College track career.

Smith attended Auburn University, where he was a successful athlete for the Auburn Tigers. Smith arrived at Auburn as a nationally renowned high-school sprinter from his time at Uniondale High School, New York. "Track and Field News" named him High School Athlete of the Year in 1974.  Smith started his college career as a sprinter. He then switched to the longer distance of 400 m., prompted by injuries incurred in shorter sprints, and by the emergence of competition from up-and-coming sprinters like Harvey Glance. Despite this, Smith was a successful enough 100 m sprinter to be an alternate for the United States 4 × 100 m relay team at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. Having finished fifth in the 100 m final at the United States Olympic Trials, he was placed in the third qualifying position up to 80 m of the race.. At his new distance of 400 m, Smith quickly achieved national success, winning two NCAA titles at the distance.  Internationally, Smith won a silver medal at the 1977 World Student Games at 400 m.  When he graduated in 1978, Smith received his university's top honor of Athlete of the Year.

Later track career.

After graduation, Smith continued as an athlete. He was twice United States National Champion at 400m, in 1979 and 1980. His reward in 1979 was a place on the American team for the Pan American Games at 400 m. Here he won bronze. Smith, as American No. 1 was expected to be the main rival to the great Cuban athlete Alberto Juantorena. In the end, a foot injury and a problem with a shoe, plus an inspired piece of running by his American colleague Tony Darden, meant it was Darden and not him who beat Juantorena into second.  Smith finished second in the 400 m final at the United States Olympic Trials for the 1980 Olympics. He was unable to compete due to the United States boycott of those games. A defeat of the Olympic champion Viktor Markin was little consolation. Years later, he did receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.  Smith was also a member of winning United States 4 × 400 m relay teams in the 1979 and 1981 IAAF Athletics World Cups.  In 1983, he competed at the inaugural IAAF Athletics World Championships in the American 4 × 400 m relay team. However, he collided with a competing Soviet Union runner on the third leg, falling, leaving the American final leg runner, the great 400 m hurdler Ed Moses, with no chance of victory despite his valiant but vain effort to catch the leaders - the team eventually finished down the field. Smith said "It was a stupid mistake. I almost quit the sport."  In 1984, Smith finished sixth in the 400 m final at the United States Olympic Trials for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics thus qualifying to be part of the 4 × 400 m relay squad for those games. The United States 4 × 400 m relay team came first and Smith received an Olympic gold medal by virtue of having run a leg for the team in a qualifying heat and the semi-final.  In 1988, he attempted again to qualify for the Olympics, as a 32-year-old. He failed, finishing 8th in a semi-final of the 400 m trial at the United States Olympic Trials. He is reported as working then full-time as a television news director. Smith himself at the time wondered about "what makes him run" and considered the attempt at making the Olympic team like "a bad habit. It gets in your blood".  In 1996, Smith attempted to compete at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics as a 40-year-old. His struggle was chronicled in the New York Times. He unfortunately did not qualify, even with advice from the elder statesmen of track coaching Brooks Johnson and Mel Rosen (his old college coach). He, however, did set a master's record.  Since then he has created and worked at sporting camps for young people.  In 1997, Smith was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame.  In 2000, he was honored as one of 6 new stars in Auburn's Tiger Trail, Auburn University's replica of Hollywood's walk of fame.

Rankings.

"Track and Field News" ranked Smith among the best 400 m runners in the US and the world from 1977 to 1985.

USA Championships.

Smith was a very successful competitor at 400 metres at the USA National Track and Field Championships between 1979 and 1983.:

Willie Smith (born February 28, 1956) is an American athlete who was the national champion 400 metres runner in 1979-80, and a gold medal winner at the 1984 Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay.

Willie Smith (* 28. Februar 1956) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Sprinter, der sich auf den 400-Meter-Lauf spezialisiert hatte. Bei der Universiade 1977 gewann er Silber.


Club career.

Southampton.

Born in Swindon, Wiltshire, Mills started his youth career at Swindon Town in 1999 before joining Southampton at the age of fourteen. Having progressed through the Southampton Academy, and then the reserves, Mills signed his first professional contract with the club in 2002. While at the academy, Mills initially played as a midfielder, but his playing position changed with the arrival of George Prost who was impressed with the way Mills "got on the ball and tried to dictate play" and switched him into a central–defence role, a position he plays today.  To gain first team experience, Mills was loaned out to Coventry City for one month on 18 September 2004. On the same day, Mills made his Coventry City debut, just hours after signing the paperwork for him to play later in the afternoon, in a 0–0 draw against Rotherham United. Mills' last appearance came on 3 October 2004 against Ipswich Town, where he scored an own goal, in a 2–1 loss. Mills then returned to his parent club and made four appearances. Coventry City sought to extend his loan period for a second month, but Southampton turned them down.  On 21 February 2005, Mills was loaned out again for a month joining Bournemouth. Mills made his Bournemouth debut the next day, making his first start and playing 90 minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Torquay United. He scored in the next game on 26 February 2005, in a 1–1 draw against Tranmere Rovers, followed up by scoring, in a 3–0 win over Swindon Town. Mills' performance and form at Bournemouth prompted the team to have his loan spell extended twice. In the last game of the season, Mills scored his third goal for the club, in a 4–2 loss against Bradford City. He made twelve appearances and scored three times during the season with "Bournemouth Daily Echo" writing that Mills' play "posted his nomination for the newcomer-of-the-year award".  After his loan spell at Bournemouth came to an end, Mills was among many youngsters to be in the first team squad ahead of the 2005–06 season. However, Mills remained out of the first team for almost half of the season until he finally made his Southampton debut, where he made his first start, in a 3–0 loss against Watford on 26 December 2005. After making three more appearances, Mills' future at Southampton was in doubt, as his contract was set to expire in the summer attracting interest from Manchester City.

Manchester City.

Mills ultimately signed a three-and-a-half-year deal with Manchester City on 31 January 2006. There he linked up again with City reserve manager Steve Wigley, who had worked with him during his spell in charge of Southampton's Academy, an opportunity Mills said he could not turn down. After suffering from an ankle injury while playing in the reserves, Mills made his Manchester City debut, where he came on as a substitute for Danny Mills in the 84th minutes, in a 2–0 loss against Chelsea on 25 March 2006. It was also his only appearance in the 2005–06 season.  At the start of the 2006–07 season, Mills suffered an ankle injury, but recovered and made his first appearance of the season, in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 21 October 2006. In order to gain first team football experience, it was announced on 26 January 2007 he joined Colchester United on a one–month loan. Mills made his Colchester United debut on 30 January 2007, where he made his first start, in a 1–0 win over Preston North End. Mills subsequently had his loan spell at Colchester United extended twice before returning in April, when he made nine appearances.

Doncaster Rovers.

On 17 August 2007, Mills joined Doncaster Rovers on a six-month loan deal, linking up with manager Sean O'Driscoll for the second time in his career. Mills made his Doncaster Rovers debut on 25 August 2007, where he came on as a substitute in the 83rd minute for Gareth Roberts, in a 2–1 loss against Bournemouth. Mills then scored two goals in two matches between 29 September 2007 and 2 October 2007 against Cheltenham Town and Walsall. On 21 November 2007, his loan deal was terminated and he was returned to his parent club for sustaining a knee injury. However, he rejoined the South Yorkshire club on a loan deal for the rest of the season on 14 January 2018. He was part of the starting eleven which won promotion to the Championship, beating Leeds United at Wembley Stadium in the League One play-off Final in May 2008.  Mills expressed a desire to join Doncaster Rovers after winning promotion at Wembley, and was expected to sign in the close season. After two months of speculation about his future, and his move to Doncaster Rovers in doubt after a change of manager at Manchester City, he was eventually unveiled as Doncaster Rovers' record signing when he inked a three-year contract with Doncaster on 30 July 2008. Doncaster Rovers paid £300,000 for his services (the then highest transfer fee paid by the club). In his first full season at Doncaster Rovers, Mills made 45 appearances in the 2008–09 season.  In the summer of 2009, Mills attracted the interest of a number of bigger clubs including Birmingham City and Newcastle United. However, on 10 June 2009 Nottingham Forest put in an offer of £2,000,000 for Mills which was rejected by Doncaster Rovers. A later offer from fellow Championship side Reading was accepted, however, and Mills left Doncaster in August 2009.

Reading.

On 5 August 2009, Mills was officially unveiled as a Reading player, signing a three-year contract under manager Brendan Rodgers. The exact transfer fee was undisclosed, however it is believed to be somewhere in the region of £2 million.  Mills made his debut for Reading in a 0–0 draw against Swansea City on 18 August 2009. Four days later on 22 August 2009, Mills scored his first Reading goal, in a 3–1 loss against Sheffield United. His second goal came on 17 October 2009, in a 3–1 loss against West Brom. After Reading's 1–0 win in March 2010 against Queens Park Rangers, Mills was seen making an apparent obscene gesture to his own supporters, for which he apologised. Manager Brian McDermott attributed his gesturing to passion, saying that Mills' actions would not dampen the player's relationship with his supporters—describing Mills' form as "inspirational". Despite struggling with injuries and being sent–off twice, Mills appeared in 30 matches and scored two goals in all competitions for Reading during the 2009–10 season.  Mills started the 2010–11 season in goalscoring fashion, scoring twice in the League Cup 2nd Round 3–3 draw against Northampton Town, before scoring the winner in a 2–1 win away at Leicester City just three days later where he also made a last-ditch goal line clearance, ensuring the Man of the Match award. On 30 October 2010, Mills scored against his former club, Doncaster Rovers, in a 4–3 win. On 1 March 2011 Mills scored the winning goal against Everton in a 1–0 victory to take Reading through to the FA Cup Quarter-finals. After a surging run, Reading qualified for the playoffs. On 30 May 2011, in the Championship play-off Final against Swansea, Mills captained the Royals and scored a header from a corner kick on 57 minutes and got booked in their 4–2 defeat at Wembley Stadium. Despite a suspension and injury, Mills went on to make forty–five appearances and scoring six times in all competitions in the 2010–11 season.

Leicester City.

