History.

The stadium was originally known as "Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion" (; ), named after a former chairman of Bayer AG, the club's founders. Its original capacity was 20,000.  In 1986, a rebuilding project began to convert it into a modern facility; the project continued intermittently over the following decade. The project was completed in 1997, making the stadium an ultramodern all-seater with a capacity of 22,500. The stadium was renamed "BayArena" in 1998.  In 1999, a hotel attached to the stadium was completed, with some rooms having a view of the pitch. The stadium complex also includes a high-class restaurant, which also overlooks the pitch, and conference facilities.  The city of Leverkusen originally bid to become a venue for the 2006 World Cup, with an expanded Bay Arena as the site. However, the city, Bayer Leverkusen, and the German organizing committee soon agreed that expanding Bay Arena to the FIFA-mandated minimum 40,000 capacity for World Cup matches would not be practical, and the city withdrew its bid. Instead, it was agreed that Bay Arena would be the main training facility for the German national team during the 2006 finals. Jürgen Klinsmann, former national coach, however decided against Leverkusen and opted for Berlin as the main training facility. As compensation, BayArena would supposedly host two national matches, though they were never played.

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.

On 30 March 2007 Bayer AG agreed on the extension of the stadium to a capacity of over 30,000. Construction works began end of 2007 and are supposed to be finished at the beginning of the 2009–10 season. On 30 September 2008, Bay Arena was selected as one of nine venues to be used during the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup to house three group and one quarterfinal match.

Design.

As the new stadium design was planned in the 80s, it was based on the design of the then Ruhrstadium in Bochum. A steep single-tier football stadium without a running track with seating for 35,000 spectators. The stadium was intended to be constructed section by section over time in order to save costs and grow with the demands of the club, starting with the east stand in 1986, the west in 1989 and the north in 1991. In the middle of the rebuild, the demands of modern football stadiums changed. Suites and VIP Areas became necessary, a family friendly section as well as design modification to all-seater following the Bundesliga riots of the 1990s and the demands for international matches.  As a lesson from the World Cup 1994 in the USA the north section was redesignated as a so-called "Family Street", the first section of a German stadium aimed at attracting a younger audience. This concept proved to be a rousing success and demanded the moving of the Family Street to the larger east section for the 96-97 season. In the process the BayArena was the first stadium in Germany to turn into an all-seater and to remove part of the fences which had separated the tiers from the pitch, starting again in the east and later expanded to the whole stadium. Due to the demands for larger VIP areas, the original plans for closing the gap in the south with a stand the same layout as the north were dropped in 1995. Instead the south section was built as box suites, making the stadium unique in the Bundesliga with its South American style horseshoe design. With the work finished in 1997 the BayArena was judged as the most comfortable and modern stadium in Germany.  The expansion and renovation of 2007-2009 added a second tier over the east, north and west sections, new VIP suites between the two tiers, a new oval roof covering all seats as well as the complete rebuild of the club's main facilities in the west section. It also saw the reintroduction of pure standing areas for the home supporters in the corner north/east. After Summer 2013 the pure standing area was stretched over the complete first rows of the north section of the stadium.

Bay Arena () is a football stadium in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, which has been the home ground of Bundesliga club Bayer 04 Leverkusen since 1958.

Die BayArena [], bis 1998 Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion, ist ein zwischen 1956 und 1958 errichtetes Fußballstadion im Stadtteil Küppersteg der nordrhein-westfälischen Großstadt Leverkusen, in dem der Fußball-Bundesligist Bayer 04 Leverkusen seine Heimspiele austrägt. Die Eigentümerin des Stadions ist die Bayer 04 Immobilien GmbH, die wie die Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH eine hundertprozentige Tochtergesellschaft der Bayer AG ist. Betreiber sind Bayer 04 Leverkusen, die Bayer Gastronomie und die Lindner Hotels & Resorts.


History.

Luis de Moscoso Alvarado established the village of San Miguel de la Frontera (Saint Michael of the Frontier) on May 8, 1530, as a bastion for the conquest of the Lenca kingdom of Chaparrastique (Place of Beautiful Orchids). By 1586 the village had obtained the title of city.  In 1655, a volcanic eruption almost destroyed the entire city. According to legend, the devastation was so severe that only an image of Satan in the parish church was spared.

Economy.

The city has been an important center of the agriculture, textile and chemical industries of El Salvador. Since the early 21st century, the services sector, especially health care and commerce, have increased considerably, resulting in significant private investments in hospitals and shopping malls within the city. This has usually been attributed partly to the high inflow of remittances (at least 35% of the total, which represents around 18% of the national GDP ) that Salvadorans living abroad send to families in the eastern zone of the country.  The incomes and wealth of the eastern half of the country are expected to increase following new jobs and businesses associated with the development of the Puerto La Unión; it started operations in 2012.

Education.

There are many educational institutions within the city, private and public, including some of the oldest schools in the country. The main universities are the public University of El Salvador ( with its Facultad Multidiciplinaria de Oriente) and the private Universidad de Oriente (UNIVO).The University Gerardo Barrios, the University Modular Abierta.

Sports.

The sports infrastructure of San Miguel has had significant development and modernization since the beginning of the past decade. The main sports centers are the national football stadium of "Juan Francisco Barraza", the "Polideportivo Don Bosco" and the Charlaix Stadium.

Culture.

In November, San Miguel celebrates its municipal festivities in honor of "Nuestra Señora De La Paz" (Our Lady of Peace), the San Miguel Carnival being the final and main event that takes place on the last Saturday of the month. With an estimate of 1,000,000 people attending it for its 50th anniversary (as reported by the local media), it is considered the biggest entertainment, music and food festival in El Salvador and one of the largest in Central America. The beginnings of the Carnival itself date from 1959. Currently, this tradition continues to reflect the growth of the city and one of the motors for its economy.  Famous people born in San Miguel include Captain General Gerado Barrios, writer Francisco Gavidia, poet Juan J. Cañas, and David Joaquín Guzmán. The city is flanked by the Volcan Chaparrastique (2,129 meters), perhaps the most iconic image of San Miguel.  San Miguel is a sister city of Arlington, Virginia.

San Miguel is a city in eastern El Salvador. It is the country's third most populous city. It is located 138 km east of the capital, San Salvador. It is also the capital of the department of San Miguel and a municipality. The population of the city in 2017 was 518,410.

San Miguel (ursprünglich "San Miguel de la Frontera", benannt nach dem Erzengel Michael) ist die größte Stadt im Osten des mittelamerikanischen Staates El Salvador. Sie ist Hauptstadt des Departamento San Miguel.


Early life.

Hannah was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Susan Jeanne Metzger, a producer and former schoolteacher, and Donald Christian Hannah, a tugboat and barge company owner. Her parents divorced and her mother subsequently married businessman Jerrold Wexler, brother of cinematographer Haskell Wexler. Hannah grew up with siblings Don and Page Hannah as well as her maternal half-sister Tanya Wexler, in Long Grove, Illinois. She was raised Roman Catholic.  Hannah became interested in movies at a young age, partly due to insomnia. She has said that she was very shy growing up. As a young child, Hannah was emotionally isolated and struggled in school. She was subsequently diagnosed with autism, and medical professionals urged her parents to have her institutionalized. Instead, her mother decided to relocate with Hannah temporarily to Jamaica, in hopes that the change in environment would help her daughter. Hannah later attended the progressive Francis W. Parker School (where she played on the soccer team) in Chicago before enrolling at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, where she studied ballet and acting.

Career.

Early work.

Hannah made her film debut in 1978 with an appearance in Brian De Palma's horror film "The Fury". She turned down many roles early in her career. She also had an early role along with Rachel Ward in the 1983 horror film "The Final Terror". During production, "The Final Terror" was shot in the Redwood Park in 1981 before the film was later released in 1983 to capitalize on Hannah's blossoming career.

1980s.

In 1982, Hannah played the acrobatic and violent replicant Pris in Ridley Scott's science fiction classic "Blade Runner", in which she performed some of her own gymnastic stunts. That same year she appeared in the summer hit release "Summer Lovers". She then was cast as a mermaid in Ron Howard's 1984 fantasy "Splash", which starred Tom Hanks. Also in 1984, she appeared in "The Pope of Greenwich Village", with co-stars Mickey Rourke and Eric Roberts. In 1985, Hannah appeared in and provided backing vocals in the music video "You're a Friend of Mine", performed by Clarence Clemons and Jackson Browne. She also appeared in the video for Browne's Tender Is the Night (song). Hannah's roles in the remainder of the 1980s ranged from 1986's film version of the best seller "The Clan of the Cave Bear" and "Legal Eagles". The next year, she appeared in the Academy Award–winning "Wall Street", for which she received a Razzie Award. She starred in the title role of Fred Schepisi's 1987 film "Roxanne", a modern retelling of Edmond Rostand's play "Cyrano de Bergerac". Her performance was described as "sweet" and "gentle" by film critic Roger Ebert. She starred in "High Spirits" (1988) alongside Peter O'Toole and ended the decade with "Crimes and Misdemeanors" (alongside Woody Allen) and "Steel Magnolias" (both 1989).

1990s.

Hannah played the daughter of Jack Lemmon's character in both of the "Grumpy Old Men" comedies. That same year, she played Nancy Archer in the HBO comedy remake of "Attack Of The Fifty-Foot Woman". In 1995, Hannah was chosen by "Empire" magazine as No. 96 of the "100 Sexiest Stars in Film History." That year she appeared as homicidal sociopath Leann Netherwood in "The Tie That Binds". She also starred in the 1998 direct-to-video film "Addams Family Reunion" playing Morticia Addams.

