Early career.

Ben Arfa was born into a family with a football history. His father was the former Tunisian international footballer Kamel Ben Arfa. Ben Arfa began his career in France at ASV Châtenay-Malabry. After two years at the club, he moved a few miles north to Montrouge CF 92. In 1998, Ben Arfa joined sporting club AC Boulogne-Billancourt. The following year, he was selected to attend the Clairefontaine academy. While at Clairefontaine, he was a part of "A la Clairefontaine", a documentary series which chronicled the lives of some of France's top young footballers during their time at the academy. During the series, an episode showed Ben Arfa getting into an argument with Abou Diaby. While training at Clairefontaine during the weekdays, he played for FC Versailles 78 on the weekends.

Club career.

Lyon.

Already labeled a prodigy at the age of 15, Ben Arfa joined Lyon, a club that had just won its first ever Ligue 1 championship. In August 2004, after spending two years in the youth divisions of the Lyon academy, he signed his first professional contract, agreeing to a three-year deal despite late interest from English club Chelsea and Dutch outfit Ajax. Along with fellow youth player Karim Benzema, he was promoted to the senior squad and was assigned the number 34 shirt.  Ben Arfa made his professional debut on the opening day of the 2004–05 season against Nice. Lyon won the match 1–0 with a goal from Giovane Élber, a few minutes after Ben Arfa had come on. After making a few substitute appearances, he made his first start on 11 September 2004 in a 2–1 victory over Rennes playing 56 minutes. Ben Arfa scored his first professional goal two months later on 10 November in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Lille, converting from the penalty spot in extra time to give Lyon a 2–1 lead, though Lille scored two late goals, beating Lyon 3–2. He made his UEFA Champions League debut in a group stage match against Manchester United coming on as a substitute for Sidney Govou.  The following season, Ben Arfa switched to the first team number 18 shirt, but his substitute-to-start ratio was still high as seven of his 12 appearances were as a substitute. He made his first Champions League start in a 2–1 victory over Norwegian club Rosenborg, providing the assist on the game-winning goal scored by the Brazilian Fred in the last minutes of the match. Ben Arfa scored his first league goal during the 2006–07 season against Sedan just before half-time. The goal proved to be the winner as Lyon won the match 1–0.  After the departure of wingers Florent Malouda and Sylvain Wiltord, new manager Alain Perrin preferred the more modern 4–3–3 formation, and moved Ben Arfa to left wing for the 2007–08 season. Ben Arfa quickly adapted to the position and scored his first goal in a 5–1 demolition of Metz on 15 September, though his performance was overshadowed by a Karim Benzema hat trick. Arguably his best performances in a Lyon shirt came in a period of 12 days, during which he played a league match on 28 October against Paris Saint-Germain and a Champions League game against German club VfB Stuttgart on 7 November. He scored two goals in each match with both results being in favor of Lyon. Following the season, he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers (UNFP) Young Player of the Year.  Despite rumors of a rift between himself and Benzema, Ben Arfa signed a contract extension with Lyon in March 2008 until 2010. However, his career at Lyon reached an impasse after he got into a training session scuffle with Sébastien Squillaci.

Marseille.

Despite reported interest from English clubs Everton, Manchester United, Arsenal, and Spanish club Real Madrid, rumors of a move to rivals Marseille began to surface. On 28 June 2008, Lyon confirmed that a proposed transfer to Marseille had been cancelled for the time being. However, Ben Arfa confirmed to the local "La Provence" newspaper on 29 June that he had signed for the southern coast club and would not return to Lyon for pre-season training the following day. "La Provence" later reported that Ben Arfa had in fact missed training in Lyon on 30 June, confirming his intentions.  Ben Arfa officially joined Marseille on 1 July 2008 for €12 million, with future incentives to be included later, after an agreement was reached between Marseille and Lyon in a meeting organized by the Ligue de Football Professionnel. As a result of the disagreement over the transfer, in December 2008, Ben Arfa told the local Lyon newspaper "Le Progrès" that his former team lacked class and was not a great team. Ben Arfa was presented to the media and had his first training session with the club the same day. He was given the number 20 shirt. On 16 July, Ben Arfa was involved in another training session bust-up, this time with striker and France international Djibril Cissé. Cissé later joined English club Sunderland on loan.  Ben Arfa made his league debut on the opening day of the season in a 4–4 draw with Rennes. He scored his first goal for "Les Marseillais" in that match. He continued in form scoring six times in his first 11 matches. However, his reputation for controversy continued to haunt him when he was involved in another dispute, this time with the Cameroon international Modeste M'bami during a warm up session ahead of the club's UEFA Champions League match against Liverpool. The two had to be separated by Ronald Zubar. Controversy arose again following Marseille's 4–2 loss to "Le Classique" rivals Paris-Saint Germain. He drew the ire of manager Eric Gerets after his refusal to leave the bench to warm up. Ben Arfa later said he was injured much to the chagrin of Gerets, but later apologized for the incident to the media and Gerets himself. Upon his return to the squad, Ben Arfa responded by scoring a goal and providing the assists on both the other goals in a 3–1 victory over Saint-Étienne.  Ben Arfa switched to the number 10 shirt for the 2009–10 season and made his debut on the opening match day of the season in a 2–0 away victory over Grenoble appearing as a substitute in the 68th minute. The following week, he earned his first start of the season against Lille and assisted the winning goal scored by Brandão. Controversy surfaced again, however, when, on 8 October 2009, Ben Arfa was fined €10,000 by the club for missing a training session. Ben Arfa blamed the absence on airport delays as he was in Tunisia visiting family members during the international break. A month later, on 18 November, he got into a heated argument with manager Didier Deschamps during a training session, for which Ben Arfa later apologized. Under Deschamps in the first half of the season, Ben Arfa appeared in 15 of the club's 20 league matches and only played the full 90 minutes in two matches, a 2–1 defeat against Monaco and a 2–0 defeat to Auxerre.  Ben Arfa's play during the 2010 portion of the season earned praise from both Deschamps and sporting director José Anigo. On 10 January 2010, Ben Arfa scored his first goal of the season against amateur club Trélissac in the Coupe de France. A month later, he was instrumental in Marseille's 5–1 victory over Valenciennes assisting on the opening goal scored by Lucho González. Later that month, Ben Arfa scored an away goal in the first leg of the club's UEFA Europa League tie against Danish club FC København. In the return leg in Marseille, Ben Arfa struck again, scoring the opening goal in the 43rd minute. Marseille won the match 3–1 and the tie 6–2 on aggregate. On 27 February, he scored his first league goal of the season in a 3–0 victory over Paris Saint-Germain. Ben Arfa's play in the month of February was validated when he was named the UNFP Player of the Month. Marseille won all four of the league matches the team contested with Ben Arfa starting all of them. On 7 April, Ben Arfa converted a penalty in a 3–0 win over Sochaux. The victory placed the club at the top of the table, and they remained there for the rest of the season and clinched the title on 5 May with a 3–1 win over Rennes. Ben Arfa appeared as a substitute in the match.  On 22 July 2010, reports surfaced suggesting that English club Newcastle United were looking to sign Ben Arfa. After being questioned, Newcastle's manager Chris Hughton denied the reports. Five days later, Ben Arfa's agent declared that Newcastle were indeed interested in the player, along with German clubs Hoffenheim and Werder Bremen, Turkish club Galatasaray, and Italian club A.C. Milan. On 9 August, a season-long loan with an option to make the move permanent was reportedly being negotiated between the two clubs. However, a loan-fee for the deal could not be reached with Newcastle offering £650,000; £350,000 short of what Marseille wanted. On 12 August, Marseille president Jean-Claude Dassier announced that Ben Arfa would not be moving to Newcastle and even went as far as to say that an offer from the club had not even existed.  Similar to his actions in leaving Lyon, Ben Arfa responded to the statement by telling the French sports newspaper "L'Equipe" that he would not be returning to La Commanderie, Marseille's training facility, and would not play with the team for the remainder of the season. He also stated that his relationship with Deschamps had turned sour and was beyond repair. Ben Arfa confirmed his intentions by travelling to Newcastle upon Tyne, without authorization, with hopes that Newcastle and Marseille would come to an agreement. After returning to Marseille, he missed several training sessions with his parent club and was, subsequently, left off the match day squad for two league matches against Valenciennes and Lorient. Ben Arfa's number 10 was later given to new signing André-Pierre Gignac, which signaled a transfer was imminent.  On 19 August, a proposed move to Werder Bremen failed to come to fruition after the club's sporting director Klaus Allofs declared that the club was not interested in Ben Arfa, despite reports of Werder Bremen offering Marseille a transfer fee of €8 million. On 27 August, Dassier confirmed that the club had reached an agreement on a loan fee with Newcastle for the transfer of Ben Arfa with personal terms being the only stumbling block in the deal. Marseille agreed to a £2 million loan fee. Newcastle had been set to pay Marseille another £5 million if Ben Arfa had made 25 club appearances in the 2010–11 season, which would have made the transfer permanent.

Newcastle United.

