist auf automatisierten Betrieb ausgelegt. Der 1946 gegründete Verein gilt als eine der Geburtsstätten der Hacker-Kultur.


History.

St. Werburgh was the daughter of King Wulfhere of Mercia, and niece of King Æthelred, his brother and successor. She was born between 640 and 650.  The first church of Hoo may have been built in the reign of the 8th century King Æthelbald of Mercia, though presumably a monastery existed nearby at an earlier time. This, together with land at Hoo All Hallows, is likely to have been placed under the rule of the leading Mercian monastery of Medeshamstede, now known as Peterborough.  A significant, and possibly unique, feature of this ancient parish church are the two Royal hatchments of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. These were later restored and can be viewed in the church. The Reverend Ferdinando Booth of the same family as Archbishop Lawrence Booth was vicar here from 1675-1680.  The parish records of 1851 gave the population as 1,065. According to official census figures, the population was, in 1891, 1,400; in 1971, 7,725; and in 1981, 7,944.  "Broad Street" appeared as "Brodestrete" in 1478. "Jacobs Lane" is named after the family of Stephen Jacobe of Hoo (1480). A workhouse was in use here until the 1930s, and the secondary school bears the name "The Hundred of Hoo Academy".  Although historically and mostly referred to as Hoo, in 1955 the Parish Council, during a revision of the Ordnance Survey map of the area, requested that Hoo should be shown as 'Hoo St Werburgh'. The Parish Council formally submitted an application in February 1968, under Section 147(4) of the Local Government Act 1933, for the name of the civil parish to be changed to 'Hoo St Werburgh'. In response, the County Council presented a change of name document which ordered and declared that with effect from the first day of October 1968, and until further order, the name of the civil parish shall be Hoo St Werburgh.

Village amenities.

Hoo Village Hall & Jubilee Hall are located on Pottery Road Recreation Ground. Hoo Village Hall & Jubilee Hall are run as a charitable trust by a management committee.  Hoo has one 1.5-acre allotment site (made up of 35 plots) located off Everest Drive. The allotments site is managed by the Parish Council.  Formerly a primary school, Hoo has a library located next to St Werburgh Church on Church Street. The library is managed by Medway Council.  Hoo has one public convenience (toilets, including disabled toilet) and carpark located on Stoke Road. The public convenience and carpark is managed by Medway Council.  Hoo has a 1.0-acre green and landscaped gardens located in the centre. The village green and gardens are managed by Medway Council. The gardens are also looked after and tended to by a group of volunteer residents.  Hoo has a pond and surrounding nature reserve located off Hemony Grove. The pond and reserve is managed by a private maintenance company, although the site is open to the public for recreation. Public liaison is Medway Council.

Recreation grounds.

Hoo has three recreation grounds managed by the Parish Council.  Kingshill Recreation Ground, located off Fourwents Road, is a 7.71-acre site which includes a play park, surfaced football and basketball pitch, woodland walks and open space surrounded by treeline.  Pottery Road Recreation Ground, located off Pottery Road, is a 5.32-acre site which includes an older children's play park and separate younger children's play park, enclosed surfaced football and basketball pitch, skate half pipe, skate ramps, adult exercise equipment, sheltered seating area and open space surrounded by treeline.  Hoo Common, located off Elm Avenue, is a large site which includes woodland walks, meadows and open space surrounded by treeline.

Future development.

As part of the developing Local Plan, Medway Council has proposed to expand and develop Hoo into a "small rural town". The expansion could be supported by a new railway station.

Education.

Hoo is served by a number of schools. Hoo St Werburgh Primary School is for pupils aged 4 – 11 years of age. There are a total of 386 pupils arranged into 14 classes with two classes per year group. Attached to the school is the Marlborough Centre which caters for children diagnosed as autistic. The centre has 54 children arranged into six classes.  The Hundred of Hoo Academy (formerly The Hundred of Hoo School) is for pupils aged 4 – 18 years of age. There are a total of 1,757 pupils. The academy holds specialist Arts College status and is named after the 'Hundred of Hoo' hundred featured in the Domesday Book. The academy offers advanced media facilities and provides secondary education as well as one form entry primary education. Pupils draw from the various villages on the Hoo Peninsula.

Governance.

Hoo is within the Rochester & Strood parliament constituency.

Local government.

Hoo is governed by two tiers of local government:

Notable residents.

Thomas Aveling, a pioneering agricultural engineer, was born in Elm, Cambridgeshire on 11 September 1824 before moving to Hoo. He was the co-founder of Aveling and Porter which became the largest manufacturer of steam rollers in the world. Aveling died on 7 March 1882 and is buried in the churchyard at St Werburgh Church. There is a road in Hoo called Aveling Close, named after Aveling.  William Lionel Wyllie, a prolific maritime painter, was born in Camden Town, London on 5 July 1851. He once lived at Hoo Lodge, located on top of a ridge, which would have provided inspiration with its panoramic view of the River Medway and the maritime activity at Chatham Dockyard. The corvette HMS Calypso (1883) was built at Chatham, which Wyllie painted in 1897. Wyllie died on 6 April 1931 at Primrose Hill, London. There is a road in Hoo called Wylie Road (incorrectly spelt), named after Wyllie.  Declan Galbraith, who is best known for his 2002 hit single "Tell Me Why", which peaked at #29 in the UK Singles Chart, is from Hoo.  Pauline Parker, known for the 1954 Parker–Hulme murder case in Christchurch, New Zealand, now lives in Hoo following her release after serving a 5-year prison sentence. She currently runs a children's riding school in the area.

Hoo St Werburgh is a village and civil parish in the Medway district of Kent, England. It is one several villages on the Hoo Peninsula to bear the name "Hoo", meaning'spur of land', and is featured in the Domesday Book as "Hoe". Hoo had a population of 7,356 at the 2001 census, increasing to 8,945 at the 2011 Census. The civil parish includes Chattenden to the west.

Hoo St Werburgh ist eines von mehreren Dörfern auf der Halbinsel Hoo in Kent in England, das den Namen Hoo trägt. Hoo St Werburgh bildet zugleich eine Gemeinde im Borough of Medway mit 7356 Einwohnern (Stand: Zensus 2001). Der Ort liegt im Südosten Englands etwa 60 km von London entfernt.


Usage.

Entry points apply both to source code and to executable files. However, in day-to-day software development, programmers specify the entry points only in source code, which makes them much better known. Entry points in executable files depend on the application binary interface (ABI) of the actual operating system, and are generated by the compiler or linker (if not fixed by the ABI). Other linked object files may also have entry points, which are used later by the linker when generating entry points of an executable file.  Entry points are capable of passing on command arguments, variables, or other information as a local variable used by the codice_4 method. This way, specific options may be set upon execution of the program, and then interpreted by the program. Many programs use this as an alternative way to configure different settings, or perform a set variety of actions using a single program.

Contemporary.

In most of today's popular programming languages and operating systems, a computer program usually only has a single "entry point".  In C, C++, D, Rust and Kotlin programs this is a function named codice_1; in Java it is a static method named codice_1 (although the class must be specified at the invocation time), and in C# it is a static method named codice_3.  In many major operating systems, the standard executable format has a single entry point. In the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF), used in Unix and Unix-like systems such as Linux, the entry point is specified in the codice_8 field of the ELF header. In the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc), the entry point used by the linker is the codice_9 symbol. Similarly, in the Portable Executable format, used in Microsoft Windows, the entry point is specified by the codice_10 field, which is inherited from COFF. In COM files, the entry point is at the fixed offset of 0100h.  One exception to the single-entry-point paradigm is Android. Android applications do not have a single entry point there is no special codice_1 function. Instead, they have "essential components" (activities and services) which the system can load and run as needed.  An occasionally used technique is the fat binary, which consists of several executables for different targets packaged in a single file. Most commonly, this is implemented by a single overall entry point, which is compatible with all targets and branches to the target-specific entry point. Alternative techniques include storing separate executables in separate forks, each with its own entry point, which is then selected by the operating system.

Historical.

Historically, and in some contemporary legacy systems, such as VMS and OS/400, computer programs have a multitude of "entry points", each corresponding to the different functionalities of the program. The usual way to denote entry points, as used system-wide in VMS and in PL/I and MACRO programs, is to append them at the end of the name of the executable image, delimited by a dollar sign ($), e.g. codice_12.  The Apple I computer also used this to some degree. For example, an alternative entry point in Apple I's BASIC would keep the BASIC program useful when the reset button was accidentally pushed.

Exit point.

In general, programs can exit at any time by returning to the operating system or crashing. Programs in interpreted languages return control to the interpreter, but programs in compiled languages must return to the operating system, otherwise the processor will simply continue executing beyond the end of the program, resulting in undefined behavior.  Usually, there is not a single exit point specified in a program. However, in other cases runtimes ensure that programs always terminate in a structured way via a single exit point, which is guaranteed unless the runtime itself crashes; this allows cleanup code to be run, such as codice_13 handlers. This can be done by either requiring that programs terminate by returning from the main function, by calling a specific exit function, or by the runtime catching exceptions or operating system signals.

