Plot.

Valentina Rosselli (Isabelle De Funès) is a Milanese photographer with a knack for controversial shoots. Her friend and lover, Arno (George Eastman), is a director. One night, on her way home, Valentina gets struck by a car driven by a middle-aged blonde (Carroll Baker). She introduces herself as "Baba Yaga" and tells Valentina their meeting was pre-ordained. After she drives Valentina home, she snatches the clip from her garter belt, saying she needs a personal object from her and that she will return it tomorrow. Intrigued and disturbed, Valentina crashes for the night and has a series of strange and vivid dreams. As promised, Baba Yaga returns Valentina's garter clip the next day. She fondles a camera Valentina uses and invites her to her old home to take some photographs. Valentina visits the woman's house where she is given a doll dressed in bondage gear. Valentina's life suddenly becomes full of strange occurrences. After discovering Baba Yaga is somehow responsible for that, Valentina decides to go back to her house and confront her.

Production.

"Baba Yaga" was an adaptation of Guido Crepax's comic series "Valentina". Crepax had previously done film work with Tinto Brass who commissioned him to create the storyboards for his thriller film "Deadly Sweet". Brass had at one point considered adapting the story "La forza di gravita" from the "Valentina" comics to a film, but abandoned the idea when he felt that it would be impossible to portray Crepax's visual sensibilities to a film. Director Corrado Farina had admired Crepax's work, going as far to make a short documentary film "Freud a fumetti" (1970) which explored his comics. Farina noted that he had been disappointed by other works based on comics as "none of the filmmakers who embarked on that task had been able to deepen the relationship between the language of comics and that of film." Farina decided to explore the fantastical elements of Crepax's comics as opposed to the more erotic overtones. During pre-production Farina signed a deal with producer Turi Vasile, which led him to Franco Committeri who later took over for Vasile as the film's financial backer. Farina made changes to the script by removing the character Philip Rembrandt and turning a small character in the comic, that of film director Arno Treves into a role as large as Valentina. After finishing the script, Committeri left the project after the release of Marco Bellocchio's "Slap the Monster on Page One" (1972). Farina had to find a new producer, and eventually signed with a company called 14 luglio Cinematografica. A French film production company is also credited, but this was predominantly done for tax reasons. The French connections eventually led to the casting of Isabelle De Funès as Valentina. Farina was not happy with her in the role, as his first choice had been Elsa Martinelli. He eventually had to choose between De Funès and Stefania Casini. The director initially had wanted the popular Italian singer Ornella Vanoni for the role of Baba Yaga in the film. He eventually cast Anne Heywood who left the project as shooting began. This led to Farina casting Carroll Baker in haste. George Eastman was cast as Arno. Farina was unfamiliar with the actor at the time but found that "he proved to be fit for the role. He had the right looks.".  After completing shooting and post-production on the film, Farina left for a vacation. On returning, he found that producers had edited nearly half an hour out of his film, who found it too slow. The cuts made to this film were done on the negative of the film, making Farina lose his original edit of "Baba Yaga". Farina was furious and threatened to take his name off the film. With the help of assistant director Giuilio Berruti, they tried to re-edit "Baba Yaga" but since the original version was lost, they could not complete it per their original idea.

Release.

Before "Baba Yaga"'s release in Italy, the Italian Board of Censors ordered two cuts: the first being a long shot of De Funes full frontal nudity and the moment where Baker undresses before Valentina. "Baba Yaga" was released in Italy in 1973. Film historian and critic Roberto Curti stated that the film had poor box-office results due to bad distribution in Italy.  The film was shown as the 1973 Trieste Science Fiction Festival. "Baba Yaga" was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-Ray by Blue Underground.

Reception.

Curti noted that most critics panned the film. In a contemporary review, Geoff Brown ("Monthly Film Bulletin") reviewed an 81-minute dubbed version of the film. Brown noted that due to 20 minutes of the film being cut and through the English-language dub, the film had lost some of Farina's socio-political arguments". Brown noted that most of these comments however are brought down to "modish chit-chat" ranging through ideas that Valentina preferred Laurel & Hardy to Jean-Luc Godard. Brown's review noted that the film was an "airily directed horror-and-sex tale in the Bava tradition" and that it could "hold its own with ease" and that the film "looks as thought it may be swallowed up by its surface of esoteric chic. The movie's backbone of mainstream horror just about pulls it through."  From retrospective reviews, Danny Shipka, who discussed this film in his book on European exploitation films, noted that the film is "never uninteresting and the comic book style in which many of the scenes, especially the sex scenes are filmed is well handled" as well as that it was "not altogether successful mix of Guido Crepax's Italian comic book genius and European exploitation", concluding that it "seems to be lacking the "spark" that made the comic books so memorable." Film critic and horror author Kim Newman referred to the film as "enormously boring". "TV Guide" referred to the film as an "exceptionally handsome example of 1970s Italian pop-exploitation filmmaking sweetened by Piero Umilani's lounge-jazz score," and praised Baker's performance, but noted that she was "physically wrong for the role; her elaborate lace-and-beribboned costumes sometimes make her look more like a fleshy Miss Havisham than a sleekly predatory sorceress".

Baba Yaga is a 1973 horror film directed by Corrado Farina and based on the Guido Crepax "Valentina" comic series. The film stars Carroll Baker, Isabelle De Funès and George Eastman. It is about a Milanese photographer Valentina Rosselli who meets a middle-aged seductress who calls herself "Baba Yaga". She shows an ostensible sexual interest in Valentina and gives her a doll dressed in leather fetish wear. It is soon revealed that Baba Yaga has started to control Valentina through the doll.

Foltergarten der Sinnlichkeit 2 ("Baba Yaga") ist ein italienisch-französischer dem Exploitation-Genre zugehöriger Erotikfilm mit Horror- und Mystery-Elementen von Corrado Farina. Der Film basiert lose auf der Comicfigur Valentina des italienischen Comiczeichners Guido Crepax.


Sponsorship.

On 22 July 2005, FRF and Samsung Electronics signed a one-year sponsorship deal. The name of the competition was changed to "Cupa României Samsung".  On 9 October 2006, FRF and Ursus Breweries (part of the SABMiller group) signed a sponsorship agreement for the next three seasons. Ursus Breweries changed the name of the competition to "Cupa României Timișoreana", after the Timișoreana beer brand.  On 16 May 2016, FRF announced the rebranding of competition and the signing of contracts with new sponsors like Kaufland, UPC Broadband and Stanleybet.  On 20 October 2017, FRF announced that the new main sponsor of the competition is the betting company Casa Pariurilor.

Competition format.

The competition has undergone minor changes in format over the years. The following format came in use in the 2009–10 season. The main differences between the current system and the last one are the dates at which rounds take place, and the two-legged format of the semifinals.

County phase.

The competition at this phase is organized by the county football associations. Forty-two teams (one from each county) advance to the next phase.

National phase.

The competition at this phase is organized by the Romanian Football Federation (FRF). For the first five rounds, teams are paired using geographical criteria in order to avoid long travel distances. The teams from a lower division or with a lower ranking in the last league season host the games.  Every year, based on the national and international football calendar, FRF's executive committee may choose a two-leg or one-leg system for the round of 16, quarterfinals and semifinals. Games at these stages are, when played using a one-leg system, hosted by a neutral venue. The final is held at a pre-established venue, normally in Bucharest.

Performances.

Performance by club.

The performance of various clubs is shown in the following table:

Performance by city.

The following table sorts cities by the number of Cups won by local teams. Bucharest, hosting the three most decorated sides in the competition and having staged the majority of the Cup finals, is easily the most prolific city.

The Cupa României () is a football cup competition for Romanian teams which has been held annually since 1933–34, except during World War II. It is the country's main cup competition, being open to all clubs affiliated with the Romanian Football Federation (FRF) and the county football associations regardless of the league they belong to. Currently, the winner of the competition is granted a place in the UEFA Europa League qualifiers and plays the Supercupa României.

Der rumänische Fußballpokal Cupa României ist der seit 1933 ausgetragene nationale Pokalwettbewerb für Vereinsmannschaften. Er wird jährlich von der Federația Română de Fotbal (FRF) veranstaltet und ist nach der Liga 1 der zweitwichtigste Titel im nationalen Vereinsfußball. Die aktuelle offizielle Bezeichnung des Wettbewerbs lautete „Cupa României Timișoreana“.


Early life and early career.

Kelly was born Sarah Veronica Rose Kelly in Brooklyn to Irish immigrants parents John (died 1942) and Delia Kelly (1875-1930). She began her career in vaudeville as a dancer at the age of 12. She performed in Frank Fay's act, first in a song-and-dance routine and later as Fay's comic foil. In one routine, Kelly told Fay and the audience that she had been at the beauty parlor. Fay remarked, "And they didn't wait on you?" She remained with Fay for several seasons until Fay eventually dismissed her.  Kelly made her Broadway debut in 1928. In 1930 and 1931, she performed for producer Earl Carroll in his "Sketches" and "Vanities" musicals.

Film career.

Kelly made her screen debut in a Vitaphone short subject filmed there. In 1933 producer Hal Roach hired Kelly to co-star with Thelma Todd in a series of short-subject comedies. The Todd-Kelly shorts cemented Kelly's image: a brash, wisecracking woman who frequently punctured the pomposity of other characters. Later entries in the series showcased Kelly's dancing skills. Kelly made 35 shorts with Todd before Todd died in 1935. Lyda Roberti replaced Todd, but died of heart failure in 1938.  After the popularity of shorts began to wane, Kelly moved to full-length feature films, often playing working-class character roles in comedies and musicals. One of her memorable roles was as Etta, the cook, in the five Academy Awards-nominated 1938 comedy movie "Merrily We Live".  By 1943, Kelly's film career had begun to decline. She appeared in films for Producers Releasing Corporation, the smallest and cheapest of the movie studios. Her last starring roles were in two PRC comedies, "My Son, the Hero" and "Danger! Women at Work", both released in 1943. Kelly left Hollywood and would not make another film for 17 years.

Later career.

