Plot.

In 2563, 300 years after Earth was devastated by a catastrophic war known as "The Fall", scientist Dr. Dyson Ido discovers a disembodied female cyborg with an intact human brain while scavenging for parts in the massive scrapyard of Iron City. Ido attaches a new cyborg body to the brain and names her "Alita" after his deceased daughter. Alita awakens with no memory of her past and quickly befriends Hugo, a young man who dreams of moving to the wealthy sky city of Zalem. She also meets Dr. Chiren, Ido's estranged ex-wife. Hugo later introduces Alita to Motorball, a racing sport played by cyborg gladiators. Secretly, Hugo robs cyborgs of their parts for Vector, owner of the Motorball tournament and the 'de facto' ruler of the Factory, Iron City's governing authority.  One night, Alita follows Ido; they are ambushed by a gang of cyborg serial killers led by Grewishka. Ido is injured, and Alita instinctively fights using "Panzer-Kunst", a lost combat art for machine bodies. She kills two of the cyborgs and damages Grewishka, who retreats. Ido reveals that he is a Hunter-Warrior, a bounty hunter hired by the Factory. Grewishka goes to Dr. Chiren, who is working for Vector, for help. Despite Alita believing that fighting will help her rediscover her past, Ido discourages her from becoming a Hunter-Warrior. Alita finds a highly advanced cyborg body in a crashed spaceship outside the city. Recognizing that the body belonged to a Berserker — deadly shock troops of the enemy nation United Republics of Mars (URM) from the Fall, of which Alita was a member—Ido refuses to install Alita in it.  Frustrated, Alita registers herself as a Hunter-Warrior. At the Kansas Bar, she and Hugo are unable to recruit other Hunter-Warriors to help her take down Grewishka. Zapan, a cyborg Hunter-Warrior bully, provokes Alita, and she severely beats him in a fight, triggering a chaotic bar brawl until Ido arrives to intervene. Suddenly, an upgraded Grewishka appears and challenges Alita to a duel, revealing that he has been sent by Zalem's technocrat overlord, Nova, to destroy her. Despite her combat skills, Alita's body is damaged by Grewishka, before Ido, Hugo and Hunter-Warrior dogmaster McTeague arrive and force Grewishka to retreat. Ido apologizes and transplants Alita into the Berserker body.  Having fallen in love with Hugo, Alita enters a Motorball tryout race for the prize money to send Hugo to Zalem. Hugo's relationship with Alita leads him to decide to quit his criminal job. He confronts his partner Tanji, but Zapan appears, kills Tanji and frames Hugo for the murder of another cyborg. Hugo narrowly escapes and calls Alita for help; she abandons the race and finds him just as Zapan does. Zapan mortally wounds Hugo. Dr. Chiren, having changed her mind about working for Vector, offers to help save Hugo by attaching his severed head to Alita's life support system. When Zapan sees through the trick and attempts to stop Alita, she seizes his prized Damascus blade and injures him.  Ido transplants Hugo's head onto a cyborg body and tells Alita that Vector's offer to help Hugo reach Zalem was a lie; as an exiled citizen of Zalem, Ido is certain that citizens of Iron City cannot enter Zalem without becoming a motorball champion. Alita storms the Factory and confronts Vector, who reveals that Chiren has been harvested for her organs. Vector summons Grewishka, but Alita's new nanotech body allows her to easily destroy him. She forces Nova to speak to her through Vector. When Nova threatens to harm her friends, Alita fatally stabs Vector.  Ido tells Alita that Hugo has fled to climb a cargo tube towards Zalem. Alita catches up to him and pleads with him to return with her. He eventually agrees, but a serrated defense ring dropped by Nova shreds his body and throws him off the tube. Alita catches him but cannot pull him up. Hugo thanks Alita for saving him before falling to his death.  Months later, Alita is a rising superstar in the Motorball tournament. Cheered on by the crowd, she pledges vengeance by pointing her plasma-charged sword toward Zalem, where Nova watches from above, smirking.

Cast.

Michelle Rodriguez plays Alita’s cyborg mentor Gelda, Jai Courtney appears as motorball champion Jashugan and Edward Norton has a cameo as Nova. All three are uncredited.

Production.

Development.

"Battle Angel Alita", an early-1990s Japanese cyberpunk manga series written by Yukito Kishiro, was originally brought to James Cameron's attention by filmmaker Guillermo del Toro, and Cameron immediately became enamored with the concept.  The domain name "battleangelalita.com" was registered to James Cameron by 20th Century Fox around June 2000. Fox also registered the "battleangelmovie.com" domain. In April 2003, it was reported by Moviehole that Cameron had confirmed he would direct a "Battle Angel" film. Cameron confirmed that a script for the film was in production during an interview on the "Tokudane!" program on Fuji TV on May 4, 2003. It was originally scheduled to be his next production after the TV series "Dark Angel", which was influenced by "Battle Angel Alita". It was later scheduled to be his next film after "Aliens of the Deep" in January 2005.  In June 2005, "The Hollywood Reporter" claimed that the film was being delayed while Cameron developed a film known as "Project 880", which would later be renamed "Avatar". "Entertainment Weekly" ran an interview in February 2006 in which Cameron stated that his deal with 20th Century Fox was that he produce both films.<ref name="EW 9/09"></ref> The article also claimed that "Battle Angel" was slated to be released in September 2009. In June 2006, Cameron commented that "Battle Angel" was the second of two planned film trilogies he was developing, with the first being "Avatar".  In May 2008, Cameron indicated he would be working on a film titled "The Dive", a biography of freedivers Francisco Ferreras and Audrey Mestre, thus delaying the film again. That July, at the San Diego Comic-Con International, he reiterated that he was still committed to making the film. In December 2009, Cameron commented during an interview with MTV News that a script for "Battle Angel" had been completed.  In February 2010, producer Jon Landau commented during an interview that he was trying to convince Cameron to change the film's title to "Alita: Battle Angel". Landau also revealed that screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis had worked on writing the film. In August 2010, Cameron stated that the film was "still on [his] radar", but he did not know when he would make it. However, that October, he confirmed that his next films would be two "Avatar" sequels instead of "Battle Angel". He still stated that he did not intend to abandon the film, stating that he loved the project too much to hand it off to another director, but reiterated in June 2011 that it would not be produced until the two "Avatar" sequels were completed, stating that ""Battle Angel" is not going to happen for a few years". According to Cameron, his reason for producing "Avatar" first is because he believes that the film can raise public awareness of the need for environmental protection. During an interview with Alfonso Cuarón in July 2013, Cameron set 2017 as the date at which production on the film would begin. In October 2015, "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that director Robert Rodriguez was in negotiations to direct the film, now titled "Alita: Battle Angel", and Cameron would be attached as producer alongside Jon Landau. Rodriguez had been brought in by Cameron to condense and combine Cameron's 186-page screenplay and some 600 pages of notes into what could be the shooting script. Satisfied by Rodriguez's work on the shooting script, Cameron offered him the directing job.  In April 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that 20th Century Fox had not yet greenlit the film, as they were attempting to reduce the budget to something below $175–$200 million. The article also announced that Rodriguez had been signed as director. In late May 2016, Fox scheduled the film for a July 20, 2018 release date.

Pre-production.

With James Cameron as potential director, the film was to be produced with the same mix of live-action and computer-generated imagery that Cameron used in "Avatar". Specifically, Cameron intended to render the main character, Alita, completely in CGI. Cameron has stated that he would make use of technologies developed for "Avatar" to produce the film, such as the Fusion Camera System, facial performance capture, and the Simulcam. In May 2006, "Variety" reported that Cameron had spent the past ten months developing technology to produce the film.  In October 2018, Mark Goerner, a digital artist who had worked on the film for a year and a half, commented that pre-production work on the film was mostly finished.  In a February 2019 interview, Cameron revealed that he set the floating city of Zalem in Panama, specifically Panama City. He explained that the city Zalem is not floating, but hanging from a space elevator, which would only work physically near the equator. As a result of the new location, Iron City was designed with Spanish signage and Latin American architecture.

Casting.

An April 2016 article in "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that Maika Monroe, Rosa Salazar, and Zendaya were among the final actresses being considered to take the role of Alita in the film, with a decision due within a few weeks. The article reported that Zendaya's former co-star Bella Thorne had also auditioned for the role. Near the end of May 2016, Collider reported that Salazar had been chosen.  In August 2016, it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in negotiations to play Dr. Dyson Ido, the equivalent of Daisuke Ido from the original manga. On September 14, 2016, it was announced that Jackie Earle Haley had been cast as a cyborg villain. On September 21, 2016, "Variety" reported that Ed Skrein was in talks for a role in the film; "The Hollywood Reporter" later confirmed that he had been cast as the antagonist Zapan.  On September 30, 2016, Keean Johnson was reported to have been cast in the film to play Hugo, Alita's love interest, who later becomes the reason for her to play a gladiator-style game called Motorball. The studio also considered Avan Jogia, Douglas Booth, Jack Lowden, and Noah Silver for the role, but decided on Johnson because they were looking for someone more "ethnically ambiguous". On October 3, 2016, Mahershala Ali was reportedly in talks for the villainous role of Vector, a man who rigs Motorball combat matches. In an interview following his Best Supporting Actor win at the 89th Academy Awards, Ali revealed that he would play two roles in the film, although he did not elaborate on the nature of the second role.  On October 5, 2016, it was reported that Eiza González had joined the film. González is one of the leads in Rodriguez's television series "". Jorge Lendeborg Jr. was announced for a role in the film on October 7, 2016. He will play Hugo's friend. Lana Condor was reported to have joined the cast on October 11, 2016, portraying the orphaned teen Koyomi. On October 18, 2016, Leonard Wu was cast as the cyborg Kinuba. Marko Zaror joined the cast as the cyborg Ajakutty in December 2016. On February 7, 2017, Jennifer Connelly joined the film in an unknown villainous role. Michelle Rodriguez was retroactively announced for a role on February 22, 2017, after the film had completed shooting.

Filming.