2000s.

In the early 2000s, her most memorable role may be that of the one-eyed assassin, Elle Driver, in "Kill Bill", directed by Quentin Tarantino. Her performance in this film and her appearances in "A Walk to Remember", "Speedway Junky", "Northfork", Michael Radford's "Dancing at the Blue Iguana", John Sayles' "Casa de los Babys" and "Silver City", have been described by some as a comeback. After "Kill Bill", she appeared in several TV films and miniseries, including the Syfy original film "Shark Swarm", "Final Days of Planet Earth" for the Hallmark Channel, and "Kung Fu Killer" for Spike. She also appeared in "Shannon's Rainbow" and "The Cycle" in 2009.

2010s.

In the 2010s, Hannah released several films, including "A Closed Book", "A Fonder Heart", and "Eldorado". Robert Koehler of "Variety" wrote of "A Closed Book" that it allows curious fans to see what Hannah has been up to lately. In 2013, she starred in "Zombie Night", a Syfy original film by The Asylum as well as in "Mother", a thriller by The Asylum about internet bullying. In 2013, she joined "Skin Traffik", and, in 2014, she signed on to "Signs of Death".  Since 2015, she has appeared in "Sense8", a series on Netflix from the Wachowskis. The series ran for two seasons, with a finale episode released on June 8, 2018.

Theatre.

Hannah is also an accomplished theatre actress, reprising Marilyn Monroe's starring role in "The Seven Year Itch" in 2000 in London's West End. Reviews of the play commended Hannah's performance, with Lizzie Loveridge of "Curtain Up!" saying that the play was the "perfect vehicle" for Hannah to "show her talents as a comedienne." She was also in films "Cord" and "First Target" in the same year.

Other work.

Hannah wrote, directed and produced a short film titled "The Last Supper". She directed, produced, and was cinematographer for the documentary "Strip Notes", which was broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK and on HBO. It was about the research Hannah did for her role as a stripper in "Dancing at the Blue Iguana".  In 2002, Hannah appeared in Robbie Williams' video for the song "Feel" portraying Williams' love interest.  Hannah and actress Hilary Shepard Turner created two board games, "Love It or Hate It" and "LIEbrary", with Hannah previewing the latter on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" in 2005.

Political activism.

Hannah, an active environmentalist, has her own weekly video blog called "DHLoveLife" on sustainable solutions. She is often the sound recordist, camera person and on-screen host for the blog. Her home runs on solar power and is built with green materials. She drives a car that runs on biodiesel. She has been vegetarian since age 11, and later became vegan. In late 2006, she volunteered to act as a judge for Treehugger.com's "Convenient Truths" contest. On December 4, 2008, Hannah joined Sea Shepherd Conservation Society's crew aboard the, as part of Operation Musashi.  On June 13, 2006, Hannah was arrested, along with actor Taran Noah Smith, for her involvement with over 350 farmers, their families and supporters, confronting authorities trying to bulldoze the largest urban farm in the U.S., located in South Central Los Angeles. She chained herself to a walnut tree at the South Central Farm for three weeks to protest against the farmers' eviction by the property's new owner, Ralph Horowitz. The farm had been established in the wake of the 1992 L.A. riots to allow people in the city to grow food for themselves. However, Horowitz, who had paid $5 million for it, sought to evict the farmers to build a warehouse. He had asked for $16 million to sell it but turned down the offer when the activists raised that amount after the established deadline. Hannah was interviewed via cell phone shortly before she was arrested, along with 44 other protesters, and said that she and the others are doing the "morally right thing". She spent some time in jail.  Hannah has also worked to help end sexual slavery and has been traveling around the world to make a documentary.  Hannah was among 31 people arrested on June 23, 2009, in a protest against mountaintop removal in southern West Virginia, part of a wider campaign to stop the practice in the region. The protesters, who also included NASA climate scientist James E. Hansen, were charged with obstructing officers and impeding traffic after they sat in the middle of State Route 3 outside Massey Energy's Goals Coal preparation plant, "The Charleston Gazette" reported. In a "Democracy Now!" phone interview on June 24, 2009, Hannah spoke briefly on why she went to West Virginia and risked arrest. Hannah was arrested on August 30, 2011, in front of the White House as part of a sit-in to protest against the proposed Keystone oil pipeline from Alberta to the U.S. Gulf Coast. In a "Huffington Post" piece co-authored with Phil Radford, Hannah explained that the purpose of her action was to "shine the light" on the President's decision on the pipeline for "millions of voters" to see. In October 2011, Hannah and other pipeline opponents rode horses and bicycles and walked from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation to the Rosebud Reservation to protest the project.  Hannah was the executive producer of "Greedy Lying Bastards", a 2012 documentary against climate change denial.  In September 2012, Hannah signed environmental activist Tom Weis' open letter calling on President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney to withdraw their support for the construction of the southern leg of the Keystone XL pipeline, that would transport oil sands from Montana to Texas. Other signatories included climate scientist James Hansen and actors Sheryl Lee, Mariel Hemingway, and Ed Begley Jr.. On October 4, 2012, Hannah was arrested and jailed in Wood County, Texas, for criminal trespassing. She and a local landowner, 78-year-old Eleanor Fairchild, were arrested while protesting against the TransCanada Keystone XL oil sands pipeline by attempting to block heavy construction equipment. Although they were charged with trespassing, they were in fact protesting on Fairchild's land. On February 13, 2013, Hannah was arrested at the White House along with Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Conor Kennedy during a climate change protest against the proposed Keystone Pipeline.  On April 26, 2014 in Washington, Hannah and Neil Young led a march by the "Cowboy and Indian Alliance" group against the Obama administration to reject the proposed Keystone Pipeline.  Hannah endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.  She is a member of the World Future Council.

Personal life.

Hannah had long-term relationships with John F. Kennedy Jr. and musician Jackson Browne. She began seeing Browne in 1983, they broke up in 1992 amid allegations that Browne was physically abusive to her. She began a relationship with musician Neil Young in 2014 and they married in 2018.  Hannah was among the numerous women who brought sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein. In a part of Ronan Farrow's 2017 expose, Hannah claimed that Weinstein sexually harassed her multiple times during the production of "Kill Bill" and that he once tried to break into her hotel room, forcing her to flee through a fire escape. Hannah later expressed belief that Weinstein sabotaged her career in retaliation for refusing his advances, as she struggled to find work after appearing in "Kill Bill".  In September 2013, "Forbes" magazine reported that Hannah had been diagnosed as autistic in childhood. When she was a child, medical professionals recommended that she be institutionalized and medicated.  Since her appearances in Papa and Sense 8 (both 2018), Hannah has reportedly reduced her acting roles and focused on family life and marriage.

Daryl Christine Hannah (born December 3, 1960) is an American actress. She made her screen debut in Brian De Palma's supernatural horror film "The Fury" (1978). She has starred in various movies across the years, including as Pris Stratton in Ridley Scott's science fiction thriller "Blade Runner" (1982) and as Cathy Featherstone in Randal Kleiser's romantic comedy "Summer Lovers" (1982), as the mermaid Madison in Ron Howard's fantasy-romantic comedy "Splash" (1984), Roxanne Kowalski in the romantic comedy "Roxanne" (1987), Darien Taylor in Oliver Stone's drama "Wall Street" (1987) and Annelle Dupuy Desoto in the comedy-drama "Steel Magnolias" (1989). In 2004, Hannah won a Saturn Award for her role as one-eyed assassin Elle Driver in Quentin Tarantino's two-part martial arts action film "Kill Bill". In 2015 she appeared in the Netflix series "Sense8" as Angelica Turing.

Daryl Christine Hannah (* 3. Dezember 1960 in Chicago, Illinois) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und Umweltschutz-Aktivistin. Bekanntheit erlangte sie in den 1980er Jahren mit ihren Rollen in "Blade Runner" (1982), "Splash" (1984), "Wall Street" (1987) und "Magnolien aus Stahl" (1989) sowie 2003 und 2004 als "Elle Driver" in Quentin Tarantinos "Kill Bill – Volume 1 & 2".


Product strategy.

Manufacturers will commit to very conservative service life, usually 2 to 5 years for most commercial and consumer products (for example computer peripherals and components). However, for large and expensive durable goods, the items are not consumable, and service lives and maintenance activity will factor large in the service life. Again, an airliner might have a mission time of 11 hours, a predicted active MTBF of 10,000 hours without maintenance (or 15,000 hours with maintenance), a reliability of.99999 and a service life of 40 years.  The most common model for item lifetime is the bathtub curve, a plot of the varying failure rate as a function of time. During early life, the bathtub shows increased failures, usually witnessed during product development. The middle portion of the bathtub, or 'useful life', is a slightly inclined, nearly constant failure rate period where the consumer enjoys the benefit conferred by the product. As the time increases further, the curve reaches a period of increasing failures, modeling the product's wearout phase.  For an individual product, the component parts may each have independent service lives, resulting in several bathtub curves. For instance, a tire will have a service life partitioning related to the tread and the casing.

Life Expectancy.

When exposed to high temperatures, the lithium-ion batteries in smartphones are easily damaged and can fail faster than expected, in addition to letting the device run out of battery too often. Debris and other contaminants that enter through small cracks in the phone can also infringe on smartphone life expectancy. One of the most common factors that causes smartphones and other electronic devices to die quickly is physical impact and breakage, which can severely damage the internal pieces.

Examples.