After leaving Hollywood, Kelly returned to New York City where she worked in radio and did summer stock. She also worked as a personal assistant to Tallulah Bankhead.  Kelly returned to the screen in the 1950s with television and sporadic film roles. On television she appeared in guest roles on "26 Men", "Kraft Television Theatre", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E", "The Dick Van Dyke Show", "The Wild Wild West", and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", as well as many unsold pilots. She also made a memorable appearance as Laura-Louise in the film thriller "Rosemary's Baby" (1968), directed by Roman Polanski, alongside veteran actors Sidney Blackmer, Ruth Gordon, and Maurice Evans.  She returned to Broadway in 1971 in the revival of "No, No, Nanette" with fellow hoofers Ruby Keeler and Helen Gallagher. Kelly scored a huge success as the wisecracking, tap-dancing maid, and won Broadway's 1971 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance in the show. She matched that success the following year when she starred in "Irene" with Debbie Reynolds, and was again nominated for a Tony.  In 1976, she appeared as the housekeeper Mrs. Schmauss in the Walt Disney film "Freaky Friday" starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris. Her last role in a feature film was in another comedy for Disney, "The North Avenue Irregulars" (1979), also co-starring Harris, along with Cloris Leachman, Edward Herrmann and Karen Valentine. Kelly's final onscreen appearance was a guest spot in a two-part episode of "The Love Boat" in 1979.

Personal life.

Kelly was openly gay. She publicly disclosed to being a "dyke" during the 1930s, when she disclosed to "Motion Picture" magazine she had been living with actress Wilma Cox for several years and had no intention of getting married. She later confirmed that she had an affair with Tallulah Bankhead when she worked as Bankhead's personal assistant.  In August 1933, Kelly was injured as a passenger in a car driven by Gene Malin, the prominent drag performer. Malin apparently confused the gears and reversed off a pier into the water, after leaving a club in Venice, Los Angeles. Malin was killed; Kelly suffered serious injuries.  In January 1980, Kelly suffered a stroke while in San Francisco that caused her to lose the ability to speak. She was admitted to Englewood Nursing Home in Englewood, New Jersey, on the advice of her old friend Ruby Keeler where she underwent therapy.

Death.

On September 24, 1981, Kelly died of cancer at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California. She is interred alongside her parents, John and Delia Kelly, in Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York.  For her contribution to the motion picture industry, she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6669 Hollywood Boulevard.

Patsy Kelly (January 12, 1910 – September 24, 1981) was an American actress. She is known for her role as the brash, wisecracking sidekick to Thelma Todd in a series of short comedy films produced by Hal Roach in the 1930s. Known as the Queen of Wisecracks, Kelly's career continued after Todd's death in 1935 in similar roles.

Patsy Kelly (* 12. Januar 1910 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York; † 24. September 1981 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin.


Early and personal life.

Macarthur was born near Plymouth, England the second son of Alexander Macarthur, who had fled to the West Indies after the Jacobite rising of 1745 before returning and working as a linen draper and'seller of slops', according to some accounts. His exact date of birth is unknown, but it is known that his birth was registered on 3 September 1767.  He spelled his surname "M'Arthur" for most of his life. He often varied it to "MacArthur". The spelling "Macarthur" (with a lower case "a") became established only very late in his life.  John and Elizabeth Macarthur married on October 1788 and they subsequently sailed to the new colony after John joined the New South Wales Corps in 1789. Elizabeth gave birth to a daughter on the voyage to the new colony but the baby did not survive. John and Elizabeth Macarthur parented four sons: John, Edward, James (1798) and William (1800), the later two being born at Elizabeth Farm; and two daughters.

Military career.

In 1782, John Macarthur was commissioned as an ensign in Fish's Corps, a regiment of the British Army formed to serve in the American War of Independence. The war ended before the regiment was ready to sail and was disbanded in 1783. On half-pay, Macarthur went to live on a farm near Holsworthy in Devon, where he evidently pursued a program of self-education and became interested in 'rural occupations'. During the next five years Macarthur used his spare time to travel, read, and perhaps contemplate a future at the bar. Instead, in April 1788, Macarthur returned to full-pay army duties, securing a commission as an ensign in the 68th Regiment of Foot (later Durham Light Infantry), a regiment which had been stationed at Gibraltar since 1785. Ensuing negotiations with the War Office resulted in an alternative posting to far-away Sydney, with the New South Wales Corps in 1789.

Second Fleet.

Macarthur sailed on the "Neptune" in the Second Fleet, the 'worst ship in the worst of Australian fleets'. Before the "Neptune" had even departed the British Isles, Macarthur became involved in disputations with various personnel, including fighting a duel with Captain Gilbert, the Master of the "Neptune". The cramped and squalid accommodation provided for his wife and infant son on board the "Neptune" provoked further disputes.

Settlement in the Colony of New South Wales.

He arrived in Sydney in 1790 holding the rank of lieutenant and was appointed as commandant at Parramatta. In February 1793, the acting governor, Major Francis Grose, granted Macarthur of land at Rose Hill near Parramatta. He was granted a further in April 1794 for being the first man to clear and cultivate of land. He named the property Elizabeth Farm in honour of his wife, Elizabeth Macarthur. Grose came to depend on Macarthur's administrative skills and appointed him as paymaster for the regiment and as superintendent of public works, but Macarthur resigned in 1796 interests.  Macarthur was an argumentative man who quarrelled with many of his neighbours and successive Governors. He was involved in a campaign alleging that Governor Hunter was ineffective and trafficked in rum. The allegations led to Hunter being forced to answer the charges and contributed to Hunter being recalled to England where he fought to restore his reputation.  In July 1801, Governor King overturned a sentence of one year's imprisonment for Lieutenant James Marshall of the "Earl Cornwallis", who had been convicted of assaulting Macarthur and Captain Abbott during their investigation into a theft. King referred the matter for trial in England on the grounds that the court had refused to hear Marshall's objection to an officer of the NSW Corps hearing the case. Macarthur saw this as a slight, and tried to organise a petty social boycott of Governor King and when his superior, Colonel Paterson, refused to co-operate, Macarthur used personal material to try to blackmail him. This resulted in Paterson challenging Macarthur to a duel in which Paterson was severely wounded in the shoulder. Governor King had Macarthur arrested, then released him and appointed him as commandant on Norfolk Island to try to defuse things. Macarthur refused to comply and demanded a court martial by his fellow officers. King, realising that this would be pointless, sent Macarthur to England for trial.

Return to England and resignation of his commission.

Macarthur sailed on the "Hunter", departing Sydney in November 1801. On this same vessel, Governor Hunter had sent a'very bulky' dispatch, denouncing Macarthur. This dispatch went missing, apparently during the voyage. According to Evatt, in "Rum Rebellion", Macarthur had a powerful motive for stealing and destroying it. Evatt infers that Macarthur, 'or some close associate', was responsible.  One year later, when Macarthur reached England, the courts ruled that the matter should be tried in Sydney, where all the evidence and witnesses were. Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, rebuked King for failing to deal with the matter himself, but confirmed that King's orders releasing Macarthur and transferring him to Norfolk Island stood. To avoid the posting, Macarthur resigned his commission, eventually returning to Sydney in 1805 after an absence of nearly four years to run his businesses as a private citizen. Governor King had declared while Macarthur was in London that, "if Captain Macarthur returns here in any official character, it should be that of Governor, as one-half the colony already belongs to him, and it will not be long before he gets the other half".

Business interests.

Establishment of the Australian merino flock.

In 1796 two ships were dispatched to the Dutch Cape Colony by Governor Hunter from Sydney to obtain supplies for the colony. The two commanders, being friends of Macarthur, were requested by him to procure any good sheep which they could buy. By a happy coincidence the two captains were able to execute Macarthur's commission far better than he had hoped. The King of Spain had presented to the Dutch Government some of the finest pure merino sheep from the jealously guarded Escurial flocks, once owned by Philip II. These sheep were sent to the Dutch Cape Colony under the care of a Scottish gentleman, who died shortly afterwards. His widow had endless disputes with the Dutch Government, and, to end dissension, the sheep were ordered to be sold. A number of them were purchased by the captains and were duly delivered to Macarthur, The merino sheep, including three rams, were bought by several landowners, including Samuel Marsden.  Macarthur visited England in 1801, taking specimens of the pure Merino wool, and of the best of the crossbred, and submitted them to a Committee of Manufacturers who reported that the Merino was equal to any Spanish Wool, and the crossbred of considerable value. This encouraged him to purchase rams and a ewe from the Royal Flock at Kew.  By 1801, Macarthur was the largest sheep farmer in the colony, although he was certainly not the only landowner to have experimented with the breeding of fine-wooled sheep. As late as July 1800, there is no evidence of any 'prophetic word' from Macarthur about the future of Spanish wool: at that time he was considering selling his entire flock.  On his way to England, for trial over the duel with Colonel Paterson, Macarthur's ship had put in for repairs in Indonesia, where he met and offered timely advice to the young and inexperienced British Resident at Amboyna, Sir Robert Farquhar, son of the Physician in Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, Sir Walter Farquhar. Sir Walter became an important patron and friend to Macarthur. For example, when William Davidson, later Macarthur's business partner in New South Wales, applied for land next to Macarthur's holdings at Parramatta, he carried with him a letter of introduction announcing his Royal connections as nephew to Sir Walter Farquhar.  While in London, Macarthur lobbied extensively in support of his interests back in New South Wales. The Colonial Secretary, Lord Camden, was highly supportive and backed Macarthur for a grant of of his choosing. Sir Joseph Banks, however, was not impressed with either Macarthur or his commercial venture. When Macarthur failed to conceal his low opinion of Banks, Banks became a strong opponent of the plan and had the grant halved.  When he arrived back in Sydney in 1805 Macarthur further antagonised local authorities by claiming his in the Cowpastures. This was prime grazing land, well supplied by water from the Nepean River, and reserved by the Governor exclusively for the colony's cattle herds. Both Governors King and Bligh strongly objected to this and wanted the grant moved, but the Colonial Office wrote back affirming Macarthur's right to the land. Macarthur named it Camden Park, in honour of his patron. Bligh also turned down Macarthur's request for the remaining after he had begun exporting wool to England. Bligh was firmly opposed to Macarthur's venture, according to Evatt, not because he objected to the fine wool industry, but because he believed that 'first preference should be given to agriculture'. As reported much later by Macarthur, Bligh said to him in a conversation at Government House; "What have I to do with your sheep, sir? What have I to do with your cattle. Are you to have such flocks of sheep and such herds of cattle as no man ever heard of before? No, sir!