Programming languages.

In many programming languages, the codice_1 function is where a program starts its execution. It enables high-level organization of the program's functionality, and typically has access to the command arguments given to the program when it was executed.  The main function is generally the first programmer-written function that runs when a program starts, and is invoked directly from the system-specific initialization contained in the runtime environment (crt0 or equivalent). However, some languages can execute user-written functions before main runs, such as the constructors of C++ global objects.  In other languages, notably many interpreted languages, execution begins at the first statement in the program.  A non-exhaustive list of programming languages follows, describing their way of defining the main entry point:

APL.

In APL, when a workspace is loaded, the contents of "quad LX" (latent expression) variable is interpreted as an APL expression and executed.

C and C++.

In C and C++, the function prototype of the main function looks like one of the following: int main(void); int main();  int main(int argc, char **argv); int main(int argc, char *argv[]); int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env);  // more specifically in C // NOT according to the ISO C standard 5.1.2.2.1 // BUT in embedded programming depending on the μC, this form is also used void main (void); The parameters codice_15, "argument count", and codice_16, "argument vector", respectively give the number and values of the program's command-line arguments. The names of codice_15 and codice_16 may be any valid identifier in C, but it is common convention to use these names. In C++, the names are to be taken literally, and the "void" in the parameter list is to be omitted, if strict conformance is desired. Other platform-dependent formats are also allowed by the C and C++ standards, except that in C++ the return type must always be codice_19; for example, Unix (though not POSIX.1) and Windows have a third argument giving the program's environment, otherwise accessible through codice_20 in codice_21: int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp); Darwin-based operating systems, such as macOS, have a fourth parameter containing arbitrary OS-supplied information, such as the path to the executing binary: int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp, char **apple); The value returned from the main function becomes the exit status of the process, though the C standard only ascribes specific meaning to two values: codice_22 (traditionally 0) and codice_23. The meaning of other possible return values is implementation-defined. In case a return value is not defined by the programmer, an implicit codice_24 at the end of the codice_25 function is inserted by the compiler; this behavior is required by the C++ standard.  It is guaranteed that codice_15 is non-negative and that codice_27 is a null pointer. By convention, the command-line arguments specified by codice_15 and codice_16 include the name of the program as the first element if codice_15 is greater than 0; if a user types a command of "codice_31", the shell will initialise the codice_32 process with codice_33 and codice_34. As codice_35 is the name that processes appear under in codice_36, codice_37 etc., some programs, such as daemons or those running within an interpreter or virtual machine (where codice_35 would be the name of the host executable), may choose to alter their argv to give a more descriptive codice_35, usually by means of the codice_40 system call.  The codice_25 function is special; normally every C and C++ program must define it exactly once.  If declared, codice_25 must be declared as if it has external linkage; it cannot be declared codice_43 or codice_44.  In C++, codice_25 must be in the global namespace (i.e. codice_46), cannot be overloaded, and cannot be a member function, although the name is not otherwise reserved, and may be used for member functions, classes, enumerations, or non-member functions in other namespaces. In C++ (unlike C) codice_25 cannot be called recursively and cannot have its address taken.

C#.

When executing a program written in C#, the CLR searches for a static method marked with the codice_48 IL directive, which takes either no arguments, or a single argument of type codice_49, and has a return type of codice_50 or codice_19, and executes it. static void Main(); static void Main(string[] args); static int Main(); static int Main(string[] args); Command-line arguments are passed in codice_52, similar to how it is done in Java. For versions of codice_4 returning an integer, similar to both C and C++, it is passed back to the environment as the exit status of the process.  Since C#7.1 there are four more possible signatures of the entry point, which allow asynchronous execution in the codice_4 Method. static Task Main() static Task<int> Main() static Task Main(string[]) static Task<int> Main(string[]) The codice_55 and codice_56 types are the asynchronous equivalents of codice_50 and codice_19.

Clean.

Clean is a functional programming language based on graph rewriting. The initial node is named codice_59 and is of type codice_60 if it "changes" the world or some fixed type if the program only prints the result after reducing codice_59. Start :: *World -> *World Start world = startIO... Or even simpler Start :: String Start = "Hello, world!" One tells the compiler which option to use to generate the executable file.

Common Lisp.

ANSI Common Lisp does not define a main function; instead, the code is read and evaluated from top to bottom in a source file. However, the following code will emulate a main function.

D.

In D, the function prototype of the main function looks like one of the following: void main(); void main(string[] args); int main(); int main(string[] args); Command-line arguments are passed in codice_52, similar to how it is done in C# or Java. For versions of codice_25 returning an integer, similar to both C and C++, it is passed back to the environment as the exit status of the process.

FORTRAN.

FORTRAN does not have a main subroutine or function. Instead a codice_64 statement as the first line can be used to specify that a program unit is a main program, as shown below. The codice_64 statement cannot be used for recursive calls. Some versions of Fortran, such as those on the IBM System/360 and successor mainframes, do not support the PROGRAM statement. Many compilers from other software manufacturers will allow a fortran program to be compiled without a PROGRAM statement. In these cases, whatever module that has any non-comment statement where no SUBROUTINE, FUNCTION or BLOCK DATA statement occurs, is considered to be the Main program.

GNAT.

Using GNAT, the programmer is not required to write a function named codice_1; a source file containing a single subprogram can be compiled to an executable. The binder will however create a package codice_67, which will contain and export a C-style main function.

Go.

In Go programming language, program execution starts with the codice_1 function of the codice_69 package main  import "fmt"  func main() {  There is no way to access arguments or a return code outside of the standard library in Go. These can be accessed via codice_70 and codice_71 respectively, both of which are included in the codice_72 package.

Haskell.

A Haskell program must contain a name codice_1 bound to a value of type codice_74, for some type codice_75; which is usually codice_76. codice_77 is a monad, which organizes side-effects in terms of purely functional code. The codice_1 value represents the side-effects-ful computation done by the program. The result of the computation represented by codice_1 is discarded; that is why codice_1 usually has type codice_76, which indicates that the type of the result of the computation is codice_82, the unit type, which contains no information. main :: IO () main = putStrLn "Hello, World!" Command line arguments are not given to codice_1; they must be fetched using another IO action, such as codice_84.

Java.

Java programs start executing at the main method of a class, which has one of the following method headings: public static void main(String[] args) public static void main(String... args) public static void main(String args[]) Command-line arguments are passed in codice_52. As in C and C++, the name "codice_25" is special. Java's main methods do not return a value directly, but one can be passed by using the codice_87 method.  Unlike C, the name of the program is not included in codice_52, because it is the name of the class that contains the main method, so it is already known. Also unlike C, the number of arguments need not be included, since arrays in Java have a field that keeps track of how many elements there are.  The main function must be included within a class. This is because in Java everything has to be contained within a class. For instance, a hello world program in Java may look like: public class HelloWorld { To run this program, one must call codice_89 in the directory where the compiled class file codice_90) exists. Alternatively, executable JAR files use a manifest file to specify the entry point in a manner that is filesystem-independent from the user's perspective.

LOGO.

In FMSLogo, the procedures when loaded do not execute. To make them execute, it is necessary to use this code:  The variable codice_91 is used for the startup list of actions, but the convention is that this calls another procedure that runs the actions. That procedure may be of any name.

OCaml.

OCaml has no codice_1 function. Programs are evaluated from top to bottom.  Command-line arguments are available in an array named codice_93 and the exit status is 0 by default.  Example: print_endline "Hello World"

Pascal.

In Pascal, the main procedure is the only unnamed block in the program. Because Pascal programs define procedures and functions in a more rigorous bottom-up order than C, C++ or Java programs, the main procedure is usually the last block in the program. Pascal does not have a special meaning for the name "codice_1" or any similar name. program Hello(Output); begin end. Command-line arguments are counted in codice_95 and accessible as strings by codice_96, with n between 0 and codice_95.  Versions of Pascal that support units or modules may also contain an unnamed block in each, which is used to initialize the module. These blocks are executed before the main program entry point is called.

Perl.

In Perl, there is no main function. Statements are executed from top to bottom.  Command-line arguments are available in the special array codice_98. Unlike C, codice_98 does not contain the name of the program, which is codice_100.

PHP.

PHP does not have a "main" function. Starting from the first line of a PHP script, any code not encapsulated by a function header is executed as soon as it is seen.

Pike.

In Pike syntax is similar to that of C and C++. The execution begins at codice_1. The "codice_15" variable keeps the number of arguments passed to the program. The "codice_16" variable holds the value associated with the arguments passed to the program.  Example:

Python.