On 27 August 2010, Ben Arfa agreed to personal terms with Newcastle and, the following day, the club confirmed that it had signed Ben Arfa on a season-long loan. He made his debut on 11 September 2010, appearing as a substitute in a 2–0 defeat at home to Blackpool. He scored his first goal for Newcastle on his full debut on 18 September in the 1–0 victory against Everton. On 3 October, Ben Arfa suffered a broken tibia and fibula in his left leg while playing in a league match against Manchester City. The injury came as a result of a tackle by opposing midfielder Nigel de Jong. On 5 January 2011, Marseille and Newcastle both confirmed on their websites that they had reached an agreement for the permanent transfer of Ben Arfa to Newcastle with the player agreeing to a four and a half year contract. The transfer fee was undisclosed.  Ben Arfa spent most of his rehabilitation in his home city of Paris recuperating at the Clairefontaine academy. In January 2011, it was reported by the English media that Ben Arfa had undergone another surgery in November 2010 to repair complications that were preventing his shin bones from healing properly. On 23 February, Newcastle manager Alan Pardew confirmed that Ben Arfa was running and could return to the team in April. However, days later, Pardew revealed that he was not prepared to rush the player's rehabilitation process and that Ben Arfa probably would not be available until May, stating "I am going to protect him. I can't just throw him in". Ben Arfa returned to training with Newcastle on 5 April. He participated fully in warm-ups with the first-team, but spent the majority of the training session doing light training and fitness work. Ben Arfa ultimately failed to make any more appearances with the team in the 2010–11 season.  After continuing his rehabilitation during the summer, ahead of the 2011–12 season, Ben Arfa began participating in friendly matches with the senior team. He made his return to the team on 15 July 2011 in a match against Conference National club Darlington. Five days later, in the team's pre-season tour of the United States, he sustained an ankle injury in a match against Sporting Kansas City. Ben Arfa ventured back to his home country to rehab the injury and returned to Newcastle on 18 September. He was, subsequently, named to the first-team to participate in the team's Football League Cup tie against Nottingham Forest on 21 September. Ben Arfa made his season debut in the match against Nottingham Forest appearing as a substitute. Three days later, he made his Premier League return, coming on as a substitute in a 3–1 win over Blackburn Rovers. On 26 December 2011, after going the majority of the autumn campaign without scoring a goal, Ben Arfa scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 away win over Bolton.  On 7 January 2012, Ben Arfa scored Newcastle's opening goal in its FA Cup third round tie against Blackburn Rovers. The goal, described by "BBC Sport" as "magical", drew the match 1–1 and Newcastle later went on to win the tie 2–1. On 22 January 2012, Ben Arfa scored in Newcastle's 5–2 defeat to Fulham at Craven Cottage. Two months later, Ben Arfa scored the opener in Newcastle's away league match against Arsenal. The hosts, however, won the match 2–1. On 25 March, he scored one goal and provided the assists on the other two goals in a 3–1 victory against West Brom. Two weeks later, on Easter Monday, Ben Arfa scored again against Bolton Wanderers. The goal, described as "a moment of genius" by British publication "The Independent", as he was passed the ball just inside his own half, he proceeded to turn and speed past 4 Bolton players, showing incredible control in doing so, and slotted it past Bolton goalkeeper Ádám Bogdán, the goal was the opener and Newcastle went on to win the match 2–0.  Despite having a disrupted pre-season due to his participation in Euro 2012, Ben Arfa enjoyed a good start to the new Premier League season. On the opening weekend of the season he won and converted a penalty that gave Newcastle a 2–1 victory over Tottenham. Two weeks later, he scored with a spectacular 25-yard drive, on his weaker right foot, to earn Newcastle a point in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa. He injured his hamstring in a Europa League match against Marítimo, returning in a 2–1 loss to Fulham, in which he scored Newcastle's only goal. However, he aggravated the injury during the match, and did not make an appearance until 7 March 2013 (his 26th birthday), in a Europa League Round of 16 match against Anzhi Makhachkala. Once again, he injured his hamstring which kept him out of the team until the second leg of the Europa League quarter final against Benfica on 11 April, when he came on as a second-half substitute. On 12 May, Ben Arfa scored the equaliser in a 2–1 away win at Loftus Road from the penalty spot as Newcastle confirmed their Premier League status for the next season.  Ben Arfa started the 2013–14 season in a rich vein of form, securing Newcastle's first win of the season by scoring an individual goal against Fulham, and scoring and making an assist in the following game against Aston Villa. Ben Arfa's third goal of the season came when the Frenchman converted a late penalty away at Crystal Palace to help Newcastle ease to 3–0 victory.

Loan to Hull City.

On 2 September 2014, Ben Arfa signed for Hull City on a season-long loan. He made his debut on 15 September, replacing fellow debutant Abel Hernández for the final 11 minutes of a 2–2 home draw against West Ham United. In December 2014, however, Ben Arfa unexpectedly left England, with Hull manager Steve Bruce later admitting he did not know where the player was and that his career with Hull appeared to be over.  On 4 January 2015, Ben Arfa was released from his Newcastle United contract.

Nice.

On 5 January 2015, Ben Arfa signed a deal with Ligue 1 side Nice, stating that "Even if Real Madrid had called at that moment, my mind was made up." He said that he had returned to France because "There are people here who trust me, who do not judge me as some people want to judge me through the press."  Ben Arfa would be ineligible to play for the club, due to a rule that a player can only play for two clubs in a single season, having already played for both Newcastle United Reserves and Hull City. On 3 February, Ben Arfa told a press conference his deal with Nice had been terminated, however, on 9 June, Nice would re-sign Ben Arfa at the start of the 2015–16 Ligue 1 season.  Ben Arfa made his debut for Nice against Monaco in Nice's opening Ligue 1 match of the season on 8 August 2015 at the Allianz Riviera. Seven days later, he scored his first goal for his new club against Troyes from the penalty spot in Nice's second Ligue 1 match of the season, which ended 3–3. In Nice's next Ligue 1 match on 22 August, Ben Arfa scored a solo goal in the 2–1 win against Caen.

Paris Saint-Germain.

On 1 July 2016, amidst reported interest from all over Europe after a season in which he scored 18 goals in 37 matches for Nice, Ben Arfa signed for Paris Saint-Germain on a two-year deal, after his contract ran out at Nice. On 6 August 2016, Ben Arfa scored on his PSG debut, scoring in the 34th minute in a 4–1 victory over his former club Lyon in the 2016 Trophée des Champions. On 1 February 2017, Ben Arfa scored a goal while assisting another two goals in a 4–0 away victory against Rennes in the round of 32 of the 2016–17 Coupe de France. On 5 April, Ben Arfa was handed a rare start (just his ninth of the season) and he scored two goals and provided an assist for Javier Pastore in a 4–0 away victory against Avranches in the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France; that was Ben Arfa's last PSG competitive match of the 2016–17 season. After failing to make a single competitive appearance for PSG in the 2017–18 season, he left the club upon the expiration of his contract in June 2018.

Rennes.

On 2 September 2018, Ben Arfa signed for Rennes on a two-year deal. On 20 September, Ben Arfa made his competitive debut for Rennes in the Europa League Group K 2–1 home win over FK Jablonec by coming on as a second-half substitute; playing his first competitive match since 5 April 2017, he scored the final goal from a penalty in the 91st minute. On 7 October, Ben Arfa scored the final goal in the 77th minute (his first career Ligue 1 goal for Rennes) after his 14th minute corner had assisted Damien Da Silva's goal in a 2–1 away win over Monaco. On 8 December, Ben Arfa scored the final goal in the 89th minute after he had set up Benjamin Bourigeaud's goal in a 2–0 Ligue 1 home win over Dijon. On 27 April 2019, Ben Arfa won the Coupe de France as Rennes defeated his former club Paris Saint-Germain in the final on penalties.

Valladolid.

On 28 January 2020, Ben Arfa signed with Valladolid on a six-month contract.

International career.

Youth.

Ben Arfa has earned caps with all of France's youth teams. With the under-16 team, he made ten appearances scoring seven goals. Ben Arfa made his debut with the team at the 2003 edition of the Aegean Cup in Turkey. He scored his first goal in the tournament on 12 January in a 3–2 win over Belgium. The victory assured France a third-place finish. At the Montaigu Tournament, Ben Arfa scored a team-leading six goals. He scored two goals in the team's 8–0 win over Gabon in the opening match. In the following match, Ben Arfa scored the final goal in the team's 3–0 win over Russia and, in the final group stage match, bagged another double in a 3–1 victory over England. He capped the tournament by scoring a goal in the final against Italy, though France lost the match 5–1.  Ben Arfa made his debut with the under-17 team in the opening match of the season against Sweden converting a first-half hat-trick in a 5–2 victory. In the Tournio de Val-de-Marne, Ben Arfa scored two goals as France were crowned champions without conceding a goal. At the 2004 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship, Ben Arfa, alongside teammates Samir Nasri, Benzema, and Jérémy Menez contributed to the team winning the competition. Ben Arfa appeared in all five matches and scored goals against Northern Ireland, Turkey and Portugal. In total with the under-17s, he made 17 appearances and scored a team-high 11 goals. Because of his increased playing time with Lyon, Ben Arfa missed a significant portion of playing time with the under-18 team. He made his debut on 15 March 2005, playing in a 3–3 draw with Germany. Ben Arfa appeared in the final three matches of the season for the team to bring his appearance total to four. He scored no goals.  The foursome of Ben Arfa, Nasri, Benzema, and Menez returned to international play together for under-19 duty. The four were joined by Issiar Dia, Blaise Matuidi, and Serge Gakpé with the objective of winning the 2006 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship. In the first round of qualification for the tournament, Ben Arfa scored his lone goal in the opening match against Wales as France advanced through the round undefeated. Due to injury, Ben Arfa was absent from the final round of qualification for the tournament and, despite going undefeated in the round, France were eliminated after being beaten on points by Scotland. Ben Arfa only made one competitive appearance with the under-21 team, appearing in a 2009 UEFA Under-21 Championship qualification match against Romania.

Senior.

Before representing France, Ben Arfa was eligible to represent Tunisia and was offered a place in the 2006 World Cup, held in Germany. Like Sami Khedira he turned down the opportunity, preferring to continue his career with the French national team. Ben Arfa was called up to the senior team for the first time on 10 October 2007 by Raymond Domenech to replace the injured Louis Saha and played in the Euro 2008 qualifying matches against the Faroe Islands and Lithuania. This move stunned critics of Domenech as they expected striker David Trezeguet to get the call-up. Ben Arfa made his debut on 13 October when he came on for Franck Ribéry in the 64th minute and scored the last goal in France's 6–0 victory over the Faroe Islands. Ben Arfa was, however, omitted from Domenech's final 23-man Euro 2008 squad on 28 May.  On 25 February 2010, after a long period without a call-up, Ben Arfa returned to the team, alongside teammates Steve Mandanda and Benoît Cheyrou, after being called up for France's friendly match with Spain on 3 March. On 11 May, he was named to the 30-man preliminary list by Domenech to play in the 2010 World Cup, but failed to make the final 23.  After going nearly two years without representing France internationally, on 5 August 2010, Ben Arfa was called up to the senior team by new manager Laurent Blanc for the team's friendly match against Norway on 11 August 2010. Ben Arfa made his return to the team in the match appearing as a half-time substitute for Moussa Sissoko. He scored the opening goal of the match in a 2–1 defeat. On 29 May 2012 Ben Arfa was included in France's 23 man squad for UEFA Euro 2012, making his first start in the final game of Group D, losing 2–0 to Sweden.  On 12 May 2016, Ben Arfa was named on the standby list for France's UEFA Euro 2016 squad.

Personal life.

