Early life and education.

John Christian Friedrich Heyer was born in Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Prussia (now Germany), the son of John Heinrich Gottlieb Heyer, a prosperous furrier in Helmstedt, and wife, Fredericke Sophie Johane Wagener. After being confirmed at St. Stephen’s Church in Helmstedt, in 1807, his parent sent him away from Napoleonic Europe to reside in America with a maternal uncle (Wagener), a furrier and hatter in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who specialized in the popular beaver hat.  C.F. Heyer, as he is often referred, studied theology in Philadelphia studied under J. H. C. Helmuth and F. D. Schaeffer. He traveled back to Germany in 1815, and studied theology with his brother, Henry, at the University of Göttingen. He obtained his M.D. from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1847. (He did not attend Johns Hopkins University. as is sometimes claimed.)

Marriage and children.

In 1819, he married Mrs. Mary (Webb) Gash, a widow with two children, Caroline Gash (born about 1809) and Basil Gash (born about 1813). To this couple, six more children were born:

Career.

He was a teacher at Zion School, Southwark, Philadelphia from September 1813 to March 1815, when he returned to Germany for a visit. After his return to the United States in 1816, he was licensed as a lay preacher. Heyer worked as a preacher for three years until he was fully ordained in 1820. He spent the next twenty years ministering and establishing churches and Sunday schools in Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, the mid-western States, and as far west as Missouri.  From October 1829 to November 1831, he served as agent of "The Sunday School Union of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States". In this capacity he traveled more than 3,000 miles, visiting some 300 congregations and distributing Sunday School hymnals and tracts, and assisting pastors to establish Sunday Schools.  In 1829, he used his private funds, along with twenty two other stockholders (all Lutheran clergymen), to purchase the former Adams County Academy and form the Gettysburg Gymnasium, which would become Gettysburg College in 1832, at which time Heyer and his associates, through their private subscriptions, became the Patrons of Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg. Heyer was also elected to the first Board of Trustees, and was an occasional instructor at the Gymnasium.  He was the first pastor of the First Evangelical Lutheran Church in Pittsburgh, established in 1837, which was the earliest English-speaking Lutheran congregation west of the Allegheny Mountains. He organized The First German Evangelical-Lutheran Congregation of Pittsburgh, a German-speaking congregation, one week later, on January 22, 1837.

Missionary.

His wife and children remained in Friedens, Somerset County, Pennsylvania where Mrs. Mary Heyer died in 1839. The following year, Heyer was asked to enter the foreign missions. Heyer was commissioned in 1841 by the Ministerium of Pennsylvania as the first foreign missionary of the American Lutheran churches. He studied Sanskrit and medicine in Baltimore, and set sail for India from Boston in 1841 with three other missionary couples on the ship "Brenda", Captain Ward.  Returning to the United States in 1845, he continued his missionary work and established St. John’s Church in Baltimore. At the same time, he studied medicine, and obtained his M.D. from the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 1847.  He traveled to India a second time in 1847, spending a decade, mainly in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state, in southern India, where he ministered and performed yeoman service to the people there. Supported initially by the Pennsylvania Ministerium, and later by the Foreign Mission Board of the General Synod, Heyer was also encouraged and assisted by British government officials. He established a number of hospitals and a network of schools throughout the Guntur region.

Later travels.

For health reasons, he returned to the United States in 1857, and spent the next decade organizing churches, particularly in the new State of Minnesota. He traveled to Germany in 1867-1868. In 1869, at the age of 77, he made his third trip to India to reorganize the Rajahmundry mission.  Heyer returned to the United States in 1871. In January 1872, he was appointed chaplain and the first " house father" of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. Despite his brief time among the students, he was much respected and loved by the faculty and students.  He died in 1873 at the age of eighty, and his body was buried beside his wife in the Friedens Lutheran Church cemetery, Friedens, Pennsylvania. His estate contained roughly $7,000-$500 of which he devoted to pay for his final expenses, a grave stone, and erecting an iron fence around his and his wife's graves. He left $2,500 to his children and grandchildren, with the condition that his grandchildren remain members of the Lutheran Church and abstain from alcohol and tobacco, and bequeathed the remaining $4,000 to the Somerset Lutheran congregation, the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Ministerium for foreign mission work in India, and to the Passavant orphanages in Zelienople and Germantown Pennsylvania.

Legacies.

In 1880, when a missionary society was organized by the students at the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Mount Airy, they named it the Father Heyer Missionary Society.  The missionary field that Heyer founded in Guntur in 1842—together with the Rajahmundry Mission that was founded by the Rev. Luis P. Manno Valett of the North German Missionary Society in 1845—grew to become the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church (AELC), organized in 1927. By 2009, the congregational membership of the AELC grew to become one of the largest Lutheran churches in India, and the third largest Lutheran church in Asia, boasting a membership of about 2.5-million individuals in about 5,000 parishes. According to the President of the AELC, "The strong edifice built by the missionaries for the growth of education is still being continued by AELC. It also concentrates on diaconal works such as Establishment of Hospitals, Emancipation of Women’s Status, Rural Development Projects and Mother & Child Health Programme."  C.F. Heyer’s name also is commemorated by the Father Heyer Junior College and vocational schools in Deenapur and Phirangipuram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

His prayer.

Traditional language.

God of grace and might, we praise thee for thy servant John Christian Frederick Heyer, whom thou didst call to preach the Gospel in the United States and in India. Raise up, we beseech thee, in this and every land, heralds and evangelists of thy kingdom, that the world may know the immeasurable riches of our Savior Jesus Christ, who liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and ever.

Contemporary language.

God of grace and might, we praise you for your servant John Christian Frederick Heyer, whom you called to preach the Gospel in the United States and in India. Raise up, we pray, in this and every land, heralds and evangelists of your kingdom, that the world may know the immeasurable riches of our Savior Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, now and ever.

John Christian Frederick Heyer (July 10, 1793 - November 7, 1873) was the first missionary sent abroad by Lutherans in the United States. He founded the Guntur Mission in Andhra Pradesh, India. "Father Heyer" is commemorated as a missionary in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on November 7, along with Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg and Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen.

Johann Christian Friedrich Heyer (* 10. Juli 1793 in Helmstedt; † 7. November 1873 in Friedens, Pennsylvania), im englischsprachigen Raum John Christian Frederick Heyer genannt, war der erste Missionar, der von Lutheranern in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika ins Ausland entsandt wurde. Er gründete die Guntur-Mission in Andhra Pradesh, Indien. An „Father Heyer“ wird am 7. November im Kalender der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Amerika erinnert, gemeinsam mit Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg und Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen.


Early life.

Born 8 May 1934 in Cape Town, Leonard Hubert Hoffmann was the son of a well-known solicitor who co-founded what has become Africa's largest law firm, Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs.

Education.

He was educated at the University of Cape Town and then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he studied for the BCL degree and won the Vinerian Scholarship.  Between 1961–73, he was Stowell Civil Law Fellow at University College, Oxford, where he is an Honorary Fellow.

Legal career.

In 1963, he published the first edition of "The South African Law of Evidence", a work which became the standard text and which has since been published in four editions. After being called to the Bar from Gray's Inn in 1964, Hoffmann became one of the most sought after and highly priced barristers of his generation and was quickly made a judge, having taken silk on 19 April 1977.

Judicial career.

He was appointed to the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey on 20 November 1980 and stayed in office until 1985 and was appointed to the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division from 1985–92. On 23 July 1985, he was knighted upon his appointment, as is customary for High Court judges.  He was subsequently appointed to be a Lord Justice of Appeal in 1 October 1992 and stayed in office until 1995. In 1995, Hoffmann was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (more commonly known as a Law Lord) and thereby raised to the peerage as Baron Hoffmann, of Chedworth in the County of Gloucestershire.  "Twinsectra v Yardley" (trust law) and "MacNiven v Westmoreland" (tax law) are prominent examples of his judicial positions. Both cases led to differences of view between him and Lord Millett. Hoffmann gave the leading judgment in "Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society", in which he set out five principles for interpreting contracts.  He retired as a Law Lord on 20 April 2009 and joined the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, as Honorary Professor of Intellectual Property Law.

Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal.

Hoffmann has been a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal since 1998.  In 2014 he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

Links with Amnesty International.

Hoffmann's failure to declare his links with Amnesty International before ruling on whether Augusto Pinochet was immune from prosecution led to the unprecedented setting aside of a House of Lords judgment. He later commented to the "Daily Telegraph" that "the fact is I'm not biased. I am a lawyer. I do things as a judge. The fact that my wife works as a secretary for Amnesty International is, as far as I am concerned, neither here nor there."

Family.

Leonard and Gillian Hoffmann have two daughters and two grandchildren.

Opinions in terrorism cases.

Hoffmann was involved in three important judgments of the House of Lords concerning terrorism: "Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman" [2001] UKHL 47; "A v Secretary of State for the Home Department" [2004] UKHL 56; and "A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department" [2005] UKHL 71. In "Rehman", at para 62, he wrote:Postscript. I wrote this speech some three months before the recent events in New York and Washington. They are a reminder that in matters of national security, the cost of failure can be high. This seems to me to underline the need for the judicial arm of government to respect the decisions of ministers of the Crown on the question of whether support for terrorist activities in a foreign country constitutes a threat to national security. It is not only that the executive has access to special information and expertise in these matters. It is also that such decisions, with serious potential results for the community, require a legitimacy which can be conferred only by entrusting them to persons responsible to the community through the democratic process. If the people are to accept the consequences of such decisions, they must be made by persons whom the people have elected and whom they can remove. It appeared that he was willing to defer to the executive in matters concerning national security in the fairly long tradition of English judges deferring to the executive in such matters, including Lord Denning in "ex-parte Hosenball". However, in 2004, Hoffmann took a robust stand (joining the majority of judges in the decision) against the executive in the Belmarsh case, "A v. SSHD" [2004] UKHL 56. In this case Hoffmann wrote at para 97 that: The real threat to the life of the nation, in the sense of a people living in accordance with its traditional laws and political values, comes not from terrorism but from laws such as these. That is the true measure of what terrorism may achieve. It is for Parliament to decide whether to give the terrorists such a victory.  In "A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department" [2005] UKHL 71, Hoffmann said:The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it.

Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, PC, GBS (born 8 May 1934) is a retired senior South African–British judge. He served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1995 to 2009.

Leonard „Lennie“ Hubert Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann Kt PC QC (* 8. Mai 1934 in Kapstadt) ist ein britischer Jurist, der zuletzt von 1995 bis 2009 Lordrichter ("Lord of Appeal in Ordinary") war und seit 1995 als Life Peer Mitglied des House of Lords ist.


History.

Under the Philippine Organic Act (1907–1916).

The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that a Philippine legislature would be established after several conditions were met, such as the end of the "Philippine Insurrection". The legislature was to have an upper house consisting of the appointed Philippine Commission and a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, its members chosen by national election. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. Two Filipino Resident Commissioners were sent to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. The act also extended the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines. The Philippine Legislature convened its first session on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House. Conflict between the bodies, the American-majority Commission and the all-Filipino, Nacionalista-led Assembly, were not uncommon. Such conflicts came to an end when the Jones Law created a bicameral legislature composed exclusively of Filipinos.

Philippine Commission (1900–1916).

The Second Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft and known as the Taft Commission, was established by the President of the United States William McKinley in 1900 to exercise legislative and limited executive powers in the Philippines. Its members, both American and Filipino, were appointed by the US President. Beginning in 1907, it acted as the upper house of a bicameral legislature.

Philippine Assembly (1907–1916).

On July 30, 1907, the first elections for the Philippine Assembly were held. Two political groups dominated the elections—the Nacionalista Party and Nationalist Progressive Party. Minority parties and independent candidates also competed. The Nacionalista Party, which espoused "immediate and complete independence" was headed by future Philippine president Sergio Osmeña, captured a majority of the 80–seat Assembly. The Assembly was the first fully elected national legislative body.

Under the Jones Law (1916–35).

The Jones Law of 1916, also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative arrangement. The Philippine Commission was abolished and replaced by the elected Senate of the Philippines. The Philippine Assembly was also reorganized and renamed the House of Representatives. The new Philippine Legislature was inaugurated on October 16, 1916.  The Philippine Legislature was the country's legislative body until 1935 when it was superseded by the National Assembly of the Philippines upon the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

The Philippine Legislature was the legislature of the Philippines from 1907 to 1935, during the American colonial period, and predecessor of the current Congress of the Philippines. It was bicameral and the legislative branch of the Insular Government.

Die Philippinische Legislative wird auf den Philippinen das zweite frei gewählte Parlament genannt, das erstmals aus Senat und Repräsentantenhaus bestand, dessen Mitglieder nur Filipinos waren. Grundlage hierzu war das Inkrafttreten des "Philippine Autonomy Acts" (Jones Law) der am 29. August 1916 von Präsident Woodrow Wilson unterzeichnet wurde. Die philippinische Legislative ersetzte das bisherige Parlamentssystem, das aus der Taft-Kommission und der Philippinischen Versammlung bestand. Die ersten Wahlen wurden am 10. Oktober 1916 abgehalten. Diese Legislative wurde mit Inkrafttreten des "Tydings-McDuffie Law" ("Philippine Independence Act") am 1. Mai 1934 abgeschafft und durch den Commonwealth-Kongress 1935 ersetzt.


Life.

Luigi Tezza was born on 1 November 1841 in Treviso as the sole child of Augustine Tezza (d. 1850) and Catherine Nedwiedt (d. 1880). After the death of his father in 1850 both he and his mother moved to Verona. At the age of 15 he entered as a postulant in the Camillian order in Verona. His mother later became a nun.  Under the guidance of Father Luigi Artini he made his first religious profession on 8 December 1858. He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 May 1864 under the Bishop of Verona Luigi Di Canossa and travelled to Rome as a novice master. Tezza desired to join those in the missions in Africa but this was denied to him. He later spent over three decades in France after being sent there on 10 August 1871 where he became the superior of a small home where he worked to establish other homes and centers for the poor and the ill. Tezza - to that end - also formed a Camillian province in France. Due to the conflict between the state and the church in 1880 he was expelled due to his clerical status and that of being a foreigner. Despite this he returned to France in disguise to continue his work with the sick.  In 1889 in Rome he was chosen as both the Vicar and Procurator General of his order where he commenced a project for a female branch of the Camillian order. He laid the foundation for such an establishment with Giuseppina Vannini - future Blessed - whom he met on 17 December 1891. With her aid Tezza founded on 2 February 1892 the Daughters of St. Camillus and he himself drew up the statutes for the new order. It began with about 50 women and it expanded at a rapid pace. The order was to receive the papal approval of Pope Pius XI in 1931.  The Camilian order soon faced crisis in Peru and Tezza embarked for Peru on 3 May 1900; he arrived there in June 1900 with Father Angelo Ferroni in order to cater to the situation. However prior to departure the Archbishop of Lima Manuel Tovar y Chamorro requested that he remain a little bit longer - he would remain in Peru for the remainder of his life. Tezza devoted himself to an intense apostolate of caring for the sick as well as the poor in hospitals and homes as well as prisons. He served as the confessor and spiritual director in various religious congregations. He also helped Teresa Candamo Álvarez-Calderon - future Venerable - overcome her initial difficulties with her new order.  Tezza died in Lima on 26 September 1923 and was mourned across Peru; he soon became known as the "Apostle of Lima". He was interred in the Generalate of his order in Rome. Cardinal Lorenzo Lauri described Tezza as "the holiest priest in the Diocese of Lima".

Beatification.

The beatification process commenced on two fronts in Rome and in Lima. The first process commenced on 21 November 1959 under Pope John XXIII - where he was accorded the title Servant of God - and concluded its work on 13 January 1964. This occurred despite the fact that the cause did not receive a formal introduction at the behest of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints until 15 January 1999. Nevertheless a second process was held that spanned from 16 April 1999 until 13 July 1999. Both processes were ratified on 8 October 1999 in order for the cause to proceed; the Positio was then sent to Rome for evaluation in 2000.  Pope John Paul II proclaimed Tezza to be Venerable on 24 April 2001 after he had recognized that he had lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue.  The miracle attributed to his intercession was investigated over a week from 15 May 1997 until 23 May 1997; it saw the accumulation of documentation and testimonies to attest to a miraculous healing. The process was ratified on 8 October 1999 and was forwarded to Rome for investigation. John Paul II approved it on 7 June 2001 and beatified Tezza on 4 November 2001.

Blessed Luigi Tezza (1 November 1841 - 26 September 1923) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Camillians. He established the Daughters of St. Camillus and is known as the Apostle of Lima. He was ordained in 1864 and went on to serve the sick and the poor in Peru where he administered. Tezza's new religious congregation was established with the sole aim of sick relief who followed the example of the Camillian order as a branch of it.

Luigi Tezza OSCam (* 1. November 1841 in Conegliano ; † 23. September 1923 in Lima) war ein italienischer Ordensgeistlicher und Ordensgründer. Er war Generalprokurator des Kamillianerordens und Visitator seiner Gemeinschaft in Peru. Im Jahr 2001 wurde er seliggesprochen.


Education and career.

Fujiwara graduated in June 1902 from secondary school at the Third Higher School in Kyoto and then studied mathematics at the University of Tokyo, where he graduated in 1905. His most important teacher was Rikitaro Fujisawa (1861–1933). In 1906 he became a secondary school teacher at the First Higher School "Daiichi Kōtō Gakkō" in Tokyo. In 1908 Fujiwara and Tsuruichi Hayashi (1873–1935) were appointed professors at Tohoku University in Sendai. To prepare for his professorial duties, Fujiwara was sent to study from 1908 to 1911 in Göttingen, Paris and Berlin. After his return in February 1912, Fujiwara worked closely with his colleague Tsuruichi Hayashi, who in 1911 founded the Tohoku Mathematical Journal. The Journal published many of Fujiwara's mathematical papers. In November 1914 he received his doctorate.  Fujiwara was an important contributor to the development of the Mathematical Institute of the University of Tokyo. His contacts with European mathematicians made it possible to create an extensive library. He worked in the mathematical fields of analysis, geometry, and number theory and wrote more than 100 mathematical articles in German, English, and Japanese. After the death of his colleague Hayashi in 1935, Fujiwara intensively studied the history of "wasan", "i.e." traditional Japanese mathematics. In 1928–1929 his two-volume algebra textbook was published, and from 1934 to 1939 his two-volume analysis textbook was published. His manuscript (about eight thousand pages) on the history of mathematics in Japan survived the bombing of Sendai in July 1945 and was published posthumously in 5 volumes from 1954 to 1960 by the Japan Academy. From historians active in the first half of the twentieth century, Matsusaburo Fujiwara and Yoshio Mikami are considered the two leading historians of "wasan".  In 1925 he and the mathematician Teiji Takagi were elected to the Japan Academy. While Takagi was considered the more original researcher (on the basis of contributions to class field theory), Fujiwara was known for his scholarship. In 1936 Fujiwara was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Oslo.

Matsusaburo Fujiwara (, "Fujiwara Matsusaburō", 14 February 1881, Tsu, Mie – 12 October 1946, Fukushima) was a Japanese mathematician and historian of mathematics.

Fujiwara Matsusaburō (jap. ; * 14. Februar 1881 in Tsu; † 12. Oktober 1946 in Fukushima) war ein japanischer Mathematiker.


Prehistory.

From cropmarks in the "policies" (improved areas) around Fetteresso Castle, there is evidence of a ring-ditch sited at the north end of a cursus. A cursus is a prehistoric set of parallel linear structures of unknown purpose that were, somewhat fancifully, considered by antiquarians as used for some type of athletic competition, possibly related to hunting or archery; this is unsubstantiated. In 1822 a cairn was discovered near Fetteresso Castle with some human remains inside. The burial site was clearly a Bronze Age construct by the size and shape of the chamber made of unhewn whinstone. Some legends tell that this is the grave of Malcolm I, who is recorded to have been slain at Fetteresso in 954 AD. The burial hillock has become known as Malcolm's Mount, even though it is not likely from current archaeological analysis that the crypt could be so recent. In 1998 a burial urn from the beaker people was found at Fetteresso Castle. The Roman Camp of Raedykes is located several miles northwest, where a full legion encamped and many archeological recoveries have been made. This location is one of a string of marching camps that connected Angus to Moray.