Python programs are evaluated top-to-bottom, as is usual in scripting languages: the entry point is the start of the source code. Since definitions must precede use, programs are typically structured with definitions at the top and the code to execute at the bottom (unindented), similar to code for a one-pass compiler, such as in Pascal.  Alternatively, a program can be structured with an explicit codice_1 function containing the code to be executed when a program is executed directly, but which can also be invoked by importing the program as a module and calling the function. This can be done by the following idiom, which relies on the internal variable codice_105 being set to codice_106 when a program is executed, but not when it is imported as a module (in which case it is instead set to the module name); there are many variants of this structure: import sys  def main(argv):  if __name__ == '__main__': In this idiom, the call to the named entry point codice_1 is explicit, and the interaction with the operating system (receiving the arguments, calling system exit) are done explicitly by library calls, which are ultimately handled by the Python runtime. This contrast with C, where these are done "implicitly" by the runtime, based on convention.

QB64.

The QB64 language has no main function, the code that is not within a function, or subroutine is executed first, from top to bottom:  print "Hello World! a ="; a = getInteger(1.8d): print a  function getInteger(n as double) end function  Command line arguments (if any) can be read using the COMMAND$ function:  dim shared commandline as string commandline = COMMAND$  'Several space-separated command line arguments can be read using COMMAND$(n) commandline1 = COMMAND$(2)

Ruby.

In Ruby, there is no distinct main function. The code written without additional "codice_108", "codice_109" enclosures is executed directly, step by step, in context of special "codice_1" object. This object can be referenced using: irb(main):001:0> self => main and contain the following properties: irb(main):002:0> self.class => Object irb(main):003:0> self.class.ancestors => [Object, Kernel, BasicObject] Methods defined without additional classes/modules are defined as private methods of the "codice_1" object, and, consequently, as private methods of almost any other object in Ruby: irb(main):004:0> def foo irb(main):005:1> 42 irb(main):006:1> end => nil irb(main):007:0> foo => 42 irb(main):008:0> [].foo NoMethodError: private method `foo' called for []:Array irb(main):009:0> false.foo NoMethodError: private method `foo' called for false:FalseClass Number and values of command-line arguments can be determined using the single codice_112 constant array: $ irb /dev/tty foo bar  tty(main):001:0> ARGV ARGV => ["foo", "bar"] tty(main):002:0> ARGV.size ARGV.size => 2 The first element of codice_112, codice_114, contains the first command-line argument, not the name of program executed, as in C. The name of program is available using codice_100 or codice_116.  Similar to Python, one could use: if __FILE__ == $PROGRAM_NAME end

Rust.

In Rust, the entry point of a program is a function named codice_1. Typically, this function is situated in a file called codice_118 or codice_119.  // In `main.rs` fn main() {  Additionally, as of Rust 1.26.0, the main function may return a codice_120:  fn main() -> Result<(), std::io::Error> {

Swift.

When run in an Xcode Playground, Swift behaves like a scripting language, executing statements from top to bottom; top-level code is allowed. // HelloWorld.playground  let hello = "hello" let world = "world"  let helloWorld = hello + " " + world  print(helloWorld) // hello world Cocoa- and Cocoa Touch-based applications written in Swift are usually initialized with the codice_121 and codice_122 attributes, respectively. Those attributes are equivalent in their purpose to the codice_123 file in Objective-C projects: they implicitly declare the codice_1 function that calls codice_125 which creates an instance of codice_126.  The following code is the default way to initialize a Cocoa Touch-based iOS app and declare its application delegate. // AppDelegate.swift  import UIKit  @UIApplicationMain class AppDelegate: UIResponder, UIApplicationDelegate {

Visual Basic.

In Visual Basic, when a project contains no forms, the startup object may be the codice_4 procedure. The codice_128 function can be optionally used to access the argument portion of the command line used to launch the program:  Sub Main() End Sub

Xojo.

In Xojo, there are two different project types, each with a different main entry point. Desktop (GUI) applications start with the codice_129 event of the project's codice_130 object. Console applications start with the codice_131 event of the project's codice_132 object. In both instances, the main function is automatically generated, and cannot be removed from the project.

In computer programming, an entry point is where the first instructions of a program are executed, and where the program has access to command line arguments.

Der Einsprungpunkt () – oder auch die Main-Funktion (englisch oft nur'genannt) und weiter lehnübersetzt auch Hauptfunktion"' – bezeichnet in der Programmierung diejenige Stelle in einem Programm oder einer Funktion, an der der Kontrollfluss, d. h. die Ausführung beginnt.


History.

Botinec.

The club was established in Zagreb in 1991 as KK Botinec, later becoming KK Hiron Botinec for sponsorship reasons. From season to season, the club moved up from the lowest levels of competition until it reached the A-1 League in 2002. In its first season of elite competition, it took 5th place in Croatia, behind the well-known clubs KK Cibona, KK Zadar, KK Zagreb and KK Split.

New name and bigger ambitions.

A big step was taken in 2005 when Atlantic Grupa, a strong regional company, became the main sponsor of the club, after which the club was renamed to KK Cedevita. The young and modern board of directors raised the ambitions of the club, which achieved great success first in the 09–10 Season when it finished at 3rd place in the Croatian league (in the semi-final playoffs Zadar-Cedevita 2–1), played the semi-finals of the Croatian Cup along with taking 7th place in the strong regional Adriatic League as newcomer. Super Season, with the greatest success in Europe, is 10–11 with 3rd place in EuroCup in very first appearance in the competition of that level. Cedevita played EuroCup Final Four after victorious trip near Dynamo Moscow, Aris, Azovmash, Hemofarm Stada, Gran Canaria and Asefa Estiudiantes in Zagreb and Azovmash, Hapoel Galil Gilboa, Unics, Gran Canaria, Estudiantes and Benetton on the road. After a regular 1st place in the Croatian league, Cedevita won Cibona in semi-final playoffs but lost The Finals against Zagreb CO. Also, Cedevita again took 7th place in Adriatic league. First trophies came in 11–12 season with Cup Dražen Petrović and Croatian National Cup Krešimir Ćosić, also with the finals of the ABA league. First Croatian Champions title Croatian league came in the 13–14 season, also with the second Cup Krešimir Ćosić title and the second finals in the ABA league. Cedevita took two U–18 and one Under–16 Croatian Championships titles.

The first national titles (2011–2013).

But one of the best Season, with the greatest success, is 2011–12, with first-ever Trophies for the team. After winning of the Cup Dražen Petrović (Croatian Supercup) against Zagreb, Cedevita took Croatian Cup Krešimir Ćosić for the first time in history, again against Zagreb in The Finals. After playing in Europe, beating French Champion Elan Chalon in qualifications, Cedevita finished the competition in the group, with strong Spartak St. Petersburg, Benetton Treviso, and Bayern. But the real success was 2nd place in the regular season of Adriatic league and crown came with great Finals in Tel Aviv, victory against Partizan in semi-finals and lose against Maccabi Tel Aviv in the finals. With that result, Cedevita had Euroleague place in her pocket. After 2nd place in the Croatian league, Cedevita won Split in semi-final playoffs but lost The Finals against Cibona.  Since 2005, the club has been led by great coaches such as the former coach of the Croatian National Team Srećko Medvedec, former Olympic Silver Medalist from Seoul and best scorer of the Euroleague Zdravko Radulović, former Yugoslavian National Team player Slobodan Subotić, former coach of Olympiacos and Panathinaikos and Aleksandar Petrović, National Team player and later Croatian National Team coach (brother of the famous Dražen Petrović) who became the best Eurocup coach in the 2010–11 season. Today, sitting on Cedevita's bench is current National Team of Croatia coach Jasmin Repeša who came in 13–14 season and will lead the team in 14–15 season.  Before Repeša coach was in 2012–13 four-time European Champion with Jugoplastika Split, Limoges and Panathinaikos, great Božidar Maljković, the successor of the former Croatian champion with Cibona and Belgian champion with Charleroi, Dražen Anzulović, who led Cedevita in season, 2011–12. Over the past few years, former Croatian and Bosnian National team members played for the team, including Slaven Rimac, Jurica Žuža, Damir Milačić, Krešimir Novosel, Mate Miliša, Milan Parezanović, Pero Dujmović, Stipe Modrić, Frano Čolak, alongside several excellent American players such as A. J. Guyton, Marlon Garnett, Adam Harrington, God Shammgod, Vonteego Cummings or Ramel Bradley.  The 2009–10 roster was strong with former Croatian National Team players Andrija Žižić, team captain Marino Baždarić and Damjan Rudež, B National Team player Tomislav Petrović, Bosnia and Herzegovina National Team players Bariša Krasić and Ivan Opačak, Canadian National Team playmaker Jermaine Anderson and Americans Ricardo Marsh and Thomas Mobley, as well as the Under–20 Croatian National Team player Dino Butorac. In younger selections cadets became Champions of Croatia.  The 2010–11 roster was especially strong with Žižić, Baždarić, Rudež, Petrović, Butorac, and newcomers as former Croatian National Team players Vedran Vukušić and Vladimir Krstić, ex Cibona player Robert Troha and ex BIH National Team player Vedran Princ. EuroCup MVP was American Dontaye Draper, new Croatian National Team member, EuroCup second team member Bracey Wright and center Corsley Edwards. In younger selections, juniors and cadets became vice Champions of Croatia.  Cedevita started 11–12 season's roster was especially strong with the best foreign player ever in Croatia, three times European Champion with CSKA and Bologna, Slovenian National Team player Matjaž Smodiš, fine Americans Chris Owens and Chris Warren, ex NBA and National Team player Dalibor Bagarić, new NT players Miro Bilan and Marko Car, along with Draper, Baždarić, Princ, Vukušić, Petrović, Opačak. In younger selections, juniors became Champions and cadets vice Champions of Croatia.  12–13 season was marked by the arrival of the four times European Champion, coach Božidar Maljković for the first time ever participation of the club in the EuroLeague. Three Croatian National Team members, Marko Tomas, Lukša Andrić and Luka Babić joined the club, as well as stars like Mickaël Gelabale or Vlado Ilievski. Cedevita achieved its first victories at the highest level in Europe, but without passing to the TOP 16. After Maljković left the club, Aleksandar Petrović became the new coach but he also left the club before the end of the season in the Adriatic League in which Cedevita won the 6th place, enough for the participation in the EuroCup's next season. Before leaving, coach Petrović played the Cup finals, and interim coach Jakša Vulić reach the semifinals of the Croatian A-1 League play off. In younger selections juniors became vice Champions of Croatia and cadets, young cadets and Under–12 team played in Final fours.