The film began shooting at Robert Rodriguez's Troublemaker Studios in Austin, Texas on October 17, 2016, and concluded on February 9, 2017. In late January 2017, a casting call went out looking for rocker, punk, or emo extras to film scenes in Austin on the nights of February 3, 6 and 7, 2017.

Music.

On December 17, 2018, it was announced that Dua Lipa would have a song featured on the film's soundtrack titled "Swan Song". The song and official music video were released on January 24, 2019., with the official music video directed by Floria Sigismondi. Junkie XL composed the score for the film as well as the song "Swan Song" as a co-writer. The soundtrack was released on February 15, 2019 by Milan Records.

Visual effects.

The visual effects were provided by Weta Digital, DNEG and Framestore and supervised by Joe Letteri, Eric Saindon, Nick Epstein, Raymond Chen and Nigel Denton-Howes. Weta Digital was the primary vendor for the Alita digital puppet, which required the company to redesign its motion capture methods to capture all the subtleties and complexities of Salazar's performance.

Release.

The film held its world premiere on January 31, 2019, at the Leicester Square Theatre in London. On January 28, 2019, Cameron announced that the film would hold free one-day previews in the United States on January 31, 2019. The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States on February 14, 2019, in standard, 3D, Dolby Cinema, 4DX, ScreenX and IMAX 3D formats. It was originally set to be released on July 20, 2018, but in February 2018, the film was delayed to December 21 before later being pushed back again in late September to its final release date, with a PG-13 cut of "Deadpool 2" taking its place.  The film was released in Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan on February 5, 2019, marking Chinese New Year. the Philippines on February 6, India on February 8 and Japan and Mainland China on February 22.  It is also notable for being the final film from Fox to be released as a stand alone studio, as a month later on March 19, 2019, the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company and would distribute future films under them starting with the release of "Breakthrough".

Marketing.

The first trailer for the film was released on December 8, 2017, with a July 2018 release in mind. The footage received a mixed response, with a majority of the commentary focusing on the appearance of the titular character, Alita. Andrew Liptak of "The Verge" stated that "The character looks like an anime doll come to life, or like a Disney character that's just a hair off from normal. It's probably a deliberate choice, meant to remind viewers at every moment that Alita isn't human. But after so many years of CGI animators trying to mimic convincing human faces and not entirely succeeding, it's still unsettling to see a character hovering this close to realistic, while staying this far away from it." Adam Chitwood of Collider was intrigued and cautiously optimistic, saying, "This thing looks bonkers, and now it's crystal clear why Cameron was considering directing this in the first place. The choice to make your protagonist a photo-real CGI creation interacting with actual human characters is mighty ambitious, and I can say with certainty this doesn't look like anything Robert Rodriguez has done before. I don't know if it'll be good, but it definitely seems like it'll at least be interesting."  A second trailer was shown at SDCC 2018 and made its way online on July 23, 2018, with a December 2018 release in mind. The trailer featured a cover of Linkin Park's "New Divide", covered by composer J2 featuring vocalist Avery. The third trailer was released in November 2018, almost a year after the first trailer was launched.  A tie-in novel was released on November 20, 2018, written by sci-fi author Pat Cadigan. Entitled "Iron City", the novel's story acted as a prequel focused on some of the residents living in Iron City before the events of the film. An audiobook adaptation of the novel was also released on the same date, narrated by Brian Nishii. Alongside the release of the film, another novel titled "Dr. Ido's Journal" by Nick Aires was published on February 19, 2019. Three hundred limited-edition copies of "The Art and Making of the Movie" by Abbie Bernstein were signed by Robert Rodriguez. The official novelization of the film was released on the same date, written by Pat Cadigan.  In January 2019, Cameron and 20th Century Fox partnered with Open Bionics to give 13-year-old double amputee Tilly Lockey a pair of Alita-inspired bionic Hero Arms for the film's London premiere.  In February 2019, 20th Century Fox collaborated with Iam8bit to create "Passport to Iron City", a recreation of the film's setting for fans to tour. "Passport to Iron City" is available in New York City, Los Angeles, and Austin.

Box office.

"Alita: Battle Angel" grossed in the United States and Canada, and in other territories, for a worldwide total of, against a production budget of. It is Robert Rodriguez's highest-grossing film. Estimates vary for the total worldwide gross the film needed in order to break even, with Fox insiders stating but outside financial publications pegging the amount at $400500 million. Some contend the film broke even by the end of its theatrical run, others listed its losses as high as $53 million.

North America (the United States and Canada).

In the United States and Canada, the film was initially projected to gross $18–22 million in its opening weekend, and around $25 million from 3,790 theaters over its first four days. After making $8.7 million on its first day (including $2.4 million from Wednesday night previews), five-day projections were increased to $36–40 million. It then made $7.5 million on its second day of release and went on to debut to $28.5 million in the weekend, finishing first at the box office. It also had a four-day gross of and five-day total of. Opening weekend audiences consisted of 60% male and 40% female, with demographics including 44% White, 21% Hispanic, 15% Asian American and 14% African American. The film dropped 58% in its second weekend, making $12 million and finishing second behind newcomer "", and then made $7 million in its third, finishing third.

Other territories.

"Alita" opened a week early in 11 international markets (including ten Asian countries as well as the United Kingdom), where it grossed in its opening weekend. It opened at number two in South Korea with, first in Taiwan with (where it was Fox's fourth-biggest opening ever), in the United Kingdom (with a 42% being from 3D shows), and in Malaysia (where it was Fox's second-biggest opening ever). In its second international weekend, the film grossed from 86 markets, bringing its international gross to. It was the weekend's second-highest-grossing film with $84 million worldwide, behind the Chinese film "The Wandering Earth".  In China, "Alita" earned from early midnight previews prior to release. It had a China opening-day gross of on February 22, 2019, surpassing expectations, with its opening-weekend projection increasing from to over. The film's daily gross increased to on its second day, for a two-day gross of in China. The film had an opening weekend gross of in China, making it Fox's biggest opening of all time in the country. It also set a new February IMAX record, with (14%) from 603 IMAX screens in China. Chinese opening weekend audiences consisted of 54% male and 46% female. In Japan, the film launched with in its opening weekend. In its third international weekend, it topped the international box office with in 82 markets. The film also topped the worldwide box office that weekend with $104.4 million.

Home media.

"Alita: Battle Angel" was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on digital platforms on July 9, 2019, with Blu-ray, 4K Ultra HD and DVD releases following on July 23. The 4K version was Fox's first 4K release to utilize Dolby Vision (alongside rival format HDR10+ on the same disc; Fox had already released films in that format and was a backer) and includes a bonus 3D version of the film on a separate disc.  It was a hit on home video, topping the Blu-ray charts for two weeks in a row,., it has grossed at least in home video sales.

Reception.

Lawsuit.

On January 30, 2019, Epic Stone Group, a Florida-based multimedia company, sued 20th Century Fox for trademark infringement over the "Battle Angel" name. The lawsuit claims that Epic Stone Group had filed the trademark for "Battle Angel" in 2009 for computer games, action figures and other merchandise, and it had filed a new application in April 2018 to use the name on DVDs, e-books, films and television programs.  On May 30, 2019, Epic Stone Group filed to dismiss their trademark infringement suit against 20th Century Fox with prejudice.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Alita: Battle Angel" holds an approval rating of 61% based on 314 reviews, with an average rating of 6.01/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Alita: Battle Angel"s story struggles to keep up with its special effects, but fans of futuristic sci-fi action may still find themselves more than sufficiently entertained." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 78% and a 59% "definite recommend".  Michael Nordine of "IndieWire" gave the film a grade of "B+", saying, ""Alita: Battle Angel" is [Rodriguez's] best film since he brought Frank Miller's graphic novel to the screen, a sci-fi epic that does something rare in an age of endless adaptations and reboots: lives up to its potential while leaving you wanting more." Writing for "Variety", Guy Lodge praised Rodriguez's effort but called the film "muddled" and wrote: "This manga-based cyberpunk origin story is a pretty zappy effects showcase, weighed down by a protracted, soul-challenged Frankenstory that short-circuits every time it gets moving." Monica Castillo from "RogerEbert.com" wrote that the "visual bonanza cooked up by Rodriguez, cinematographer Bill Pope and editors Stephen E. Rivkin and Ian Silverstein is enough to power through any narrative bumps with quickly paced action and bleak, yet colorful, imagery" and gave the film 2.5 out of 4.

Accolades, awards and nominations.

The film was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film at the 45th Saturn Awards. It was also nominated for a Hollywood Professional Association award. It was also submitted for Oscar FX consideration. However, it did not get in.

Future.

Cameron and Rodriguez have hinted that the film could lead to multiple sequels. On February 6, 2019, they announced that they have plans for "Alita: Battle Angel 2" in the future. The casting of Edward Norton in a non-speaking role as Nova in this film was intended to be a setup for the sequel. Additionally, the uncredited cameos by Michelle Rodriguez and Jai Courtney were meant to set up larger roles in a sequel.  In an interview with BBC Radio 1, Cameron explained the reason for rearranging the film title from the initial source material, allowing the possibilities of sequel titles, "It's "Alita", colon, "Battle Angel". Because the next one will be ""Alita: Fallen Angel"" and then "Alita"... you know ""Avenging Angel"" and then "Alita" whatever. I mean, that's assuming we make some money".  In April 2020, Christoph Waltz stated that he had not heard any discussions about a potential sequel to the film, and thought the possibility was unlikely following Disney's acquisition of 20th Century Fox as it may not have fit in with the Disney brand.

Alita: Battle Angel is a 2019 American cyberpunk action film based on Japanese manga artist Yukito Kishiro's 1990s series "Gunnm" and its 1993 original video animation adaptation "Battle Angel". It was directed by Robert Rodriguez and produced by James Cameron, who co-wrote the script with Laeta Kalogridis. Rosa Salazar stars through performance-capture animation as Alita, a cyborg who awakens in a new body with no memory of her past and sets out to uncover her destiny. Christoph Waltz, Jennifer Connelly, Mahershala Ali, Ed Skrein, Jackie Earle Haley, and Keean Johnson star in supporting roles.