Architectural legacy.

Elizabeth Farm.

Elizabeth Farm House is one of the oldest remaining farmhouses in Australia, though all that remains of the initial house is said to be one room. It is regarded as one of the premier examples of early Colonial architecture in Australia.  Macarthur wrote to his brother: The initial house was rectangular in plan, divided down the middle by a hallway with two rooms on either side. The house underwent many changes both immediately after construction and over time, the first of which being the addition of the north verandah. The verandah was a sign of prestige which indicated that the occupant was of a more leisured social class. The Elizabeth Farm verandah is also believed to be one of the first of its nature in Australia giving birth to a feature which has become characteristic of rural homesteads in the country, a tradition that continues to the present day.  Hambleden Cottage was built in the early 1824 (by John Macarthur and Henry Kitchen), in the early Colonial Georgian style, a few hundred yards away at the bottom of the hill that Elizabeth Farm House sat upon making this homestead a group of buildings. The cottage was first occupied by John Macarthur's son, Edward, later becoming the home to a former governess.  Both the House and Cottage have managed to survive to the present day. Elizabeth Farm is managed by Sydney Living Museums while the cottage is run by the Parramatta and District Historical Society.

Camden Park Estate.

The estate consisted of of prime pasture land with two notable dwellings; Camden Park House and Belgenny Cottage.  The original Belgenny Cottage was designed and built by Henry Kitchen in the 1820s. Its symmetrical Georgian style has been heavily altered from the original, retaining only some of the original vernacular. The cottage stood as the John Macarthur's residence while he awaited completion of Camden Park House.  Macarthur had then decided that the family would relocate to Camden and in turn, he commissioned Camden Park House. It was completed in 1835, just after the death of John Macarthur, having been supervised by his sons James and William Macarthur. John Verge and Mortimer Lewis drew up plans for Macarthur regarding the house and the design by Verge was subsequently chosen. The heritage-listed house stands on a rise amid its plantation of trees presenting its original Palladian style, columned portico towards the garden side. A two-storey wing was added in 1880 giving the overall look of the dwelling one akin with Old Colonial Regency. It is built of brick that has been stuccoed and limned like stone which combines with the use of local sandstone for the window surrounds and columns to add texture and colour to the building.  The descendants of John Macarthur continue to live in Camden Park House.

Rum Rebellion.

Governor William Bligh was appointed, with backing by Sir Joseph Banks, to crack down on the commercial activities of the New South Wales Corps, especially their trade in alcohol. Macarthur and his friend and business associate Thomas Jamison (the colony's Principal Surgeon) were two prime targets. Macarthur clashed repeatedly with Bligh throughout 1807 while Jamison was dismissed from the magistracy.  Macarthur was owed a debt in wheat, the price of which had gone up fourfold, but on appeal Bligh ruled it was only payable at the original value. Bligh cancelled a lease Macarthur held for some government land that Bligh wanted to use and Macarthur tried to prevent Bligh taking hold of it. When a convict stowed away and escaped to Tahiti on the schooner "Parramatta", which Macarthur part-owned, Bligh demanded that the Transport Board bond be forfeited. Macarthur refused to comply and the ship was seized when it returned.  Macarthur was a lead conspirator in the Rum Rebellion which saw the New South Wales Corps, led by Major George Johnston, overthrow Governor Bligh. In December 1807 Bligh had an order issued for Macarthur to appear before the courts, which Macarthur refused to obey and subsequently was arrested and bailed for a trial on 25 January 1808. This trial led to the so-called Rum Rebellion, when the officers of the New South Wales Corps, who had been assigned to the court, sided with Macarthur and his allies: as a consequence, Bligh was overthrown by the Corps in a military coup on 26 January.  Macarthur was installed in a newly created position of Colonial Secretary and is believed to have been controlling all government appointments and decisions. This included the removal and replacement of a number of magistrates, who later dismissed criminal charges previously brought against Macarthur, and the granting of substantial land holdings to co-conspirators and supporters of the rebellion. Bligh was kept under arrest for an extended period and a number of Bligh’s supporters and others who opposed Johnston and Macarthur were illegally charged and imprisoned. His imprisonment ended when Bligh managed to gain control of the British warship HMS "Porpoise" which was in Sydney. Bligh blockaded Sydney for a short period before sailing to Hobart seeking support for Bligh from the garrison based there. Failing to receive support from Lieutenant Governor David Collins Bligh returned to Sydney with HMS "Porpoise" and discovered that Governor Macquarie had arrived from Britain and assumed control. A large number of the rebellion leaders, including Macarthur, were sent to England to stand trial for their actions.  Immediately after the 1808 rebellion took place, Macarthur dispatched his son Edward to London to convey Macarthur's version of the events. Accompanying him was the first bale of Australian wool to be exported. The British woollen mills were desperate for wool at the time because of the Napoleonic blockade, and the Australian bale sold for a record price.  Macarthur served as Colonial-Secretary in the rebel administration, until he was removed by the newly arrived Governor Macquarie. All land grants made by Macarthur, and a number of other decisions, were nullified due to the cronyism and corrupt behaviour exhibited by Macarthur and his co-conspirators. Macarthur was sent to England where he remained for eight and half years to avoid an arrest warrant for him in Sydney. While there he put his sons into public schools and went for a tour of the continent. Macarthur had gained the right to return to Sydney through lobbying, but would not accept the conditions imposed, namely that he admit his wrongdoing and promise his good behaviour. He therefore remained in England until Lord Camden granted him unconditional return to NSW in 1817.  Macarthur was never tried, and apart from the exile, was not punished for his involvement in the Rum Rebellion. H. V. Evatt, who was extremely critical of Macarthur, details the legal technicalities involved in his book "Rum Rebellion". Further information on Macarthur’s role in agitating for the rebellion and his corrupt behaviour is detailed in Stephen Dando-Collins’ book "Captain Bligh’s Other Mutiny".

Later life.

On his return to NSW Macarthur devoted himself to his farming. Wool had great advantages as an industry for New South Wales, which because of its distance from European markets needed a commodity which did not perish during long sea-voyages and which offered high value per unit of weight. Wool also had a ready market in England because the Napoleonic Wars had increased demand and cut English cloth-makers off from their traditional source of quality wool, Spain. The export of wool soon made Macarthur the richest man in New South Wales. In 1822, The Society for the Arts in London awarded him two medals for exporting of wool to England and for increasing the quality of his wool to that of the finest Saxon Merino.  In the early 1820s, John Macarthur was an owner of more than 100 horses. He established Camden Park Stud and was a major provider of bloodhorses. His sons, James and William Macarthur, followed in his footsteps and became important thoroughbred owners and breeders.  Macarthur established Australia's first commercial vineyard. He imported vine plants when he returned to New South Wales in 1817, which he successfully cultivated at Camden Park. He was a founding investor in both the Australian Agricultural Company (London 1824) and the Bank of Australia (1826). His involvement in the Rum Rebellion blocked him from being appointed as a magistrate in 1822 but in 1825 he was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council where he served until 1832 when he was suspended due to his failing mental health. He was pronounced insane later that year and placed under restraint at his home in Camden.  John Macarthur died at Camden on 10 April 1834. His numerous and wealthy descendants remained influential in New South Wales affairs for many years. As the Macarthur-Stanhams and Macarthur-Onslows they are still wealthy but no longer prominent in public life.

Legacy.

In recognition of his contribution to Australian agriculture, Macarthur was honoured by a postage stamp issued on the centenary of his death in 1934 (depicting a merino ram).  The Division of Macarthur was named in honour of John and Elizabeth Macarthur in 1949.  John Macarthur's image and a merino ram is featured on the Australian two-dollar note, first issued in 1966; and since withdrawn from circulation.  Both the Elizabeth Farm and Camden Park Estates are listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register. Both properties are also available for tours and other events.  Macarthur is a character in Eleanor Dark's semi-fictional Australian classic trilogy "The Timeless Land". He also features in Naomi Novik's fantasy novel "Tongues of Serpents".

John Macarthur (1767 – 10 April 1834) was a British army officer, entrepreneur, politician, architect and pioneer of settlement in Australia. Macarthur is recognised as the pioneer of the wool industry that was to boom in Australia in the early 19th century and become a trademark of the nation. He is noted as the architect of Farm House, his own residence in Parramatta, and as the man who commissioned architect John Verge to design Camden Park Estate in Camden, in New South Wales. He was instrumental in agitating for, and organising, a rebellion against the colonial government in what is often described as the Rum Rebellion.

John Macarthur (* um 1767 in Plymouth; † 11. April 1834 in Camden) war ein Soldat, Politiker, Unternehmer und der Begründer der Schafszucht in Australien.


History.

Biography.

t-kimura formed the band move and by 1997 they released their first single "Rock it Down", but they achieved fame when their follow-up single, "Around the world" was used in the anime "Initial D". In 2005, the band changed their name by adding abbreviation marks between letters and are currently still signed with Avex Group. The same year, the band traveled to the United States and performed at the Anime USA convention in Northern Virginia.  Move is perhaps best known for the unique style with which they blend rock, pop, hip-hop and many electronic genres into their music. Move are also well known for their contribution of opening and closing theme songs for the "Initial D" series and arcade games and in a scene of 3rd Stage the movie where Takumi is rescuing Natsuki from Miki's Celica. These include "Around the World", "Rage your Dream", "Break In2 the Nite", "Blazin' Beat", "Gamble Rumble", "Strike On", "Dogfight", "Blast My Desire", "Nobody Reason" and "Noizy Tribe". The band also made a cameo in one of the Initial D 4th Stage episodes, "The Unmatched GTR!" and "Dogfight", where the band is briefly seen watching the race between God Foot and Keisuke. They also provided the opening theme for the anime series "Ikki Tousen" with their song "Drivin' Through the Night" as well as the ending theme for the anime "", "Romancing Train", and the ending credits for Koei's "Dynasty Warriors 2" video game, "Can't Quit This!!!! Knock'em Out [SH Funk Mix]".  On December 2, 2008, t-kimura stated on Move's official web site that he would focus more on production, and less on performing. On April 10, 2009, Move performed with DJ T-Tashiro during an anime convention, Kamikazecon II, in Houston, Texas; the band announced that t-kimura would no longer perform on-stage.  On December 7, 2012, the band announced on their official website that, after a stint of 15 years, they will disband after their last live performance on March 16, 2013. Their final album, "Best Moves", which was initially scheduled to be released on December 19, 2012, but was delayed because of the decision to disband; the album was released on February 29, 2013, and the album was renamed "Best Moves ~and move goes on~". The concert "15th Anniversary Concert - Best m.o.v.e" was also postponed and renamed "m.o.v.e - The Last Show - Champagne Fight" for the same reason.  The concert was ultimately held on March 16, 2013, featuring 27 songs mainly from "Best Moves ~and move goes on~" performed in front of an audience of 1,500. The show was recorded and then released on DVD on June 5, 2013.  In 2014, Avex released two unreleased songs:'Outsoar The Rainbow and Days. "Outsoar The Rainbow", released digitally on May 16, 2014 on iTunes and other Japanese digital stores, was used as the opening for "Initial D Final Stage" as well as "Initial D Arcade Stage 8 Infinity" and "Days" was released on June 22, 2014 on iTunes and other Japanese digital stores and was used during the final episode of "Initial D: Final Stage". Both tracks were also released on the compilation "Initial D Final Best Collection".