Ben Arfa was born in the Paris suburb of Clamart and was raised in Châtenay-Malabry. His father, Kamel Ben Arfa, a former Tunisian international footballer, arrived in France in 1973, settling in Saint-Michel, Aisne to work in a foundry. He later starred for a local club in the commune. Ben Arfa describes himself as a moderately practising Muslim.

Honours.

Club.

Lyon  Marseille  Paris Saint-Germain  Rennes

International.

France U17

Hatem Ben Arfa (, ; born 7 March 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a winger and an attacking midfielder for Spanish club Valladolid. Known for his dribbling ability, he has been described as "one of the best-rated talents in France" but has been criticised by the media and players alike for lacking discipline.

Hatem Ben Arfa (* 7. März 1987 in Clamart) ist ein französischer Fußballspieler. Er steht aktuell bei Real Valladolid unter Vertrag.


Description.

The twistlock was developed in Spokane, Washington in the 1950s by transport engineer Keith Tantlinger. The relative obscurity of this invention belies its importance to a more efficient world trade and transport, as the Tantlinger lock made handling and stacking standard containers much easier.  A major advantage of this approach to attachment is that containers, which may be stored or transported without being inspected for months at a time, do not require any maintenance in order to function effectively. Even with long term exposure to the weather the container remains as simple to move as ever. Only when corrosion is very extensive (to the extent of being easily visible) does the twistlock become dangerous to move the crate. The male part (which is more exposed and susceptible to damage) is placed on vehicles and equipment that are inspected very frequently, and will work with all standard containers.

Mechanism.

The female part of the connector is the corner casting, which is fitted to the container itself, and has no moving parts, only an oval hole in the bottom. The hole is an oval on the long axis with two flat sides apart. The male component is the twistlock, which is fitted to cranes and transport bases. This can be inserted through the hole (it is roughly long and wide), and then the top portion (normally pointed to make insertion easier) is rotated 90° so that it cannot be withdrawn. The mechanism is similar to that of a Kensington lock, but on a much larger scale. The maximum size and position of the holes in the connector is defined in international standard ISO 1161:1984. The tensile strength of a twistlock is rated at either 20 or 25 tonnes.  Some twistlocks have built-in levers or mechanisms, while simpler versions require tools for installation or removal. Some twistlocks are permanently installed (e.g. on the decks of container ships or on the beds of Semi-trailers), while others are temporarily installed and removed as needed (e.g. to stack containers in storage yards).

Applications.

Special types of twistlocks are also used in double-stack rail transport to secure the lower stack container with the upper one.

A twistlock and corner casting together form a standardized rotating connector for securing shipping containers. The primary uses are for locking a container into place on a container ship, semi-trailer truck or railway container train, and for lifting of the containers by container cranes and sidelifters.

Twistlocks ("twist" engl. für „verdrehen“, "lock" engl. für „Schloss“) sind Verriegelungen, die Wechselbehälter oder ISO-Container untereinander und/oder mit dem Trägerfahrzeug verbinden. Dabei werden die Twistlocks in die genormten Eckbeschläge "(corner castings)" der Container eingesetzt beziehungsweise die Container auf die fest am Fahrzeug befindlichen Verriegelungen aufgesetzt. Dann wird ein Teil des Twistlocks um 90° verdreht und dadurch eine formschlüssige Verbindung hergestellt.


Dish.

Pease pudding is typically thick, somewhat similar in texture to (but perhaps a little more solid than) hummus, and is light yellow in colour, with a mild taste. Pease pudding is traditionally produced in England, especially in the industrial North Eastern areas. It is often served with ham or bacon, beetroot and stottie cakes. It is also a key ingredient in the classic saveloy dip. In Southern England, it is usually served with faggots. Also in Southern England is the small village of Pease Pottage which, according to tradition, gets its name from serving pease pottage to convicts either on their way from London to the South Coast, or from East Grinstead to Horsham.  Peasemeal brose, also known as brosemeal, is a traditional breakfast dish in the north of Scotland. It is made in the traditional way and usually eaten with butter, and either salt or honey. In parts of the Midlands, it replaces mushy peas as a traditional accompaniment to fish and chips and is thought to be the original side order, only to be later replaced with mushy peas due to a lack of knowledge or availability of the dish.

Etymology.

In Middle English, "pease" was a mass noun, used in the same way as 'flour' or 'oatmeal'. The modern singular 'pea' and its plural 'peas' derive from this.

Regional variations.

The dish is a traditional part of Jiggs dinner in Newfoundland, Canada.  In German-speaking countries, pease pudding is known under the name Erbspüree or Erbsenpüree. Alternative regional names are Erbsbrei or Erbsmus. It is especially widespread in the traditional cuisine of the German capital Berlin. The best-known German dish which is traditionally served with pease pudding is Eisbein. A similar dish with ham hock, "karka", is served in Lithuania.  In Beijing cuisine, Wandouhuang (豌豆黄) is a sweetened and chilled pease pudding made with yellow split peas or shelled mung beans, sometimes flavoured with sweet osmanthus blossoms and dates. A refined version of this snack is said to have been a favourite of Empress Dowager Cixi.  In Greek cuisine, a similar dish is called Fava (Φάβα). Despite the name, it is usually made from yellow split peas, not Fava beans. The mashed peas are usually drizzled with olive oil and topped with chopped raw onions.

Recipe.

Generally recipes for pease pudding involve steeping soaked split yellow peas in stock (traditionally ham hock stock) and cooking them for around 40 minutes. The resulting mush is then blended with other ingredients, which depend on the variation. The oldest known written recipe for something similar to pease pudding involves saffron, nutmeg and a little cinnamon in the blending process; modern recipes sometimes beat in an egg at this point to act as an extra binding agent.

In popular culture.

Pease pudding is featured in a nursery rhyme, "Pease Porridge Hot".  The song "Food, Glorious Food" from the 1960s West End and Broadway musical (and 1968 film) "Oliver!" features a lyric extolling pease pudding.  In "The Princess and the Goblin", Curdie takes bread and pease pudding with him for sustenance when he goes to spy on the King's house. A discussion on Pease Pudding features in the very 1st episode of BBC TV Soap EastEnders.

Pease pudding, also known as pease porridge, is a savoury pudding dish made of boiled legumes, typically split yellow peas, with water, salt, and spices, and often cooked with a bacon or ham joint. A common dish in the North East of England, it is consumed to a lesser extent in the rest of Britain, as well as in Newfoundland, Canada.

Erbspüree, Erbsbrei oder Erbsmus ist ein Püree aus gekochten gelben Trockenerbsen (Schälerbsen), das als Beilage zu meist deftigen Gerichten serviert wird. Es ist besonders in der Berliner Küche bekannt, aber auch im Hunsrück, in Österreich und England.


Life and work.

Moody was born in New York City, the son of Margaret Maureen (Flynn) and Hiram Frederick Moody, Jr. He grew up in several Connecticut suburbs, including Darien and New Canaan, where he later set stories and novels. He graduated from St. Paul's School in New Hampshire and Brown University.  He received a Master of Fine Arts degree from Columbia University in 1986; nearly two decades later he would criticize the program in an essay in "The Atlantic Monthly". Soon after finishing his thesis, he checked himself into a mental hospital for alcoholism. Once sober and while working for Farrar, Straus and Giroux, he wrote his first novel, 1992's "Garden State", about young people growing up in the industrial wasteland of northern New Jersey, where he was living at the time. In his introduction to the 1997 reprint of the novel, he called it the most "naked" thing he has written. "Garden State" won the Pushcart Editor's Choice Award.  Moody has since received the Addison Metcalf Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the "Paris Review" Aga Khan Prize, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. His work has appeared in "The New Yorker", "Esquire", "Conjunctions", "Harper's", "Details", "The New York Times", and "Grand Street".  Moody's second novel, 1994's "The Ice Storm", was his critically praised breakthrough. Adam Begley, writing for the Chicago Tribune, called it "A bitter and loving and damning tribute to the American family... This is a good book, packed with keen observation and sympathy for human failure" His third novel, 1997's "Purple America" also received praise. Occurring over a single weekend, the story of Hex Radcliffe's visit to suburban Connecticut was described by the "New York Times" as "breathtaking...The novel is wonderfully convincing about the contrary, almost arbitrary shifts that seem to lie at the heart of human feeling.".  2001's "Demonology", a short story collection, received particular attention for its title story, of which Nicci Gerrard wrote: "It is about the death of a sister, whose life he offers to us in snapshots: her childhood, her motherhood, her sudden death. 'I should have a better ending,' he says. 'I shouldn't say her life was short and often sad, I shouldn't say she had her demons, as I do too...' It is tempting to think of this beautiful and melancholy coda to Rick Moody's stories as the appearance of the author, stepping out of the shadows at last, particularly since the first story in the collection is also, though much more obliquely, about the death of a beloved sister."  Moody's memoir "The Black Veil" (2002) won the NAMI/Ken Book Award and the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir. "The Diviners" was released in 2005. Little, Brown and Company, the publisher of "The Diviners", changed the cover after the galleys came out because women reacted negatively to it. The original cover showed a Conan the Barbarian-type image in technicolor orange; the new cover uses that same image, but frames it as a scene on a movie screen. "The Diviners" was followed in 2007 by "Right Livelihoods", a collection of three novellas published in Britain and Ireland as "The Omega Force". "The Four Fingers of Death" was released July 28, 2010 by Little, Brown and Company. In 2012, he won Italy's Fernanda Pivano Award. 2015's "Hotels of North America", his most recent novel, was named a best book of the year by NPR and the Washington Post.  His second memoir, "The Long Accomplishment" will be published in 2019.  In addition to his fiction, Moody is a musician and composer. He belongs to a group called the Wingdale Community Singers, which he describes as performing "woebegone and slightly modernist folk music, of the very antique variety." Moody composed the song "Free What's-his-name," performed by Fly Ashtray on their 1997 EP "Flummoxed," collaborated with One Ring Zero on the EP "Rick Moody and One Ring Zero" in 2004, and also contributed lyrics to One Ring Zero's albums "As Smart As We Are," "Memorandum," and "Planets". In 2006, an essay by Moody was included in Sufjan Stevens's box-set "Songs for Christmas". In 2013, he published the first interview with David Bowie after the release of "The Next Day." In 2016, he co-wrote three songs with Tanya Donnely on her new Swan Song Series album.  When asked by the "New York Times Book Review" what he thought was the best book of American fiction from 1975 to 2000, Moody chose Grace Paley's "The Collected Stories".  In 2001, Rick Moody co-founded the New York Public Library's Young Lions Fiction Award with Ethan Hawke, Hannah McFarland, and Jennifer Rudolph Walsh.  Moody is a co-host, along with One Ring Zero's Michael Hearst, for the 18:59 Podcast series.  Moody has taught at Yale University, Princeton University, the State University of New York at Purchase, Bennington College, New York University, and currently teaches at Brown University. He lives in Brooklyn and Dutchess County, and he is married to the visual artist Laurel Nakadate.