Alita: Battle Angel ist ein US-amerikanischer Cyberpunk-Actionfilm von Regisseur Robert Rodriguez, der diesen in Zusammenarbeit mit James Cameron verwirklichte. Es handelt sich um eine Verfilmung des Mangas "Battle Angel Alita" von Yukito Kishiro; die namensgebende Titelfigur wird von Rosa Salazar durch Performance Capture verkörpert. Der Film kam am 14. Februar 2019 in die deutschsprachigen und US-amerikanischen Kinos.


History.

William Sumner Appleton Jr. founded the Society for the Preservation of new England Antiquities in 1910 for "the purpose of preserving for posterity buildings, places and objects of historical and other interest." Fearing that "our New England antiquities are fast disappearing because no society has made their preservation its exclusive object," Sumner Appleton and a small group of like-minded individuals founded SPNEA in 1910. By 1920, Director of Museums Harry Vinton Long wrote in his report that the museum’s purpose is "to preserve and illustrate the life of New Englanders..." The history of New Englanders encompasses the stories of family life, immigration, school girls' routines, servants' duties, the enslaved Africans, and the products of masons, carpenters, and furniture makers. The first annual meeting was held at the 41 Brimmer Street Boston home of Mary Lee Ware, a noted philanthropist in the area as well at the patroness of Harvard University's famed Glass Flowers collection.  Accession records for 1910 list 19 items. Appleton considered everything from the mundane to the singular worth preserving, and so Historic New England's collection today ranges from everyday cakes of soap to extraordinary specimens of fine furniture. As a comprehensive heritage organization, Historic New England today cares for historic properties and landscapes; holds preservation easements and undertakes preservation advocacy work to protect historic properties; develops, maintains and interprets artifact collections; operates a library and archive; researches and publishes books and "Historic New England" magazine; and provides educational programs for children and adults. The organization's mission statement outlines its goals: "We serve the public by preserving and presenting New England heritage." The organization focuses on New England domestic architecture, collections, and stories.  Founder William Sumner Appleton was succeeded as Director by Bertram K. Little, Abbott Lowell Cummings and Nancy R. Coolidge before the title of the chief executive officer was changed to President, with Jane C. Nylander and now Carl R. Nold serving in that capacity.  The organization formerly included one of America's most prominent architectural conservation centers (the SPNEA Conservation Center), which pioneered a number of conservation techniques under research leader Morgan W. Phillips and his apprentices. Phillips is credited with coining the term architectural conservation.

Properties.

Historic New England currently owns and operates 37 house museums and 1,284 acres of farmland and landscapes across five New England states, representing nearly 400 years of architecture. It also owns a wide-ranging collection of more than 100,000 objects of historical and aesthetic significance, the largest such assemblage of New England art and artifacts in the country. It also archives more than one million items documenting New England architectural and cultural history, including photographs, prints and engravings, more than 20,000 architectural drawings and specifications, books, manuscripts, and other ephemera. The Collections Access Project, which provides Internet-based access to catalog data about many of the collections, went online during the organization's centennial in 2010. A Collections and Conservation Center is located in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in a former shoe factory building. While not open to the public, this facility provides for the proper care of collections and access to collections and collections information for curators, students and scholars. Other museums also rent space for collections storage in this facility. Historic New England also owns the Plum Island Airport, a small public general aviation airport located in Newburyport, Massachusetts on a site used for aviation since 1910. The airport is located on the property of the historic Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm, donated to the organization in 1971 and operated as a museum since 1986.

Exhibition programs.

A traveling exhibition program presents collections and research to the general public, in cooperation with other museums throughout the region. Exhibitions have included "America's Kitchens", which appeared at the New Hampshire Historical Society in 2009; "Drawing Toward Home", an architectural drawing exhibition that opened at the Boston University Art Gallery in November 2009 and traveled to the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C. during 2010; and a centennial exhibition entitled "The Preservation Movement Then and Now", which appeared in all six New England states beginning in late 2009 and continued through 2013.  On line exhibitions include "Jewelry at Historic New England", "The Preservation Movement Then and Now", "From Dairy to Doorstep: Milk Delivery in New England, 1860-1960" and "New England Photographs of Verner Reed".

Stewardship easement program.

Through a conservation easement program established in the early 1980s, Historic New England holds easements on 97 () privately owned New England properties. It works with the owners of these properties to ensure preservation of their character-defining historic features. The program provides comprehensive protection of exterior, interior and landscape features and is considered a national model for the protection of buildings that remain in active use and in private ownership. Approximately one-third of the properties in the program were previously owned by Historic New England, and were returned to private ownership with preservation restrictions that continue in perpetuity. The balance of the properties were enrolled by current or former owners, who donated the deed restrictions to the organization along with endowment fund contributions. Endowment funds provide for the monitoring and enforcement of the easements, carried out by a full-time staff dedicated to that purpose.

Membership programs.

A Historic Homeowner program, available to all for an annual membership fee, provides information to those who own historic houses of any age, up to and including mid-20th-century homes. The annual membership includes two consultations with staff experts, one on historic paint colors, and a second on a topic chosen by the member, ranging from window repair to roofing materials, hardware source or historic wallpaper selections, or other topics needed for the care of historic homes. Other specialized membership programs focus on Gardens and Landscapes, and on young adults through the Young Friends program, and an upper-level membership society called the Appleton Circle provides benefactor support for organizational programs.

Governance.

Historic New England is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profit organization operating under the direction of a 15-member board of trustees.

Museum properties.

The following properties are open to the public. Most are open only during the warmer months (typically June to mid-October), and many are open only for limited days on selected weekends. Particularly fragile properties are open only a few days each year. The grounds and facilities of some properties (notable ones being the Lyman Estate and the Langdon House) are available for private functions.

Historic New England, previously known as the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), is a charitable, non-profit, historic preservation organization headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Historic New England owns and operates historic site museums and study properties throughout all of the New England states except Vermont, and serves more than 198,000 visitors and program participants each year. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage.

Historic New England (HNE), ehemals Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), ist eine gemeinnützige Non-Profit-Organisation im Bereich der Denkmalpflege mit Hauptsitz in Boston im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten. Sie beschränkt sich mit ihrer Tätigkeit auf das Gebiet von Neuengland und ist die größte und zugleich auch die älteste Denkmalpflege-Organisation in den gesamten USA. Die HNE besitzt und betreibt Baudenkmale, Museen und andere historische Gebäude in allen Staaten Neuenglands mit Ausnahme von Vermont, die jährlich fast 200.000 Besucher verzeichnen. An den Ausbildungsprogrammen der HNE nehmen pro Jahr rund 48.000 Personen teil. Historic New England versteht sich als Museum der Kulturgeschichte Neuenglands vom 17. Jahrhundert bis in die Gegenwart und nimmt dazu Gebäude, Grundstücke und andere relevante Objekte aus diesem Zeitraum in seine Sammlung auf.


Characteristics.

The term “narcissism,” as used in Sigmund Freud’s clinical study, includes behaviors such as self-aggrandizement, self-esteem, vulnerability, fear of losing the affection of people and of failure, reliance on defense mechanisms, perfectionism, and interpersonal conflict.  To maintain their self-esteem and protect their vulnerable true selves, narcissists seek to control the behavior of others, particularly that of their children whom they view as extensions of themselves. Thus, narcissistic parents may speak of "carrying the torch", maintaining the family image, or making mother or father proud. They may reproach their children for exhibiting weakness, being too dramatic, being selfish, or not meeting expectations. Children of narcissists learn to play their part and to show off their special skill(s), especially in public or for others. They typically do not have many memories of having felt loved or appreciated for being themselves. Instead they associate their experience of love and appreciation with conforming to the demands of the narcissistic parent.  Destructive narcissistic parents have a pattern of consistently needing to be the focus of attention, exaggerating, seeking compliments, and putting their children down. Punishment in the form of blame, criticism or emotional blackmail, and attempts to induce guilt may be used to ensure compliance with the parent's wishes and their need for narcissistic supply.

Children of narcissists.

Narcissism tends to play out intergenerationally, with narcissistic parents producing either narcissistic or co-narcissistic children in turn. While a self-confident parent, or good-enough parent, can allow a child his or her autonomous development, the narcissistic parent may instead use the child to promote his or her own image. A parent concerned with self-enhancement, or with being mirrored and admired by their child, may leave the child feeling like a puppet to the parent's emotional/intellectual demands.  Children of a narcissistic parent may not be supportive of others in the home. Observing the behavior of the parent, the child learns that manipulation and guilt are effective strategies for getting what he or she wants. The child may also develop a false self and use aggression and intimidation to get their way.. Instead, they may invest in the opposite behaviors if they have observed them among friends and other families. When the child of a narcissistic parent experiences safe, real love or sees the example played out in other families, they may identify and act on the differences between their life and that of a child in a healthy family. For example, the lack of empathy and volatility at home may increase the child's own empathy and desire to be respectful. Similarly, intense emotional control and disrespect for boundaries at home may increase the child's value for emotional expression and their desire to extend respect to others. Although the child observes the parent's behavior, they are often on the receiving end of the same behavior. When an alternative to the pain and distress caused at home presents itself, the child may choose to focus on more comforting, safety-inducing behaviors.  Some common issues in narcissistic parenting result from a lack of appropriate, responsible nurturing. This may lead to a child feeling empty, insecure in loving relationships, developing imagined fears, mistrusting others, experiencing identity conflict, and suffering an inability to develop a distinct existence from that of the parent.  Sensitive, guilt-ridden children in the family may learn to meet the parent's needs for gratification and seek love by accommodating the wishes of the parent. The child's normal feelings are ignored, denied and eventually repressed in attempts to gain the parent's “love”. Guilt and shame keep the child locked in a developmental arrest. Aggressive impulses and rage may become split off and not integrated with normal development. Some children develop a false self as a defense mechanism and become codependent in relationships. The child's unconscious denial of their true self may perpetuate a cycle of self-hatred, fearing any reminder of their authentic self.  Narcissistic parenting may also lead to children being either victimized or bullies, having a poor or overly inflated body image, tendency to use and/or abuse drugs or alcohol, and acting out (in a potentially harmful manner) for attention.

Short term and long term effects.