Middle Ages.

The property is recorded to have been owned by the Strachans.  Robert de Bruce opposed the Balliol (and later the Comyn) claim to the throne of Scotland, which culminated at the Battle of Barra Hill (1308). Castlehill of Strachan was in fact burned-out by Robert de Bruce, and the Barony of Strachan later disinherited from the 'de Strachan' family and granted by Robert de Bruce to Sir Alexander Fraser in c. 1316 (Robertson Index, 1-15). The Strachan family were supporters and kinsmen of John Comyn, Earl of Buchan.  The barony of Fettereso eventually passed to William Keith, the Earl Marshall of Scotland, who inherited the barony through his mother, the daughter of Sir Alexander Fraser in the 14th century to the Clan Keith Earls Marischal, who built the towerhouse. The Earls Marischal also held the nearby fortress, Dunnottar Castle.

17th and 18th centuries.

The characteristic Scottish designs of crow-stepped gables and the battlement crenellation elements were introduced. A dovecote of considerable height was constructed in the 17th century to the south of the castle itself. In the year 1659 a woman, Jean Hunter, lived at Fetteresso. From her behaviours, she was accused of witchcraft and hanged at her home. An artist and wright named Alexander Charles worked at Fetteresso as an overseer. Charles flourished in 1671 to 1678 and published his drawings in at least one book. Late in the 17th century, the Duff family controlled Fetteresso and expanded the building around the old towerhouse.

20th century.

In the 1940s, the castle was owned by Maurice and Geraldine Simpson (née Pringle). She was the heir to the Pringle Knitware fortune. Subsequently, the Simpsons acquired and lived in nearby Muchalls Castle. L After the Simpsons' tenure at Fetteresso, the roof was off the castle for some period starting around 1954, and the castle bought by a local landowner and then left to the Don family in his will. In the latter part of the 20th century, the castle was restored, greatly modified, to yield seven houses, which is its present use. As of 2006 Mrs. Simpson still resides in the local area.

Fetteresso Castle is a 14th-century towerhouse, rebuilt in 1761 as a Scottish gothic style Palladian manor, with clear evidence of prehistoric use of the site. It is situated immediately west of the town of Stonehaven in Kincardineshire slightly to the west of the A90 dual carriageway. Other notable historic fortified houses or castles in this region are Dunnottar Castle, Muchalls Castle, Fiddes Castle, Cowie Castle and Monboddo House.

Fetteresso Castle ist ein ehemaliger Wohnturm aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, der 1671 zu einem palladianischen Herrenhaus der schottischen Gotik umgebaut wurde. Es steht unmittelbar im Westen der Stadt Stonehaven in Kincardineshire. Andere namhafte historische Anwesen und Schlösser in der Region sind Dunnottar Castle, Muchalls Castle, Fiddes Castle, Cowie Castle, Ury House und Monboddo House.


Career.

Ajax.

A Winger and attacking midfielder, Jozefzoon began his career with spells at CTO '70 and AFC. He joined the Ajax Youth Academy in 2006 and signed a three-year professional contract in June 2008. Jozefzoon won his maiden call into the first team squad for the opening match of the 2010–11 Eredivisie season versus FC Groningen and remained an unused substitute during the 2–2 draw. He made his senior debut six days later, replacing Urby Emanuelson at half time during a 4–2 win over SBV Vitesse. He scored his only goal for the club in a 5–0 KNVB Becker third round win over MVV Maastricht on 22 September 2010. After five appearances during the 2010–11 season, Jozefzoon signed a one-year contract extension in June 2011, but spent the 2011–12 season away on loan and was released at the end of the season.

NAC Breda (loan).

Jozefzoon spent the 2011–12 season on loan at Eredivisie club NAC Breda. He made 17 appearances and scored no goals during his spell.

RKC Waalwijk.

On 25 May 2012, Jozefzoon joined Eredivisie club RKC Waalwijk on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract with an option for a third year. He made 36 appearances and scored seven goals during the 2012–13 season before departing the Mandemakers Stadion in June 2013.

PSV Eindhoven.

In June 2013, Jozefzoon joined Eredivisie giants PSV Eindhoven for a €400,000 fee. Despite making 25 appearances and scoring four goals during his debut season, he failed to fully break into the first team at the Philips Stadion. Jozefzoon's 15 league appearances during the 2014–15 season were enough to win him an Eredivisie winners' medal, the first silverware of his career. After largely falling out of the first team picture through 2015 and 2016 due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury, however he won his second Eredivisie winners' medal during the 2015–16 Jozefzoon left the club in January 2017.

Brentford.

On 27 January 2017, Jozefzoon moved to England to join Championship club Brentford for an undisclosed fee on a deal until the end of the 2016–17 season, with an option to extend for a further year. He made his debut four days later, playing the first 71 minutes of a 3–0 win over Aston Villa at Griffin Park. With both lacking stamina after little football during the first half of the season, head coach Dean Smith rotated Jozefzoon and Sergi Canós on the right wing through to the end of the season, often with one substituting the other. Jozefzoon scored his first Bees goal on his 16th appearance, with the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Barnsley on 17 April. Jozefzoon finished the season with 19 appearances and the club extended his contract by two years.  Despite Sergi Canós suffering an injury, the signing of Ollie Watkins and the form of Josh Clarke meant that Jozefzoon failed to make the right wing berth his own during the early months of the 2017–18 season. Injury to Rico Henry in September saw Josh Clarke move to left back as cover, which allowed Jozefzoon to establish himself as a first choice wide option. He ended the 2017–18 season with 43 appearances and seven goals.

Derby County.

After a £1.5m bid from Derby County was rejected by Brentford on 4 July 2018, on 18 July, a follow-up bid of £2.75m was accepted from Derby for the player. On 19 July, Brentford also accepted a matching rival bid for the player from Leeds United. He signed for Derby on 20 July 2018. He made his debut on 11 August in a 1–4 loss against Leeds United.

International career.

Jozefzoon won 10 caps for the Netherlands at U19 and U21 level. He was part of the Netherlands squads at the 2010 European U19 Championship and 2013 European U21 Championship finals.

Personal life.

Jozefzoon was born in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana and moved with his Surinamese parents, six brothers and two sisters to the Netherlands at age two.

Honours.

Ajax  PSV

Florian Marc Jozefzoon (born 9 February 1991) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a winger for English club Derby County.

Florian Jozefzoon (* 9. Februar 1991 in Saint Laurent du Maroni, Französisch-Guyana) ist ein niederländischer Fußballspieler, der vorrangig im Angriff eingesetzt wird. Zur Saison 2013/14 wechselte er von RKC Waalwijk zur PSV nach Eindhoven. Zuvor stand er beim AFC Ajax in Amsterdam unter Vertrag und war in der Saison 2011/12 an NAC Breda ausgeliehen.


Life and career.

Pritchard was born in Walthamstow, Essex, to a musical family. His father, Albert Edward Pritchard, was a violinist with the London Symphony Orchestra. The young Pritchard was educated at the Monoux School and studied violin, piano, and conducting in Italy.  Pritchard, as a conscientious objector, refused to serve in the Second World War, but was in any case unfit on medical grounds. In 1943 he took over the semi-professional Derby String Orchestra and was its principal conductor until 1951. He joined the music staff of Glyndebourne Festival Opera in 1947 and was appointed chorus master in 1949. He remained associated with Glyndebourne for most of his career, as conductor, music counsellor (from 1963), principal conductor (1968) and musical director (1969–78).  Beyond Glyndebourne, Pritchard appeared with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, at Edinburgh in 1952 (deputising for Ernest Ansermet, who was ill). He made his début at the Royal Opera House in 1951 and at the Vienna State Opera in 1952. He appeared regularly with the Vienna Symphony (1953–55).  For Glyndebourne in this period he conducted Mozart's "Idomeneo" and Richard Strauss's "Ariadne auf Naxos" at the Edinburgh festivals of 1953 and 1954 and Rossini's "La Cenerentola" at the Berlin Festival, a performance described by the Dictionary of National Biography as 'a triumph'.  In 1957, Pritchard was appointed principal conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic where he launched the Musica Viva series showcasing contemporary music. His success in Liverpool led to his appointment as musical director of the London Philharmonic Orchestra (1962–66). Freelancing after leaving the LPO, he conducted concerts in Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden, Philadelphia and the Far East, and opera in Buenos Aires, Chicago, San Francisco, New York, Salzburg, Florence, and Munich. In 1973 he conducted the London Philharmonic in China—the first visit by a Western orchestra.  His later permanent posts were chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, (1982–89) and musical director of the Cologne Opera (1978), La Monnaie, Brussels (1981), and the San Francisco Opera (1986). At the time of his death he was preparing Wagner's Ring cycle for San Francisco.  Pritchard was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1962 and knighted in 1983. The prestigious Shakespeare Prize (Hamburg) was awarded him in 1975.  He died in 1989 in Daly City, California, US. His homosexuality was described as "unabashed"; he left a large part of his estate to his partner, Terry MacInnes.

Repertoire.

John Pritchard was a champion of a wide range of new music, conducting the premieres of Britten's "Gloriana" and Tippett's "The Midsummer Marriage" and "King Priam," all at Covent Garden, and the British première of Henze's "Elegy for Young Lovers" at Glyndebourne. Of the classics of the repertoire he was noted for his Mozart and Richard Strauss. His recordings include "Idomeneo", "L'incoronazione di Poppea", "Falstaff", "Macbeth," "Hansel and Gretel", "L'elisir d'amore" (with Plácido Domingo), "Il segreto di Susanna" (with Renata Scotto and Renato Bruson), "Lucia di Lammermoor" and "La traviata" (the last two with Joan Sutherland).

Sir John Michael Pritchard, CBE (5 February 19185 December 1989), born Stanley Frederick Pritchard, was an English conductor. He was known for his interpretations of Mozart operas and for his support of contemporary music.

Sir John Michael Pritchard (* 5. Februar 1921 in London; † 5. Dezember 1989 in Daly City) war ein englischer Dirigent.


Format.