Move (styled as M.O.V.E or m.o.v.e, and previously as move) were a Japanese band. The band consisted of record producer t-kimura (), rapper motsu () and singer yuri (). t-kimura left the band in 2009.

m.o.v.e ist eine zweiköpfige japanische Musikgruppe des Produzenten T-Kimura (bürgerlich: Takashi Kimura (); * 25. Januar 1968). Die Gruppe besteht aus Yuri (bürgerlich: Yuri Masuda (); * 22. Februar 1977) als Sängerin und Motsu (bürgerlich: Mototaka Segawa (); * 22. Mai) als Rapper.


Life.

Gustaf Britsch was born into a middle-class Swabian family of teachers. He left his family early. He first studied architecture at the University of Stuttgart and worked as an architect in Stuttgart. Then he enrolled in 1906 at the Munich University of Philosophy and studied with Hans Cornelius and Theodor Lipps. He created theories to the understanding of art by early 1907, which were received by Adolf von Hildebrand and Konrad Fiedler. In 1909 he founded in Florence the "Institute of Theoretical and Applied Art Studies". In 1910, he was encouraged by Cornelius to publish his theories. He moved back to Munich in 1911 and in 1912 opened the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Arts Science again on Theresa Street in Schwabing. In 1913 he spoke at the Congress of Aesthetics and General Art Studies in Berlin. Together with his student Egon Kornmann he represented a highly regarded school of thought about children's artistic development, which found its way into art education programs in Germany. These theories were also contradictory to others, such as Richard Mund.  After Britschs' death, Kornmannn continued the Gustaf Britsch Institute in Starnberg. He also married Britschs' widow Louise, and clarified with her Britschs' designs and theories. So the Starnberger Kornmann-Britsch-circle (also Britsch-Kormann School) was founded, which employed art teacher Hans Herrmann. Kornmann was editor in the 1930s of the magazine "The Shape".

Gustaf Britsch Institute.

The Gustaf Britsch Institute for Art Research (also known as: Institute of Theoretical and Applied Arts Science; School of Fine Arts Starnberg; private art school Britsch-Kornmann; Gustaf Britsch Institute for comparative viewing art) existed from 1912 in Munich and then from about 1920 to about 1967 in a fashionable villa on Prinzenweg 13 in Starnberg, headed by Egon and Louise Kornmann.  Numerous international artists and art teachers were trained and employed for decades, such as:

Works.

Britsch published art theoretical essays, which were created in part by Gustaf Britsch Institute Starnberg as teaching material:

Gustaf Adolf Britsch (11 August 1879 – 27 October 1923) was an early 20th-century German art theorist and the founder of Gustaf Britsch Institute in Starnberg, Germany.

Gustaf Adolf Britsch (* 11. August 1879 in Hedelfingen bei Stuttgart; † 27. Oktober 1923 in Starnberg) war ein deutscher Kunsttheoretiker des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts und der Begründer des Gustaf-Britsch-Instituts in Starnberg.


The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)

Plot.

Walter Mitty (Kaye) is an "inconsequential guy from Perth Amboy, New Jersey". He is henpecked and harassed by everyone in his life including his bossy mother, his overbearing, idea-stealing boss Bruce Pierce, his dimwitted fiancée Gertrude Griswold, Gertrude's obnoxious would-be suitor Tubby Wadsworth, and her loud-mouthed mother, Mrs. Griswold.  Walter's escape from their incessant needling is to imagine all sorts of exciting and impossible lives for himself, fueled by the pulp magazines he reads every day as an editor at the Pierce Publishing Company. But his dreams only seem to land him in more trouble. In one scene, while stoking the heating boiler, he dreams what it would be like to be an RAF fighter pilot. He is awakened from this daydream by his mother, who orders him to come to dinner. Believing he is still a British fighter pilot, he salutes, and places a red-hot poker under his arm—only to burn a hole in his suit jacket.  Things become much more complicated when he runs into a mysterious woman, Rosalind van Hoorn (Mayo), who just happens to perfectly resemble the girl of his dreams. Rosalind is working with her uncle, Peter van Hoorn, to help secure some Dutch crown jewels hidden from the Nazis during World War II. Caught up in a real-life adventure that seems unbelievable even to him, Walter attempts to hide his double life from his mundane family and friends. Eventually, he acquires the courage to stand up to those who kick him around.

Production.

Ken Englund and Everett Freeman reportedly began work adapting James Thurber's story in January 1945. According to Thurber, producer Samuel Goldwyn rejected the Englund and Freeman script in December 1945, and sent Englund to consult with Thurber, who worked with him for ten days. Thurber later complained that at one time the psychiatrist scene contained "a bathing girl incident which will haunt me all the days of my life." He was repeatedly consulted by Goldwyn, but his suggestions were largely ignored. In a letter to "Life" magazine, Thurber expressed his considerable dissatisfaction with the script, even as Goldwyn insisted in another letter that Thurber approved of it. Thurber also mentioned that Goldwyn asked him not to read part of the script, because it was "too blood and thirsty." Thurber said that he read the entire script anyway, and was "horror and struck".  In moving away from Thurber's material, Goldwyn instead had the writers customize the film to showcase Kaye's talents, altering the original story so much that Thurber called the film "The Public Life of Danny Kaye".  Goldwyn also briefly changed the film's title to "I Wake Up Dreaming" in response to a Gallup poll he had commissioned, a title that was actually a word play on the 1941 Steve Fisher novel "I Wake Up Screaming" (and the 1941 film of the same name). However, Goldwyn soon changed it back to Thurber's title in response to the angry protests of Thurber fans, as reporting in a May 1947 article in "Collier's Weekly".  The film includes many of Kaye's trademark patter-songs and one of his best-remembered dream characters, "Anatole of Paris," a fey women's milliner whose inspiration for the ridiculous chapeaux he creates is in actuality his loathing of women. The Anatole character is based on "Antoine de Paris," a women's hair-salon professional of the era, known for creating preposterous hairstyles. The lyrics to the song "Anatole of Paris" were written by Kaye's wife, Sylvia Fine.

Reception.

"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" ranks 479th on "Empire" magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.

Adaptations to other media.

"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" was dramatized as a half-hour radio play on the November 3, 1947 broadcast of "The Screen Guild Theater" with Kaye and Mayo in their original film roles.

Remake.

Plans to remake "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" arose in the early 1990s, with producer Samuel Goldwyn, Jr. considering actor Jim Carrey for the starring role. After development that spanned over two decades, the film finally came to fruition with Ben Stiller as the lead actor and the director. The film was released in the US on December 25, 2013.

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty is a 1947 Technicolor comedy film, loosely based on the 1939 short story of the same name by James Thurber. The film stars Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming proofreader (later associate editor) for a magazine publishing firm and Virginia Mayo as the girl of his dreams. The film was adapted for the screen by Ken Englund, Everett Freeman, and Philip Rapp, and directed by Norman Z. McLeod.

Das Doppelleben des Herrn Mitty (Originaltitel: "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty") ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie des Regisseurs Norman Z. McLeod aus dem Jahr 1947 mit Danny Kaye, Virginia Mayo und Boris Karloff in den Hauptrollen. Der Film wurde von der "Samuel Goldwyn Company" nach der Story "Walter Mittys Geheimleben" von James Thurber produziert. 2013 wurde mit "Das erstaunliche Leben des Walter Mitty" eine Neuverfilmung produziert.


Early years.

Fortmann was born in 1916 in Pearl River, New York. His father, Bernhard Gerhart Fortmann, was a New York native and salesman of butter and eggs. His mother, Emma Margaret Doscher, was also a New York native.  Fortmann attended Pearl River High School where he earned 12 varsity letters in sports and was the valedictorian of his class.

Colgate.

At age 16, Fortmann enrolled at Colgate University where he played football, playing as a halfback as a freshman before moving to guard and becoming a starter in 1934 and 1935. Colgate football coach Andrew Kerr called Fortmann "the best player I ever handled." After the 1935 season, he was selected to play in multiple all-star games, including the East–West Shrine Game (January 1, 1937) and the Chicago College All-Star Game (September 1, 1937). Dick Hanley, who coached Fortmann in the Shrine Game, praised Fortmann as a great blocker and urged Chicago Bears owner George Halas to sign Fortmann.  In addition to playing football, Fortmann was also an outstanding student at Colgate. He received straight A's as a pre-med student and graduated with Phi Beta Kappa honors at age 19. He was also president of his senior class and a member of the Delta Upsilon (DU) fraternity.

Professional football.