On 7 July 2011, Mills signed a four-year contract with Leicester City for an undisclosed fee, and was later confirmed as club captain for the 2011–12 season, reuniting with his former Manchester City manager, Sven-Göran Eriksson. Mills had rejected an offer from Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers to join Leicester. Describing him as a "solid centre half," Ian Stringer of BBC Radio Leicester selected him as the club's key player for the 2011–12 season.  Mills made his league debut in a 1–0 win over Coventry City at the Ricoh Arena on 6 August 2011, On 16 October, Mills was sent off in the 55th minute of a 2–0 defeat at Birmingham City for a two-footed tackle on Morgaro Gomis, and he was sent off again six weeks later against Hull City for a professional foul on Aaron McLean. He scored his only goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Southampton at St Mary's Stadium on 24 January 2012.  In February 2012, reports surfaced of an alleged bust up with new manager Nigel Pearson, which Mills denied. He then lost the captaincy and was relegated to training with the club's youth academy. He did not travel for the 1–0 victory against Derby County on 23 February 2012, which prompted questions over his future at the club. Mills was later informed by phone that he was allowed to leave Leicester. But, despite being linked with league rivals Leeds United and West Ham United, Mills refused to leave on loan as it would have been "very disrespectful for the fans". Though this move away from the club did not materialise, he never played for Leicester again.

Bolton Wanderers.

On 4 July 2012, Mills signed a three-year contract with Bolton Wanderers for an undisclosed fee. On joining the club, Mills said, "This deal has worked out perfectly for me, mainly because Bolton are a fantastic club. Speaking to the manager, I have got the vibe of what the place and club is about and the ambitions of getting back into the Premier League."  After being given the number four shirt for the new 2012–13 season, Mills made his debut for the club in a 2–0 home victory over Derby County on 21 August. He scored his first goal on 15 September, in a 2–1 win against Watford. He picked up an upper thigh injury which ruled him out of play for four to five months.  After returning from injury, Mills was unable to reclaim his starting position due to the form of Craig Dawson, Tim Ream and Zat Knight who had each occupied the centre-back position in his absence. On 2 April 2013 he made his first appearance for the club since his injury against Huddersfield Town on 8 December 2012 - coming on as a 90th-minute substitute for goalscorer Chris Eagles to ensure a 1–0 victory against Huddersfield Town.  In July 2013, after Mills was linked with a move to Leeds United to reunite with his former Reading manager Brian McDermott, Bolton manager Dougie Freedman confirmed that Leeds had made an inquiry about Mills' availability. Freedman stated that he would like Mills to stay at the club, but if Mills wanted to leave he would let him go provided the right offer came in.  Mills made his return to the first team in the second round of League Cup against Tranmere Rovers and was one of the two players to convert the penalty successfully, as Bolton Wanderers lost 4–2 in the penalty shoot-out after playing 120 minutes. Since making his return to the first team, Mills won his place back in the side and partnered either David Wheater or Tim Ream. Mills then scored his first Bolton Wanderers goal on 11 January 2014, in a 1–1 draw against Nottingham Forest. However, Mills was sidelined when he suffered a minor knee problem during a match against Watford on 22 February 2014. After being sidelined for a month, Mills made his first team return, where he assisted Jermaine Beckford to score the only goal in the game, in a 1–0 win over Barnsley on 12 April 2014. Mills later finished the 2013–14 season, making 35 appearances and scoring once in all competitions.  Ahead of the 2014–15 season, Mills was named as vice-captain to Jay Spearing. Mills scored his first Bolton Wanderers' goal on 23 August 2014, in a 2–1 loss against Brighton & Hove Albion and scored a month later, in a 2–1 loss against Chelsea in the second round of the League Cup. Mills scored the only goal in the game, in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City on 18 October 2014. After Spearing's injury, Mills played his first match as captain and scored in a 3–0 win over Cardiff City on 4 November 2014. Two months later on 27 January 2015, Mills scored and set up a goal for Liam Trotter, in a 4–2 loss against Rotherham United. After suffering an injury in January 2015, Mills made his return, only to be sent–off for a second bookable offence, in a 4–1 loss against Nottingham Forest. Despite this, he finished third with 17 percent behind Josh Vela and Ream in voting for Bolton's Player of the Season. Mills finished the 2014–15 season, making forty–one appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.  Despite being offered a new contract by Manager Neil Lennon, Mills was among the players released by the club in May 2015, which was explained as part of the club's cut costing measures.

Nottingham Forest.

On 1 July 2015, Mills signed for Nottingham Forest as a free agent, re-uniting with former Bolton manager Dougie Freedman in the process. On joining the club, Mills was given the number five shirt ahead of the new season. Mills made his Nottingham Forest debut in the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 loss against Brighton & Hove Albion. Mills then captained his first match as a Nottingham Forest player, following Henri Lansbury's injury, on 29 August 2015, in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City. Following his debut, Mills started each of Forest's first eight matches of the season, scoring twice, before an injury sustained shortly after equalizing against Middlesbrough on 19 September forced him to miss Forest's next away match Huddersfield.  Mills returned to the starting eleven in Forest's next game at home to Hull City on 3 October. However, with Forest trailing 1–0 after an Abel Hernández goal, Mills received a straight red card from referee Nigel Miller in the 87th minute of the game following an aerial challenge with Hull's on-loan Arsenal striker Chuba Akpom. Forest lost the game 1–0. On 5 December 2015, Mills scored twice in a 3–0 defeat of Fulham, with a third headed effort in injury time hitting the crossbar. Having played an integral role in an unbeaten December for Forest, Mills was nominated for the SkyBet Championship Player of the Month Award on 7 January 2016. Five days later on 12 January 2016, just after the announcement, he scored his fifth goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Birmingham City. Mills finished the season having made forty-two appearances and scoring five times in the league.  Mills made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season in Forest's opening match—a 4–3 defeat of Burton Albion under the new management of Philippe Montanier. In September, he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–2 draw against Rotherham United. One month later, he was red-carded in a 3–1 defeat against Newcastle United. Manager Montanier said that the fourth official had exaggerated the decision. After the departure of Montanier, and the sale of regular captain Henri Lansbury, Mills was installed as captain by caretaker manager Gary Brazil. However, Mills only lasted fifty-five minutes in Brazil's first game, being substituted after a groin injury that was later reported would sideline him for two months.  On 31 January 2018, Mills terminated his contract with the club by mutual agreement.

Barnsley.

On 31 January 2018, Mills signed with Barnsley for the remainder of the season. Three days later, he made his debut in a 1–0 defeat against Queens Park Rangers. He was released by Barnsley at the end of the 2017–18 season.

Pune City.

On 21 August 2018, Mills joined Indian Super League club Pune City.

Forest Green Rovers.

On 31 May 2019, League Two club Forest Green Rovers announced that they had signed Mills as a player-coach in advance of the 2019-20 season.

International career.

Mills was called–up by the England under-19 level and helped the side qualify for the European Under-19 Championship in March 2005. Mills helped the national side to the final, which they lost to the France under-19s. He made a total of eight appearances for the team between 2004 and 2005.

Personal life.

Born in Swindon, England, Mills and his family lived just 10 minutes from the County Ground until he left when he was 14. Mills went to school at Bradon Forest Secondary School in Purton, Wiltshire.  Mills' youngest brother, Joseph, was a trainee at Southampton. He now plays for Forest Green Rovers, where he was joined by Matt in May 2019. His other brothers, Jon-Paul and Jamie both play for Hellenic Football League side Witney United.  The former "Hollyoaks" and "Prisoners' Wives" actress Emma Rigby was formerly Mills' girlfriend. In 2014, he married Jade Elliott, daughter of former Leicester City and Scotland defender Matt Elliott and together they have two daughters, Lyla and Aria.

Style of play.

The football pundit and former Leicester City player Steve Claridge described Mills' style of play as that of "an old-fashioned centre-half who relishes the physical side of the game".

Honours.

Doncaster Rovers

Matthew Claude Mills (born 14 July 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Forest Green Rovers.

Matthew Claude „Matt“ Mills (* 14. Juli 1986 in Swindon, England) ist ein englischer Fußballspieler, der seit Januar 2018 beim FC Barnsley spielt.


Track career.

Esther Stroy was only 15 years and 64 days old when she competed at the 1968 Olympics.  In 2012, Stroy, now Esther Stroy-Harper, remembered it as a it being "more than the world’s best summer vacation. It was the opportunity of a lifetime".  In the 400 m event itself, she reached the semi-final but injured herself whilst leading the race and finally finished fifth so therefore not qualifying for the final. Her Olympic misfortune was repeated in 1972. As Stroy-Harper recalls “Right before the 1972 Olympics, I injured that same hamstring, so I didn’t make the team. I went to Munich, but as a spectator.”  In the 1968 United States Olympic Trials, Stroy was third in the 400 m event and was entered but did not compete in the 200 m. In 1972, she was third in her heat of the 200 m and was entered but did not compete in the 400 m.  Between the two Olympics, she continued running for her universities and country.  The high point of her career was winning gold at the 1971 Pan American Games in the 4 x 400 meter relay and bronze in the 200 meters. She also won the 220 yards dash at the 1971 and 1972 AAU Indoor Championships.  In 1971, she was a member of a 4 x 1-mile women's relay team that set a new world record at a USA versus Pan-Africa meet.  In 1969, she was ranked second in the USA and ninth in the world in the 400 metres/440 yards by the votes of the experts of Track and Field News.

Personal life.

Stroy was the eighth of eleven children of Mr and Mrs Dennis Stroy. Her father was a cab driver in the District of Columbia.  Esther Stroy attended Nevelle Thomas Elementary School then Spingarn High School, Washington D.C.  Stroy also joined a neighbourhood track club. Here she came under the tutelage of Brooks Johnson, now one of America's best known track coaches but at that time he was still a relative novice coach. She was to become Brook's first of many Olympians.  Her father was able to see her run in Mexico City in the 1968 Olympics, but her mother unfortunately was not able to having injured herself during the preparations to travel. Being of high school age, Stroy attended classes at a local school during the six weeks of the Olympics training camp at Los Alamos, New Mexico in order to maintain her academic skills.  Stroy attended Howard University after graduating from Spingarn. After Howard, she attended Stanford University where she began her career as a coach and a recruiter. She worked in California for several years before returning to Washington D.C. In Washington, she continued working as a coach, mainly working with young athletes aged 8 to 17/18.  Stroy is married to Daniel Harper, a retired United States Army colonel, and now uses the surname Stroy-Harper.