Due to their vulnerability, children are extremely affected by the behavior of a narcissistic parent. A narcissistic parent will often abuse the normal parental role of guiding their children and being the primary decision maker in the child's life, becoming overly possessive and controlling. This possessiveness and excessive control disempowers the child; the parent sees the child simply as an extension of themselves. This may affect the child's imagination and level of curiosity, and they often develop an extrinsic style of motivation. This heightened level of control may be due to the need of the narcissistic parent to maintain the child's dependence on them.  Narcissistic parents are quick to anger, putting their children at risk for physical and emotional abuse. To avoid anger and punishment, children of narcissistic parents often resort to complying with their parent's every demand. This affects both the child's well-being and their ability to make logical decisions on their own, and as adults they often lack self confidence and the ability to gain control over their life. Identity crisis, loneliness, and struggle with self expression are also commonly seen in children raised by a narcissistic parent. The struggle to discover one's self as an adult stems from the substantial amount of projective identification that the now adult experienced as a child. Because of excessive identification with the parent, the child may never get the opportunity to experience their own identity.

Mental health effects.

Studies have found that children of narcissistic parents have significantly higher rates of depression and lower self-esteem during adulthood than those who did not perceive their caregivers as narcissistic. The parent's lack of empathy towards their child contributes to this, as the child's desires are often denied, their feelings restrained, and their overall emotional well-being ignored.  Children of narcissistic parents are taught to submit and conform, causing them to lose touch of themselves as individuals. This can lead to the child possessing very few memories of feeling appreciated or loved by their parents for being themselves, as they instead associate the love and appreciation with conformity. Children may benefit with distance from the narcissistic parent. Some children of narcissistic parents resort to leaving home during adolescence if they grow to view the relationship with their parent(s) as toxic.

A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically, narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and are threatened by their children's growing independence. This results in a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with the parent considering that the child exists solely to fulfill the parent's needs and wishes. A narcissistic parent will often try to control their children with threats and emotional abuse. Narcissistic parenting adversely affects the psychological development of children, affecting their reasoning and their emotional, ethical, and societal behaviors and attitudes. Personal boundaries are often disregarded with the goal of molding and manipulating the child to satisfy the parent's expectations.

Ein narzisstischer Elternteil ist ein Elternteil, der an Narzissmus oder an einer narzisstischen Persönlichkeitsstörung leidet. Typischerweise schaffen narzisstische Eltern eine besitzergreifende Nähe zum Kind und sind besonders neidisch auf oder fühlen sich bedroht von der sich entwickelnden Unabhängigkeit des Kindes. Diese Beziehung, in der das Kind vorrangig die elterlichen Wünsche und Bedürfnisse erfüllen soll, wird als "narzisstische Bindung" bezeichnet. Narzisstische Eltern missachten häufig persönliche Grenzen und wenden emotionale Gewalt an, um das Kind so zu manipulieren, dass es den elterlichen Erwartungen entspricht.


Plot.

"Vice" is narrated by Kurt, a fictitious veteran of the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars. The film opens with Dick Cheney and other White House officials and staff responding to the September 11, 2001, attacks. The film then flashes back to Wyoming in 1963, where Cheney finds work as a lineman after his alcoholism led him to drop out of Yale University. After Cheney is stopped by a traffic cop for driving while intoxicated, his wife Lynne Cheney convinces him to clean up his life.  The film flashes forward to 1969 when Cheney finds work as a White House intern during the Nixon Administration. Working under Nixon's economic adviser, Donald Rumsfeld, Cheney becomes a savvy political operative as he juggles commitments to his wife and their daughters, Liz and Mary. Cheney overhears Henry Kissinger discussing the secret bombing of Cambodia with President Richard Nixon, revealing the true power of the executive branch to Cheney. Rumsfeld's abrasive attitude leads to him and Cheney being distanced from Nixon, which works in both men's favor; after Nixon's resignation, Cheney rises to the position of White House Chief of Staff for President Gerald Ford while Rumsfeld becomes Secretary of Defense. The media later dubs the sudden shake-up in the cabinet as the Halloween Massacre. During his tenure, a young Antonin Scalia introduces Cheney to the unitary executive theory.  After Ford is voted out of office, Cheney runs to be representative for Wyoming. After giving an awkward and uncharismatic campaign speech, Cheney suffers his first heart attack. While he recovers, Lynne campaigns on her husband's behalf, helping him to win a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. During the Reagan Administration, Cheney supported a raft of conservative, pro-business policies favoring the fossil fuel industries. He also supported the abolishment of the FCC fairness doctrine which led to the rise of Fox News, conservative talk radio, and the rising level of party polarization in the United States. Cheney next serves as Secretary of Defense under President George H. W. Bush during the Gulf War. Outside of politics, Cheney and Lynne come to terms with their younger daughter, Mary, coming out as lesbian. Though Cheney develops ambitions to run for president, he decides to retire from public life to spare Mary from media scrutiny.  During the presidency of Bill Clinton, Cheney becomes the CEO of Halliburton while his wife raises golden retrievers and writes books. A false epilogue claims that Cheney lived the rest of his life healthy and happy in the private sector and credits begin rolling, only for them to abruptly end as the film continues.  Cheney is invited to become running mate to George W. Bush during the 2000 United States presidential election. Cheney seems to feel that the younger Bush is more interested in pleasing his father than attaining power for himself, Cheney agrees on the condition that Bush delegates "mundane" executive responsibilities, such as energy, the military, and foreign policy, to him. As Vice President, Cheney works with Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, legal counsel David Addington, Mary Matalin, and the Chief of Staff, Scooter Libby, to exercise control of key foreign policy and defense decisions throughout Washington.  The film returns to the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, as Cheney and Rumsfeld maneuver to initiate and then preside over the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, resulting in the killing of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the torture of prisoners. As the War on Terror mounts, Cheney continues to struggle with persistent heart attacks. The film also covers various events from his vice presidency, including his endorsement of the unitary executive theory, the Plame affair, the accidental shooting of Harry Whittington, and tensions between the Cheney sisters over same-sex marriage. Cheney's actions are shown to lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths and the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq, resulting in him receiving record-low approval ratings by the end of the Bush administration.  While narrating Cheney's tearful deathbed goodbye to his family after another hospitalization, Kurt is killed in a motor accident while jogging. In March 2012, his healthy heart is transplanted into Cheney. A few months later, Cheney acquiesces to his daughter Liz's saying she is opposed to same-sex marriage when she runs for a Senate seat in Wyoming, leaving Mary angry and upset. Liz later wins the election to her father's former Congressional position. At the end of the film, an irate Cheney breaks the fourth wall and delivers a monologue to the audience, stating that he has no regrets about anything he has done in his career, and even thanks them for letting him protect them.  A mid-credits scene depicts a focus group descending into chaos when a conservative panelist slams the film itself as biased and attacks a liberal panelist who defends the movie and insults him, while another younger panelist expresses her anticipation for the next "The Fast and the Furious" movie.

Production.

On November 22, 2016, it was announced that Paramount Pictures had come on board to handle the rights to a drama about Dick Cheney; the screenplay was to be written by Adam McKay, who would also direct. The film was produced by Plan B producers Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, along with McKay and his Gary Sanchez partners Will Ferrell and Kevin Messick. Bale signed on to play Cheney in April 2017, and gained 40 pounds (18 kg) for the role.  On August 22, Bill Pullman was cast as Nelson Rockefeller (though did not appear in the finished film), and a title, "Backseat", was announced. It was later changed to "Vice". On August 31, Sam Rockwell was cast as George W. Bush. In September 2017, Adam Bartley joined the cast.  Principal production commenced in late September 2017. Tyler Perry and Lily Rabe joined the film in October as Colin Powell and Liz Cheney, respectively.

Release.

The official trailer was released on October 3, 2018. The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills on December 11, 2018.  "Vice" was released in both Canada and the United States on December 25, 2018 alongside "Holmes & Watson". It was previously scheduled for release on December 14, 2018. The film opened in the U.K. on January 25, 2019, with most of Europe and Hong Kong following with February 2019 release dates.  "Vice" was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on April 16, 2019.

Reception.

Box office.

"Vice" grossed $47.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $28.2 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $76.1 million, against a production budget of $60 million.  In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "Holmes & Watson" on Christmas Day and was projected to gross around $13 million from 2,378 theaters over its first six days. It made $4.8 million on its first day and $2.9 million on its second. The film went on to have a first weekend gross of $7.8 million, for a six-day total of $17.7 million. According to "The Hollywood Reporter", the film performed its "best on both coasts, versus America's heartland, although some theaters in markets including Dallas, Houston and Phoenix turned in respectable business". It then made $5.8 million in its second weekend and $3.3 million in its third.

Critical response.

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 341 reviews, with an average rating of 6.69/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Vice" takes scattershot aim at its targets, but writer-director Adam McKay hits some satisfying bullseyes—and Christian Bale's transformation is a sight to behold." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score 61 out of 100, based on 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 72% and a 49% "definite recommend". The critical response to "Vice" made it one of the worst-reviewed films to ever be nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards.  Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter", who named the film his favorite of 2018, wrote: "Across the board in "Vice", everyone has risen to the occasion of their individual challenges, none of them easy, to collectively pull off a political satire that both provokes great laughs and hits home with some tragic truths". Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film a "B–" and called it "messy but ambitious", writing: ""Vice", in its rambunctious and unfocused manner, takes some ludicrous risks to make cogent points about Cheney's malicious intent—and how he put his plans into action". By contrast, Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" awarded the film 4/5 stars, and wrote that Bale "captur[es] the former vice-president's bland magnificence in Adam McKay's entertainingly nihilist biopic".  "Rolling Stone" film critic Peter Travers praised the film, giving it a 4/5 rating and writing: "Adam McKay's flamethrowing take on Dick Cheney, played by a shockingly brilliant Christian Bale, polarizes by being ferociously funny one minute, bleakly sorrowful the next, and ready to indict the past in the name of our scarily uncertain future."  Stephanie Zacharek of "Time" gave the film a negative review, describing "Vice" as an "exhausting film that turns Dick Cheney into a cartoon villain". "Ikon London Magazine", while praising the make-up artistry of Greg Cannom, noted that "the story reminds of a witch hunt". Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" praised Bale's performance as Cheney but criticized the story pacing, awarding the film 2/5 stars. Hornaday had issues with the film's structure, writing that the film is "a mess, zigging here and zagging there, never knowing quite when to end, and when it finally does, leaving few penetrating or genuinely illuminating ideas to ponder". Similarly, Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" praised Bale's and Amy Adams's performances, but criticized the film as a "cinematic mediocrity".