Five Croatian League titles (2013–2019).

The 2013–14 season started with big change on the bench, with the arrival of Jasmin Repeša, Croatian National Team coach who led Croatia to the semifinals of European Championships in Slovenia. Repeša had young but strong defense roster with one of the best young players in Europe, 19-year-old Jusuf Nurkić and 16-year-old Lovro Mazalin. With Bilan, Suton, Tomas, captain Baždarić and Babić from season before, team roster was stronger for occasional NT players Ante Delaš, Tomislav Zubčić and Ivan Ramljak and two strong Americans Nolan Smith and Allan Ray. BC Cedevita has won Cup Krešimir Ćosić, against BC Zagreb in the finals 86:68. In EuroCup passed by Elan Chalon, Charleroi and Oldenburg in the second stage, with Bilbao and Dynamo Sassari from a group, and stayed in Top 32 level regardless victories in Zaragoza or Istanbul over Bešiktaš. The club lost two games against Lietuvos Rytas, 83:84 and 75:74. But the best came latter. In great Final four tournament of ABA league in Belgrade, Cedevita defeat Partizan in front of 15,000 home supporters but lost in the finals from Cibona. This final is important because it ensured EuroLeague ticket for 14–15 season. The best came at the end of the season, with the first Croatian Champions title and great 3–0 victory in the series against Cibona. In 13–14 season Cedevita has won the new title in junior competition and became U–18 Croatian Champions.  In the 2014–15 season Cedevita became Croatian Champion again, with a win 3–1 in the playoffs finals vs Cibona, won Croatian Krešimir Ćosić Cup again and with an ABA league Finals (1–3 against Crvena Zvezda) will play in EuroLeague 15–16. Under–16 team is Croatian Champion, Under–18 team played in the Finals. Džanan Musa is MVP Under-16 European Championship with gold for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Marko Arapović is a captain silver Under–19 Croatian Team at World Under–19 Cup with a position in best 5 of the tournament.  The new season 2015–16 with a new coach, Veljko Mršić and Gianmarco Pozzecco as assistant coach brings in some of the best seasons ever in 2015–16. Championships title again also Croatian Krešimir Ćosić Cup with semifinals in ABA league and Top 16 EuroLeague. In the 2016–17 again 4th-time champions with 5th time Croatian Cup, finals of Adriatic ABA League with Top 16 EuroCup. Miro Bilan, Marko Arapović, Filip Krušlin and Luka Babić played at the Olympic Games in Rio and Džanan Musa became the best scorer of FIBA Under-17 World Cup with Bosnia and Herzegovina National Team. In 2017–18 season the club started with legend player on coach position Jure Zdovc and assistant Slaven Rimac on the bench and first trophy, first ever ABA League Supercup in Bar. This season is a record in Croatia because Cedevita was first in Croatian League (5-th in a row) 2017–18 A-1 League as the senior team, also U-19, U-17 and U-11 team and U-15 vice champions. It was time for a 6-th Croatian Cup Krešimir Ćosić Cup. After TOP-16 in Eurocup Cedevita reaches semifinals of 2017–18 ABA League. Džanan Musa was EuroCup Basketball Rising Star 2017–18 EuroCup Basketball and ABA League Top Prospect 2017–18 ABA League First Division. In 2018-2019 season first coach will be Sito Alonso. The season was one of the worst in club history - poor results in the ABA League and the EuroCup lead to Alonso's firing and the hiring of former player Slaven Rimac. While the results improved, Cedevita was eliminated in the Top16 of the EuroCup, and the semifinals of the ABA League. Cedevita won Krešimir Ćosić Cup, but suffered a complete fiasco in the 2018–19 A-1 League, barely qualifying to the finals and getting swept by KK Cibona.

Merge with Olimpija Ljubljana.

On June 4, 2019, it was announced that Cedevita is about to merge with Slovenian team Olimpija Ljubljana and form Cedevita Olimpija. Some departments of the club, such as the Youth Academy, are planned to stay in Zagreb and continue as KK Cedevita Junior. In June 2019, Cedevita had applied for a change of headquarters from Zagreb to Ljubljana, Slovenia. Upon the decision of resettlement, and followed by the confirmation of both assemblies, Cedevita Zagreb and Olimpija Ljubljana made the association of clubs. KK Cedevita Olimpija was established at the meeting on July 8 in Arena Stožice.

Cedevita Junior years (2019–present).

Cedevita Junior was established as a new legal entity on May 31, 2019, and registered on June 11 by a local government authority. On June 18, the Croatian Basketball Federation issued a statement where they declined participation of the club in the 2019–20 Croatian League season. In July 2019, Marino Baždarić was named a sports director.

Home arenas.

Since the summer of 2019, the club has been playing their home games at the Cedevita Basketball Dome, which is located in the Zagreb Fair in Zagreb.

Honours.

Total titles: 15

Identity.

After the company Cedevita changed its brand colors from red to orange in 2015, the basketball club also re-branded and adopted orange as its main color for the 2016–17 season.

Košarkaški klub Cedevita Junior (), also known as Cedevita Junior, is a men's basketball club based in Zagreb, Croatia. The team is named after its main sponsor Cedevita.

KK Cedevita ist ein Basketballverein aus Botinec, einem Stadtteil von Zagreb, Kroatien. Zurzeit nimmt der Verein in der kroatischen ersten Liga teil und ist vierfacher kroatischer Meister.


CHV in puppies.

The incubation period of CHV is six to ten days. CHV is transmitted to puppies in the birth canal and by contact with infected oral and nasal secretions from the mother or other infected dogs, but it is not spread through the air. The virus replicates in the surface cells of the nasal mucosa, tonsils, and pharynx. Low body temperature allows the virus to spread and infect the rest of the body. Symptoms include crying, weakness, depression, discharge from the nose, soft, yellow feces, and a loss of the sucking reflex. CHV also causes a necrotizing vasculitis that results in hemorrhage around the blood vessels. Bruising of the belly may occur. Eye lesions include keratitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, retinitis, and retinal dysplasia. There is a high mortality rate, approaching 80 percent in puppies less than one week old, and death usually occurs in one to two days.  In puppies three to five weeks old, the disease is less severe due to their ability to properly maintain body temperature and mount a febrile response. More puppies survive, but they can develop a latent infection. Some later get neurologic disease and have symptoms like difficulty walking and blindness. Reactivation of a latent infection may be caused by stress or immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids. The site of latency has been shown to be the trigeminal ganglion and possibly the lumbosacral ganglion.

CHV in adult dogs.

In adult dogs, the virus infects the reproductive tract, which allows it to be sexually transmitted or passed to puppies during birth. The disease can cause abortion, stillbirths, and infertility. It is also an infrequent cause of kennel cough. However, sexual contact is not the primary cause of transmission. Most adult dogs become infected by inhaling the virus via airborne particles spread by coughs or sneezes. It can also be contracted by drinking from a contaminated water bowl, or even just by sniffing or licking another dog that is shedding the virus.  Like other types of herpesvirus, previously infected dogs can from time to time release the virus in vaginal secretions, penile secretions, and discharge from the nose. Raised sores in the vagina or on the penis may be seen during these times. Spread of the disease is controlled by not breeding dogs known to have it. Serology can show what dogs have been exposed (although not all of them will be releasing the virus at that time). Serological studies of various dog populations have revealed a seroprevalence of 40 to 93 percent. Bitches who have a negative serology for CHV should be isolated from other dogs from three weeks before to three weeks after giving birth. Bitches that have lost puppies to the disease may have future litters that survive due to transfer of antibodies in the milk.