Esther Stroy (born August 12, 1953) is a former American track and field athlete, who competed in the sprinting events. She is best known for competing at the 1968 Olympics in the 400-meter dash as a 15-year-old, the youngest competitor at those games.

Esther Stroy (* 12. August 1953 in Washington, D.C.) ist eine ehemalige US-amerikanische Sprinterin. Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1968 erreichte sie über 400 m das Halbfinale.


Design.

German Type IXD2 submarines were considerably larger than the original Type IXs. "U-849" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of, a pressure hull length of, a beam of, a height of, and a draught of. The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines plus two MWM RS34.5S six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines for cruising, producing a total of for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to.  The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of. When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at. "U-849" was fitted with six torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 24 torpedoes, one SK C/32 naval gun, 150 rounds, and a SK C/30 with 2575 rounds as well as two C/30 anti-aircraft guns with 8100 rounds. The boat had a complement of fifty-five.

Service history.

Even though she was commanded by top U-boat ace Heinz-Otto Schultze (Knight’s Cross) she neither sank nor damaged any vessels.  She joined 4th Flotilla for training on 11 March 1943, where she remained until 30 September 1943, whence she then joined 12th Flotilla for active service until her sinking on 25 November 1943.

Fate.

"U-849" was sunk by depth charges dropped by a US Navy P4BY-1 Liberator bomber from VB-107 in the South Atlantic west of the River Congo estuary at position. All 63 hands were lost.

German submarine "U-849" was a long-range Type IXD2 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. Laid down in Bremen and launched on 31 October 1942.

U 849 war ein deutsches U-Boot des Typs IX D2, das im Zweiten Weltkrieg eingesetzt wurde. Boote dieser Klasse wurden auch "Fern-U-Boote" genannt, da sie über eine große Reichweite verfügten. "U 849" gehörte zur U-Bootgruppe Monsun, die im Indischen Ozean operierte.


Geography.

The river of Yahorlyk divided district into two parts: the western and eastern. The eastern part is characterized by flat calm, well - wavy terrain with a distinct plateau. The western part of the area increased and wavy. Dominated by black earth

Demography.

The population of the region lives in 54 villages and settlements that are 14 rural and 1 village councils. The population as of 01.01. 2015 was 20.216 thousand. Pers., Including rural - 14.947 thousand. Pers., City - 5.269 thousand. Pers.  National composition of population  Ukrainian - 67.6%  Russians - 13.4%  Moldovans - 13.2%  other nationalities - 5,8%.  Manpower area are 11.6 thousand. Pers. (54% of the total population), retirees - 5.796 thousand. Pers. (28.8% of them, 4595 - at age 875 - disability, 99 - receive social pension, 542 - for special merits to the country, including 79 women).

Natural resources.

Farmland - 87,168.48 hectares, including arable land - 61862.46 hectares, fallow - 6,744.58 hectares, perennial plants - 686.75 ha -2418.24 hayfields, pastures, 15,456.45 hectares.  The natural potential of the area - sand, clay and limestone are the main raw material for the production of stone and cement.

History.

Okny was founded in the end of the 19th century. The area was settled after 1792, when the lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester were transferred to Russia according to the Iasi Peace Treaty. The area was included in Tiraspol Uyezd, which belonged to Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty until 1795, Voznesensk Viceroyalty until 1796, Novorossiya Governorate until 1803, and Kherson Governorate until 1920. In 1834, the area was transferred to newly established Ananyiv Uyezd. In 1919, Okny was renamed Krasni Okny.  On 16 April 1920, Odessa Governorate split off, and Ananyiv Uyezd was moved to Odessa Governorate, where it was abolished in 1921. In 1923, uyezds in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were abolished, and the governorates were divided into okruhas. Krasni Okny was included into Balta Okruha. On 3 July 1923 Alexiivka Raion with the administrative center in Krasni Okny was established. On 26 November 1924, Balta Okruha was abolished, and the area was transferred into newly established Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The raion was later renamed Krasni Okny. In 1940, Krasni Okny Raion was transferred to Odessa Oblast.  On 19 May 2016, Verkhovna Rada adopted decision to rename Krasni Okny Raion to Okny Raion and Krasni Okny to Okny conform to the law prohibiting names of Communist origin.

Transport.

The area has an extensive system of roads linking it with other settlements in the region and the Republic of Moldova. Length of public roads is 241.1 km. Through the district runs international highway E584 («Kirovograd-Platonic", linking Russia, Ukraine, Moldova.  Railways through Krasni Okny Raion not paved. The nearest railway station "Chubivka" is located 18 km from the district center.

Industry.

Products manufactured (specialization)  Ltd. "Mine" Dovzhanka ". Sspecialization stone - limestone  Ltd. "Mine" Horyachivka ". Specialization stone - limestone  LLC "Timdress Debeteks". Specialization Special clothes  Sales of industrial products area for 8 months of 2015 amounted to 5 mln. 218.9 thousand,  LLC "Timdress Debeteks" for 8 months in 2015 the clothing sold products worth 4 mln. 737.7 thous.  Sales volumes of stone - limestone LLC "Mine" Horyachivka "for 8 months of 2015 amounted to 2,172 m3 totaling 288.1 thousand. UAH.  Sales volumes of stone - limestone LLC "Mine" Dovzhanka "for 8 months of 2015 amounted to 989 m3 totaling 193.1 thousand. UAH.

Agriculture.

The total area of agricultural land, including - 61,804 ha  According to data as of July 30, 2015  threshed 28,632 hectares of early grain and leguminous crops. harvested 77,084 tons of corn, the yield is 26.9 centners/ ha.  Completed harvesting winter barley on the area of 7099 hectares, 19,309 tons of harvested crops, yield 27.2 c / ha and 57 ha winter rye, harvested 188 tons, yield 33.0 c / ha, oats harvested on the area of 294 hectares harvested 740, yield 25.2 c / ha, 173 ha of spring wheat, harvested 311 tons, yield 18.0 c / ha.  Complete collection of winter rape area to 109 hectares harvested 218 tons, yield 20.0 c / ha. Complete collection of pea area 1,889 hectares harvested 1,965 tons, yield 10.4 c / ha, winter wheat harvested on the area of 16,496 hectares, 49,323 tons of grain threshed, yield 29.9 c / ha, spring barley harvested on the area of 2,624 hectares harvested 5248 tons, yield 20.0 c / ha.  In general winter grain crops harvested on the area of 23,652 hectares, 68,820 tons of grain threshed, yield is 29.1 centners / ha,  In the harvest of the current year were involved 176 combine harvesters  On 1 September 2015 in the area there are cattle incl 6746 cows - 3,439 5,895 pigs., 3335 sheep and goats, poultry - 120.9 thousand.

Trade and consumer services.

The district has 175 retail facilities retail trade; 19 - public catering; 11 - Consumer Services 1 - market

Education.

Department of Education provides implementation of state policy in the field of education and training in the area.  In the area there are 20 secondary schools where studying in 174 classes a student in 2224:  The education system has 20 pre-schools where studying 799 children.  There are also children's art house and Children's sports school.  There is also a branch Krasnooknyanske "State Educational Institution" Frunzivskyy professional college. " There are 135 students  Courses provide 419 teachers.

Medicine.

Medical service provided by: Krasnooknyanska central district hospital, which consists of five departments (internal medicine, maternity, infectious, surgical, children); Krasnooknyanskyy district center of primary health care, which includes - clinic of general practice of family medicine(s.Mayak,s.Stavrovo, s.Chorna and 24 medical centers

Culture.

Cultural - educational work carried out 58 cultural institutions: school aesthetic education in the village of Krasnye Okny, Krasnooknyanskyy Cultural District, 5 rural houses of culture, 23 rural clubs, Central District Library, Children's Library District and 26 rural libraries.  In memory of those killed in World War II memorials created 9, found 16 monuments and obelisks.  In honor of the commemoration of the victims of Holodomor of 1932-1933 in the village of Krasnye Okny a monument to Holodomor victims, and another 15 towns in the district installed a memorial sign.

Okny Raion (), until May 2016 Krasni Okny Raion () is a raion (district) in Odessa Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Okny. Population:

Der Rajon Okny (ukrainisch /'; russisch /') ist eine administrative Einheit in der Oblast Odessa im Süden der Ukraine. Das Zentrum des Rajons ist die Siedlung städtischen Typs Okny, die Einwohner verteilen sich auf eine Siedlung städtischen Typs, 52 Dörfer sowie zwei Siedlungen.


2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres hurdles

Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 2015/400 m Hürden der Frauen

Summary.

Zuzana Hejnová of the Czech Republic entered the competition as the defending champion.  Through these championships Cassandra Tate had been the #1 qualifier in the heats and #2 in the semi-finals, earning her a center lane position next to #1 qualifier, the defending champion Hejnová. The world leader coming into the event was World Junior Champion Shamier Little. While Little had been almost mechanical in winning the NCAA Championships, the US Championships and the Pan American Games over a long season, in this championship she struggled through the rounds, the slowest qualifier in both. Her slow time in the semi relegated her to the inside lane, lane 2 on Beijing's 9 lane track. In the finals, those were the players, with Hejnová in a clear lead by the final turn, with Little and Tate chasing. Hejnová just continued to build her lead unchallenged to the finish, as Little struggled over hurdle 8, stretching to 9 and again awkward at 10. Still Little's strength was able to beat Tate to the line for silver. Sara Petersen made a late rush at Tate coming into the 10th hurdle, but Tate carried her momentum better into the finish to claim bronze.

Records.

Prior to the competition, the records were as follows:

Results.

Heats.

Qualification: Best 4 (Q) and next 4 fastest (q) qualify for the next round.

Semifinals.

Qualification: Best 2 (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualify for the next round.

Final.

The final was started at 20:10.

The women's 400 metres hurdles at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 23, 24 and 26 August.

Der 400-Meter-Hürdenlauf der Frauen bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 2015 fand am 23., 24. und 26. August 2015 in Peking, Volksrepublik China, statt.