For maintainable items, those wear-out items that are determined by logistical analysis to be provisioned for sparing and replacement will assure a longer service life than manufactured items without such planning. A simple example is automotive tires - failure to plan for this wear out item would limit automotive service life to the extent of a single set of tires.  An individual tire's life follows the bathtub curve, to boot. After installation, there is a not-small probability of failure which may be related to material or workmanship or even to the process for mounting the tire which may introduce some small damage. After the initial period, the tire will perform, given no defect introducing event such as encountering a road hazard (a nail or a pothole), for a long duration relative to its expected service life which is a function of several variables (design, material, process). After a period, the failure probability will rise; for some tires, this will occur after the tread is worn out. Then, a secondary market for tires puts a retread on the tire thereby extending the service life. It is not uncommon for an 80,000-mile tire to perform well beyond that limit.  It may be difficult to obtain reliable longevity data about many consumer products as, in general, efforts at actuarial analysis are not taken to the same extent as found with that needed to support insurance decisions. However, some attempts to provide this type of information have been made. An example is the collection of estimates for household components provided by the Old House Web which gathers data from the Appliance Statistical Review and various institutes involved with the homebuilding trade.  Some Engine manufacturers, such as for example Navistar and Volvo, use a so-called B-life rating, based on the durability data of the engine manufacturer, B10 and B50 index for measuring the life expectancy of an engine.

BOL and EOL.

For certain products, such as those that cannot be serviced during their operational life for technical reasons, a manufacturer may calculate a product's expected performance at both the beginning of operational life (BOL) and end of operational life (EOL). Batteries and other components that degrade over time may affect the operation of a product. The performance of mission critical components is therefore calculated for EOL, with the components exceeding their specification at BOL. For example, with spaceflight hardware, which must survive in the harsh environment of space, the capacity to generate electricity from solar panels or radioisotope thermoelectric generators is likely to reduce throughout a mission, but must still meet a specific requirement at EOL in order to complete the mission. A spacecraft may also have a BOL mass that is greater than its EOL mass as propellant is depleted during its operational life.

A product's service life is its period of use in service. It is mostly used in non-technical context, and has no scientific support or meaning. Several other terms more accurately describe a product's life, from the point of manufacture, storage, and distribution, and eventual use.

Unter der Nutzungsdauer (oder "Nutzungszeit") versteht man in der Betriebswirtschaftslehre und im Steuerrecht den Zeitraum, in welchem ein Gebrauchs- oder sonstiger Vermögensgegenstand betrieblich genutzt wird oder genutzt werden kann.


Cistercians.

The abbey was founded in about 1170 by Wichmann von Seeburg, the Archbishop of Magdeburg, after his troops had conquered the former Slavic territory. It possibly was meant for preventing the territorial expansion southwards of the Ascanian lords of nearby Luckenwalde, descendants of Albert the Bear. The monastery was built on the northern rim of the Fläming hill range in the marshes of the Nuthe river by Cistercian monks, descending from the monastery on the site of Burg Berge, otherwise Altenberg Abbey, in the County of Berg near Cologne. With huge effort they drained the land and turned it into productive ground.  The abbey soon assumed immense economic significance throughout the whole region. In 1285 it bought the town of Luckenwalde and eleven surrounding villages. At its high point, in 1307, the abbey territory measured almost 300 km2. For more distant trade the abbey kept town properties in Berlin, Wittenberg and Jüterbog, among others: the present Jüterbog Town Museum is in the former townhouse of the Abbot of Zinna. The monks left a famous psalter, the "psalterium novum beatae Mariae", printed in the 1490s, today on display at the Brandenburg State Library in Potsdam.  The area however remained a remote eastern exclave of the Magdeburg archdiocese, pressed by the neighbouring Margraves of Brandenburg and the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg. After a lengthy period of decline, monastic life in the abbey came to an end in 1553 with the Protestant Reformation.

Frederick II.

Following the Peace of Westphalia, the Magdeburg territories had finally been secularized in 1680 as the Duchy of Magdeburg and been given to Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1764, in an effort to bring economic revival to the area, King Frederick II of Prussia established a new village for weavers descending from Upper Lusatia at the site on which some of the monastic buildings had remained.  The new settlement since 1902 has been called "Kloster Zinna" after the abbey and in 1992 was incorporated into the town of Jüterbog. The success of the economic efforts was quite modest, but there is still a statue to Frederick II erected in celebration of the centenary jubilee in 1864 and re-erected in 1994.

Buildings.

Of the monastic complex there still remain the abbey church, the brewhouse and the customs house, as well as some fragments of the cloisters and the guesthouse. Of the former pilgrimage site on the nearby Golmberg, however, there remains only a cross.  The plain abbey church is an early Gothic pillared basilica with a cruciform groundplan. In the late Gothic period vaulting was introduced into most parts of the structure. Of especial musical interest is the organ by Wilhelm Baer, dating from 1850/51, which on guided tours it is possible to walk "through".  Before the altar, there is an "Ave Maria" inscription embedded in the floor which consists of individual letter tiles. Each letter appears as a relief print on an unglazed, red-brown terracotta tile measuring 14 x 14 cm. The Latin inscription dates to the 13th or 14th century and was composed in Gothic majuscule. The technique is considered a precursor of movable type printing.  In the building known as the "New Abbey" is the local museum, with medieval frescoes and a model of the original monastery complex as it would have been in 1170, as well as displays relating to the abbey's history up to c. 1550 and the development of the weavers' colony. In the old customs house there are displays of traditional weaving techniques and live demonstrations. In the old brewhouse the sweet herbal liqueur ""Klosterbruder"" is still produced, in which process the visitor is encouraged to participate.  The buildings and the picturesque landscape are also used in spring and summer as the background for concerts, and in co-operation with Lehnin Abbey the medieval music events of the "Musica Mediaevalis" concert series. There is also a traditional New Year's concert by candlelight in the church - at natural temperature.

Zinna Abbey () is a former Cistercian monastery, the site of which is now occupied by a village also called Kloster Zinna, today part of Jüterbog in Brandenburg, Germany, about south of Berlin.

Kloster Zinna () ist eine ehemalige Zisterzienser-Abtei im Ortsteil Kloster Zinna der Stadt Jüterbog im brandenburgischen Landkreis Teltow-Fläming, rund 60 Kilometer südlich von Berlin an der Bundesstraße 101.


Definitions.

A data set has "n" values marked "y"...,"y" (collectively known as "y" or as a vector "y" = ["y"...,"y"]), each associated with a fitted (or modeled, or predicted) value "f"...,"f" (known as "f", or sometimes "ŷ", as a vector "f").  Define the residuals as "e" = "y" − "f" (forming a vector "e").  If formula_1 is the mean of the observed data:  then the variability of the data set can be measured using three sums of squares formulas:  The most general definition of the coefficient of determination is  In the best case, the modeled values exactly match the observed values, which results in formula_7 and formula_8. A baseline model, which always predicts formula_1, will have formula_10. Models that have worse predictions than this baseline will have a negative formula_11.

Relation to unexplained variance.

In a general form, "R" can be seen to be related to the fraction of variance unexplained (FVU), since the second term compares the unexplained variance (variance of the model's errors) with the total variance (of the data):

As explained variance.

Suppose "R" = 0.49. This implies that 49% of the variability of the dependent variable has been accounted for, and the remaining 51% of the variability is still unaccounted for. In some cases the total sum of squares equals the sum of the two other sums of squares defined above,  See Partitioning in the general OLS model for a derivation of this result for one case where the relation holds. When this relation does hold, the above definition of "R" is equivalent to  where "n" is the number of observations (cases) on the variables.  In this form "R" is expressed as the ratio of the explained variance (variance of the model's predictions, which is "SS" / "n") to the total variance (sample variance of the dependent variable, which is "SS" / "n").  This partition of the sum of squares holds for instance when the model values "ƒ" have been obtained by linear regression. A milder sufficient condition reads as follows: The model has the form  where the "q" are arbitrary values that may or may not depend on "i" or on other free parameters (the common choice "q" = "x" is just one special case), and the coefficient estimates formula_16 and formula_17 are obtained by minimizing the residual sum of squares.  This set of conditions is an important one and it has a number of implications for the properties of the fitted residuals and the modelled values. In particular, under these conditions:

As squared correlation coefficient.

In linear least squares multiple regression with an estimated intercept term, "R" equals the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the observed formula_19 and modeled (predicted) formula_20 data values of the dependent variable.  In a linear least squares regression with an intercept term and a single explanator, this is also equal to the squared Pearson correlation coefficient of the dependent variable formula_19 and explanatory variable formula_22  It should not be confused with the correlation coefficient between two estimates, defined as where the covariance between two coefficient estimates, as well as their standard deviations, are obtained from the covariance matrix of the coefficient estimates.  Under more general modeling conditions, where the predicted values might be generated from a model different from linear least squares regression, an "R" value can be calculated as the square of the correlation coefficient between the original formula_19 and modeled formula_20 data values. In this case, the value is not directly a measure of how good the modeled values are, but rather a measure of how good a predictor might be constructed from the modeled values (by creating a revised predictor of the form "α" + "βƒ"). According to Everitt (p. 78), this usage is specifically the definition of the term "coefficient of determination": the square of the correlation between two (general) variables.

Interpretation.