Diagnosis, treatment, and control.

Diagnosis of the disease in puppies is best accomplished by necropsy. Findings include hemorrhages in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. Treatment of affected puppies is difficult, although injecting antibodies to CHV into the abdomen may help some to survive. Keeping the puppies warm is also important. The virus does not survive well outside of the body and is easily destroyed by most detergents. A vaccine in Europe known as Eurican Herpes 205 (ATCvet code: ) has been available since 2003. It is given to the dam (mother) twice: during heat or early pregnancy and one to two weeks before whelping.

Research.

Studies of using CHV as a viral vector for gene therapy in dogs and as a basis for recombinant vaccines are ongoing. Its use as a vector in bait-delivered oral vaccines in wild foxes is also being investigated.

Canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1), formerly Canine herpesvirus (CHV), is a virus of the family "Herpesviridae" which most importantly causes a fatal hemorrhagic disease in puppies (and in wild "Canidae") less than two to three weeks old. It is known to exist in the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, England and Germany. CHV was first recognized in the mid-1960s from a fatal disease in puppies.

Das Canine Herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1) oder Canines Alphaherpesvirus 1 ist ein bei Hunden vorkommendes DNA-Virus. Das 120–200 nm große, behüllte Virus wurde im Zusammenhang mit dem erstmals 1965 beschriebenen Welpensterben entdeckt. Die Prävalenz in den Hundepopulationen weltweit variiert zwischen 20 % und 98 % in Abhängigkeit von der Region. Nach dem bisherigen Kenntnisstand sind nur Haushunde, Wölfe und Kojoten für das Virus empfänglich.


Overview.

Shijak is located 11 km away from the city of Durrës, and 31 km from the city of Tirana. The former municipality had a surface area of about 5 km, and a reported population of around 12,853 people as of 2007. In reality the population is smaller as many people who claim residency in Shijak actually reside permanently elsewhere. With this taken into account the actual population size is estimated to be around 6,000–7,000 people. Population size has grown at a rate of around 1% per year despite birth rate decreasing at a rate of around 60% from 2003 to 2007. Inward migration of families accounts for this increase. Three neighborhoods comprise Shijak; “lagjia e re,” “lagjia e vjeter,” and “lagjia erzen.” In 2010-2011 the only female mayor in Albania ran Shijak.

History.

Shijak has ancient roots, dating back to after the founding of Durrës in 637 B.C. Shijak developed as a satellite site for the Taulantii tribe although under a different name, with the tribe's hub located in Durrës. Later Shijak was named as Shen Jak, translated to “Saint Jacob.” Later Shijak would be known as Shenjak, Shejak, Shinjak, then Shijak. The settlement suffered some destruction during the Ottoman invasion including some destruction to the local church. In 1880 Sali Bej Deliallisi founded Shijak as a village. The population of Shijak grew when Bosnian settlers (from Bosnia and Herzegovina) immigrated into two neighboring villages which later became known as Koxhas and Borake. Shijak later developed into a town as natural growth occurred and around 1908 people from the cities of Tirana, Kruja, and Shengjergj migrated into Shijak and built residences and shops. Shijak became an official town with a French reconstruction process in 1930.

Natural & Built Environment.

The Erzen river runs through Shijak, and the spring of Gjyshi, spring of Dshku, and Erzin lake are all in the nearby vicinity. Shijak is centered on a flower park, one of two public squares in the municipality. The flower park is bordered by roads with parking. Around the flower park are a variety of shops including tourism agencies, ice cream shops, bars, cafes, restaurants, and small food shops. There are many paved roads in Shijak, but more unpaved. Low one or two story houses with low walls with gates in front are characteristic of Shijak. Taller apartment buildings are also found in Shijak, mostly closer to the center of the town. Small stores are located throughout Shijak's more residential areas. Shijak has one open air market open in the mornings daily, but officially open and crowded on Sundays. Shijak also has a soccer field, which is utilized by both its local soccer team and the national team for practice. Shijak has a community center with meeting space and auditorium but this space is in poor shape. The community center shares a building with the local Mosque. The municipality also has a library, post office, health center, police station, Internet places, and other shops. The municipality has two public kindergartens, one private kindergarten, three public 9 year schools, and one public high school. No public transportation exists within Shijak due to its small size. Buses run daily to and form the cities of Durrës and Tirana, and some furgons and taxis are licensed to travel into Shijak from other locations.

Governance.

The municipality of Shijak is run by the Bashkia (City Hall). The municipality has around 33 employees and 10 different offices. The Bashkia is headed by the only female municipality mayor in Albania. In 2007 the municipality created a community development plan along with the OSCE, Council of Europe, LGI-Budapest, and the Association of Albanian Municipalities. This plan sets forth goals for the municipality to reach by 2015. The municipality has currently reached many of these goals and is working towards implementing and completing many of the others. Along with the Community Development Plan Shijak created the Civic commission in 2008 with five representatives from the community. These representatives are consulted on important decisions in the municipality. Although the comity has five members, it will also invite other important actors to make decisions as well..

Economy & Business.

Shijak's economy consists largely of the private sector. There are 246 small businesses and 17 large businesses as of 2007. These businesses are largely trade and services. Money also comes into Shijak in the form of remittances from the many Shijak residents living abroad. The local municipality recorded unemployment in 2007 to be at around 10%, but is considered to be higher when accounting for all the persons able to work. Around 130 homeless families lived in Shijak in 2007.  South of Shijak, there is a broadcasting station for mediumwave and shortwave.

Sports.

Shijak has a soccer team that is currently in the Albanian First Division known as KF Erzeni.

Shijak () is a town and a municipality in Durrës County, west-central Albania. The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Gjepalaj, Maminas, Shijak and Xhafzotaj, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Shijak. The total population is 27,861 (2011 census), in a total area of 92.24 km. The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 7,568.

Shijak (, ) ist eine Kleinstadt mit rund 7500 Einwohnern in Mittelalbanien im Qark Durrës. Der Ort liegt zwischen Durrës und Tirana, rund elf Kilometer von der Hafenstadt und 25 Kilometer von der Hauptstadt entfernt. Hauptstraße, Autobahn und Eisenbahn umfahren den Ort nördlich in einem weiten Bogen, denn östlich von Shijak erhebt sich ein kleiner Hügelzug. Die Stadt selber liegt am Ostufer des Erzen, der mäandernd von Süden nach Norden dem Meer zufließt.


History.

The earliest references to the family include a document of Bishop Otto of Bamberg from the year 1119 of a "Rupertus de Bibra". In 1151 a "Pertholdus (Berthold) de Bibra" and his sons "Pertholdus (Berthold)" and "Tagino" are referenced in another document. The family prospered in numbers, wealth, and influence in the 15th century and early 16th century. By the time of Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605, the family is listed as the most important family of Franconia under the rank of Freiherr. By 1600 most of the family died off without heirs partially due natural causes such as the Bubonic plague and the number of family members who took church positions. After the death of Heinrich von Bibra in 1602, the Prince-Bishop Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn seized most of the family’s assets as part of the Counter-Reformation resulting in a 79-year lawsuit. The lawsuit (Reichskammergericht) was eventually settled with the family receiving all the properties except Burgwallbach but without income during the suit. From 1602 on there were many important members of the family but the family itself never recovered the leading position it previously had in the late 15th and 16th centuries. Between 1698 and 1772, the various lines were raised to "Reichsfreiherr" (Barons of the Holy Roman Empire). In later times, the family spread to the Austrian Empire, the British Empire, and the United States. According to Wagenhöfer, the Bibra family is the most researched family of the low nobility in Franconia after the Guttenberg and Seckendorff families.

Riemenschneider patronage.

The tomb of Lorenz von Bibra by Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460 – 7 July 1531) in the Würzburg Dom (cathedral) is one of Riemenschneider's most famous works. Lorenz also commissioned Riemenscheider to do the tomb of his predecessor, Rudolf von Scherenberg. In Bibra the family commissioned Riemenschneider to do the "Altar of the Apostles, Altar of the Church Fathers, Altar of the Annunciation, Carving of St. Kilian", a crucifix, and an epitaph of Hans von Bibra (Lorenz' father). Kilian von Bibra also commissioned a work by Riemenscheider other than at Bibra.

Localities associated with family.