Demographics.

According to the 2018 United States Census estimate, 16,126 people reside within the city limits of Opelousas. The racial makeup of the city was 77.04% Black, 20.3% White,.04% Native American,.05% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander,.43% Other Race, 1.08% two or more races, and 1.06% was Hispanic or Latino of any race.  The 2010 United States Census, 16,634 people resided in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 74.8% Black, 21.9% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from some other race and 1.0% from two or more races; 1.2% was Hispanic or Latino of any race.  As of the census of 2000, 22,860 people, 8,699 households, and 5,663 families resided in the city. The population density was 3,240.0 people per square mile (1,250.2/km2). The 9,783 housing units averaged 1,386.6 per square mile (535.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 69.12% African American, 29.30% White, 0.10% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population. In 2000, 89.1% of the population over the age of five spoke English at home, 9.7% of the population spoke French or Cajun, and 0.7% spoke Louisiana Creole French.  Of the 8,699 households, 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.7% were married couples living together, 26.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were not families; 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.24.  In the city, the population was distributed as 30.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.4 males.  The median income for a household in the city was $14,717, and for a family was $19,966. Males had a median income of $24,588 versus $17,104 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,957. About 37.7% of families and 43.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 57.2% of those under age 18 and 32.0% of those age 65 or over.

History.

Early years.

Opelousas takes its name from the Native American tribe Opelousa who had occupied the area before European contact.  The first recorded European arrived in the Opelousas Territory in 1690. He was a French "coureur de bois" (trapper and hunter). French traders arrived later to trade with the Opelousas Indians. The French encouraged immigration to Opelousas Post before they ceded Louisiana to Spain in 1762. In 1769, about 100 families, mostly French, were living in the post. By 1765, Saint Landry Catholic Church was built. Don Alejandro O'Reilly, Spanish governor of Louisiana, issued a land ordinance to allow settlers in the frontier of the Opelousas Territory to acquire land grants. The first official land grant was made in 1782. Numerous settlers: French, Creoles, and Acadians, mainly from the Attakapas Territory, came to the Opelousas Territory and acquired land grants. (Some people confuse the name of this Indian tribe and territory, Opelousas, with that of the Appaloosa horse. But there is no connection; the name for the Appaloosa breed is derived from "Palouse", a river named by the Nez Perce Northwestern Plains Indians.  After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, settlers continued to migrate here from St. Martinville. LeBon, Prejean, Thibodaux, Esprit, Nezat, Hebert, Babineaux, Mouton, and Provost were some of the early Creole families. (This use of Creole meant ethnic French and Spanish people who were born in Louisiana. Later Louisiana Creole was a term applied to anyone with French, Spanish, and Canadian ancestry. Creoles of color were mostly assigned to mixed-race people, descended primarily from Native Americans, African-Americans, and ethnic French, with other heritage in more recent years.) Other early French Creole families were Roy, Barre, Guenard, Decuir, and Bail. In 1820, Alex Charles Barre, also a French Creole, founded Port Barre. His ancestors came from the French West Indies, probably after the revolution in which Haiti (St. Domingue) became independent. Jim Bowie and his family were said to have settled in the area "circa" 1813.  In 1805, Opelousas became the seat of the newly formed St. Landry Parish, also known as the Imperial Parish of Louisiana. The year 1806 marked the beginning of significant construction in Opelousas. The first courthouse was constructed in the middle of the town. Later in 1806, Louisiana Memorial United Methodist Church was founded, the first Methodist and the first Protestant church in Louisiana. Five years later, the first St. Landry Parish Police Jury met in Opelousas, keeping minutes in the two official languages of English and French. The city was incorporated by legislative act on February 14, 1821.

American Civil War.

European and American settlement was based on plantation agriculture, and both groups brought or purchased numerous enslaved Africans and African Americans to work as laborers in cotton cultivation. African Americans influenced all cultures as the people created a creolized cuisine and music. The long decline of cotton prices throughout the 19th century created economic problems worsened by the lack of employment diversity.  In 1862, after Baton Rouge fell to the Union troops during the Civil War, Opelousas was designated the state capital for nine months. The governor's mansion in Opelousas, which was the oldest remaining governor's mansion in Louisiana, was the victim of arson on July 14, 2016, and the structure was reduced to a chimney and its foundation. The one-story mansion was located on the corner of Liberty and Grolee Streets, just west of the heart of town. An observation tower was removed from the top of the residence in the early 1900s, but the remainder of the exterior was identical to its original construction in the 1850s. The entire roof section of heavy rafters was held in place by thousands of wooden pegs; not one nail could be found in the attic. Plans had been made to restore the building to some of its former splendor. The capital was moved again in 1863, this time to Shreveport, when Union troops occupied Opelousas. During Reconstruction, the state government operated from New Orleans.  The Union forces led by General Nathaniel P. Banks, who occupied Opelousas, found what the historian John D. Winters describes as "a beautiful town boasting several churches, a fine convent, and a large courthouse," far superior in appearance to nearby Washington, also in St. Landry Parish. Early in 1864, jayhawkers began to make daring daytime raids in parts of St. Landry Parish near Opelousas. According to Winters in his "The Civil War in Louisiana", the thieves "robbed the inhabitants in many instances of everything of value they possessed, but taking particularly all the fine horses and good arms they could find." Winters added that conscription in the area came to a standstill, as men could avoid the army by staying within the lines of the jayhawkers. The conscripts who did not join the lawless element stayed home until the state or the army could protect their families."

Reconstruction.

After the defeat of the South and emancipation of slaves, many whites had difficulty accepting the changed conditions, especially as economic problems and dependence on agriculture slowed the South's recovery. Social tensions were high during Reconstruction. In 1868, in what is known as the Opelousas Massacre, whites killed 27 African Americans in a mass execution; they had been captured in a protest. Whites continued to attack blacks on sight for days. An estimated additional 23 to 200-300 freedmen were killed during this period. This series of murders comprised one of the single worst instances of Reconstruction violence in south Louisiana.  Following this, Opelousas in 1872 enacted ordinances that greatly restricted the freedoms of black Americans. These codes required blacks to have a written pass from their employer to enter the town and to state the duration of their visit. Blacks were not allowed on the streets after a 10 pm curfew; they could neither own a house nor reside in the town, unless they were employed by a white person, and they were not allowed in the town after 3 pm on Sundays. Like the Black Codes, such police regulations restricted the freedoms and personal autonomy of freedmen after the Civil War in the South.

Home of refugees.

In 1880, the railroad reached Opelousas. In the late 19th century, New York City social services agencies arranged for resettlement of Catholic orphan children by sending them to western rural areas, including Opelousas, in Louisiana and other states. At least three Orphan Trains reached this city before 1929. Opelousas is the heart of a traditional Catholic region of French, Spanish, Canadian, and French West Indian ancestry. Catholic families in Louisiana took in more than 2,000 mostly Catholic orphans to live in their rural farming communities.  In May 1927, Opelousas accepted thousands of refugees following the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 in the Mississippi Delta. Heavy rains in northern and midwestern areas caused intense flooding in areas of Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana downstream, especially after levées near Moreauville, Cecilia, and Melville collapsed.  More than 81% of St. Landry Parish suffered some flooding, with 77% of the inhabitants directly affected. People in more southern areas of Louisiana, especially those communities along Bayou Teche, were forced to flee their homes for areas that suffered less damage. By May 20, over 5,700 refugees were registered in Opelousas, which had a population of only 6,000 people. Many of the refugees later returned to their homes and began the rebuilding process.  During the tenure of Parish Sheriff Cat Doucet from 1936 to 1940 and 1952 to 1968, the section of Opelousas along Highway 190 was a haven of gambling and prostitution. Doucet told historian Michael Kurtz that, with the return of Earl Long to the governorship in 1956, Doucet could bring back brothels and casinos and get a take of the proceeds.

Festivals.

The annual Yambilee Festival in Opelousas began in 1946. The harvest festival took place on the last weekend in October. Activities included agricultural competitions, carnival rides, pageants, and parades with floats. John F. Kennedy once attended. The festival has since been cancelled.  Since 1982, Opelousas has hosted the Original Southwest Louisiana Zydeco Festival. Usually held the Saturday before Labor Day at Zydeco Park in Plaisance, the festival features a day of performances by Zydeco musicians, with the goal of keeping the genre alive.  Additional annual events include:

Education.

Opelousas is home to several public and private schools. Opelousas has many public high schools, which are Opelousas Senior High, Northwest High School, and Magnet Academy for Cultural Arts. Opelousas Junior High serves as the area middle school. The city has seven public elementary schools. It is also home to one of the campuses of South Louisiana Community College.  The private schools are religiously based, including Opelousas Catholic School, Westminster Christian Academy, Apostolic Christian Academy, New Hope Christian Academy, and Family Worship Christian Academy.

Media.

Opelousas is part of the Lafayette television and radio markets.  The city is home to KOCZ-LP, a low power community radio station owned and operated by the Southern Development Foundation. The station was built by numerous volunteers from Opelousas and around the country at the third Prometheus Radio Project barnraising.  KOCZ broadcasts music, news, and public affairs to listeners now at 92.9. It was originally on 103.7, but had to move due to a full-power station being licensed to 103.7. Opelousas is home to The Mix KOGM 107.1FM, which is owned by KSLO Broadcasting, Inc.  There are two TV stations based in Opelousas, KDCG-CD (Class A Digital) TV Channel 22 and K39JV, another low power on channel 39.

Economy.

The primary industries in Opelousas are agriculture, oil, manufacturing, wholesale, and retail.  The horse racing track Evangeline Downs relocated to Opelousas from its former home in Carencro, Louisiana, in 2003. It employs over 600 workers.  Opelousas is also home to Tony Chachere, a Louisiana spice company with a worldwide reach. The company makes a variety of seasoning blends, sauces, marinades, and other products.  In September 1999, Wal-Mart opened a large distribution center just north of the city. It is generating an $89 million impact per year to the area, employing over 600 full-time workers.

Sports.