Responses from Cheney family.

Dick Cheney's daughter and Congresswoman Liz Cheney criticized Christian Bale for his portrayal of her father in "Vice", remarking during a "Fox & Friends" interview that "he finally had the chance to play a real superhero, and he clearly screwed it up". Liz also responded negatively to Bale's controversial acceptance speech for winning the Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical Golden Globe for his portrayal of Cheney, in which the actor thanked Satan for inspiring him to play the role of Cheney.

Accolades.

"Vice" was nominated for six Golden Globe Awards at the 76th annual ceremony, the most nominations of any film, with Bale winning for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film was subsequently nominated for eight awards at the 91st Academy Awards (winning Best Make-Up and Hairstyling), nine awards at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards (winning Best Actor and Best Actor in a Comedy for Bale), and six awards at the 72nd British Academy Film Awards (winning Best Editing). Additionally, the film was nominated for Cinema for Peace's Most Valuable Film of the Year award 2019.

Vice is a 2018 American biographical comedy-drama film written and directed by Adam McKay. The film stars Christian Bale as former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, with Amy Adams, Steve Carell, Sam Rockwell, Justin Kirk, Tyler Perry, Alison Pill, Lily Rabe, and Jesse Plemons in supporting roles. The film follows Cheney on his path to become the most powerful Vice President in American history. It is the second theatrical film to depict the presidency of George W. Bush, following Oliver Stone's "W." (2008).

Vice – Der zweite Mann (Originaltitel "Vice") ist eine satirische Filmbiografie von Adam McKay und erzählt die Lebensgeschichte des ehemaligen US-amerikanischen Vizepräsidenten Dick Cheney. Der Film kam am 25. Dezember 2018 in die US-amerikanischen und am 21. Februar 2019 in die deutschen Kinos.


History.

The institute was established in 1995. In 1999, the institute started offering Master of Business Administration through Visva-Bharati University. EIILM later became a constituent college of Visva-Bharati University. In 2006 it was established as a university under Sikkim State Legislature Act No 4, 2006, with Malvika Foundation as the sponsoring body. The Act received assent of the Governor on 24 March 2006 and published under the Government of Sikkim Gazette Notification No. 28/LD/2006 dated 3 April 2006. The university was run by Rai Foundation.

Closure of the university.

In 2013 the VC, chairman, registrar, and the controller of examinations were arrested by the police in Sikkim and Bengal in a case of forgery, cheating and criminal conspiracy.  According to a fact-finding committee constituted by the UGC in April 2015, EIILM University was recognized and approved by the UGC through its main campus in regular mode, but was not authorized to open study centers within or outside Sikkim and was never approved or recognised by the Distance Education Council (DEC). The committee concluded that all distance education degrees for students admitted outside the territorial jurisdiction of Sikkim and all such degrees beyond academic year 2009-10 are not valid. Only degrees awarded to students inside Sikkim in three courses, i.e. B.A. (Hospitality & Tourism), BCA and MBA till academic year 2009-10 may be valid. It further concluded that the university is not functioning since December 2014 and reports that the cabinet of Sikkim approved the dissolution of the university on 28 April 2015. Following this, a notice was published by the UGC in August 2015 cautioning students not to take admission in EIILM University. A notice by the Human Resource Development Department of the Government of Sikkim from 27 October 2015 further approved the same conclusions. In another notice, the registrar in charge appointed by the government of Sikkim has validated degrees of regular students who have completed their course from the Jorethang/Budang campus before dissolution. A petition (WP(C) No.33 of 2015) was filed by the EIILM University to cancel the UGC notification, but it has been dismissed on 2 November 2016 by the Sikkim High Court.

Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management University (EIILM University) was a private university located in Jorethang, Sikkim, India with another campus in Malbasey. The university has been reported by the University Grants Commission (UGC) to be non-functioning since December 2014 and was officially dissolved by the Government of Sikkim in April 2015.

Die Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management University (EIILM University) ist eine private Universität mit Sitz in Jorethang, Distrikt South Sikkim, Bundesstaat Sikkim, Indien. Eigentümer und Vorsitzender der 2006 eröffneten Einrichtung ist Vinay Kumar Rai. Ein zweiter Campus befand sich in Budang, West Sikkim. Ein weiterer Campus befand sich auf Mauritius. 2013 zählte man 275 Studenten.


Service history (Norway).

An earlier icebreaker "Polarbjørn" was bought by Greenpeace in 1995 and renamed.  "Polarbjørn" was designed and built for long Antarctic expeditions and for supporting subsea work. "Polarbjørn" was equipped to DP2 class and had accommodation for 100. Large cargo holds and open deck areas provide storage capacity for ROVs and related equipment. A 50-ton knuckle-boom crane and the 25-ton stern A-frame allow equipment to be deployed over the side and over the stern.  "Polarbjørn" worked in the "spot" market, on short-term charter. During 2009, the vessel was chartered for electromagnetic survey work in the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. She was exposed to a downturn in business during 2010, with only a 33% utilisation.  Prior to the Royal Navy charter, she underwent a ten-day refit in Odense, Denmark. The helicopter deck, originally above her bridge, was repositioned over the stern and a multibeam echosounder for survey work was installed. Her engines and gearboxes were overhauled and she was modified to allow the carriage of the ancillary vessels and vehicles (survey boats, all-terrain vehicles) used in support of the British Antarctic Survey.

Service history (Royal Navy).

From April 2011, she was chartered to the Royal Navy for three years as a temporary replacement for the ice patrol ship,, and was renamed HMS "Protector". The annual cost of the charter was £8.7m. In September 2013 the British Ministry of Defence purchased the ship outright from GC Rieber Shipping, for £51 million. In October 2013 the Ministry of Defence announced that from 1 April 2014 the ship's homeport would change from HMNB Portsmouth to HMNB Devonport, the location of the Hydrography and Meteorology Centre of Specialisation and where the Royal Navy's other survey ships are based.  She was commissioned into the Navy on 23 June 2011 as HMS "Protector". The commissioning ceremony was held on the 50th anniversary of the date that the Antarctic Treaty came into force. During September 2011, "Protector" embarked on operational sea training in preparation for her first deployment in November.  In February 2012, after receiving a distress call from Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station on King George Island in the South Shetland Islands, "Protector" sailed to provide assistance to the Brazilian research station after a large fire had broken out there. 23 of her sailors were put ashore with fire-fighting equipment to tackle the blaze. Two of the researchers died in the incident. During March and April 2012, the ship operated in the vicinity of Rothera Research Station. During a major visit, she delivered around 170 cubic metres of aviation fuel. At 67° 34′ S, this was the most southerly visit of her career up to that date, nearly from Cape Horn, the southernmost tip of the South America. The crew competed in a 'winter Olympics' with scientists from the British Antarctic Survey.  On the way to her second Antarctic deployment, in October 2012 "Protector" surveyed the wreck of the Dale-class oiler in James Bay, Saint Helena, as part of an assessment of its possible threat to the island's environment. On arriving in Antarctica in December, her designated Antarctic Treaty Observers supported an international team carrying out inspections of research stations to ensure compliance with the Antarctic Treaty.  The ship left for her third Antarctic deployment in October 2013. She revisited Rothera and then sailed across Marguerite Bay, reaching a latitude of 68° 12′ S, from Cape Horn.  In the northern summer of 2014, the ship visited the Caribbean to perform training for humanitarian assistance, and also assisted some community projects in the British Virgin Islands.  In late 2015, "Protector" commenced a 20-month deployment to the Ross Sea for fisheries patrol and hydrographic survey operations. It is the first time that a Royal Navy or British Government vessel has operated in the waters south of Australia and New Zealand since 1936. In addition to the ship's usual equipment, three unmanned aerial vehicles (designed and 3D printed by the University of Southampton) were embarked. Sailing from Devonport, "Protector" visited the Seychelles and Diego Garcia en route (in the latter instance, becoming the first Royal Navy surface ship to visit in eight years) before proceeding to Tasmania, Australia. At the start of December, "Protector" departed from Hobart, Tasmania to commence fisheries patrols. In January 2016, the ship completed a five-week patrol of the Ross Sea conducting inspections in support of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, with the aid of six embarked Australian and New Zealand specialists. The ship visited Zucchelli Station and reached a latitude of 77° 56′ S. Crew members visited Scott's Hut at Cape Evans. "Protector" circled the globe, covering more than 18,500 nautical miles, in 2016.  In November 2017, following a request for assistance from the Argentine government, "Protector" was redeployed to aid international efforts to locate the missing submarine.

Embarked equipment.

"Protector" operates several small boats, including the survey motor boat "James Caird IV", the ramped work boat "Terra Nova" and two Pacific 22 RIBs "Nimrod" and "Aurora". She also embarks three BV206 all-terrain vehicles and a number of quad-bikes and trailers for activities on Antarctica, such as moving stores and equipment.  "James Caird IV" is a, ice-capable survey motor boat built by Mustang Marine in Pembroke Dockyard, based on a design of existing British Antarctic Survey boats. It has a crew of five, plus up to five passengers. The boat was named by Alexandra Shackleton, the granddaughter of Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton, during the commissioning ceremony for "Protector" on 23 June 2011. The boat's name commemorates the voyage of the "James Caird" made by Shackleton in 1916.

HMS "Protector is a Royal Navy ice patrol ship built in Norway in mid 2000. As MV "Polarbjørn (Norwegian: "polar bear") she operated under charter as a polar research icebreaker and a subsea support vessel. In 2011, she was chartered as a temporary replacement for the ice patrol ship and was purchased by the British Ministry of Defence in early September 2013.

Die HMS "Protector" ist ein Eisbrecher der Royal Navy. Das Schiff dient im Rahmen des British Antarctic Survey (BAS) der Versorgung der Forschungsstationen in der Antarktis sowie der Falklandinseln, Südgeorgien und der Südlichen Sandwichinseln als Britische Überseegebiete. Außerdem wird das Schiff für Forschungsfahrten genutzt.