Praise.

Literary critics have praised Moody's writing.  Of the novel "The Ice Storm" (later produced as the movie starring Sigourney Weaver), "Hungry Mind Review" commented that it “works on so many levels, and is so smartly written, that it should establish Rick Moody as one of his generation's bellwether voices." The London "Sunday Times" wrote "This is a blackly funny, beautifully written novel. It is also remarkably mature, containing far more insights about family life and far more wisdom than any 29-year-old author should reasonably possess."  Reviews of Moody’s novel "Purple America" continued in this vein. "Salon" commented: "Reading Purple America can feel like dancing a quadrille with four very different partners. On we go, propelled from consciousness to consciousness by Moody's prodigious gift for ventriloquism and large, supple vocabulary." "Details" was also positive: "You come up gasping on the last page." "Publishers Weekly" called it "ambitious, stylistically dazzling and heartfelt." "Booklist" states: "Closely interknitting his narrative with the lyrical, soaring monologues of all the key players, Moody effortlessly moves from one striking passage to the next...it's the characters' voices, so full of urgency and distress, that are unforgettable." And "The Paris Review" wrote that it was with "Purple America" that "Moody’s reputation as a prose stylist began to be cast. Purple America’s surgically deft formal construction, its loping, labyrinthine sentences and stunning ear for both the comic and dramatic (often within the same breath) press the reader through a weekend in the life of the Raitliffes, a Connecticut family—foremost, Billie Raitliffe, late-term victim of a degenerative nerve disease and mother of Hex, the alcoholic, stuttering hero. As the novel asserts at the end of the first chapter: “if he’s a hero, then heroes are five-and-dime, and the world is as crowded with them as it is with stray pets, worn tires, and missing keys.”  "The Washington Post" reviewed Moody’s collection of novellas "Right Livelihoods", describing "The Albertine Notes" as “one of the best stories to appear in the new millennium; it underscores that Rick Moody is one of our best writers.” Irish weekly "The Sunday Business Post" called the story “a symbolic reaction to the crisis of instability in American identity today” and remarked that the collection as a whole “brilliantly reflects the unease and baroque insecurities of the post-9/11 nation."  Michael Chabon and Thomas Pynchon gave high praise for the memoir, "The Black Veil," the former calling it "a unique blend of wrenching emotion and human playfulness," the latter saying Moody "writing with boldness, humor, generosity of spirit, and a welcome sense of wrath, takes the art of the memoir an important step into its future."  His 2005 novel "The Diviners" received praise as well. "If you like watching the smartest kid in the room do his stuff," "The Washington Post" wrote, "The Diviners is like a Broadway musical filled with nothing but showstoppers, as Moody performs one bravura set piece after another. Brooke Allen, writing for "The Wall Street Journal", said that "Rick Moody is one of the most prodigiously talented writers in America...like a master ventriloquist, Mr. Moody fills "The Diviners" with stunning little monologues...In the novel's most impressive display of technical prowess, Mr. Moody even puts himself inside the head of an autistic boy—and makes us feel that he has gotten it right."  The "Review of Contemporary Fiction," in their June 2003 issue, says of Moody's writing:  "Within Moody's fictional treatments, the reader is necessarily one step removed from experience. We are engaged within a tight fuselage-world of the rendered text, an intricate and highly original language system wherein lurks characters sustained by the exertion of words, like the music sustained by the exertion of piano keys. Indeed, Moody's characters are like word-chords whose considerable tribulations and emotional woundings are never the central fact of the text, but rather convincing casings, occasions to press ink on paper. Voices emerge--language projections that ignite from plot moments, from brutal experience set to the available music of language, characters finally as sonic events who inhabit a geography of print." "Esquire" describes Moody as "that rare writer who can make the language do tricks and still suffuse his narrative with soul."  Lydia Millet, in a 2001 article for "The Village Voice," described Moody as "equipped with subtle but powerful typographic tools—the vibrant and pervasive Bernhardian italic phrase, pregnant with meaning, the elegant Joycean em dash denoting dialogue—Moody strikes me as a self-styled avenging angel of highbrow literary cool. Underneath the Clark Kentish exterior lurks a crypto-Superman schooled in semiotics and steeped in pop culture, one eyebrow permanently raised at the unsightly stupidity of the masses."  Janet Burroway, in a 2001 article for "The New York Times," wrote that Moody "has been compared to John Cheever, with ample justification. He has the same knockabout whimsy careering into keen lament. But Mr. Moody's work has a distinctive rawness; it's more steeped in rage. He's also funnier, and to that degree less reconciled to the world as he finds it. Cheever had less to forgive; the waterfall of language here is full of toxic sludge. Perhaps this is only to say that John Cheever belonged to midcentury, while Rick Moody is a chronicler of the middle class for the millennium."  His most recent novel, 2015's Hotels of North America, received widespread critical praise. Dwight Garner wrote in The New York Times that "this is Mr. Moody’s best novel in many years. It’s a little book, a bagatelle, but it’s a little book of irony and wit and heartbreak. It is insightful on topics like the joy of stockpiling hotel hair-care products while also asking the big questions, such as, “Which man among us is not, most of the time, possessed of the desire to curl himself into a fetal ball.". "Hotels of North America" was described by the Washington Post as "formally daring, often very funny and surprisingly moving. It should earn Moody new fans from a millennial cohort that was still in diapers back when he was basking in his early critical acclaim."

Criticism.

Novelist and critic Dale Peck unfavorably reviewed Moody's "The Black Veil" in "The New Republic," a review so harsh it has become infamous in literary circles. Peck began the review with the sentence "Rick Moody is the worst writer of his generation," arguing that Moody's writing is "pretentious, muddled, derivative, [and] bathetic."  Peck has since said of his lede, "When I wrote a sentence like 'Rick Moody is the worst writer of his generation,' in my head, I'm imagining 50 people reading that line. I'm imagining 50 people reading it in context. The very next line, which is an apology for the opening line of the review, says that that line is meaningless." Moody and Peck have since participated in a pie throwing for charity and appeared together on a panel about Thomas Bernhard.  Moody's music writing has also drawn criticism. In the online journal "The Rumpus", Moody slammed pop-country star Taylor Swift and her music, labeling her lyrics "artificial and repellent" and equating its interest to that of Olestra-based products, Swiffers, tiered Jell-O dessert products, home cosmetic surgery, and rectal bleaching. After commentors objected to Moody's anti-Swift screed, Moody took to "Salon" and wrote "I am happy, in the end, that a lot of young women like Taylor Swift. I am glad they have music they love, even if I believe they will be bored of her ultimately, just as I once was happy about the Bay City Rollers, or Sweet, or Alice Cooper, or, differently, Kiss, even though I recognized that music was kitsch...But it’s the job of the critic to sort through the collision of contemporary music with the history of the form and to assess music based on more enduring values, which are, it’s true, partly subjective, but which also come to rest on an understanding of what music has been".

Hiram Frederick Moody III (born October 18, 1961) is an American novelist and short story writer best known for the 1994 novel "The Ice Storm", a chronicle of the dissolution of two suburban Connecticut families over Thanksgiving weekend in 1973, which brought him widespread acclaim, became a bestseller, and was made into the film "The Ice Storm". Many of his works have been praised by fellow writers and critics alike, and in 1999 "The New Yorker" chose him as one of America's most talented young writers, placing him on their "20 Writers for the 21st Century" list.

Rick Moody (* 18. Oktober 1961 in New York City als Hiram Frederik Moody III.) ist ein US-amerikanischer Autor von Romanen und Kurzgeschichten. Sein bekanntestes Werk, "Der Eissturm" (engl. "The Ice Storm", 1994), eine Chronik der Auflösung zweier Vorstadtfamilien in Connecticut während des Thanksgiving-Wochenendes im Jahr 1973, wurde 1997 von Regisseur Ang Lee mit Kevin Kline, Joan Allen und Sigourney Weaver in den Hauptrollen verfilmt.


Activities.

The IACR organizes and sponsors three annual flagship conferences, four annual workshops in specific sub-areas, and one symposium:  Several other conferences and workshops are held in cooperation with the IACR. Starting in 2015, selected summer schools will be officially sponsored by the IACR. CRYPTO '83 was the first conference officially sponsored by the IACR.  The IACR publishes the "Journal of Cryptology", in addition to the proceedings of its conference and workshops. The IACR also maintains the Cryptology ePrint Archive, an online repository of cryptologic research papers aimed at providing rapid dissemination of results.

Asiacrypt.

Asiacrypt (also ASIACRYPT) is an international conference for cryptography research. The full name of the conference is currently International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, though this has varied over time. Asiacrypt is a conference sponsored by the IACR since 2000, and is one of its three flagship conferences. Asiacrypt is now held annually in November or December at various locations throughout Asia and Australia.  Initially, the Asiacrypt conferences were called AUSCRYPT, as the first one was held in Sydney, Australia in 1990, and only later did the community decide that the conference should be held in locations throughout Asia. The first conference to be called "Asiacrypt" was held in 1991 in Fujiyoshida, Japan.

Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems.

Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) is a conference for cryptography research, focusing on the implementation of cryptographic algorithm. The two general areas treated are the efficient and the secure implementation of algorithms. Related topics such as random number generators, physical unclonable function or special-purpose cryptanalytical machines are also commonly covered at the workshop. It was first held in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1999 at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). It was founded by Çetin Kaya Koç and Christof Paar. CHES 2000 was also held at WPI; after that, the conference has been held at various locations worldwide. Since 2009, the location of CHES rotates between the three continents Europe, North America and Asia. The past locations were, in chronological order, Paris, San Francisco, Cologne, Boston, Edinburgh, Yokohama, Vienna, Washington, D.C., Lausanne, Santa Barbara, Nara, Leuven, Santa Barbara, Busan, Saint-Malo and again Santa Barbara. In the last few years, CHES had around 400 participants.

Eurocrypt.