Opelousas was home to the Opelousas Indians, a minor league baseball franchise that was based in Opelousas in 1907, 1932 and 1934–1941. The Indians were members of the Gulf Coast League (1907) and Evangeline League (1934-1941). The team played at Elementary School Park. The Opelousas Orphans played a portion of the 1932 season in the Cotton States League. Opelousas was an affiliate of the Cleveland Indians (1935-1937, 1939).

Miscellany.

Musician Billy Cobham recorded a song called "Opelousas" on his 1978 album "Simplicity of Expression - Depth of Thought" (Columbia Records JC 35457).  The 1980s synthpop musician Thomas Dolby speaks of Opelousas in the first person in the song "I Love You Goodbye" from his 1992 album "Astronauts & Heretics". The folk-rock singer Lucinda Williams mentions Opelousas in the song "Concrete and Barbed Wire" from her critically acclaimed album "Car Wheels on a Gravel Road". Singer-songwriter and comedian Henry Phillips mentions Opelousas as one of the venues in his song "I'm In Minneapolis (You're In Hollywood)"'.

Opelousas () is a small city in and the parish seat of St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States. Interstate 49 and U.S. Route 190 were constructed with a junction here. The population was 22,860 at the 2000 census. In 2004 the city annexed territory and population expected to give it more than 25,000 people in total. In the 2010 census, the population was 16,634. Opelousas is the principal city for the Opelousas-Eunice Micropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 92,178 in 2008. Opelousas is also the third-largest city in the Lafayette-Acadiana Combined Statistical Area, which has a population of 537,947.

Opelousas ist eine Stadt mit dem Status City und Sitz der Countyverwaltung (County Seat) im St. Landry Parish im US-Bundesstaat Louisiana mit 16.493 Einwohnern (2013).


Family background.

Arundel was the son of John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel and the grandson of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel..  His mother was Eleanor Maltravers, daughter and heiress of Sir John Maltravers and the granddaughter (and, eventually, sole heiress) of John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers.  Sir William Arundel's family used the surname Arundel rather than FitzAlan but in most cases his relations have been re-designated as FitzAlans by subsequent writers and historians. That was not done in his case, and he is always referred to as Sir William Arundel.

Life and career.

The precise date of Arundel's birth is not known, but it was after 1365. and has been estimated as 1369. He is first referred to in 1375 when he is one of those receiving a legacy in the will of his grandfather Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel. In 1389 he was granted a licence to travel (with Sir Simon Felbrigge and Robert Teye). According to Froissart, he attended Richard II to Ireland in 1394  In 1395 he was appointed as the Constable (or custos) of Rochester Castle.  Arundel was with Richard II in Ireland in 1394. In 1395 he was Constable of Rochester Castle.  He was appointed Constable and Warden of Reigate Castle, and given responsibility as Ranger for all the surrounding parks and chases, in 1397.  He and his wife Agnes both received robes of the Order of the Garter in 1399, which shows that they were expected to attend the Garter ceremonies together in that year.

Knight of the Garter.

He was created a Knight of the Garter in 1395. He took the place of Sir Nicholas Sarnesfeld. There was no obvious reason for him to be granted such a high honour and personal mark of favour from the Sovereign, which came at a time when his uncle Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and the King had already fallen out with each other.  The fortunes of nephew and uncle may have been related, because Arundel's appointment as Constable and Warden of Reigate Castle was formalised on 7 October 1397, which was only weeks after his uncle's attainder and execution by beheading on 21 September.  Arundel's Garter stall plate (dated to about 1421) in St George's Chapel, Windsor is recognised as one of the most beautiful examples of medieval heraldic art, notable for the continuation of the feathers of the gryphon's head in his crest to form the rest of the mantling over his shield of arms.. The arms displayed on the stall plate are FitzAlan quartering Maltravers (i.e. 1st and 4th, "Gules, a lion rampant Or" for Fitzalan: and 2nd and 3rd "Sable, a fret Or" for Maltravers). The crest is "a gryphon's head argent beaked and langued gules arising out of a ducal coronet gules". The stall plate is in the second stall on the Sovereign's side of the Chapel

Marriage and death.

Sir William married a lady called Agnes, of whose family nothing else is known.  Sir William Arundel died in 1400. His will, dated London 1 August 1400 (in which month he died), specified that his body should be ""buried in the Priory at Rochester, at the back of the high altar"" and his tomb is still visible there, in what is now Rochester Cathedral.  There is no record of him having any children.  Sir William's widow, Lady (Agnes) Arundel, died shortly after him, in 1401.. Her will, made shortly before her death, asked that her body be buried ""under the tomb where my husband and me are pictured"" in Rochester Cathedral. When the Cathedral was being restored shortly before 1880, their stone slab with brass memorial over depicting husband and wife was disturbed and examined during the restoration of the choir. Removal of the slab uncovered a large lead coffin and the body of a woman wrapped in lead. The brasses had at that point been torn from the slab, but the impression in the stone formed to receive the brass showed the figure of a knight in armour (Sir William) holding the hand of a lady by his side (Lady Arundel)

Surviving monuments.

There is still, behind the high altar of Rochester Cathedral, a stone memorial slab formerly housing a now-lost memorial brass over the remains of Sir William and his wife the lady Agnes Arundel. A laser scan recording and imaging of the stone tomb was commissioned in 2012 and the results were published in 2014  His Garter stall plate also survives in its place in the second stall on the Sovereign's side of St George's Chapel, Windsor.

Sir William Arundel KG (born about 1369, died 1400) was a Knight of the Order of the Garter, Constable of Rochester Castle and Constable and Warden of Reigate Castle. He owed all his appointments to Richard II whose reign (1377-1399) covered most of Arundel's life.

Sir William Arundel KG (* nach 1365; † 17. August 1400) war ein englischer Höfling. William Arundel entstammte einer Nebenlinie der englischen Familie FitzAlan. Er war der zweite Sohn von John Arundel, 1. Baron Arundel und von Eleanor Maltravers, 2. Baroness Maltravers. Er gehörte zu den jungen Rittern, die in den späten 1380er Jahren an den Hofstaat des jungen Königs Richard II. kamen. Arundel stand in hoher Gunst des Königs und erhielt mehrfach kostbare Geschenke von ihm. Von 1394 bis 1395 nahm er am Feldzug von König Richard II. nach Irland teil. 1395 wurde er als Günstling des Königs Constable von Rochester Castle und im selben Jahr als Nachfolger des verstorbenen Nicholas Sarnefeld in den Hosenbandorden aufgenommen.


History.

The first known formal meeting of civil engineers in Britain took place at the King's Head tavern in Holborn, London, on 15 March 1771, when seven of the leading engineers of the time agreed to establish a Society of Civil Engineers. The leading light of the new Society was John Smeaton who was the first engineer to describe himself as a "Civil Engineer", having coined the term to distinguish himself from the military engineers graduating from the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. The other founding members were Thomas Yeoman, Robert Mylne, Joseph Nickalls, John Grundy, John Thompson and James King. In the first year they were joined by John Golborne, William Black, Robert Whitworth and Hugh Henshall and these eleven were known as the Original Members.  When the Society was founded its title was the "Society of Civil Engineers". When William Mylne started a new Minute Book in 1822 he used the heading "Engineers' Society" in the reports of each session until 1869, when he changed it to "Smeatonian Society". The Rules and Regulations issued in 1830 bore the title "Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers" for the first time, which has been its title ever since. Major Henry Watson was the first military engineer to be elected to membership in 1774.  Eventually the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers became more of a dining club and a group of younger engineers began to demand a better grouping to aid their profession and the Institution of Civil Engineers was formed in 1818.  The unveiling of a memorial stone to Smeaton in Westminster Abbey on 7 November 1994, by Noel Ordman, President, was described in The Times as 'a triumph for the Smeatonian Society'. Smeaton is also one of six civil engineers depicted in the Stephenson stained glass window, designed by William Wailes and unveiled in 1862.

Present day.

The Society continues to this day, mainly as a dining and discussion club of around sixty senior professional engineers, 'distinguished for their work in the theory or practice of design, manufacture, construction or management in the various fields of engineering', up to eighteen retired Members Emeritus and up to fifteen Honorary Members who include Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (elected 1953), who served as President in 1971, and Anne, Princess Royal (elected 2017). Since 1975 the Society has often met at the headquarters of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

Mottos.

The Latin motto "Omnia in Numero, Pondere et Mensura" was added to the summons card in 1793; it is adapted from Wisdom of Solomon 11:20 "(Thou hast ordered) all things by number, weight and measure". The proposal of the Reverend William Whewell (Honorary Member 1836) at a meeting on 14 June 1843 was accepted, that a Greek motto (probably from Aristotle) should be added to the summons card: "Τεχνη κρατουμεν ὢν φυσει νικωμεθα" “By Art we master what would master us”. Both mottos are still in use.

Historical membership classes.

From 1793 the renewed Society was to be "for promoting and communicating every branch of knowledge useful and necessary to the various and important branches of public and private works in civil engineering". There were three classes of membership: First Class - "those who are actually employed in Designing, & forming, Works of different kinds, in the Various Departments of Engineering". Second Class - "Men of Science and Gentlemen of Fame and Fortune" (Honorary Members). Third Class - "Various Artists, whose professions and employments, are necessary & useful thereto as well as connected with Civil Engineering" (Honorary Members).  Women elected include Jean Venables (2003), Joanna Kennedy (2006), Julia Elton FSA (Honorary 2010), Dame Julia Higgins (2012), Bridget Rosewell (2016), Dame Ann Dowling (2017), Helen Atkinson (2017), Dame Judith Hackitt (2018) and Faith Wainwright (2019).

Presidents.

The following is a list of presidents of the Society from its inception. Honorary Members are shown in italics. In 1793 the Society was reconstituted without a President. The post was reintroduced as an annually elected position in 1841:

The Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers was founded in 1771, and was originally known as the Society of Civil Engineers, being renamed following its founder's death. It was the first engineering society to be formed anywhere in the world, and remains the oldest.

Die Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, 1771 von John Smeaton, Robert Mylne und fünf weiteren Ingenieuren als Society of Civil Engineers in London gegründet, war die weltweit erste Vereinigung von Ingenieuren und ist daher heute auch die älteste. In der Literatur wird sie häufig kurz als „Society“ bezeichnet in Abgrenzung zur jüngeren Institution of Civil Engineers welche kurz als „Institution“ bezeichnet wird. In den USA gibt es die American Society of Civil Engineers, die sich im Namen an die Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers anlehnt. Eine ähnliche Organisation in Deutschland ist der Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, der allerdings erst 1856 gegründet wurde.