At age 19, Fortmann was selected by the Chicago Bears in the ninth and final round (78th overall pick) of the 1936 NFL Draft. After being drafted by the Bears, Fortmann was unsure whether he should attend medical school or play professional football. Bears owner George Halas persuaded Fortmann that he could do both and advanced funds to Fortmann for medical school. After speaking with Halas, Fortmann signed with the Bears in May 1936. At the time, he was the youngest person ever signed by an NFL team.  Due to his medical school obligations, Fortmann missed most of the Bears' sessions in his first four years with the team. In 1941, during his medical internship, he described pro football as "just the means to an end", the end being practicing medicine as a surgeon. Yet, Fortmann became fiercely loyal to Halas, saying: "Halas is the salt of the earth. There is nobody I admire and respect more than him."  Fortmann remained with the Bears for his entire professional football career, lasting for eight years from 1936 to 1943. He appeared in 86 games for the Bears. By 1939, Fortmann had established himself as one of the best most valuable players in the NFL. In voting by NFL coaches for the 1939 All-Pro Team, Fortmann received 37 points, the second highest individual vote of any player.  Fortmann was team captain of the Bears starting in 1940. As team captain, he led the Bears to back-to-back NFL championships in 1940 and 1941 with records of 8–3 and 10–1. After the 1940 season, Fortmann was rated as the best lineman in the NFL. The United Press called him "the heart and soul" of the Bears' ground attack that "rolled up a vast amount of yardage overland."  In the 1940 NFL Championship Game, the Bears defeated the Washington Redskins by a 73-0 score. Fortman later cited the 1940 championship game as proof of Halas' skill as a "master of psychology." The Bears had lost to the Redskins three weeks earlier, and Fortmann recalled that Halas kept reminding the Bears of that defeat every day, and when the team took the field for the championship game, "they were keyed the highest emotionally I ever saw them."  In August 1942, quarterback Bob Snyder called Fortmann "a perfect football player" and "the most important man on the Bear squad." The 1942 Bears compiled a perfect 11–0 record in the regular season and won the Western Division championship, but lost to the Washington Redskins in the 1942 NFL Championship Game.  Fortmann announced his retirement from the NFL in January 1943, but was persuaded to return for the 1943 season. He continued to practice medicine at Pittsburgh's Presbyterian Hospital during the 1943 season, flying in on Saturdays to play with the Bears on Sundays. The 1943 Bears compiled an 8–1–1 record and defeated the Washington Redskins in the 1943 NFL Championship Game, which proved to be Fortmann's last game as an NFL player. He announced his retirement five days after the championship game.

Honors and awards.

Fortmann received numerous honors and awards during and after his football career, including the following:

Later years and family.

Fortmann was married to Mary Van Halteren in a ceremony at East Lansing, Michigan, on March 19, 1938. They had two sons, Thomas and Stephen.  Fortmann enrolled at Rush Medical School at the University of Chicago where he studied medicine while playing for the Bears. He obtained his medical degree in 1940. He interned at Harper Hospital in Detroit and completed his surgical training at the University of Pittsburgh.  In the fall of 1944, he served as the line coach for the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team.  In February 1945, Fortmann was commissioned as a lieutenant in the United States Navy. In April 1945, he was assigned to an attack transport ship in the South Pacific. He served in the Navy Medical Corps on a hospital ship in the Pacific theater.  In 1946, Fortmann was licensed to practice medicine in California and began practicing on Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles. He worked as a surgeon at St. Joseph Hospital in Burbank, California, from 1948 until 1984. He became the hospital's chief of staff in 1965. He also served as the team physician for the Los Angeles Rams from 1947 to 1963. Fortmann and his family in Toluca Lake and/or Burbank until 1974 when they moved to Pasadena.  Fortmann was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1983 and, in 1988, began living at the John Douglas French Center, a facility in Los Alamitos, California, specializing in the care of Alzheimer's patients. He died at French Center in May 1995 at age 79.

Daniel John Fortmann (April 11, 1916 – May 23, 1995) was an American professional football player who was a guard for the Chicago Bears in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Colgate University. Playing for Chicago from 1936 to 1943, he was selected as an All-Pro for seven consecutive years from 1937 to 1943. He was the Bears' team captain starting in 1940 and led the team to NFL championships in 1940, 1941, and 1943.

Daniel “Dan/Danny” John Fortmann (* 11. April 1916 in Pearl River, New York; † 23. Mai 1995 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer American-Football-Spieler und Chirurg. Er spielte sieben Jahre in der National Football League (NFL) für die Chicago Bears.


Examples.

As seen in Figure 1, earthen slopes can develop a cut-spherical weakness area. The probability of this happening can be calculated in advance using a simple 2-D circular analysis package. A primary difficulty with analysis is locating the most-probable slip plane for any given situation. Many landslides have only been analyzed after the fact. More recently slope stability radar technology has been employed, particularly in the mining industry, to gather real time data and assist in determining the likelihood of slope failure. Real life failures in naturally deposited mixed soils are not necessarily circular, but prior to computers, it was far easier to analyse such a simplified geometry. Nevertheless, failures in 'pure' clay can be quite close to circular. Such slips often occur after a period of heavy rain, when the pore water pressure at the slip surface increases, reducing the effective normal stress and thus diminishing the restraining friction along the slip line. This is combined with increased soil weight due to the added groundwater. A'shrinkage' crack (formed during prior dry weather) at the top of the slip may also fill with rain water, pushing the slip forward. At the other extreme, slab-shaped slips on hillsides can remove a layer of soil from the top of the underlying bedrock. Again, this is usually initiated by heavy rain, sometimes combined with increased loading from new buildings or removal of support at the toe (resulting from road widening or other construction work). Stability can thus be significantly improved by installing drainage paths to reduce the destabilising forces. Once the slip has occurred, however, a weakness along the slip circle remains, which may then recur at the next monsoon.  Slope stability issues can be seen with almost any walk down a ravine in an urban setting. An example is shown in Figure 3, where a river is eroding the toe of a slope, and there is a swimming pool near the top of the slope. If the toe is eroded too far, or the swimming pool begins to leak, the forces driving a slope failure will exceed those resisting failure, and a landslide will develop, possibly quite suddenly.

Slope stabilization.

Stability of slopes can be improved by:

Analysis methods.

If the forces available to resist movement are greater than the forces driving movement, the slope is considered stable. A factor of safety is calculated by dividing the forces resisting movement by the forces driving movement. In earthquake-prone areas, the analysis is typically run for static conditions and pseudo-static conditions, where the seismic forces from an earthquake are assumed to add static loads to the analysis. Slope stability analysis is performed to assess the safe design of a human-made or natural slopes (e.g. embankments, road cuts, open-pit mining, excavations, landfills etc.) and the equilibrium conditions. Slope stability is the resistance of inclined surface to failure by sliding or collapsing. The main objectives of slope stability analysis are finding endangered areas, investigation of potential failure mechanisms, determination of the slope sensitivity to different triggering mechanisms, designing of optimal slopes with regard to safety, reliability and economics, designing possible remedial measures, e.g. barriers and stabilization.  Successful design of the slope requires geological information and site characteristics, e.g. properties of soil/rock mass, slope geometry, groundwater conditions, alternation of materials by faulting, joint or discontinuity systems, movements and tension in joints, earthquake activity etc. The presence of water has a detrimental effect on slope stability. Water pressure acting in the pore spaces, fractures or other discontinuities in the materials that make up the pit slope will reduce the strength of those materials. Choice of correct analysis technique depends on both site conditions and the potential mode of failure, with careful consideration being given to the varying strengths, weaknesses and limitations inherent in each methodology.  Before the computer age stability analysis was performed graphically or by using a hand-held calculator. Today engineers have a lot of possibilities to use analysis software, ranges from simple "limit equilibrium" techniques through to computational limit analysis approaches (e.g. Finite element limit analysis, Discontinuity layout optimization) to complex and sophisticated "numerical solutions" (finite-/distinct-element codes). The engineer must fully understand limitations of each technique. For example, limit equilibrium is most commonly used and simple solution method, but it can become inadequate if the slope fails by complex mechanisms (e.g. internal deformation and brittle fracture, progressive creep, liquefaction of weaker soil layers, etc.). In these cases more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques should be utilised. Also, even for very simple slopes, the results obtained with typical limit equilibrium methods currently in use (Bishop, Spencer, etc.) may differ considerably. In addition, the use of the risk assessment concept is increasing today. Risk assessment is concerned with both the consequence of slope failure and the probability of failure (both require an understanding of the failure mechanism).  Within the last decade (2003) Slope Stability Radar has been developed to remotely scan a rock slope to monitor the spatial deformation of the face. Small movements of a rough wall can be detected with sub-millimeter accuracy by using interferometry techniques.

Limit equilibrium analysis.

Conventional methods of slope stability analysis can be divided into three groups: kinematic analysis, limit equilibrium analysis, and rock fall simulators. Most slope stability analysis computer programs are based on the limit equilibrium concept for a two- or three-dimensional model. Two-dimensional sections are analyzed assuming plane strain conditions. Stability analyses of two-dimensional slope geometries using simple analytical approaches can provide important insights into the initial design and risk assessment of slopes.  Limit equilibrium methods investigate the equilibrium of a soil mass tending to slide down under the influence of gravity. Translational or rotational movement is considered on an assumed or known potential slip surface below the soil or rock mass. In rock slope engineering, methods may be highly significant to simple block failure along distinct discontinuities. All these methods are based on the comparison of forces, moments, or stresses resisting movement of the mass with those that can cause unstable motion (disturbing forces). The output of the analysis is a factor of safety, defined as the ratio of the shear strength (or, alternatively, an equivalent measure of shear resistance or capacity) to the shear stress (or other equivalent measure) required for equilibrium. If the value of factor of safety is less than 1.0, the slope is unstable.  All limit equilibrium methods assume that the shear strengths of the materials along the potential failure surface are governed by linear ("Mohr-Coulomb") or non-linear relationships between shear strength and the normal stress on the failure surface. The most commonly used variation is Terzaghi's theory of shear strength which states that where formula_2 is the shear strength of the interface, formula_3 is the effective stress (formula_4 is the total stress normal to the interface and formula_5 is the pore water pressure on the interface), formula_6 is the effective friction angle, and formula_7 is the effective cohesion.  The methods of slices is the most popular limit equilibrium technique. In this approach, the soil mass is discretized into vertical slices. Several versions of the method are in use. These variations can produce different results (factor of safety) because of different assumptions and inter-slice boundary conditions.  The location of the interface is typically unknown but can be found using numerical optimization methods. For example, functional slope design considers the "critical" slip surface to be the location where that has the lowest value of factor of safety from a range of possible surfaces. A wide variety of slope stability software use the limit equilibrium concept with automatic critical slip surface determination.  Typical slope stability software can analyze the stability of generally layered soil slopes, embankments, earth cuts, and anchored sheeting structures. Earthquake effects, external loading, groundwater conditions, stabilization forces (i.e., anchors, geo-reinforcements etc.) can also be included.