Family seat:  Second seat:  Historical holdings still in family:  Estates, castles, manor houses, and villages that previously came under Bibra control (Germany unless otherwise stated):  German cities with close association:  Memorials:  Monasteries closely associated with Bibra family:  Australia

Coats of arms of municipalities.

The Bibra coat of arms is incorporated into several municipalities.

Organization of the family.

For the last four centuries the family has divided itself between two Branches named after the two brothers whom all living Bibra descend: Valentine (1560–1595) and Bernhard (1562–1609). Within each branch, the family has divided further in Lines centered on castles and a manor house (Gleicherwiesen). The last two centuries, the Lines are as follows:  Valentine Branch Bernhard Branch  All branches of the family were raised to "Freiherr". In 1919, all nobility predicates were transformed into constituents of the family name in Germany.

Erbuntermarschallamt (hereditary under-marshal office) of Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg 1357 – 1803.

1357: The counts of Henneberg had the title to the office in 1357 transferred to the Bibra family, but then withdrawn and returned to it to the von der Kere family.  1405: In two contracts of 1405 and 1486, both families finally agreed on the alternating exercise of the office. When the Henneberg family renounced the Obermarschall of Würzburg in 1533 for political reasons, there were no more changes with the Untermarschallamt until the extinction of the Henneberg house in 1584.  1572: The sole right of succession claimed by the Bibra after the extinction of the von der Kere family in 1572 was contested by Prince Bishop Julius Echter of Mespelbrunn (ruled 1573–1617), and the share of the Kere family transferred to his own family. Until the extinction of the Mespelbrunn (1665), members of both families exercised an alternating office.  1665 -1803 (secularization): The Bibras stand unchallenged. Beginning in 1803, it became an "empty title" with no Prince-Bishopric.  The Erbntermarschallamt was held by the "Familiensenior" or "Senior familiae" ("Family Senior") which is the eldest male member of the Bibra family when the family held the position.  Beginning in 1721, members of the Schabelwaid/Weisendorf line had the Erbuntertruchsess of the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg.

Bibra family / Bibran-Modlau family relationship.

Bibran-Modlau family (Bibran, Bibra und Modlau, Bibra-Modlau) was a Silesian noble family which was raised to Reichsfreiherr (Imperial barons) 1624.  The family and the three sons-in-law of the apparent last Silesian Bibran-Modlau used multiple variations of the name including:  One source ("Origines familiae Bibranorum in Francia orientali utraque Silesia et Lusatia...)" reports that the family descends from a Sigmund von Bibra (Franconian Bibra family) who traveled to Silesia in the 11th century, however the different coat of arms casts doubt on the connection. The description with the published (c. 1860) print of Schloss Modlau describes the Bibran family as having split off from the Franconia Bibras five hundred years ago. By 1480 Modlau and Profen were already in possession of the family. At the end of the family, it was centered at Reisicht and Modlau, in present-day Poland. Prominent members of the family were: Friedrich Heinrich von Bibran-Modlau, Abraham von Bibran Kittlitztreben und Woitsdorf, and Sigismund Heinrich von Bibran-Modlau who was one of the largest land owner in Silesia.  David Heinrich von Bibran-Modlau was the apparent last male member of the family in Silesia. When he died in 1828, he had three daughters. His three sons-in-law (von Kölichen, von Block and von Schönberg) incorporated the Bibran-Modlau into their names. The son-in-law Ernst Heinrich von Kölichen, who had incorporated the Bibran-Modlau name and coat of arms died (1832) with a daughter, Agnes, but no sons. Ernst’s son-in-law, Ludwig von Senden again incorporated (c. 1836) the Bibran name into his own becoming "von Senden-Bibran" as in Gustav von Senden-Bibran.

The Bibra family () was one of the leading "Uradel" (ancient noble) families in Franconia (northern part of Bavaria) and present day Thuringia from the mid-15th century to about 1600. Later on the family rose from "Reichsritter" (Imperial Knights) to "Reichsfreiherr" (Barons of the Holy Roman Empire). After the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, they were made ‘’Freiherr’‘ (Barons) of Bavaria and Bohemia.

Bibra ist der Name eines fränkischen Uradelsgeschlechts. Der gleichnamige Stammsitz Bibra an der Bibra ist heute ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Grabfeld im Landkreis Schmalkalden-Meiningen im Freistaat Thüringen.


Plot.

The film is a romantic melodrama about two childhood friends, Leo and Ulrich, who grow up to be soldiers in Germany. Leo becomes infatuated with Felicitas, the wife of a powerful count (a marriage about which Felicitas neglects to inform Leo). The count calls for a duel of honor with Leo, but insists that it be done under the false pretense that the quarrel was due to angry words exchanged between the two at a card game in order to protect the count's reputation. Leo kills the count in the duel, but then is punished by the military, being sent to Africa for five years.  Due to Ulrich's intervention, Leo only serves three years before being recalled home. On his return journey, he focuses on his dream of being reunited with Felicitas. Before he left for Africa, Leo had asked Ulrich to take care of Felicitas' needs while he was away. Ulrich — unaware that his friend is in love with Felicitas — falls in love with her and marries her.  Upon his return, Leo finds himself torn between Felicitas — which the woman encourages — and his friendship for Ulrich. Condemned by a local pastor for continuing to associate with Felicitas, Leo eventually loses control of his emotions, leading to a climactic duel between the two boyhood friends. While racing to stop the duel, Felicitas falls through a layer of thin ice and drowns. Meanwhile, the friends reconcile, realizing that their friendship is more important than Felicitas.

Production.

"Flesh and the Devil", produced in 1926, premiered at New York's Capitol Theater on January 9, 1927) and marked a turning point for Garbo's personal and professional life. Initially, she refused to participate in the film. She had just finished "The Temptress" and was tired, plus her sister had recently died of cancer and she was upset that her contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer did not allow her to take the long trip back to Sweden. A sternly worded letter from MGM (read by Garbo biographer Barry Paris on the audio commentary for the 2005 DVD release of the film) warned her of dire consequences if she did not report for work. This was a rehearsal of sorts for a pitched battle Garbo would fight against studio heads after "Flesh and the Devil" was completed, which ended up with Garbo becoming one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood up to that time.  The romantic chemistry between Garbo and Gilbert was a director's dream because it was not faked. The two actors quickly became involved in their own romantic affair and before production of the film was completed had already moved in together (per Paris' commentary). Hollywood legend has it that it was also during production that Gilbert proposed to Garbo; she accepted, a high-profile wedding was arranged, but Garbo backed out. Paris disputes that this could have happened in the midst of production. Regardless of the chronology, "Flesh and the Devil" marked the beginning of one of the more famous romances of Hollywood's golden age. They would also continue making movies together into the Sound Era, though Gilbert's career would collapse in the early 1930s while Garbo's soared.  Garbo was so impressed with Clarence Brown's direction and William Daniels's cinematography that she continued to work with both of them in her subsequent films at MGM. She was particularly insistent on the use of Daniels as her prime cinematographer.

Box office.

The film earned $1,261,000 worldwide, netting the studio a $466,000 profit.

Accolades.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

Home media.

"Flesh and the Devil" was restored and released to DVD with "The Temptress" in September 2005 as part of a collection by Turner Classic Movies entitled "Garbo Silents". The DVD includes an alternative, upbeat ending.

Flesh and the Devil is a 1926 American silent romantic drama film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and stars Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lars Hanson, and Barbara Kent, directed by Clarence Brown, and based on the novel "The Undying Past" by Hermann Sudermann.

Es war (OT: "Flesh and the Devil") ist ein US-amerikanischer Spielfilm von Clarence Brown. Der Film war die erste gemeinsame Arbeit des Leinwandpaares Greta Garbo und John Gilbert und wurde am 9. Januar 1927 in den USA uraufgeführt. 2006 erfolgte die Aufnahme in das National Film Registry.


Government.

The province was governed under a civil government that has an executive, judicial and legislative branch and is divided into military districts.  The governor served also as the commander of the Army Department of Mindanao-Jolo. Most of the district governors and their deputies were members of the U.S. military. In 1913, the military governor was replaced by a civil governor.  The Moro Council served as the legislative body of the province. The governor and its members were appointed by and with the consent of the Philippine Commission.  Justice was administered for the province by two (2) Courts of First Instance, Justice of the Peace Courts and by the Municipal Courts.

Districts.

The province was divided into five districts, with U.S. officers serving as district governors and deputy governors. These districts included: Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Jolo, and Zamboanga. The district government is composed of the governor, the secretary, and the treasurer who were all appointed by the provincial governor.  The district officials also form as the District Board which had the power to enact ordinances although subject to the approval of the Legislative Council.

Tribal Wards.

The districts were sub-divided into tribal wards, with major datus serving as ward chiefs and minor datus serving as deputies, judges, and sheriffs.  The head of the tribe has the power to sub-divide his wards and appoint deputies into these sub-wards with the approval of the district governor.