"R" is a statistic that will give some information about the goodness of fit of a model. In regression, the "R" coefficient of determination is a statistical measure of how well the regression predictions approximate the real data points. An "R" of 1 indicates that the regression predictions perfectly fit the data.  Values of "R" outside the range 0 to 1 can occur when the model fits the data worse than a horizontal hyperplane. This would occur when the wrong model was chosen, or nonsensical constraints were applied by mistake. If equation 1 of Kvålseth is used (this is the equation used most often), "R" can be less than zero. If equation 2 of Kvålseth is used, "R" can be greater than one.  In all instances where "R" is used, the predictors are calculated by ordinary least-squares regression: that is, by minimizing "SS". In this case "R" increases as we increase the number of variables in the model ("R" is monotone increasing with the number of variables included—i.e., it will never decrease). This illustrates a drawback to one possible use of "R", where one might keep adding variables (Kitchen sink regression) to increase the "R" value. For example, if one is trying to predict the sales of a model of car from the car's gas mileage, price, and engine power, one can include such irrelevant factors as the first letter of the model's name or the height of the lead engineer designing the car because the "R" will never decrease as variables are added and will probably experience an increase due to chance alone.  This leads to the alternative approach of looking at the adjusted "R". The explanation of this statistic is almost the same as "R" but it penalizes the statistic as extra variables are included in the model. For cases other than fitting by ordinary least squares, the "R" statistic can be calculated as above and may still be a useful measure. If fitting is by weighted least squares or generalized least squares, alternative versions of "R" can be calculated appropriate to those statistical frameworks, while the "raw" "R" may still be useful if it is more easily interpreted. Values for "R" can be calculated for any type of predictive model, which need not have a statistical basis.

In a non-simple linear model.

Consider a linear model with more than a single explanatory variable, of the form  where, for the "i"th case, formula_27 is the response variable, formula_28 are "p" regressors, and formula_29 is a mean zero error term. The quantities formula_30 are unknown coefficients, whose values are estimated by least squares. The coefficient of determination "R" is a measure of the global fit of the model. Specifically, "R" is an element of [0, 1] and represents the proportion of variability in "Y" that may be attributed to some linear combination of the regressors (explanatory variables) in "X".  "R" is often interpreted as the proportion of response variation "explained" by the regressors in the model. Thus, "R" = 1 indicates that the fitted model explains all variability in formula_19, while "R" = 0 indicates no 'linear' relationship (for straight line regression, this means that the straight line model is a constant line (slope = 0, intercept = formula_1) between the response variable and regressors). An interior value such as "R" = 0.7 may be interpreted as follows: "Seventy percent of the variance in the response variable can be explained by the explanatory variables. The remaining thirty percent can be attributed to unknown, lurking variables or inherent variability."  A caution that applies to "R", as to other statistical descriptions of correlation and association is that "correlation does not imply causation." In other words, while correlations may sometimes provide valuable clues in uncovering causal relationships among variables, a non-zero estimated correlation between two variables is not, on its own, evidence that changing the value of one variable would result in changes in the values of other variables. For example, the practice of carrying matches (or a lighter) is correlated with incidence of lung cancer, but carrying matches does not cause cancer (in the standard sense of "cause").  In case of a single regressor, fitted by least squares, "R" is the square of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient relating the regressor and the response variable. More generally, "R" is the square of the correlation between the constructed predictor and the response variable. With more than one regressor, the "R" can be referred to as the coefficient of multiple determination.

Inflation of "R".

In least squares regression using typical data, "R" is at least weakly increasing with increases in the number of regressors in the model. Because increases in the number of regressors increase the value of "R", "R" alone cannot be used as a meaningful comparison of models with very different numbers of independent variables. For a meaningful comparison between two models, an F-test can be performed on the residual sum of squares, similar to the F-tests in Granger causality, though this is not always appropriate. As a reminder of this, some authors denote "R" by "R", where "q" is the number of columns in "X" (the number of explanators including the constant).  To demonstrate this property, first recall that the objective of least squares linear regression is  where "X" is a row vector of values of explanatory variables for case "i" and "b" is a column vector of coefficients of the respective elements of "X".  The optimal value of the objective is weakly smaller as more explanatory variables are added and hence additional columns of formula_34 (the explanatory data matrix whose "i"th row is "X") are added, by the fact that less constrained minimization leads to an optimal cost which is weakly smaller than more constrained minimization does. Given the previous conclusion and noting that formula_35 depends only on "y", the non-decreasing property of "R" follows directly from the definition above.  The intuitive reason that using an additional explanatory variable cannot lower the "R" is this: Minimizing formula_36 is equivalent to maximizing "R". When the extra variable is included, the data always have the option of giving it an estimated coefficient of zero, leaving the predicted values and the "R" unchanged. The only way that the optimization problem will give a non-zero coefficient is if doing so improves the "R".

Caveats.

"R" does not indicate whether:

Extensions.

Adjusted "R".

The use of an adjusted "R" (one common notation is formula_37, pronounced "R bar squared"; another is formula_38) is an attempt to account for the phenomenon of the "R" automatically and spuriously increasing when extra explanatory variables are added to the model. Originated by Henri Theil, it is a modification of "R" that adjusts for the number of explanatory terms in a model (formula_39) relative to the number of data points (formula_40). The adjusted "R" is defined as  where "p" is the total number of explanatory variables in the model (not including the constant term), and "n" is the sample size. It can also be written as:  where df is the degrees of freedom "n" – 1 of the estimate of the population variance of the dependent variable, and df is the degrees of freedom "n" – "p" – 1 of the estimate of the underlying population error variance.  The adjusted "R" can be negative, and its value will always be less than or equal to that of "R". Unlike "R", the adjusted "R" increases only when the increase in "R" (due to the inclusion of a new explanatory variable) is more than one would expect to see by chance. If a set of explanatory variables with a predetermined hierarchy of importance are introduced into a regression one at a time, with the adjusted "R" computed each time, the level at which adjusted "R" reaches a maximum, and decreases afterward, would be the regression with the ideal combination of having the best fit without excess/unnecessary terms.  Adjusted "R" can be interpreted as an unbiased (or less biased) estimator of the population "R", whereas the observed sample "R" is a positively biased estimate of the population value. Adjusted "R" is more appropriate when evaluating model fit (the variance in the dependent variable accounted for by the independent variables) and in comparing alternative models in the feature selection stage of model building.  The principle behind the adjusted "R" statistic can be seen by rewriting the ordinary "R" as  where formula_44 and formula_45 are the sample variances of the estimated residuals and the dependent variable respectively, which can be seen as biased estimates of the population variances of the errors and of the dependent variable. These estimates are replaced by statistically unbiased versions: formula_46 and formula_47.

Coefficient of partial determination.

The coefficient of partial determination can be defined as the proportion of variation that cannot be explained in a reduced model, but can be explained by the predictors specified in a full(er) model. This coefficient is used to provide insight into whether or not one or more additional predictors may be useful in a more fully specified regression model.  The calculation for the partial "R" is relatively straightforward after estimating two models and generating the ANOVA tables for them. The calculation for the partial "R" is  which is analogous to the usual coefficient of determination:

Generalizing and decomposing "R".

As explained above, model selection heuristics such as the Adjusted formula_11 criterion and the F-test examine whether the total formula_11 sufficiently increases to determine if a new regressor should be added to the model. If a regressor is added to the model that is highly correlated with other regressors which have already been included, then the total formula_11 will hardly increase, even if the new regressor is of relevance. As a result, the above-mentioned heuristics will ignore relevant regressors when cross-correlations are high. Alternatively, one can decompose a generalized version of formula_11 to quantify the relevance of deviating from a hypothesis. As Hoornweg (2018) shows, several shrinkage estimators – such as Bayesian linear regression, ridge regression, and the (adaptive) lasso – make use of this decomposition of formula_11 when they gradually shrink parameters from the unrestricted OLS solutions towards the hypothesized values. Let us first define the linear regression model as It is assumed that the matrix formula_34 is standardized with Z-scores and that the column vector formula_19 is centered to have a mean of zero. Let the column vector formula_58 refer to the hypothesized regression parameters and let the column vector formula_59 denote the estimated parameters. We can then define An formula_11 of 75% means that the in-sample accuracy improves by 75% if the data-optimized formula_59 solutions are used instead of the hypothesized formula_58 values. In the special case that formula_58 is a vector of zeros, we obtain the traditional formula_11 again.  The individual effect on formula_11 of deviating from a hypothesis can be computed with formula_67 ('R-outer'). This formula_39 times formula_39 matrix is given by where formula_71. The diagonal elements of formula_67 exactly add up to formula_11. If regressors are uncorrelated and formula_58 is a vector of zeros, then the formula_75 diagonal element of formula_76 simply corresponds to the formula_77 value between formula_78 and formula_19. When regressors formula_80 and formula_78 are correlated, formula_82 might increase at the cost of a decrease in formula_83. As a result, the diagonal elements of formula_76 may be smaller than 0 and, in more exceptional cases, larger than 1. To deal with such uncertainties, several shrinkage estimators implicitly take a weighted average of the diagonal elements of formula_76 to quantify the relevance of deviating from a hypothesized value. Click on the lasso for an example.

"R" in logistic regression.

In the case of logistic regression, usually fit by maximum likelihood, there are several choices of "pseudo-R".  One is the generalized "R" originally proposed by Cox & Snell, and independently by Magee: where formula_87 is the likelihood of the model with only the intercept, formula_88 is the likelihood of the estimated model (i.e., the model with a given set of parameter estimates) and "n" is the sample size. It is easily rewritten to: where "D" is the test statistic of the likelihood ratio test.  Nagelkerke noted that it had the following properties:  However, in the case of a logistic model, where formula_90 cannot be greater than 1, "R" is between 0 and formula_91: thus, Nagelkerke suggested the possibility to define a scaled "R" as "R"/"R".

Comparison with norm of residuals.