Context.

Putana lies on the border between Chile and Bolivia, and is also known as Jorgencal, Jorjencal or Machuca. The area is remote and difficult to access and thus poorly studied.  Volcanism in the Central Andes is the consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate and occurs in form of the long Central Volcanic Zone, one of four volcanic belts in the Andes. The Peruvian and the Pampean "flat slab" segments separate this volcanic belt from its neighbours, the Northern Volcanic Zone to the north and the Southern Volcanic Zone south respectively.  Putana is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, which aside from this volcano contains a number of large calderas associated with silicic volcanism. Over 13 volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone have been active in historical time, out of about 69 with evidence of Holocene activity. Of these volcanoes Láscar is the most active volcano in the Central Volcanic Zone; a major eruption occurred there in 1993.

The volcano.

Putana is a high volcano elongated from north to south. It is constructed by lavas and pyroclastic material, with effusive products such as lava domes and lava flows forming the bulk of the edifice. Most lava flows were viscous enough that they do not exceed of length, older flows are longer. Younger lava flows occur on the western slope, and some lava flows appear to be younger than the last glacial age.  The summit contains a wide summit crater which itself contains two smaller craters, one is wide and lies on the northeastern side and the other with a width of is in the centre of the summit crater. Lava flows/lava domes are emplaced in the southern part of the main summit crater. Additional adventive vents occur on the slopes of Putana; a particularly noticeable fan-shaped flow northwest of Putana originated in such a flank vent.  The volcano forms part of a complex of ash flows and cones which covers a surface area of. Putana was constructed on the Purificar and Tatio ignimbrites of Pliocene-Pleistocene age; the whole edifice is constructed around a pre-Holocene volcano.  Volcanic rocks found at Putana include basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite. Minerals contained in the rocks include pyroxene in the andesites and biotite and hornblende in the dacites.  Neighbouring mountains include the Cerros Aguita Blanca in the east, Cerro Amarillo in the southeast, Curiquinca south-southwest of Putana and Escalante and Cerro Colorado to the south-southwest. Curiquinca, El Apagado and Sairecabur together form a major volcanic group.  The slopes of Putana drain north into the west-flowing Río Aguita Blanca, east into the Salar de Chalviri and southeast into the Río Blanco and from there into the Laguna Verde-Laguna Blanca system. The Río Putana originates on the northern flank of Putana, which forms its headwaters. It joins with the Río Jauna to form the Río Grande, which in turn joins the Río Salado to form the Río San Pedro de Atacama that eventually drains into the Salar de Atacama.

Eruptive history.

The geologic history of Putana is unknown, due to the lack of detailed studies on the subject. The last eruption at Putana was reported from the late 19th century; one date given is 1810 with an uncertainty of 10 years and the eruption was described as a major one. Reports of an eruption on 2 July 1972 ± 182 days are uncertain, and other opinions say that there was no historical eruption there.  Between late 2009 and early 2010, the volcano underwent an episode of deformation accompanied by earthquake swarms. Based on modelling, about of magma were intruded at a depth of during this episode, lifting the ground by about over a diameter of. Aside from this episode, Putana is seismically active, both in form of individual events, seismic swarms and triggered earthquakes; the 2010 Maule earthquake was accompanied by seismicity at Putana.

Fumaroles.

Putana features active fumaroles, which generate a high plume above the volcano. This plume was seen as far back as the 19th century. The fumaroles have different shapes, from vents that are only centimetres wide to large wide openings. They occur in groups, in total four separate fumarole fields, two within the northeastern crater, one in the summit crater and one outside of the summit crater where about 30 individual fumaroles were reported in 1952. These fumaroles are visible as a thermal anomaly from space, but it is relatively weak with a temperature anomaly of only.  These fumaroles exhale a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide, which is produced at a rate of. In addition they contain hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and nitrogen, while carbon monoxide, methane and oxygen are only minor components. Temperatures of have been measured, and the source appears to have temperatures of up to. The composition of the fumaroles indicates that the gases are ultimately of mainly magmatic origin, but interact with a slightly colder hydrothermal system before reaching the surface.  The fumarolic activity at Putana lays down deposits of sulfur on the volcano, including one high cliff that was reported to be covered with sulfur in 1952. This sulfur was mined at the summit of the volcano, which is thus accessible by a road. Putana sulfur was noted to be extremely pure in that same year. It has been mined and transported down by truck from elevations of, one of the highest altitudes at which motor vehicles have been used. The Carnen sulfur mine is found on the southeastern flank, and more mines are found on neighbouring mountains. Operations in the Putana mine ceased in 1972.

Putana, sometimes referred to as Jorqencal or Machuca, is a volcano on the border between Bolivia and Chile and close to the Sairecabur volcanic complex. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, its summit is above sea level and contains a summit crater with two smaller craters nested within it. Beneath the summit, the volcano features a number of lava domes and lava flows, some of which originated in flank vents.

Der Putana ist ein Stratovulkan ( Gipfelhöhe) in den Anden in Nordchile, an der Grenze mit Bolivien. Er hat einen Gipfelkrater mit 500 m Durchmesser, der aus zwei inneren Kratern besteht. Der eine im Zentrum mit 130 m und der andere in der Nähe der Nordostflanke mit 300 m Durchmesser. Seine Fumarolenaktivität am Gipfelkrater wurde schon seit dem frühen 19. Jahrhundert aus weiter Entfernung beobachtet. Die Emissionsfahnen sind 100 bis 500 m hoch. Es gibt keine historischen Berichte zu seiner Aktivität und er ist auch bisher wenig erforscht, was an der Abgelegenheit und schlechten Zugänglichkeit liegt. Im Jahr 2012 wurden erstmals die Gasemissionen gemessen. Die Gastemperatur beträgt um die 85 °C. Der SO-Ausstoss beträgt 36 bis 121 Tonnen pro Tag.


Biography.

Johanna Reiss was born, raised, and educated in Winterswijk, but she and her older sister survived the Holocaust hidden for almost three years in the rural village of Usselo in the attic of a farmer called Johan Oosterveld.  After teaching elementary school for several years, she moved to the United States in the early 1950s, where she married Jim Reiss. Upon the urging of her husband, she wrote a young adult novel, "The Upstairs Room", sharing her personal experience of the events of the Second World War.  "The Upstair Room" was published in 1972. This classic YA novel won Reiss several awards. It was a Newbery Honor Book, an American Library Association Notable Children's Book, and a Jane Addams Peace Association Honor Book. It also won the National Jewish Book Award, the Juvenile Book Award and the Buxtehuder Bulle, a German children's book award.  Elie Wiesel considers "The Upstairs Room" "as important in every respect as the one bequeathed to us by Anne Frank." The book was so successful that it spawned a sequel, "The Journey Back", published in 1976, which tells the story of Annie de Leeuw's and her family's return to their home country of Holland in an attempt to rebuild their lives after the war.  Her book, "A Hidden Life", was published by Melville House Publishing in January 2009. It is a memoir written for adults, in which Reiss confronted the memories of childhood as well as the tragedy of her husband's suicide.  Reiss has two children and four grandchildren.  An active speaker, Reiss visits schools to talk to students about the historical times she lived through. For her speaking efforts both in the United States and Europe, in May 2018, Reiss was made a Knight of Order of Orange-Nassau. by the Dutch government.

Johanna Reiss (born Johanna "Annie" de Leeuw, 4 April 1932) is a Dutch-American writer and longtime resident of New York City. Her most recent work, "A Hidden Life", was published by Melville House Publishing in January 2009. In her books, Reiss has presented her childhood experience as a Jewish girl in the Netherlands during the Holocaust.

Johanna Reiss, (* 4. April 1932 in Winterswijk als Annie de Leeuw) ist eine niederländische Holocaustüberlebende, Zeitzeugin und Kinderbuchautorin. Sie wurde durch das Buch "De schuilplaats" bekannt, in welchem sie das Leben als Verfolgte im Untergrund des Dorfes Usselo bei Enschede im Zweiten Weltkrieg beschreibt. Mehrere ihrer Bücher sind ins Deutsche übersetzt.


Polessisches Staatliches Radioökologisches Schutzgebiet

History.

Two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Belarusian part of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was extended to a more highly contaminated area. Then, a closed to the public nature reserve was established in Belarus with a total area of. The reserve was established on July 18, 1988. Before the disaster, over 22,000 people lived there in 96 settlements. The population was evacuated after the disaster. In 1993 it was expanded by, making it the largest Belarusian nature reserve and one of the largest in Europe.

Geography.

Overview.

The area, located in southern Gomel Region and bordering the Ukrainian Exclusion Zone, includes part of the raions (districts) of Brahin, Chojniki and Naroulia. It is crossed by the Pripyat River, and the city of Mazyr is from the northwestern entrance, in Naroulia. The southern strip is crossed by the Chernihiv–Ovruch railway, which passes through the villages of Kaporanka, Kalyban and Pasudava.

Settlements.

The following list shows the abandoned villages included in the reserve. Population refers to the 1959 census. "fam." refers to the number of families evacuated after the 1986 disaster.

Fauna and flora.

The reserve hosts many rare and endangered species, which thrive there thanks to the virtual absence of humans. They include bears, European bison, Przewalski horse, Golden eagle and White-tailed eagle. It is home to the world's largest population of the European marsh turtle. According to PSRER administration, there are 7 reptile, 11 amphibian, 46 mammal, 213 bird and 25 fish species. Of those, 70 are listed in the International Red Book and the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus. Flora includes 1251 registered plants, which is more than two-thirds of the flora of the country, and 18 of the plant species are listed in the Red Book. It was found that voles have higher rates of cataracts, useful populations of bacteria on the wings of birds in the zone are lower, partial albinism is common among barn swallows, cuckoos have become less common. Serious animal mutations, though, happened only right after the accident.

Reserve employees.

The State Reserve employs 700 people, 40 of whom are academic degree holders.

Activities.