Christian communities.

The tribal wards were applied only to Muslim communities. Meanwhile, the minority Christian communities were merged into regular municipalities.  The government of each municipality was composed of a president, vice-president and a municipal council. The President and half of the councilors were elected by qualified voters and the other half is appointed by the district governor.

History.

After the dissolution of the Republic of Zamboanga and others part of Mindanao are under U.S. rule, the U.S. civil government led by Governor William Howard Taft authorized the creation of the Moro Province that includes "all of the territory of the Philippines lying south of the eight parallel of latitude, excepting the island of Palawan and the eastern portion of the northwest peninsula of Mindanao." The Province was created by the virtue of Act No. 787 in June 1, 1903. Major General Leonard Wood, with the capacity of commander of the Army Department of Mindanao-Sulu was appointed governor of the province in August 6, 1903.

Military to Civilian Government.

By 1913, Governor Pershing agreed that the Moro Province needed to transition to civil government. This was prompted by the Moro's personalistic approach to government, which was based on personal ties rather than a respect for an abstract office. To the Moros, a change of administration meant not just a change in leadership but a change in regime, and was a traumatic experience. Rotation within the military meant that each military governor could serve only for a limited time. Until 1911, every district governor and secretary had been a military officer. By November 1913, only one officer still held a civil office – Pershing himself. In December 1913, Pershing was replaced as governor of Moro Province by a civilian, Frank Carpenter.

Dissolution.

On July 23, 1914, the Moro Province was officially replaced by an agency named the Department of Mindanao and Sulu including the whole island of Mindanao except Lanao. The agency was tasked to administer all Muslim-dominated areas in the territory. Frank Carpenter remained as governor of the agency.

Moro Province () is the name of a former province of the Philippines consisting of the former provinces and regions of Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato, Davao, and Jolo. It was later split into provinces and regions organized under the Department of Mindanao and Sulu, along with the former provinces of Agusan, Surigao and current province of Bukidnon, but excluding Lanao.

Die Provinz Moro war eine Provinz der Philippinen, die zwischen 1903 und 1913 einen Großteil der südlichen Insel Mindanao und des südwestlichen Sulu-Archipels vereinnahmte.


Plot.

Bourbon plays Pamela Mann, a married psychotherapist living and working in Manhattan who has several sexual encounters that are filmed by a private detective hired by her husband. Mann has sex with one of her patients, a prostitute, and also is kidnapped by a couple of radicals. While the male radical orally rapes Mann, the female radical reads the text of a Supreme Court decision on pornography. She also fellates a man she meets on a park bench. At the climax of the film, Mann is revealed to be watching the detective's films in bed with her husband. They have staged the encounters and the snooping for their own private enjoyment. They then have sex.

Notes.

"The Private Afternoons of Pamela Manns" was released during the Golden Age of Porn (inaugurated by the 1969 release of Andy Warhol "Blue Movie") in the United States, at a time of "porno chic", in which adult erotic films were just beginning to be widely released, publicly discussed by celebrities (like Johnny Carson and Bob Hope) and taken seriously by film critics (like Roger Ebert).  According to one film reviewer, Radley Metzger's films, including those made during the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984), are noted for their "lavish design, witty screenplays, and a penchant for the unusual camera angle". Another reviewer noted that his films were "highly artistic — and often cerebral... and often featured gorgeous cinematography". Film and audio works by Metzger have been added to the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City.

Remastered version.

In 2011, DistribPix released a complete remastering of the film, with the full cooperation of the director. The result had a limited exhibition in theaters, but the main outcome of the project was the first-ever official remastered DVD version. A listing of the music on the film soundtrack was released earlier.

The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann is a 1974 American hardcore adult film starring Barbara Bourbon and directed by Radley Metzger (as "Henry Paris") that is considered one of the classics of the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984). It was a step forward in the development of the genre, as it had a plot and good acting. The movie can be seen as a meditation on voyeurism, due to the trope of Mann being spied on by a private detective hired by her husband, and the production of pornography itself, as the detective films her sexual encounters.

Die privaten Nachmittage der Pamela Mann (Originaltitel: "The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann") ist ein US-amerikanischer Pornofilm von Radley Metzger mit Barbara Bourbon als Hauptdarstellerin, der wie der Film "Deep Throat" zu den Klassikern der Pornogeschichte zählt.


Early life and reign.

Manga Bell was born in 1873 in Douala in the German colony of Kamerun. He was the eldest son of Manga Ndumbe Bell, king of the Bell lineage of the Duala people. Manga Bell was raised to appreciate both African and European ways of life. His Westernized uncle David Mandessi Bell had a great impact on him, and as a youth he attended school in both Douala and Germany. During the 1890s he attended the Gymnasium of Ulm, Germany, although no direct record of his time there survives. Manga Bell was made "Ein-Jähriger", indicating that he held a certificate for education beyond the primary level but below the "Abitur" earned for completion of secondary studies. When the prince returned to Kamerun, he was one of the most highly educated men in the colony by Western standards. He made other periodic visits to Europe, such as when he travelled to Berlin, Germany, and Manchester, England, with his father in 1902. In Manchester, he met the mayor at town hall and was mentioned in the October edition of the "African Times" (where the editor doubted that he and his father were actual royalty). Manga Bell married Emily Engome Dayas, the daughter of an English trader and a Duala woman.  When his father died on 2 September 1908, Manga Bell succeeded as the king of the Duala Bell lineage. He was traditionally installed on 2 May 1910 by the paramount chief of Bonaberi. Manga Bell inherited an 8,000 mark pension, cocoa and timber interests in the Mungo River valley, property and real estate in Douala, and a lucrative position as head of an appeals court with jurisdiction over the Cameroon littoral. His father and grandfather, Ndumbe Lobe Bell, left him in a strong political position with Bell dominant over the other Duala lineages. However, his father also left him a substantial debt of 7,000 marks. Rudolf Duala Manga Bell was forced to rent buildings to European interests and move his own offices inland to the Douala neighbourhood of Bali. He owned 200 hectares of cocoa plantations in 1913, a large amount by Duala standards; his debt had been reduced to 3,000 marks by 13 July 1912.  Manga Bell's reign was European in character. His relations with the Germans were largely positive, and he was viewed as a good citizen and collaborator. Nevertheless, at times he ran afoul of the colonial administrators. In 1910, for example, the German authorities arrested him and accused him (with no proof) of collusion with a large bank robbery.

Duala land problem.