Occasionally, the norm of residuals is used for indicating goodness of fit. This term is calculated as the square-root of the sum of squares of residuals:  Both "R" and the norm of residuals have their relative merits. For least squares analysis "R" varies between 0 and 1, with larger numbers indicating better fits and 1 representing a perfect fit. The norm of residuals varies from 0 to infinity with smaller numbers indicating better fits and zero indicating a perfect fit. One advantage and disadvantage of "R" is the formula_93 term acts to normalize the value. If the "y" values are all multiplied by a constant, the norm of residuals will also change by that constant but "R" will stay the same. As a basic example, for the linear least squares fit to the set of data: "R" = 0.998, and norm of residuals = 0.302. If all values of "y" are multiplied by 1000 (for example, in an SI prefix change), then "R" remains the same, but norm of residuals = 302.  Another single-parameter indicator of fit is the RMSE of the residuals, or standard deviation of the residuals. This would have a value of 0.135 for the above example given that the fit was linear with an unforced intercept.

History.

The creation of the coefficient of determination has been attributed to the geneticist Sewall Wright and was first published in 1921.

In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted "R" or "r" and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).

Das Bestimmtheitsmaß, auch Determinationskoeffizient (von "determinatio" „Abgrenzung, Bestimmung“ bzw. "determinare" „eingrenzen“, „festlegen“, „bestimmen“ und "coefficere" „mitwirken“), bezeichnet mit formula_1, ist in der Statistik eine Kennzahl zur Beurteilung der Anpassungsgüte einer Regression – beispielsweise, um zu bewerten, wie gut Messwerte zu einem Modell passen. Das Bestimmtheitsmaß beruht auf der Quadratsummenzerlegung, bei der die totale Quadratsumme in die (durch das Regressionsmodell) erklärte Quadratsumme und in die Residuenquadratsumme zerlegt wird.


Etymology.

The English common name "fieldfare" dates back to at least the eleventh century. The Old English word "feldefare" perhaps meant "traveller through the fields". Another version traces it back to "feala-for".  The species was described by Linnaeus in his "Systema naturae" (1758) under its current scientific name. The name "Turdus pilaris" comes from two separate Latin words for "thrush". No subspecies are recognised.

Taxonomy.

About 65 species of medium to large thrushes are in the genus "Turdus", characterised by rounded heads, longish, pointed wings, and usually melodious songs. Although two European thrushes, the song thrush and mistle thrush, are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of "Turdus" thrushes after they spread north from Africa, the fieldfare is descended from ancestors that had colonised the Caribbean islands from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.

Description.

The fieldfare is easily recognisable with its slate-grey head, nape and rump, dark brown back, blackish tail and boldly speckled breast. In flight, its white under wing-coverts and axillaries are conspicuous. The harsh flight call "tsak tsak" is also distinctive.  The forehead and crown of the male are bluish-grey and each feather has a central brownish-black band. The lores and under-eye regions are black and there are faint, pale streaks above the eyes. The ear coverts, nape, hind neck and rump are bluish-grey, usually with a white streak near the shaft of each rump feather. The scapulars and mantle feathers are dark chestnut-brown with dark central streaks and pale tips. There are fourteen tail feathers each with a pointed tip, the outer two slightly shorter than the others giving a rounded tail. They are brownish-black, with inconspicuous darker bars visible in some lights. The outer edge of each tail feather is fringed with grey near the base and the outer pair of feathers have a narrow white border on the inner edge. The chin, throat and upper breast are creamy-buff with bold streaks and speckles of brownish-black. The lower breast is creamy-white with a diminishing buff tinge and fewer speckles and the belly is similarly creamy-white, with the speckles restricted to the uppermost parts. The primaries are brownish-black with the leading edge fringed grey and the inner edge of the outer feathers grey near the base whereas the inner feathers are fringed with brown near the base. The secondaries are similar but fringed with chestnut-brown on the leading edge. The upper wing-coverts are brownish-black and similar to the outer primaries in their margin colouration. The axillaries and under wing-coverts are white and the under tail-coverts have dark greyish-brown bases and margins and white centres and tips. The beak is strong, with a slight curve and a notch near the tip. It is orange-yellow in winter, with the upper mandible somewhat brownish and both mandible tips brownish-black. In the summer both mandibles of the male's beak are yellow. The irises are dark brown and the legs and feet are brown. The average adult length is, the winglength is and the tarsal length.  The female is very similar to the male but the upper parts are somewhat more brownish and the feathers on the crown have narrower black central stripes. The throat and breast are paler with fewer, smaller markings. The beak is similar to the male's winter beak. The juvenile are a duller colour than the adults with pale coloured streaks on the feathers that have dark streaks in the adult. The young assume their adult plumage after their first moult in the autumn.  The call is mostly uttered in flight and is a harsh "tsak tsak tsuk". The same sound, but softer, is made more conversationally when individuals gather in trees. When angry or alarmed they emit various warning sounds reminiscent of the mistle thrush ("Turdus viscivorous"). The male has a rather feeble song that he sings in the breeding season. It is a mixture of a few phrases like those of the common blackbird ("Turdus merula") interspersed with whistles, guttural squeaks and call notes. This is sung on the wing and also from a tree and a subdued version of this song with more warbling notes is sung by a group of birds at communal roosts.

Distribution and habitat.

The fieldfare is a migratory species with a palearctic distribution. It breeds in northern Norway, northern Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Siberia as far east as Transbaikal, the Aldan River and the Tian Shan Mountains in North West China. Its winter range extends through West and South Europe to North Africa, though it is uncommon in the Mediterranean region. Eastern populations migrate to Anatolia, Israel, Iran and Northwest India, and occasionally Northeast India. It is a vagrant to Iceland, Greenland, Spitsbergen, the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, Madeira, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta and Cyprus.The flight of the fieldfare is slow and direct. It takes several strong beats then closes its wings briefly before flapping on. It is highly gregarious, quite shy and easily scared in the winter and bold and noisy in the breeding season. When a group is in a tree they all tend to face in the same direction, keeping up a constant chatter. When foraging on the ground, often in association with redwings, the group works its way up wind, each bird pausing every so often to stand erect and gaze around before resuming feeding. When alarmed they fly off down wind and the feeding group reforms elsewhere. In woodland they do not skulk in the undergrowth as do blackbirds or song thrushes, instead they perch in the open on bushes and high branches. They roost socially, sometimes in overgrown hedges and shrubberies but usually on the ground. Common sites are in rough grass among bushes or clumps of rushes, in young plantations, on stubble and in the furrows of ploughed fields.

Habitat.

In the summer the fieldfare frequents mixed woodland of birch, alder, pine, spruce and fir, often near marshes, moorland or other open ground. It does not avoid the vicinity of humans and can be seen in cultivated areas, orchards, parks and gardens. It also inhabits open tundra and the slopes of hills above the tree line. In the winter, groups of fieldfares are chiefly found in open country, agricultural land, orchards and open woodland. They are nomadic, wandering wherever there is an abundance of berries and insects. Later in the year they move on to pastureland and cultivated fields.

Migration.

Migration southwards from the breeding range starts in October but the bulk of birds arrive in the United Kingdom in November. Some of these are still on passage and carry on into continental Europe but others remain. The passage-migrants return in April and they and the resident migrants depart from the United Kingdom mostly by early May.

Diet.

The fieldfare is omnivorous. Animal food in the diet includes snails and slugs, earthworms, spiders and insects such as beetles and their larvae, flies and grasshoppers. When berries ripen in the autumn these are taken in great number. Hawthorn, holly, rowan, yew, juniper, dog rose, "Cotoneaster", "Pyracantha" and "Berberis" are all relished. Later in the winter windfall apples are eaten, swedes attacked in the field and grain and seeds eaten. When these are exhausted, or in particularly harsh weather, the birds may move to marshes or even the foreshore where molluscs are to be found.

Breeding.

The breeding season starts in May in Poland but further north in Scandinavia may not start until early July. The female fieldfare builds a cup-shaped nest with no attempt at concealment. The location is often in woodland but may be in a hedgerow, garden, among rocks, in a pile of logs, in a hut or on the ground. Fieldfares usually nest in close proximity to others of the same species. The adults will defend the nest aggressively and nesting gregariously may offer protection from predators. The nest is built of dried grasses and weeds with a few twigs and a little moss, with a lining of mud and an inner lining of fine grasses. There are usually five to six eggs in a clutch, but occasionally three, four, seven or eight eggs are laid. The eggs vary in size from to and are variable in colour. Many are pale blue speckled with fine brown dots and resemble those of the common blackbird. Others are bright blue, with or without larger red-brown splotches. Incubation starts before all the eggs are laid and lasts for thirteen to fourteen days. The female does all or most of the incubation. The chicks are altricial and both parents bring food to them. They are usually ready to leave the nest after fourteen to sixteen days and there may be two broods in the season, especially in the southern parts of the breeding range.

Status and conservation.

The fieldfare has an extensive range, estimated at 10 million square kilometres (3.8 million square miles), and a large population, including an estimated forty two to seventy two million individuals in Europe. There are thought to be up to twenty thousand individuals in Russia and the global population is estimated to be between forty four and ninety six million individuals. The population size appears to be stable and the bird is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as being of "Least Concern".  In the United Kingdom, at the extreme edge of the fieldfare's breeding range, only a handful of pairs breed. It is therefore classified by the RSPB as a Red List species as of January 2013.

The fieldfare ("Turdus pilaris") is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. It breeds in woodland and scrub in northern Europe and across the Palearctic. It is strongly migratory, with many northern birds moving south during the winter. It is a very rare breeder in the British Isles, but winters in large numbers in the United Kingdom, Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of molluscs, insects and earthworms in the summer, and berries, grain and seeds in the winter.