Analytical techniques: Method of slices.

Many slope stability analysis tools use various versions of the methods of slices such as "Bishop simplified", "Ordinary method of slices" ("Swedish circle method/Petterson/Fellenius"), "Spencer", "Sarma" etc. "Sarma" and "Spencer" are called rigorous methods because they satisfy all three conditions of equilibrium: force equilibrium in horizontal and vertical direction and moment equilibrium condition. Rigorous methods can provide more accurate results than non-rigorous methods. "Bishop simplified" or "Fellenius" are non-rigorous methods satisfying only some of the equilibrium conditions and making some simplifying assumptions. Some of these approaches are discussed below.

Swedish Slip Circle Method of Analysis.

The Swedish Slip Circle method assumes that the friction angle of the soil or rock is equal to zero, i.e., formula_8. In other words, when friction angle is considered to be zero, the effective stress term goes to zero, thus equating the shear strength to the cohesion parameter of the given soil. The Swedish slip circle method assumes a circular failure interface, and analyzes stress and strength parameters using circular geometry and statics. The moment caused by the internal driving forces of a slope is compared to the moment caused by forces resisting slope failure. If resisting forces are greater than driving forces, the slope is assumed stable.

Ordinary Method of Slices.

In the method of slices, also called OMS or the Fellenius method, the sliding mass above the failure surface is divided into a number of slices. The forces acting on each slice are obtained by considering the mechanical (force and moment) equilibrium for the slices. Each slice is considered on its own and interactions between slices are neglected because the resultant forces are parallel to the base of each slice. However, Newton's third law is not satisfied by this method because, in general, the resultants on the left and right of a slice do not have the same magnitude and are not collinear.  This allows for a simple static equilibrium calculation, considering only soil weight, along with shear and normal stresses along the failure plane. Both the friction angle and cohesion can be considered for each slice. In the general case of the method of slices, the forces acting on a slice are shown in the figure below. The normal (formula_9) and shear (formula_10) forces between adjacent slices constrain each slice and make the problem statically indeterminate when they are included in the computation. For the ordinary method of slices, the resultant vertical and horizontal forces are where formula_12 represents a linear factor that determines the increase in horizontal force with the depth of the slice. Solving for formula_13 gives Next, the method assumes that each slice can rotate about a center of rotation and that moment balance about this point is also needed for equilibrium. A balance of moments for all the slices taken together gives where formula_16 is the slice index, formula_17 are the moment arms, and loads on the surface have been ignored. The moment equation can be used to solve for the shear forces at the interface after substituting the expression for the normal force: Using Terzaghi's strength theory and converting the stresses into moments, we have where formula_20 is the pore pressure. The factor of safety is the ratio of the maximum moment from Terzaghi's theory to the estimated moment,

Modified Bishop’s Method of Analysis.

The Modified Bishop's method is slightly different from the ordinary method of slices in that normal interaction forces between adjacent slices are assumed to be collinear and the resultant interslice shear force is zero. The approach was proposed by Alan W. Bishop of Imperial College. The constraint introduced by the normal forces between slices makes the problem statically indeterminate. As a result, iterative methods have to be used to solve for the factor of safety. The method has been shown to produce factor of safety values within a few percent of the "correct" values.  The factor of safety for moment equilibrium in Bishop's method can be expressed as where where, as before, formula_16 is the slice index, formula_7 is the effective cohesion, formula_6 is the effective internal angle of internal friction, formula_27 is the width of each slice, formula_28is the weight of each slice, and formula_5 is the water pressure at the base of each slice. An iterative method has to be used to solve for formula_30 because the factor of safety appears both on the left and right hand sides of the equation.

Lorimer's method.

Lorimer's Method is a technique for evaluating slope stability in cohesive soils. It differs from Bishop's Method in that it uses a clothoid slip surface in place of a circle. This mode of failure was determined experimentally to account for effects of particle cementation. The method was developed in the 1930s by Gerhardt Lorimer (Dec 20, 1894-Oct 19, 1961), a student of geotechnical pioneer Karl von Terzaghi.

Spencer’s Method.

Spencer's Method of analysis requires a computer program capable of cyclic algorithms, but makes slope stability analysis easier. Spencer's algorithm satisfies all equilibria (horizontal, vertical and driving moment) on each slice. The method allows for unconstrained slip plains and can therefore determine the factor of safety along any slip surface. The rigid equilibrium and unconstrained slip surface result in more precise safety factors than, for example, Bishop's Method or the Ordinary Method of Slices.

Sarma method.

The Sarma method, proposed by Sarada K. Sarma of Imperial College is a Limit equilibrium technique used to assess the stability of slopes under seismic conditions. It may also be used for static conditions if the value of the horizontal load is taken as zero. The method can analyse a wide range of slope failures as it may accommodate a multi-wedge failure mechanism and therefore it is not restricted to planar or circular failure surfaces. It may provide information about the factor of safety or about the critical acceleration required to cause collapse.

Comparisons.

The assumptions made by a number of limit equilibrium methods are listed in the table below.  The table below shows the statical equilibrium conditions satisfied by some of the popular limit equilibrium methods.

Rock slope stability analysis.

Rock slope stability analysis based on limit equilibrium techniques may consider following modes of failures:

Limit analysis.

A more rigorous approach to slope stability analysis is limit analysis. Unlike limit equilibrium analysis which makes ad-hoc though often reasonable assumptions, limit analysis is based on rigorous plasticity theory. This enables, among other things, the computation of upper and lower bounds on the true factor of safety.  Programs based on limit analysis include:

Stereographic and kinematic analysis.

Kinematic analysis examines which modes of failure can possibly occur in the rock mass. Analysis requires the detailed evaluation of rock mass structure and the geometry of existing discontinuities contributing to block instability. Stereographic representation (stereonets) of the planes and lines is used. Stereonets are useful for analyzing discontinuous rock blocks. Program DIPS allows for visualization structural data using stereonets, determination of the kinematic feasibility of rock mass and statistical analysis of the discontinuity properties.

Rockfall simulators.

Rock slope stability analysis may design protective measures near or around structures endangered by the falling blocks. Rockfall simulators determine travel paths and trajectories of unstable blocks separated from a rock slope face. Analytical solution method described by Hungr & Evans assumes rock block as a point with mass and velocity moving on a ballistic trajectory with regard to potential contact with slope surface. Calculation requires two restitution coefficients that depend on fragment shape, slope surface roughness, momentum and deformational properties and on the chance of certain conditions in a given impact.  Program ROCFALL provides a statistical analysis of trajectory of falling blocks. Method rely on velocity changes as a rock blocks roll, slide or bounce on various materials. Energy, velocity, bounce height and location of rock endpoints are determined and may be analyzed statistically. The program can assist in determining remedial measures by computing kinetic energy and location of impact on a barrier. This can help determine the capacity, size and location of barriers.

Numerical methods of analysis.

Numerical modelling techniques provide an approximate solution to problems which otherwise cannot be solved by conventional methods, e.g. complex geometry, material anisotropy, non-linear behaviour, in situ stresses. Numerical analysis allows for material deformation and failure, modelling of pore pressures, creep deformation, dynamic loading, assessing effects of parameter variations etc. However, numerical modelling is restricted by some limitations. For example, input parameters are not usually measured and availability of these data is generally poor. User also should be aware of boundary effects, meshing errors, hardware memory and time restrictions. Numerical methods used for slope stability analysis can be divided into three main groups: continuum, discontinuum and hybrid modelling.

Continuum modelling.

Modelling of the continuum is suitable for the analysis of soil slopes, massive intact rock or heavily jointed rock masses. This approach includes the "finite-difference" and "finite element" methods that discretize the whole mass to finite number of elements with the help of generated mesh (Fig. 3). In "finite-difference" method (FDM) differential equilibrium equations (i.e. strain-displacement and stress-strain relations) are solved. "finite element" method (FEM) uses the approximations to the connectivity of elements, continuity of displacements and stresses between elements. Most of numerical codes allows modelling of discrete fractures, e.g. bedding planes, faults. Several constitutive models are usually available, e.g. elasticity, elasto-plasticity, strain-softening, elasto-viscoplasticity etc.

Discontinuum modelling.

Discontinuum approach is useful for rock slopes controlled by discontinuity behaviour. Rock mass is considered as an aggregation of distinct, interacting blocks subjected to external loads and assumed to undergo motion with time. This methodology is collectively called the "discrete-element" method (DEM). Discontinuum modelling allows for sliding between the blocks or particles. The DEM is based on solution of dynamic equation of equilibrium for each block repeatedly until the boundary conditions and laws of contact and motion are satisfied. Discontinuum modelling belongs to the most commonly applied numerical approach to rock slope analysis and following variations of the DEM exist:  The "distinct-element" approach describes mechanical behaviour of both, the discontinuities and the solid material. This methodology is based on a force-displacement law (specifying the interaction between the deformable rock blocks) and a law of motion (determining displacements caused in the blocks by out-of-balance forces). Joints are treated as [boundary conditions. Deformable blocks are discretized into internal constant-strain elements.  Discontinuum program UDEC (Universal distinct element code) is suitable for high jointed rock slopes subjected to static or dynamic loading. Two-dimensional analysis of translational failure mechanism allows for simulating large displacements, modelling deformation or material yielding. Three-dimensional discontinuum code 3DEC contains modelling of multiple intersecting discontinuities and therefore it is suitable for analysis of wedge instabilities or influence of rock support (e.g. rockbolts, cables).  In "discontinuous deformation analysis" (DDA) displacements are unknowns and equilibrium equations are then solved analogous to "finite element" method. Each unit of "finite element" type mesh represents an isolated block bounded by discontinuities. Advantage of this methodology is possibility to model large deformations, rigid body movements, coupling or failure states between rock blocks.  Discontinuous rock mass can be modelled with the help of "distinct-element" methodology in the form of "particle flow" code, e.g. program PFC2D/3D. Spherical particles interact through frictional sliding contacts. Simulation of joint bounded blocks may be realized through specified bond strengths. Law of motion is repeatedly applied to each particle and force-displacement law to each contact. "Particle flow" methodology enables modelling of granular flow, fracture of intact rock, transitional block movements, dynamic response to blasting or seismicity, deformation between particles caused by shear or tensile forces. These codes also allow to model subsequent failure processes of rock slope, e.g. simulation of rock

Hybrid/coupled modelling.