Manga Bell's real problems with the regime began later in 1910. The Germans outlined a plan to relocate the Duala people inland from the Wouri River to allow European-only settlement of the area. The expropriations affected all of the Duala lineages except Bonaberi, so Duala public opinion was strongly against it, and for the first time in their history, the Duala clans presented a united front. Manga Bell's position as leader of the dominant Bell clan, coupled with his character, education, and finances, made him a natural leader for this opposition. Manga Bell and other Duala rulers sent a letter to the Reichstag in November 1911 to protest the land seizures. The Germans were surprised at Manga Bell's involvement, but they ignored the complaint. The chiefs sent another letter in March 1912. Still, the Germans moved forward with their plan on 15 January 1913. The chiefs warned in writing on 20 February 1913 that this violation "may well prompt the natives to consider whether it might be wiser under the circumstances to revoke the <nowiki>[</nowiki>German-Duala Treaty of 1884 and enter into a treaty with another power." Manga Bell argued that the expropriation plan ignored the treaty's promise "that the land cultivated by us now and the places the towns are built on shall be the property of the present owners and their successors" and contradicted statements by Governor Theodor Seitz that he would leave Bell lands alone as he constructed a railroad in the colony. The Germans countered that the German-Duala treaty gave them the authority to manage Duala lands as they saw fit. That August, they removed Manga Bell from office and from the civil service and stripped him of his annual pension of 3,000 marks. In his place, they propped up his brother, Henri Lobe Bell.  The Reichstag debated the expropriation for the first half of 1914. Manga Bell enlisted the aid of Hellmut von Gerlach, a German journalist. Gerlach managed to secure a suspension order from the Reichstag Budget Commission in March, but the order was overturned when Colonial Secretary Wilhelm Solf convinced elements of the press, businessmen in the colony, politicians, and other groups to finally rally behind the expropriation. Manga Bell and the Duala requested permission to send envoys to Germany to plead their case, but the authorities denied them. In secret, Manga Bell sent Adolf Ngoso Din to Germany to hire a lawyer for the Duala and pursue the matter in court.  The desperate yet motivated Manga Bell, turned to other European governments and to the leaders of other African ethnic groups for support. The contents of his correspondence with European powers are unknown; he may have simply sought to spread word of his cause. His envoys to African leaders reached Bali, Balong, Dschang, Foumban, Ngaoundéré, Yabassi, and Yaoundé. Karl Atangana, leader of the Ewondo and Bane peoples, kept Manga Bell's plan secret but urged the Duala leader to reconsider. In Bulu lands on the other hand, Martin-Paul Samba agreed to contact the French for military support if Manga Bell petitioned the British. However, there is no evidence that Manga Bell ever did so. In Foumban, Ibrahim Njoya, sultan of the Bamum people, rejected the plan and informed the Basel Mission on 27 April 1914 that Manga Bell was planning a pan-Kamerun rebellion. The missionaries alerted the Germans.  As King Manga Bell was prosecuted under the German occupation, he found a refuge by his relative and best friend, King Ekandjoum Joseph. The latter also claimed the rights of his kingdom and his Moungo people.  Historians are split on the nature of Manga Bell's actions. Mark W. DeLancey and Mark Dike DeLancey name him "an early nationalist", and Helmuth Stoecker says that his actions "had begun to organize a resistance movement embracing the whole of Cameroon and cutting across tribal differences". However, Ralph A. Austen and Jonathan Derrick argue that "it is unlikely that any such radical action against the European regime was intended."  On 6 May 1914 Bezirksamtmann Herrmann Röhm wrote to the Kuti Agricultural Station (where Manga Bell's envoy was being held),  We are not confronted with any direct danger of some kind of violent action by the Duala. For now the main value of the statements from Ndane [the envoy to Njoya] lies in the fact that they contain material for proceeding against those chiefs who are guilty of actual deliberate agitation in refusal of the expropriation and of resistance that reaches all the way over to Germany. On 1 June 1914 Röhm wrote to the administration in Buea that based on his calculations of Manga Bell's annual income from cocoa and timber exports, and accounting for his debts to European interests, the Duala merchants would likely not see it in their interests to oppose the expropriation further. At the urging of Solf, the Germans arrested Manga Bell and Ngoso Din and charged them with high treason. Their trial was held on 7 August 1914. World War I had just begun, and an attack by the Allied West Africa Campaign in Kamerun was imminent; accordingly, the trial was rushed. No direct record of the proceedings survives. The dossier of evidence used against Manga Bell claimed that he had been raising funds from inland and that his outspoken opposition was causing unrest among the inland peoples. The regime claimed that Manga Bell had admitted to contacting foreign countries for aid against Germany, but a 1927 recollection by the official defense attorney—riddled as it is with inaccuracies and racist statements—claims that Manga Bell maintained his innocence throughout. Requests for the accused men's lives to be spared came from Heinrich Vieter of the Catholic Pallottine Mission, the Basel Mission, and the Baptist Mission, but Governor Karl Ebermaier rejected their pleas. On 8 August 1914, Rudolf Duala Manga Bell and Adolf Ngoso Din were hanged. The Allies captured Douala seven weeks later on 27 September 1914.

Legacy.

Manga Bell's execution made him a martyr to the people of Cameroon and painted the Duala as an heroic people. His story became legend and came to represent "the myth of extreme colonial oppression, based upon the catastrophic climax of German rule in Douala". Manga Bell was still popular well into the 1920s. "Tet'Ekombo", a hymn to him composed in 1929, has remained popular. In 1935 his body was exhumed and reburied behind his house in Bonanjo, Douala. An obelisk was erected there on 8 August 1936, the 20th anniversary of his execution.  The Germans and later colonial powers in Cameroon became wary of the Duala and never again allowed a powerful chieftaincy to take hold among them. After the French became the colonial power in French Cameroun after World War I, Rudolf Duala Manga Bell's brother Richard Ndumbe Manga Bell continued to fight to regain the lost Duala lands. Manga Bell's son Alexandre Douala Manga Bell took office under the French in 1951. His father's reputation as a Duala martyr lent Alexandre Douala Manga Bell great standing among the Duala.  Cameroon faced a long civil war when the outlawed nationalist Union des Populations du Cameroun political party in the 1950s and '60s waged its maquis against French and Cameroonian forces. As a result, overt nationalist sentiment was shunned and figures such as Manga Bell were largely forgotten or only briefly treated in history books. However, signs show that Cameroon is coming to grips with its nationalistic past; for example, in March 1985 the École Militaire Inter-Armes, part of the military of Cameroon named a graduating class of cadet officers after Manga Bell.

Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (1873 – 8 August 1914) was a Duala king and resistance leader in the German colony of Kamerun (Cameroon). After being educated in both Kamerun and Europe, he succeeded his father Manga Ndumbe Bell on 2 September 1908, styling himself after European rulers, and generally supporting the colonial German authorities. He was quite wealthy and educated, although his father left him a substantial debt.

Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (* 1873; † 8. August 1914 in Duala) war König des Duala-Volkes in Kamerun zur deutschen Kolonialzeit. Er war Anführer des Widerstandes gegen die widerrechtliche Vertreibung der Duala aus ihren angestammten Siedlungsgebieten.


Film.

Yeo starred opposite Robert Duvall and Thomas Haden Church in the Emmy Award-winning Western "Broken Trail" as Sun Foy (also known as "number three"), a Chinese girl sold into prostitution in the 1800s. After a worldwide search, Duvall personally selected her to star opposite him in the role. Her performance in the film earned her critical acclaim and a NAMIC Vision Award nomination for Best Actress in 2007.  In the independent film "Heathens and Thieves", Yeo played Kun Hua, a role which garnered her Best Actress Awards at both the WorldFest Houston International Film Festival and the Iowa Film Festival.  Yeo also starred in the Emmy Award-nominated Amazon original special, "American Girl: Ivy & Julie".  Other notable film roles include Dr. Samantha Yep in "The Jane Austen Book Club" with Emily Blunt and Hugh Dancy, June in "Night Skies", and "The Magic of Ordinary Days" with Keri Russell.

Television.

Yeo is perhaps best known for her recurring guest star role as Xiao-Mei, the Chinese maid of Gabrielle (Eva Longoria) and Carlos (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) in "Desperate Housewives". The character's popularity in the series led to an offer for a series regular contract the next season. She also had a recurring role as the Oklahoma-born Sargent Richelle (opposite Felicity Huffman in the critically acclaimed series "American Crime", played Kelly Lee on "General Hospital", and has also guested on other popular shows such as "NCIS", "Grey's Anatomy", "Castle", "The Mentalist", and "Chuck".

Voice acting.

Yeo is a prominent voice artist in several animated series, films, video games, and commercials, and has multiple action figures based on her characters.  Her character Shinigami, from Nickelodeon's "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", was officially launched during San Diego Comic-Con to a huge crowd of fans. She has voiced several other popular animated characters including Cato Parassiti in "", Domino in "Wolverine and the X-Men", Li Mei in "The Invincible Iron Man", Lola Chong in "", Gramma on "Stitch!", Mercy Graves in "The Batman" and Li-en in "Zatch Bell!". She has also guest starred on "Phineas and Ferb", "Kim Possible" and "What's New, Scooby Doo?".  In video games, Yeo is best known as Paine in "Final Fantasy X-2" and "Kingdom Hearts II". She was also the female lead in "SOCOM 4 U.S. Navy SEALs" as the character Forty-Five. Other notable video game credits include Lady Deathstrike in "", Yuma in "Far Cry 4", and Four-Eyes in "".

Other projects.

Yeo's love of music led her to specialize in playing the Chinese long zither, also known as the guzheng, which culminated into a one-woman radio show on NPR-KCRW about her immigrant and ugly duckling story. It also included the debut of her first two zither/vocal tracks "Kiss My Grits" and "Lovers."  Her radio show evolved into a theater piece which Yeo wrote, scored, and starred in called "Laughing With My Mouth Wide Open", which received rave reviews during its run at the El Centro Theatre.  Yeo also designed her own limited-edition clothing line, which quickly sold out, and donated the proceeds to Kentucky's Christian Appalachian Project.

Personal life.

Born in Singapore, Yeo moved to California as a teenager, graduating (with honors) from St. Ignatius College Preparatory in 1994. Yeo graduated "summa cum laude" from UCLA in 1997 and also earned a diploma in Classical Piano from the San Francisco Conservatory of Music.  Yeo was crowned Miss Asian America in 1995 and was also named Miss Chinatown USA in 1998-1999.  She is the niece of George Yeo, former Singaporean Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Gwendoline See-Hian Yeo (; born July 10, 1977) is an American actress, voice actress, writer and musician best known for her role as Xiao-Mei in "Desperate Housewives", Sun Foy in the film "Broken Trail" (for which she was nominated for a Best Actress NAMIC Vision Award ) and as the voice of Shinigami in Nickelodeon's "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles".

Gwendoline See-Hian Yeo (* 10. Juli 1977 in Singapur) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin sino-amerikanischer Abstammung. Die in Los Angeles lebende Yeo zog als Teenager von Singapur nach San Francisco. Ihr Studium an der UCLA schloss sie mit einem Bachelor of Arts ab. Yeo nahm erfolgreich an einigen Misswahlen teil.