Eurocrypt (or EUROCRYPT) is a conference for cryptography research. The full name of the conference is now the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. Eurocrypt is one of the IACR flagship conferences, along with CRYPTO and ASIACRYPT.  Eurocrypt is held annually in the spring in various locations throughout Europe. The first workshop in the series of conferences that became known as Eurocrypt was held in 1982. In 1984, the name "Eurocrypt" was first used. Generally, there have been published proceedings including all papers at the conference every year, with two exceptions; in 1983, no proceedings was produced, and in 1986, the proceedings contained only abstracts. Springer has published all the official proceedings, first as part of Advances in Cryptology in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series.

Fast Software Encryption.

Fast Software Encryption, often abbreviated FSE, is a workshop for cryptography research, focused on symmetric-key cryptography with an emphasis on fast, practical techniques, as opposed to theory. Though "encryption" is part of the conference title, it is not limited to encryption research; research on other symmetric techniques such as message authentication codes and hash functions is often presented there. FSE has been an IACR workshop since 2002, though the first FSE workshop was held in 1993. FSE is held annually in various locations worldwide, mostly in Europe. The dates of the workshop have varied over the years, but recently, it has been held in February.

Public Key Cryptography.

PKC or Public-Key Cryptography is the short name of the International Workshop on Theory and Practice in Public Key Cryptography (modified as International Conference on Theory and Practice in Public Key Cryptography since 2006).

Theory of Cryptography.

The Theory of Cryptography Conference, often abbreviated TCC, is an annual conference for theoretical cryptography research. It was first held in 2004 at MIT, and was also held at MIT in 2005, both times in February. TCC became an IACR-sponsored workshop in 2006. The founding steering committee consists of Mihir Bellare, Ivan Damgard, Oded Goldreich, Shafi Goldwasser, Johan Hastad, Russell Impagliazzo, Ueli Maurer, Silvio Micali, Moni Naor, and Tatsuaki Okamoto.  The importance of the theoretical study of Cryptography is widely recognized by now. This area has contributed much to the practice of cryptography and secure systems as well as to the theory of computation at large.  The needs of the theoretical cryptography (TC) community are best understood in relation to the two communities between which it resides: the Theory of Computation (TOC) community and the Cryptography/Security community. All three communities have grown in volume in recent years. This increase in volume makes the hosting of TC by the existing TOC and Crypto conferences quite problematic. Furthermore, the perspectives of TOC and Crypto on TC do not necessarily fit the internal perspective of TC and the interests of TC. All these indicate a value in the establishment of an independent specialized conference. A dedicated conference not only provides opportunities for research dissemination and interaction, but helps shape the field, give it a recognizable identity, and communicate its message.

Real World Crypto Symposium.

The Real World Crypto Symposium is a conference for applied cryptography research, which was started in 2012 by Kenny Paterson and Nigel Smart. The winner of the Levchin Prize is announced at RWC.  Announcements made at the symposium include the first known chosen prefix attack on SHA-1 and the inclusion of end-to-end encryption in Facebook Messenger.. Also, the introduction of the E4 chip took place at RWC.. Flaws in messaging apps such as WhatsApp were also presented there.

International Cryptology Conference.

CRYPTO, the International Cryptology Conference, is an academic conference on all aspects of cryptography and cryptanalysis. It is held yearly in August in Santa Barbara, California at the University of California, Santa Barbara.  The first CRYPTO was held in 1981. It was the first major conference on cryptology and was all the more important because relations between government, industry and academia were rather tense. Encryption was considered a very sensitive subject and the coming together of delegates from different countries was unheard-of at the time. The initiative for the formation of the IACR came during CRYPTO '82, and CRYPTO '83 was the first IACR sponsored conference.

Fellows.

The IACR Fellows Program (FIACR) has been established as an honor to bestow upon its exceptional members. There are currently 68 IACR Fellows.

The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) is a non-profit scientific organization whose purpose is to further research in cryptology and related fields. The IACR was organized at the initiative of David Chaum at the CRYPTO '82 conference.

Die International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR, für etwa "Internationale Vereinigung für Kryptologie-Forschung") ist eine wissenschaftliche nichtkommerzielle Organisation, deren Zweck die Erforschung der Kryptologie und angrenzender Wissenschaftsfelder ist. Die IACR ist Herausgeberin des renommierten "Journal of Cryptology" und Veranstalterin der Konferenzen


History.

Born a Baltic-German, his name at birth was Karl Ivanovich Maksimovich, but he changed it to the German version of his name for his scientific work. He graduated in biology from the institution which is now University of Tartu, Estonia in (1850), he was a pupil of Alexander G. von Bunge.  From 1853-1857 he traveled around the world. He travelled with another Baltic-German Leopold von Schrenck to the Amur region in eastern Asia. From 1859 to 1864 he also he visited China, Korea and Japan. He arrived in Japan in late 1860, initially basing his operations in Hakodate. He traveled extensively in southern Japan and for much of 1862 including the region of Yokohama and Mount Fuji, he ended that year in Nagasaki. He also explored much of Kyūshū.  He was particularly involved with the flora of Japan, following the footsteps of notably Carl Peter Thunberg, and Philipp Franz von Siebold. His assistant in Japan was Sukawa Chonosuke, whose name was given by Maximovich to the flower Trillium tschonoskii.  He also studied the flora of Tibet, concluding that it was chiefly composed of immigrants from Mongolia and the Himalaya.  Commissioned by the Russian Academy of Sciences, he purchased from von Siebold's widow the set of eight volumes of the famous collection of Japanese botanical illustrations drawn by several Japanese artists. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1888.  for more species

Plants named by him.

Maximovich described and named over 2300 plants which were previously unknown to science.

Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his life studying the flora of the countries he had visited in the Far East, and naming many new species. He worked at the Saint Petersburg Botanical Gardens from 1852 as curator of the herbarium collection, becoming Director in 1869.

Karl Johann Maximowicz, auch Carl Maximowicz oder "Karl Iwanowitsch Maximowitsch" (* in Tula; † in Sankt Petersburg) war ein deutsch-russischer Botaniker. Sein offizielles botanisches Autorenkürzel lautet „“


Life.

Lucas van Uden was born in Antwerp as the son of Artus van Uden and Joanna Tranoy. His father was Antwerp's city painter, a position which required him to paint the City's buildings and refurbish and gild the statues of the city and the pieces used in the ommegang. Lucas had a brother Jacob who also became a landscape painter. Lucas likely studied with his father as he was never registered with the Guild of Saint Luke as a pupil. He registered only as a master at the Guild in the capacity of a 'wijnmeester' (master's son') in 1626–27 when he was already 32 years old. Lucas had an extramarital relationship with Agatha Musson. She gave birth on 24 October 1620 to a son who was named Lucas. On 14 February 1627 Lucas van Uden married Anna van Woelput with whom he had 8 children, two of whom were born before the couple had married. Lucas had another illegitimate child with Willemijntje van den Brande in 1630.  He was active in Antwerp for most of his life except for a period around 1649 when he was recorded as no longer living in the city. He was very successful and could live very comfortably in central Antwerp.  He was the teacher of Jan Baptist Bonnecroy, Philips Augustijn Immenraet and Gillis Neyts. He likely also trained his children. His daughter Maria van Uden became a painter and married the painter Charles Emmanuel Biset. His son Adriaen was also active in Antwerp as a painter.  He died in Antwerp in 1672.

Work.

Lucas van Uden was principally a landscape painter. Some of his landscapes were winter landscapes such as the (private collection).  Although he was never part of Peter Paul Rubens' studio, his works are partly indebted to that leading Antwerp master. His technique with its attention to detail, particularly in his smaller works, and his search for decorative elements in the larger paintings place him in the same tradition as Jan Brueghel the Elder and Joos de Momper. The contrast between areas with dark and cold colours with warm colours in his work also calls to mind the work of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Joos de Momper. General characteristics of is work are a tonally-green recessive view punctuated by slender trees and populated by incidental pastoral and peasant figures. His compositions are usually built up as follows: in the foreground there is a bank with leafy trees, one of which is inclined in order to break the monotony and lead the view of the spectator towards the center of the composition, in which appear as the main motive groups of trees, fields or villages, which are shown cut out against a background of mountains, lacking any dramatic allusion. While his landscape paintings are rather schematic, his drawings which were reportedly made directly from nature are more spontaneous and realistic and display his true talent.  Van Uden is known to have collaborated with David Teniers the Younger and Jan Brueghel the Younger who painted the staffage in his landscapes. An example is the (Prado, Madrid), a collaboration with David Teniers the Younger.  Van Uden is often associated with fellow landscape painter Jan Wildens who frequently collaborated with Rubens. However, unlike for Wildens, there is no evidence van Uden ever painted the landscapes for Rubens. Rubens also never added the staffage to van Uden's landscapes. Van Uden made various copies of Rubens' compositions such as the (Kunsthistorisches Museum), which is a copy of Rubens' in the Hermitage.  Lucas van Uden produced many etchings some of which are part of the collections of the Rijksmuseum and the British Museum. Some of his designs were also etched by his pupil Philips Augustijn Immenraet.

Lucas van Uden (18 October 1595 – 4 November 1672) was a leading Flemish landscape painter, draughtsman and engraver, who lived and worked in Antwerp. He was a leading landscape painter who collaborated with various local figure painters. His most original works are his drawings.

Lucas van Uden (* 18. Oktober 1595 in Antwerpen; † 4. November 1672 ebenda) war ein flämischer Maler und Radierer.


Life.

Verkolje was the son of Benjamin Jacobsz, a locksmith, and Maria Tonnes. He was baptized in the Nieuwezijds Kapel in Amsterdam on 9 February 1659.  The early artist biographer Arnold Houbraken recounts that Verkolje was a child prodigy, who became a self-taught artist after hurting himself while playing with darts as a child. As the injury on his heel or ankle did not heal well he was bedridden for years. To while away the time, he started to copy prints. The artist Jan Gerritsz van Bronckhorst gave him high-quality prints to copy. Thus started his artistic career according to Houbraken. Subsequently Jan studied for about half a year with Jan Andrea Lievens (1644–1680), the son of the prominent painter Jan Lievens. In 1672, the so-called rampjaar (disaster year), which was marked by a large-scale invasion of the Dutch Republic by French and other armies, Verkolje moved from Amsterdam to Delft. Here he married Judith Voorheul in October 1672. He became a member of the Guild of St. Luke of Delft in 1673 and served as its dean between 1678 and 1688. Verkolje was very successful and enjoyed the patronage of important patrons in Delft as well as the court in the Hague. As a portrait painter his only competitor in Delft was Cornelis de Man.  His sons Nikolaas Verkolje (Delft, 1673 – Amsterdam, 1746) and Jan II (Delft, 1683 – Amsterdam, 1755) were trained by Verkolje as painters. Nikolaas had a successful career. Verkolje's other pupils included Albertus van der Burch, Joan van der Spriet, Willem Verschuring, and Thomas van der Wilt. In addition to these pupils, Houbraken also mentions Henrik Steenwinkel.  Verkolje died in Delft in 1693 aged 43 when he was at the peak of his fame. He was buried in the Oude Kerk (Delft). He left a wife, three sons and two daughters.