Taxonomy.

Elias Magnus Fries described the fungus in 1818 as "Agaricus ustalis". Paul Kummer gave it its current name in 1871 upon transferring it to the genus "Tricholoma". Lucien Quélet's "Gyrodon ustale", published in 1886, is a synonym. Marcel Bon described the variety "rufoaurantiacum" from France in 1984. Within the genus "Tricholoma", "T. ustale" is classified in the section "Albobrunnea" of the subgenus "Tricholoma".  The species name is from the Latin "ustalis" "burnt" and relates to the colour of the mushroom. It is commonly known as the "burnt knight". In Japan, the mushroom is known as "Kakishimeji" (Kaki-shimeji).

Description.

The mushroom has a bell-shape to conical or convex cap that measures in diameter and is orange-red-brown. The cap margin is initially curled inward, but straightens in age as the edge become lobed wavy. The gills are somewhat crowded together, and have an adnate to emarginate attachment to the stem. They are cream to pale yellow when young, aging to pale brown with brown spots. The cylindrical stem, which measures long by thick, is somewhat thicker at the base. The flesh is white but turns brown where it is bruised or otherwise injured. The roughly spherical to ellipsoid spores are typically 6.0–7.5 by 5.0–6.0 μm, and feature a hilum.  "Tricholoma ezcarayense", described from Spain in 1992, is similar in appearance to "T. ustale", and also grows in association with beech. It can be distinguished in the field by its less robust stature, the minute, flat scales on the cap, and the green tints present in the reddish-brown colour of the cap. It can be more reliably distinguished by microscopic characteristics, as the hyphae in its cap cuticle have abundant clamp connections, unlike "T. ustale".

Toxicity.

"Tricholoma ustale" is one of the three species most commonly implicated with mushroom poisoning in Japan (Other two are "Omphalotus japonicus" and "Entoloma rhodopolium"). Consumption of the mushroom causes gastrointestinal distress, including symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhoea. Chemical analysis of Japanese populations has revealed the toxic principles ustalic acid and several related compounds. Force-fed to mice, ustalic acid causes them to sit still in a crouched position, hesitant to move, and induces tremors and abdominal contractions. High enough concentrations of the toxin (10 milligrams per mouse) cause death. Ustalic acid, an inhibitor of the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells, has been chemically synthesized. The toxicity of North American populations is unknown.

Habitat and distribution.

"Tricholoma ustale" is an ectomycorrhizal species, and grows in association with "beech". In England, it can be locally common in the southern counties.

Tricholoma ustale, commonly known as the burnt knight, is a species of mushroom in the large genus "Tricholoma". It is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, though those from North America may represent one or more different species.

Der Brandige Ritterling oder Brandige Laubwald-Ritterling ("Tricholoma ustale") ist ein Blätterpilz aus der Familie der Ritterlingsverwandten (Tricholomataceae). Der mittelgroße Ritterling hat einen kahlen, rotbraunen, mehr oder weniger schmierigen Hut und einen glatten Stiel ohne Ring oder erkennbare Ringzone. Sein Fleisch schmeckt mild bis bitterlich und hat einen schwach mehligen Geruch. Die Fruchtkörper des Mykorrhizapilzes erscheinen von August bis November im Laubwald, fast ausschließlich unter Rotbuchen. In Mitteleuropa ist der giftverdächtige Ritterling weit verbreitet.


Season summary.

Midway through the season the Balmain club looked out of touch winning only six of their first twelve games. Five consecutive wins to end the regular season left them in position to make a finals assault. Balmain’s Bob Lulham set a new record for the highest number of tries by a player in a debut season with a tally of 28 tries in eighteen matches. This remains that club’s record for tries in a season.

Teams.

The addition of two teams, Manly-Warringah and Parramatta, saw ten teams from across the city contest during the 1947 premiership, the first expansion of the League since Canterbury-Bankstown’s introduction in 1935. Manly had been competing for a number of years in the NSWRFL's President's Cup (3rd grade) competition and had been assured by the league of first grade status should they win the Presidents Cup, which they finally did in 1946. After Cumberland’s demise from the league, pressure began to build in the area for another team in the NSWRFL in the 1930s, though this died down during World War II and a Parramatta district club was not proposed again until 1946 when the club was successfully admitted into the Premiership.

Finals.

Grand final.

The Tigers had strung together seven consecutive wins including a preliminary final victory over minor premiers Canterbury in their attempt at a second straight premiership. Canterbury exercised their “right of challenge” after losing the final and called for a Grand Final decider.  The formidable Canterbury front row of Eddie Burns, Roy Kirkaldy and Henry Porter were combining in their tenth season for over one hundred and fifty appearances as a scrum front trio. They led a punishing Berries defence and gave their side a better-than-even chance of possession in the scrum contests.  Balmain’s star international centre and Kangaroo captain Joe Jorgenson had played and coached on a country contract in Junee in 1947 but returned to the Tigers reserve-grade in time for the semi-finals. The Grand Final marked his sole first-grade appearance of the season. Balmain’s Test five-eighth Pat Devery was the nominated match kicker but after several misses he passed over to Jorgenson who kicked three penalties to keep Balmain in the game and trailing 9–6 with ten minutes to go.  Then Jorgenson crashed over for a try under the posts and after receiving medical attention he converted his own goal to give the Tigers an 11–9 lead. A final 45-yard penalty goal then sealed the match for the Tigers at 13–9 with Jorgenson scoring all of Balmain’s points and being chaired victorious from the field.  Balmain 13 (Tries: Jorgenson. Goals: Jorgenson 5 )  defeated  Canterbury-Bankstown 9 (Tries: Hasson. Goals: Johnson 2, Hasson)

The 1947 New South Wales Rugby Football League premiership was the fortieth season of Sydney’s top-level rugby league competition, Australia’s first. For the first time, the number of clubs in the league reached double digits due to the admission of Manly-Warringah and Parramatta to the first grade competition. The season culminated in a grand final between the Balmain and Canterbury-Bankstown clubs.

Die NSWRL 1947 war die 40. Saison der New South Wales Rugby League Premiership, der ersten australischen Rugby-League-Meisterschaft. Den ersten Tabellenplatz nach Ende der regulären Saison belegten die Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs. Diese verloren sowohl das Final als auch das Grand Final gegen die Balmain Tigers, die damit zum zehnten Mal die NSWRL gewannen.


United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics

Olympische Sommerspiele 2000/Teilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)

Medalists.

The following U.S. competitors won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists' names are bolded.

Archery.

All three of the American men won their first matches. Two were defeated in the second round, but Vic Wunderle made it all the way to the finals before being defeated by home-crowd favorite Simon Fairweather. The squad was surprised by Italy in the team round semifinal, and was forced to shoot a tie-breaker against Russia in the bronze medal match to claim their medal. Karen Scavotto faced Denise Parker in the first round, guaranteeing an elimination for one of the American women.

Baseball.

Baseball was open only to male amateurs in 1992 and 1996. As a result, the Americans and other nations where professional baseball is developed relied on collegiate players, while Cubans used their most experienced veterans, who technically were considered amateurs as they nominally held other jobs, but in fact trained full-time. In 2000, pros were admitted, but the MLB refused to release its players in 2000, 2004, and 2008, and the situation changed only a little: the Cubans still used their best players, while the Americans started using minor leaguers. The IOC cited the absence of the best players as the main reason for baseball being dropped from the Olympic program.

Diving.

Laura Wilkinson staged a comeback during the finals of the Women's 10 metre platform and won the only diving medal for the United States during the 2000 Sydney Olympics. The Chinese divers were in first and second heading into the finals.  Head coach: Clive Charles  Preliminaries

Triathlon.

At the inaugural Olympic triathlon competition, the United States was represented by three men and three women. Two of the women placed in the top eight, with Joanna Zeiger missing a medal by about 17 seconds.

Volleyball.

Indoor.

Men.

Coach: Doug Beal

Women.

Coach: Mick Haley

Water polo.

Men.

Head Coach: John Vargas

Women.

Head Coach:

The United States of America (USA) competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. 586 competitors, 333 men and 253 women, took part in 265 events in 31 sports.

Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika nahmen an den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2000 in der australischen Metropole Sydney mit 586 Athleten, 333 Männer und 253 Frauen, in 31 Sportarten teil.


Two factor approach to anxiety.

Though anxiety can be thought of as having several components, including cognitive, somatic, affective, and behavioral components, Beck "et al." included only two components in the BAI's original proposal: cognitive and somatic. The cognitive subscale provides a measure of fearful thoughts and impaired cognitive functioning, and the somatic subscale measures the symptoms of physiological arousal.  Since the introduction of the BAI, other factor structures have been implemented, including a four factor structure used by Beck and Steer with anxious outpatients that included neurophysiological, autonomic symptoms, subjective, and panic components of anxiety. In 1993, Beck, Steer, and Beck used a three factor structure including subjective, somatic, and panic subscale scores to differentiate among a sample of clinically anxious outpatients  Because the somatic subscale is emphasized on the BAI, with 15 out of 21 items measuring physiological symptoms, perhaps the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of anxiety are being deemphasized. Therefore, the BAI functions more adequately in anxiety disorders with a high somatic component, such as panic disorder. On the other hand, the BAI won't function as adequately for disorders such as social phobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder, which have a stronger cognitive or behavioral component.

Clinical use.