The format change happened a little after the same time cousin station CFQM-FM in Moncton changed from an Adult Contemporary format, to a Classic Hits format in July 2009.  K100 was being programmed out of Moncton and in order to cut costs, MBS decided that instead of flipping K100 to a classic hits format they would change the format to a contemporary hit radio format to more effectively compete with rival CHWV-FM. CIOK-FM's switch to contemporary hit radio joined sister station CKCW-FM in Moncton, which moved from top 40 to hot AC by that same time. Nielsen BDS later moved the station to the Canadian hot adult contemporary panel after the flip of this station to top 40. In September 2015, the station returned to adult contemporary.

History.

On December 3, 1986, Mervyn Russell, representing a company to be incorporated received approval from the CRTC to operate a new FM radio station at Saint John. The station began broadcasting in 1987 with Gary Crowell as the GM, and Jim Goldrich returned to K100 from working at CJYQ in Newfoundland. K100's original studios and offices were on 400 Main Street in Place 400. In the mid-1990s, K100 moved their studios and offices to Union Street, where they are still located. In 1997, the station was purchased by Newcap Broadcasting and was re-purchased by MBS Radio in 2005.  K100 was the long-time radio home of Saint John radio personality Bruce Weaver who hosted K100's morning show from 1991 to 2002 and made K100 #1 in the ratings during that time.  K100 announcers along with the announcers of two other MBS stations and support staff continue their strike for a fair deal.

Ads.

Although the station's reports are not on Mediabase, the station's ads were exactly the same as sister hot adult contemporary station CKCW-FM in Moncton; however, Mediabase now lists the station as of March 2011 for adds on the same Canadian hot AC panel as rival CHWV-FM. As of August 2011, MBS's website identifies CIOK-FM, and sister station CKCW-FM's, formats as being CHR or Contemporary Hit Radio.

CIOK-FM, is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 100.5 FM in Saint John, New Brunswick, owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System. The station currently offers an adult contemporary format branded on-air as "K100, Saint John's Perfect Music Mix". Prior to July 2009, it had an adult contemporary format before changing to contemporary hit radio. As of September 2015, the station moved back to adult contemporary.

CIOK-FM, besser bekannt als K100, ist ein privater Hörfunksender aus Saint John, New Brunswick, Kanada. Der Sender sendet aktuelle Hits im Contemporary Hit Radio. Der Slogan des Senders lautet: „Saint John’s #1 Hit Music Station“. Der Sender sendet mit einer Leistung von 100.000 Watt und ist somit auch in der größeren Umgebung von Saint John empfangbar. Der Sender wird von Maritime Broadcasting Systems betrieben. Weitere Schwestersender sind CFBC, ein Oldiessender, und CJYC-FM, die sich auch in Saint John befinden.


History.

Early years – A division within Elron.

Elbit Systems was founded in 1966 by Elron Electronic Industries (), which combined the existing expertise within the Israel Ministry of Defense-Research Institute in special computer design with Elron's experience in electronic product design, manufacture and management (initially under the name Elbit Computers). Elbit steadily expanded developing and producing logistic-support weapon delivery and navigation systems for most Israeli aircraft, establishing a combat avionics package for the IAI Lavi fighter aircraft, and producing a fire-control system for the Merkava tank.

1996 IPO on NASDAQ.

In 1996, Elbit spun off into three independent companies:

Merger with El-Op.

In 2000, Elbit Systems merged with El-Op (a company controlled by the current Chairman, Michael Federmann), creating the largest non governmental defense electronics company in Israel and increasing Elbit Systems' value which later in 2004 enabled Elron to sell its shares in Elbit Systems for approximately $200 million. Following the merger with El-Op, Michael Federmann became the largest shareholder in the combined group.

Growth by acquisition.

Following the merger with El-Op, Michael Federmann and CEO Joseph Ackerman led an aggressive growth by acquisitions strategy.  The company acquired companies, including:

Recent news.

In October 2014, Elbit Systems won a $12.7 million contract for the supply and provision of Apache Aviator Integrated Helmets for the US Army helicopter fleet. The contract would be delivered over a two-year period.  On March 22nd 2018, Elbit Systems and Universal Avionics announced today that Elbit “is in the process of completing the acquisition of the privately owned U.S. company Universal Avionics Systems Corporation [UASC] through an asset acquisition agreement.” The deal is expected to close “in the coming weeks.”  In the year of 2019, Elbit Systems purchased the night vision business of Harris Corp. in America for $350 million.  In April 2019 Elbit Systems informed that it had partnered with DA-Group to offer immune solutions to global navigation satellite systems.  In August 2019, Elbit Systems won an IMOD contract to install the Iron Fist active protection system on the IDF's new Eitan AFV and the IDF's fleet of armored D9 bulldozers.

Global presence.

Europe.

Azerbaijan  On May 24, 2011, Elbit announced that it was awarded a contract valued at approximately $18.6 million to upgrade the Romanian Air Forces' C-130 transport aircraft. According to the agreement, the C-130 aircraft will be installed with various types of advanced electronic systems, including those produced by Elbit Systems' wholly owned subsidiary – Elisra Electronic Systems Ltd. The project, to be performed over four years, will be executed in cooperation with local companies in Romania, led by the Romanian Aeronautical Industry.  In 2007, Elbit acquired Ferranti Technologies (Group) Limited.

North America.

United States – Elbit owns several companies in the United States through its American subsidiary, Elbit Systems of America (ESA):

South America.

Brazil – In 2001, Aeroeletronica (AEL), a Brazilian company that had more than two decades of experience in the defense industry has become a part of the Elbit Systems Group. In January 2011, Elbit announced that it had bought two more Brazilian companies: Ares Aeroespecial e Defesa, and Periscopio Equipamentos Optronicos. In April 2011, Embraer has entered into a strategic agreement with AEL Sistemas S.A (“AEL”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Elbit Systems. The two companies were yet to define the specific programs to be pursued but, according to officials from the two companies, the main goals of the cooperation were the expanding of joint activities in the area of unmanned aircraft systems, including the anticipated creation of a jointly owned company, with majority participation of Embraer D&S. One of the primary goals of the joint venture will be to promote the introduction and use of Elbit Systems Hermes 450 UAV in the service of the Brazilian Air Force.

Southeast Asia.

Philippines - Elbit won its first contract in the Philippines for the supply of upgraded armored personnel carriers to the Philippine military back in June 2014. The upgrade included 25mm unmanned turrets, 12.7 mm remote controlled weapon stations (RCWS) and fire control systems (FCS) for 90 mm turrets. The contract marks a significant breakthrough for Elbit Systems, as it is the first one awarded to the company in the Philippines. In 2015, the Armed Forces of the Philippines received 114 M113 tracked APCs from the United States. The improved version of M113A2 APCs will have Remote Control Weapons System (RWS) designed by Elbit Systems. The electronically driven turrets can be configured with various types of cannons (25mm/30mm), coaxial machine guns (7.62mm) and guided anti-tank missiles.

Spyware.

On 6 December 2017, Citizenlab published a detailed report that showed that Ethiopian dissidents and journalists in the US, UK, and other countries were targeted by sophisticated commercial spyware, sold and operated by Cyberbit, a wholly owned subsidiary of Elbit Systems. In a reply to an inquiry from Human Rights Watch on the topic, Cyberbit did not deny selling this kind of technology, and rejected the responsibility of its possible misuse on its customers.

Divestment.

On September 3, 2009, the Norwegian Pension Fund's ethical council decided to sell the fund's stocks in Elbit due to the corporations supply of surveillance systems for the Israeli West Bank barrier. At a press conference to announce the decision, Minister of Finance Kristin Halvorsen said "We do not wish to fund companies that so directly contribute to violations of international humanitarian law". The Norwegian Ambassador to Israel was called to a meeting at the Israeli Foreign Ministry where the decision was protested.  In January 2010, Danske Bank added Elbit to the list of companies that fail its Socially Responsible Investment policy; a bank spokesman noted that it was acting in the interests of its customers by not 'placing their money in companies that violate international standards'. The Danish financial watchdog Danwatch has also placed Elbit on its ethical blacklist, and one of Denmark's largest pension fund administrators PKA Ltd announced it will no longer consider investing in Elbit, stating "The ICJ stated that the barrier only serves military purposes and violates Palestinian human rights. Therefore we have looked at whether companies produce custom-designed products to the wall and thus has a particular involvement in repressive activities."  In March 2010, a Swedish pension fund not wanting to be associated with companies which in its opinion are violating international treaties, boycotted Elbit Systems for being involved in constructing the Israeli West Bank barrier.  In April 2019, the publication of a report entitled AXA: Financing War Crimes by SumOfUs highlighted that AXA, a French investment firm, divested from Elbit in December 31, 2018.

Elbit Systems Ltd. is an Israel-based international defense electronics company engaged in a wide range of programs throughout the world. The company, which includes Elbit Systems and its subsidiaries, operates in the areas of aerospace, land and naval systems, command, control, communications, computers, intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR), unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), advanced electro-optics, electro-optic space systems, electronic warfare suites, signal intelligence (SIGINT) systems, data links and communications systems and radios.

Elbit Systems Ltd. ist ein israelischer Luft- und Raumfahrt- sowie Elektronikkonzern mit Sitz in Haifa. Er ist einer der größten Rüstungskonzerne und -exporteure Israels. Seit 2004 ist Telefunken Racoms Teil von Elbit Systems.


Legal structure.

None of the "firms" within the Big Four is actually a single firm; rather, they are professional services networks. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with the other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand, intellectual property, and quality standards. Each network has established a global entity to co-ordinate the activities of the network. In the case of KPMG, the co-ordinating entity is a Swiss association, and in the cases of Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young, the co-ordinating entity is a UK limited company. Those entities "do not" themselves perform external professional services, nor do they own or control the member firms. Nevertheless, these networks colloquially are referred to as "firms" for the sake of simplicity and to reduce confusion with lay-people. These accounting and professional services networks are similar in nature to how law firm networks in the legal profession work.  In many cases, each member firm practices in a single country, and is structured to comply with the regulatory environment in that country.  Ernst & Young also includes separate legal entities which manage three of its four geographic areas: the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and EMEIA (Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa) groups, the fourth area being Japan, which has no larger co-ordination branch. These entities coordinate services performed by local firms within their respective areas, but "do" "not perform" services or hold ownership in the local entities. There are rare exceptions to this convention; in 2007, KPMG announced a merger of four internationally distinct member firms (in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) to form a single firm.