Die Wacholderdrossel ("Turdus pilaris") ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Drosseln (Turdidae). Diese große Drosselart besiedelt die mittlere und nordöstliche Paläarktis von Schottland und dem mittleren Frankreich nach Osten bis zum Amur in Sibirien. Sie bewohnt halboffene Landschaften, in Mitteleuropa vor allem Waldränder und Baumgruppen mit angrenzendem feuchtem Grünland. Die Art hat ihr Areal in den letzten etwa 200 Jahren stark nach Westen ausgedehnt und ist heute im östlichen Mitteleuropa ein mäßig häufiger Brutvogel. Die Wacholderdrossel ist überwiegend Kurzstreckenzieher und verbringt den Winter vor allem in Mittel- und Südwesteuropa sowie im Mittelmeerraum.


Organs and bodies.

The BSO has the following bodies: President has been BM a.D. Rudolf Hundstorfer.

members.

Ordinary and extraordinary members are organized in the BSO. There are also supportive and honorary members.  " 'Full members:' " 'Supporting Members' may be natural or legal persons who support the Austrian sport, such as: B. funding agencies of Austrian sports or sports science institutes.  At the request of the Presidium, the Austrian Sports Assembly may appoint natural persons who have acquired special merits for all-Austrian sports and in particular for the BSO as "honorary members". The honorary membership can also be combined with an honorary function.

structure.

Matters of sport fall into the constitutional competence of the federal states. The Confederation primarily carries out a funding competence based on Article 17 of the Federal Constitutional Law ("Private Business Administration"). The federal government's Sports Promotion Act forms the basis of federal sports funding.

State area.

In the state sector, the Federal Ministry of Defense and Sport and the Federal Ministry of Education and the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy are responsible for the various tasks of the sport at federal level. In addition, individual sports-specific subject areas can also fall into the area of competence of other federal ministries (such as Youth & Sport, Violence prevention at major sporting events, etc.).  Since, according to Article 15 B-VG, agendas of sport fall within the constitutional sphere of action of the federal states, nine regional sports directorates are also established.

Non-governmental area.

The Austrian Federal Sports Organization is the non-governmental umbrella organization of the Austrian sport and coordinates matters of sport with the responsible state agencies. The regular members of the BSO are the three umbrella organizations ASKÖ, ASVÖ and Sportunion, which currently has 60 recognized trade associations as well as the Austrian Disabled Sports Association, the Austrian Olympic Committee, the Austrian Paralympic Committee and the Special Olympics. Extraordinary members are the provinces, as far as they declare their membership as well as all-Austrian associations of special importance (e.g. Österr. Betriebsssportverband, Österr. Heeressportverband, etc.). The full members have the right to vote in the individual committees of the BSO, such as the Austrian Sports Assembly, the Austrian Sports Council and the Austrian Sports Council.

Focus.

Service and advice.

The BSO offers its members a wide range of services. In addition to support in terms of subsidy billing, the BSO office advises its members in a variety of topics. The personal consulting activities of the BSO office are complemented by regular training courses offered by external experts.

Further education.

With a broad and above all high-quality training in the areas of sports club management and coaching, the Austrian Federal Sports Organization in cooperation with the Ministry of Sport and the Federal Sports Academy strives for high standards and accents in the world of Austrian sports. The athletic excellence and success of the local athletes are seen as a result of professional work and the commitment of the officials in the clubs and associations as well as well-trained coaches. The continuing education and training offers of the BSO should give all functionaries, co-workers or trainers working in Austrian sports the opportunity to develop themselves further and to be even more professional.

Sport in the EU and International.

Giving sport a voice not only nationally but also internationally is a goal that has been pursued by the BSO for many years. The partnership with the EU Office of the European Olympic Committees ensures an exchange of information and a strong representation of sport among decision-makers and institutions in Brussels.

Social and society.

A central topic of the work and the tasks of the BSO is the aspect "social responsibility and social policy". The BSO sees the need for issues such as inclusion and inclusion, the protection of children and adolescents, the greening of sport in terms of sustainability, gender equality in sport, as well as the invaluable voluntary commitment, without which organized sport in this form is not exist, create awareness and use sport as a positive multiplier.  The initiative for the "Daily Gymnastics lesson" 2012/13 was also a successful move to draw attention to the health of the children. With more than 150,000 supporters it was possible to raise awareness of the importance of daily exercise units for children and adolescents. The BSO was able to reach a broad public with this initiative.

Media cooperations and events.

Cooperations with the media, companies and initiatives are a central part of sports advocacy for the BSO. In order to be able to best represent the member associations and various sports, the BSO is committed to promoting the values and concerns of sport through partnerships, campaigns and events to communicate to a broad public.

BSO Cristall Gala.

At the BSO Cristall Gala, Austria's best coaches, officials, sports clubs and sports ambassadors are awarded each year by the BSO in cooperation with the Ministry of Sport. There is also a women's power award. All member associations of the BSO and their associations are entitled to nominate personalities and projects that meet the requirements for the respective categories.

The Austrian Federal Sports Organization (, BSO) is the Austrian Federal Government department responsible for the promotion of sports. It administers the means of promoting elite-level sports, and distributes these to its members.

Die Österreichische Bundes-Sportorganisation (BSO) ist eine gemeinnützige Institution mit der Ausrichtung, die Interessen des Sports in Österreich und in internationalen Organisationen zu vertreten. Die BSO ist damit die zentrale Koordinations- und Beratungsplattform innerhalb des österreichischen Sportsystems.


Early life and education.

Díaz Ordaz Bolaños was born in San Andrés Chalchicomula (now Ciudad Serdán, Puebla), the second of four children. In his later years his father, Ramón Díaz Ordaz Redonet, worked as an accountant. However, for a decade he served in the political machine of President Porfirio Díaz, becoming the "jefe político" and police administrator of San Andrés Chilchicomula. When Díaz was ousted by revolutionary forces in May 1911 at the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution, he lost his bureaucratic post in the regime change. Subsequently the family's financial situation was insecure, and Díaz Ordaz's father took a number of jobs and the family frequently moved. He claimed ancestry with conqueror-chronicler Bernal Díaz del Castillo. Gustavo's mother, Sabina Bolaños Cacho de Díaz Ordaz, was a school teacher, described as "stern and pious". Gustavo, as well as his elder brother Rámon, had a weak chin and large protruding teeth and was skinny. "His mother would freely say to anyone, 'But what an ugly son I have!'" His lack of good looks became a way to mock him when he became president of Mexico.  When the family lived for a time in Oaxaca, the young Díaz Ordaz attended the Institute of Arts and Sciences, whose alumni included Benito Juárez and Porfirio Díaz. He was a serious student, but due to his family's financial circumstances, he could not always buy the textbooks he needed. At one point, the family lived as a charity case with a maternal uncle in Oaxaca, who was a Oaxaca state official. The family had to absent themselves when powerful visitors came to the residence. While Gustavo attended the institute, his elder brother Ramón taught there after studies in Spain, teaching Latin. A student mocked Professor Ramón Díaz Ordaz's ugliness, and Gustavo defended his brother with physical force. Díaz Ordaz graduated from the University of Puebla on 8 February 1937 with a law degree. He became a professor at the university and served as vice-rector from 1940 to 1941.

Early political career.

In a photo from 1938, Díaz Ordaz stands behind President Lázaro Cárdenas who is front and center. Also in the photo are two other future presidents of Mexico, Manuel Avila Camacho and Miguel Alemán. His political career had a modest start. He had not fought in the Revolution and his father had been part of Porfirio Díaz's regime, so his political rise was not straightforward. He served in the government of Puebla from 1932 to 1943. In the latter year he became a federal politician, serving in the Chamber of Deputies for the first district of the state of Puebla, and he served as a senator for the same state from 1946 to 1952. He came to national prominence in the cabinet of Mexican President President Adolfo López Mateos from 1958 to 1964, as Minister of the Interior ("Gobernación"). On 18 November 1963, he became the presidential candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Despite facing only token opposition, Díaz Ordaz campaigned as if he were the underdog. He won the presidential election on 5 July 1964.

Presidency.

Díaz Ordaz assumed the presidency on 1 December 1964 at the Palacio de Bellas Artes. There, he took the oath before the Congress of the Union presided over by Alfonso Martínez Domínguez. Former president Adolfo López Mateos turned over the presidential sash, and Díaz Ordaz delivered his inaugural address.

Domestic policy.

As president, Díaz Ordaz was known for his authoritarian manner of rule over his cabinet and the country in general. His strictness was evident in his handling of a number of protests during his term, in which railroad workers, teachers, and doctors were fired for taking industrial action. A first demonstration of this new authoritarianism was given when he used force to end a strike by medics. Medics of the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers, especially residents and interns, had organized a strike to demand better working conditions and an increased salary. His authoritarian style of governing produced resistance such as the emergence of a guerrilla movement in the state of Guerrero. Economically, the era of Díaz Ordaz was a time of growth. He established the Mexican Institute of Petroleum in 1965, an important step, for oil has been one of Mexico's most productive industries.

Student movement.