Work.

General.

Verkolje was a versatile artist who worked as a painter, draughtsman and engraver. His subject matter was mainly portraits and genre scenes. He was also a gifted mezzotint artist, who according Houbraken, discovered the technique on his own.

Portrait painting.

Verkolje was a prolific portrait artist who created portrait paintings, drawings, and prints. In his portrait work Verkolje was representative of the style then current in The Hague and Amsterdam rather than that in vogue in Delft. Verkolje was much in demand as a portraitist and was able to fetch high prices for his portraits. His sitters were a who's who of Delft society of his time: the famous scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (whom he portrayed on canvas and in mezzotint), the prominent lawyer and bailiff Johan de la Faille and his wife (both works are in the Wadsworth Atheneum), the vicar Cornelius van Aken, the painter Pieter Jansz van Asch, and the burgomaster and historian Dirk van Bleiswijk.  Verkolje also created portrait prints of international celebrities such as Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin, King James II of England, Willem III, Prince of Orange, and his wife, Mary Stuart. Of these celebrity subjects, only the Delft naturalist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was portrayed by Verkolje in a painting (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) as well as in a print. His other portraits of famous persons were mezzotint engravings after the work of other artists, such as Peter Lely, Willem Wissing and Godfrey Kneller. Most of Verkolje's known portrait drawings were made as preparation for his paintings. These drawings focused either on particular facial features and expressions or on the whole composition.

Genre art.

At the time Verkolje was active in Delft, Gerard ter Borch was the leading genre painter working in the city. Ter Borch was known for his meticulous working method which resulted in a very low output. Like other genre painters such as Gabriel Metsu and Frans van Mieris, Verkolje took advantage of the limited supply of Ter Borch genre paintings in the market by creating works that imitated the style of, or took their inspiration from, ter Borch.  Verkolje's genre paintings typically depict elegant figures in interiors engaged in music making or the playing of games. Often the protagonists are couples engaged in courtship. A dog is always present. In (1674, the Mauritshuis) Verkolje reprises the theme of the delivery of a letter, which had been treated previously by other Delft artists such as Vermeer. "The Messenger" shows a young couple playing backgammon in an elegant room. They have been interrupted by a regimental messenger who has entered the room to deliver a letter likely calling the young man to duty. The young couple are clearly startled by the arrival of the messenger just as is the dog in the room. The openly emotional reaction of the participants in the scene contrasts with that of the persons in Vermeer's works when receiving letters. Vermeer's figures react in a more contemplative rather than an emotional manner. Verkolje also tended to add a greater naturalness to this figures than Vermeer. The portraits of Verkolje often doubled as genre pieces in their extensive detail and the addition of emblematic and symbolic elements. This is clear in the double (at Hoogsteder & Hoogsteder). The crossed trunks of the trees visible outside on the left and their intertwined crowns possible symbolise the commitment to each other of the sitters while the fountain is likely an allegory of the source of life or a reference to fertility.

Prints.

Jan Verkolje started engraving in 1670. The mezzotint work of Jan Verkolje shows the influence of the smoother tone developed by Abraham Blooteling. Various of his prints were made after portraits by Lely and Wissing and were printed in England even though Verkolje likely never visited England.  In addition to his portrait prints, Verkolje also produced prints of mythological scenes and genre scenes, some after Jacob Ochtervelt and Hendrick Terbrugghen. A well-known mezzotint work of Verkolje is the. It was made after a painting by Verkolje the whereabouts of which is now unknown. In the work Verkolje demonstrates his mastery of the mezzotint technique for which he was much admired in his time. He was able to render the textures of the fabrics in a very realistic manner and to visualise the softness of the clouds.

Jan Verkolje or Johannes Verkolje (Amsterdam, baptized on 9 February 1650 – Delft, buried on 8 May 1693) was a Dutch painter, draughtsman and engraver. He is mainly known for his portraits and genre pieces of elegant couples in interiors and, to a lesser extent, for his religious and mythological compositions. He was a gifted mezzotint artist. Trained in Amsterdam Verkolje spent his active professional career in Delft where he had access to powerful patrons.

Johannes Verkolje (* 9. Februar 1650 in Amsterdam; † vor 8. Mai 1693 in Delft) war ein niederländischer Maler und Radierer.


Translating statements into standard form.

Sentences in natural language may be translated into standard form. In each row of the following chart, "S" corresponds to the subject of the example sentence, and "P" corresponds to the predicate.  Note that "All "S" is not "P"" (e.g., "All cats do not have eight legs") is not classified as an example of standard form. This is because the translation to natural language is ambiguous. In common speech, the sentence "All cats do not have eight legs" could be used informally to indicate either (1) "At least some, and perhaps all, cats do not have eight legs" or (2) "No cats have eight legs".

Properties of categorical propositions.

Categorical propositions can be categorized into four types on the basis of their "quality" and "quantity", or their "distribution of terms". These four types have long been named "A", "E", "I", and "O". This is based on the Latin'(I affirm), referring to the affirmative propositions "A" and "I", and'(I deny), referring to the negative propositions "E" and "O".

Quantity and quality.

Quantity refers to the number of members of the subject class that are used in the proposition. If the proposition refers to all members of the subject class, it is "universal". If the proposition does not employ all members of the subject class, it is "particular". For instance, an "I"-proposition ("Some "S" is "P"") is particular since it only refers to some of the members of the subject class.  Quality It is described as whether the proposition affirms or denies the inclusion of a subject within the class of the predicate. The two possible qualities are called "affirmative" and "negative". For instance, an "A"-proposition ("All "S" is "P"") is affirmative since it states that the subject is contained within the predicate. On the other hand, an "O"-proposition ("Some "S" is not "P"") is negative since it excludes the subject from the predicate.  An important consideration is the definition of the word "some". In logic, "some" refers to "one or more", which is consistent with "all". Therefore, the statement "Some S is P" does not guarantee that the statement "Some S is not P" is also true.

Distributivity.

The two terms (subject and predicate) in a categorical proposition may each be classified as distributed or undistributed. If all members of the term's class are affected by the proposition, that class is "distributed"; otherwise it is "undistributed". Every proposition therefore has one of four possible "distribution of terms".  Each of the four canonical forms will be examined in turn regarding its distribution of terms. Although not developed here, Venn diagrams are sometimes helpful when trying to understand the distribution of terms for the four forms.

"A" form.

An "A"-proposition distributes the subject to the predicate, but not the reverse. Consider the following categorical proposition: "All dogs are mammals". All dogs are indeed mammals, but it would be false to say all mammals are dogs. Since all dogs are included in the class of mammals, "dogs" is said to be distributed to "mammals". Since all mammals are not necessarily dogs, "mammals" is undistributed to "dogs".

"E" form.

An "E"-proposition distributes bidirectionally between the subject and predicate. From the categorical proposition "No beetles are mammals", we can infer that no mammals are beetles. Since all beetles are defined not to be mammals, and all mammals are defined not to be beetles, both classes are distributed.

"I" form.

Both terms in an "I"-proposition are undistributed. For example, "Some Americans are conservatives". Neither term can be entirely distributed to the other. From this proposition, it is not possible to say that all Americans are conservatives or that all conservatives are Americans.

"O" form.

In an "O"-proposition, only the predicate is distributed. Consider the following: "Some politicians are not corrupt". Since not all politicians are defined by this rule, the subject is undistributed. The predicate, though, is distributed because all the members of "corrupt people" will not match the group of people defined as "some politicians". Since the rule applies to every member of the corrupt people group, namely, "All corrupt people are not some politicians", the predicate is distributed.  The distribution of the predicate in an "O"-proposition is often confusing due to its ambiguity. When a statement such as "Some politicians are not corrupt" is said to distribute the "corrupt people" group to "some politicians", the information seems of little value, since the group "some politicians" is not defined. But if, as an example, this group of "some politicians" were defined to contain a single person, Albert, the relationship becomes clearer. The statement would then mean that, of every entry listed in the corrupt people group, not one of them will be Albert: "All corrupt people are not Albert". This is a definition that applies to every member of the "corrupt people" group, and is, therefore, distributed.

Summary.

In short, for the subject to be distributed, the statement must be universal (e.g., "all", "no"). For the predicate to be distributed, the statement must be negative (e.g., "no", "not").

Criticism.

Peter Geach and others have criticized the use of distribution to determine the validity of an argument.  It has been suggested that statements of the form "Some A are not B" would be less problematic if stated as "Not every A is B," which is perhaps a closer translation to Aristotle's original form for this type of statement.

Operations on categorical statements.

There are several operations (e.g., conversion, obversion, and contraposition) that can be performed on a categorical statement to change it into another. The new statement may or may not be equivalent to the original. [In the following tables that illustrate such operations, rows with equivalent statement shall be marked in green, while those with inequivalent statements shall be marked in red.]  Some operations require the notion of the "class complement". This refers to every element under consideration which is "not" an element of the class. Class complements are very similar to set complements. The class complement of a set P will be called "non-P".

Conversion.

The simplest operation is conversion where the subject and predicate terms are interchanged.  From a statement in "E" or "I" form, it is valid to conclude its converse. This is not the case for the "A" and "O" forms.

Obversion.

Obversion changes the "quality" (that is the affirmativity or negativity) of the statement and the predicate term. For example, a universal affirmative statement would become a universal negative statement.  Categorical statements are logically equivalent to their obverse. As such, a Venn diagram illustrating any one of the forms would be identical to the Venn diagram illustrating its obverse.

In logic, a categorical proposition, or categorical statement, is a proposition that asserts or denies that all or some of the members of one category (the "subject term") are included in another (the "predicate term"). The study of arguments using categorical statements (i.e., syllogisms) forms an important branch of deductive reasoning that began with the Ancient Greeks.