History of Mergers.

Since the 1980s, numerous mergers and one major scandal involving Arthur Andersen, have reduced the number of major professional-services firms from eight to four.

Big Eight.

The firms were called the Big Eight for most of the 20th century, reflecting the international dominance of the eight largest firms:  Most of the Big Eight originated in an alliance formed between British and U.S. audit firms in the 19th or early 20th centuries. The firms' initial international expansion were driven by the needs of British and American based multinationals for worldwide service. They expanded by forming local partnerships, or by forming alliances with local firms. Arthur Andersen was the exception: the firm originated in the United States, and then expanded internationally by establishing its own offices in other markets, including the United Kingdom.  Price Waterhouse was a U.K. firm which opened a U.S. office in 1890, and later established a separate U.S. partnership. The UK and U.S. Peat Marwick Mitchell firms adopted a common name in 1925. Other firms used separate names for domestic business, and did not adopt common names until much later. For instance, Touche Ross was named such in 1960, Arthur Young, McLelland, Moores & Co in 1968, Coopers & Lybrand in 1973, Deloitte Haskins & Sells in 1978, and Ernst & Whinney in 1979.  In the 1980s the Big 8, each with global branding, adopted modern marketing and grew rapidly. They merged with many smaller firms. KPMG was the result of one of the largest of these mergers. In 1987, Peat Marwick merged with the Klynveld Main Goerdeler group to become KPMG Peat Marwick, later known simply as KPMG. Note that this was not the result of a merger between any of the Big Eight.

Big Six.

Competition among these firms intensified, and the Big Eight became the Big Six in 1989. In that year, Ernst & Whinney merged with Arthur Young to form Ernst & Young in June, and Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross to form Deloitte & Touche in August.  The Big Six after both mergers occurred were:  There has been some merging of ancestor firms, in some localities, which would aggregate brands belonging to the Big Four today, but in different combinations than the present-day names would otherwise suggest. For example, the United Kingdom local firm of Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged instead with the United Kingdom firm of Coopers & Lybrand. The resulting firm was called Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte, and the local firm of Touche Ross kept its original name. It wasn't until the mid-1990s that both UK firms changed their names to match those of their respective international organizations. Meanwhile, in Australia, the local firm of Touche Ross merged instead with KPMG. It is for these reasons that the Deloitte & Touche international organization was known as DRT International (later DTT International), to avoid use of names which would have been ambiguous, as well as contested, in certain markets.

Big Five.

The Big Six became the Big Five, in July 1998, when Price Waterhouse merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form PricewaterhouseCoopers.  The Big Five at this point in time were:

Big Four.

Finally, the insolvency of Arthur Andersen stemming from their involvement in the 2001 Enron Scandal, produced the Big Four:  The Enron collapse and ensuing investigation prompted scrutiny of the company's financial reporting, which that year was audited by Arthur Andersen. Arthur Andersen was eventually indicted for obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to the audit in the Enron scandal. The resulting conviction, although it was later overturned, still effectively meant the end of Arthur Andersen, because the firm was not allowed to take on new clients while they were under investigation. Most of its country practices around the world were sold to members of what is now the Big Four -notably Ernst & Young (now known as EY) globally; Deloitte & Touche in the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, and Brazil; and PricewaterhouseCoopers (now known as PwC) in China and Hong Kong.

Revenue Comparison.

In 2010, Deloitte, with its 1.8% growth, was able to outpace PricewaterhouseCoopers' 1.5% growth, gaining "first place" in revenue size, and became the largest firm in the professional services industry. In 2011, PwC re-gained first place with 10% revenue growth. In 2013, these two firms claimed the top two spots with only a $200 million revenue difference, that is, within half a percent. However, Deloitte saw faster growth than PwC over the next few years (largely due to acquisitions) and reclaimed the title of largest of the Big Four in Fiscal Year 2016.  It was estimated that the Big Four had about a 67% share of the global accountancy market in 2012, while most of the rest was divided among so called mid-tier players, such as Grant Thornton, BDO, and Crowe Global.

Criticism.

Cartel fears.

In Australia, the heads of the big four firms have met regularly for dinner, a parliamentary committee was told in 2018. The revelation was among issues which led to an inquiry by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission into possible collusion in the selling of audit and services. However, Ernst & Young told the inquiry that the dinners, which were held once or twice a year, were to discuss industry trends and issues of corporate culture such as inclusion and diversity.

Tax avoidance.

According to Australian taxation expert George Rozvany, the Big Four are "the masterminds of multinational tax avoidance and the architects of tax schemes which cost governments and their taxpayers an estimated $US1 trillion a year". At the same time they are advising governments on tax reforms, they are advising their multinational clients how to avoid taxes.

Market concentration.

In the wake of industry concentration and the occasional firm failure, the issue of a credible alternative industry structure has been raised. The limiting factor on the expansion of the Big Four to include additional firms, is that although some of the firms in the next tier have become quite substantially large, or have formed international networks, effectively all large public companies insist on having an audit performed by a Big Four network. This creates the complication that smaller firms have no way to compete well enough to make it into the top end of the market.  In 2011, the House of Lords of United Kingdom completed an inquiry into the financial crisis, and called for an Office of Fair Trading investigation into the dominance of the Big Four. It is reported that the Big Four audit all but one of the companies that constitute the FTSE 100, and 240 of the companies in the FTSE 250, an index of the leading mid-cap listing companies.

Corporate collusion.

Documents published in June 2010 show that some UK companies' banking covenants required them to use one of the Big Four. This approach from the lender prevents firms in the next tier from competing for audit work for such companies. The British Bankers' Association said that such clauses are rare. Current discussions in the UK consider outlawing such clauses.  In Ireland, the Director of Corporate Enforcement, in February 2011 said, auditors "report surprisingly few types of company law offences to us", with the so-called "big four" auditing firms reporting the least often to his office, at just 5% of all reports.  The January 2018 collapse of the UK construction and services company Carillion raised further questions about the Big Four, all of which had advised the company before its liquidation. On 13 February 2018, the Big Four were described by MP and chair of the Work and Pensions Select Committee Frank Field as "feasting on what was soon to become a carcass" after collecting fees of £72m for Carillion work during the years leading up to its collapse. The final report of a Parliamentary inquiry into the collapse of Carillion, published on 16 May 2018, accused the Big Four accounting firms of as a "cosy club", with KPMG singled out for its "complicity" in signing off Carillion’s "increasingly fantastical figures" and internal auditor Deloitte accused of failing to identify, or ignoring, "terminal failings". The report recommended the Government refer the statutory audit market to the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), urging consideration of breaking up the Big Four. In September 2018, Business Secretary Greg Clark announced he had asked the CMA to conduct an inquiry into competition in the audit sector, and on 9 October 2018, the CMA announced it had launched a detailed study. MPs have asked for the separation of the "Big Four" into multiple units after the collapse of Carillion and BHS as it would help in providing the professional skepticism required to furnish high quality audits.  A 2019 analysis by PCAOB in the United States observed that the big four accounting firms bungled almost 31% of their audits since 2009. In another project study on government oversight, it was seen that while the auditors colluded to present audit reports that pleased their clients, the times when they didn't they lost business. Despite this large-scale collusion in audits, the PCAOB in its 16-year history has only made 18 enforcement cases against the "big four". Although these auditors have failed audits in 31% of cases (808 cases in total), they have only faced action by PCAOB in 6.6% of the cases. KPMG has never been fined despite having the worst audit failure rate of 36.6%.

Global member firms.

Branding list  Showing year of formation through merger, or adoption of single brand name.

The Big Four is the nickname used to refer collectively to the four largest professional services networks in the world, consisting of Deloitte, Ernst & Young, KPMG, and PricewaterhouseCoopers. The four networks are often grouped together for a number of reasons; they are each comparable in size relative to the rest of the market, both in terms of revenue and workforce; they are each considered equal in their ability to provide a wide scope of quality professional services to their clients; and, among those looking to start a career in professional services, particularly accounting, they are considered equally attractive networks to work in, because of the frequency with which these firms engage with "Fortune" 500 companies.

Big Four bezeichnet das Oligopol der vier größten Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaften der Welt: Deloitte, EY (Ernst & Young), KPMG und PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). Es steht für rund 67 Prozent des weltweiten Umsatzes in der Wirtschaftsprüfung.


Plot.

Butch, Davis and Angel are teenagers who have been sentenced to Enola Vale juvenile detention center in Montana. The focus is on Butch, who has been imprisoned for attacking and blinding a correctional officer.  Goodyear, a tough but fair officer, urges the new inmates to follow the rules and quietly serve their time so they can earn a second chance on the outside. At first Butch attempts to conform to the rules, but soon he and his friends are attacked by the chief bully Banks and his thugs, Eckersley and Looney.  Refusing to reveal the names of his attackers, Butch is sent to solitary confinement. Once out, he immediately exacts revenge on Banks, Eckersley, and Looney. Butch saves the worst for Banks, who is savagely beaten. The beatings establish his rank among the inmates and offers temporary protection to his friends, Davis and Angel.  During a routine painting job, Angel and Goodyear get into a physical altercation; Angel is thrown against a wall by Goodyear and dies instantly. Butch, who was a witness to the altercation, is placed in solitary confinement while an investigation takes place.  Without Butch's protection, Davis is raped by Looney and Eckersley. Davis tries to contact his mother during the night, but an officer denies his request, telling him he'll have to wait until morning. Feeling helpless, Davis goes back to his bunk, eventually committing suicide by slitting his wrists.  The deaths of both Angel and Davis result in their dormitory going on a hunger strike during breakfast. After a stare-down in the cafeteria, Butch loses control and instigates a riot. The detention officers are overwhelmed and return to the cafeteria in riot gear, using tear gas and plastic bullets in an attempt to end the riot. During the riot, Butch tries to escape the building, but is caught and beaten by the prison officers moments later.

Release.

"Dog Pound" premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on 24 April 2010. It was released in France on June 23, 2010, and in Canada on September 7, 2010. It was also released in the United States, Mexico, Switzerland (French speaking region only), Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Critical reception.