Hybrid codes involve the coupling of various methodologies to maximize their key advantages, e.g. "limit equilibrium" analysis combined with "finite element" groundwater flow and stress analysis ; coupled "particle flow" and "finite-difference" analyses. Hybrid techniques allows investigation of piping slope failures and the influence of high groundwater pressures on the failure of weak rock slope. Coupled "finite-"/"distinct-element" codes provide for the modelling of both intact rock behaviour and the development and behaviour of fractures.

Rock mass classification.

Various rock mass classification systems exist for the design of slopes and to assess the stability of slopes. The systems are based on empirical relations between rock mass parameters and various slope parameters such as height and slope dip.  The Q-slope method for rock slope engineering and rock mass classification developed by Barton and Bar expresses the quality of the rock mass for assessing slope stability using the Q-slope value, from which long-term stable, reinforcement-free slope angles can be derived.

Probability classification.

The slope stability probability classification (SSPC) system is a rock mass classification system for slope engineering and slope stability assessment. The system is a three-step classification: "‘exposure’", "‘reference’", and "‘slope’" rock mass classification with conversion factors between the three steps depending on existing and future weathering and damage due to method of excavation. The stability of a slope is expressed as probability for different failure mechanisms.  A rock mass is classified following a standardized set of criteria in one or more exposures ("‘exposure’" classification). These values are converted per exposure to a "‘reference’" rock mass by compensating for the degree of weathering in the exposure and the method of excavation that was used to make the exposure, i.e. the "‘reference’" rock mass values are not influenced by local influences such as weathering and method of excavation. A new slope can then be designed in the "‘reference’" rock mass with compensation for the damage due to the method of excavation to be used for making the new slope and compensation for deterioration of the rock mass due to future weathering (the "‘slope’" rock mass). If the stability of an already existing slope is assessed the "‘exposure’" and "‘slope’" rock mass values are the same.  The failure mechanisms are divided in "orientation dependent" and "orientation independent". Orientation dependent failure mechanisms depend on the orientation of the slope with respect to the orientation of the discontinuities in the rock mass, i.e. sliding (plane and wedge sliding) and toppling failure. Orientation independent relates to the possibility that a slope fails independently from its orientation, e.g. circular failure completely through newly formed discontinuities in intact rock blocks, or failing partially following existing discontinuities and partially new discontinuities.  In addition the shear strength along a discontinuity ('sliding criterion') and 'rock mass cohesion' and 'rock mass friction' can be determined. The system has been used directly or modified in various geology and climate environments throughout the world. The system has been modified for slope stability assessment in open pit coal mining.

Slope stability refers to the condition of inclined soil or rock slopes to withstand or undergo movement. The stability condition of slopes is a subject of study and research in soil mechanics, geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Slope stability analyses include static and dynamic, analytical or empirical methods to evaluate the stability of earth and rock-fill dams, embankments, excavated slopes, and natural slopes in soil and rock. The analyses are generally aimed at understanding the causes of an occurred slope failure, or the factors that can potentially trigger a slope movement, resulting in a landslide, as well as at preventing the initiation of such movement, slowing it down or arresting it through mitigation countermeasures.

Das Gleitkreisverfahren (englisch: „Method of Slices“ und „general limit equilibrium method“) ist eine Methode zur Standsicherheitsberechnung von Böschungen in der Geotechnik (Böschungsbruch-Nachweis).


Personal life.

Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt was born on the island St. Thomas, then a part of the Danish West Indies. His father, Peter Motzfeldt (1777–1854) was a noted military officer and father of the Norwegian Constitution who was stationed on St. Thomas from 1802 to 1809, Ulrik's mother, Ernesta Birgitte Margrethe Stenersen (1789–1848), was the daughter of the B. C. Stenersen, stipendiary magistrate of St. Thomas. Ulrik's younger brother Ketil was also a noted statesman. In addition, their paternal great-grandmother Birgitte Andrea Bull was a first cousin of Johan Lausen Bull and Norway's first Supreme Court Justice Johan Randulf Bull.  Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt married twice. The marriage with his first wife produced two daughters. Their daughter Marie Sophie Erneste married jurist and politician Ulrik Fredrik Christian Arneberg. Motzfeldt later married Anna Pauline Jørgine Birch, and the couple had two sons and one daughter. Their oldest son Ernst became a government minister.

Career.

Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt enrolled as a law student in 1823, and graduated with the cand.jur. degree in 1826. In 1829 he was hired as a lector at the Royal Frederick University (now University of Oslo). He was promoted in 1834, to professor of jurisprudence. His most important publications include "Den norske Kirkeret" (1844) and "Lovgivningen om Odelsretten og Aasædesretten" (1846). From 1842 Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt also served as a Supreme Court Assessor.  Motzfeldt was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1851, representing the constituency of Smaalenenes Amt (now Østfold). He was re-elected in 1854, but this time representing the city of Christiania (now Oslo). He was then re-elected in 1857, 1859 and finally in 1862. He served as President of the Storting from 1857 to 1858, and President of the Lagting from 1859 to 1860. He also served as mayor of Kristiania from 1853 to 1860.

Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt (27 January 1807 – 10 July 1865) was a Norwegian jurist and politician. He served five terms in the Norwegian Parliament, including two years as President. He was also a professor at the University of Christiania and an Assessor of the Supreme Court.

Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt (* 27. Januar 1807 in Saint Thomas; † 10. Juni 1865 in Christiania) war ein norwegischer Jurist und Politiker.


Description.

"Juniperus occidentalis" shoots are of moderate thickness among junipers, at 1–1.6 mm diameter. The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–2 mm long (to 5 mm on lead shoots) and 1–1.5 mm broad. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5–10 mm long. The cones are berry-like, 5–10 mm in diameter, blue-brown with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain one to three seeds; they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring.

Taxonomy.

The Sierra juniper, "Juniperus grandis", is sometimes treated as a subspecies or variety of "J. occidentalis" (as "J. occidentalis" var. "australis"). The two species are distinguished by range, form, as well as essential oil and genetic evidence.

Habitat.

"Juniperus occidentalis" usually occurs on dry, rocky sites where there is less competition from larger species like ponderosa pine and coast Douglas-fir. In very exposed positions at high altitude, they can assume a krummholz habit, growing low to the ground even when mature with a wide trunk. Hybrids with "Juniperus osteosperma" are occasionally found.

Ecology.

The cones are an important food for several birds, including American robin, Clark's nutcracker, phainopepla and cedar waxwing; these digest the fleshy cone scales and disperse the seeds in their droppings.  The plants often bear galls caused by the juniper tip midge, "Oligotrophus betheli". These are violet-purple fading to brown, 1–2 cm diameter, with dense modified spreading scale-leaves 6–10 mm long and 2–3 mm broad at the base.

Juniperus occidentalis, known as the western juniper, is a shrub or tree native to the western United States, growing in mountains at altitudes of and rarely down to. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because it is a widespread species with an increasing population.

Der Westamerikanische Wacholder ("Juniperus occidentalis"), auch Westlicher Wacholder genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Zypressengewächse ("Cupressaceae"). Sie ist im westlichen Nordamerika heimisch.


WH edition.

Westcott and Hort distinguished four text types in their studies. The most recent is the Syrian, or Byzantine text-type (eastern), of which the newest example is the Textus Receptus and thus from the critical text view is less likely reliable. The Western text-type is much older, but tends to paraphrase, so according to the critical text view also lacks dependability. The Alexandrian text-type, exemplified in the Codex Ephraemi, exhibits a polished Greek style. The two scholars identified their favorite text type as "Neutral text", exemplified by two 4th-century manuscripts, the Codex Vaticanus (known to scholars since the 15th century), and the Codex Sinaiticus (discovered in 1859), both of which they relied on heavily (albeit not exclusively) for this edition. This text has only a few changes of the original. This edition is based on the critical works especially of Tischendorf and Tregelles. The minuscules play a minimal role in this edition.  Westcott and Hort worked on their Testament from 1853 until its completion in 1881. It was followed by an "Introduction and Appendix" by Hort appearing in a second volume in 1882. In 1892, a revised edition was released by F. C. Burkitt.

Reception.

The edition of Westcott and Hort began a new epoch in the history of textual criticism. Most critical editions published after Westcott and Hort share their preference of the Alexandrian text-type and therefore are similar to "The New Testament in the Original Greek". An exception is the text edited by Hermann von Soden. Soden's edition stands much closer to the text of Tischendorf than to the text of Westcott and Hort. All editions of Nestle-Aland remain close in textual character to the text WH. Aland reports that, while NA25 text shows, for example, 2,047 differences from von Soden, 1,996 from Vogels, 1,268 from Tischendorf, 1,161 from Bover, and 770 from Merk, it contains only 558 differences from WH text.  According to Bruce M. Metzger, "the general validity of their critical principles and procedures is widely acknowledged by scholars today." In 1981 Metzger said:  Philip Comfort gave this opinion:

Other editions of Greek New Testament.

The texts of Nestle-Aland, and of Bover and Merk, differ very little from the text of the Westcott-Hort.

The New Testament in the Original Greek is a Greek-language version of the New Testament published in 1881. It is also known as the Westcott and Hort text, after its editors Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) and Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828–1892). (Textual scholars use the abbreviation "WH".) It is a critical text, compiled from some of the oldest New Testament fragments and texts that had been discovered at the time. The two editors worked together for 28 years.

The New Testament in the Original Greek ist eine Textausgabe des Neuen Testaments auf Griechisch, die 1881 veröffentlicht wurde. Der Text ist nach seinen Herausgebern Brooke Foss Westcott (1825–1901) und Fenton John Anthony Hort (1828–1892) als Westcott und Hort bekannt.


Description.