When university students in Mexico City protested the government's actions around the time of the 1968 Summer Olympics, Díaz Ordaz oversaw the occupation of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the arrest of several students, leading to the shooting of hundreds of unarmed protesters during the Tlatelolco massacre in Downtown Mexico City on 2 October 1968. The Mexican army fired ruthlessly because a group called "Battalion Olympia" started the shooting between the unarmed students and many other people who let the students take shelter inside their homes. Statistics concerning the casualties of this incident vary, often for political reasons. Some people were kept imprisoned for several years. The crackdown would eventually be denounced by Díaz Ordaz's successors, and ordinary Mexicans view the assault on unarmed students as an atrocity. The stain would remain on the PRI for many years.  Every year, on the anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre, the statue of Díaz Ordaz in Zapopan, Jalisco, is vandalized by having a bucket of red paint splattered on it.

Attempt to democratize the PRI.

Díaz Ordaz's authoritarian manner of rule also prevented any attempt to democratize the PRI. The president of the PRI, Carlos Madrazo, made such an attempt by proposing inner-party elections in order to strengthen the party's base. After his attempt failed, Madrazo resigned.

Foreign policy.

United States.

During the administration of Díaz Ordaz, relations with the US were largely harmonic, and several bilateral treaties were formed. In Diaz Ordaz's honor, President Richard Nixon hosted the first White House state dinner to be held outside Washington, D.C., at San Diego's Hotel del Coronado on 3 September 1970.  However, there also were some points of conflict with the US. One was the antidrug Operation Intercept, conducted by the U.S.; between September and October 1969, all vehicles entering the US from Mexico were inspected. Mexico also embraced the doctrine of nonintervention, and Díaz Ordaz condemned the US invasion of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic.

Treaty of Tlatelolco.

Under his administration, the Treaty of Tlatelolco prohibited the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons in Latin America. Only peaceful use of nuclear energy was allowed. The treaty made Latin America a nuclear weapon-free zone.

Presidential succession.

On 12 October 1969, Díaz Ordaz chose his Secretary of the Interior, Luis Echeverría, as his successor, the seventh successive such selection by a sitting president without incident. Other possible candidates were,, and Antonio Ortiz Mena. He also considered, governor of the state of San Luis Potosí and former Attorney General, who was eliminated owing to his age (58), and, who was disqualified because a parent had been born outside Mexico, in this case Spain, which was prohibited by Article 82 of the Constitution. In the assessment of political scientist Jorge G. Castañeda, Echeverría was Díaz Ordaz's pick by elimination, not choice.

Later life.

After his term expired, Díaz Ordaz and his family vanished completely from the public eye; he was occasionally mentioned in newspapers (usually in a derogatory manner), he seldom gave interviews, and he was usually spotted only when voting in elections.  In 1977, a break from that obscurity came as he was appointed as the first Ambassador to Spain in 38 years, relations between the two countries having previously been broken by the triumph of Falangism in the Spanish Civil War. During his brief stint as Ambassador, he met with hostility from both the Spanish media and the Mexican media, as he was persistently asked questions about his actions as President. He resigned within several months because of that and his health problems. Popular discontent led to a catchphrase: "Al pueblo de España no le manden esa araña" ("To the people of Spain, do not send that spider").  He died in Mexico City of colorectal cancer.

Legacy and public opinion.

Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport in Puerto Vallarta is named after him.  Public opinion on the Díaz Ordaz administration and its legacy continues to be mostly negative, being associated with the Tlatelolco massacre and a general hardening of authoritarianism that would prevail during successive PRI administrations. Even during his lifetime, his appointment as Ambassador to Spain in 1977 was met with such rejection and protests that he had to resign shortly after.  In a national survey conducted in 2012, 27% of the respondents considered that the Díaz Ordaz administration was "very good" or "good", 20% responded that it was an "average" administration, and 45% responded that it was a "very bad" or "bad" administration.  In 2018, the Government of Mexico City retired all plaques from the Mexico City Subway system that made reference to Díaz Ordaz and had been put during his administration.

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños (; 12 March 1911 – 15 July 1979) was a Mexican politician and member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.

Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños Cacho (* 12. März 1911 in Ciudad Serdán, Puebla; † 15. Juli 1979 in Mexiko-Stadt) war ein mexikanischer Politiker und Präsident von Mexiko (1964–1970).


In Sophocles.

Oedipus Rex.

Ismene is not named, but is seen at the end of Oedipus Rex as her father/brother laments the "shame" and "sorrow" he is leaving her and her sister to. Oedipus begs Creon to watch over them, but in his grief reaches to take them with him as he is led away. Creon prevents him from bringing his daughters out of the city with him.

Oedipus at Colonus.

Ismene appears in Oedipus at Colonus to tell her father of the situation in Thebes and the rivalry of his sons. She explains that Eteocles has taken the throne from Polynices and driven him out of the city. As a result of this, Polynices gathered his own army to either take back the city "or to die there with honor." According to the Oracle of Delphi, the location where Oedipus is buried will determine the result of the war between the brothers. Ismene tells her father that Creon plans to have him buried on the border of Thebes so that they will have the desirable outcome. Hearing this, Oedipus curses his sons and refuses to leave Colonus.  The chorus (in this play the elders of Colonus) tell him that because he has walked on the sacred ground of the Eumenides, he has to "perform rites of purification." Due to his blindness and age, Oedipus is unable to fulfill this task and asks one of his daughters to instead. Ismene agrees and exits to do so.  Later in the play, in an attempt to force Oedipus to return to Thebes, Creon tells him that he has seized Ismene and takes Antigone away as well. However, Theseus and the Athenians overpower them and exit to free the girls.  Ismene appears again at the end of the play with her sister as they mourn the death of their father and lament that they cannot join him. Theseus tells them that Oedipus has been buried but the location is secret and he has forbidden that they be told of it. Antigone resolves to return to Thebes, and Ismene goes with her.

Antigone.

In the opening scene of the play Antigone tells Ismene of her plans to bury their brother Polynices, and asks her to join her. While Ismene laments the fate of Polynices' corpse, she refuses to defy the laws of the city. She advises her sister to be secretive if she is determined to take this course of action, and says she will do the same. Antigone, however, tells her not to keep silent but to tell everyone in the city. Ismene does not stop her sister, but makes her opinion of her foolishness clear.  Once Antigone is caught, in spite of her betrothal to his son Haemon, Creon decrees that she is to be buried alive. Ismene then declares that she has aided Antigone and wants to share her fate, though she did not participate in the crime. Antigone refuses to let her be martyred for a cause she did not stand up for, telling her to live. Antigone expresses that while Ismene's "choice seemed right to some--others agreed with [hers]," but Ismene tells her that the both of them were "equally wrong."

Seven Against Thebes.

Aeschylus' play, "Seven Against Thebes", depicts the war and demise of Eteocles and Polynices. At the end of the play the Chorus narrates Ismene and Antigone entering to sing a funeral dirge together for both of their brothers. While Antigone exits with the First Semichorus, escorting the body of Polynices, Ismene and the Second Semichorus exit with the body of Eteocles.

Other Appearances.

The 7th-century BC poet Mimnermus accounts that Ismene was murdered by Tydeus, one of the Seven. In this account, Ismene and her lover Theoclymenus met outside of the city during the siege. Tydeus had been told their whereabouts by Athena, and apprehended Ismene while Theoclymenus escaped. While she begged for sympathy, Tydeus was unaffected by her pleas and killed her.  This is mentioned in no other extant Classical writing, but the scene is represented on a 6th-century Corinthian black-figure amphora now housed in the Louvre.

Ismene (;, "Ismēnē") is the name of the daughter and half-sister of Oedipus, daughter and granddaughter of Jocasta, and sister of Antigone, Eteocles, and Polynices. She appears in several plays of Sophocles: at the end of "Oedipus Rex", in "Oedipus at Colonus" and in "Antigone". She also appears at the end of Aeschylus' "Seven Against Thebes".

Ismene () ist eine Person der griechischen Mythologie. Sie war die Tochter von Ödipus und Schwester der Antigone. Als ihre Mutter werden Iokaste oder Euryganeia genannt.


History.

First stadium.

The original stadium was opened in 1925. In 24–28 July, Waldstadion hosted the 1925 Workers' Summer Olympiad. The football final between Germany and Finland was played in front of a crowd of 40,000 spectators. In 1937, the spectator capacity through expansion of the back straight was increased to 55,000.

The first modification and the introduction of the Bundesliga.

The first major changes to the stadium were made following a game between Eintracht Frankfurt and 1. FC Nürnberg in May 1953. Almost 70,000 tickets were sold for a stadium envisioned for only 55,000 spectators, and 200 fans were injured as thousands tried to force entry.  The renovated and enlarged Waldstadion was reopened on 14 May 1955 after 19 months of construction work. The stadium once more hosted national team matches as well as some important games for Eintracht Frankfurt, who reached the final round of the German National Championships in 1959. During the run to the final, 81,000 watched Eintracht beat FK Pirmasens - an attendance record that still stands.  In December 1960, an ice rink was opened within the oval of the velodrome. Here, the ice hockey team of Eintracht Frankfurt played their home games until 1981. In 1960 the stadium was given floodlights.  The first Bundesliga game in the Waldstadion took place on 24 August 1963 – a 1–1 draw with 1. FC Kaiserslautern on the first day of the new German national league.  The stadium hosted the World Championships in track cycling in 1966 and the heavyweight boxing championship between Muhammad Ali and Karl Mildenberger on 10 September 1966, won by Ali with a knockout in the 12th round in front of 22,000 spectators.

Second reconstruction.

The second major renovation of the Waldstadion was needed for the 1974 FIFA World Cup. From May 1972 to January 1974, the stadium was rebuilt virtually from scratch to meet the requirements of the World Cup venues. The opening ceremony of the 1974 World Cup was held at the Waldstadion.  In 1978, improved drainage and undersoil heating were installed.  The first final of the newly introduced Women's European Cup was held at the stadium in May 2002, and the home team of 1. FFC Frankfurt beat Swedish side Umeå IK 2–0 to lift the trophy.