The film was described as "intense" and not suited to the tastes of all viewers by reviewer Perri Nemiroff.  The film received positive reviews; on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 65% "fresh" rating with a 6.2 average- based on 26 reviews. Metacritic shows a 57/100 rating, signifying "mixed or average reviews".  "Dog Pound" is French director Chapiron's first English-language feature, and the film earned him an award as Best New Narrative Filmmaker at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival.

Dog Pound is a 2010 Canadian psychological thriller film directed and co-written by Kim Chapiron. It is a remake of the British borstal film, "Scum". This is Chapiron's only film to go direct-to-video.

Dog Pound ist ein sozialkritisches Gefängnisdrama des Regisseurs Kim Chapiron aus dem Jahr 2010 und stellt eine Neuverfilmung von Alan Clarkes klassischem Gefängnisfilm "Scum" aus dem Jahr 1979 dar.


Life.

Erhard Frommold was born in Altenburg, a midsized, then largely working-class town roughly equidistant between Leipzig to the north and Zwickau to the south. Before his fifth birthday Germany had undergone a significant regime change when in January 1933 the Nazi Party took power and lost little time in imposing Germany's first twentieth century one- party dictatorship. Frommold grew up in an Anti-fascist family, however. By the time he left school, European war had resumed, and he undertook an apprenticeship as a plumber. War ended in May 1945 and the entire central portion of Germany, including Thuringia and Saxony, was redesignated as the Soviet occupation zone. In February 1946 Erhard Frommold joined the Communist Party.  He underwent a career switch in 1947 when he embarked on a four-year study course at Jena, focusing on Sociology along with the History of Art and Literature. This defined the rest of his career, and in 1951/52 he obtained a post with the newly formed in Dresden. He started out as a Literary editor, later becoming editor in chief of the books department. He remained with the Verlag der Kunst till 1991, although he was obliged to quit his position as Editor in Chief in 1968 after it was noticed by the authorities that a literary evaluation by Frommhold on an almost forgotten work by the distinguished scholar Wilhelm Fraenger had failed to apply the stigma of "Bourgeois decadence". During his time at the Verlag der Kunst Frommhold was a prolific producer of Monographs. His better remembered subjects include Otto Nagel, Hans and Lea Grundig, Lasar Segall and Klaus Wittkugel. Another noted achievement was the publication by Verlag der Kunst, starting in 1958, of the "Fundus series", a collection of international Marxist texts on Aesthetics, Art history and Cultural history which, despite not following the East German Party line, were able to become established texts.  During the final year of his life Erhard Frommert suffered from heart disease, and it was a heart attack that killed him in Dresden on 17 October 2007.

Erhard Frommhold (20 May 1928 – 17 October 2007) was a leading German writer and art historian. He was a committed socialist, but he was not always an uncritical supporter of the Party line in the German Democratic Republic which is where, while that state existed, he lived and made his career.

Erhard Frommhold (* 20. Mai 1928 in Altenburg; † 17. Oktober 2007 in Dresden) war einer der wichtigsten Kunstwissenschaftler und innovativsten Publizisten der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik.


Description.

The Altuna Runestone is a granite stone 1.95 meters in height that was discovered in 1918 by a local historian in the wall of a chapel located near its current location. Before the historical significance of runestones was recognized, they were often used as materials in the construction of roads, bridges, walls, and buildings. It is one of few surviving runestones with exclusively pagan illustrations from Norse mythology. Most surviving runestones were raised during the 11th century after the Christianization of Sweden, and they were raised by people who wanted to show that they too adhered to the new faith, at least outwardly so, due to the fact that at least half of the runestones have inscriptions related to Christian.  One side of the Altuna Runestone, however, illustrates a legend recorded in the "Hymiskviða" of the "Poetic Edda", in which the Norse god Thor fishes for Jörmungandr, the Midgard serpent. Thor goes fishing with the jötunn Hymir using an ox head for bait, and catches Jörmungandr, who then either breaks loose or, as told in the "Gylfaginning" of the "Prose Edda", the line is cut loose by Hymir. The "Prose Edda" provides the additional detail that while Thor was pulling on the line with Jörmungandr on the hook, his feet went through the bottom of the boat. The image on the Altuna Runestone does not show Hymir, which may be due to the narrow shape of the stone, but it shows Thor, his line and tackle and the serpent, and notably, Thor's foot which has been pushed through the hull of the boat. This encounter between Thor and Jörmungandr seems to have been one of the most popular motifs in Norse art. Three other picture stones that have been linked with the myth are the Ardre VIII image stone, the Hørdum stone, and the Gosforth Cross. A stone slab that may be a portion of a second cross at Gosforth also shows a fishing scene using an ox head.  The runic inscription suggests that those to whom the stone is dedicated, the father Holmfastr and his son Arnfastr, were burned, possibly in a case of arson known as quickfire, a method commonly used in Scandinavian feuds. Arnfastr and his brother Véfastr share the common name element "fastr" with their father, Holmfastr. A common practice at that time in Scandinavia was the repeating of one of the name elements from a parent's name in the names of the children to show the family connection.  The inscription is classified as being carved in runestone style Pr3, which is also known as Urnes style. This runestone style is characterized by slim and stylized animals that are interwoven into tight patterns. The animal heads are typically seen in profile with slender almond-shaped eyes and upwardly curled appendages on the noses and the necks. The inscription is signed by the runemasters with the normalized names Frösten and Balle and perhaps by Livsten. Balle was active in south-western Uppland and northern Södermanland during the second half of the eleventh century.

The Altuna Runestone ("Altunastenen"), listed as U 1161 in the Rundata catalog, is a Viking Age memorial runestone with images from Norse mythology that is located in Altuna, Uppland, Sweden.

Der Runenstein von Altuna (schwedisch, Rundata U 1161) ist ein Runenstein der Wikingerzeit (800–1050 n. Chr.), der in Altuna in der Provinz Uppland in Schweden steht. Es ist einer von wenigen Runensteinen mit einer Illustration aus der nordischen Mythologie, der erhalten blieb.


Education.

He is a graduate of Middle East Technical University, in electrical engineering. He got his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford for his work on "Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Lasers without Inversion." He did post-doctoral work on "atomic and molecular physics" at Harvard.

Career.

In 1993, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1999, he became a professor of electrical engineering and physics. In 2001 he moved to the University of Stuttgart in Germany. Since 2002, he has been working at ETHZ (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Switzerland, where he is heading the research group on Quantum Photonics.  His group at ETHZ investigates quantum optics of solid-state zero-dimensional emitters, such as quantum dots or defects, embedded in photonic nano-structures. They are particularly interested in understanding physical properties that distinguish these solid-state systems from their atomic counterparts. Controlling quantum dynamics of quantum dot spins for applications in quantum information processing is one of their principal goals. As of February 2009, he had received ~8600 citations according to the Web of Science.

Awards and honors.

He received the Charles Townes Award of the Optical Society of America in 2010, Quantum Electronics Award of IEEE in 2009, the Muhammed Dahleh Award of UCSB in 2006, the Wolfgang Paul Award of the Humboldt Foundation in 2002, the TÜBİTAK prize for physics in 2001, David and Lucile Packard Fellowship in 1996, and National Science Foundation Career Award in 1995. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee at the IMDEA Nanoscience Institute. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society, of the Optical Society of America and the Turkish National Academy of Sciences.

Ataç İmamoğlu (born August 12, 1964 in Minneapolis, USA) is a Turkish-US physicist working on quantum optics and quantum computation. His academic interests are quantum optics, semiconductor physics, and nonlinear optics.

Ataç İmamoğlu ("Atac Imamiglu"; * 12. August 1964 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) ist ein türkisch-US-amerikanischer Physiker, der sich mit Quantenoptik, Halbleiter-Physik und Nichtlinearer Optik befasst.


History.

1917–1918.

The newspaper was established on September 6, 1917, when Lithuania was occupied by the German Empire. At the time it was the only Lithuanian-language newspaper in Vilnius ("Lietuvos ūkininkas" was discontinued at the start of the war). The German authorities loosened their control and granted some rights to the local population as World War I drew to a close. An openly pursued goal of annexation gave way to a more guarded policy after Germany perceived that a public relations backlash might occur: the Central Powers realized that the Allies could use this annexation in their propaganda and in the upcoming peace negotiations. During this time, Lithuanians assembled the Vilnius Conference and elected the 20-member Council of Lithuania, which was entrusted with the declaration of Lithuania's independence.  When Antanas Smetona, the newspaper's founder, became the chairman of the Council, "Lietuvos aidas" became the official newspaper of the Council on September 21, 1917. It was important for the Council to inform the Lithuanian people about its struggles and progress and developments on the war front, and to report other political news. Among its goals was the unification of all Lithuanians, irrespective of their political beliefs, in order to declare and establish an independent Lithuania. The newspaper was censored by the Germans and was required to issue German translations. The German issue was titled "Litauische Echo". At first the newspaper was published three times a week; after October 1, 1918 it was published daily, except for Mondays. The circulation in 1918 reached some 20,000 copies.  The newspaper usually consisted of about four to six pages. It published official declarations, decisions, and similar documents. Among the most famous issues is that of February 19, 1918, when the entire front page was dedicated to the Act of Independence of Lithuania. Although the majority of that issue was confiscated, the newspaper's editor, Petras Klimas, succeeding in hiding about 60 copies. In addition to political news, "Lietuvos aidas" also published poems and other literary works. It featured a special supplement, "Liuosoji valanda" ("The Free Hour"), dedicated to art. Another supplement, "Mūsų ūkis" ("Our Farm"), published articles on farming and agriculture.  Antanas Smetona remained as the editor in chief, but the actual editing was performed by Petras Klimas, Liudas Noreika, and others. Its authors included Mykolas Biržiška, Petras Klimas, Aleksandras Stulginskis, Jurgis Šaulys, Antanas Žmuidzinavičius, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Juozas Tūbelis. As Bolshevik forces took over Vilnius, the government had to abandon the city and the newspaper discontinued its operations on December 31, 1918, after publishing 214 issues. After the interim government was established in Kaunas, "Lietuvos aidas" was replaced by "Lietuva" ("Lithuania") as the official newspaper of the Lithuanian government.

1928–1940.