Gaudey (1892) listed the following unambiguous character states for the genus upon the description of species "L. compressidens": "Premaxilla with small rostrum present anterior to premaxillary teeth. Thirteen to fourteen teeth in maxilla. Fourteen to sixteen teeth in dentary. Small projection of dentary anterior to first dentary tooth. Mandibular teeth become highly compressed and bicarinate posteriorly, enamel surfaces smooth".  The type species of "Liodon", "L. anceps", is based only on a jaw fragment containing two teeth. The teeth were symmetrically bicarinate and smoothly surfaced, which lent the genus its name. Beyond the type specimen, few additional specimens have been assigned to "L. anceps" but it has been suggested by multiple authors that "L. anceps" is congeneric with "Hainosaurus", a member of the Tylosaurinae, on the basis of similarities in the teeth. "Liodon compressidens", known from Campanian-age deposits in France, is better known than "L. anceps" and clearly a mosasaurine mosasaur. The species "L. sectorius", known from the Navesink Formation of New Jersey, is based on fragmentary remains, primarily teeth, and seems to represent a species intermediate between "L. compressidens" and "L. mosasauroides".

Classification.

"Liodon anceps" was originally named by Richard Owen in 1841 as ""Leiodon anceps"" and was upon its description based only on two tooth fragments and a minor portion of the corresponding jaw bone. Owen recognised the teeth as more similar to those of "Mosasaurus" than to any other reptile teeth known at the time. In 1846, Louis Agassiz noted that the genus name was already preoccupied by the fish "Leiodon" and thus replaced the genus name with "Liodon".  "Liodon" was one of the original genera included within the Mosasauridae upon its creation in 1853, along with "Mosasaurus" itself, "Onchosaurus" (later recognised to have been a batoid fish), "Oplosaurus" (a sauropod dinosaur), "Macrosaurus" (a historical mosasaur "wastebasket taxon") and "Geosaurus" (a thalattosuchian crocodyliform).  Russell (1967) considered "Liodon" to represent a mosasaurine and a member of the tribe Mosasaurini along with "Clidastes", "Mosasaurus", "Amphekepubis" (a dubious genus) and "Compressidens" (later renamed to "Carinodens").  With the description of three additional species of the genus over the second half of the nineteenth century; "L. sectorius", "L. compressidens" and "L. mosasauroides", Lingham-Soliar (1993) suggested that the genus of "Liodon" could be given a proper generic diagnosis. However, Schulp et al. (2008) pointed out that the type specimen of "Liodon anceps" (BMNH 41639) is at present missing the teeth, in which the diagnositic features that supposedly unite the genus are found, and thus considered the genus a "nomen dubium". Due to similarities with the recently described species of "Prognathodon", "P. kianda", the three species of "Liodon" other than the type species ("L. sectorius", "L. compressidens" and "L. mosasauroides") were then assigned to "Prognathodon". With ""Prognathodon"" "kianda" repeatedly being recovered as a mosasaurine more basal than "Prognathodon" and likely a separate genus on its own, the phylogenetic placement of "L. sectorius" and "L. compressidens" remains highly uncertain. ""Liodon" mosasauroides" is apparently referable to the Maastrichtian-age genus "Eremiasaurus" based on unpublished morphological comparisons reported in an SVP abstract by Mohr et al. (2019).

Liodon ("smooth tooth") is a dubious genus of mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous. Remains assigned to this genus have been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and New Zealand. Though dubious and of uncertain phylogenetic affinities, "Liodon" was historically a highly important taxon in mosasaur systematics, being one of the genera on which the family Mosasauridae was based.

Liodon (Gr.: "leios" = glatt; "odon" = Zahn; Syn.: "Leiodon" Owen, 1841) ist eine Gattung der Mosasaurier aus der Zeit der Oberkreide.


Overview.

Each member of a higher generation has greater mass than the corresponding particle of the previous generation, with the possible exception of the neutrinos (whose small but non-zero masses have not been accurately determined). For example, the first-generation electron has a mass of only, the second-generation muon has a mass of, and the third-generation tau has a mass of (almost twice as heavy as a proton). This mass hierarchy causes particles of higher generations to decay to the first generation, which explains why everyday matter (atoms) is made of particles from the first generation. Electrons surround a nucleus made of protons and neutrons, which contain up and down quarks. The second and third generations of charged particles do not occur in normal matter and are only seen in extremely high-energy environments such as cosmic rays or particle accelerators. The term "generation" was first introduced by Haim Harari in Les Houches Summer School, 1976.  Neutrinos of all generations stream throughout the universe but rarely interact with other matter. It is hoped that a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the generations of the leptons may eventually explain the ratio of masses of the fundamental particles, and shed further light on the nature of mass generally, from a quantum perspective.

Fourth generation.

Fourth and further generations are considered unlikely by many (but not all) theoretical physicists. Some arguments against the possibility of a fourth generation are based on the subtle modifications of precision electroweak observables that extra generations would induce; such modifications are strongly disfavored by measurements. Furthermore, a fourth generation with a "light" neutrino (one with a mass less than about ) has been ruled out by measurements of the widths of the Z boson at CERN's Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP). Nonetheless, searches at high-energy colliders for particles from a fourth generation continue, but as yet no evidence has been observed. In such searches, fourth-generation particles are denoted by the same symbols as third-generation ones with an added prime (e.g. "b′" and "t′").  The lower bound for a fourth generation of quark ("b′", "t′") masses is currently at 1.4TeV from experiments at the LHC.  The lower bound for a fourth generation neutrino (formula_1) mass is currently at about 60GeV. (Millions of times larger than the upper bound for the other 3 neutrino masses).  The lower bound for a fourth generation charged lepton (formula_2) mass is currently 100GeV and proposed upper bound of 1.2TeV from unitarity considerations.  If the Koide formula continues to hold, the masses of the fourth generation charged lepton would be 44GeV (ruled out) and "b′" and "t′" should be 3.6TeV and 84TeV respectively. (The maximum energy of protons at the LHC is about 6TeV).

Origin.

The origin of multiple generations of fermions, and the particular count of "3", is an unsolved problem of physics. String theory provides a cause for multiple generations, but the particular number depends on the details of the compactification or the D-brane intersections.

In particle physics, a generation or family is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their flavour quantum number and mass, but their interactions are identical.

In der Teilchenphysik werden die zwölf bekannten elementaren Materieteilchen oft in drei Generationen zu je vier Teilchen plus deren Antiteilchen eingeteilt (Die Bezeichnung „Generation“ hat hier nichts zu tun mit beispielsweise „Mutter-“ und „Tochter“-Zuständen bei Zerfallsvorgängen).


Life.

She was born Anna Maria Gallo, the daughter of Francesco Gallo and Barbara Basinsin, in the Quartieri Spagnoli (Spanish Quarter) of Naples, a red-light district of the city, still known for its high crime. According to tradition, another saint, the Jesuit, Francis de Geronimo, predicted her future sanctity while she was still an infant. Her family was of the middle class, but her father, a weaver of gold lace, was a very violent man, who regularly abused his family physically, often severely.  When Gallo was sixteen, her father attempted to force her into a marriage with a young man of means who was seeking her hand. She refused and asked to join the Franciscan Third Order, through which she could live out a religious life in the family home. The friars of Naples were part of the reform of Peter of Alcantara, and they and the tertiaries under their rule were known for the strictness of their lives. Through the intervention of a friar, Father Theophilus, permission to enter the Order was eventually granted by her father.  Gallo was received into the Order on 8 September 1731 and began wearing the religious habit of the Order, which was an uncommon practice by that era. She also adopted the use of the religious name she took upon being received into the Order, out of her devotion to the Blessed Mother, Francis of Assisi and the Passion of Christ. She continued to live in the family home to serve God as a consecrated virgin, as was customary in those days.  She took as her spiritual director, the Franciscan friar, John Joseph of the Cross, while her confessor was the Barnabite priest, Francis Xavier Bianchi, and she began to be known among her neighbors for her work of charity, helping the poor of the sector. She was a person of deep prayer, often spending long hours in meditation.  In 1753 she joined with another Franciscan tertiary, known only as Maria Felice, and they moved into a small palace owned by a priest, Giovanni Pessiri, who became their spiritual director. The two women occupied the second floor, sleeping on the floor, and the priest the floor above. She is said to have received the wounds of the stigmata while living there and suffered patiently many physical afflictions and spiritual trials. She would wear gloves to cover the marks on her hands, while she did her work. She is also said to have had visions of Raphael the Archangel, who healed her of several afflictions.

Veneration.

Gallo was buried in the Franciscan in Naples, which she attended during her life. This church also contains the tomb of John Joseph, now also declared a saint.  Gallo was declared Venerable by Pope Pius VII, on 18 May 1803. She was beatified by Pope Gregory XVI on 12 November 1843. She was soon canonized by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1867. Her feast day is celebrated on 6 October. She was the first woman from Naples to have been declared a saint by the Catholic Church.  Devotion to Gallo has long continued to be strong in the neighborhood where she lived, and of which she is the patron saint. The residents credit her intercession with the little damage the sector endured during World War II, when over 100 bombs were dropped on it. Her home has been preserved as a chapel and museum.  Pope Pius IX, who canonized Gallo, declared her to be a patroness of expectant mothers and of women having difficulty conceiving. She is also the patroness of the Gallo World Family Foundation, which was founded to promote the development of Judeo-Christian values in the betterment of the world by members of the Gallo family scattered worldwide.  On 6 October 2001, her remains were transferred from the Church of Santa Lucia to the house where she had spent the last half of her life. It is now the. It is still a common practice for expectant mothers to go there to be blessed with her relic. Many votive offerings from mothers who credit her with their successful deliveries are displayed in the sanctuary.  In Scotland, Margaret Sinclair took the religious name Sister Mary Francis of the Five Wounds during her short-lived vocation in London. Her major shrine in St Patrick's Church, Edinburgh has been given status by both Pope Paul VI declaration, and Pope John Paul II description of The Blessed Margaret as being "one of God’s little ones who, through her very simplicity, was touched by God with the strength of real holiness of life."

Mary Frances of the Five Wounds (, 25 March 1715 – 7 October 1791), was an Italian member of the Third Order of St. Francis, who is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Maria Franziska von den fünf Wunden Christi (geb. "Anna Maria Gallo") (* 25. März 1715 in Neapel; † 6. Oktober 1791 ebenda) war Mitglied im Dritten Orden des heiligen Franz von Assisi und Mystikerin. Sie wird in der katholischen Kirche als Heilige verehrt.