Although the reserve was established for the purpose of radiobiological and environmental research, it is of interest to other biologists. Due to the minimal human presence, it is possible to observe the natural development of wildlife in the conditions of Belarus. "In connection with the removal of anthropogenic load and the wealth of flora the ideal conditions for the recovery of the animal world have been created here", states the report of the Committee on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl disaster at the Council of Ministers of Belarus. Some new species, including European bison, have been introduced on the territory of the reserve.

Main activities.

Administration of PSRER is located in the town of Chojniki. The annual budget of PSRER is 4 million USD. Main activities include:

Extra-budgetary activities.

The administration uses land in the reserve to earn income in addition to its budget. The purpose is to increase the self-sufficiency of the reserve, save money, increase the salaries of employees and contribute positively to the GDP of Belarus. Activities include:  As of 2004, the herd at the reserve's horse farm numbered 230 horses. Cattle are being bred to endure the conditions of radioactive contamination, and young individuals are sold for further breeding.  During all activities, radionuclide concentrations are monitored to ensure they do not exceed certain limits.

The Polesie State Radioecological Reserve (, ) (Acronym PSRER) is a radioecological nature reserve in the Polesie region of Belarus, which was created to enclose the territory of Belarus most affected by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl disaster. The reserve adjoins the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in Ukraine. The environmental monitoring and countermeasure agency, Bellesrad, oversees the food cultivation and forestry in the area.

Das Polessische Staatliche Radioökologische Schutzgebiet (, ) ist ein Naturschutzgebiet im Süden Weißrusslands an der Grenze zur Ukraine in der historischen Region Polessien.


Proof of NP-Completeness.

Given a circuit and a satisfying set of inputs, one can compute the output of each gate in constant time. Hence, the output of the circuit is verifiable in polynomial time. Thus Circuit SAT belongs to complexity class NP. To show NP-hardness, it is possible to construct a reduction from 3SAT to Circuit SAT.  Suppose the original 3SAT formula has variables formula_3, and operators (AND, OR, NOT) formula_4. Design a circuit such that it has an input corresponding to every variable and a gate corresponding to every operator. Connect the gates according to the 3SAT formula. For instance, if the 3SAT formula is formula_5the circuit will have 3 inputs, one AND, one OR, and one NOT gate. The input corresponding to formula_6will be inverted before sending to an AND gate with formula_7and the output of the AND gate will be sent to an OR gate with formula_8  Notice that the 3SAT formula is equivalent to the circuit designed above, hence their output is same for same input. Hence, If the 3SAT formula has a satisfying assignment, then the corresponding circuit will output 1, and vice versa. So, this is a valid reduction, and Circuit SAT is NP-hard.  This completes the proof that Circuit SAT is NP-Complete.

Restricted Variants and Related Problems.

Planar Circuit SAT.

Assume that we are given a planar Boolean circuit (i.e. a Boolean circuit whose underlying graph is planar) containing only NAND gates with exactly two inputs. Planar Circuit SAT is the decision problem of determining whether this circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true. This problem is NP-complete. In fact, if the restrictions are changed so that any gate in the circuit is a NOR gate, the resulting problem remains NP-complete.

Circuit UNSAT.

Circuit UNSAT is the decision problem of determining whether a given Boolean circuit outputs false for all possible assignments of its inputs. This is the complement of the Circuit SAT problem, and is therefore Co-NP-complete.

Reduction from CircuitSAT.

Reduction from CircuitSAT or its variants can be used to show NP-hardness of certain problems, and provides us with an alternative to dual-rail and binary logic reductions. The gadgets that such a reduction needs to construct are:

Minesweeper Inference Problem.

This problem asks whether it is possible to locate all the bombs given a Minesweeper board. It has been proven to be CoNP-Complete via a reduction from Circuit UNSAT problem. The gadgets constructed for this reduction are: wire, split, AND and NOT gates and terminator. There are three crucial observations regarding these gadgets. First, the split gadget can also be used as the NOT gadget and the turn gadget. Second, constructing AND and NOT gadgets is sufficient, because together they can simulate the universal NAND gate. Finally, since we can simulate XOR with three NANDs, and since XOR is enough to build a crossover, this gives us the needed crossover gadget.

The Tseytin transformation.

The Tseytin transformation is a straightforward reduction from Circuit-SAT to SAT. The transformation is easy to describe if the circuit is wholly constructed out of 2-input NAND gates (a functionally-complete set of Boolean operators): assign every net in the circuit a variable, then for each NAND gate, construct the conjunctive normal form clauses ("v" ∨ "v") ∧ ("v" ∨ "v") ∧ (¬"v" ∨ ¬"v" ∨ ¬"v"), where "v" and "v" are the inputs to the NAND gate and "v" is the output. These clauses completely describe the relationship between the three variables. Conjoining the clauses from all the gates with an additional clause constraining the circuit's output variable to be true completes the reduction; an assignment of the variables satisfying all of the constraints exists if and only if the original circuit is satisfiable, and any solution is a solution to the original problem of finding inputs that make the circuit output 1. The converse—that SAT is reducible to Circuit-SAT—follows trivially by rewriting the Boolean formula as a circuit and solving it.

In theoretical computer science, the Circuit Satisfiability Problem (also known as CIRCUIT-SAT, CircuitSAT, CSAT, etc.) is the decision problem of determining whether a given Boolean circuit has an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true. In other words, it asks whether the inputs to a given Boolean circuit can be consistently set to 1 or 0 such that the circuit outputs 1. If that is the case, the circuit is called "satisfiable". Otherwise, the circuit is called "unsatisfiable." In the figure to the right, the left circuit can be satisfied by setting both inputs to be 1, but the right circuit is unsatisfiable.

In der theoretischen Informatik (insbesondere in der Komplexitätstheorie) ist das Erfüllbarkeitsproblem für Schaltkreise (, CircuitSAT, CSAT) das Entscheidungsproblem, ob es für eine gegebene boolesche Schaltung eine Eingabe gibt, die den Ausgang wahr macht.


Description.

Male upperside: somewhat more than half the forewing from base velvety black, apical half dull fuliginous; cell-area with or without two short transverse orange bars; a blue patch above, the tornus; the outer margin of the basal black area obliquely zigzag in a line from the middle of costa to apex of vein 2, including a large discal, generally obscure ocellus, which, however, in some specimens is prominently ringed with orange yellow. Beyond this a broad white irregularly oblique discal band followed by a short oblique preapical bar from costa; a small black orange-ringed ocellus beneath the bar, a subterminal continuous line of white spots in the interspaces and a terminal jet-black slender line; cilia alternately dusky black and white. Hindwing blue shaded with velvety black towards base; a postdiscal black white-centred orange and black-ringed ocellus in interspace 2, a round minutely white-centred velvety-black spot (sometimes entirely absent) in interspace 5; the termen narrowly white, traversed by an inner and an outer subterminal and a terminal black line; cilia white.  Underside forewing: basal half with three black-edged, sinuous, broad, ochraceous-orange transverse bands, followed by the pale discal baud; ocelli, preapical short bar, subterminal and terminal markings much as on the upperside; the discal band margined inwardly by a broad black angulated line which follows the outline of the black area of the upperside. Hindwing irrorated (sprinkled) with dusky scales and transversely crossed by subbasal and discal slender zigzag brown lines and a postdiscal dark shade, on which are placed the two ocelli as on the upperside; subterminal and terminal faint brown lines, and a brownish short streak tipped black at the tornal angle below the lower ocellus.  Female. Similar, with similar but larger and more clearly defined ocelli and markings; the basal half of the forewings and hindwings on the upperside fuliginous (sooty) brown, scarcely any trace of blue on the hindwing. Antennae brown, head reddish brown, thorax and abdomen above brownish black: palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dull white.

Life history.

Larvae.

"Head and body of a very dark shining black shading into brown.... head on a short neck, latter of an orange colour for a short distance; caudal extremity also tipped with orange. Body covered with perpendicular spines armed with strong radial hairs.... Head bifurcated, reddish spot in centre of face, a small spinous process in the angle of each eye." (Forsayeth in de Nicéville)

Pupae.

The pupa is "suspended by tail, naked; wing-covers of a muddy yellow; rest of body of a purplish colour variegated by lines of a dull creamy white. Slight projections of an angular nature along abdomen." (Idem.)

Adults.

The adults occur in open areas, often sitting on bare ground. This species has a stiff flap and glide style of flight and maintains a territory, driving away other butterflies that enter it.

Food plants.

Larval host plants are recorded from the families Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, Convolvulaceae, Labiatae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, Violaceae and specific plants are "Angelonia salicariifolia", "Annona senegalensis", "Antirrhinum majus", "Asystasia gangetica", "Asystasia scandens", "Buchnera linearis", "Englerastrum scandens", "Hygrophila salicifolia", "Hygrophila senegalensis", "Ipomoea batatas", "Justicia micrantha", "Justicia procumbens", "Lepidagathis formosensis", "Lepidagathis prostrata", "Misopates orontium", "Phyla nodiflora", "Plantago amplexicaulis", "Plectranthus scandens", "Pseuderanthemum variabile", "Striga asiatica", "Striga hermonthica", "Thunbergia alata", "Viola odorata"  In southern Africa the food plants are; "Graderia subintegra", "Cycnium adonense", "Hygrophila" species and "Plectranthus" species.

Junonia orithya is a nymphalid butterfly with many subspecies occurring from Africa, through southern and south-eastern Asia, Cambodia and in Australia. In India, its common English name is the blue pansy, but in southern Africa it is known as the eyed pansy as the name "blue pansy" refers to "Junonia oenone". In Australia, this butterfly is known as the blue argus, but this name also is used for the "Aricia anteros" in Europe.

Junonia orithya ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Edelfalter mit vielen Unterarten, der in Afrika, im südlichen und südöstlichen Asien und in Australien verbreitet ist.


Development.