"Lietuvos aidas" was revived on February 1, 1928. It replaced "Lietuva", the newspaper of the Lithuanian government, and "Lietuvis", the newspaper of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union. After October 29, 1935, the paper published two editions daily (at 6 a.m. and at 1 p.m.), and from May 9, 1939 until the end of that year it published three daily editions (called "Rytinis Lietuvos aidas", "Lietuvos aidas", and "Vakarinis Lietuvos aidas"). These three editions were not merely re-prints or updates, but consisted of completely new material. The issues consisted of 14 to 16 pages. In 1939, the newspaper was the largest newspaper in Lithuania and its daily circulation reached 90,000 copies. The last issue, number 5546, was published on July 16, 1940, a month after the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania. "Lietuvos aidas" was replaced by the communists "Darbo Lietuva" ("Working Lithuania").  The chief editors were appointed by President Antanas Smetona and his Prime Minister. During this time, chief editors of "Lietuvos aidas" were (1928–1932), (1933–1934), Vytautas Alantas (1934–1939), (1939), (1939), (1939–1940).

Since 1990.

"Lietuvos aidas" was again resurrected in 1990 when Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union. The first new issue came out on May 8, 1990, during the economic blockade of Lithuania. Receiving support from Vytautas Landsbergis, it was recreated as the newspaper of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of Lithuanian. It had 62,000 subscribers in 1991 and 56,000 subscribers in 1992. At the end of 1992, its circulation reached 103,000 copies. The newspaper reflected ideology of the Homeland Union. There were unrealized plans of merging "Lietuvos aidas" with the Russian-language "Echo Litvy" (previously "Sovetskaya Litva"). Few years later, "Lietuvos aidas" was privatized. The first editor was Saulius Stoma (until 1994). In October 1997, he received a five-year sentence for misappropriation of funds at "Lietuvos aidas" and served a seven-month sentence. Other editors included Saulius Šaltenis (1994–1996), Roma Grinbergienė (1997–1998), Jonas Vailionis (1998), and Rimantas Varnauskas (1998–2000).  By the end of 1999, the newspaper had accumulated more than 5 million litas of debt and its daily circulation decreased to 7,000 copies. In May 2000, controversial businessman acquired the controlling share of the newspaper and became its editor. The newspaper caused a public scandal when some 50 openly anti-Semitic articles were published in fall 2000. "Lietuvos aidas" faced no real sanctions, but did soften its rhetoric. The scandal and other controversies alienated much of the readership: by September 2002, the circulation decreased to less than 5,000 copies and 2003 saw a 29.2% drop in subscriptions.  In December 2006, a new newspaper, with the same name and design, appeared as the original newspaper had failed to register its name. The new paper, published by an unknown company Adenita, employed several former employees of the original "Lietuvos aidas". Pilvelis sued and obtained an injunction and the publication of the second "Lietuvos aidas" ceased in May 2007.  In April 2006, bankruptcy proceedings were initiated by the State Tax Inspectorate when its tax debts reached more than 4 million litas. After the prolonged litigation, its main asset – former headquarters in Vilnius Old Town – was sold and the company was liquidated in 2015. However, Pilvelis continued to publish "Lietuvos aidas" through a non-profit organization ("viešoji įstaiga"). The number of issues decreased to twice a week (Wednesday and Saturday). In 2013, "15 min" reported that "Lietuvos aidas" employed only three people (Pilvelis and two others) and an advertising agency listed its circulation at 1,000 copies. Pilvelis died on August 27, 2016, and the publication was taken over by his daughter Rasa Pilvelytė-Čemeškienė. In 2019, it was a 16-page weekly with circulation of about 3,500 copies.

Lietuvos aidas (literally: "Echo of Lithuania") is a daily newspaper in Lithuania. It was established on September 6, 1917 by Antanas Smetona, and became the semi-official voice of the newly formed Lithuanian government. When the government evacuated from Vilnius to the temporary capital, Kaunas, it ceased publication. The newspaper was revived in 1928 as the newspaper of the Lithuanian government and became the most popular newspaper in Lithuania. At its peak, it published three daily editions with combined circulation of 90,000 copies. World War II disrupted its publication. In 1990, after Lithuania declared independence from the Soviet Union, the newspaper once again became the official newspaper of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania. At the end of 1992, its circulation reached 103,000 copies. However, it was soon privatized and faced shrinking readership, financial difficulties, and other controversies. In April 2006, bankruptcy proceedings were initiated by the State Tax Inspectorate when its tax debts reached more than 4 million litas. The company was liquidated in 2015, but the newspaper continues to be published by a non-profit organization ("viešoji įstaiga").

Lietuvos aidas ist eine litauische Tageszeitung, gegründet am 6. September 1917 in Vilnius. Gründer und Redakteur war der künftige litauische Präsident Antanas Smetona. Mitarbeiter von „Lietuvos aidas“ waren Mykolas Biržiška, Peliksas Bugailiškis, Petras Klimas, Pfr. Juozapas Stankevičius, Agr. Aleksandras Stulginskis (litauischer Präsident), Dr. Jurgis Šaulys und der Maler Antanas Žmuidzinavičius.


History.

The Order of Hockey in Canada was first announced on April 2, 2012. It is awarded "on the basis of their outstanding contributions or service to the growth and development of the sport of hockey in Canada, which may include players, coaches, officials, administrators, executives, trainers, physicians, inventors or any other person whose role or service in the game is recognized as extraordinary."  Honourees are selected by a 12 member committee. The executive committee members include Murray Costello, Jeff Denomme, Jim Hornell, and Bob Nicholson. The selection committee members include Jim Treliving (chairman), David Andrews, Gilles Courteau, Joe Drago, Pierre LeBrun, Roy MacGregor, Bob McKenzie, Pat Quinn, Glen Sather, Danièle Sauvageau, Scott Smith and Donna Spencer."

Eligibility.

Candidates for election as Distinguished Honourees of the Order of Hockey in Canada shall be chosen "on the basis of their outstanding contributions or service to the growth and development of the sport of hockey in Canada, which may include players, coaches, officials, administrators, executives, trainers, physicians, inventors or any other person whose role or service in the game is recognized as extraordinary."  Candidates are eligible as long as they have concluded their career as an active player or official, if either is applicable, for a minimum of five playing seasons before their election. All other candidates may be either active or inactive at the time of his or her selection. However, there will be no posthumous appointments to the Order of Hockey in Canada. In 2012, five were selected. After that, a maximum of three will be selected annually.

Selection process.

A selection committee of 12 members was appointed by the Order of Hockey in Canada executive committee, which was established by Hockey Canada. The selection committee members, representing a cross-section of individuals with great and varied experience around the game of hockey in Canada, have been selected for a three-year term and can serve for a maximum of nine years. Each committee member can only bring forward one name as an official nomination for consideration annually. After inducting five individuals in the first group in the spring of 2012, a maximum of three recipients will be selected annually.

Trophy.

Instead of individual medals, a trophy will honour the winners. It consists of a maple leaf symbol (red stick blades), gold and transparent components. The trophy's base has the name of the Order and a lower band with the names and years of the nominees.

The Order of Hockey in Canada is an award given out annually by Hockey Canada. It honours Canadian ice hockey players, coaches and executives and recognizes their contributions to the game. The first group of honourees was announced on April 10, 2012.

Der Order of Hockey in Canada ist eine 2012 gegründete Auszeichnung des kanadischen Eishockeyverbands Hockey Canada. In diesen werden Spieler, Trainer und Funktionäre aufgenommen, die sich um den Eishockeysport in Kanada verdient gemacht haben. Im ersten Jahr wurden fünf Persönlichkeiten aufgenommen, anschließend sollen maximal drei Persönlichkeiten pro Jahr aufgenommen werden.


Scientific contributions.

Professor Buckingham's research has focussed on the measurement and understanding of the electric, magnetic and optical properties of molecules; as well as on the theory of intermolecular forces.  Initially he worked on dielectric properties of liquids, such as dipole moments of molecules in both solution and gas phases. He developed the theory of the interaction of molecules in liquids and gases with external electric and magnetic fields. In 1959, he proposed a direct method of measurement of molecular quadrupole moments of molecules (measured in buckinghams), which he demonstrated experimentally in 1963 on the carbon dioxide molecule. In 1960, he developed theories of solvent effects on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and vibrational spectra of molecules. In 1962 he considered the effect on NMR spectra of molecular orientation in a strong electric field, and developed a method to determine the absolute sign of the spin-spin coupling constant. In 1968, he determined the first accurate values of hyperpolarizability using the Kerr effect. In 1971 Buckingham and Laurence Barron pioneered the study of Raman optical activity, due to differences in the Raman scattering of left and right-polarized light by chiral molecules.  In the 1980s, he showed the importance of long-range intermolecular forces in determining the structure and properties of small molecule clusters, with particular applications in biological macromolecules. In 1990 he predicted the linear effect of an electric field on the reflection of light at interfaces. In 1995, he proved that the sum of the rotational strengths of all vibrational transitions from the ground state of a chiral molecule is zero.

Amyand David Buckingham (born 28 January 1930 in Pymble, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is a chemist, with primary expertise in chemical physics. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom and Emeritus Fellow at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He obtained a Bachelor of Science and Master of Science, under Professor Raymond Le Fevre, from the University of Sydney and a PhD from the University of Cambridge supervised by John Pople. He was an 1851 Exhibition Senior Student in the Physical Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford from 1955–57, Lecturer and then Student (Fellow) at Christ Church, Oxford from 1955–65 and University Lecturer in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory from 1958 - 65. He was Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Bristol from 1965 - 69. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge in 1969.

Amyand David Buckingham, genannt "David Buckingham", (* 28. Januar 1930 in Pymble, Sydney) ist ein australischer Chemiker, der sich mit Physikalischer Chemie befasste.


Description.

The church measures approximately by. It features heavy corner buttresses in front and has four pointed windows; two lancet windows are on the east wall, while there are two smaller windows on the north and south side of the chancel. A step divides the chancel and the nave. The main entrance to the church lies at the west end of the north wall. The church is heavily ruined on the south side in particular. A burial enclosure lies to the south of the chancel.  To the south of the chapel is a cemetery in which there are a large number of graves. Inside the church there are eight cross slabs, which probably date between the 14th and 16th centuries. There are also graves from the 17th and 18th centuries. The cemetery is still occasionally used today. In the southwest corner of the enclosed area, there is a slate high cross. It was placed there in 1926, but was probably made between 1500 and 1560.