Der Ausdruck kategorisches Urteil (lat. categoria: Grundaussage) (auch: "kategorischer Satz", "kategorische Aussage") ist ein Begriff der traditionellen, aristotelischen Logik, insbesondere der Syllogistik. Im kategorischen Urteil wird einer Klasse von Gegenständen (dem Subjekt, "S") etwas (das Prädikat, "P", zum Beispiel eine Eigenschaft) mittels einer Kopula zu- oder abgesprochen. Damit ist das kategorische Urteil eine atomare Aussage, das heißt eine Aussage, die nicht aus anderen Aussagen zusammengesetzt ist.


Design.

"Emden" was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced as designed and up to at full load. She had a crew of 18 officers and 343 enlisted men.  Her propulsion system consisted of two triple-expansion steam engines, designed to give for a top speed of. The engines were powered by twelve coal-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers and drove a pair of screw propellers. "Emden" carried up to of coal, which gave a range of at. "Emden" was the last German cruiser to be equipped with triple-expansion engines; all subsequent cruisers used the more powerful steam turbines.  The ship's primary armament comprised ten 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns in single mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, six were located amidships, three on either side, and two were placed side by side aft. The guns could engage targets out to, and were supplied with 1,500 rounds of ammunition, 150 per gun. The secondary armament consisted of eight SK L/55 guns, also in single mounts. She had two torpedo tubes with four torpedoes, mounted below the waterline, and could carry fifty naval mines.  The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to thick. The conning tower had thick sides, and the guns were protected by thick shields.

Service history.

The contract for "Emden", ordered as "ersatz" (replacement), was placed on 6 April 1906 at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) in Danzig. Her keel was laid down on 1 November 1906. She was launched on 26 May 1908 and christened by the "Oberbürgermeister" (Lord Mayor) of the city of Emden, Dr. Leo Fürbringer. After fitting-out work was completed by 10 July 1909, she was commissioned into the fleet. The new cruiser began sea trials that day but interrupted them from 11 August to 5 September to participate in the annual autumn maneuvers of the main fleet. During this period, "Emden" also escorted the imperial yacht "Hohenzollern" with Kaiser Wilhelm II aboard. "Emden" was decommissioned in September after completing trials.  On 1 April 1910 "Emden" was reactivated and assigned to the "Ostasiengeschwader" (East Asia Squadron), based at Tsingtao in Germany's Kiautschou concession in China. The concession had been seized in 1897 in retaliation for the murder of German nationals in the area. "Emden" left Kiel on 12 April 1910, bound for Asia by way of a goodwill tour of South America. A month later, on 12 May, she stopped in Montevideo and met with the cruiser, which was assigned to the "Ostamerikanischen" (East American) Station. "Emden" and "Bremen" stayed in Buenos Aires from 17 to 30 May to represent Germany at the celebrations of the hundredth anniversary of Argentinian independence. The two ships then rounded Cape Horn; "Emden" stopped in Valparaíso, Chile, while "Bremen" continued on to Peru.  The cruise across the Pacific was delayed because of a lack of good quality coal. "Emden" eventually took on around of coal at the Chilean naval base at Talcahuano and departed on 24 June. The cruise was used to evaluate the ship on long-distance voyages for use in future light cruiser designs. "Emden" encountered unusually severe weather on the trip, which included a stop at Easter Island. She anchored at Papeete, Tahiti to coal on 12 July, as the bunkers were nearly empty after crossing. The ship then proceeded to Apia in German Samoa, arriving on 22 July. There, she met the rest of the East Asia Squadron, commanded by "Konteradmiral" (Rear Admiral) Erich Gühler. The squadron remained in Samoa until October, when the ships returned to their base at Tsingtao. "Emden" was sent to the Yangtze River from 27 October to 19 November, which included a visit to Hankou. The ship visited Nagasaki, Japan, before returning to Tsingtao on 22 December for an annual refit. The repair work was not carried out; the Sokehs Rebellion erupted on Ponape in the Carolines, which required "Emden"s presence; she departed Tsingtao on 28 December, and left Hong Kong to join her. The two cruisers reinforced German forces at Ponape, which included the old unprotected cruiser. The ships bombarded rebel positions and sent a landing force, which included men from the ships along with colonial police troops, ashore in mid-January 1911. By the end of February the revolt had been suppressed, and on 26 February the unprotected cruiser arrived to take over the German presence in the Carolines. "Emden" and the other ships held a funeral the following day for those killed in the operation, before departing on 1 March for Tsingtao via Guam. After arriving on 19 March, she began an annual overhaul. In mid-1911, the ship went on a cruise to Japan, where she accidentally rammed a Japanese steamer during a typhoon. The collision caused damage necessitating another trip to the drydock in Tsingtao. She returned to the Yangtze to protect Europeans during the Chinese Revolution that broke out on 10 October. In November, "Vizeadmiral" (Vice Admiral) Maximilian von Spee replaced Gühler as the commander of the East Asia Squadron.  At the end of the year, "Emden" won the Kaiser's "Schießpreis" (Shooting Prize) for excellent gunnery in the East Asia Squadron. In early December, "Emden" steamed to Incheon to assist the grounded German steamer "Deike Rickmers". In May 1913, "Korvettenkapitän" (Lieutenant Commander) Karl von Müller became the ship's commanding officer; he was soon promoted to "Fregattenkapitän" (Commander). In mid-June, "Emden" went on a cruise to the German colonies in the Central Pacific, and was stationed off Nanjing, as fighting between Qing and revolutionary forces raged there. On 26 August, rebels attacked the ship, and "Emden"s gunners immediately returned fire, silencing the attackers. "Emden" moved to Shanghai on 14 August.

World War I.

"Emden" spent the first half of 1914 on the normal routine of cruises in Chinese and Japanese waters without incident. During the July Crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, "Emden" was the only German cruiser in Tsingtao; Spee's two armored cruisers, and, were cruising in the South Pacific and was en route to replace "Nürnberg" off the coast of Mexico. On 31 July, with war days away, Müller put to sea to begin commerce raiding once war had been formally declared. Two days later, on 2 August, Germany declared war on Russia, and the following day, "Emden" captured the Russian steamer "Ryazan". The Russian vessel was sent back to Tsingtao, and converted into the auxiliary cruiser.  On 5 August, Spee ordered Müller to join him at Pagan Island in the Mariana Islands; "Emden" left Tsingtao the following day along with the auxiliary cruiser "Prinz Eitel Friedrich" and the collier. The ships arrived in Pagan on 12 August. The next day, Spee learned that Japan would enter the war on the side of the Triple Entente and had dispatched a fleet to track his squadron down. Spee decided to take the East Asia Squadron to South America, where it could attempt to break through to Germany, harassing British merchant traffic along the way. Müller suggested that one cruiser be detached for independent operations in the Indian Ocean, since the squadron would be unable to attack British shipping while it was crossing the Pacific. Spee agreed, and allowed Müller to operate independently, since "Emden" was the fastest cruiser in the squadron.

Independent raider.

On 14 August, "Emden" and "Markomannia" left the company of the East Asia Squadron, bound for the Indian Ocean. Since the cruiser was already operating in the western Indian Ocean around the Gulf of Aden, Müller decided he should cruise in the shipping lanes between Singapore, Colombo and Aden. "Emden" steamed toward the Indian Ocean by way of the Molucca and Banda Seas. While seeking to coal off Jampea Island, the Dutch coastal defense ship "Tromp" stopped "Emden" and asserted Dutch neutrality. Müller steamed into the Lombok Strait. There, "Emden"s radio-intercept officers picked up messages from the British armored cruiser. To maintain secrecy, "Emden"s crew rigged up a dummy funnel to impersonate a British light cruiser, then steamed up the coast of Sumatra toward the Indian Ocean.  On 5 September, "Emden" entered the Bay of Bengal, achieving complete surprise, since the British assumed she was still with Spee's squadron. She operated on shipping routes there without success, until 10 September, when she moved to the Colombo–Calcutta route. There, she captured the Greek collier "Pontoporros", which was carrying equipment for the British. Müller took the ship into his service and agreed to pay the crew. "Emden" captured five more ships; troop transports "Indus" and "Lovat" and two other ships were sunk, and the fifth, a steamer named "Kabinga", was used to carry the crews from the other vessels. On 13 September, Müller released "Kabinga" and sank two more British prizes. Off the Ganges estuary, "Emden" caught a Norwegian merchantman, which the Germans searched; finding no contraband they released her. The Norwegians informed Müller that Entente warships were operating in the area, which persuaded him to return to the eastern coast of India.  "Emden" stopped and released an Italian freighter, whose crew relayed news of the incident to a British vessel, which in turn informed British naval authorities in the region. The result was an immediate cessation of shipping and the institution of a blackout. Vice Admiral Martyn Jerram ordered "Hampshire",, and the Japanese protected cruiser to search for "Emden". The British armored cruiser and the Japanese armored cruiser were sent to patrol likely coaling stations. In late September, Müller decided to bombard Madras. Müller believed the attack would demonstrate his freedom of maneuver and decrease British prestige with the local population. At around 20:00 on 22 September, "Emden" entered the port, which was completely illuminated, despite the blackout order. "Emden" closed to within from the piers before opening fire. She set fire to two oil tanks and damaged three others, and damaged a merchant ship in the harbor. In the course of the bombardment, "Emden" fired 130 rounds. The following day, the British again mandated that shipping stop in the Bay of Bengal; during the first month of "Emden"s raiding career in the Indian Ocean, the value of exports there had fallen by 61.2 percent.  From Madras, Müller had originally intended to rendezvous with his colliers off Simalur Island in Indonesia, but instead decided to make a foray to the western side of Ceylon. On 25 September, "Emden" sank the British merchantmen "Tywerse" and "King Lund" two days before capturing the collier "Buresk", which was carrying a cargo of high-grade coal. A German prize crew went aboard "Buresk" which was used to support "Emden"s operations. Later that day, the German raider sank the British vessels "Ryberia" and "Foyle". Low on fuel, "Emden" proceeded to the Maldives, arriving on 29 September and remaining for a day while coal stocks were replenished. The raider then cruised the routes between Aden and Australia and between Calcutta and Mauritius for two days without success. "Emden" steamed to Diego Garcia for engine maintenance and to rest the crew.  The British garrison at Diego Garcia had not yet learned of the state of war between Britain and Germany, and so treated "Emden" to a warm reception. She remained there until 10 October, to remove fouling. While searching for merchant ships west of Colombo, "Emden" picked up "Hampshire"s wireless signals again; the ship had departed for the Chagos Archipelago on 13 October. The British had captured "Markomannia" on 12 October, depriving "Emden" of a collier. On 15 October, "Emden" captured the British steamer "Benmore" off Minikoi and sank her the next day. Over the next five days, she captured "Troiens", "Exfort", "Graycefale", "Sankt Eckbert", and "Chilkana". One was used as a collier, three were sunk, and the fifth was sent to port with the crews of the other vessels. On 20 October, Müller decided to move to a new area of operations.