The BAI was specifically designed as "an inventory for measuring clinical anxiety" that minimizes the overlap between depression and anxiety scales. While several studies have shown that anxiety measures, including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), are either highly correlated or indistinguishable from depression, the BAI is shown to be less contaminated by depressive content.  Since the BAI does only questions symptoms occurring over the last week, it is not a measure of trait anxiety or state anxiety. The BAI can be described as a measure of "prolonged state anxiety", which, in a clinical setting, is an important assessment. A version of the BAI, the Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT), was developed in 2008 to assess trait anxiety rather than immediate or prolonged state anxiety, much like the STAI. However, unlike the STAI, the BAIT was developed to minimize the overlap between anxiety and depression.  A 1999 review found that the BAI was the third most used research measure of anxiety, behind the STAI and the Fear Survey Schedule, which provides quantitative information about how clients react to possible sources of maladaptive emotional reactions.  The BAI has been used in a variety of different patient groups, including adolescents. Though support exists for using the BAI with high-school students and psychiatric inpatient samples of ages 14 to 18 years, the recently developed diagnostic tool, Beck Youth Inventories, Second Edition, contains an anxiety inventory of 20 questions specifically designed for children and adolescents ages 7 to 18 years old.

Limitations.

Though the BAI was developed to minimize its overlap with the depression scale as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, a correlation of r=.66 (p<.01) between the BAI and BDI-II was seen among psychiatric outpatients, suggesting that the BAI and the BDI-II equally discriminate between anxiety and depression.  Another study indicates that, in primary care patients with different anxiety disorders including social phobia, panic disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, agoraphobia, or generalized anxiety disorder, the BAI seemed to measure the severity of depression. This suggests that perhaps the BAI cannot adequately differentiate between depression and anxiety in a primary care population.  In a study examining the BAI's use on older adults with generalized anxiety disorder, no discriminant validity was seen between the BAI and measures of depression. This could perhaps be due to the increased difficulty in discriminating between anxiety and depression in older adults due to "de-differentiation" of the symptoms of anxiety with the aging process, as hypothesized by Krasucki et al.  Many questions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory include physiological symptoms, such as palpitations, indigestion, and trouble breathing. Because of this, it has been shown to elevate anxiety measures in those with physical illnesses like postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, when the Anxiety Sensitivity Index did not.  Finally, the mean and median reliability estimates of the BAI tend to be lower when given to a nonpsychiatric population, such as college students, than when given to a psychiatric population.

The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), created by Aaron T. Beck and other colleagues, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in children and adults. The questions used in this measure ask about common symptoms of anxiety that the subject has had during the past week (including the day you take it) (such as numbness and tingling, sweating not due to heat, and fear of the worst happening). It is designed for individuals who are of 17 years of age or older and takes 5 to 10 minutes to complete. Several studies have found the Beck Anxiety Inventory to be an accurate measure of anxiety symptoms in children and adults.

Das Beck-Angst-Inventar (BAI) ist ein Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen zur Bestimmung der Schwere von Angststörungen. Dabei sind aber keine Aussagen über spezifische Ängste möglich. Das besondere an diesem Fragebogen ist, dass bei der Konstruktion darauf geachtet wurde, dass er wenig mit den Ergebnissen von Depressionsfragebögen übereinstimmt (Diskriminante Validität). Er bietet somit eine zusätzliche Information. Er kann in der Normalbevölkerung und in klinischen Stichproben eingesetzt werden.


Phylogeny and description.

"Sciurus arizonensis" is a member of the order Rodentia and the family Sciuridae. It is distinguishable from "Sciurus aberti" by its longer flatter skull, broader rostrum, and having only one molar instead of two. "S. arizonensis" also has smaller ears with no tufts and a red/black stripe on the underside of their tail. Some sexual dimorphism can be seen in these squirrels, but it varies with some populations having larger males, and other populations having larger females.

Distribution and habitat.

"Sciurus arizonensis" or the Arizona gray squirrel can be found in parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Sonora, Mexico. They live in the mountains at mid elevations in riparian habitats, and more specifically usually broadleaf riparian habitats. The Arizona gray squirrel has had no recent expansion or reduction in the size of their range in New Mexico, though there has been some population decline. This is due to habitat loss and the introduction of the Abert’s squirrel which has in some cases outcompeted the Arizona gray squirrel for resources.

Diet.

The Arizona gray squirrel's diet consists mainly of pine cones, acorns, and other nuts. They also eat seeds and berries.

Reproduction.

Arizona gray squirrels have large variations in their diet, which has led to reproduction rates that vary year by year. Not all females breed each year, which can be seen by a lack of placental scarring. The timing of Arizona gray squirrel mating correlates with the prime time for flowers, which are a high energy food source for the energetically expensive costs of mating. Because mating is so energetically expensive, optimal reproduction timing is very important to ensure that offspring and parent will survive. This timing can differ between sexes and is largely dependent on the environmental change present in their habitat, which can often be fluctuating throughout the year and from year to year. Differences in the parental investment and a lack of food are responsible for shifts in male and female ranges. The opposite sexes have ranges that overlap with each other and during good mating conditions or season these ranges will expand and overlap more. These squirrels have been observed in mating chases with many males chasing one female. An important conservation strategy for the survival of the Arizona gray squirrel is to protect their nesting habitat. This means maintaining large trees with closed canopies that allow access to resources and protection from predators.

The Arizona gray squirrel ("Sciurus arizonensis") is a tree squirrel, in the genus "Sciurus", endemic to the canyons and valleys surrounded by deciduous and mixed forests in eastern Arizona and northern Mexico.

Das Arizona-Grauhörnchen ("Sciurus arizonensis") ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Eichhörnchen ("Sciurus"). Es kommt im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten im Bundesstaat Arizona bis in den Westen von New Mexico und dem Norden des mexikanischen Bundesstaats Sonora vor.


Description.

The sculpture is located in a traffic median of Broadway just north of Bowling Green, adjacent to 26 Broadway to the east and 25 Broadway to the west. It stands tall and measures long. It depicts a bull, the symbol of aggressive financial optimism and prosperity, leaning back on its haunches and with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is both a popular tourist destination, which draws thousands of people a day, as well as a symbol of Wall Street and the Financial District, being described as "one of the most iconic images of New York" and a "Wall Street icon".  In "Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide", Dianne Durante describes the sculpture:  The "Bull"s head is lowered, its nostrils flare, and its wickedly long, sharp horns are ready to gore; it's an angry, dangerous beast. The muscular body twists to one side, and the tail is curved like a lash: the "Bull" is also energetic and in motion.  The bronze color and hard, metallic texture of the sculpture's surface emphasizes the brute force of the creature. The work was designed and placed so that viewers could walk around it, which also suggests the creature's own movement is unrestricted — a point reinforced by the twisting posture of the bull's body, according to Durante.  "Charging Bull", then, shows an aggressive or even belligerent force on the move, but unpredictably. [...] [I]t's not far-fetched to say the theme is the energy, strength, and unpredictability of the stock market.  Di Modica told the "New York Daily News" in 1998:  That bull is one of an edition of five.... I'm hoping the other four will be going to cities all over the world, whenever somebody buys them.

History.

Construction and installation.

The bull was cast by the Bedi-Makky Art Foundry in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Di Modica spent $360,000 to create, cast, and install the sculpture following the 1987 stock market crash. The sculpture was Di Modica's idea. Having arrived penniless in the US in 1970, Di Modica felt indebted to America for welcoming him and enabling his career as a successful sculptor. "Charging Bull" was intended to inspire each person who came into contact with it to carry on fighting through the hard times after the 1987 stock market crash. Di Modica later recounted to art critic Anthony Haden Guest "My point was to show people that if you want to do something in a moment things are very bad, you can do it. You can do it by yourself. My point was that you must be strong".  In an act of guerrilla art, Bedi-Makky Art Foundry and Di Modica trucked it to Lower Manhattan. On December 15, 1989, they installed it beneath a Christmas tree in the middle of Broad Street in front of the New York Stock Exchange Building as a Christmas gift to New Yorkers. That day, hundreds of onlookers stopped to see it as Di Modica handed out copies of a flier about his artwork.  NYSE officials called police later that day, and the NYPD seized the sculpture and placed it into an impound lot. The ensuing public outcry led the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to reinstall it two blocks south of the Exchange, in Bowling Green, facing up Broadway just north of Whitehall Street. "Charging Bull" was rededicated at its new location with a ceremony on December 21, 1989.

Ownership.

The sculpture technically has a temporary permit allowing it to stand on city property since the city does not own the sculpture, but the temporary permission has lasted since 1989, when city officials said the new location would not be permanent. Art on loan is usually limited to a year's display, and although the city does not buy art, it does accept donations. By 1993, Di Modica wanted to sell the statue to recover the $320,000 cost of manufacturing it. However, there was only one major bid for the statue: a hotel in Las Vegas that offered $300,000.  A writer in the "New York Daily News" wrote in 1998 that the statue's placement was "beginning to look a mite permanent". According to an article in "Art Monthly", Di Modica, as well as officials and New Yorkers, "view it as a permanent feature of Lower Manhattan". In 2004, Di Modica announced that "Charging Bull" was for sale, on condition the buyer did not move it from its location. The sculpture remained unsold by 2008.  Di Modica continued to own the artistic copyright to the statue, and filed several lawsuits against firms making replicas. For instance, Di Modica sued Wal-Mart and other companies in 2006 for selling replicas of the bull and using it in advertising campaigns. Three years later, Di Modica sued Random House for using a photo of the bull on the cover of a book discussing the collapse of financial services firm Lehman Brothers.

Evolution into tourist attraction.