De la Cierva's first successful autogyro, the Cierva C.6, used an Avro 504 fuselage, and this led to a long and close collaboration between de la Cierva and Avro from 1926 onwards, with de la Cierva providing the rotor design, and Avro the airframe from designs that often appeared as both fixed-wing and rotary aircraft. There was a long series of such autogyros, developing the rotary wing concept. However the 1929 C.19 was a de la Cierva design, owing nothing to existing Avro aircraft, though it was built by Avro at Hamble.  Like the earlier aircraft, the C.19 had a conventional airframe, a two-seat fuselage carrying a small-span wing with ailerons (to relieve rotor loads in level forward flight), and a single radial engine in the nose. The unpowered, free-spinning rotor had four wire-braced blades, or three cantilever blades in the Mk IV, and was mounted on four struts over the forward cockpit which met together to form a pyramid. The C.19 Mk I – IV did not have the tilting rotor head and associated hanging control column of later autogyros like the Cierva C.30. Instead, control was by the ailerons, elevators and rudder via a conventional column, a system that only worked effectively when the airspeed was high enough.  A major engineering refinement in the C.19 was the means to mechanically start the main rotor spinning; in earlier de la Cierva designs, the rotor had to be turned by hand or by pulling a rope, unless there was space for a takeoff run. In the C.19 Mk I, this was done aerodynamically. The tail unit of this mark was a biplane structure with endplate fins and rudders. To start the rotor, elevators and tailplanes were fixed in a near vertical position and the engine started. The wash from the propeller was deflected upwards by the tail unit through the rotor, rotating it. For the first time, this made the autogyro independent of ground crew when starting, and private ownership was a practical proposition.  The 80 hp (60 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet II made the Mk I machine underpowered, and it was replaced in the C.19 Mk II by a 105 hp (78 kW) Genet Major I. The C.19 Mk IIA, introduced in 1930, had a longer undercarriage and improved rotor head. Landings were often made at high angles of attack, so the rudders of the C.19 Mk III were reshaped to slope sharply upwards to avoid damage; this variant also had a 5 ft (1.52 m) increase in rotor diameter.  In the C.19 Mk IV, the rotor was started directly from the engine via a clutch mechanism, as in all future autogyros. This allowed the elaborate biplane empennage to be replaced by a more conventional monoplane tailplane. The single central fin was low and of correspondingly deep chord, to avoid being struck by the rotor. The C.19 Mk IV had a three-bladed, cantilever rotor. The designation C.19 Mk IVP was also used, the "P" standing for production, that started in 1931.  The final variant was the solitary C.19 Mk V, "G-ABXP". The aircraft-style controls of earlier autogyros depended on airflow past ailerons, rudders and elevators; during the slow forward speed phases of takeoff and landing, these were ineffective, and accidents resulted. The C.19 Mk V lacked the small wing and all-moving control surfaces, relying instead on a tilting rotor head. Using a long control arm that reached to the rear cockpit, the pilot could direct the aircraft by tilting the plane of rotation of the rotor. After a period of experimentation, the C.19 Mk V flew with a small fixed tailplane and a two-bladed rotor. This control system was adopted for the Cierva C.30.

Operational history.

Some thirty examples were built in England, with licences acquired by Focke-Wulf to produce it in Germany (as the C.20) and by Lioré et Olivier in France (as the C.21), although no actual French production took place.  Initially, all fifteen C.19 Mk IVPs appeared on the British civil register. One was used in an attempted flight to South Africa, although it only reached Tunis. Later, it flew with Alan Cobham's Circus. Another went to an autogyro flying school at London Air Park, Hanworth. Several machines were reregistered abroad: in Australia, Germany, Japan, Singapore, Spain (one for the Spanish Air Force) and Sweden.  During the early 1930s, the Royal Air Force operated two C.19 Mk IIIs for evaluation of the autogyro concept (serials "K1696" and "K1948").

Survivors.

An Avro-built C.19 Mk.IVP (EC-AIM) is on display at the Museo del Aire, Cuatro Vientos, Madrid, Spain.

The Cierva C.19 was a 1930s British two-seat autogyro, designed by Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva. It was built by Avro as the Avro Type 620. It proved to be the most successful and widely produced of the early de la Cierva designs.

Die Cierva C.19 war ein Tragschrauber, der Ende der 1920er Jahre in 28 Exemplaren in Großbritannien bei A.V. Roe and Company im Auftrag der Cierva Autogiro Company in Hamble gebaut wurde.


Early life and education.

He was born at Grenoble. In 1823, he graduated in medicine and surgery at Montpellier. His thesis for Doctor of Surgery was entitled "Dangers of the Instrumental Manipulation in Obstetrical Delivery."

Efforts in Egypt.

During the French occupation of Egypt, Napoleon designated Kasr al-Aini a hospital for his troops in 1799, and then afterwards proposed the opening of a school to teach local Egyptian students the medicine required to treat the troops. This is how, after practicing for a time at Marseilles, Clot was invited by Muhammad Ali, Viceroy of Egypt to direct the Kasr al-Aini (Qasral-‘Ayni) School of Medicine at the Army hospital of Abou Zabel which later transferred to Cairo.  The Viceroy of Egypt was determined to keep his army in good health and had sent emissaries to recruit doctors in Europe. On 24 January 1825, Clot sailed for Cairo on the "Bonne Emilie" with 20 other European doctors destined to assist him. Clot arrived in Egypt with the title of Surgeon-in-Chief of the Armies. As there was no medical care system in Egypt at that time, he began by instituting French Army regulations for the Egyptian army camps.  The Army Medical School had a difficult beginning with religious officials set against dissection of corpses for anatomy lessons, but this was the foundation for modern medicine in Egypt. Clot was made chief surgeon to Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, at Abu Zabal, near Cairo. He shaped the Kasr El Aini Hospital and schools for all branches of medical instruction, as well as facilities for the study of the French language; and, notwithstanding the most serious religious difficulties, instituted the study of anatomy by means of dissection.  In 1832, Muhammad Ali allowed Clot to establish a School of Medicine for women; In the same year, Muhammad Ali gave him the distinction of bey without requiring him to abjure his religion. In 1836 he received the rank of general, and was appointed head of medical administration for the entire country.

Return to France.

In 1849 he returned to Marseilles, though he revisited Egypt in 1856. He died in Marseilles in 1868, aged 74.

Antoine Barthelemy Clot (7 November 179328 August 1868) was a French doctor known as Clot Bey while practicing in Egypt.

Antoine Barthélémy Clot (* 5. November 1793 in Grenoble; † 20. August 1868 in Marseille) war ein französischer Arzt. Er ist auch unter seinem arabischen Beinamen Clot-Bey bekannt.


Early life.

David F. Sandberg was born on 21 January 1981 in Jönköping, Sweden. According to Sandberg, he grew up watching films and making his own using his dad's VHS-C camera. He worked in a video store as a teenager, and saved up money to buy his own camcorder for filmmaking.

Career.

Beginning with animation and documentaries (2006–2013).

In his late teens or early twenties, Sandberg began working at Film i Jönköping, a local film center in Jönköping, initially as an intern. He learned more about filmmaking from Svante Rosberg, the film commissioner who ran Film i Jönköping when he started, and whom Sandberg considers his mentor.  Starting in 2006, Sandberg found moderate online success making animated short films; according to Sandberg, his first online successes were his films "För Barnen" and "Vad Tyst Det Blev", the latter of which garnered 1.7 million views on YouTube. As a result of his increased visibility, he began to receive offers for animation work; his first job was working as a consultant on the TV show on the Swedish Channel 5.  He continued working at Film i Jönköping, primarily working on documentary projects. From 2006 to 2009, he worked on several documentaries for, the Swedish Inheritance Fund. His last collaboration with Rosberg before his retirement was "Animera = Göra Livlig", a 2010 documentary about senior citizens creating animated films.  In 2009, he moved to the city of Gothenburg. He continued working on animation and documentaries, and began collaborating with producer Claes Lundin. In 2011, they completed and sold an animated documentary series called "Earth Savers", and in 2013, their documentary short "Ladyboy" premiered at Cinequest Film Festival.

Shifting to feature films (2013–present).

In 2013, he began to shift his focus away from animation and documentary works and towards horror short films. According to Sandberg, his original goal with filmmaking had been to make horror and sci-fi films, and he felt he needed to have some existing work in that field in order to get funding for future work. Lacking any funding of his own, his shorts were made with no budget—his equipment and props consisted mostly of items he already had or could buy very cheaply, and his only cast and crew were himself and Lotta Losten, his wife. He released his films on both Vimeo and YouTube, using his alias "ponysmasher".  In 2013, he released his second horror short, "Lights Out", which centered around a monster that only exists when the lights are turned out. The film was a viral success, and quickly garnered millions of views. According to Sandberg, his life changed "in every way imaginable" after "Lights Out"; he began receiving tons of messages from film industry people who wanted to work with him.  One of these contacts was Lawrence Grey, a producer who wanted to adapt "Lights Out" into a feature-length film. Grey brought screenwriter Eric Heisserer and producer James Wan on board to collaborate and produce a script with Sandberg, who would also direct the new feature. The film (also titled "Lights Out") began production in mid-2015, and premiered at LA Film Festival in June 2016. The film was a massive box office success, grossing $148 million on a $5 million budget, and a moderate critical success, earning a 76% approval score on Rotten Tomatoes and a 58 out of 100 score on Metacritic.  Sandberg next directed "", a prequel to supernatural horror film "Annabelle" and the fourth film in The Conjuring Universe. The film was released in 2017 to positive reviews and box office success.  In 2019, Sandberg directed the DC Extended Universe superhero film "Shazam!", based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The film received positive reviews.

Personal life.

Sandberg married actress, designer, and photographer Lotta Losten in 2013. She has featured in many of his short films, including "Lights Out".  Sandberg and Losten moved to Los Angeles together circa 2015. Sandberg's younger brother is Joakim Sandberg, creator of the Iconoclasts video game.

David F. Sandberg (born 21 January 1981) is a Swedish-American filmmaker. He is best known for his collective no-budget horror short films under the online pseudonym ponysmasher and for his 2016 directorial debut "Lights Out", based on his 2013 acclaimed horror short of the same name. He also directed The Conjuring Universe spin-off horror film "" (2017) and "Shazam!" (2019), the seventh installment in the DC Extended Universe.

David F. Sandberg (* 1981 in Jönköping) ist ein schwedischer Filmemacher, bekannt als Regisseur von "Lights Out" und "Annabelle 2".