Attack on Penang.

Müller planned a surprise attack on Penang in British Malaya. "Emden" coaled in the Nicobar Islands and departed for Penang on the night of 27 October, with the departure timed to arrive off the harbor at dawn. She approached the harbor entrance at 03:00 on 28 October, steaming at, with the fourth dummy funnel erected to disguise her identity. "Emden"s lookouts quickly spotted a warship in the port with lights on; it turned out to be the Russian protected cruiser, a veteran of the Battle of Tsushima. "Zhemchug" had put into Penang for boiler repairs; only one was in service, which meant that she could not get under way, nor were the ammunition hoists powered. Only five rounds of ready ammunition were permitted for each gun, with a sixth chambered. "Emden" pulled alongside "Zhemchug" at a distance of ; Müller ordered a torpedo to be fired at the Russian cruiser, then gave the order for the 10.5 cm guns to open fire.  "Emden" quickly inflicted grievous damage on her adversary, then turned around to make another pass at "Zhemchug". One of the Russian gun crews managed to get a weapon into action, but scored no hits. Müller ordered a second torpedo to be fired into the burning "Zhemchug" while his guns continued to batter her. The second torpedo caused a tremendous explosion that tore the ship apart. By the time the smoke cleared, "Zhemchug" had already slipped beneath the waves, the masts the only parts of the ship still above water. The destruction of "Zhemchug" killed 81 Russian sailors and wounded 129, of whom seven later died of their injuries. The elderly French cruiser and the destroyer opened wildly inaccurate fire on "Emden".  Müller then decided to depart, owing to the risk of encountering superior warships. Upon leaving the harbor, he encountered a British freighter,, loaded with ammunition, that had already stopped to pick up a harbor pilot. While preparing to take possession of the ship, "Emden" had to recall her boats having spotted an approaching ship. This proved to be the French destroyer, which was unprepared and was quickly destroyed. "Emden" stopped to pick up survivors and departed at around 08:00 as the other French ships were raising steam to get underway. One officer and thirty-five sailors were plucked from the water. Another French destroyer tried to follow, but lost sight of the German raider in a rainstorm. On 30 October, "Emden" stopped the British steamer "Newburn" and put the French sailors aboard after they signed statements promising not to return to the war. The attack on Penang was a significant shock to the Entente powers, and caused them to delay the large convoys from Australia, since they would need more powerful escorts.

Battle of Cocos.

After releasing the British steamer, "Emden" turned south to Simalur, and rendezvoused with the captured collier "Buresk". Müller then decided to attack the British coaling station in the Cocos Islands; he intended to destroy the wireless station there and draw away British forces searching for him in the Indian Ocean. While en route to the Cocos, "Emden" spent two days combing the Sunda Strait for merchant shipping without success. She steamed to the Cocos, arriving off Direction Island at 06:00 on the morning of 9 November. Since there were no British vessels in the area, Müller sent ashore a landing party led by "Kapitänleutnant" (First Lieutenant) Hellmuth von Mücke, "Emden"s executive officer. The party consisted of another two officers, six non-commissioned officers, and thirty-eight sailors armed with four machine guns and thirty rifles.  "Emden" was using jamming, but the British wireless station was able to transmit the message "Unidentified ship off entrance." The message was received by the Australian light cruiser, which was away, escorting a convoy. "Sydney" immediately headed for the Cocos Islands at top speed. "Emden" picked up wireless messages from the then unidentified vessel approaching, but believed her to be away, giving them much more time than they actually had. At 09:00, lookouts aboard "Emden" spotted smoke on the horizon, and thirty minutes later identified it as a warship approaching at high speed. Mücke's landing party was still ashore, and there was no time left to recover them.  "Sydney" closed to a distance of before turning to a parallel course with "Emden". The German cruiser opened fire first, and straddled the Australian vessel with her third salvo. "Emden"s gunners were firing rapidly, with a salvo every ten seconds; Müller hoped to overwhelm "Sydney" with a barrage of shells before her heavier armament could take effect. Two shells hit "Sydney", one of which disabled the aft fire control station; the other failed to explode. It took slightly longer for "Sydney" to find the range, and in the meantime, "Emden" turned toward "Sydney" in an attempt to close to torpedo range. "Sydney"s more powerful guns soon found the range and inflicted serious damage. The wireless compartment was destroyed and the crew for one of the forward guns was killed early in the engagement. At 09:45, Müller turned his ship toward "Sydney" in another attempt to reach a torpedo firing position. Five minutes later, a shell hit disabled the steering gear, and other fragments jammed the hand steering equipment. "Emden" could only be steered with her propellers. "Sydney"s gunfire also destroyed the rangefinders and caused heavy casualties amongst "Emden"s gun crews.  Müller made a third attempt to close to torpedo range, but "Sydney" quickly turned away. Shortly after 10:00, a shell from "Sydney" detonated ready ammunition near the starboard No. 4 gun and started a serious fire. "Emden" made a fourth and final attempt to launch a torpedo attack, but "Sydney" was able to keep the range open. By 10:45, "Emden"s guns had largely gone silent; the superstructure had been shredded and the two rear-most funnels had been shot away, along with the foremast. Müller realized that his ship was no longer able to fight, and beached "Emden" on North Keeling Island to save the lives of his crew. At 11:15, "Emden" was run onto the reef, and the engines and boilers were flooded. Her breech blocks and torpedo aiming gear were thrown overboard to render the weapons unusable, and all signal books and secret papers were burned. "Sydney" turned to capture the collier "Buresk", whose crew scuttled her when the Australian cruiser approached. "Sydney" then returned to the wrecked "Emden" and inquired if she surrendered. The signal books had been destroyed by fire and so the Germans could not reply, and since her flag was still flying, "Sydney" resumed fire. The Germans quickly raised white flags and the Australians ceased fire.  In the course of the action, "Emden" scored sixteen hits on "Sydney", killing three of her crew and wounding another thirteen. A fourth crewman died later from his injuries. "Sydney" had meanwhile fired some 670 rounds of ammunition, with around 100 hits claimed. "Emden" had suffered much higher casualties: 133 officers and enlisted men died, out of a crew of 376. Most of the surviving crew, including Müller, were taken into captivity the next day. The wounded men were sent to Australia, while the uninjured were interned at a camp in Malta; the men were returned to Germany in 1920. Mücke's landing party evaded capture. They had observed the battle, and realized that "Emden" would be destroyed. Mücke therefore ordered the old schooner "Ayesha" to be prepared for sailing. The Germans departed before "Sydney" reached Direction Island, and sailed to Padang in the Dutch East Indies. From there, they traveled to Yemen, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, an ally of Germany. They then traveled overland to Constantinople, arriving in June 1915. There, they reported to "Vizeadmiral" Wilhelm Souchon, the commander of the ex-German battlecruiser. In the meantime, the British sloop arrived at the Cocos Islands about a week after the battle to bury the sailors killed in the battle.

Legacy.

Over a raiding career spanning three months and, "Emden" had destroyed two Entente warships and sank or captured sixteen British steamers and one Russian merchant ship, totaling. Another four British ships were captured and released, and one British and one Greek ship were used as colliers. In 1915, a Japanese company proposed that "Emden" be repaired and refloated, but an inspection by the elderly flat-iron gunboat concluded that wave damage to "Emden" made such an operation unfeasible. By 1919, the wreck had almost completely broken up and disappeared beneath the waves. It was eventually broken up "in situ" in the early 1950s by a Japanese salvage company; parts of the ship remain scattered around the area.  Following the destruction of "Emden", Kaiser Wilhelm II awarded the Iron Cross to the ship and announced that a new would be built to honor the original cruiser. Wilhelm II ordered that the new cruiser wear a large Iron Cross on her bow to commemorate her namesake ship. The third cruiser to bear the name, built in the 1920s for the "Reichsmarine", also carried the Iron Cross, along with battle honors for the Indian Ocean, Penang, Cocos Islands, and Ösel, where the second "Emden" had engaged several Russian destroyers and torpedo boats. Two further vessels have been named for the cruiser in the West German "Bundesmarine": the laid down in 1959, and the laid down in 1979.  Three of the ship's 10.5 cm guns were removed from the wreck three years after the battle. One is preserved in Hyde Park in Sydney, a second is located at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre in, the main naval base in Sydney, and the third is on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. In addition, "Emden"s bell and stern ornament were recovered from the wreck and both are currently in the collection of the Australian War Memorial. A number of other artifacts, including a damaged 10.5 cm shell case, an iron rivet from the hull, and uniforms were also recovered and are held in the Australian War Memorial.  A number of films have been made about "Emden"s wartime exploits, including the 1915 movies "How We Beat the Emden" and "How We Fought the Emden" and the 1928 "The Exploits of the Emden", all produced in Australia. German films include the 1926 silent film "Unsere Emden", footage from which was incorporated in "Kreuzer Emden" of 1932, and "Heldentum und Todeskampf unserer Emden", produced in 1934. All three films were directed by Louis Ralph. More recently, in 2012, "Die Männer der Emden" (The men of the "Emden") was released, which was made about how the crew of "Emden" made their way back to Germany after the Battle of Cocos.  After the bombardment of Madras, "Emden"s name, as "Amdan", entered the Sinhala and Tamil languages meaning "someone who is tough, manipulative and crafty." In the Malayalam language the word "Emadan" means "a big and powerful thing" or "as big as Emden".

SMS "Emden" ("His Majesty's Ship "Emden"") was the second and final member of the of light cruisers built for the Imperial German Navy ("Kaiserliche Marine"). Named for the town of Emden, she was laid down at the "Kaiserliche Werft" (Imperial Dockyard) in Danzig in 1906. The hull was launched in May 1908, and completed in July 1909. She had one sister ship,. Like the preceding cruisers, "Emden" was armed with ten guns and two torpedo tubes.

Die " SMS" "Emden" war ein Kleiner Kreuzer der deutschen Kaiserlichen Marine. Sie war nach der Stadt Emden benannt und das zweite Schiff der "Dresden"-Klasse.