As soon as the sculpture was set up at Bowling Green, it became "an instant hit". One of the city's most photographed artworks, it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District. "Its popularity is beyond doubt", a "New York Times" article said of the artwork. "Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it." Henry J. Stern, the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in the Financial District, said in 1993: "People are crazy about the bull. It captured their imagination." Adrian Benepe, a later parks commissioner, said in 2004, "It's become one of the most visited, most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York. I would say it's right up there with the Statue of Liberty." One 2007 newspaper report noted a "ceaseless stream" of visitors from India, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Venezuela, and China, as well as the United States. Children enjoy climbing on the bull, which sits "famously" at street level on the cobblestones at the far northern tip of Bowling Green. A 2003 Bollywood film, "Kal Ho Naa Ho", featured "Charging Bull" in a musical number; one visitor told a reporter that the bull's appearance in the film was a reason for his visit to New York City. Despite the financial crisis of 2007–2008, "Charging Bull" remained a popular tourist attraction.  In addition to having their pictures taken at the front end of the bull, many tourists pose at the back of the bull, near the large testicles "for snapshots under an unmistakable symbol of its virility". According to a "Washington Post" article in 2002, "People on The Street say you've got to rub the nose, horns and testicles of the bull for good luck, tour guide Wayne McLeod would tell the group on the Baltimore bus, who would giddily oblige." A 2004 "New York Times" article said, "Passers-by have rubbed—to a bright gleam—its nose, horns and a part of its anatomy that, as Mr. Benepe put it gingerly,'separates the bull from the steer.'" A 2007 newspaper account agreed that a "peculiar ritual" of handling the "shining orbs" of the statue's scrotum seems to have developed into a tradition.  On March 7, 2017, a bronze sculpture by Kristen Visbal, "Fearless Girl," was installed facing "Charging Bull." It was commissioned to advertise for an index fund that comprises gender-diverse companies that have a relatively high percentage of women among their senior leadership and installed in anticipation of International Women's Day the following day. It depicts a girl four foot high, promoting female empowerment. After Di Modica filed complaints about "Fearless Girl", it was removed in November 2018 and relocated to outside the New York Stock Exchange. A plaque with footprints was placed on the original site of "Fearless Girl".  In November 2019, city officials announced that "Charging Bull" would be relocated to a plaza outside the New York Stock Exchange due to safety concerns at Bowling Green. Officials stated that because "Charging Bull" is located on a traffic median with large crowds, it was vulnerable to terrorist attacks, citing examples such as the 2017 truck attack on the nearby West Side Highway. Local community group Downtown Alliance supported the relocation, but Di Modica opposed it. The New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) had filed an application with the New York City Public Design Commission (PDC) to relocate "Charging Bull", but subsequently withdrew the application, which a city spokesperson said was due to uncertainty over the new location. Residents of Manhattan Community District 1, which includes the Financial District, expressed opposition to the relocation in a meeting with city officials in May 2020. At the time, updated plans called for "Charging Bull" to be located at the corner of Broad Street and Wall Street, north of "Fearless Girl".

Replicas.

In 2010, a similar "Charging Bull" sculpture by Di Modica was installed in Shanghai on commission by the Shanghai city authority; it is informally called the "Bund Bull". Two years later, Di Modica unofficially installed another "Charging Bull" sculpture outside the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on Beursplein, Amsterdam.  In 2019, Professional Bull Riders authorized Di Modica to craft a scaled replica of "Charging Bull" as the trophy for the champion of their annual Monster Energy PBR Unleash the Beast bull riding major event, the "Monster Energy Buck Off at the Garden" major. It was first presented during the 2020 event to João Ricardo Vieira.

Art market.

Di Modica created a number of variations of the "Charging Bull" which have been sold to private collectors. Joe Lewis, who was one time majority owner of Christies, purchased the rest of the original edition. In October 2018 a highly polished bronze version of "Charging Bull" went to sale at auction at Phillips and sold for $405,000. The following March a stainless steel version went on sale at Sotheby's where it sold for $275,000 despite being in poor condition.  Di Modica is officially represented by Geist, an international private art dealership.

Criticism.

"Charging Bull" has often been a subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective. The Occupy Wall Street protests used the bull as a symbolic figure around which to direct their critiques of corporate greed. A 2011 image from "Adbusters" portraying a dancer posed in an attitude position atop the sculpture was used to promote the forthcoming protests. The first gathering of Occupy took place around the sculpture on September 17, 2011, before moving to Zuccotti Park. Because of the protests, the bull was surrounded by barricades and guarded by police until 2014.  The "Charging Bull" has been likened to the golden calf worshiped by the Israelites during their Exodus from Egypt. During Occupy Wall Street on multiple occasions an interfaith group of religious leaders led a procession of a golden calf figure that was modeled on the bull. A large papier-mâché piñata made by Sebastian Errazuriz for a 2014 New York design festival was intended to be reminiscent of both the golden calf and "Charging Bull". Further comparisons to the golden calf have been made by Jewish and Christian religious commentators.

Vandalism.

As a prominent symbol of Wall Street and capitalism generally, "Charging Bull" has been the frequent target of vandalism, particularly as an act of civil disobedience. Shortly after the collapse of Lehman Brothers during the 2008 financial crisis, the bull's scrotum was painted blue. Leading up to a protest on May 12, 2011, the bull was tagged in at least two locations, once again including the scrotum, with the Anarchist "circle-A" iconography, prompting the NYPD to temporarily install barricades around the sculpture. The barriers returned that fall during the Occupy Wall Street protests, and remained in place until March 25, 2014, despite a unanimous resolution from the local community board saying they constituted a hazard to pedestrians.  On September 14, 2017, three months after U.S. president Donald Trump formally announced the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on climate change, an artist attempting to highlight U.S. popular support for the accord doused the head of the sculpture in a blue pigment.  In 2019, "Charging Bull" was vandalized twice. On September 7, a man from Dallas struck the sculpture with a banjo, leaving a sizable dent in the horn. Professional Bull Riders donated money from its ticket sales to pay for fixes to the horn, and Di Modica personally came to the site the following month to repair his creation. Then on October 7, activists from Extinction Rebellion hurled fake blood over the sculpture and staged a die-in on the surrounding traffic plaza.

Charging Bull, sometimes referred to as the Wall Street Bull or the Bowling Green Bull, is a bronze sculpture that stands on Broadway just north of Bowling Green in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. The bronze sculpture, standing tall and measuring long, depicts a bull, the symbol of aggressive financial optimism and prosperity. "Charging Bull" is a popular tourist destination that draws thousands of people a day, symbolizing Wall Street and the Financial District.

Charging Bull, auch als Wall Street Bull oder Bowling Green Bull bezeichnet, ist eine Bronzestatue vom italienisch-amerikanischen Künstler Arturo Di Modica (* 1941), die im Bowling Green Park im Financial District in Manhattan, New York City steht. Sie wurde ursprünglich als Streetart aufgestellt.


Early life.

Johann Baring was born in Bremen, one of the old Hanseatic cities of northern Germany. He was the posthumous son of Franz Baring (1657–1697), a professor of theology in Bremen, who died aged forty only a few weeks before Johann was born, by his wife Rebecca Vogds, the daughter of one of Bremen's leading wool merchants. Following the early death of Johann's father, he was brought up by the Vogds family.

Move to England.

At the age of twenty Johann was sent to England to learn the wool trade in Exeter, Devon. Originally having planned to return to Bremen after his apprenticeship, he decided to stay in England, where he obtained citizenship in 1723 and Anglicised his first name from Johann to John.

Marriage and progeny.

John married Elizabeth Vowler (1702–1766), the daughter of a prosperous Exeter grocer, who brought with her a large dowry of £20,000 and business sense to match that of her new husband. By Elizabeth he had the following progeny, 4 sons and 1 daughter:

Residences.

By 1737 the Barings moved from the City of Exeter and purchased as their country residence Larkbeare House, (a substantial 16th century house a fragment of which survives at no. 38 Holloway Street, Exeter, having been largely demolished by 19th century road-widening) and thirty seven acres of land, then just outside the city. Adjacent to Larkbeare was the estate of Mount Radford, which was later the family's residence. Shortly before his death John purchased Lindridge House, Bishopsteignton, near Exeter.

Death.

By the time of John's death aged fifty-one, the Barings were one of the wealthiest families in the West Country. Baring Crescent, Exeter, developed with Regency villas 1818-1828, was named after the family.

Johann Baring (born 15 November 1697 in Bremen, died 1748 in West Country), later anglicised to "John Baring", was a German-British merchant. He came to England in 1717 as an immigrant, as the apprentice of a wool merchant. His decision to settle permanently in England started the Baring family on the road to becoming one of the leading family banking firms in the world.

Johann Baring (engl. auch "John Baring", * 15. November 1697 in Bremen; † 1748 in Larkbeare, Devon) war ein deutsch-englischer Kaufmann. Die Familie führte später eine der größten Familien-Banken der Welt.


Shopping.

The store offers a variety of items including electronics, clothing, furniture, foodstuffs, kitchenware, and toys., approximately 70 percent of the items in the store were produced domestically. The store is also one of several official tourist stops in the city. Department Store No. 1 accepts only local currency. It is a popular shopping destination for local residents and in 2016 an average of 20,000 shoppers visited the store daily.  Swedish journalist described her visit to the department store as a tourist in the mid 2000s. Upon arrival, the store was closed. One of the tour guides accompanying her tried to distract her, while the other one rushed in to get the doors opened. When opened, the guide had to scramble passers-by to occupy the store as "shoppers". The moment they stepped in, the escalator was started. The shoppers appeared clueless as how to act in a department store. When after great pains Salzinger managed to purchase the goods she wanted, the cashier was confused and would not hand her a plastic bag for her items: "We look at each other in the eyes. She knows that something is wrong, and that not everything is like it should, but she does not know what it is."  According to Salzinger, a Western diplomat monitored the department store for one hour and saw no one come out with purchased items.  Theodore Dalrymple visited in 1989. He described the Potemkin nature of the place: "I also followed a few people around at random, as discreetly as I could. Some were occupied in ceaselessly going up and down the escalators; others wandered from counter to counter, spending a few minutes at each before moving on. They did not inspect the merchandise; they moved as listlessly as illiterates might, condemned to spend the day among the shelves of a library. I did not know whether to laugh or explode with anger or weep. But I knew I was seeing one of the most extraordinary sights of the twentieth century."

The Pyongyang Department Store No. 1 is a major retail store in Pyongyang, North Korea. On Sungri Street near Kim Il-sung Square in downtown Pyongyang, it is one of the largest retail stores in the country and is often the site of large commodity exhibitions.

Das Kaufhaus Nr. 1 ist ein Einkaufszentrum in der nordkoreanischen Hauptstadt Pjöngjang. Es befindet sich an der Sungri-Straße im Dong Jongro-dong des Stadtbezirkes Chung-guyŏk. Die Eröffnung fand 1982 statt. Mit einer Fläche von 40.000 m2 auf neun Etagen ist es das größte des Landes. Es ist vor allem für ausländische Gäste gedacht, die Zahlung ist ausschließlich mit ausländischen Devisen möglich. In regelmäßigen Abständen werden Warenausstellungen veranstaltet. Die Auswahl wird als "moderat" bezeichnet.