History.

The exact date of the church's construction is not recorded. On the basis of architectural features, however, it can be dated to the 13th century. The earliest written record of the church to survive is from 1380. From this record and another reference in the year 1549, it is known that it served as the parish church. By the 16th century at the latest, St Kenneth's Chapel came under the control of Iona Nunnery, and Augustinian establishment. Probably as a result of the abolition of the Nunnery in 1547, the chapel ceased to be used and was left to decay. Because of the tilt of the east wall, reinforcements were added in the 16th or 17th century. In 1815 the outer walls were probably still intact, but they have since collapsed.

St. Kenneth's Chapel is a ruined chapel on Inch Kenneth Island, Parish of Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon, Isle of Mull, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It dates to the 13th century. It became a Scheduled Monument on 27 March 1928.

Die St Kenneth’s Chapel, auch St Cainneach’s Chapel oder Inchkenneth Chapel, ist eine Kirchenruine auf der heute unbewohnten schottischen Hebrideninsel Inch Kenneth. Sie liegt im Südosten der Insel nahe der Küste mit einem flachen Strandabschnitt, der sich zum Anlanden von Booten eignet. Die Ruine ist als Scheduled Monument klassifiziert.


Writing and recording.

"Disappear" was written by Swedish singer–songwriter Hanne Sørvaag along with Danish musicians Remee and Thomas Troelsen, while production was handled by Remee and Troelsen. It was mixed by Will Simms and engineered by Savvas Iossifidis. Vocal editing was handled by Nicolaj Rasted. First drafts of a melody for "Disappear" were already in existence in 2005, with Troelsen, who also wrote the vocal melody, intensifying work on the track in January 2006. However, it took until 5 November 2007 for the song to be fully produced and provided with its final lyrics, which chronicle the aftermath of an unforgettable love affair. A Sørvaag-sung demo version of the song was recorded at the Delta Lab Recording Studios in Copenhagen and leaked through her MySpace account on 10 March 2008.  Sørvaag's demo recording was eventually presented to A&R manager Niklas Hafemann and the No Angels. One of several songs proposed for recording, "Disappear" was eventually accepted as the band's competition song for the German national finalGrand Prix Vorentscheid 2008. The vocals for their version were recorded at the Gutleutstudios in Frankfurt am Main on 22 December 2007. Nadja Benaissa has described the song as an earworm with international ambition: "[It's] an emotional, very sentimental [song]. With music, that's raising your spirits and carries away." The song premiered during an official press conference on 29 January 2008; the same day a thirty-seconds clip of the song was previewed on the band's official fansite. A day later the song was officially serviced to European radio. On 21 February 2008 an edited version of "Disappear" premiered on the website of daily newspaper "Bild-Zeitung", which was shortened to meet the three-minutes or less ESC conditions in length.

Release and reception.

Released on 29 February 2008 in German-speaking Europe, both the official CD single and the digital download single include three remixes by the Mozart & Friends team of music producers. The atmospheric Yin Yang remix is based on a piano performance by Australian producer Alf Tuohey and was refined by Marc Mozart with "trip-hop-esque" drumloops. Alexander Hahn contributed a trancy housemix of "Disappear," which was performed at his Chartlab Studio based in the center of Hamburg, Germany. The Soundbomb House remix has been declared "the heavier of the two house-mixes with plenty of traditional German techno elements;" the basic tracks were programmed by Manuel Loyo and Alexander Gernert, while Mozart added synthesisers.  Upon its release, "Disappear" debuted at number 12 on the German Singles Chart based on composite digital singles and CD singles sales. Following the band's participation and subsequent winning of the Grand Prix Vorentscheid it rose eight places to number 4 in its second week, making it both the biggest-moving single of the week and the No Angels' first top 10 entry (twelfth in total) since their 2007 comeback single "Goodbye to Yesterday" which peaked at the same position. The single eventually spent 14 weeks on that particular chart, also making it their longest-charting single since 2002's "Still in Love with You." On Media Control<nowiki>'</nowiki>s component charts "Disappear" reached number 2 on the German download chart as well as number 16 on the official airplay charts, according to Nielsen Music Control. It was ranked seventy-eighth on the German year-end chart.  In Austria, the single opened at number 63 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 chart. As on the German Singles Chart, sales were pushed by the Grand Prix Vorentscheid results and thus, it rose twenty-six places to number 37 in its second week of release, the group's highest peak since "Goodbye to Yesterday." The song remained another two weeks on the chart, but re-entered the top 100 at number 74 two weeks after the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. In Switzerland, the track became the group's first top 100 entry since "Goodbye to Yesterday" after the commercial failure of "Maybe" and "Amaze Me"/"Teardrops" the previous year, debuting and peaking at number 96. On a composite Eurochart Hot 100 Singles the song debuted at number 46 in the week of 22 March 2008, before jumping to number 21 the following week. Benefiting from strong airplay on foreign music markets, the single also peaked at number 22 on the Hungarian "Mahasz" Radio Chart, the band's first entry since "Still in Love with You" (2002).

Music video.

An accomanying music video for "Disappear", directed and produced by Daniel Lwowski for Katapult Film, was filmed on 23 January 2008 at Schloss Marquardt in the same-titled Potsdam district, near Berlin, Germany. Shooting lasted until 2:00am GMT of the 24th due to operating delays. German actor was approached to play a supporting role in the clip immediately after meeting band members Lucy Diakovska and Jessica Wahls at German talk show "Die Tietjen und Dibaba".  The video opens with a scene of Mommsen discovering a remote mansion in a seemingly deserted rural region, following the breakdown of his car, a BMW 2000. Deciding to search for help, he enters the empty antiquated building, which is occupied by four ghost-like entities (played by the No Angels), whose interest he awakes. Throughout the video, each of them tries to approach him in different ways, without touching him or being seen by him. However, every time he feels their presence and is tempted to catch a view of the beings, they disappear.  The clip world premiered on 5 February 2008 on German music network VIVA's show "VIVA Live". On 21 February 2008.de, the official website of the daily "Bild-Zeitung", released a shortened version of video, which has served as the official version for the ESC version of "Disappear." The fully animated clip features previously unreleased pictures and short videos of the band. A making-of-clip of the video was released on a digital video disc on the album's re-release edition, "Destiny Reloaded" (2008).

Eurovision Song Contest.

National final.

In January 2008, it was announced that the group and "Disappear" had qualified for the Grand Prix Vorentscheid, the German national pre-selection of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, organised and broadcast by Das Erste and the NDR. Having refused previous offers to participate in the pre-selection, it was the second time the band was asked to submit a song for the contest since their reunion in early 2007. Following several weeks of promotional appearances, the No Angels entered the competition on 6 March 2008 at the Deutsche Schauspielhaus in Hamburg, competing against all-male groups Marquess ("La histeria") and Cinema Bizarre ("Forever or Never"), and solo singers Tommy Reeve ("Just One Woman") and Carolin Fortenbacher ("Hinterm Ozean"). Dressed in white color, the No Angels hit the stage as the fifth entry of the evening, opening via lifting platform. During their performance however, their outfits transformed, with silken capes in orange, pink, purple, and blue coming from their dresses. Four wind machine were specially-installed on-stage for their performance.  After the five songs had been performed, televoters decided about the top two songs in the superfinal which were then voted on again. Widely considered as early favourites by the media the band eventually finished first, having earned tight 50.5% of the audience vote over Fortenbacher in the second and final election round, while the other three participants were ranked joint third. Following the win of the pre-selection, controversy occurred when several news sources reported that the writers of the track were alleged to have plagiarised several elements (both motifs and melodies) from "SSDSDSSWEMUGABRTLAD" contestant Steffi List's recording "Breaking the Silence" without giving credit or compensation. However, while investigators verified similarities in rhythm and phrasing, the NDR eventually denied any existing evidence proving this argument as "Disappear" was written and recorded prior to List's song.

ESC final.

With Germany being one of the biggest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union, the No Angels - alongside their competing entries from France, Spain, the United Kingdom and hosting country Serbia - were allowed to skip the contest's semi-finals and automatically qualified for competition with 24 other countries in the finals of the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. Thus, on Saturday 24 May 2008, the band started at number four during the show, following Albania's entry Olta Boka with her ballad "Zemrën e lamë peng" and preceding Armenia's Sirusho with "Qele Qele." Having decided to rework parts of their show for the final, the group performance differed from the Grand Prix Vorentscheid: While their stage clothes had been changed into two blue and two purple dresses with two capes each, a new choreography was added; the LED projections in the back of the stage showed flying feathers on a blue ground and moreover, pyrotechnics were included.  An estimated 100 million fans watched the final contest, and viewers from all 43 participating nations voted for their favourite performers via text message and telephone. While generally never considered a pre-contest favourite (online betting firms such as "Paddy Power" previously put Germany's chances of winning at 100 to 1, in the lowest third of competitors), the No Angels eventually ranked 23rd place out of the 25 countries that participated with a total of 14 points – taking 12 points from Bulgaria, band member Lucy Diakovska's native country, and 2 points from Switzerland only. In fact, only Poland and the United Kingdom placed below the four-member female band.  It was succeeded as German representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 by Alex Swings Oscar Sings (Alex C. and Oscar Loya) with "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang".

Track listings.

Notes

Credits and personnel.

Credits taken from "Destiny Reloaded" liner notes.

"Disappear" is a song recorded by all-female German pop group No Angels, taken from "Destiny Reloaded" (2008), the reissue of their fourth studio album "Destiny" (2007). It was written by Norwegian singer-songwriter Hanne Sørvaag along with Danish musicians Remee and Thomas Troelsen, the latter of which also handled production on the track. A mid-paced pop song that is built on a ticking clock sample, the song is influenced by elements of Europop and synthpop. Its instrumentation consists essentially of synthesizers and keyboards. Lyrically, it finds the protagonist thinking deeply over her relationship with her love interest from whom she parted; however, she still pines for him and feels self-conscious for doing so.

Disappear ist ein Lied der Girlgroup No Angels und war der deutsche Beitrag für den Eurovision Song Contest 2008. Geschrieben wurde das Stück von Thomas Troelsen, Mikkel R. Sigvardt und Hanne Sørvaag; produziert von Thomas Troelsen und Remee.