Today's arena.

Current usage.

The new Waldstadion is primarily designed as a football arena, but can be used for other turf sports like American football and major events. The grandstand offers rooms that are for meetings, conventions and other events in external markets.  The new arena was officially opened at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, the test run for the 2006 World Cup. Both the opening match (Germany 4–3 Australia) and the final (Brazil 4–1 Argentina) were hosted at the stadium.

Football.

The main users of the stadium is the football team Eintracht Frankfurt, which has used the stadium as its home base since 1963.  In addition, the stadium also serves occasionally as an alternative venue for home games of other teams: 1. FSV Mainz 05 played their qualifying matches for the 2005-06 UEFA Cup against the Armenian representatives Mika and against Keflavík ÍF from Iceland and for the 1st Round proper against Sevilla FC in the Commerzbank Arena.  The women of the local football team 1. FFC Frankfurt defeated Umeå IK 3–2 in the stadium on 24 May 2008 in the final second leg of UEFA Women's Cup, winning the European Cup for the third time and setting up a record for women's club football of 27,500 spectators  The Turkish Football Federation has also staged several games in the arena, as Turks form a significant ethnic minority in Germany. Beşiktaş won the Turkish Super Cup with a 1–0 win over Galatasaray. Due to the suspension by UEFA of the Turkish national stadium, the qualifying matches for UEFA Euro 2008 against Malta (final score 2–0 to Turkey), against Moldova (5–0 for the Turks) and against Norway (final score 2–2) were also played here.

American football.

The Waldstadion from 1991 to 2007, with a few interruptions, was home stadium for the NFL Europa's Frankfurt Galaxy American Football team. The stadium hosted World Bowl '98, World Bowl 2000 and World Bowl XV in 2007.  Since 2008 the ground has hosted the final of the German Bowl, final match of the German Football League. An average of around 15,000 fans watched the 2008 and 2009 finals.

Concerts.

The Commerzbank-Arena hosts numerous concerts and festivals every year, especially during the summer. Since 2013, the stadium hosts the BigCityBeats World Club Dome every end of May or June.

Naming rights.

As part of a naming sponsorship by Commerzbank AG, the Waldstadion was renamed the Commerzbank-Arena on 1 May 2005 for ten years. Commerzbank will pay around €30 million to the city hosting company as part of the deal. During the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the stadium was officially referred to as the "FIFA World Cup Stadium Frankfurt", as FIFA rules do not permit commercial naming of stadia.  In March 2020 Deutsche Bank bought the naming rights until 2027 with an option to extend. The stadium will be named Deutsche Bank Park from 2020-21.

Commerzbank-Arena (, sometimes ) is a retractable roof sports stadium in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany. Commonly known by its original name, Waldstadion (), the stadium opened in 1925. The stadium has been upgraded several times since then; the most recent remodelling was its redevelopment as a football-only stadium in preparation for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2006 FIFA World Cup. With a capacity of 51,500 spectators for league matches and 48,500 for American Football and International Football matches, it is among the ten largest football stadiums in Germany. The stadium was one of the nine venues of 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, and hosted four matches including the final.

Commerzbank-Arena (Eigenschreibweise COMMERZBANK ARENA) ist seit dem 1. Juli 2005 die Bezeichnung des Waldstadions in der hessischen Metropole Frankfurt am Main. Es liegt südlich des Mains im Stadtwald im Stadtteil Sachsenhausen-Süd. Das 1925 eröffnete, seither mehrfach modernisierte Stadion wurde anlässlich der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006 von 2002 bis 2005 als reines Fußballstadion ohne Leichtathletikanlage neu errichtet. Mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 51.500 Zuschauern gehört es zu den zehn größten Fußballstadien in Deutschland. Die neue Arena wurde am 15. Juni 2005 mit dem Eröffnungsspiel des FIFA-Konföderationen-Pokals, Deutschland gegen Australien, eingeweiht.


History.

The first launching site of the sounding rockets in Poland was Błędowska Desert, where since 1958 to 1963, the rockets of different types had been launched; among others RD and Rasko. During a flight, the biological experiment with earlier trained two white mouses was conducted (the RM-2D rocket achieved the altitude of 1580 meters). Since 1965 to April 1970, the Meteor-1 rockets had been launched from "spaceport" located 5 km from Ustka town. This programme had been continued to 1974, when rockets were bearing out from the area of experimental center founded there during the years of the Second World War, located on west side of Łeba town. Currently, it is in the museum (the starting place with ramp and the radar bases).  There was 224 flights of "Meteor-1" rocket series (including prototypes). The valuable data both meteorological and connected with rocket techniques were found as the result of these researches.  The "Meteor-1", "Meteor-2H" and "Meteor 2K" (the largest civilian rocket developed in Poland) were single-stage rockets. The "Meteor 3" was a two-stage rocket, developed from "Meteor 1".  Meteor rockets had been launched from Łeba and Ustka. Five Meteor rockets missions were conducted around 1970 from Zingst, in the former Eastern Germany. The programme of flights of Meteor-2 was finished during the same year, when Poland started to participate in Interkosmos research, using the Vertical rockets.

Meteor-1.

One stage, but two units rocket called "Meteor-1" had the length of 2470 mm and the initial mass of 32.5 kg. The flight lasted for 80 second and reaching at the peak altitude of 36.5 km. The motor ignite for 2–3 seconds and reached the maximum velocity of 1100 meters per second. In 1965, 6 rockets of "Meteor-1" type was launched and after this time: 12 in 1966, 40 in 1967, 45 in 1968, 36 in 1969, 34 in 1970 and 4 in 1971.  The charge of metal dipoles was released by rockets and this material had later been observed on radar screens. It was the base of derivation of winds strength in the stratosphere and winds directions in the same atmospheric layer. After experiments that had been conducted in the years 1965-1966, during "The Year of the Quiet Sun", a cyclic pattern of variation in case of directions of these atmospheric flows was concluded.

Meteor-2.

The one stage "Meteor-2K" was the most advanced version of the Meteor rocket. On 7 October 1970, the flight took place and reached the altitude of 90 kilometers. This rocket had been used as sounding of the ionosphere, reaching the level of boundary between D and E layers. 10 flights of this version were realized, when the measurements of temperature were made. The length of rocket frame is 4.5 meters and some are more longer than an English rocket, Petrel (in service since 1968). The "Meteor-2" had not been produced in serial way. The cost of this rocket prototype was eight times higher than for the copy of "Meteor-1". The weight of useful charge, in form of "RAMZES" recovery probe, is 10 kg.

Meteor-3.

A two-stage rocket called "Meteor-3" was a developed version of "Meteor-1". The range of flight was increased and the rocket gained possibility of launching of few charges of dipoles. It can reach at ceiling altitudes between 67 and 74 kilometers. An idea of version "S" project had been considered. This model could be launch from airplane frame, about 5 kilometers above the surface.

Meteor-4.

"Meteor-4" rocket has ten times more thrust than "Meteor-2". This version could reach above 100 km. According to design, this rocket is longer than 5 meters and had the initial total mass of 407 kg with useful weight of 10 kg. 175 seconds into the flight, it would reach at the altitude of 120 kilometers.

Launch Log.

An incomplete list of Meteor launches

Meteor is a designation of a series of Polish sounding rockets. The Meteor rockets were built between 1963 and 1974.

Meteor ist der Name einer Serie von polnischen Höhenforschungsraketen zur Untersuchung der Hochatmosphäre, die zwischen 1963 und 1974 gebaut wurden.


History.

The association was introduced with a uniform tariff system on 1 August 2001 in four administrative districts and the two cities, and has since been expanded several times: on 1 August 2004, the last unaffiliated administrative districts in Saxony were included, and on 1 August 2005, Altenburg, the area of the former GDR district of Leipzig, which is still strongly oriented towards Leipzig, was completed in the MDV. Negotiations on the accession of the Bitterfeld district were also started shortly after its introduction, but have not been successful to date. In contrast to the first accessions, the state of Saxony-Anhalt now no longer wants to reimburse through tariffing losses.

Public authorities.

The MDV includes (year of accession in brackets):  From 2004, the former district of Döbeln was also part of the Mitteldeutscher Verkehrsverbund. As a result of the Saxon district reform of 2008, however, this became part of the administrative district of Mittelsachsen. Since August 2011, the entire district of Mittelsachsen, including the former district of Döbeln, has belonged to Verkehrsverbund Mittelsachsen. Only for journeys between the former district of Döbeln and the Mitteldeutscher Verkehrsverbund across all areas of the association there are still transitional tariff regulations.  It was announced in February 2018 that the area would be extended to include the districts of Anhalt-Bitterfeld and Wittenberg as well as the city of Dessau-Roßlau. As of December 2019, rail traffic in this area will initially be integrated into the MDV and full integration with bus and tram traffic will be sought. Also in December 2019, Könnern station in the Salzlandkreis district will become part of the network.

Mitteldeutscher Verkehrsverbund (MDV) is a public transport association in the German Leipzig-Halle (Saale) area. The company is based in Halle (Saale), but its head office is in Leipzig.

Der Mitteldeutsche Verkehrsverbund (MDV) ist ein Verkehrsverbund des öffentlichen Nahverkehrs (ÖPNV) im Großraum Leipzig-Halle. Sitz der Gesellschaft ist Halle (Saale), die Geschäftsstelle befindet sich jedoch in Leipzig.